hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Exponential map
In differential geometry, the exponential map is a generalization of the ordinary exponential function of mathematical analysis. Important special cases include:

exponential map (Riemannian geometry) for a manifold with a Riemannian metric,

exponential map (Lie theory) from a Lie algebra to a Lie group,

More generally, in a manifold with an affine connection, , where  is a geodesic with initial velocity X, is sometimes also called the exponential map. The above two are special cases of this with respect to appropriate affine connections.

Euler's formula forming the unit circle in the complex plane.

Exponential map (Lie theory)
In the theory of Lie groups, the exponential map is a map from the Lie algebra  of a Lie group  to the group, which allows one to recapture the local group structure from the Lie algebra. The existence of the exponential map is one of the primary reasons that Lie algebras are a useful tool for studying Lie groups.

The ordinary exponential function of mathematical analysis is a special case of the exponential map when  is the multiplicative group of positive real numbers (whose Lie algebra is the additive group of all real numbers). The exponential map of a Lie group satisfies many properties analogous to those of the ordinary exponential function, however, it also differs in many important respects.
SING*ularity
SING*ularity  (also known as OperaWorks) is an independent documentary film produced and directed by Brad Mays, and co-produced by Lorenda Starfelt at LightSong Films in North Hollywood.

Deriving its title from Shakespeare's Twelfth Night - "put thyself into the trick of singularity" - SING*ularity portrays the unique training approach of OperaWorks, an intense training program in Northridge, California for opera singers founded by Ann Baltz in which the entire body is engaged. This rigorous approach to tuning the "total instrument" is rooted in various avant-garde techniques common to theatre training, but unique to the world of classical music.

The film follows a group of singers - both student and professional - through the entire course, where they are instructed in Yoga, movement, visualization, conducting, acting and, of course, given traditional vocal coaching. The singers are also taught to improvise arias in a manner not unlike the scat approach used by jazz vocalists.

Improvisation
Improvisation or improvization (often shortened to improv) is the activity of making or doing something not planned beforehand, using whatever can be found. The origin of the word itself is in the Latin "improvisus", which literally means un-foreseen. Improvisation in the performing arts is a very spontaneous performance without specific or scripted preparation. The skills of improvisation can apply to many different faculties across all artistic, scientific, physical, cognitive, academic, and non-academic disciplines; see Applied improvisation.
Software Magazine
Software Magazine is a software and Information technology magazine. It is owned and published by Rockport Custom Publishing, based in Beverly, Massachusetts, on a monthly basis.

Software 500 survey can be used to gauge the value of the commercial software industry. The survey consists of data of the top 500 software companies.

Software industry
The software industry includes businesses for development, maintenance and publication of software that are using different business models, mainly either "license/maintenance based" (on-premises) or "Cloud based" (such as SaaS, PaaS, IaaS, MBaaS, MSaaS, DCaaS etc.). The industry also includes software services, such as training, documentation, consulting and data recovery. The software and computer services industry spends more than 11% of its net sales for Research & Development which is in comparison with other industries the second highest share after pharmaceuticals & biotechnology.
2025 IHF Men's U19 Handball World Championship
The 2025 IHF Men's U19 Handball World Championship was the 11th edition of the IHF Men's U19 Handball World Championship held from 6 to 17 August in Egypt under the aegis of International Handball Federation (IHF). It was first time in history that the championship was organised by Egyptian Handball Federation.

Spain were the defending champions but lost to Germany in the final, who secured their first title.

Spain men's national youth handball team
The Spain national youth handball team is the national under-18 handball team of Spain. Controlled by the Spanish Royal Handball Federation, that is an affiliate of the International Handball Federation IHF as well as a member of the European Handball Federation EHF, The team represents Spain in international matches.
James Parker Joyce
James Parker Joyce (17 March 1834 – 16 January 1903) was a 19th-century New Zealand politician from Southland. He is regarded as an Independent, as there were no political parties in Parliament at that time.

He was born in Southampton, England, and had come to Southland from the goldfields of Ballarat and Bendigo in 1858. He was a journalist and newspaper editor.

He represented the electorates of Wallace from 1875 to 1879 when he was defeated, and then Awarua from 1881 to 1887, when he retired.

He was an editor of the Southland Times and later one of the proprietors of the Southland News, where he was an editor for many years.

Parker Joyce's great-great-great-grandson is New Zealand filmmaker and rugby player Winston Cowie.

1881 New Zealand general election
The 1881 New Zealand general election was held on 8 and 9 December in the Māori and European electorates, respectively, to elect 95 MPs to the 8th session of the New Zealand Parliament.

1881 was the first time a general election was held under universal male suffrage; all MPs were elected in single-member electorates; and the country quota was introduced, allowing rural electorates to have 25% fewer voters than urban electorates. Beginning with the 1881 election, all elections in European electorates were to be held on the same day, a measure not introduced for Māori electorates until 1951.
Pollachius virens
Pollachius virens is a species of marine fish in the genus Pollachius. Together with P. pollachius, it is generally referred to in the United States as pollock. It is commonly known in Britain as the coalfish, coley, or saithe (/seɪð/ or /seɪθ/), and the young fish may also be called podleys or cuddies in Scotland and northern England.

Saltwater fish
Saltwater fish, also called marine fish or sea fish, are fish that live in seawater. Saltwater fish can swim and live alone or in a large group called a school.

Saltwater fish are very commonly kept in aquariums for entertainment. Many saltwater fish are also caught to be eaten, or grown in aquaculture. However, many fish species have been overfished and are otherwise threatened by marine pollution or ecological changes.
Pawłówek, Łódź Voivodeship
Pawłówek [paˈvwuvɛk] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dłutów, within Pabianice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 6 km (4 mi) north-west of Dłutów, 7 km (4 mi) south-west of Pabianice, and 22 km (14 mi) south of the regional capital Łódź.

Pabianice County
Pabianice County (Polish: powiat pabianicki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Łódź Voivodeship, central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Pabianice, which lies 16 kilometres (10 mi) south of the regional capital Łódź. The only other town in the county is Konstantynów Łódzki, lying 12 km (7 mi) north of Pabianice.

The county covers an area of 490.77 square kilometres (189.5 sq mi). As of 2006, its total population was 119,008, out of which the population of Pabianice was 70,445, that of Konstantynów Łódzki 17,564, and the rural population was 30,999.
Incheol Shin
Incheol Shin is a South Korean cancer researcher and, since 2005, a faculty member at the Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea. He was formerly a post-doc and then research faculty at Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center in Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.A.

Hanyang University
Hanyang University (HYU, Korean: 한양대학교) is a private research university in Seoul and Ansan (ERICA campus), South Korea. Hanyang (한양; 漢陽) derives from the former name of the capital Seoul used during the Joseon period. The university was founded in 1939 as an engineering school, and was the country's first private college to offer engineering and architecture programs.

The university has consistently ranked among the leading universities in STEM fields among South Korean universities. The university enrolls over 3,000 international students each year, and sends more than 3,300 students on study abroad programs annually. As of 2018, Hanyang University had 777 partner universities in 76 countries.
LA Sports Arena, California 1988
LA Sports Arena, California 1988 is a live album by Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band with The Horns of Love, released in July 2015 and the sixth official release through the Bruce Springsteen Archives. The show was originally recorded live at the Los Angeles Sports Arena in Los Angeles, California on April 23, 1988 during the Tunnel of Love Express.

The concert is available on CD and digital download at http://live.brucespringsteen.net.

Eddie Floyd
Eddie Lee Floyd (born June 25, 1937) is an American R&B and soul singer and songwriter, best known for his work on the Stax record label in the 1960s and 1970s, including a No. 1 R&B hit song, "Knock on Wood".
Linux for mobile devices
Linux for mobile devices, sometimes referred to as mobile Linux, is the usage of Linux-based operating systems on portable devices, whose primary or only human interface device (HID) is a touchscreen. It mainly comprises smartphones and tablet computers, but also some mobile phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs) portable media players that come with a touchscreen separately.

Mobile Linux is a relatively recent addition to the Linux range of use, with Google's Android operating system pioneering the concept. While UBPorts tried to follow suit with Ubuntu Touch, a wider development of free Linux operating systems specifically for mobile devices was only really spurred in the latter 2010s, when various smaller companies started projects to develop open source phones.

Human interface device
A human interface device (HID) is a type of computer device usually used by humans that takes input from or provides output to humans.

The term "HID" most commonly refers to the USB HID specification. The term was coined by Mike Van Flandern of Microsoft when he proposed that the USB committee create a Human Input Device class working group. The working group was renamed as the Human Interface Device class at the suggestion of Tom Schmidt of DEC because the proposed standard supported bidirectional communication.
John A. C. Menton
John A. C. Menton (September 4, 1866 – December 24, 1947) was an American politician, the only Socialist mayor of Flint, Michigan (1911–1912). Menton was not only a member of the Socialist Party of America, he was also secretary-treasurer of the Central Labor Council and president of the local Cigar Makers' Union, one of the largest in the city. In 1906 and 1910 he ran unsuccessfully as a Socialist candidate for U.S. Representative from Michigan, 6th District.

Due to a coalition of the Democratic Party, Republican Party, General Motors Corporation and Charles S. Mott in the so-called Independent Citizen's Party, Menton was decisively defeated in the 1912 election, never to serve again.

Cigar Makers' International Union
The Journeymen Cigar Makers' International Union of America (CMIU) was a labor union established in 1864 that represented workers in the cigar industry. The CMIU was part of the American Federation of Labor from 1887 until its merger in 1974.
Gmina Szczebrzeszyn
Gmina Szczebrzeszyn is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Zamość County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. Its seat is the town of Szczebrzeszyn, which lies approximately 21 kilometres (13 mi) west of Zamość and 69 km (43 mi) south-east of the regional capital Lublin.

The gmina covers an area of 123.16 square kilometres (47.6 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 12,040 (out of which the population of Szczebrzeszyn amounts to 5,299, and the population of the rural part of the gmina is 6,741).

Zamość
Zamość (Polish: [ˈzamɔɕt͡ɕ] ⓘ; Yiddish: זאמאשטש, romanized: Zamoshtsh; Latin: Zamoscia) is a historical city in southeastern Poland. It is situated in the southern part of Lublin Voivodeship, about 90 km (56 mi) from Lublin, 247 km (153 mi) from Warsaw. In 2021, the population of Zamość was 62,021.

Zamość was founded in 1580 by Jan Zamoyski, Grand Chancellor of Poland, who envisioned an ideal city. The historical centre of Zamość was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1992, following a decision of the sixteenth ordinary session of the World Heritage Committee, held between 7 and 14 December 1992 in Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States; it was recognized for being "a unique example of a Renaissance town in Central Europe".

Zamość is about 20 kilometres (12 miles) from the Roztocze National Park.
Middle Devonian
In the geological timescale, the Middle Devonian epoch (from 393.47 ± 0.99 million years ago to 382.31 ± 1.36 million years ago) occurred during the Devonian period, after the end of the Emsian age.

The Middle Devonian epoch is subdivided into two stages: Eifelian and Givetian.

Emsian
The Emsian is one of three faunal stages in the Early Devonian Epoch. It lasted from 410.62 ±1.95 million years ago to 393.47 ±0.99 million years ago. It was preceded by the Pragian Stage and followed by the Eifelian Stage. It is named after the Ems river in Germany. The GSSP is located in the Zinzil'ban Gorge in the Kitab State Geological Reserve of Uzbekistan, 35 centimetres (14 in) above the contact with the Madmon Formation.

In North America the Emsian Stage is represented by Sawkill or Sawkillian time.
The Song Remembers When
The Song Remembers When is the third studio album by American country music artist Trisha Yearwood. The album was released October 26, 1993, by MCA Nashville Records and was produced by Garth Fundis. It was Yearwood's third collaboration with Fundis, who also produced her 1992 album, Hearts in Armor which received wide critical acclaim, as well as her platinum-selling eponymous debut. The title track was the album's lead single, becoming a major hit, peaking at #2 on the Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in 1993.

Garth Fundis
Garth Fundis is an American country music record producer. Active since the 1970s, Fundis has produced albums for several country artists, including Alabama, Don Williams, Trisha Yearwood, Sugarland, and Keith Whitley. He has also served as a judge on the Colgate Country Showdown.

In the mid-1990s, Fundis was the director of operations for Almo Sounds' Nashville division.
India?
India? is the third studio album by the band Suns of Arqa, recorded and released in 1984 by Rocksteady Records.  The album was produced by Suns of Arqa founder Michael Wadada.  The spine reads "Suns of Arqa Vol IV - Such big ears, but still you can't see".

India? is a radical departure from the style of the previous two albums Revenge of the Mozabites and Wadada Magic.  As the title suggests, this album has a strong Indian feel to its arrangements and instrumentation.  It has not been released on CD, however three of the five tracks have found their way onto other Suns of Arqa CD releases.

Track A1 'Give Love' which features Ras Michael appears on the 1991 compilation CD Land of a Thousand Churches, and tracks A3/B2 (Kalashree/Vairabi) both appear on the 1992 CD Kokoromochi.

The sleevenotes for this LP include thank-yous to Adrian Sherwood, Style Scott, Gadgi, Martin Hannett, Chris Nagle and Kevin Metcalf.

Adrian Sherwood
Adrian Maxwell Sherwood (born 20 January 1958) is an English record producer specialising in the genre of dub music. He has created a distinctive production style based on the application of dub effects and dub mixing techniques to other forms of electronic dance music and popular music outside of the genre. Adrian has been credited as a pioneer in the emerging genre of reggae-EDM. He has worked extensively with a variety of reggae artists as well as the musicians Keith LeBlanc, Doug Wimbish and Skip McDonald. Sherwood has remixed tracks by Coldcut, Depeche Mode, the Woodentops, Primal Scream, Pop Will Eat Itself, Sinéad O'Connor, and Skinny Puppy. In his role as a record producer, he has worked with a variety of record labels; however, his best-known label is On-U Sound Records which he founded in 1979. Sherwood has been a member of the band Tackhead. He considers himself tone deaf, and focuses on making sounds and noises rather than melody.
Noble M15
The Noble M15 is a sports car designed and developed by Noble Automotive, a high-performance sports car manufacturer based in Leicestershire, England.

Production of the M15 was due to begin in early 2006. The Noble M15 is intended to appeal to a far broader market than the M12-GTO3R or the M400 and compete directly with the Porsche 911 Turbo/GT-3 and Ferrari F430. As a result, the Noble M15 has a number of features not previously found on Nobles such as satellite navigation, traction control, electric windows and ABS.

Noble founder Lee Noble has been quoted in indicating "the M12 is a great car, but it's very focused and [he] wanted to produce a supercar people could use every day... It was time for Noble to take a big step up in terms of refinement, practicality and style."  Despite increased comfort and usability compared to previous Noble cars, Lee Noble has also stated that the M15 is significantly quicker than the M400 around a race track.

Double wishbone suspension
A double wishbone suspension is an independent suspension design for automobiles using two (occasionally parallel) wishbone-shaped arms to locate the wheel. Each wishbone or arm has two mounting points to the chassis and one joint at the knuckle. The shock absorber and coil spring mount to the wishbones to control vertical movement. Double wishbone designs allow the engineer to carefully control the motion of the wheel throughout suspension travel, controlling such parameters as camber angle, caster angle, toe pattern, roll center height, scrub radius, scuff (mechanical abrasion), and more.
Shielmartin Hill
Shielmartin Hill or Shelmartin (Irish: Cnoc Shíol Mhártain, meaning 'Martin's seed or race') (163 metres (535 ft) high) is a peak on Howth Head in County Dublin, Ireland. From it can be seen Portmarnock, Sutton, Bull Island and the coastal areas behind it, and most of Dublin Bay.

References to it being called Shielmartin go back to at least 1654.

Portmarnock
Portmarnock (Irish: Port Mearnóg) is a coastal town in County Dublin, Ireland, north of the city of Dublin, with significant beaches, a modest commercial core and inland residential estates, and two golf courses, including one of Ireland's best known, Portmarnock Golf Club. As of 2022, the population was 10,750, an increase of 13.5% on the 2016 census figure of 9,466.

Portmarnock is also a civil parish in the ancient barony of Coolock. It is in the local government area of Fingal.
HP 2133 Mini-Note PC
The HP 2133 Mini-Note PC is a full-function netbook made by HP that was aimed at the business and education markets. It was available with SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop, Windows Vista or Windows XP. Its retail price started at US$499 for the Linux version with 4GB of flash memory. According to DigiTimes, the netbook was manufactured by Inventec. However, according to APC magazine, it was built by Compal Electronics who also made the MSI Wind and the Dell Inspiron Mini 9. The system was replaced in early 2009 by an upgraded model, the HP Mini 2140, which was also aimed at the education and business market.

Inventec
Inventec Corporation (Chinese: 英業達公司; pinyin: Yīngyèdá Gōngsī; TWSE: 2356) is a Taiwan-based Original Design Manufacturer (ODM) making notebook computers, servers and mobile devices. Originally established in 1975 to develop and manufacture electronic calculators, major customers include Hewlett-Packard, Toshiba, Acer, and Fujitsu-Siemens.

Inventec Corporation has major development and manufacturing facilities in China and is one of their largest exporters.  The company opened its first development center in China in 1991 and its first manufacturing facility in Shanghai in 1995.  In addition, the company has configuration, and service centers in the United States, Europe, and Mexico.

The company has a workforce of over 23,000 employees, including over 3,000 engineers. It partially owns a Japan-based mini notebook brand vendor, Kohjinsha (KJS), which was established in Yokohama.
Château de la Pommerie
The Château de la Pommerie is a château in the commune of Val de Louyre et Caudeau (formerly Cendrieux), Dordogne, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France. It was listed as a monument historique in 2002. Since 1999 it has accommodated a museum about Napoleon I and his times.

Dordogne
Dordogne (UK: /dɔːrˈdɔɪn/ dor-DOYN, US: /dɔːrˈdoʊn/ dor-DOHN or /dɔːrˈdɔːnjə/ dor-DAWN-yə; French: [dɔʁdɔɲ] ⓘ; Occitan: Dordonha [duɾˈduɲɔ]) is a large rural department in southwest France, with its prefecture in Périgueux. Located in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region roughly half-way between the Loire Valley and the Pyrenees, it is named after the river Dordogne, which runs through it. It corresponds roughly to the ancient county of Périgord. In January 2023, Dordogne had a population of 412,807.
Gillsville Historic District
The Gillsville Historic District is a 54 acres (22 ha) historic district in Gillsville, Georgia which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.  The listing included 25 contributing buildings and a contributing structure.

It is a linear historic district along Georgia Route 52 and the railroad, in the small town of Gillsville, running across the border of western Banks County and eastern Hall County.

Gillsville, Georgia
Gillsville is a city in Banks and Hall counties in the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, Gillsville had a population of 306.

The Hall County portion of Gillsville is part of the Gainesville, Georgia Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Valtos Province
Valtos Province (Greek: Επαρχία Βάλτου) is one of the five former provinces of Aetolia-Acarnania in Greece. It lies in the northern part of Aetolia-Acarnania. Its capital was Amfilochia. The Acheloos River was the border of the province to Evrytania. Its territory corresponded with that of the current municipality Amfilochia and the municipal unit Stratos. It was abolished in 2006. During Ottoman rule, the region of Valtos (which means "swamp" in Greek) was a haven for bandits and brigands. During the struggle for the liberation of Greece Valtos contributed many fighters and leaders to the Greek Revolution.

Amfilochia
Amfilochia (Greek: Αμφιλοχία) is a town and a municipality in the northwestern part of Aetolia-Acarnania in Greece, on the site of ancient Amfilochia.  Under the Ottoman Empire, it was known as Karvasaras (Καρβασαράς; Kervansaray in Turkish, from caravanserai).

Amfilochia is situated by the Ambracian Gulf and features an amphitheatre.  Amfilochia dates back to the ancient times and also features the ancient cities of Amphilochian Argos and Limnaia (or Limnaea).