hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Fatherland Defense Force
The Fatherland Defense Force (Lithuanian: Tėvynės apsaugos rinktinė or TAR) or Kampfgruppe Mäder (German: Kampfgruppe Mäder) was a short-lived military unit hastily formed in northwestern Lithuania towards the end of World War II to combat approaching Soviet forces. Formed from local Lithuanians, the unit was directly subordinate to the Wehrmacht. Their German commander was Hellmuth Mäder who was hoping to raise a division. However, only two ill-equipped and ill-trained regiments were actually formed. The total membership is estimated at 6,000 men. On October 7, TAR took defensive positions in Seda against the 19th Tank Corps of the 6th Guards Army. TAR suffered heavy losses and retreated towards Klaipėda (Memel). In East Prussia, the remaining men were reassigned to various pioneer units.

Kampfgruppe
In military history, the German term Kampfgruppe (pl. Kampfgruppen; abbrev. KG, or KGr in Luftwaffe usage during World War II, literally "fighting group" or "battlegroup")  can refer to a combat formation of any kind, but most usually to that employed by the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany and its allies during World War II, and, to a lesser extent, the German Empire in World War I.

It also referred to bomber groups in Luftwaffe usage, which themselves consisted of three or four Staffeln (squadrons), and usually (but not exclusively) existed within Kampfgeschwader bomber wings of three or four Kampfgruppen per wing.
Howard Stein
Howard Mathew Stein (October 6, 1926 – July 26, 2011) was an American financier who is widely considered one of the fathers of the mutual fund industry. He was featured on the cover of Time magazine on August 24, 1970.  Stein invented the first "no load" money market fund and created the first tax-free municipal bond fund.

Investor
An investor is a person or entity that allocates financial capital with the expectation of a future return (profit) or to gain an advantage (interest). Through this allocated capital the investor usually purchases some species of property. Types of investments include equity, debt, securities, real estate, infrastructure, currency, commodity, token, derivatives such as put and call options, futures, forwards, etc. This definition makes no distinction between the investors in the primary and secondary markets.  That is, someone who provides a business with capital and someone who buys a stock are both investors.  An investor who owns stock is a shareholder.
South Dakota Highway 144
South Dakota Highway 144 (SD 144) is a short highway linking the town of Akaska to  U.S. Highway 83 and SD 20. It was commissioned in 1976. This was originally the western terminus of SD 20 in the early 1950s, and became a spur of SD 20 between 1965 and 1970.

U.S. Route 83
U.S. Route 83 (US 83) is a major north–south United States Numbered Highway that extends 1,885 miles (3,034 km) in the central United States. Only four other north–south routes are longer: US 1, US 41, US 59, and US 87, while US 83 follows a straighter north-south path than all of these. Nearly half of its mileage is in the state of Texas. The highway's northern terminus is north of Westhope, North Dakota, at the Canadian border, where it continues as Manitoba Highway 83 (PTH 83). The southern terminus is at the Veterans International Bridge in Brownsville, Texas.  Together, US 83 and PTH 83 form a continuously numbered north-south highway with a combined distance of 3,450 kilometres (2,140 mi).
HMS Mersey (1914)
HMS Mersey was a Humber-class monitor of the Royal Navy. Originally built by Vickers for the Brazilian Navy and christened Madeira, she was purchased by the Royal Navy in 1914 on the outbreak of the First World War along with her sister ships Humber and Severn.

Vickers
Vickers was a British engineering company that existed from 1828 until 1999. It was formed in Sheffield as a steel foundry by Edward Vickers and his father-in-law, and soon became famous for casting church bells. The company went public in 1867, acquired more businesses, and began branching out into military hardware and shipbuilding.

In 1911, the company expanded into aircraft manufacture and opened a flying school. They expanded even further into electrical and railway manufacturing, and in 1928 acquired an interest in the Supermarine.

Beginning in the 1960s, various parts of the company were nationalised, and in 1999 the rest of the company was acquired by Rolls-Royce plc, which sold the defence arm to Alvis plc. The Vickers name lived on in Alvis Vickers, until the latter was acquired by BAE Systems in 2004 to form BAE Systems Land Systems.
Delta (letter)
Delta (/ˈdɛltə/ ⓘ DEL-tə; uppercase Δ, lowercase δ; Greek: δέλτα, délta, [ˈðelta]) is the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of four. It was derived from the Phoenician letter dalet 𐤃. Letters that come from delta include the Latin D and the Cyrillic Д.

A river delta (originally, the delta of the Nile River) is named so because its shape approximates the triangular uppercase letter delta. Contrary to a popular legend, this use of the word delta was not coined by Herodotus.

Isotopes of oxygen
There are three known stable isotopes of oxygen (8O): 16O, 17O, and 18O. Radioisotopes are known from 11O to 28O (particle-bound from mass number 13 to 24), and the most stable are 15O with half-life 122.27 seconds and 14O with half-life 70.62 seconds. All remaining radioisotopes are even shorter in lifetime. The four heaviest known isotopes (up to 28O) decay by neutron emission to 24O, whose half-life is 77 milliseconds; 24O, along with 28Ne, have been used in the model of reactions in the crust of neutron stars. The most common decay mode for isotopes lighter than the stable isotopes is β+ decay to nitrogen, and the most common mode after is β− decay to fluorine.
2025 4 Hours of Le Castellet
The 2025 4 Hours of Le Castellet was an endurance sportscar racing event, held between 2 and 4 May 2025 at Circuit Paul Ricard in Le Castellet, France. It was the second of six rounds of the 2025 European Le Mans Series season, and the fourteenth consecutive running of the event as part of the championship.

Time in France
Metropolitan France uses Central European Time (heure d'Europe centrale, UTC+01:00) as its standard time, and observes Central European Summer Time (heure d'été d'Europe centrale, UTC+02:00) from the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October. With its overseas territories, France uses 12 different time zones (13 including its claim in Antarctica), more than any other country in the world.
Rosa 'Brass Band'
Rosa 'Brass Band'  (aka JACcofl) is an orange blend Floribunda cultivar, bred by American hybridizer, Jack E. Christensen in 1993. It was introduced in the United States by Jackson & Perkins Co. in 1994. The cultivar was named an All-America Rose Selections (AARS) in 1995.

Jack E. Christensen
Jack E. Christensen (1949–2021) was an American rose hybridizer, garden writer and science teacher. He developed more than 80 rose varieties during his career. He was the youngest hybridizer to win an All-America Rose Selections (AARS) award in 1986. His most popular rose varieties are:  'Henry Fonda', 'Gold Medal', 'Midas Touch' and the AARS winner, 'Voodoo'.
The Definitive Collection (Cissy Houston album)
The Definitive Collection: Cissy Houston is a compilation album by American soul/gospel singer Cissy Houston, released in the U.S. and UK in 2000. It consist primarily of songs from two Houston albums, 1977's Cissy Houston and 1978's Think It Over", as well as her hit singles "Warning-Danger" and  "Think It Over". Also featured are her cover versions which appeared on the two albums, such as "Make It Easy on Yourself", "Tomorrow", Elton John's "Your Song" and "He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother".

He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother
"He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother" is a ballad written by Bobby Scott and Bob Russell.  Originally recorded by Kelly Gordon in 1969, the song became a worldwide hit for the Hollies later that year and also a hit for Neil Diamond in 1970.  It has been recorded by many artists in subsequent years.  The Hollies' version was re-released in 1988 and again was a major hit in the UK.

Scott and Russell were introduced to each other by Johnny Mercer, at a California nightclub.  Although Russell was dying of lymphoma and the pair met only three times, they managed to collaborate on the song.
Paul Kipchumba
Paul Kipchumba, in Chinese Chen Pu (陈朴), (born 30 April 1983) is a Kenyan author, businessman and philanthropist from Elgeyo-Marakwet County, Kenya. His other names are Kipwendui and Kibiwott. He speaks Chinese, English, Marakwet (his native language), and Swahili. Magical Kenya News called Kipchumba one of the best Kenyan writers of all time.

Markwet language
Markwet (Markweeta) is a Kalenjin language of Kenya. The regional terms Endo and Sambirir (or the clan name Talai) have been used for northern and southern Markweta, but they are not distinct dialects. The unmarked word order is Verb–subject–object.
Caladenia atrovespa
Caladenia atrovespa, commonly known as the thin-clubbed mantis orchid, is a plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae and is endemic to New South Wales.  It is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and a single hairy leaf. It is similar to Caladenia tentaculata but has smaller flowers, sepals with narrower glandular tips, straight lateral sepals and a narrower labellum.
The species was first formally described by David Jones who gave it the name Arachnorchis atrovespa in The Orchadian from a specimen collected on Black Mountain in the Australian Capital Territory. In 2010, Gary Backhouse transferred the species to Caladenia as C. atrovespa. The specific epithet (atrovespa) is derived from the Latin words atra meaning 'black' and vespa meaning 'wasp', referring to the large black thynnid that pollinates this orchid.

This caladenia grows on slopes and ridges in drier forests in southern New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory.

Gland (botany)
In plants, a gland is defined functionally as a plant structure which secretes one or more products.  This may be located on or near the plant surface and secrete externally, or be internal to the plant and secrete into a canal or reservoir.  Examples include glandular hairs, nectaries, hydathodes, and the resin canals in Pinus.
Fat Boost
Fat Boost is the third mini-album by punk rock band Bomb Factory.  It was released in December 2002 on Monstar/Limited, and contains six songs, plus one hidden track, which is an audio clip of someone vomiting.

Bomb Factory (band)
Bomb Factory (Japanese: ボム・ファクトリー) is a band from Tokyo, Japan with styles influenced by 1970s and '80s hardcore punk, hard rock, and heavy metal music. Although their mother tongue is Japanese, almost all the music they have produced since 1997 has English song titles and lyrics.
Sound localization in owls
Most owls are nocturnal or crepuscular birds of prey. Because they hunt at night, they must rely on non-visual senses. Experiments by Roger Payne have shown that owls are sensitive to the sounds made by their prey, not the heat or the smell. In fact, the sound cues are both necessary and sufficient for localization of mice from a distant location where they are perched. For this to work, the owls must be able to accurately localize both the azimuth and the elevation of the sound source.

Cochlear nerve
The cochlear nerve (also auditory nerve or acoustic nerve) is one of two parts of the vestibulocochlear nerve, a cranial nerve present in amniotes, the other part being the vestibular nerve. The cochlear nerve carries auditory sensory information from the cochlea of the inner ear directly to the brain. The other portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve is the vestibular nerve, which carries spatial orientation information to the brain from the semicircular canals, also known as semicircular ducts.
Gol Gohar Sirjan F.C.
Gol Gohar Sirjan Football Club (Persian: باشگاه فرهنگى ورزشى گل‌گهر سیرجان, Bashgah-e Futbal-e Gol Gohăr Sirjan) is an Iranian football club based in Sirjan, Iran. They currently compete in the Persian Gulf Pro League.

Gol Gohar Sirjan Football Club is the football team of the Gol Gohar Cultural Sports Club, which  includes a successful basketball team that currently compete in the Iranian Basketball Super League. Gol Gohar is known for producing many academy players and promoting them to the first team.

Azadegan League
The Azadegan League (Persian: ليگ آزادگان, Lig-e Âzâdegân), also known as  League 1 (Persian: لیگ یک, Lig-e Yek), is the second highest division of professional football in Iran. It was the top-level football league in Iran from its foundation in 1991 until 2001, when the Persian Gulf Pro League was established.

Azadegan League operates on a system of promotion and relegation. Each year, the top finishing teams in the Azadegan League are promoted to the Persian Gulf Pro League, and the lowest finishing teams are relegated to League 2.

Since 2016, the league comprises 18 teams. The winner and the runner-up of the Azadegan League are automatically promoted to the Persian Gulf Pro League. The bottom three teams in the league are relegated to League 2. In the past, the format and number of teams were changed for various times.
Octave van Rysselberghe
Octave van Rysselberghe (22 July 1855,  Minderhout – 30 March 1929,  Nice) was a Belgian architect of the Art Nouveau period. He is one of the representatives of the architectural renewal that characterized the end of the 19th century, with Victor Horta, Paul Hankar and Henry Van de Velde.

Saint-Gilles, Belgium
Saint-Gilles (French, pronounced [sɛ̃ ʒil] ⓘ) or Sint-Gillis (Dutch, pronounced [sɪntˈxɪlɪs] ⓘ) is one of the 19 municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region, Belgium. Located in the southern part of the region, it is bordered by the City of Brussels, Anderlecht, Forest and Ixelles. In common with all of Brussels' municipalities, it is legally bilingual (French–Dutch), but predominantly French-speaking nowadays.

Saint-Gilles has a multicultural identity stemming from its diverse population. The housing stock varies from semi-derelict tenements near Brussels-South railway station in the north, to elegant bourgeois houses on the southern borders with Uccle and Ixelles, to tourist hotels at the inner end of the Chaussée de Charleroi/Charleroisesteenweg.
Alyssa Chia
Alyssa Chia Ching-wen (Chinese: 賈靜雯; pinyin: Jiǎ Jìngwén; born 7 October 1974) is a Taiwanese actress and television host.  She is known for her roles in television series such as the period dramas The Prince of Han Dynasty (2001), The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber (2002) and Lady Wu: The First Empress (2003), as well as the contemporary social realist series The World Between Us (2019). For her role in The World Between Us, Chia won her first Best Leading Actress in a TV Series award at the 2019 Golden Bell Awards. Two years later, Chia went on to win a Golden Horse Award for Best Leading Actress for the psychological drama film The Falls (2021), directed by Chung Mong-hong.

54th Golden Bell Awards
The 54th Golden Bell Awards (Chinese: 第54屆金鐘獎; pinyin: Dì 54 jiè jīn zhōng jiǎng) was held on October 5, 2019 at the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall in Taipei, Taiwan. The ceremony was televised by Sanlih E-Television and Public Television Service. Mickey Huang was the host for the night. Veteran host Chang Hsiao-yen was named the recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award.
John J. Irving
John J. Irving (c. 1863 - January 17, 1934) was an American politician.  He was born in Susquehanna, Pennsylvania; his father, Nicholas Irving, was Irish.  He was educated at Bryant College and became a lawyer in 1889.

He was elected mayor of Binghamton in 1909, defeating the incumbent, Clarence M. Slauson, and was re-elected in 1911.

He died on January 17, 1934; he was survived by his wife, Ida C. Hickey, and a daughter.

Susquehanna Depot, Pennsylvania
Susquehanna Depot, often referred to simply as Susquehanna, is a borough in Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania, United States, located on the Susquehanna River 23 miles (37 km) southeast of Binghamton, New York. In the past, railroad locomotives and railroad cars were made here. It is also known for its Pennsylvania Bluestone quarries.

The behavioral scientist B. F. Skinner was born in Susquehanna. The American writer John Gardner lived the last few years of his life in Susquehanna, where he died in a motorcycle accident in 1982.

The borough population was 1,365 as of the 2020 census.
Sergei Storchak
Sergei Anatolievich Storchak (Russian: Серге́й Анатольевич Сторча́к; born 8 June 1954) is a Ukrainian-born Russian politician who had former served as the a Deputy Finance Minister of Russia. Storchak was born in Olevsk, Zhytomyr Oblast, Ukraine SSR, and became one of Russia's three deputy finance ministers in November 2005. He specialized in international financial relations, and was a prominent figure in negotiations over paying off Soviet-era debt. He negotiated Russia's repayment of its debt to the Paris Club of creditor nations, which it completed last year. In April 2009, he was charged with attempted fraud and embezzlement of state funds.

Olevsk
Olevsk (Ukrainian: Олевськ, IPA: [oˈlɛu̯sʲk] ⓘ; Polish: Olewsk; Yiddish: אלעווסק) is a city in Korosten Raion, Zhytomyr Oblast, Ukraine, administrative center of Olevsk urban hromada. As of January 2022 its population was approximately 10,032. Olevsk is located in Zhytomyr Polissya.
Komsomolsky, Talovsky District, Voronezh Oblast
Komsomolsky (Russian: Комсомольский) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Alexandrovskoye Rural Settlement, Talovsky District, Voronezh Oblast, Russia. The population was 207 as of 2010. There are 6 streets.

Talovsky District
Talovsky District  (Russian: Та́ловский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-two in Voronezh Oblast, Russia. It is located in the northeastern central part of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,910 square kilometers (740 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality (a work settlement) of Talovaya. Population: 35,173 (2021 Census); 42,603 (2010 Census); 47,221 (2002 Census); 51,278 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Talovaya accounts for 31.7% of the district's total population.

The Russian Federal Nature Preserve Kamennaya Steppe is located in Talovsky District.
Protestation at Speyer
On 19 April 1529, six princes and representatives of 14 Imperial Free Cities petitioned the Imperial Diet at Speyer against an imperial ban of Martin Luther, as well as the proscription of his works and teachings, and called for the unhindered spread of the evangelical faith.

Free imperial city
In the Holy Roman Empire, the collective term free and imperial cities (German: Freie und Reichsstädte), briefly worded free imperial city (Freie Reichsstadt, Latin: urbs imperialis libera), was used from the 15th century to denote a self-ruling city that had a certain amount of autonomy and was represented in the Imperial Diet.

An imperial city held the status of imperial immediacy, and was subordinate only to the Holy Roman Emperor, as opposed to a territorial city or town (Landstadt), which was subordinate to a territorial prince – be it an ecclesiastical lord (prince-bishop, prince-abbot), or a secular prince (duke (Herzog), margrave, count (Graf), etc.).
Knud Illeris
Knud Illeris (born 7 March 1939) is a Danish scientist and professor of lifelong learning. His work mainly revolves around the way adults learn and continue to do so. Illeris' work both as author and editor is widely renowned and published in more than ten countries, including China, Germany and the Netherlands. In 2005 Knud Illeris was made Honorary Adjunct Professor of Teachers College, Columbia University, New York City. 
Other objectives of his work are skill development and workplace learning.

Teachers College, Columbia University
Teachers College, Columbia University (TC) is the graduate school of education affiliated with Columbia University, a private research university in New York City. Founded in 1887, Teachers College has been part of Columbia University since 1898.
Alkanal monooxygenase (FMN-linked)
In enzymology, an alkanal monooxygenase (FMN-linked) (EC 1.14.14.3) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

RCHO + reduced FMN + O2  RCOOH + FMN + H2O + hnu

The 3 substrates of this enzyme are RCHO, reduced FMN, and O2, whereas its 4 products are RCOOH, FMN, H2O, and hn.

This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen into the other donor.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is alkanal, reduced-FMN:oxygen oxidoreductase (1-hydroxylating, luminescing). Other names in common use include bacterial luciferase, aldehyde monooxygenase, luciferase, and Vibrio fischeri luciferase.

Hydroxy group
In chemistry, a hydroxy or hydroxyl group is a functional group with the chemical formula −OH and composed of one oxygen atom covalently bonded to one hydrogen atom. In organic chemistry, alcohols and carboxylic acids contain one or more hydroxy groups. Both the negatively charged anion HO−, called hydroxide, and the neutral radical HO·, known as the hydroxyl radical, consist of an unbonded hydroxy group.

According to IUPAC definitions, the term hydroxyl refers to the hydroxyl radical (·OH) only, while the functional group −OH is called a hydroxy group.
Waconichi River
The Waconichi River is a tributary of the Mistassini Lake, flowing into the Regional County Municipality (MRC) of Eeyou Istchee Baie-James, in Jamésie, in the administrative region of Nord-du-Québec, in the province of Quebec, in Canada.

The course of the river flows entirely in O'Sullivan Township and in Albanel, Mistassini and Waconichi Lakes Wildlife Sanctuary.

The hydrographic slope of the river is served by route 167, which is going north along the right shore of the Waconichi Lake and the river of the same name.

The surface of the "Waconichi River" is usually frozen from early November to mid-May; however, safe ice circulation is generally from mid-November to mid-April.

Quebec Route 167
Route 167 is an isolated provincial highway in Quebec, Canada. It begins at the shore of Lac Saint-Jean in Saint-Félicien. It proceeds north-west to Chibougamau 232 km (144.2 mi) away. The only services along this long stretch are at La Doré and Chibougamau. At Chibougamau, the highway turns north-east towards Mistissini.

Maps are conflicting about the northernmost extent of this highway. The latest provincial road map shows the highway ending 16 km (9.9 mi) south of Mistissini, while the pavement does continue to the town itself. According to Ministère des transports publication "Distances routières", the route continues up as far as Lac-Albanel, east of Lac Mistassini.
Shiwa Castle
Shiwa Castle (志波城, Shiwa-jō) was an early Heian period jōsaku-style Japanese castle located in what is now part of the city of Morioka, Iwate Prefecture in the Tōhoku region of far northern Honshu, Japan. The site was proclaimed a National Historic Site of Japan in 1979.

Tōhoku region
The Tōhoku region (東北地方, Tōhoku-chihō; IPA: [toːhokɯ̥ tɕiꜜhoː]), Northeast region, Ōu region (奥羽地方, Ōu-chihō), or Northeast Japan (東北日本, Tōhoku Nihon) consists of the northeastern portion of Honshu, the largest island of Japan. This traditional region consists of six prefectures (ken): Akita, Aomori, Fukushima, Iwate, Miyagi, and Yamagata.

Tōhoku retains a reputation as a remote, scenic region with a harsh climate. In the 20th century, tourism became a major industry in the Tōhoku region.