hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
William Poser
William J. Poser is a Canadian-American linguist who is known for his extensive work with the historical linguistics of Native American languages, especially those of the Athabascan family.

He got his B.A. from Harvard in 1979 and his Ph.D. from MIT in 1985, his dissertation being about suprasegmental phenomena in the phonology of Japanese. He then taught at Stanford, and then at the University of Northern British Columbia. He has published extensively about the Carrier language in which he has done ample fieldwork. He is also known as a frequent blogger at the Language Log.

Historical linguistics
Historical linguistics, also known as diachronic linguistics, is the scientific study of how languages change over time. It seeks to understand the nature and causes of linguistic change and to trace the evolution of languages. Historical linguistics involves several key areas of study, including the reconstruction of ancestral languages, the classification of languages into families, (comparative linguistics) and the analysis of the cultural and social influences on language development.

This field is grounded in the uniformitarian principle, which posits that the processes of language change observed today were also at work in the past, unless there is clear evidence to suggest otherwise. Historical linguists aim to describe and explain changes in individual languages, explore the history of speech communities, and study the origins and meanings of words (etymology).
Dickson, Alaska
Dickson was a settlement in the U.S. state of Alaska. Situated in the Nome Census Area on the Seward Peninsula, it was located directly opposite Solomon, on the east bank of the Solomon River.  It was the coastal terminus of the Council City and Solomon River Railroad. All of its industries and inhabitants were connected with the railroad, and at its peak the town featured  five saloons, six restaurants and other establishments. Established in 1903, it was named for T. Warren Dickson, general manager of the Western Alaska Construction Company, which built the railroad. By 1910, its population was approximately 50 residents.

Nome Census Area, Alaska
Nome Census Area is a census area located in the U.S. state of Alaska, mostly overlapping with the Seward Peninsula. As of the 2020 census, the population was 10,046, up from 9,492 in 2010. It is part of the unorganized borough and therefore has no borough seat. Its largest community by far is the city of Nome.
Northern Ireland (Temporary Provisions) Act 1972
The Northern Ireland (Temporary Provisions) Act 1972 (c. 22) was an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that introduced direct rule in Northern Ireland with effect from 30 March 1972.

The act, which took effect immediately on receiving royal assent, provided as follows:

A new Secretary of State for Northern Ireland was to take over the government functions of Northern Ireland's ceremonial Governor and its executive cabinet ministers, and heads of government departments

The Attorney General for England and Wales was to take over the duties of the Attorney General for Northern Ireland.

The Parliament of Northern Ireland was (in effect) indefinitely prorogued, with its legislative powers being made available for exercise by the British Government by Order in Council.

The political institutions that were put into abeyance by this Act were formally abolished the following year by the Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973.

Prorogation
Prorogation in the Westminster system of government is the action of proroguing, or interrupting, a parliament, or the discontinuance of meetings for a given period of time, without a dissolution of parliament. The term is also used for the period of such a discontinuance between two legislative sessions of a legislative body.
PDCI
Abbreviations referring to organisations:

Pacific DC Intertie, also known as Path 65

Democratic Party of Côte d'Ivoire - African Democratic Rally, (in French: Parti Démocratique de la Côte d'Ivoire), a political party in Côte d'Ivoire

Partners for Democratic Change International, an international NGO network promoting democracy and civic education

Partito dei Comunisti Italiani, a political party in Italy

Perth District Collegiate Institute, a secondary school in Perth, Ontario, Canada.

Democratic Party of Ivory Coast – African Democratic Rally
The Democratic Party of Ivory Coast – African Democratic Rally (French: Parti Démocratique de la Côte d'Ivoire — Rassemblement Démocratique Africain; abbreviated PDCI-RDA) is a centre-right political party in Ivory Coast.
The Case Book of Arne
The Case Book of Arne (Japanese: アルネの事件簿, Hepburn: Arune no Jikenbo) is a Japanese Gothic horror mystery adventure game by Harumurasaki (Murasaki), with character designs by Harutarō. It was created using RPG Maker and was originally released as a freeware via the Vaka Game Magazine website in November 2017. It is also available on Steam in Japanese, Chinese, and English. A manga adaptation with art by Soraho Ina was serialized in Media Factory's shōjo manga magazine Monthly Comic Gene from November 2018 to March 2022 and was collected in four tankōbon volumes. An anime television series adaptation produced by Silver Link premiered in January 2026.

Freeware
Freeware is software, often proprietary, that is distributed at no monetary cost to the end user. There is no agreed-upon set of rights, license, or EULA that defines freeware unambiguously; every publisher defines its own rules for the freeware it offers. For instance, modification, redistribution by third parties, and reverse engineering are permitted by some publishers but prohibited by others. Unlike with free and open-source software, which are also often distributed free of charge, the source code for freeware is typically not made available. Freeware may be intended to benefit its producer by, for example, encouraging sales of a more capable version, as in the freemium and shareware business models; or by collecting and selling user's personal data.
Street executions in Warsaw (1943–1944)
The street executions in Warsaw in 1943 and 1944 were the mass executions of Polish hostages carried out by the German occupiers on the streets of Warsaw.

The first executions on the streets of the capital took place in mid-October 1943, shortly after SS-Brigadeführer Franz Kutschera assumed the position of SS and police leader for the Warsaw District. During his rule, approximately 5,000 Poles were murdered in Warsaw, of whom at least 1,200 were executed directly on the city's streets. The victims were primarily ordinary Warsaw residents apprehended during mass roundups.

The Germans ceased summary executions in mid-February 1944, following the successful assassination of Kutschera by soldiers of the Home Army's Kedyw unit.

Brigadeführer
Brigadeführer (German: [bʁiˈɡaːdəfyːʁɐ], lit. 'brigade leader') was a paramilitary rank of the Nazi Party (NSDAP) that was used between 1932 and 1945.  It was mainly known for its use as an SS rank. As an SA rank, it was used after briefly being known as Untergruppenführer in late 1929 and 1930.
1995 All-Ireland Minor Football Championship
The 1995 All-Ireland Minor Football Championship was the 64th staging of the All-Ireland Minor Football Championship, the Gaelic Athletic Association's premier inter-county Gaelic football tournament for boys under the age of 18.

Kerry entered the championship as defending champions, however, they were defeated by Cork in the Munster semi-final replay.

On 17 September 1995, Westmeath won the championship following a 1-10 to 0-11 defeat of Derry in the All-Ireland final. This was their first All-Ireland title.

All-Ireland Minor Football Championship
The Electric Ireland All-Ireland Minor Football Championship is the premier under-17 "knockout" competition in Gaelic football played in Ireland. 2017 was the final year of the minor under 18 football championship as it was replaced by an under 17 championship following a vote at the GAA congress on 26 February 2016.

The series of games is organised by the Gaelic Athletic Association and is played during the summer months with the All-Ireland Minor Football Final being played on the third Sunday in September in Croke Park, Dublin as the curtain-raiser to the senior final.

The winners received the Tom Markham Cup, which is named in honour of former Clare figure Tom Markham.
Ganesh Jain
Ganesh Jain  is an Indian film producer. He, along with his brothers, Ratan Jain, Girish Jain, Champak Jain, Umed Jain, Ramesh Jain and Bhawar Jain, founded the company Venus Records & Tapes. Major films he has produced include Baazigar, Josh, Garam Masala, Aap Ki Khatir and De Dana Dan. He was elected as chairman of the Indian Music Industry (IMI).

De Dana Dan
De Dana Dan (Back to Back) is a 2009 Indian Hindi-language comedy film directed by Priyadarshan. It is a partial adaptation of the Hollywood film Screwed; some scenes were taken from the 2004 film Vettam, directed by Priyadarshan himself. The film has an ensemble cast consisting of Akshay Kumar, Sunil Shetty, Katrina Kaif, Paresh Rawal, Sameera Reddy and Neha Dhupia. Released on 27 November 2009, it was moderately successful at the box office.
Vaughan Oliver
Vaughan Oliver (12 September 1957 – 29 December 2019) was a British graphic designer based in Epsom, Surrey. Oliver was best known for his work with graphic design studios 23 Envelope and v23. Both studios maintained a close relationship with record label 4AD between 1982 and 1998 and gave distinct visual identities for the 4AD releases by many bands, including Mojave 3, Lush, Cocteau Twins, The Breeders, This Mortal Coil, Pale Saints, Pixies, Modern English, and Throwing Muses. Oliver also designed record sleeves for such artists as David Sylvian, The Golden Palominos, and Bush.

A book collecting his work, Vaughan Oliver: Archive, was published in 2018.

Throwing Muses
Throwing Muses are an American alternative rock band formed in 1981 in Newport, Rhode Island that toured and recorded extensively until 1997, when its members began concentrating more on other projects.

The group was originally fronted by two step-sisters, Kristin Hersh and Tanya Donelly, who both wrote the group's songs. Throwing Muses are known for performing music with shifting tempos, creative chord progressions, unorthodox song structures, and surreal lyrics. The group was set apart from other contemporary acts by Hersh's stark, candid writing style; Donelly's pop stylings and vocal harmonies; and David Narcizo's unusual drumming techniques eschewing use of cymbals.
Apache Traffic Server
Free and open-source software portal

The Apache Traffic Server (ATS) is a modular, high-performance reverse proxy and forward proxy server, generally comparable to Nginx and Squid.  It was created by Inktomi, and distributed as a commercial product called the Inktomi Traffic Server, before Inktomi was acquired by Yahoo!.

Shortly after Yahoo! released the TS source to Apache as an Apache Incubator project in July 2009, a guest editor on Yahoo!'s online publication OStatic stated that Yahoo! uses TS in production to serve more than 30 billion objects per day on sites like the Yahoo! homepage, and Yahoo! Sports, Mail and Finance.

On April 21, 2010, the Apache board accepted Traffic Server as a TLP, graduating the project out of incubation.

Long-term support
Long-term support (LTS) is a product lifecycle management policy in which a stable release of computer software is maintained for a longer period of time than the standard edition. The term is typically reserved for open-source software, where it describes a software edition that is supported for months or years longer than the software's standard edition. This is often called an extended-support release.

Short-term support (STS) is a term that distinguishes the support policy for the software's standard edition. STS software has a comparatively short life cycle, and may be afforded new features that are omitted from the LTS edition to avoid potentially compromising the stability or compatibility of the LTS release.
Stoke Edith
Stoke Edith is a village in the English county of Herefordshire, situated on the A438 road between Hereford and Ledbury. The population in 1801 of Stoke Edith parish was 332.

The 14th-century church of St Mary is a grade I listed building. It has an immaculate needle spire set behind a parapet recess.  The Foleys rebuilt the stone church completely in 1740.  It has five bay arcades in the nave ended by large Tuscan columns. The church has a communion rail, pews and font in the same period with an impressive wooden pulpit in three decks. There remains an alabaster image of a 15th-century noblewoman with a distinctive headdress.  The monument dated 1699 is to Paul Foley, the first to move from Great Witley, co-leader of the Tory Party and Country Whigs.  There are tablets to a Henry Wolstenholme and his wife. The church is currently being transferred to a private trust, but is temporarily closed over safety concerns.

Ledbury
Ledbury is a market town and civil parish in the county of Herefordshire, England, lying east of Hereford, and west of the Malvern Hills.

It has a significant number of Tudor-style timber-framed structures, in particular along Church Lane and High Street. One of the most outstanding is Ledbury Market Hall, built in 1617, located in the town centre. Other notable buildings include the parish church of St. Michael and All Angels, the Painted Room (containing sixteenth-century frescoes), the Old Grammar School, the Barrett-Browning memorial clock tower (designed by Brightwen Binyon and opened in 1896 to house the library until 2015), nearby Eastnor Castle and the St. Katherine's Hospital site. Founded c. 1231, this is a rare surviving example of a hospital complex, with hall, chapel, a Master's House (fully restored and opened in March 2015 to house the Library), almshouses and a timber-framed barn.
Sigmund Larsen
Sigmud Larsen (1921 – 23 January 2007) was a Norwegian engineer, civil servant and politician for the Labour Party.

He was born in Haugesund, attended lower secondary school in Dale i Sunnfjord and then Bergen Technical School. He graduated as a civil engineer from the Norwegian Institute of Technology in 1950. He was the municipal engineer in Askøy Municipality from 1950 to 1953, engineer for Bergen Municipality from 1953 to 1958 and 1960 to 1964, headmaster at Bergen Technical School from 1958 to 1960 and county engineer in the County Governor's Office of Hordaland from 1964 to 1974. From September 1974 to August 1975 he was a part of Bratteli's Second Cabinet as a State Secretary in the Ministry of Church and Education. From 1975 to 1987 he was the director-general of the Norwegian Water Resources and Electricity Agency. He was decorated as a Commander of the Order of St. Olav.

He was married, had five children and ultimately settled in Askøy. He died in January 2007.

Ministry of Education and Research (Norway)
The Royal Ministry of Education and Research (Norwegian: Kunnskapsdepartementet, KD; full name: Det kongelige kunnskapsdepartement) is a Norwegian government ministry responsible for education, research and kindergartens. The ministry was established in 1814 as the Royal Ministry of Church and Education Affairs.

The current Minister of Education is Kari Nessa Nordtun and the current Minister of Research and Higher Education is Sigrun Gjerløw Aasland, both of whom are of the Labour Party The department reports to the legislature (Stortinget).
1933 Calgary municipal election
The 1933 Calgary municipal election was held on November 22, 1933 to elect a Mayor and six Aldermen to sit on Calgary City Council. Along with positions on Calgary City Council, a Commissioner, three trustees for the Public School Board, and two trustees for the Separate School Board.

Calgary City Council governed under "Initiative, Referendum and Recall" which is composed of a Mayor, Commissioner and twelve Aldermen all elected to staggered two year terms. Commissioner Thomas B. Riley and six Aldermen: Peter Turner Bone, William Ayer Lincoln, Robert Henry Parkyn, John Walker Russell, Fred J. White, and Harry Humble elected in 1932 continued in their positions.

Fred J. White
Frederic James White (October 27, 1886 – October 10, 1967) was a provincial level politician and labour activist in Canada. He was a Labour Party MLA (member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta) from 1921 to 1935 representing Calgary.
Derna, Bihor
Derna (Hungarian: Felsőderna) is a commune in northwestern Bihor County, Crișana, Romania, 50 km from the county seat, Oradea and 35 km from Marghita. It borders the communes of Popești, Chișlaz, Brusturi and Spinuș. It is composed of five villages: Derna, Dernișoara (Alsóderna), Sacalasău (Sástelek), Sacalasău Nou (Újsástelek) and Tria (Terje).

Bihor County
Bihor County (Romanian pronunciation: [biˈhor] ⓘ, Hungarian: Bihar megye) is a county (județ) in western Romania. With a total area of 7,544 km2 (2,913 sq mi), Bihor is Romania's 6th largest county geographically and the main county in the historical region of Crișana. Its capital city is Oradea (Nagyvárad).
Thomastown Football Club
Thomastown Football Club established in 1966 is Australian rules football and netball club in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. They are now known as the Thomastown Football Netball Club and also known as the Bears or Thomo Bears.

Starting as an Australian rules football Club, they entered a Netball team into the NFL competition in 2010. From 2017, the NFL change its name and rebranded as the NFNL by which point Thomastown had entered three netball teams.

Thomastown Football Netball Club are a part of the Northern Football Netball League and are currently in Division Two (Seniors, Reserves and Under 19.5 Marbuilt) in Football and have four teams in Netball.

Their ground is located 17kms north of Melbourne in the suburb of Thomastown.

They have won 4 Senior Premierships across different leagues and divisions.

Northern Football League
The Northern League is a British men's football league in north east England. Having been founded in 1889, it is the second-oldest football league in the world still in existence after the English Football League.

It contains two divisions; Division One and Division Two. Division One sits on the ninth tier of the English football league system, five divisions below the Football League. These leagues cover the historic counties of Durham, Northumberland, Cumberland, Westmorland and Yorkshire's North Riding. The champion club of Division One is promoted to the lower division of the Northern Premier League.
Rolston (surname)
Rolston is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Brian Rolston (born 1973), hockey player

Ed Rolston (born 1990), Hong Kong rugby player

Emma Rolston (born 1996), New Zealand football player

Holmes Rolston III (1932–2025), American philosopher

Ken Rolston, American computer and game designer

Mark Rolston (born 1956), American actor

Matthew Rolston, American photographer

Peter Rolston (1937–2006), Canadian minister and politician

Ron Rolston (born 1966), American ice hockey coach

Shauna Rolston (born 1967), Canadian cellist

Steve Rolston (born 1978), Canadian comic book artist

Tilly Rolston (1887–1953), Canadian politician

Tom Rolston (1932–2010), Canadian violinist and conductor

Steve Rolston
Steve Rolston (born February 8, 1978) is a Canadian artist and writer of comic books and graphic novels currently living in Vancouver, British Columbia. After working in story boards for various animated series, he got his first break from Oni Press as the penciler and inker of the first four issues of their on-going Queen & Country comic series by praised author Greg Rucka. From 2005 to 2017, Rolston taught a course at Vancouver Institute of Media Arts entitled "Introduction to Comic Book Production".
Dudka
Dudka  (Дудка [ˈdutka])) is a Ukrainian, Russian and Polish surname derived from the Eastern Slavic word дудка for "fife", "pipe" that is also present in the Ukrainian, Polish and Russian diaspora.
Notable people with the name Dudka include:

Dariusz Dudka (born 1983), Polish football player

Mykyta Dudka (born 2000), Ukrainian football player

Stanley Dudka (1923–2008), Canadian fishery officer

Vyacheslav Dudka (born 1960), Russian politician.

Russian diaspora
The Russian diaspora is the global community of ethnic Russians. The Russian-speaking (Russophone) diaspora are the people for whom Russian language is the native language, regardless of whether they are ethnic Russians or not.
2006 Atlantic 10 Conference baseball tournament
The 2006 Atlantic 10 Conference Baseball Championship was held from May 24 through 28 at Jim Houlihan Park at Jack Coffey Field in The Bronx, NY. It featured the top six regular-season finishers of the conference's 14 teams. Fifth-seeded Saint Louis defeated St. Bonaventure in the title game to win the tournament for the first time, earning the Atlantic 10's automatic bid to the 2006 NCAA tournament.

Jim Houlihan Park at Jack Coffey Field
Jim Houlihan Park at Jack Coffey Field, or simply Houlihan Park, is a baseball venue located on the Rose Hill campus of Fordham University in the Bronx, New York, United States.  It is the home field of the Fordham Rams baseball team of the NCAA Division I Atlantic 10 Conference.  The field is part of a larger athletic facility called Jack Coffey Field.
Luisito Occiano
Luisito Audal Occiano (born 21 June 1971) is a Filipino Roman Catholic prelate who is currently the bishop of the Diocese of Virac. He studied philosophy and theology at the Holy Rosary Minor Seminary in Naga, Camarines Sur and was ordained a priest on 10 November 1996. He then attended Ateneo de Manila University, and received a Master of Arts from Ateneo de Naga University. Occiano was appointed the Bishop of Virac on 29 February 2024. He was consecrated bishop by Rolando Tria Tirona on 21 June 2024 and was installed as Bishop of Virac on 26 June.

Rolando Tria Tirona
Rolando Octavus Joven Tria Tirona, OCD (born July 22, 1946), is a prelate of the Catholic Church in the Philippines. He is the Metropolitan Archbishop Emeritus of Cáceres in Naga, Philippines, serving from 2012 to 2024. Appointed to succeed the retiring Archbishop Leonardo Legaspi, Tirona resigned on May 2, 2024 and made Rex Andrew Alarcón, then Bishop of Daet, as his successor. Until Alarcón’s installation, Tirona continued to serve as the archdiocese's archbishop as Apostolic Administrator.
2021 Mallorca Championships
The 2021 Mallorca Championships was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor grass courts. It was the inaugural edition of the Mallorca Championships, and part of the ATP Tour 250 series of the 2021 ATP Tour. It was held at the Santa Ponsa Tennis Academy in Santa Ponsa, Spain, from 19 June until 26 June 2021.

Guido Pella
Guido Pella (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈɡiðo ˈpela]; born 17 May 1990) is an Argentine former professional tennis player. In August 2019, Pella reached his career best world No. 20 in singles. In July 2019, he peaked at No. 55 in doubles.
Berne, Pennsylvania
Berne is an unincorporated community in northern Berks County, Pennsylvania, United States. The community is approximately three miles outside Hamburg and is served by the Hamburg Area School District. Berne sits near the Schuylkill River, south of Blue Mountain, in southeastern Tilden Township.

Hamburg Area School District
The Hamburg Area School District is a small, rural/suburban public school district serving parts of Berks County, Pennsylvania. It encompasses the communities of Shoemakersville, Perry Twp, Windsor Twp, Hamburg, Tilden Twp, Upper Bern Twp, Strausstown, and Upper Tulpehocken Township.

The district is one of the 500 public school districts of Pennsylvania. The District encompasses approximately 103 square miles (270 km2). It is the largest, geographically, of Berks County's eighteen public school districts.

According to 2000 federal census data, the Hamburg Area School District served a resident population of 18,103. By 2010, the District's population increased to 21,088 people.