hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Wilson current mirror
A Wilson current mirror is a three-terminal circuit (Fig. 1) that accepts an input current at the input terminal and provides a "mirrored" current source or sink output at the output terminal. The mirrored current is a precise copy of the input current.

It may be used as a Wilson current source by applying a constant bias current to the input branch as in Fig. 2. The circuit is named after George R. Wilson, an integrated circuit design engineer who worked for Tektronix. Wilson devised this configuration in 1967 when he and Barrie Gilbert challenged each other to find an improved current mirror overnight that would use only three transistors. Wilson won the challenge.

Boltzmann constant
The Boltzmann constant (kB or k) is the proportionality factor that relates the average relative thermal energy of particles in a gas with the thermodynamic temperature of the gas. It occurs in the definitions of the kelvin (K) and the molar gas constant, in Planck's law of black-body radiation and Boltzmann's entropy formula, and is used in calculating thermal noise in resistors. The Boltzmann constant has dimensions of energy divided by temperature, the same as entropy and heat capacity. It is named after the Austrian scientist Ludwig Boltzmann.

As part of the 2019 revision of the SI, the Boltzmann constant is one of the seven "defining constants" that have been defined so as to have exact finite decimal values in SI units. They are used in various combinations to define the seven SI base units. The Boltzmann constant is defined to be exactly 1.380649×10−23 joules per kelvin, with the effect of defining the SI unit kelvin.
Saint Petersburg metropolitan area
The Saint Petersburg metropolitan area is a metropolitan area that is centered around Saint Petersburg. It includes the entire territory of the federal city of Saint Petersburg and part of the territory of Leningrad Oblast. The metropolitan area extends for about 50 km (31 mi) from the center of Saint Petersburg.

The population of the Saint Petersburg metropolitan area is approximately 6.4 million people of the urbanized population (including St. Petersburg, Vsevolozhsky, most of Gatchinsky and Lomonosovsky Districts, and part of Kirovsky and Tosnensky Districts of Leningrad Oblast), and the remaining parts of the above municipal districts of Leningrad Oblast, including the Sosnovy Bor, whose area is approximately 12.6 thousand km². It is the second largest metropolitan area in Russia after Moscow.

Sosnovy Bor, Leningrad Oblast
Sosnovy Bor (Russian: Сосно́вый Бор, lit. pine forest) is a town in Leningrad Oblast, Russia, situated on the Koporye Bay of the Gulf of Finland, 81 kilometers (50 mi) west of St. Petersburg. The town of Sosnovy Bor is surrounded by Lomonosovsky District. Population:  65,788 (2010 census); 66,132 (2002 census); 55,800 (1989 Soviet census).
The Body Punch
The Body Punch is a 1929 American silent comedy film directed by Leigh Jason and written by Harry O. Hoyt, Clarence Marks, and Gardner Bradford. The film stars Jack Dougherty, Virginia Brown Faire, George Kotsonaros, Wilbur Mack, Monte Montague, and Arthur Millett. The film was released on July 14, 1929, by Universal Pictures.

Harry O. Hoyt
Harry O. Hoyt (August 6, 1885 – July 29, 1961) was an American screenwriter and film director whose film career began in 1912, during the silent era. He graduated with a degree in literature from Yale University in 1910. His 1925 film The Lost World, based on the book by Arthur Conan Doyle, is notable as a pioneering effort in the use of stop-motion animation. His brother, actor Arthur Hoyt, also appeared in The Lost World.

In November 1912, he married the former Florence Stark in Norwich, Connecticut. Together they had a son, Devereux Gerrard Hoyt, and daughter Daryl Hoyt.
2008 Milwaukee Brewers season
The 2008 Milwaukee Brewers season was the 39th season for the Brewers in Milwaukee, their 11th in the National League, and their 40th overall.

The season opened with optimism as the team attempted to build on the success of the 2007 season – their first winning season since 1992.

With 12 games remaining in the regular season, manager Ned Yost was fired and replaced with bench coach Dale Sveum.  Under Sveum, the team completed the regular season 7–5, finishing second place in the National League Central with a record of 90–72 and winning the NL Wild Card.  With the Wild Card berth, the team clinched its first playoff berth in 26 years. The season was highlighted by the midseason trade for ace pitcher CC Sabathia, who posted a 1.65 ERA in 130.2 innings pitched and won all but two starts.

In the NLDS, the Brewers were defeated 3–1 by the Philadelphia Phillies, who went on to win the World Series.

1992 Milwaukee Brewers season
The 1992 Milwaukee Brewers season was the 23rd season for the Brewers in Milwaukee, and their 24th overall. The Brewers finished in second place in the American League East with a record of 92 wins and 70 losses. This was the last time the Brewers finished at least .500 until 2005, and their last winning season until 2007. This proved to be their final winning season as a member of the American League.
1907 Maryland Comptroller election
The 1907 Maryland comptroller election was held on November 5, 1907, in order to elect the comptroller of Maryland. Democratic nominee and former comptroller Joshua W. Hering defeated Republican nominee James H. Baker, Progressive nominee George A. Horner and Socialist nominee William H. Warfield.

Comptroller of Maryland
The comptroller of Maryland is a constitutional officer of the U.S. state of Maryland. Thirty-four individuals have held the office of comptroller since 1851, when the office was created. The incumbent is Brooke Lierman, a Democrat.
William Henry Franklin
William Henry Franklin, DFM and Bar (2 October 1911 – 12 December 1940) also known as Bill Franklin was a Royal Air Force fighter pilot and a notable Second World War flying ace decorated for gallantry twice, he shot down more than 13 enemy aircraft over the Dunkirk evacuation beaches and during the Battle of Britain before being killed in action.

Flight sergeant
Flight sergeant (commonly abbreviated to Flt Sgt, F/Sgt, FSGT or, currently correctly in the RAF, FS) is a senior non-commissioned rank in the Royal Air Force and several other air forces which have adopted all or part of the RAF rank structure.  It is equivalent to a staff sergeant or colour sergeant in the British Army, a colour sergeant in the Royal Marines, and a chief petty officer in the Royal Navy, and has a NATO rank code of OR-7. In the RAF, flight sergeant ranks above chief technician and below warrant officer.
1999 Le Mans Fuji 1000 km
The 1999 Le Mans Fuji 1000 km was an endurance race held on November 7, 1999 at the Fuji Speedway. It was oragnized by the Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO), who ran the 24 Hours of Le Mans, and the Japan Automobile Federation (JAF), who ran the JGTC race series.

Automobile Club de l'Ouest
The Automobile Club de l'Ouest (English: Automobile Club of the West), sometimes abbreviated to ACO, is the largest automotive group in France. It was founded in 1906 by car building and racing enthusiasts, and is most famous for being the organising entity behind the annual 24 Hours of Le Mans race. The ACO also lobbies on behalf of French drivers on such issues as road building and maintenance, the availability of driving schools and road safety classes, and the incorporation of technical innovations into new vehicles. It also runs a roadside assistance service for its members.
Ordet (studio)
Ordet Co., Ltd. (Japanese: 株式会社オース, Hepburn: Kabushiki-gaisha Ōsu) was a Japanese animation studio, founded in 2007 by ex-Kyoto Animation director Yutaka Yamamoto and other staff. The company's name, "Ordet," means "the word" in Danish, Swedish, and Norwegian. The company initially served as a subcontractor before producing their first fully solo work, an OVA episode of Black Rock Shooter, which aired in the spring of 2010. This was followed up with an 8-episode series that aired on noitamina from February 2, 2012, to March 22, 2012. In 2011, with studios Sanzigen and Trigger, Ordet joined the Ultra Super Pictures joint holding company.

Noitamina
Noitamina (ノイタミナ; stylized noitaminA, "Animation" written backwards) is a Japanese late-night anime programming block produced by Fuji Television, which launched in April 2005, and currently airs on Friday nights from 23:30 to 24:00 JST (effectively Friday nights from 11:30 p.m. to Saturday midnight JST).  All anime production under the block are joint-venue by Fuji TV, Dentsu, and usually Sony Music Entertainment Japan (or through its subsidiary Aniplex).
Tognon
Tognon is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Danilo Tognon (born 1937), Italian sprint canoer

Gianluca Tognon Italian food scientist, researcher, public health expert, author, and speaker

Omero Tognon (1924–1990), Italian footballer and manager

Omero Tognon
Omero Tognon (Italian pronunciation: [oˈmɛːro toɲˈɲon], Venetian: [toˈɲoŋ]; 3 March 1924 – 23 August 1990) was an Italian footballer who played as a central midfielder. He was mainly known for his physical power and his exemplary correct behaviour on the pitch, and never once received a caution during his eleven-year spell with Milan.
Penycae F.C.
Penycae Football Club is a Welsh football club based in Pen-y-cae, Wrexham whose first team currently plays in the Ardal NE League. Following on from the growth of the club over recent years, Penycae Football Club is now a registered business and will now operate as Penycae Football Club C.I.C (Community Interest Company). The club also has a team which acts as a pathway to the first team known as the Reserve team. The club run a number of youth teams for 10- to 15-year-olds, and mini teams for children under 10 years of age.

Pen-y-cae, Wrexham
Pen-y-cae (sometimes spelled Penycae) is a village and community in Wrexham County Borough, Wales. The population of the community taken at the 2011 census was 3,389. It adjoins the larger village of Rhosllanerchrugog.
Rhopalic verse
A rhopalic verse is a form of restricted poetry in the antiquity. It was noticed that in one hexameter verse, Homer used a sequence of words that consisted of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 syllables. After that some poets tried to write whole poems in this style. The term derives from the Greek word ῥόπᾰλον rhópalon "a club", which gets progressively wider from the handle to the head. The most famous verse of this kind is Oratio by  Ausonius, of which these are the first three lines:

In Russia, an attempt was made by Valery Bryusov, in a 1918 poem, "A Gnome about the Life":

A similar exercise  was invented by the French Oulipo group, called  "boule de neige", 'snowball': a poem in which the first line consists of a single-letter word, the second line is a two-letter word, etc. Variations included adding syllables instead of letters, and some others.

Ausonius
Decimus Magnus Ausonius (/ɔːˈsoʊniəs/; c. 310 – c. 395) was a Roman poet and teacher of  rhetoric from Burdigala, Aquitaine (now Bordeaux, France). For a time, he was tutor to the future Emperor Gratian, who afterwards bestowed the consulship on him. His best-known poems are Mosella, a description of the River Moselle, and Ephemeris, an account of a typical day in his life. His many other verses show his concern for his family, friends, teachers and circle of well-to-do acquaintances and his delight in the technical handling of meter.
Allahqoli Khan Zanganeh
Allahqoli Khan Zanganeh was a Kurdish nobleman from the Zanganeh tribe, who served as the governor of Kermanshah under the Zand dynasty from the mid-1750s until his death in 1785, when the Ardalan governor Khosrow Khan Bozorgi defeated him and seized the city.

Kermanshah
Kermanshah (Persian: کرمانشاه, romanized: Kermânšâh, pronounced [keɾmɒːnˈʃɒːʰ] ⓘ; Southern Kurdish: کرماشان, romanized: Kirmaşan.) is a city in the Central District of Kermanshah province, Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county, and the district. The city is 525 kilometres (326 miles) from Tehran in the western part of the country. The 2016 National Census measured the population of the city as 946,651 (2025 estimate 1,117,000). Kermanshah is widely recognised as the largest Kurdish-populated city in Iran and one of the most significant urban centres of Kurdish culture in the region. The Kurdish dialect of the city, known as Kermashani, belongs to the Southern Kurdish branch of the Kurdish language family.
Deaths in December 1990
The following is a list of notable deaths in December 1990.

Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence:

Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent country of citizenship (if applicable), reason for notability, cause of death (if known), and reference.

Cleveland Rams
The Cleveland Rams were a professional American football team that played in Cleveland from 1936 to 1945. The Rams competed in the second American Football League (AFL) for the 1936 season and the National Football League (NFL) from 1937 to 1945, winning the NFL championship in 1945, before moving to Los Angeles in 1946 to become the first of only two professional football champions to play the following season in another city.

The move of the team to Los Angeles helped to jump-start the reintegration of pro football by African American players and opened up the West Coast to professional sports. After being based in Los Angeles for 49 years, the Rams franchise moved again after the 1994 NFL season to St. Louis where the franchise stayed for 21 seasons before moving back to Los Angeles after the 2015 NFL season.
Czarnowo, West Pomeranian Voivodeship
Czarnowo [t͡ʂarˈnɔvɔ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kozielice, within Pyrzyce County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland.

In 1322 the village was granted to the town of Pyrzyce by Pomeranian Dukes Otto I and Barnim III.

Otto I, Duke of Pomerania
Otto I, Duke of Pomerania (1279 – 31 December 1344) was Duke of Pomerania-Stettin.

Youngest, and probably posthumous, son of Duke Barnim I and his third wife, Mechtild of Brandenburg-Salzwedel, Otto became titular co-ruler at his birth, along with his elder half-brother Barnim II and his much older half-brother Bogislaw IV.

Bogislaw was effectively sole ruler while Barnim and Otto were children, and it was not until 1294 that he shared power with his elder brothers. In 1295, with Barnim dead, the brothers divided Pomerania with Otto as ruler of Stettin while Bogislaw received Wolgast.

In 1296 Otto married Elizabeth of Holstein, daughter of Gerhard II, Count of Holstein-Plön. Their children included Barnim III, future Duke of Pomerania, and Mechtild, who married John III, Lord of Werle.

From 1320 his son Barnim (III) was co-ruler with Otto.
John Bright (biblical scholar)
John Bright (1908–1995) was an American biblical scholar and the author of several books, including the influential A History of Israel (1959), currently in its fourth edition (2000). He was closely associated with the American school of biblical criticism pioneered by William F. Albright, which sought to marry archaeology to a defense of the reliability of the Bible, especially the earlier books of the Old Testament.

Biblical studies
Biblical studies is the academic application of a set of diverse disciplines to the study of the Bible, with Bible referring to the books of the canonical Hebrew Bible in mainstream Jewish usage and the Christian Bible including the canonical Old Testament and New Testament, respectively. For its theory and methods, the field draws on disciplines ranging from ancient history, historical criticism, philology, theology, textual criticism, literary criticism, historical backgrounds, mythology, and comparative religion.
Urethral rupture
Rupture of the urethra is an uncommon result of penile injury, incorrect catheter insertion, straddle injury, or pelvic girdle fracture. The urethra, the muscular tube that allows for urination, may be damaged by trauma. When urethral rupture occurs, urine may extravasate (escape) into the surrounding tissues. The membranous urethra is most likely to be injured in pelvic fractures, allowing urine and blood to enter the deep perineal space and subperitoneal spaces via the genital hiatus. The spongy urethra is most likely to be injured with a catheter or in a straddle injury, allowing urine and blood to escape into the scrotum, the penis, and the superficial perineal space. Urethral rupture may be diagnosed with a cystourethrogram. Due to the tight adherence of the fascia lata, urine from a urethral rupture cannot spread into the thighs.

Urethra
The urethra (pl.: urethras or urethrae) is the tube that transports urine from the bladder to the urethral meatus of the penis or vulva in placental mammals, and in males also transports semen during ejaculation.

The external urethral sphincter is a striated muscle that allows voluntary control over urination. The internal sphincter, formed by the involuntary smooth muscles lining the bladder neck and urethra, is innervated by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system and is found both in males and females.
Fuddy Meers
Fuddy Meers is an American play by David Lindsay-Abaire. It tells the story of an amnesiac, Claire, who awakens each morning as a blank slate on which her husband and teenage son must imprint the facts of her life. One morning Claire is abducted by a limping, lisping man who claims her husband wants to kill her. The audience views the ensuing mayhem through the kaleidoscope of Claire's world. The play culminates in a cacophony of revelations, proving that everything is not what it appears to be.

Kaleidoscope
A kaleidoscope (/kəˈlaɪdəskoʊp/) is an optical instrument with two or more reflecting surfaces (or mirrors) tilted to each other at an angle, so that one or more (parts of) objects on one end of these mirrors are shown as a symmetrical pattern when viewed from the other end, due to repeated reflection. These reflectors are often enclosed in a tube, usually containing on one end a cell with loose, colored pieces of glass or other transparent (and/or opaque) materials to be reflected into the viewed pattern. Rotation of the cell causes motion of the materials, resulting in an ever-changing view being presented.
USS William M. Wood (DE-287)
USS William M. Wood (DE-287) was a proposed United States Navy Rudderow-class destroyer escort that was never built.

Sources differ on William M. Wood's planned builder; plans called for either Bethlehem-Hingham Shipyard at Hingham, Massachusetts or the Charleston Navy Yard at Charleston, South Carolina to build her. The contract for her construction was cancelled on 12 March 1944 before construction could begin.

The name William M. Wood was transferred to the destroyer escort USS William M. Wood (DE-557).

Bethlehem Hingham Shipyard
The Bethlehem Hingham Shipyard of Hingham, Massachusetts, was a shipyard in the United States from 1941 until 1945. Located on Weymouth Back River, it was owned by the Bethlehem Shipbuilding Company and operated by the nearby Fore River Shipyard. During the three and a half years that the yard was operational, it produced 277 ships, including a  destroyer escort delivered in 23 days.
Plymouth Village Historic District
The Plymouth Village Historic District is a historic district encompassing part of the area of earliest settlement of the Plymouth Colony in Plymouth, Massachusetts.  It includes properties in an area roughly bounded on the west by North Street, on the north by Water Street on the east by Town Brook, and on the south by Court Street and Main Street.  The area includes Leyden Street and streets that were laid out as early as 1633, and nearby are some of Plymouth's oldest surviving houses (Richard Sparrow House (1640), Harlow Old Fort House (1677), Samuel Lucius-Thomas Howland House (1640) and Jabez Howland House (1667)).  The site is near Plymouth Rock where the Pilgrims landed in 1620 and the Pilgrim Hall Museum containing many of their surviving artifacts.

The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

Town Brook (Massachusetts)
Town Brook is a 1.5-mile (2.4 km) stream in Plymouth, Massachusetts that provided drinking water to the Pilgrims who made their homes adjacent to the brook on Leyden Street in Plymouth. Town Brook's headwaters are the Billington Sea, a 269-acre (109 ha) freshwater pond. The brook passes through numerous small ponds, including Deep Water Pond and Jenny Pond.  It also passes by the Plimoth Grist Mill and the Brewster Gardens before emptying into Plymouth Harbor. A nature trail runs along the entire length of the brook.
2026 Alabama House Bill 392
Alabama House Bill 392 is a proposed 2026 law in the state of Alabama that would end statewide popular vote elections for the Alabama Public Service Commission and instead give the speaker of the Alabama House of Representatives, the governor, and Alabama Senate president pro tempore the power to appoint members. It was first introduced on February 5, 2026 by state representative Chip Brown.

Direct election
Direct election is a system of choosing political officeholders in which the voters directly cast ballots for the persons or political party that they want to see elected. The method by which the winner or winners of a direct election are chosen depends upon the electoral system used. The most commonly used systems are the plurality system and the two-round system for single-winner elections, such as a presidential election, and plurality block voting and proportional representation for the election of a legislature or executive.

By contrast, in an indirect election, the voters elect a body which in turn elects the officeholder in question. In other settings, politicians and office holders are appointed.

In a double direct election, the elected representative serves on two councils, typically a lower-tier council of a municipality and an upper-tier council of a regional district or municipality.
Gurraacha Enchini
Dirre Incinni is one of the districts in the Oromia region of Ethiopia. Part of the West Shewa Zone, it is bordered on the southwest by Nono, on the northwest by Cheliya, on the northeast by Ambo, and on the southeast by the Southwest Shewa Zone. The major town in Dirre Incinni is Incinni.

Southwest Shewa Zone
Southwest Shewa (Oromo: Shawaa Kibba Lixaa) is one of the zones of the Oromia Region in Ethiopia. This zone takes its name from the kingdom or former province of Shewa. Between 2002 and 2005, a number of districts were separated from West Shewa Zone to create South west Shewa Zone. Towns in it include Waliso (the capital) and Tulu Bolo.
Guava Jam
Guava Jam: Contemporary Hawaiian Folk Music is a record by The Sunday Manoa, of Hawaiian folk music, released in 1969, advancing the Second Hawaiian Renaissance in the 1970s. The Sunday Manoa consisted of Peter Moon and the brothers Robert and Roland Cazimero.

Hawaiian Renaissance
The Hawaiian Renaissance (also called the Hawaiian Cultural Renaissance) was the Hawaiian resurgence of a distinct cultural identity that draws upon traditional Kānaka Maoli culture, with a significant divergence from the tourism-based culture which Hawaiʻi was previously known for worldwide (along with the rest of Polynesia). The Hawaiian Renaissance has been pointed to as a global model for biocultural restoration and sustainability.