hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
History of hide materials
Humanity has used animal hides since the Paleolithic (beginning approximately 400,000 years ago) for clothing, mobile shelters such as tipis and wigwams, and household items. Since ancient times, hides have also been used as a writing medium in the form of parchment.

Fur clothing was used by other hominids (at least the Neanderthals), although their use was probably limited to rudimentary capes based on thermal-modeling studies that indicate the necessity of additional insulation for survival in glacial climates. Rawhide is a simple hide product which stiffens. Formerly used for binding pieces of wood together, it is primarily found in drum skins.

Tanning of hides to manufacture leather was invented during the Paleolithic, with the earliest evidence of hide-processing tools found at Hoxne in England and Qesem cave, Israel, dating to about 400,000 years ago.

Parchment for writing was introduced during the Bronze Age, and was later refined into vellum before paper became common.

Hoxne
Hoxne (/ˈhɒksən/ ⓘ HOK-sən) is a village and civil parish in the Mid Suffolk district of Suffolk, England, about five miles (8 km) east-southeast of Diss, Norfolk and 1⁄2 mile (800 m) south of the River Waveney. The parish is irregularly shaped, covering the villages of Hoxne, Cross Street and Heckfield Green, with a 'tongue' extending southwards to take in part of the former RAF Horham airfield. In 2011 the parish had a population of 889.

In geology, Hoxne gives its name to the Hoxnian Stage, a British regional subdivision of the Pleistocene Epoch.
Once Upon a Time in China and America
Once Upon a Time in China and America, also known as Once Upon a Time in China VI, (Chinese: 黃飛鴻之西域雄獅) is a 1997 Hong Kong martial arts western film directed by Sammo Hung, who also worked on the film's fight choreography. The film is the sixth and final installment in the Once Upon a Time in China film series. The film also saw the return of Jet Li as Cantonese martial arts master and folk hero Wong Fei-hung, who had been replaced by Vincent Zhao in the fourth and fifth films. The film was released theatrically in Hong Kong on 1 February 1997, and garnered positive reviews.

Stage combat
Stage combat, fight craft  or fight choreography is a specialised technique in theatre designed to create the illusion of physical combat without causing harm to the performers. It is employed in live stage plays as well as operatic and ballet productions. With the advent of cinema and television the term has widened to also include the choreography of filmed fighting sequences, as opposed to the earlier live performances on stage. It is closely related to the practice of stunts and is a common field of study for actors. Actors famous for their stage fighting skills frequently have backgrounds in dance, gymnastics or martial arts training.
Mirjam van Praag
Céline Mirjam van Praag (Schiedam, 11 November 1967)  is a Dutch university educator and econometrist. She is the Chair of the government's Advisory Council for Science Technology and Innovation (AWTI). She is also a professor of Entrepreneurship and Leadership at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU) and a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW).

Femke Halsema
Femke Halsema (Dutch: [ˈfɛmkə ˈɦɑlsəmaː] ⓘ; born 25 April 1966) is a Dutch politician and filmmaker serving as Mayor of Amsterdam since 2018. She is the first woman to hold the position on a non-interim basis. She previously was a member of the House of Representatives for the leftist green party, GroenLinks from 1998 to 2011, and served as the party's parliamentary leader from 2002 to 2010.
K. N. Raj
Kakkadan Nandanath Rajan (13 May 1924 – 10 February 2010) was an Indian economist. He is popularly known as K. N. Raj. He played an important role in India's planned development, drafting sections of India's first Five Year Plan, specifically the introductory chapter when he was only 26 years old. He was a veteran economist in the Planning Commission. He worked out a plan to raise India's rate of savings in the post-Second World War period when the country was in need of foreign aid. He computed India's Balance of Payments for the first time for the Reserve Bank of India. Raj was an advisor to several prime ministers from Jawaharlal Nehru to P.V. Narasimha Rao. Dr. Raj was a Keynesian economist. He studied the application of Keynesian monetary theory in Indian context.

Planning Commission (India)
The Planning Commission was an institution in the Government of India which formulated India's Five-Year Plans, among other functions.

In his first Independence Day speech in 2014, Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced his intention to dissolve the Planning Commission. It has since been replaced by a new institution named NITI Aayog.
Pálsdóttir
Pálsdóttir is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Andrea Mist Pálsdóttir (born 1998), Icelandic footballer

Arna Sif Pálsdóttir (born 1988), Icelandic handball player

Eivor Pálsdóttir (born 1983), Faroese singer-songwriter

Elinborg Pálsdóttir (born1996), Faroese singer-songwriter

Ólöf Pálsdóttir (1920–2018), Icelandic sculptor

Ólöf Helga Pálsdóttir (born 1985), Icelandic basketball player

Sigrún Pálsdóttir (born 1967), Icelandic writer

Þorbjörg Pálsdóttir (1919–2009), Icelandic sculptor

Arna Sif Pálsdóttir
Arna Sif Pálsdóttir (born 5 January 1988)  is an Icelandic team handball player for Valur of the Úrvalsdeild kvenna. She plays on the Icelandic national team, and participated at the 2011 World Women's Handball Championship in Brazil.
Bust of Nicolas Poussin
The Bust of Nicolas Poussin is a marble portrait bust by the Flemish sculptor François Duquesnoy. Nicolas Poussin was a close friend of Duquesnoy, and the leading classicist painter in 17th-century French art, although he spent most of his working life in Rome.

Both Poussin's and Duquesnoy's visions were at odds with the mainstream Baroque style of artists such as Gian Lorenzo Bernini and Pietro da Cortona. The portrait sculpture was completed in the 1630s, and is currently housed at the Bode Museum in Berlin.

Bode Museum
The Bode Museum (German: Bode-Museum), formerly called the Emperor Frederick Museum (German: Kaiser-Friedrich-Museum), is a listed building on the Museum Island in the historic centre of Berlin. It was built from 1898 to 1904 by order of German Emperor William II according to plans by Ernst von Ihne in Baroque Revival style. The building's front square featured a memorial to German Emperor Frederick III, which was destroyed by the East German authorities. Currently, the Bode-Museum is home to the Skulpturensammlung, the Museum für Byzantinische Kunst and the Münzkabinett (sculpture, Byzantine art, and coins and medals). As part of the Museum Island complex, the Bode-Museum was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1999 because of its outstanding architecture and testimony to the development of museums as a cultural phenomenon in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Jeffrey Catherine Jones
Jeffrey Catherine Jones (January 10, 1944 – May 19, 2011) was an American artist whose work is best known from the late 1960s through the 2000s. Jones created the cover art for more than 150 books through 1976, as well as venturing into fine art during and after this time. Fantasy artist Frank Frazetta supposedly described Jones as "the greatest living painter" and she included the quote on her website, but the source of the quote is unknown and Frazetta denied ever having said it when asked. Although Jones first achieved fame as simply Jeff Jones and later as Jeffrey Jones, she transitioned to female and added Catherine as a middle name in 1998.

Eerie (magazine)
Eerie was an American magazine of horror comics introduced in 1966 by Warren Publishing. Like Mad, it was a black-and-white magazine intended for newsstand distribution and did not submit its stories to the comic book industry's voluntary Comics Code Authority. Each issue's stories were introduced by the host character, Cousin Eerie. Its sister publications were Creepy and Vampirella.
Gynophore
A gynophore is the stalk of certain flowers which supports the gynoecium (the ovule-producing part of a flower), elevating it above the branching points of other floral parts.

Plant genera that have flowers with gynophores include Telopea, Peritoma arborea and Brachychiton.

Waratah
The waratah (genus Telopea) is an Australian-endemic genus of five species of large shrubs to small trees, native to the southeastern parts of Australia (New South Wales, Victoria, and Tasmania). The best-known species in this genus is Telopea speciosissima, which has bright red flowers and is the New South Wales (NSW) state emblem. The waratah is a member of the family Proteaceae, flowering plants (Angiosperms) distributed in the Southern Hemisphere. The key diagnostic feature of Proteaceae is the inflorescence, which is often very large, brightly coloured and showy, consisting of many small flowers densely packed into a compact head or spike. Species of waratah boast such inflorescences ranging from 6–15 cm in diameter with a basal ring of coloured bracts. The leaves are spirally arranged, 10–20 cm long and 2–3 cm broad with entire or serrated margins. The name waratah comes from the Eora Aboriginal people, the traditional owners of the Sydney region.
Wazad
Wazad was an Egyptian pharaoh during the Second Intermediate Period. According to the Egyptologists Kim Ryholt and Darrell Baker, Wazad was a member of the 14th Dynasty of Egypt reigning c. 1700 BC. As a king of the 14th Dynasty, he would have reigned from Avaris over the eastern Nile Delta and possibly over the western Delta as well. The Memphis-based 13th Dynasty reigned over Middle and Upper Egypt at the same time. Alternatively, according to Jürgen von Beckerath and Wolfgang Helck, Wazad was a ruler of the 16th Dynasty and a vassal of the Hyksos 15th Dynasty. This view is debated in Egyptology, in particular because Ryholt and others have argued that the 16th Dynasty was an independent Theban kingdom rather than a vassal dynasty of the Hyksos.

Kim Ryholt
Kim Steven Bardrum Ryholt (born 19 June 1970) is a Danish Egyptologist. He is a professor of Egyptology at the University of Copenhagen and a specialist on Egyptian history and literature. He is director of the research center Canon and Identity Formation in the Earliest Literate Societies under the University of Copenhagen Programme of Excellence (since 2008) and director of The Papyrus Carlsberg Collection & Project (since 1999).
Clement Hill (Antarctica)
Clement Hill (62°13′17″S 58°58′24″W﻿ / ﻿62.22147°S 58.97322°W﻿ / -62.22147; -58.97322) is a hill rising to 135 m, the highest elevation in southern Fildes Peninsula, 1 nautical mile (1.9 km) northwest of Halfthree Point, King George Island, South Shetland Islands. The United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) named the hill in 1977 after Colin C. Clement, Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) base leader and diesel mechanic at Admiralty Bay, 1956-57.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Clement Hill (Antarctica)". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.

King George Island (South Shetland Islands)
King George Island (Argentinian Spanish: Isla 25 de Mayo, Brazilian Portuguese: Ilha do Rei George, Chilean Spanish: Isla Rey Jorge, Russian: Ватерло́о Vaterloo) is the largest of the South Shetland Islands, lying 120 km (75 miles) off the coast of Antarctica in the Southern Ocean.  The island was named after King George III.
Holobutiv
Holobutiv (Ukrainian: Голобу́тів) – village (selo) is located in Stryi Raion, Lviv Oblast, of Western Ukraine. It belongs to Stryi urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. The population of the village is 921, and the local government is administered by the Holobutivska village council.
The village is located to the side of the Stryi Road and Drohobych at a distance 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the district center Stryi, 80 kilometres (50 mi) from the regional center Lviv and 25 kilometres (16 mi) from Drohobych.
The first record of the village dates back to the year 1664.

Stryi Raion
Stryi Raion (Ukrainian: Стрийський район) is a raion (district) in Lviv Oblast in western Ukraine. Its administrative center is the city of Stryi. Population: 319,464 (2022 estimate).

On 18 July 2020, as part of Ukraine's administrative reform, the number of raions in Lviv Oblast was reduced to seven, and the area of Stryi Raion was significantly expanded. Three abolished raions, Mykolaiv, Skole, and Zhydachiv Raions, as well as the cities of Morshyn, Novyi Rozdil, and Stryi, which were previously incorporated as cities of oblast significance, were merged into Stryi Raion. The January 2020 estimate of the raion population was 60,912 (2020 est.).

It was established in 1939 as part of Drohobych Oblast.
Rancho Cañada de los Alisos
Rancho Cañada de los Alisos was a 10,668-acre (43.17 km2) Mexican land grant in present-day Orange County, California given  by Governor Juan Bautista Alvarado to Jose Antonio Fernando Serrano in 1842, and enlarged by a second grant by Pio Pico in 1846.  The name means "Glen of the Alders" in Spanish, after the native White Alder (Alnus rhombifolia) trees growing there. The rancho included the present day cities of Lake Forest (formerly El Toro), and the Marine Corps Air Station El Toro—Orange County Great Park site in Irvine.

Orange County Great Park
The Great Park is a public park in Irvine, California, with a focus on sports, agriculture, and the arts. It is a non-aviation reuse of the decommissioned Marine Corps Air Station (MCAS) El Toro. The Orange County park comprises 28.8% of the total area that once made up the air base. The project was approved by the voters of Orange County in 2002 at $1.1 billion.
Rausu, Hokkaido
Rausu (羅臼町, Rausu-chō) is a town located in Nemuro Subprefecture, Hokkaido, Japan. As of September 30, 2016, it has an estimated population of 5,395, and an area of 397.88 km2.

The word "Rausu" originates from the Ainu word Raushi, roughly meaning "Low-land" or "Place of men with beast-like spirit".

The town occupies the southern half of the Shiretoko Peninsula. Kunashir Island, one of the four disputed Kuril Islands, can be seen from the town.

Schistostega
Schistostega pennata, also called goblin gold, Dragon's gold, luminous moss or luminescent moss, is a haplolepidous moss (Dicranidae) known for its glowing appearance in dark places.  It is the only member of the family Schistostegaceae.
Dwight Pelz
Dwight Pelz (born April 1, 1951) is an American politician who served as the Chair of the Washington State Democratic Party from 2006 to 2014. He previously served in the Washington State Senate from the 37th district from 1991 to 1997 and on the King County Council from the 5th district from 1997 to 2006.

Washington State Democratic Party
The Washington State Democratic Party is the affiliate of the Democratic Party in the U.S. state of Washington, headquartered in Seattle. It is also commonly referred to as the Washington State Democrats and the Washington Democratic Party. It is currently the dominant party in the state, controlling the majority of Washington's U.S. House seats, both U.S. Senate seats, both houses of the state legislature, and the governorship.
Motsoalle
Motsoalle is the term for socially acceptable, long-term relationships between Basotho women in Lesotho. Motsoalle can be translated from Sesotho loosely as "a very special friend." The word, motsoalle, is used to describe the other woman, as in "she is my motsoalle;" and a motsoalle relationship describes the bond between the two women. Motsoalle relationships are socially sanctioned and have often been celebrated by the people of Lesotho. These women's relationships usually occur alongside otherwise conventional heterosexual marriages and may involve various levels of physical intimacy between the female partners. Motsoalle relationships have, over time, begun to disappear in Lesotho.

Sotho language
Sotho (/ˈsuːtuː/), also known as Sesotho (/sɪˈsuːtuː, sə-/), Southern Sotho, or Sesotho sa Borwa, is a Southern Bantu language spoken in Lesotho, as its national language, and South Africa, where it is an official language.

Like all Bantu languages, Sesotho is an agglutinative language, using numerous affixes and derivational and inflexional rules to build complete words.
Aronszajn line
In mathematical set theory, an Aronszajn line (named after Nachman Aronszajn) is a linear ordering of cardinality 
which contains no subset order-isomorphic to

with the usual ordering

the reverse of

an uncountable subset of the Real numbers with the usual ordering.

Unlike Suslin lines, the existence of Aronszajn lines is provable using the standard axioms of set theory. A linear ordering is an Aronszajn line if and only if it is the lexicographical ordering of some Aronszajn tree.

Uncountable set
In mathematics, an uncountable set, informally, is an infinite set that contains too many elements to be countable. The uncountability of a set is closely related to its cardinal number: a set is uncountable if its cardinal number is larger than aleph-null, the cardinality of the natural numbers.

Examples of uncountable sets include the set ⁠⁠ of all real numbers and set of all subsets of the natural numbers.
VTS
VTS can refer to:

Vanishing testes syndrome, another name for anorchia

Vanishing twin syndrome, a complication of multiple pregnancy

Vehicle Telematics System, remote control, monitoring, and navigation of road vehicles

Vehicle tracking system, equipment and programs for monitoring road vehicle locations

Vessel traffic service, maritime traffic control system for a port or harbor

Vertical Tabulation Set, character code 0x8A in the C0 and C1 control codes

Virginia Theological Seminary, an Episcopal seminary in Alexandria, Virginia

Video Title Set, a directory element on a DVD-Video disk

Virtual Tape Server, an IBM Virtual tape library system

VTS, an ICAO airline code for Everts Air

Telematics
Telematics is an interdisciplinary field encompassing telecommunications, vehicular technologies (road transport, road safety, etc., as part of Intelligent transportation systems), electrical engineering (sensors, instrumentation, wireless communications, etc.), and computer science (multimedia, Internet, etc.). Telematics can involve any of the following:

The technology of sending, receiving, and storing information using telecommunication devices, such as a Telematic control unit, to control remote objects

The integrated use of telecommunications and informatics for application in vehicles and to control vehicles on the move

Global navigation satellite system technology (most commonly GPS) integrated with computers and mobile communications technology in automotive navigation systems, often using a GPS tracking unit

(Most narrowly) The use of such systems within road vehicles (also called vehicle telematics)
Skeletor
Keldor, also known as Skeletor, (/ˈskɛlətɔːr/) is a supervillain and the main antagonist of the Masters of the Universe franchise created by Mattel, serving as the archenemy of his nephew He-Man and usually depicted as a skull-faced, blue-skinned sorcerer. In the franchise's storyline, Skeletor seeks to discover the secrets of Castle Grayskull, which he believes will allow him to conquer the planet of Eternia and the universe, and become the titular Master of the Universe.

Supervillain
A supervillain, supervillainess or supercriminal is a variant of the villainous stock character. The character is a common archetype in comic books and other popular culture, often acting as the primary adversary of superheros.

Supervillains are often noted for their ability to foil heroes through the use of superpowers, their mental or physical capabilities, or their criminal influence, often creating grandiose schemes for nefarious purposes, such as world domination.
Dean of Llandaff
Dean of Llandaff is the title given to the head of the chapter of Llandaff Cathedral, which is located in Llandaff, Cardiff, Wales.  It is not an ancient office – the head of the chapter was historically the Archdeacon who appears in this role in the Liber Landavensis and in the Chapter Acts preserved in the Glamorgan Records Office – but the office of a separate Dean was established by act of parliament in 1843. A century later, the Deanery was merged with the Vicarage of Llandaff. The Chapter forfeited its legal rights on Disestablishment in 1920, when the Dean and Chapter as an ecclesiastical corporation was dissolved, under the terms of the Welsh Church Act 1914. There continues, however, to be a Dean and Chapter under the scheme or constitution made under the Constitution of the Church in Wales.

Llandaff
Llandaff (/lænˈdæf/; Welsh: Llandaf [ɬanˈdaːv]; from llan 'church' and Taf) is a district, community and coterminous electoral ward in the north of Cardiff, capital of Wales. It was incorporated into the city in 1922.  It is the seat of the Bishop of Llandaff, whose diocese within the Church in Wales covers the most populous area of Wales.
Offering: Live at Temple University
Offering: Live at Temple University is a live album by John Coltrane recorded in 1966 and released posthumously by Resonance Records on September 23, 2014, Coltrane's 88th birthday. The album won the Grammy Award for Best Album Notes and was well received by critics. Proceeds from the album benefit the John Coltrane Home.

Frank Kofsky
Frank Kofsky (1935–1997) was an American Marxist historian, author, and Professor of History at California State University, Sacramento, from 1969 until his death. A musician himself, Kofsky also wrote several books on jazz, mainly concentrating on the avant-garde of the 1960s and the relationship between musicians and the industry on which they depend.

In the liner notes for the Impulse! release of The John Coltrane Quartet Plays (A(S)-85; 1965), Kofsky gives an analysis on the transition from bop to the avant garde as it relates to Coltrane's career.
Hongkou Football Stadium
Hongkou Football Stadium (simplified Chinese: 虹口足球场; traditional Chinese: 虹口足球場; pinyin: Hóngkǒu Zúqiúchǎng) is a football stadium in Shanghai, China. Located in Hongkou District, the stadium has a maximum capacity of 33,060. It is the first ever football stadium to be built in China. The stadium was re-built in 1999, over the previous 46-year-old Hongkou Stadium, a general use sports stadium now replaced by the Shanghai Stadium. It is adjacent to Lu Xun Park.

Joker Xue
Xue Zhiqian (Chinese: 薛之谦; pinyin: Xuē Zhīqiān, born July 17, 1983), known professionally as Joker Xue, is a Chinese singer-songwriter and record producer. One of the most-streamed and most popular Mandopop artists, he is known for his emotional vocal delivery with works that span various styles such as ballads, rock music, and R&B. His song, "Actor" is one of the most viewed Chinese music video on YouTube.

Xue's Extraterrestrial World Tour, drawing more than 5 million people, is among the most-attended concert tours of all-time. He is one of five Chinese artists to surpass 100 shows, counting both arena and stadium venues, in a single tour and the only Chinese artist to surpass 100 stadium shows in a single tour.
Insubordinate movement in Spain
The Insubordinate movement (Spanish: Movimiento insumiso or Insumisión, Catalan: Moviment d'insubmissió, Galician: Movemento insubmiso, Basque: Intsumisio mugimendua) was a mass antimilitarist movement of civil disobedience to compulsory military service in Spain, the movement lasting from the early 1970s until the abolition of conscription on 31 December 2001.

Military budget
A military budget (or military expenditure), also known as a defense budget, is the amount of financial resources dedicated by a state to raising and maintaining an armed forces or other methods essential for defense purposes.