hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Republic of Equals
Republic of Equals: Predistribution and Property-Owning Democracy is a book-length study of property-owning democracy by Alan Thomas in which the author argues that a society in which capital is universally accessible to all citizens uniquely meets the demands of justice.

Justice
In its broadest sense, justice is the treatment of individuals fairly. According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, the most plausible candidate for a core definition comes from the Institutes of Justinian, a 6th-century codification of Roman law, where justice is defined as "the constant and perpetual will to render to each his due".

A society where justice has been achieved would be one in which individuals receive what they "deserve". The interpretation of what "deserve" means draws on a variety of fields and philosophical branches including ethics, rationality, law, religion, and fairness. The state may pursue justice by operating courts and enforcing their rulings.
.460 Weatherby Magnum
The .460 Weatherby Magnum is a belted, bottlenecked rifle cartridge, developed by Roy Weatherby in 1957. The cartridge is based on the .378 Weatherby Magnum necked up to accept the .458-inch (11.6 mm) bullet. The original .378 Weatherby Magnum parent case was inspired by the .416 Rigby. The .460 Weatherby Magnum was designed as an African dangerous game rifle cartridge for the hunting of heavy, thick skinned dangerous game.

Prior to the Weatherby's arrival, the .600 Nitro Express had been the most powerful cartridge but the .460 Weatherby Magnum eclipsed this, and was the world's most powerful commercially available sporting cartridge for 29 years until the advent of the .700 Nitro Express.

The .460 launches a 500-grain (32 g) bullet at a chronographed velocity of 2,700 ft/s (820 m/s) from a 26-inch (660 mm) barrel, measuring 8,100 ft⋅lbf (11,000 J) of muzzle energy.

Necking (engineering)
In engineering and materials science, necking is a mode of tensile deformation where relatively large amounts of strain localize disproportionately in a small region of the material.  The resulting prominent decrease in local cross-sectional area provides the basis for the name "neck".  Because the local strains in the neck are large, necking is often closely associated with yielding, a form of plastic deformation associated with ductile materials, often metals or polymers.  Once necking has begun, the neck becomes the exclusive location of yielding in the material, as the reduced area gives the neck the largest local stress.
Thor Knudsen
Thor Haakon Knudsen (30 May 1927 – 10 January 2006) was a Norwegian politician for the Conservative Party.

He was born in Tønsberg.

During the cabinet Borten he worked as a State Secretary in the Ministry of Defence from January 26 1970 – January 31 1971. He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Vestfold in 1977, and was re-elected on two occasions. He was President of the Lagting from 1981 to 1989.

A journalist by education, he worked in Tønsberg Blad from 1949 to 1956, in the Conservative Party Press Bureau from 1956 to 1970 and as editor-in-chief of Sandefjords Blad from 1971 to 1977. He was a member of the board of Norsk Telegrambyrå from 1971 to 1980.

He was also a member of the Norwegian riksmål association, Rotary, the Norwegian Atlantic Committee and the European Movement, and presided the Norges Forsvarsforening from 1989 to 1995.

Tønsbergs Blad
Tønsbergs Blad is a local newspaper published in Tønsberg, Norway. The newspaper was founded by printer Hans Jørgen Magnus Hansen on 3 August 1870, with an initial circulation of 210 copies. By the turn of the century the circulation had grown to 2,600. In 1881 the newspaper was purchased by Tønsbergs Aktietrykkeri, to operate as a conservative publication. In 1986 Orkla Media AS – part of the Orkla Group – took over ownership. When this company was taken over by the Mecom Group in 2006, it changed name to Edda Media.

Tønsbergs Blad had a circulation of 30,354 copies in 2007. The newspaper employs 98 people full-time, and the editor in chief is Håkon Borud.
Highlander: The Series season 4
The fourth season of the American drama/adventure television series Highlander began airing 25 September 1995 and finished on 26 May 1996. The series continues to follow the adventures of Duncan MacLeod, a 400-year-old Immortal who can only die if he is beheaded. MacLeod is involved in the Game, an ongoing battle during which all Immortals have to behead each other until only one is left.

Adventure
An adventure is a novel and exciting undertaking that is typically bold, sometimes risky. Adventures may be activities with danger such as traveling, exploring, skydiving, mountain climbing, scuba diving, river rafting, or other extreme sports. Adventures are often undertaken to create psychological arousal or in order to achieve a greater goal, such as the pursuit of knowledge that can only be obtained by such activities.
Topham Chase
The Topham Chase is a Premier Handicap National Hunt handicap chase in England which is open to horses aged five years or older. 
It is run at Aintree over a distance of about 2 miles and 5 furlongs (2 miles 5 furlongs and 19 yards, or 4,242 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in April.

From 1989 to 2001 the race was named to commemorate the late clerk of the course John Hughes.

In April 2012 the race was won for the third consecutive year by Always Waining, trained by Peter Bowen and ridden by Tom O'Brien.

Handicap (horse racing)
A handicap race in horse racing is a race in which each horse is assigned a specific weight to carry, determined by its past performance and perceived ability. Stronger horses carry more weight, while less accomplished ones carry less. This system aims to equalize the chances of all horses in the race.

The skill in betting on a handicap race lies in predicting which horse can overcome its handicap. Although most handicap races are run for older, less valuable horses with less prize money, this is not true in all cases; some prestigious races are handicaps, such as the Grand National steeplechase, Betfair Stayers' Handicap Hurdle in the UK and the Melbourne Cup in Australia. In the United States, over 30 handicap races are classified as Grade I, the top level of the North American grading system.
Flexirubin
Flexirubin is the main pigment in the bacteria genera Flexibacter, Flavobacterium, Chryseobacterium, and Cytophaga. It was isolated for the first time from Flexibacter elegans. Flexirubin is found in these genera, as well as those that produce carotenoids. The pigment mixture of flexirubin and carotenoids imparts colonies with an intense yellow-orange color. Structurally, this bacteria pigment is based on a polycarboxylic-chromophore that is linked with a phenol by an ester, resulting in an alkyl side-chain. The first total synthesis of flexirubin was reported in 1977.

To test for the presence of flexirubin, a cultural strain with a 20% potassium hydroxide solution is created. A color change from gold to red-brown indicates the presence of flexirubin. Alternatively, the pigment can also be extracted with acetone and chromatographic methods can be used to ascertain its presence.

Cytophaga
Cytophaga is a genus of Gram-negative, gliding, rod-shaped bacteria. This  bacterium is commonly found in soil, and rapidly digests crystalline cellulose. C. hutchinsonii is able to use its gliding motility to move quickly over surfaces.  Although the mechanism for this is not known, there is a belief that the flagellum is not used.
Deir al-Adas
Deir al-Adas (Arabic: دير العدس Dayr al-ʿAdas) is a village in southern Syria, administratively  part of the Daraa Governorate. It is situated about 40 kilometers northwest of Daraa. According to the Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), it had a population of 3,723.

The name literally means "Monastery (deir) of the Lentils (al-ʿadas)".

Daraa Governorate
Daraa Governorate (Arabic: مُحافظة درعا Muḥāfaẓat Dar‘ā) is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria. It is situated in the south-west of the country and covers an area of 2594 km2. It is bordered by Jordan to the south, Quneitra Governorate and Golan Heights to the west, Rif Dimashq Governorate to the north and Suwayda Governorate to the east. The capital is the city of Daraa.

The governorate had a population of 843,478 in the 2004 census.
Several clashes have occurred within the governorate throughout the Syrian civil war.
Synagogues in Azerbaijan
There are ten synagogues in Azerbaijan, that proved places of worship for the three main Jewish communities. These communities comprise groups of mountain, Ashkenazi and Georgian Jewish peoples. The total number of Jews in Azerbaijan is 16,000. Of these, 11,000 are mountain Jews, about 6,000 live in Baku, 4,000 live in Guba and thousands in other cities. Ashkenazi Jews comprise 4,300 people; most of whom live in Baku and Sumgayit. Georgian Jews number approximately 700 people.

Oğuz (city)
Oğuz (Oghuz) is a city, municipality and the capital of the Oghuz District of Azerbaijan. The village was mainly populated by Armenians and Udis before the exodus of Armenians from Azerbaijan after the outbreak of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.
Matti Hiltunen
Matti Hiltunen (born 26 January 1933) is a Finnish footballer. He played in 19 matches for the Finland national football team from 1953 to 1963. He was also named in Finland's squad for the Group 2 qualification tournament for the 1954 FIFA World Cup.

Finland national football team
The Finland national football team (Finnish: Suomen jalkapallomaajoukkue, Swedish: Finlands fotbollslandslag) represents Finland in men's international football competitions and is controlled by the Football Association of Finland, the governing body for football in Finland, which was founded in 1907. The team has been a member of FIFA since 1908 and a UEFA member since 1957.

Finland had never qualified for a major tournament until securing a spot at UEFA Euro 2020. After decades of average results and campaigns, the nation made progress in the 2000s, achieving notable results against established European teams and reaching a peak of 33rd in the FIFA World Rankings in 2007. Afterward, their performances and results declined, drawing them to their all-time low of 110th in the FIFA Rankings in 2017. Seven years after their all-time low in the FIFA Rankings, as of October 2025, they sit at 72nd place in the overall ranking.
Peñitas Dam
The Peñitas Dam, also known as Ángel Albino Corzo, is a dam with a hydro-electric power station on the river Rio Grijalva, 83 km south west of the city of Villahermosa, lying in the municipality of Ostuacán in the state of Chiapas in southern Mexico. The power station has an installed production effect of 420 MW from four turbines, and an annual production of 2.035 TWh.

Villahermosa
Villahermosa (/ˌviː(j)əɛərˈmoʊsə/ VEE-(y)ə-air-MOH-sə, Spanish: [ˌbiʝaeɾˈmosa] ⓘ; "Beautiful Town") is the capital and largest city of the Mexican state of Tabasco, and serves as the municipal seat (governing county) of the state. Located in Southeast Mexico, Villahermosa is an important city because of its cultural history, natural resources, commercial development, and modern industrialization.
Piatro Kravchanka
Piatro Kuzmich Kravchanka (Belarusian: Пятро Кузьміч Краўчанка; born 13 August 1950) is a Belarusian diplomat, political scientist, historian and politician. He was the last foreign minister of the Byelorussian SSR for ten days from 17 to 27 July 1990. He became the first Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1990 to 1994. He served as a deputy leader of Supreme Soviet of Belarus from 15 May 1990 to 27 November 1996.

Piotr Kravchenko was born on 13 August 1950 in Smalyavichy in Byelorussian SSR. He graduated at Belarusian State University from 1972 to 1976. Since 1975, he worked there as a lecturer. In 1985, he was appointed by general secretary of Communist Party of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev as First Secretary of the Minsk City Committee of the CPB. He was the Belarus Ambassador to Japan from 1999 to 2002.

Belarusian State University
The Belarusian State University (BSU) (Belarusian: Белару́скі дзяржа́ўны ўніверсітэ́т, romanized: Biełaruski dziaržaŭny ŭniviersitet, Belarusian pronunciation: [bʲelaˈruskʲi d͡zʲarˈʒawnɨ wnʲivʲersʲiˈtɛt]; Russian: Белору́сский госуда́рственный университе́т) is a university in Minsk, Belarus. It was founded on October 30, 1921.
Schwab v. Reilly
Schwab v. Reilly, 560 U.S. 770 (2010), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the court held that, when the Bankruptcy Code allows the debtor to exempt a dollar value corresponding to specific property from seizure by creditors, claiming the full anticipated dollar value of the property does not exempt the property from seizure if the true dollar value of the property is greater than anticipated. Additionally, the bankruptcy trustee representing the bankruptcy estate does not need to object to the anticipated valuation to preserve the ability to seize and auction the property, giving the claimed dollar value to the debtor.

Estate (law)
In common law, an estate is a living or deceased person's net worth. It is the sum of a person's assets; their legal rights, interests, and entitlements to property of any kind, minus all of their liabilities at a given time. The issue is of special legal significance on a question of bankruptcy and death of the person. (See inheritance.)

Depending on the particular context, the term is also used in reference to an estate in land or of a particular kind of property (such as real estate or personal estate). The term is also used to refer to the sum of a person's assets only.

The equivalent in civil law legal systems is patrimony.
Ankhi Alamgir
Ankhi Alamgir (born 7 January 1975)  is a Bangladeshi singer and actress. She won the Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Child Artist for her performance in the film Bhat De (1984) and Best Female Playback Singer for the film Ekti Cinemar Golpo (2018). As of 2016, she has released 18 albums. She is the daughter of actor-director Alamgir.

9th Bangladesh National Film Awards
The 9th Bangladesh National Film Awards (Bengali: জাতীয় চলচ্চিত্র পুরস্কার) were presented by the Ministry of Information, Bangladesh, to felicitate the best of Bangladeshi cinema released in the year 1984. The Bangladesh National Film Awards is a film award ceremony in Bangladesh established in 1975 by the government of Bangladesh.  Every year, a national panel appointed by the government selects the winning entry, and the award ceremony is held in Dhaka. 1984 was the 9th ceremony of the National Film Awards.
James Murphy (Irish politician)
James Edward Murphy (28 December 1887 – 7 October 1961) was an Irish politician. A draper, he was elected unopposed as a Sinn Féin Teachta Dála (TD) to the Second Dáil at the 1921 elections for the Louth–Meath constituency. He supported the Anglo-Irish Treaty and voted in favour of it. He was re-elected as a pro-Treaty Sinn Féin TD at the 1922 general election.

At the 1923 general election, he was elected as a Cumann na nGaedheal TD for the Louth constituency. He was re-elected at each subsequent general election until he lost his seat at the 1937 general election. While a TD, he attended a Nazi-sponsored conference in Berlin where he expressed antisemitic views.

He was a founding member of Council 32 of the Knights of St Columbanus in Drogheda and was secretary for many years and was Grand Knight in 1942 and 1943. He is buried in St. Peter's Cemetery.

Louth–Meath
Louth–Meath was a parliamentary constituency represented in Dáil Éireann, the lower house of the Irish parliament or Oireachtas from 1921 to 1923. The constituency elected 5 deputies (Teachtaí Dála, commonly known as TDs) to the Dáil, on the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV).
Tidsi Nissendalene
Tidsi Nissendalene is a small town and rural commune in Taroudant Province of the Souss-Massa-Drâa region of Morocco. At the time of the 2004 census, the commune had a total population of 6180 people living in 1054 households.

Souss-Massa-Drâa
Souss-Massa-Drâa (Arabic: سوس ماسة درعة) was formerly one of the sixteen regions of Morocco from 1997 to 2015. It covered an area of 70,880 km2 and had a population of 3,601,917 (2014 census). The capital is Agadir. One of the major languages spoken in this region of Morocco is tasoussit variant of Tashelhit.
Sulfacetamide/sulfur
The drug combination sulfacetamide/sulfur is a topical acne medication manufactured by Medicis under the trade name Plexion and also available under other trade names such as Clenia, Prascion, and Avar. It combines sodium sulfacetamide, a sulfonamide antibiotic, and sulfur, a keratolytic agent. It is available in four formulations: as a cleansing cloth, cleanser, topical suspension, and as a facial mask. The sulfacetamide inhibits the growth of the bacterium Cutibacterium acnes that is associated with acne, while sulfur facilitates the removal of dead skin cells to prevent clogged pores.

In 2023, it was the 311th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 200,000 prescriptions.

Topical medication
A topical medication is a medication that is applied to a particular place on or in the body. Most often topical medication means application to body surfaces such as the skin or mucous membranes to treat ailments via a large range of classes including creams, foams, gels, lotions, and ointments.  Many topical medications are epicutaneous, meaning that they are applied directly to the skin. Topical medications may also be inhalational, such as asthma medications, or applied to the surface of tissues other than the skin, such as eye drops applied to the conjunctiva, or ear drops placed in the ear, or medications applied to the surface of a tooth. The word topical derives from Greek τοπικός topikos, "of a place".
Byte-pair encoding
In computing, byte-pair encoding (BPE), or digram coding, is an algorithm, first described in 1994 by Philip Gage, for encoding strings of text into smaller strings by creating and using a translation table. A slightly modified version of the algorithm is used in large language model tokenizers.

The original version of the algorithm focused on compression. It replaces the highest-frequency pair of bytes with a new byte that was not contained in the initial dataset. A lookup table of the replacements is required to rebuild the initial dataset. The modified version builds "tokens" (units of recognition) that match varying amounts of source text, from single characters (including single digits or single punctuation marks) to whole words (even long compound words).

Computing
Computing is any goal-oriented activity that requires, benefits from, or creates computing machinery. It includes the study and experimentation of algorithmic processes, and the development of both hardware and software. Computing encompasses scientific, engineering, mathematical, technological, and social aspects. Major computing disciplines include computer engineering, computer science, cybersecurity, data science, information systems, information technology, and software engineering.

The term computing is also synonymous with counting and calculating. In earlier times, it was used in reference to the action performed by mechanical computing machines, and before that, to human computers.
Abraliopsis lineata
Abraliopsis lineata is a species of enoploteuthid cephalopod native to Indo-Pacific waters, from the Arabian Sea and the Mascarene Islands in the west to Japan, Indonesia and French Polynesia in the east. It occurs in relatively shallow water at depths of ~100 m during the day.

Mascarene Islands
The Mascarene Islands (English: /mæskəˈriːn/; French: Mascareignes [maskaʁɛɲ] ⓘ) or Mascarenes or Mascarenhas Archipelago is a group of islands in the Indian Ocean east of Madagascar consisting of islands belonging to the Republic of Mauritius as well as the French department of Réunion. Their name derives from the Portuguese navigator Pedro Mascarenhas, who first visited them in April 1512. The islands share a common geological origin beneath the Mascarene Plateau known as the Mauritia microcontinent which was a Precambrian microcontinent situated between India and Madagascar until their separation about 70 million years ago. They form a distinct ecoregion with unique biodiversity and endemism of flora and fauna.
Syd Ashley
Sydney "Syd" Ashley (23 February 1880 – 20 January 1959) was a South African international rugby union player. Born in Cape Town, he attended Diocesan College before playing provincial rugby for Western Province. He made his only Test appearance for South Africa during Great Britain's 1903 tour. He played at centre for the 2nd Test of the series, a 0–0 draw in Kimberley. Ashley died in 1959, in Somerset West, at the age of 78.

Test match (rugby union)
A test match in rugby union is an international match, usually played between two senior national teams, that is recognised as such by at least one of the teams' national governing bodies.

Some teams do not represent a single country but their international games are still considered test matches (for example the British and Irish Lions). Likewise some countries award caps for games between their full national teams and some invitation teams such as the Barbarians.
Renward Cysat
Renward Cysat (Cusatus; 1545–1614) was an apothecary, advocate, cartographer and city councillor of Lucerne. He is the father of mathematician and astronomer Johann Baptist Cysat.

Cysat published works about the history and folklore of Lucerne, as well as a number of theatrical plays, and a book about (then-recently discovered) Japan. He was responsible for the first map of the canton of Lucerne, published in 1613.
Cysat was given the honorary title of count palatine by pope Gregory XIII in 1576.

Count palatine
A count palatine (Latin comes palatinus), also count of the palace or palsgrave (from German Pfalzgraf), was originally an official attached to a royal or imperial palace or household and later a nobleman of a rank above that of an ordinary count. The title originated in the Late Roman Empire. In the Middle Ages especially and into modern times, it is associated with the Holy Roman Empire, especially Electoral Palatinate.

The office, jurisdiction or territory of a count palatine was a county palatine or palatinate. In England the forms earl palatine and palatine earldom are rare alternative terms.
Rah-e-Farda
Rah-e-Farda (Radio & Television) (Dari: راه فردا) is a radio and television network channel in Kabul, Afghanistan. This TV founded by Muhammad Mohaqiq and head of the TV is Mohaqiq and TV producer is Laal Mohammad Alizada.

Mohammad Mohaqiq
Haji Muhammad Mohaqiq (Hazaragi/Dari: حاجی محمد محقق; born 26 July 1955 in Balkh) is an Afghan politician who served as a member of the Afghanistan Parliament. He is also the founder and chairman of the People's Islamic Unity Party of Afghanistan. During the 1980s, he served with the mujahideen rebel forces fighting against the Soviet-backed Afghan government during the Soviet-Afghan War. After the withdrawal of the Soviet Union in 1989, Mohaqiq was appointed as the leader of the Hezb-e Wahdat for northern Afghanistan.
Bessarabov
Bessarabov feminine Bessarabova is a Russian-language patronymic surname literally meaning "son of Bessarab", i.e., "son of a person of Bessarabian origin". Notable people with the surname include:

Oleksiy Bessarabov

Daniil Bessarabov

Oleksiy Bessarabov
Oleksiy Bessarabov (Ukrainian: Олексій Бессарабов, Russian: Алексей Бессарабов, born December 5, 1976) is a Ukrainian journalist, Political prisoner in Russia, one of the accused in the case of the so-called 'Crimean terrorists' (group of 'Sevastopol saboteurs'). He was detained by the FSB on November 9, 2016 and was sentenced to 14 years in prison.