hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Lerman ratio
The Lerman ratio, named after economist Robert I. Lerman, suggest that a government benefit to the underemployed, such as welfare, will presumably reduce their overall hours of work. The ratio of the actual increase in income compared to the benefit is the Lerman ratio, which is ordinarily between zero and one. Moffitt (1992) estimates it in regard to the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program in the US at about .625.

Aid to Families with Dependent Children
Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) was a federal assistance program in the United States in effect from 1935 to 1997, created by the Social Security Act (SSA) and administered by the United States Department of Health and Human Services that provided financial assistance to children whose families had low or no income.

The program grew from a minor part of the social security system to a significant system of welfare administered by the states with federal funding. However, it was criticized for offering incentives for women to have children, and for providing disincentives for women to join the workforce. In July 1997, AFDC was replaced by the more restrictive Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program.
Sierra del Divisor National Park
Sierra del Divisor National Park (Spanish: Parque Nacional Sierra del Divisor) is a national park in the Amazon rainforest of Peru, established in 2015. It covers an area of 1,354,485.10 ha (13,544.85 km2) in the provinces of Coronel Portillo, in the region of Ucayali and Ucayali, in the region of Loreto.The city of Pucallpa lies on the bank of Ucayali River. In the park lies the pyramid shaped mountain top Cerro El Cono which is honored by the indigenous people as an Andes Apu.

Ucayali province
Not to be confused with Department of Ucayali.

Ucayali is one of the eight provinces in the Loreto Region of Peru. It was created on October 13, 1900, by president Eduardo López de Romaña. Its territory is mostly flat except for the Ganso Azul mountain range in its eastern part. This province is not the same nor part of the Ucayali Department although they share the same name.
Bagmar
Bagmar is a village in Pandhana Tehsil of Khandwa district in Madhya Pradesh, India.

There is a railway station in the village under Bhusawal railway division on Bhusaval - Khandwa line of Central Railway Zone of Indian Railway.

Khandwa district
Khandwa district (Hindi pronunciation: [kʰəɳɖʋaː]), formerly known as the East Nimar district, is a district of the Madhya Pradesh state in central India. The city of Khandwa is the administrative headquarters of the district. Other notable towns in the district include Mundi, Harsud, Punasa, Pandhana and Omkareshwar.
Amberjack
Amberjacks are Atlantic and Pacific fish in the genus Seriola of the family Carangidae. They are widely consumed across the world in various cultures, most notably for Pacific amberjacks in Japanese cuisine; they are most often found in the warmer parts of the oceans. The many species of amberjack include greater amberjack (Atlantic), lesser amberjack (Atlantic), Almaco jack (Pacific), yellowtail (Pacific), and banded rudderfish (Atlantic). Though most of the Seriola species are considered "amberjacks", the species Seriola hippos (samson fish) is not.

Greater amberjack
The greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili), also known as the allied kingfish, great amberfish, greater yellowtail, jenny lind, sea donkey, purplish amberjack, reef donkey, rock salmon, sailors choice, yellowtail, and yellow trevally, is a species of predatory ray-finned fish in the family Carangidae, the jacks and pompanos. It is found in temperate, subtropical, and tropical seas around the world. It is a popular quarry species for recreational fisheries and is important in commercial fisheries. It is the largest species in the family Carangidae.
1983 Kentucky lieutenant gubernatorial election
The 1983 Kentucky lieutenant gubernatorial election took place on November 8, 1983, to elect the lieutenant governor of Kentucky. Incumbent Democratic lieutenant governor Martha Layne Collins chose not to seek re-election to a second term, instead choosing to run for governor.

Incumbent Democratic Attorney General Steve Beshear beat Republican nominee Eugene P. Stuart.

Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky
The lieutenant governor of Kentucky was created under the state's second constitution, which was ratified in 1799. The inaugural officeholder was Alexander Scott Bullitt, who took office in 1800 following his election to serve under James Garrard in 1799. The lieutenant governor becomes governor of Kentucky under circumstances similar to those under which the vice president of the United States assumes the presidency. The current lieutenant governor is Democrat Jacqueline Coleman, who has been office since December 10, 2019.
Obihiro Centennial City Museum
Obihiro Centennial City Museum (帯広百年記念館, Obihiro Hyakunen Kinenkan) opened in Obihiro, Hokkaidō, Japan in 1982. It exhibits materials relating to the natural history, local history, and industries of Obihiro and of Tokachi more generally. There is an information centre dedicated to the history and culture of the Ainu and, in the museum annex, a centre for buried cultural properties. The collection includes an assemblage of Jōmon finds from the Yachiyo A site that has been designated an Important Cultural Property.

Obihiro
Obihiro (帯広市, Obihiro-shi) is a city  located in Tokachi Subprefecture, Hokkaidō, Japan.  As of 31 December 2025, the city had an estimated population of 159,294 in 90105 households, and a population density of 257 people per km2. The total area of the city is 619.34 km2 (239.13 sq mi). The next most populous municipality in Tokachi is the adjacent town of Otofuke, with less than a third of Obihiro's population.  In 2008, Obihiro was designated a "model environmental city" in Japan.
Irena Szewińska Memorial
The Irena Szewińska Memorial is an annual track and field meeting held at the Zdzislaw Krzyszkowiak Stadium in Bydgoszcz, Poland in July.

It was first held in 2019 as replacement for the XIX European Athletics Festival "Bydgoszcz Cup". The event was named after Polish sprinter Irena Szewińska to honor her memory.

The meeting was part of the inaugural 2020 World Athletics Continental Tour on bronze level and reached gold standard at the tour in 2021.

2020 World Athletics Continental Tour
The 2020 World Athletics Continental Tour is an annual series of elite track and field athletic competitions, recognised by World Athletics (formerly known as the IAAF). The Tour forms the second tier of international one-day meetings after the Diamond League except in the 200m, 3000m steeplechase, discus, hammer and triple jump, where it forms the top-tier, these events having been removed from the Diamond League from 2020. 2020 was the series' inaugural season.
2014 Labour Party leadership election
Labour Party leadership elections were held in the following countries in 2014:

2014 Labour Party leadership election (Ireland)

2014 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election

2014 Scottish Labour Party leadership election

2014 Labour Party leadership election (Ireland)
The 2014 Labour Party leadership election was held following the resignation of Tánaiste Eamon Gilmore as Leader of the Labour Party in the aftermath the party's poor showing at the local and European elections. A postal ballot was held to elect a successor. Nominations opened on 27 May and closed on 2 June.
European Youth Table Tennis Championships
The European Youth Table Tennis Championships are held among cadets (under 15) and juniors (under 18). The first edition of the tournament was held in 1955 in Stuttgart and since then is held yearly in most cases.

Currently, the championships include team, doubles and singles events for both genders and age classes as well as a mixed doubles event. There are also consolation events for players defeated in the qualifying stages and in the first round of the singles events.

The final ranking of the junior boys' and girls' team events determines the qualification for the same year's World Youth Championships.

ITTF World Youth Championships
The ITTF World Youth Championships is an annual table tennis competition for juniors under 19 and under 15. From 2003 to 2019, the World Junior Table Tennis Championships was held for juniors under 18. The ITTF changed the U18 age group into U19 in 2020, and implemented the new World Youth Championships for U19 and U15 in 2021. The World Youth Championships is currently composed of two team events and five individual events in each of the U19 and U15 age groups.
John Heron-Maxwell
John Maxwell Heron-Maxwell (5 September 1836 – 26 January 1899) was a Scottish Liberal Party politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1880 to 1885.

Heron-Maxwell was the son of Rev Michael Heron-Maxwell of Heron and Kirroughtree, and his wife Charlotte Frances Burgoyne, eldest daughter of Captain Frederick William Burgoyne RN. He was educated at Harrow School and joined the 1st Royal Scots Regiment, where he was a captain. He was a J.P. and deputy lieutenant for Kirkcudbrightshire and Wigtown.

At the 1880 general election Heron-Maxwell was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Kirkcudbright. He held the seat until 1885.

Heron-Maxwell was the last member of the Heron family to inherit the family seat of Kirroughtree House. In 1889 it was sold to Major Arthur Armitage and is now a hotel.

Family seat
A family seat, sometimes just called seat, is the principal residence of the landed gentry and aristocracy. The residence usually denotes the social, economic, political, or historic connection of the family within a given area. Some families took their dynasty name from their family seat (Habsburg, Hohenzollern, and Windsor), or named their family seat after their own dynasty's name. The term family seat was first recorded in the 11th century Domesday Book where it was listed as the word caput. The term continues to be used in the British Isles today. A clan seat refers to the seat of the chief of a Scottish clan.
Tautovo, Chuvash Republic
Tautovo (Russian: Таутово; Chuvash: Тавăт, Tavăt) is a rural locality (a village) in Alikovsky District of the Chuvash Republic, (Russia), located 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) from the district's administrative center of Alikovo. The village is the administrative center of Tautovskoye Rural Settlement, one of the municipal formations of Alikovsky District.
The chief of the municipal formation is Svetlana Y. Zheleznova.

Chuvash language
Chuvash (UK: /ˈtʃuːvɑːʃ/ CHOO-vahsh, US: /tʃʊˈvɑːʃ/ chuu-VAHSH; Чӑваш чӗлхи, Чӑвашла, translit. Çăvaşla, IPA: [tɕəʋaʃˈla]) is a Turkic language spoken in Volga-Ural region of Russia, primarily in the Chuvash Republic and adjacent areas. It is the only surviving member of the Oghur branch of Turkic languages, one of the two principal branches of the Turkic family.

The writing system for the Chuvash language is based on the Cyrillic script, employing all of the letters used in the Russian alphabet and adding four letters of its own: Ӑ, Ӗ, Ҫ and Ӳ.
Radium Franklin
Radium Franklin was a tugboat built in 1951, and operated by the Northern Transportation Company - popularly known as the "Radium Line", because many of their tugboats contained Radium in their name, since they were originally built to haul Uranium ore from Port Radium, on Great Bear Lake.
She was retired in 1979, after spending most of her career hauling barge packed with ore, and then briefly serving as a yard tug.

In 2005 the Atomic Energy Canada published a stody on the toxic legacy of the mining of radioactive ore at Port Radium.  It said that the Radium Franklin and all other surviving vessels, with the exception of the Radium Gilbert, were uncontaminated.

The CBC News reported on March 31, 2019, that, after sitting in a dry dock in Hay River for four decades  she was scheduled to be turned into a museum ship.  The Hay River Historical Society plans to restore the vessel's appearance.

Hay River, Northwest Territories
Hay River (South Slavey: Xátł’odehchee [xátɬ’otɛhtʃʰe]), known as "the Hub of the North", is a town in the Northwest Territories, Canada. The town is located on the south shore of Great Slave Lake at the mouth of the Hay River. It is separated into two sections: A new town and an old town. The Hay River/Merlyn Carter Airport is located between the two sections. The town is situated in the South Slave Region, and along with Fort Smith, the town is home to one of the two regional offices in the region.
Alexander Bergmann
Alexander Bergmann (born 16 May 1987 in Ravensburg) is a German snowboarder, specializing in Alpine snowboarding.

Bergmann competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics for Germany. He placed 11th in qualifying for the parallel giant slalom. In the eight-finals, he was beaten by Slovenia's Rok Flander. In the parallel slalom, he finished 24th in qualifying, not advancing.

As of September 2014, his best showing at the World Championships is 21st, in the 2013 parallel giant slalom.

Bergmann made his World Cup debut in December 2006. As of September 2014, he has one World Cup victory, in the parallel slalom at Bad Gastein in 2013–14. His best overall finish is 11th, in 2013–14.

FIS Snowboard World Cup
The FIS Snowboard World Cup is an annual snowboarding competition, arranged by the International Ski Federation (FIS) since 1994. Since its inauguration, different disciplines have been added and removed, along with categories used to group them.

Currently disciplines contested in the World Cup are parallel giant slalom and parallel slalom (grouped into the "parallel" category); the halfpipe, big air, and slopestyle (grouped into the "AFU" category); and the discipline-category of snowboard cross. Most of these disciplines have been contested on and off throughout the years. The only discipline contested in every season of the World Cup is the halfpipe (and from 1996–97 season onward the snowboard cross).

There was an "overall" classification until the 2009–10 season. Since then, the World Cup has been divided into the three categories described above.
Andy Lally
Andrew Joseph Lally (born February 11, 1975) is an American former professional auto racing driver who currently serves as the president for the Trans Am Series.

Lally competed full-time in the WeatherTech SportsCar Championship, driving the Audi R8 for Magnus Racing and part-time in the Michelin Pilot Challenge, driving the Hyundai Elantra TCR Touring Car for StarCom Racing.

B&L Transport 170
The B&L Transport 170 was a NASCAR Xfinity Series race that was held at Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course in Lexington, Ohio, United States. The inaugural event took place on August 17, 2013, and was scheduled to be contested for 90 laps over a distance of 203.22 miles (327.05 km). However, the race was extended by four laps due to a green–white–checker finish. In 2015, the race was reduced to 75 laps (169.35 miles).

The 2016 race saw the fourth time the Xfinity Series used rain tires in a points event; the previous times were Road America in 2014 and Montreal in 2008 and 2009.

In 2022, Mid-Ohio was taken off the Xfinity series schedule, in exchange for Portland International Raceway. The track was then given a NASCAR Camping World Truck Series race.
Glyn Moody
Glyn Moody is a London-based technology writer. He is best known for his book Rebel Code: Linux and the Open Source Revolution (2001). It describes the evolution and significance of the free software and open source movements with interviews of hackers.

His writings have appeared in Wired, Computer Weekly, Linux Journal, and Ars Technica. In 2009, he criticised the software education policy of the government of José Luís Rodríguez Zapatero on his blog.

José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero
José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (Spanish: [xoseˈlwis roˈðɾiɣeθ θapaˈteɾo] ⓘ; born 4 August 1960) is a Spanish politician and member of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE). He was the Prime Minister of Spain being elected for two terms, in the 2004 and 2008 general elections. On 2 April 2011 he announced he would not stand for re-election in the 2011 general election and left office on 21 December 2011.

Among the main actions taken by the Zapatero administration were the withdrawal of Spanish troops from the Iraq war, the increase of Spanish troops in Afghanistan; the idea of an Alliance of Civilizations; the legalisation of same-sex marriage in Spain; reform of abortion law; a peace negotiation attempt with ETA; the end of ETA terrorism; increase of tobacco restrictions; and the reform of various autonomous statutes, particularly the Statute of Catalonia.
Colorado State Knowledge Bowl Meet
Colorado State Knowledge Bowl Meet is the state tournament for high school Knowledge Bowl teams in Colorado, United States. It was formerly held at Colorado College in Colorado Springs, before being moved to Greeley in 2023. Teams qualify for the state meet based on performance at regional competition and are grouped by size similar to Colorado High School Activities Association (CHSAA) classification, although teams from all divisions play each other. The first meet was held in 1978 at Fort Lewis College in Durango. The overall champion received the traveling "Governor's Cup" trophy for a year. Teams qualify for state through several regional competitions. The winner of each class from each region qualifies moves on to the state competition.

Greeley, Colorado
Greeley is the home rule city that is the county seat of, and the most populous municipality in, Weld County, Colorado, United States. The city population was 108,795 at the 2020 United States census, an increase of 17.12% since the 2010 United States census. Greeley is the tenth most populous city in Colorado. Greeley is the principal city of the Greeley, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area and is a major city of the Front Range Urban Corridor. Greeley is located in northern Colorado and is situated 49 miles (79 km) north-northeast of the Colorado State Capitol in Denver. The city is a college town, home to the University of Northern Colorado and Aims Community College.
Spirit of the Glass
Spirit of the Glass is a 2004 Philippine supernatural horror film written and directed by Jose Javier Reyes. The film stars Rica Peralejo, with the supporting cast includes Marvin Agustin, Dingdong Dantes, Ciara Sotto, Drew Arellano, and Jake Cuenca.

Produced with Canary Films and distributed by Octoarts Films, the film was theatrically released on December 25, 2004, as one of the official entries at the 30th Metro Manila Film Festival. A sequel entitled Spirit of the Glass 2: The Haunted was released in 2017.

Jose Javier Reyes
Jose "Joey" Javier Reyes (born October 21, 1954) is a Filipino director, screenwriter, lyricist, and actor. He has won awards from the Gawad Urian, Metro Manila Film Festival and PMPC Star Awards for Movies for his work on films such as Pahiram ng Isang Umaga, Batang PX, and Kasal, Kasali, Kasalo.

Reyes currently serves as the chairperson of the Film Development Council of the Philippines.
Asaka, Saitama
Asaka (朝霞市, Asaka-shi) is a city located in Saitama Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 January 2021, the city had an estimated population of 143,195 and a population density of 7800 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 18.34 square kilometres (7.08 sq mi).

Cities of Japan
A city (市, shi) is a local administrative unit in Japan. Cities are ranked on the same level as towns (町, machi) and villages (村, mura), with the difference that they are not a component of districts (郡, gun). Like other contemporary administrative units, they are defined by the Local Autonomy Law of 1947.
Journal of Business Ethics
The Journal of Business Ethics is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by Springer. The Journal of Business Ethics is one of the journals used by the Financial Times for in compiling the Business Schools research rank.

The Journal of Business Ethics was founded by Alex C. Michalos (Institute for Social Research and Evaluation, University of Northern British Columbia) and Deborah C. Poff (Department of Philosophy, Carleton University) and originally published by D. Reidel. Professors Michalos and Poff served as the journal's Editors in Chief from its inception in 1982 to 2016. They were succeeded by R. Edward Freeman (Darden Business School, University of Virginia) and Michelle Greenwood (Department, of Management, Monash University) in 2016. Professor Freeman retired from the Journal in 2021 and was succeeded by Gazi Islam (Grenoble Ecole de Management).  Consequently, the current Editors in Chief are Michelle Greenwood and Gazi Islam. D. Reidel became part of Springer in 2004.

R. Edward Freeman
Robert Edward Freeman (born December 18, 1951) is an American philosopher and professor of business administration at the Darden School of the University of Virginia, particularly known for his work on stakeholder theory (1984) and on business ethics.
Mount Chamah
Mount Chamah is a mountain in northwestern Gua Musang District in the Malaysian state of Kelantan, close to the border with Perak. Nestled within the northern section of the Titiwangsa Mountains, it is the second  highest point in the state of Kelantan and the fifth highest mountain in the Malay Peninsula at 2,172 m (7,126 ft) above sea level.

Gua Musang District
Gua Musang (Kelantanese: Guo Musey) is a town, district and parliamentary constituency in southern Kelantan, Malaysia. It is the largest district in Kelantan. Gua Musang is administered by the Gua Musang District Council. Gua Musang district is bordered by the state of Pahang to the south, Terengganu to the east, Perak to the west and the Kelantanese districts of Kuala Krai and Jeli to the north. It is a small railway town about 140 km south of state capital Kota Bharu. Gua Musang is represented by Mohd Azizi Abu Naim in the Dewan Rakyat. The town lies on the KTM East Coast Line, from Tumpat, near the border with Thailand, to Gemas, Negeri Sembilan. Gua Musang also famous because of Malay horror film Pontianak Dari Gua Musang.

The Lojing Autonomous Sub-District (Jajahan Kecil Lojing) is in the western part of Gua Musang constituency.
Toernich
Toernich (French pronunciation: [tœʁniʃ]; Luxembourgish: Täernech; German: Törnich) is a sub-municipality of the city of Arlon located in the province of Luxembourg, Wallonia, Belgium. It was a separate municipality until 1977. On 1 January 1977, it was merged into Arlon.

Municipalities of Belgium
Belgium comprises 565 municipalities (Dutch: gemeenten; French: communes; German: Gemeinden), 285 of them grouped into five provinces in Flanders and 261 others in five provinces in Wallonia, while the remaining 19 are in the Brussels Capital Region, which is not divided in provinces. In most cases, the municipalities are the smallest administrative subdivisions of Belgium, but in municipalities with more than 100,000 inhabitants, on the initiative of the local council, sub-municipal administrative entities with elected councils may be created. As such, only Antwerp, having over 500,000 inhabitants, became subdivided into ten districts (Dutch: districten).

The Belgian arrondissements (Dutch: arrondissementen; French: arrondissements; German: Bezirke), an administrative level between province (or the capital region) and municipality, or the lowest judicial level, are in English sometimes called districts as well.