hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Wulipu
Wulipu (Chinese: 五里铺镇; pinyin: Wǔlǐpù Zhèn; lit. 'five Li relay station for post horses') is a town in the northwest corner of Shayang County, Jingmen, Hubei Province, China. The name 'Wulipu' means 'a message relay station (zh:驿站) for post horses five Li away from the city'.

Village (China)
Villages (Chinese: 村; pinyin: Cūn), formally village-level divisions (村级行政区; Cūn Jí Xíngzhèngqū) in China, serve as a fundamental organizational unit for its rural population (census, mail system). Basic local divisions like neighborhoods and communities are not informal, but have defined boundaries and designated heads (one per area). In 2000, China's densely populated villages (>100 persons/square km) had a population greater than 500 million and covered more than 2 million square kilometers, or more than 20% of China's total area. By 2020, all incorporated villages (with proper conditions making it possible) had road access, the last village to be connected being a remote village in Sichuan province's Butuo County.
The Poisoned Kiss
The Poisoned Kiss, or The Empress and the Necromancer is an opera in three acts by the English composer Ralph Vaughan Williams. The libretto, by Evelyn Sharp, is based on Richard Garnett's The Poison Maid and Nathaniel Hawthorne's 1844 short story Rappaccini's Daughter.

Evelyn Sharp (suffragist)
Evelyn Jane Nevinson (née Sharp; 4 August 1869 – 17 June 1955), better known as Evelyn Sharp, was a pacifist and writer who was a key figure in two major British women's suffrage societies, the militant Women's Social and Political Union and the United Suffragists. She helped found the latter and became editor of Votes for Women during the First World War. She was twice imprisoned and became a tax resister. An established author who had published in The Yellow Book, she was especially well known for her children's fiction.
Privacy Commissioner (New Zealand)
The Office of the Privacy Commissioner (New Zealand) administers the Privacy Act 2020. The Privacy Commissioner is entrusted to protect personal information of New Zealanders in accordance with the Privacy Act. Current Privacy Commissioner, Michael Webster, began his role in July 2022.

The Privacy Commissioner oversees personal information held by agencies in both the public and private sectors. This is achieved through monitoring compliance with the 13 Information Privacy Principles. Amid his varied responsibilities, the Commissioner administers a complaint system and issues Codes of Practice or rules for particular industries, contexts and sectors. Most cases involve investigation, conciliation and settlement. Serious breaches are referred to the Human Rights Review Tribunal. The Commissioner inherently considers international obligations and worldwide developments in privacy protection.

Settlement (litigation)
In law, a settlement is a resolution between disputing parties about a legal case, reached either before or after court action begins. A collective settlement is a settlement of multiple similar legal cases. The term also has other meanings in the context of law. Structured settlements provide for future periodic payments, instead of a one-time cash payment.
Cheesemaking
Cheesemaking (or caseiculture) is the craft of making cheese. The production of cheese, like many other food preservation processes, allows the nutritional and economic value of a food material, in this case milk, to be preserved in concentrated form. Cheesemaking allows the production of the cheese with diverse flavors and consistencies.

Rennet
Rennet (/ˈrɛnɪt/) is a complex set of enzymes produced in the stomachs of ruminant mammals. Its key component is chymosin, a protease enzyme that curdles the casein proteins in milk. Rennet also contains other enzymes such as pepsin and a lipase.

Rennet has traditionally been used to separate milk into solid curds and liquid whey, used in the production of cheeses. Rennet from calves has become less common for this use, to the point that less than 5% of cheese in the United States is made using animal rennet today. Most cheese is now made using chymosin derived from bacterial sources.
Up All Night (radio show)
Up All Night is a late night phone-in programme broadcast on the national news/sport station BBC Radio 5 Live in the United Kingdom, usually on air between 1 and 5 am every night. It is also broadcast on all of the BBC's local radio frequencies across England as well as on the BBC's Radio Scotland, Radio Wales, Radio Ulster and Radio Foyle.

The Washington Post once described the show, in its previous guise as a news and current affairs show, as probably the best night-time radio show in the world.

BBC Radio Ulster
BBC Radio Ulster is a Northern Irish national radio station owned and operated by BBC Northern Ireland, a division of the BBC. It was established on New Year's Day 1975, replacing what had been an opt-out of BBC Radio 4.

According to RAJAR, the station broadcasts to a weekly audience of 462,000 with a listening share of 16.2% as of March 2024.
Frederic Muspratt
Frederic Muspratt (2 February 1825 – November 1872) was a chemist and industrialist who established a chemical factory in Widnes, Lancashire, England.

He was born in Liverpool, the third son of James Muspratt and his wife Julia Josephine née Connor.  His father was also a chemical industrialist who had established factories in Liverpool, St Helens and Newton-le-Willows.  Richard was sent by his father to study chemistry under Justus von Liebig at the University of Giessen in Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany.

In 1852 with financial support from his father he set up a factory in Wood End, Widnes, manufacturing alkali by the Leblanc process.  Frederic was frequently absent from the factory and in 1867 its management was taken over by his father until this was passed to Frederic's younger brother, Edmund.

Leblanc process
The Leblanc process was an early industrial process for making soda ash (sodium carbonate) used throughout the 19th century, named after its inventor, Nicolas Leblanc.  It involved two stages: making sodium sulfate from sodium chloride, followed by reacting the sodium sulfate with coal and calcium carbonate to make sodium carbonate.  The process gradually became obsolete after the development of the Solvay process.
Hornsey War Memorial
Hornsey War Memorial is located in Park Road, Hornsey, in London, in front of the Hornsey Central Neighbourhood Health Centre, formerly the Hornsey Central Hospital, formerly the Hornsey Memorial Hospital. The address in 2023 is 151 Park Rd, London N8 8JD.

The memorial commemorates the men of the borough who died in the First World War and is in the form of a small red-brick chapel with Portland stone dressings. It was designed by George Lethbridge and dedicated in 1921. The names of the dead are inscribed on plaques inside the chapel. The chapel was renovated in 2007–09 when the old hospital was demolished and a new one built in its place. It is grade II listed with Historic England.

Adjacent to the chapel is a small grassed area with stone benches and a modern V-shaped memorial wall into which the original plaques relating to the erection of the memorial have been set.

Portland stone
Portland stone is a limestone geological formation (formally named the Portland Stone Formation) dating to the Tithonian age of the Late Jurassic that is quarried on the Isle of Portland in Dorset, England. The quarries are cut in beds of white-grey limestone separated by chert beds. It has been used extensively as a building stone throughout the British Isles, notably in major public buildings in London such as St Paul's Cathedral and Buckingham Palace. Portland stone is also exported to many countries, being used for example at the United Nations headquarters in New York City.
Alexandra Zimmermann
Alexandra Zimmermann is a conservation scientist specialising in conflict resolution in wildlife conservation based in Oxford, England, United Kingdom. She is known for founding the IUCN Human-Wildlife Conflict Task Force and is also a researcher at the University of Oxford Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU). She is also a Senior Advisor for the World Bank's Global Wildlife Program. She has published over 50 research papers.

Chester Zoo
Chester Zoo is a zoo in Upton-by-Chester, Cheshire, England. Chester Zoo was opened in 1931 by George Mottershead and his family. The zoo is one of the UK's largest zoos at 51 hectares (130 acres) and the zoo has a total land holding of approximately 160 hectares (400 acres).

Chester Zoo is operated by the North of England Zoological Society, a registered charity founded in 1934. The zoo receives no government funding and is the most-visited wildlife attraction in Britain with more than 2 million visitors in 2019. In 2007 Forbes described the zoo as one of the fifteen best zoos in the world. In 2017 and more recently, 2024, the zoo was named as the best zoo in the UK and as also regarded as the third best in the world by TripAdvisor.
Jim Grenon
James Terrence Omer Grenon is a Canadian-New Zealand private equity investor and billionaire, who is the founder of Canadian investment company Tom Capital Management and director of the media company New Zealand Media and Entertainment. He also formerly owned the alternative media publications Centrist and NZ News Essentials (NZNE).

Newsroom (website)
Newsroom is a New Zealand online news publication that was founded by Tim Murphy and Mark Jennings in 2017 and is co-edited by them. It focuses on New Zealand politics, current affairs and social issues.
Filcas (cycling team)
Filcas was an Italian professional cycling team that existed only for the 1974 season. The team competed in the 1969 Giro d'Italia, with rider Wilfried Reybrouck winning stage one after attacking the field with 400 metres to go.

1969 Giro d'Italia
The 1969 Giro d'Italia was the 52nd edition of the Giro d'Italia, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The 3,851-kilometre (2,393 mi) race consisted of 23 stages, one of which was a split stage, starting in Garda on 16 May and finishing Milan on 8 June. There were two time trial stages and a single rest day. Felice Gimondi of the Salvarani team won the overall general classification, his second victory. Italians Claudio Michelotto (Max Meyer) placed second, 3 min and 35 s slower than Gimondi, and Italo Zilioli (Filotex) was third, over four minutes behind Gimondi.

Eddy Merckx, who was leading the general classification, was excluded from the race after an extremely controversial anti-doping control in Savona.
Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry
The Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry is a peer-reviewed scientific journal on electroanalytical chemistry, published by Elsevier twice per month. It was originally established in 1959 under the current name, but was known as the Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry  from 1967 to 1991. It is currently edited by X.-H. Xia (Nanjing University). The journal is associated with the International Society of Electrochemistry. While the journal is now published exclusively in English, earlier volumes sometimes published articles in French and German.

The journal, which The New York Times described as "a specialty publication not widely circulated" in 1990, became more broadly known in 1989 when Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons published a description of their controversial cold fusion research in it, withdrawing their work from publication in Nature after questions were raised during peer review there.

Electroanalytical methods
Electroanalytical methods are a class of techniques in analytical chemistry which study an analyte by measuring the potential (volts) and/or current (amperes) in an electrochemical cell containing the analyte.  These methods can be broken down into several categories depending on which aspects of the cell are controlled and which are measured.  The three main categories are potentiometry (the difference in electrode potentials is measured), amperometry (electric current is the analytical signal),  coulometry (charge passed during a certain time is recorded).
Signorinette
Signorinette (English: Little Ladies) is a 1942 Italian drama film directed by Luigi Zampa and starring Carla Del Poggio, Paola Veneroni and Roberto Villa. It was shot at the Cinecittà Studios in Rome. The film's sets were designed by the art director Giorgio Pinzauti.

Cinecittà
Cinecittà (pronounced [ˌtʃinetʃitˈta]; Italian for 'Cinema City') is a large film studio in Rome, Italy. With an area of 400,000 square metres (99 acres), it is the largest film studio in Europe, and is considered the hub of Italian cinema. The studios were constructed during the Fascist era as part of a plan to revive the Italian film industry and to compete with Hollywood.

Filmmakers such as Federico Fellini, Roberto Rossellini, Luchino Visconti, Sergio Leone, Bernardo Bertolucci, Francis Ford Coppola, Martin Scorsese, Mel Gibson and Luca Guadagnino have worked at Cinecittà. More than 3,000 movies have been filmed there, of which 90 received an Academy Award nomination and 47 of these won it. In the 1950s, the number of international productions being made there led to Rome being dubbed "Hollywood on the Tiber."
2021 Reinert Open – Singles
Nina Stojanović was the defending champion but chose to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics instead.

Lucky loser Elina Avanesyan won the title, defeating Federica Di Sarra in the final, 6–7(4–7), 6–2, 6–2.

Federica Di Sarra
Federica di Sarra (born 16 May 1990) is an Italian tennis player.

She has a career-high singles ranking of world No. 192, which she achieved on 7 March 2022. Her highest WTA doubles ranking is 186, reached on 20 May 2019. She has won eight singles and 22 doubles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit.

Di Sarra won a silver medal for Italy at the 2013 Mediterranean Games in Mersin, Turkey in the doubles event, with her teammate Anastasia Grymalska. She also won the bronze medal in the singles competition.

She made her WTA Tour main-draw debut as a qualifier at the 2021 Poland Open.
Poul Simon Christiansen
Poul Simon Christiansen, frequently referred to as Poul S. Christiansen (20 October 1855, Rolfsted, Funen – 14 November 1933, Copenhagen) was a Danish painter who developed a Colourist style under Kristian Zahrtmann and as a result of his appreciation of the works of Paul Gauguin and Vincent van Gogh. He painted landscapes and religious works, many of which became popular as reproductions.

Colourist painting
Colourist painting is a style of painting characterised by the use of intense colour, which becomes the dominant feature of the resultant work of art, more important than its other qualities. It has been associated with a number of artists and art movements throughout the 20th century.
Ius indigenatus
Ius indigenatus (Latin for "right of local birth") is a right which was from the 15th to the 18th century a requirement for people to hold royal office in Royal Prussia, a Polish province. It limited offices and land ownership to local Prussian natives.

It was confirmed in 1466 by the Second Peace of Thorn which secured a large decree of autonomy for Royal Prussia. The Prussian Ius indigenatus was valid for both parts of Prussia separated in 1466, the western part, later called Royal Prussia, and the eastern part, from 1525 the Duchy of Prussia, later East Prussia.

Second Peace of Thorn (1466)
The Peace of Thorn or Toruń of 1466, also known as the Second Peace of Thorn or Toruń (Polish: drugi pokój toruński; German: Zweiter Friede von Thorn), was a peace treaty signed in the Hanseatic city of Thorn (Toruń) on 19 October 1466 between the Polish king Casimir IV Jagiellon and the Teutonic Knights, which ended the Thirteen Years' War, the longest of the Polish–Teutonic Wars.

The treaty was signed in the Artus Court, and afterward a mass was held in the Gothic Franciscan Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary to celebrate the peace treaty.
Iç Ada, Antalya
İç Ada (Turkish: İç Ada, literally "internal island"; Italian: Alimentaria ) is a Turkish islet near Kaş in the homonymous district of Antalya province. It lies in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, about five nautical miles west-southwest of the island of Kekova, and about halfway between Kekova and the Greek islet of Stroggyli. The island has the shape of a right triangle elongated along a northeast-southwest axis, whose legs are 2.5 kilometres (1.6 miles) and 1.2 kilometres (0.7 miles) long. It is separated from the mainland by a 150 metres (492 feet) wide strait. Iç Ada is uninhabited and is covered with macchia.

Contended between Italy and Turkey after the Italian occupation of Kastelorizo,  the 1932 Convention between Italy and Turkey which defined the sea border between the two powers assigned it to Turkey.

Strongyli Megistis
Strongyli Megistis (Greek: Στρογγυλή Μεγίστης), also called simply Strongyli or Ypsili, is a Greek islet which lies in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, about four kilometers south-east of the island of Kastellorizo. The island is about 1.5 kilometres (0.9 miles) long, and up to 700 metres (2,300 ft) wide. It covers an area of about 0.9 square kilometres (0.3 sq mi). It is rather flat and covered with macchia.

Strongyli is the easternmost Greek territory. Administratively, it is part of the Municipality of Megisti. According to the 2021 census, the island has 1 inhabitant. It has a lighthouse, which has the characteristic of being the easternmost building in Greece. There is also a cargo aerial cableway which is used by the army to transport cargo from the area of disembarkation to the Surveillance Outpost of Stroghyli.

The islet is named  Çam Adası ("Pine Island") or Fener Adası ("Lighthouse Island") in Turkish.
Heritage American
Heritage American is a designation that became popular in American national conservatism and the MAGA movement in 2025. It is associated with a sense of American cultural heritage. It is an example of loaded language that evokes  Whiteness, Christianity, and Americana; especially associated with the American frontier.

Definitions for what constitutes a Heritage American vary. It often refers to Americans that trace their family histories back toward the Civil War period, where it is used to distinguish them from more recent immigrants (and their descendents). However, some may define it as descendants of those present in the area that would become the United States before the American Revolution, where it is debated as to whether or not Indigenous and the descendants of Slaves are Heritage Americans. Broadly, the imagery of a Heritage America evokes an image of an America with an outwardly European quality.

Americana (culture)
Americana artifacts are related to the history, geography, folklore, and cultural heritage of the United States of America. Americana is any collection of materials and things concerning or characteristic of the United States or of the American people, and is representative or even stereotypical of American culture as a whole.

What is and is not considered Americana is heavily influenced by national identity, historical context, patriotism and nostalgia. The ethos or guiding beliefs or ideals which have come to characterize America, such as the American Dream, are central to the idea. Americana encompasses not only material objects but also people, places, concepts and historical eras which are popularly identified with American culture.

The name Americana also refers to Americana music, a genre of contemporary music that incorporates elements of various American music styles, including country, roots rock, folk, bluegrass, and blues, resulting in a distinctive roots-oriented sound.
Secondary mania
Secondary mania, also known as organic mania, is a variation of bipolar disorder that is caused by physical trauma or illness. Bipolar disorder has a one percent prevalence rate in the United States and secondary mania is likely a small subset of that percentage. Secondary mania exhibits symptoms similar to that of mania in bipolar I and bipolar II disorders. This includes an elevated mood or affect, psychotic state, accelerated speech, increased motor activity, irritability, and flight of ideas. A unique criterion for secondary mania is the lack of history of mental illness that causes mania, such as bipolar disorder. Unlike bipolar disorder, which has an average age of onset at 25 years, secondary mania has an average age of onset at 45 years. Little is known about secondary mania, as much of the research on it is case studies and retrospective accounts. However, it has been connected to several causes such as traumatic brain injury, HIV/AIDS, and stroke.

Glossary of psychiatry
This glossary covers terms found in the psychiatric literature; the word origins are primarily Greek, but there are also Latin, French, German, and English terms. Many of these terms refer to expressions dating from the early days of psychiatry in Europe; some are deprecated, and thus are of historic interest.
Medicosma
Medicosma is a genus of shrubs and trees in the family Rutaceae, all native to New Guinea, Australia or New Caledonia. They usually have simple leaves arranged in opposite pairs, flowers arranged in cymes with four sepals, four petals and eight stamens. The fruit is a follicle fused at the base in groups of up to four, each containing one or two brown or black seeds.

Rutaceae
The Rutaceae (/ruːˈteɪsiˌaɪ, -siːˌiː/) is a family, commonly known as the rue or citrus family, of flowering plants, usually placed in the order Sapindales.

Species of the family generally have flowers that divide into four or five parts, usually with strong scents. They range in form and size from herbs to shrubs and large trees.

The most economically important genus in the family is Citrus, which includes the orange (C. × sinensis), lemon (C. × limon), grapefruit (C. × paradisi), and lime (various). Boronia is a large Australian genus, some members of which are plants with highly fragrant flowers and are used in commercial oil production. Other large genera include Zanthoxylum, several species of which are cultivated for Sichuan pepper, Melicope, and Agathosma. The family Rutaceae contains about 160 genera.
Neon Flesh
Neon Flesh (Spanish: Carne de neón) is a 2010 neo-noir thriller with comedy elements film directed by Paco Cabezas which stars Mario Casas alongside Vicente Romero, Macarena Gómez,  Blanca Suárez, and Ángela Molina. It is a Spanish-Argentine-Swedish-French co-production.

Macarena Gómez
Macarena Gómez Traseira (born 2 February 1978) is a Spanish actress. She became known for her many roles in fantasy and horror films. From 2007 to 2020, she played the role of Lola in the television series La que se avecina.
Van Reenen (surname)
Van Reenen is Dutch toponymic surname meaning "from/of Rhenen", a city in the province of Utrecht. Among variant forms, all pronounced the same, are Renen, Rheenen and Rhenen. Until 2006, there was a noble family Van Reenen. Notable people with the surname include:

Charlie van Renen (1868–1942), South African rugby player

Derek Van Rheenen (born 1964), Nigerian-born American soccer defender

Esmari van Reenen (born 1981), South African sport shooter

Godfrey van Rhenen (died 1178), Bishop of Utrecht 1156–78

Gerlach Cornelis Joannes van Reenen (1818–1893), Dutch politician, Minister of the Interior 1853–56

John van Reenen (1947–2018), South African discus thrower

John Van Reenen (economist) (born 1965), British economist

Piet van Reenen (1909–1969), Dutch football forward

Piet van Reenen
Piet van Reenen born (17 January 1909 – 8 June 1969) was a Dutch former professional footballer who was a prolific goalscorer at Ajax. With 278 goals in 240 matches from 1929 to 1943, he is the club's all-time top goal scorer. He was also the club's top goal scorer for 9 consecutive seasons, from 1929–30 to 1937–38.