hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Binswanger's disease
Binswanger's disease, also known as subcortical leukoencephalopathy and subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy, is a form of small-vessel vascular dementia caused by damage to the white brain matter. White matter atrophy can be caused by many circumstances including chronic hypertension as well as old age. This disease is characterized by loss of memory and intellectual function and by changes in mood. These changes encompass what are known as executive functions of the brain. It usually presents between 54 and 66 years of age,  and the first symptoms are usually mental deterioration or stroke.

It was described by Otto Binswanger in 1894, and Alois Alzheimer first used the phrase "Binswanger's disease" in 1902. However, Jerzy Olszewski is credited with much of the modern-day investigation of this disease which began in 1962.

Alois Alzheimer
Alois Alzheimer (/ˈɑːltshaɪmər/ AHLTS-hy-mər, German: [ˈaːlɔɪs ˈʔaltshaɪmɐ]; 14 June 1864 – 19 December 1915) was a German psychiatrist, neuropathologist and colleague of Emil Kraepelin. He is credited with identifying the first published case of "presenile dementia", which Kraepelin later identified as Alzheimer's disease.
European Kurdish Democratic Societies Congress
The European Kurdish Democratic Societies Congress (Kurdish: Kongreya Civakên Demokratîk a Kurdîstanîyên Ewrupa; abbreviated KCD-E; known as the Confederation of Kurdish Associations in Europe or KON-KURD until 2014) is a European Kurdish association, headquartered in Charleroi, Belgium. The member federations are located in several European countries, with some associations from Australia and Canada also belonging to the federation. KCD-E is the biggest organisation of Kurds in Exile. Its members are mostly Kurds from Turkey. According to Der Tagesspiegel, the confederation has close ties to PKK and EUROPOL has designated it as an umbrella organization for PKK operations in Europe.

Charleroi
Charleroi (UK: /ˈʃɑːrlə.rwʌ/, US: /-rɔɪ, -rwɑː/, French: [ʃaʁləʁwa] ⓘ; Walloon: Tchålerwè [tʃɑːlɛʀwɛ]) is a city and a municipality of Wallonia, located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium. It is the largest city in both Hainaut and Wallonia. The city is situated in the valley of the Sambre, in the south-west of Belgium, not far from the border with France. By 1 January 2008, the total population of Charleroi was 201,593. The metropolitan area, including the outer commuter zone, covers an area of 1,462 square kilometres (564 sq mi) with a total population of 522,522 by 1 January 2008, ranking it as the 5th most populous in Belgium after Brussels, Antwerp, Liège, and Ghent. The inhabitants are called Carolorégiens or simply Carolos.
Guils Fontanera
Guils Fontanera is a Catalan ski resort in the northern area of the municipality of Guils de Cerdanya, for Nordic skiing. Surrounded by a large forest of black pine, is situated on the northern side of Puigcerdà. It borders the municipalities of La Tor de Querol, Porta and Ger.

The resort opened in 1992. Altogether has 29 km of cross-country ski runs located between elevations of 1,905 and 2,080 m. They are divided according to difficulty:

Green circuit: 7 km

Blue circuit: 7 km

Red circuit: 14 km

Black circuit: 1 km

Skating circuit: 8 km

Snowshoeing circuit: 12 km

At the highest point, the circuit ends in the municipal boundary of Ger, but doing ski mountaineering is possible to reach the Mountain hut of la Feixa and the Malniu lake.

Ski resort
A ski resort is a resort developed for skiing, snowboarding, and other winter sports. In Europe, most ski resorts are towns or villages in or adjacent to a ski area–a mountainous area with pistes (ski trails) and a ski lift system. In North America, it is more common for ski areas to exist well away from towns, so ski resorts usually are destination resorts, often purpose-built and self-contained, where skiing is the main activity.
Division No. 9, Alberta
Division No. 9 is a census division in Alberta, Canada. It is located in the southwest corner of central Alberta and its largest urban community is the Town of Rocky Mountain House. The boundaries of the division are coextensive with the outer boundaries of Clearwater County.

Census division
Census divisions, in Canada and the United States, are areas delineated for the purposes of statistical analysis and presentation; they have no government in and of themselves. The census divisions of Canada are second-level census geographic unit, below provinces and territories, and above "census subdivisions" and "dissemination areas". In provinces where they exist, the census division may correspond to a county, a regional municipality or a regional district.

In the United States, the Census Bureau divides the country into four census regions and nine census divisions. The bureau also divides counties (or county equivalents) into either census county divisions or minor civil division, depending on the state.
Philip Stone
Philip Stone (14 April 1924 – 15 June 2003) was an English actor known for portraying film characters such as "Pa", the father of Alex DeLarge, in A Clockwork Orange (1971); General Alfred Jodl in Hitler: The Last Ten Days (1973); Delbert Grady in The Shining (1980); and Captain Phillip Blumburtt in Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984). His final film role was as the Bishop in The Baby of Mâcon (1993).

On television, Stone is known for his roles as Detective Sergeant Sowman in Coronation Street, Brigadier Davidson in The Rat Catchers, and Sir John Gallagher in Justice.

Alex (A Clockwork Orange)
Alex is a fictional character and the protagonist in Anthony Burgess's novel A Clockwork Orange and Stanley Kubrick's film adaptation of the same name, in which he is played by Malcolm McDowell. In the book, Alex's surname is not stated. In the film, however, Kubrick chose it to be DeLarge, a reference to Alex calling himself The Large in the novel. Later on in the film, two newspaper articles print his name as "Alex Burgess", a reference to Anthony Burgess.
TU Braunschweig
TU Braunschweig (German: Technische Universität Braunschweig) is the oldest technical university in Germany. It was founded in 1745 as Collegium Carolinum. It is a member of TU9, an incorporated society of the most renowned German institutes of technology. It is commonly ranked among the top engineering universities in Germany.

TU Braunschweig's research profile is very interdisciplinary, but with a focus on aeronautics, vehicle engineering including autonomous driving and electric mobility, manufacturing, life sciences, and metrology. Research is conducted in close collaboration with external organizations such as the German Aerospace Center (DLR), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, several Fraunhofer Institutes, and Germany's national metrology institute (Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, PTB), among many others. As one of very few research institutions of its type in the world, the university has its own research airport.

Passive fire protection
Passive fire protection (PFP) is components or systems of a building or structure that slows or impedes the spread of the effects of fire or smoke without system activation, and usually without movement. Examples of passive systems include floor-ceilings and roofs, fire doors, windows, and wall assemblies, fire-resistant coatings, and other fire and smoke control assemblies. Passive fire protection systems can include active components such as fire dampers.
Augmented sphenocorona
In geometry, the augmented sphenocorona is the Johnson solid that can be constructed by attaching an equilateral square pyramid to one of the square faces of the sphenocorona. It is the only Johnson solid arising from "cut and paste" manipulations where the components are not all prisms, antiprisms or sections of Platonic or Archimedean solids.

Platonic solid
In geometry, a Platonic solid is a convex, regular polyhedron in three-dimensional Euclidean space. Being a regular polyhedron means that the faces are congruent (identical in shape and size) regular polygons (all angles congruent and all edges congruent), and the same number of faces meet at each vertex. There are only five such polyhedra: a tetrahedron (four triangular faces), a cube (six square faces), an octahedron (eight triangular faces), a dodecahedron (twelve pentagonal faces), and an icosahedron (twenty triangular faces).

Geometers have studied the Platonic solids for thousands of years. They are named for the ancient Greek philosopher Plato, who hypothesized in one of his dialogues, the Timaeus, that the classical elements were made of these regular solids.
Northerly
Northerly (17 October 1996 – 9 May 2012) was an Australian racehorse who is considered arguably Australia's best middle distance Thoroughbred horse of the early 2000s. Northerly, trained by Western Australian harness racing legend Fred Kersley, won nine Group One (G1) races, including the Australian Cup twice, and the Cox Plate, regarded as the Weight for Age championship of Australasia, also on two occasions.

The horse, a bay gelding, was bred by Oakland Park Stud in Western Australia and was sired by Serheed (USA) from North Bell by Bellewater (FR). Serheed, a half-brother to both Ajdal and Formidable, was the sire of 27 stakeswinners that had 84 stakeswins, mostly in Western Australia with Northerly being his best performer. North Bell was the dam of five named foals which included two other stakes winners, North Boy and Northern Song, both by Rory's Jester. Northerly was inbred to Northern Dancer in the third, fourth and fifth generation (3m x 4f x 5f).

Ajdal
Ajdal (2 April 1984 – 19 August 1988) was an American-bred, British-trained Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. He was one of the leading European two-year-old of 1986, when he was unbeaten in three races including the Dewhurst Stakes. In the early part of 1987 he was aimed at the classics but after winning the Craven Stakes on his debut, he was beaten in the 2000 Guineas, Irish 2,000 Guineas and Epsom Derby. He was then switched to shorter distances and emerged as the best European sprinter of the year, winning the July Cup, William Hill Sprint Championship and Vernons Sprint Cup.
Heroninos Archive
The Heroninos Archive is a collection of around a thousand papyrus documents, dating to the third century AD. They were found at the very end of the 19th century at Batn Ihrit (the site of ancient Theadelphia), in the Faiyum area of Egypt by Bernard Pyne Grenfell and Arthur Surridge Hunt. The archive is named after Heroninos, the phrontistes (Koine Greek: manager) of the estate whose records make up a large part of the collection.

As well as being the largest single collection of papyri from Roman Egypt, it is also significant for the in-depth picture it gives of the running of a Roman estate. To date, less than half of the documents in the archive have been published. Scholars believe that when it is all published, it will represent "one of the largest coherent groups of documents from the Roman Empire."

Bernard Pyne Grenfell
Bernard Pyne Grenfell FBA (16 December 1869 – 18 May 1926) was an English scientist and egyptologist. Excavations he did with Arthur Surridge Hunt uncovered manuscripts including the oldest Oxyrhynchus Papyri.
Black Head-Poulsallagh
The Black Head-Poulsallagh Complex (Irish: Coimpléacs Cheann Boirne-Pholl Salach) is a Natura 2000 Special Area of Conservation or SAC in County Clare, close to the towns of Ballyvaughan and Lisdoonvarna in County Clare, Ireland. The site has been designated as an SAC for multiple ecological features, such as reefs, semi-natural dry grasslands and limestone pavements.

Special Area of Conservation
A special area of conservation (SAC) is defined in the European Union's Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC), also known as the Directive on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora. They are to protect the 220 habitats and approximately 1,000 species listed in annex I and II of the directive which are considered to be of European interest following criteria given in the directive. They must be chosen from the sites of Community importance by the member states and designated SAC by an act assuring the conservation measures of the natural habitat.

SACs complement special protection areas and together form a network of protected sites across the European Union called Natura 2000.  This, in turn, is part of the Emerald network of Areas of Special Conservation Interest (ASCIs) under the Berne Convention.
William Wadsworth (general)
William Wadsworth (1765 in Durham, Connecticut – 15 February 1833 in Geneseo, New York) was an officer in the New York State militia, before and during the War of 1812. As a Brigadier General, he commanded the New York militia contingent in the American army at the Battle of Queenston Heights. He waived his right to command over Lieutenant Colonel Winfield Scott, of the United States Army. During the battle, he faced the British at all times so he would not be shot in the back and appear to be cowardly. Waving his sword and swearing at the troops back across the river, hoping to instill the fighting spirit in them, he made a genuine but vain attempt to get the militia to cross and reinforce their position.

At the end of the battle, Wadsworth was taken prisoner when the American force, cut off on the Canadian side of the Niagara River, surrendered to avoid a massacre by Indians under John Brant attached to the British force.

Durham, Connecticut
Durham (/ˈdɜːrəm/ DURR-əm) is a town in Middlesex County, Connecticut,  United States. Durham is a former farming village on the Coginchaug River in central Connecticut. The town is part of the Lower Connecticut River Valley Planning Region. The population was 7,152 at the 2020 census. Every autumn, the town hosts the Durham Fair, the largest volunteer agricultural fair in New England.

The Durham town center is listed by the U.S. Census Bureau as a census-designated place. The core of the town center has also been listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places.
8th Bomber Division (People's Republic of China)
The 8th Bomber Division or  8th Air Division (Chinese: 空军航空兵第八师; pinyin: Kōngjūn Hángkōngbīng Dì Bā Shī, 8th AD) of the People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) is an air formation of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Today, the 8th Bomber Division is assigned to the Southern Theater Command and operates Xian H-6 bombers. The 8th Bomber Division, the first and longest-serving bomber unit in the PRC, has been deployed in the 1950–1953 Korean War, 1958 Second Taiwan Strait Crisis, 1959 Tibetan uprising, and today conducts deterrence patrols in the South China Sea.

As one of only three bomber divisions of the PLAAF, and the only bomber division assigned to the Southern Theater Command Air Force, the 8th Bomber Division is almost certainly responsible for providing strategic bombing support capabilities with Su-30 or Su-35 fighter escorts to a conflict in the South China Sea and potentially a conflict with Taiwan.

Southern Theater Command
The Southern Theater Command (Chinese: 南部战区; pinyin: Nánbù zhànqū) is one of the five theater commands of the People's Liberation Army. Founded on 1 February 2016, its predecessor was the Guangzhou Military Region. Its jurisdiction includes Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Yunnan, Hainan and the South Sea Fleet, as well as the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau.
One Determined Heart
One Determined Heart is the debut studio album by Australian recording artist Paulini, released through Sony BMG Australia on 23 July 2004. The album produced by Audius Mtawarira and recorded by Louise Wheatley, mostly features cover songs by Jeff Healey, The Tymes, TLC, Brownstone, Four Tops, Barbra Streisand, Jeff Buckley, Bonnie Raitt, Phil Collins and Whitney Houston. One Determined Heart debuted at number one on the ARIA Albums Chart and was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), for shipments of 70,000 copies. The album was preceded by the lead single "Angel Eyes", which peaked at number one on the ARIA Singles Chart and was also certified platinum. Paulini earned ARIA No. 1 Chart Awards for both "Angel Eyes" and One Determined Heart. The second single "We Can Try" was released in October 2004 and peaked at number 30 on the ARIA Singles Chart.

The Tymes
The Tymes are an American soul vocal group who enjoyed equal success in the United Kingdom and in their homeland. They are one of the few acts to have one chart-topper in both the US and UK with different songs.
TPI1
Triosephosphate isomerase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TPI1 gene.

This gene encodes an enzyme, consisting of two identical proteins, which catalyzes the isomerization of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Mutations in this gene are associated with triosephosphate isomerase deficiency. Pseudogenes have been identified on chromosomes 1, 4, 6 and 7. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP, also glycerone phosphate in older texts) is the anion with the formula HOCH2C(O)CH2OPO32-.  This anion is involved in many metabolic pathways, including the Calvin cycle in plants and glycolysis. It is the phosphate ester of dihydroxyacetone.
Paweł Baumann
Paweł Baumann (11 June 1983 – 21 October 2016) was a Polish sprint canoer, born in Poznań, who competed since the early 2000s until his death. He won four medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with two silvers (K-4 1000 m: 2006, 2007), and a bronze (K-4 500 m: 2006, K-4 1000 m: 2005).

Baumann also competed in two Summer Olympics, earning his best finish of sixth in the K-4 1000 m event at Beijing in 2008.

Baumann died on 21 October 2016 at a construction site where he worked.  He was 33.

Canoeing at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's K-4 1000 metres
The men's K-4 1000 metres competition in canoeing at the 2008 Summer Olympics took place at the Shunyi Olympic Rowing-Canoeing Park in Beijing between August 18 and 22.  The K-4 event is raced in four-person kayaks.

Competition consists of three rounds: the heats, the semifinals, and the final. All boats compete in the heats. The top three finishers in each of the two heats advance directly to the final, while the remaining four finishers in each heat move on to the semifinal. The top three finishers in the semifinal join the top heat finishers in the final.

Heats took place on August 18, semifinal on August 20, and the final on August 22.
2022 Women's European Baseball Championship
The 2022 Women's European Baseball Championship was an international women's baseball tournament organized by WBSC Europe. The championship was held in August 2022 in Montpellier, France, as France hosted for the second consecutive tournament. France defended its title from the 2019 tournament. It was Great Britain's first international championship.

Women's baseball
Women's baseball is played in several countries. The strongest and most organized women's baseball leagues are in the United States, Australia, Japan, Taiwan, Cuba, Hong Kong, and Canada. Those countries have national governing bodies that support girls' and women's baseball programs. Other countries/regions that currently have organized women's baseball are Germany, France, Netherlands, Croatia, India, South Korea, Venezuela, Argentina, Puerto Rico, Colombia, Brazil, Dominican Republic, and Pakistan. There also is a handful of women playing baseball in Vietnam currently on the Fishanu team at Hanoi University and on the Hanoi Baseball Club.

Internationally, the World Baseball Softball Confederation is the world governing body for women's and men's baseball, as well as women's and men's softball. The WBSC was created in 2013.
Dauda, Nepal
Dauda  is a village development committee in Saptari District in the Sagarmatha Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census it had a population of 6,290 people living in 1,049 individual households.

Sagarmatha Zone
Sagarmāthā Zone (Nepali: सगरमाथा अञ्चल, [sʌgʌrmatʰa ʌnt͡sʌl] ⓘ "Sagarmāthā Anchal") was one of the fourteen zones of Nepal until the restructuring of zones into provinces. The headquarters of Sagarmatha is Rajbiraj. Sagarmāthā is a Nepali word which as per some sources, is derived from सगर ("sagar", sky) and माथा ("māthā", head).

It includes mountain districts of the Himalayas (including the world's highest peak Mount Everest) in the north, hill districts in the center, and valley districts of the Terai in the south. It is bordered by China to the north, India to the south, the Kosi Zone to the east and the Janakpur Zone to the west.
Annmariya Kalippilaanu
Annmariya Kalippilannu (transl. Annmariya is Angry) is a 2016 Indian Malayalam-language children's film directed by Midhun Manuel Thomas, and written by Thomas and John Manthrichal. The film stars Sara Arjun, Sunny Wayne, and Aju Varghese. along with a cameo appearance by Dulquer Salmaan. It was later dubbed into Telugu as  Pilla Rakshasi  and in Tamil as  Annmariya . The film was a box office success.

The film narrates the story of friendship of a schoolkid (Sara) and an easygoing youth (Wayne) and the changes this relationship brings about in their life. It was released on August 5, 2016.

Children's film
A children's film, or family film, is a film genre that generally relates to children in the context of home and family. Children's films are made specifically for children and not necessarily for a general audience, while family films are made for a wider appeal with a general audience in mind. Children's films come in several major genres like realism, fantasy, adventure, war, musicals, comedy, and literary adaptations.
Cofinality
In mathematics, especially in order theory, the cofinality cf(A) of a partially ordered set A is the least of the cardinalities of the cofinal subsets of A. Formally,

This definition of cofinality relies on the axiom of choice, as it uses the fact that every non-empty set of cardinal numbers has a least member. The cofinality of a partially ordered set A can alternatively be defined as the least ordinal x such that there is a function from x to A with cofinal image. This second definition makes sense without the axiom of choice. If the axiom of choice is assumed, as will be the case in the rest of this article, then the two definitions are equivalent.

Cofinality can be similarly defined for a directed set and is used to generalize the notion of a subsequence in a net.

Net (mathematics)
In mathematics, more specifically in general topology and related branches, a net or Moore–Smith sequence is a function whose domain is a directed set. The codomain of this function is usually some topological space. Nets directly generalize the concept of a sequence in a metric space. Nets are primarily used in the fields of analysis and topology, where they are used to characterize many important topological properties that (in general) sequences are unable to characterize (this shortcoming of sequences motivated the study of sequential spaces and Fréchet–Urysohn spaces). Nets are in one-to-one correspondence with filters.
Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine
The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine (SAHZU; simplified Chinese: 浙江大学医学院附属第二医院; traditional Chinese: 浙江大學醫學院附屬第二醫院), known as Kwang Chi Hospital before 1952, is a non-for-profit tertiary care public hospital in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. Founded as a drug rehabilitation clinic in 1869 by the British Church Missionary Society,: 35–36  it is one of the oldest hospitals in Zhejiang to offer Western medicine and one of the leading medical centres in China.

Church Mission Society
The Church Mission Society (CMS), formerly known as the Church Missionary Society, is a British Anglican mission society working internationally with Christians. CMS was founded in 1799, and has given its name "CMS" to a number of daughter organisations around the world, including Australia and New Zealand, which have now become independent.