hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
History of African Americans in Boston
Despite being one of the most important stops on the Underground Railroad, until 1950, African Americans were a small but historically important minority in Boston, where the population was majority white. Since then, Boston's demographics have changed due to factors such as immigration, white flight, and gentrification. According to census information for 2010–2014, an estimated 180,657 people in Boston (28.2% of Boston's population) are Black/African American, either alone or in combination with another race. Despite being in the minority, and despite having faced housing, educational, and other discrimination, African Americans in Boston have made significant contributions in the arts, politics, and business since colonial times.

Boston has a large foreign-born black population. Many are of Haitian, Cape Verdean, Jamaican, Trinidadian, Ethiopian, Barbadian, and Somali origin.

Jamaicans
Jamaicans are the citizens of Jamaica and their descendants in the Jamaican diaspora. The vast majority of Jamaicans are of Sub-Saharan African descent, with minorities of Europeans, Indians, Chinese, Middle Eastern, and others of mixed ancestry. The bulk of the Jamaican diaspora resides in other Anglophone countries, namely Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom. Jamaican populations are also prominent in other Caribbean countries, territories and Commonwealth realms, where in the Cayman Islands, born Jamaicans, as well as Caymanians of Jamaican origin, make up 26.8% of the population.
Outside of Anglophone countries, the largest Jamaican diaspora community lives in Central America, where Jamaicans make up a significant percentage of the population.
Gandour
Gandour (Arabic: غندور) is a food processing company founded in Beirut, Lebanon in 1857, with headquarters in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

A manufacturer of confectioneries like hard-boiled candies, the company started industrial level production in 1912, before expanding its operations to Saudi Arabia in 1956. Gandour is widely regarded as the first chocolate and chewing gum manufacturer in Saudi Arabia.

Currently, Gandour has manufacturing facilities in Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Lebanon, and India, and serves the area of the Middle East, North Africa and Southeast Asia.

Hard candy
A hard candy (American English), or boiled sweet (British English), is a sugar candy prepared from one or more sugar-based syrups that is heated to a temperature of 160 °C (320 °F) to make candy.  Among the many hard candy varieties are stick candy such as the candy cane, lollipops, rock, aniseed twists, and bêtises de Cambrai.

Most hard candy is nearly 100% sugar by weight, with a tiny amount of other ingredients for color or flavor, and negligible water content in the final product. Recipes for hard candy may use syrups of sucrose, glucose, fructose or other sugars.  Sugar-free versions have also been created.
2012 Brisbane International – Men's doubles
Lukáš Dlouhý and Paul Hanley were the defending champions but decided not to participate together.
Dlouhý played alongside Marcelo Melo (lost in the first round to Tommy Haas and Radek Štěpánek), while Hanley partnered up with Jamie Murray (eliminated in the Quarterfinals to Robert Lindstedt and Horia Tecău).

First seeds Max Mirnyi and Daniel Nestor won the title, defeating second seeds Jürgen Melzer and Philipp Petzschner in the final.

Radek Štěpánek
Radek Štěpánek (Czech pronunciation: [ˈradɛk ˈʃcɛpaːnɛk]; born 27 November 1978) is a Czech former professional tennis player. His career-high singles ranking was world No. 8 and best doubles ranking was world No. 4. Štěpánek's biggest achievements are reaching two Masters 1000 event finals and the quarterfinals of Wimbledon in 2006, as well as winning the deciding match for Czech Republic's Davis Cup winning team in 2012 and again in 2013. In doubles, he won his first Grand Slam title at the 2012 Australian Open, along with Indian partner Leander Paes, defeating the Bryan Brothers in the final. Paes and Štěpánek also won the men's doubles title at the 2013 US Open, defeating Bruno Soares and Alexander Peya in the final. In November 2017, he became a coach of Novak Djokovic and in May 2019, he joined Andre Agassi as part of Grigor Dimitrov's coaching staff.
Pálsson
Pálsson is a surname of Icelandic origin, meaning son of Páll (Paul). In Icelandic names, the name is not strictly a surname, but a patronymic. The name refers to:

Brooke Palsson, Canadian actress

Einar Pálsson (1925–1996), Icelandic scholar of Icelandic saga literature

Gísli Pálsson (contemporary), Icelandic professor of anthropology, author, and editor

Haukur Pálsson (born 1992), Icelandic basketball player

Hermann Pálsson (1921–2002), Icelandic language scholar and translator

Ögmundur Pálsson (c. 1475–1541), Icelandic Roman Catholic prelate

Sveinn Pálsson (fl. 18th century), Icelandic glaciologist and vulcanologist

Þorsteinn Pálsson (born 1947), Icelandic politician; Prime Minister of Iceland 1987–88

Victor Pálsson (born 1991), Icelandic footballer

Brooke Palsson
Brooke Palsson (born 23 April 1993) is a Canadian actress and singer-songwriter.  She was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.  She is known for Less Than Kind (2008), Euphoria (2013), Keyhole (2012) and The Colossal Failure of the Modern Relationship (2014).  She won the 2011 Canadian Comedy Award for Best Performance by a Female on television for her work on Less Than Kind.  Her first EP was titled The Willow. She played Melissa Day on the City / Netflix show Between.

She performed during the 2015 Pan American Games in Toronto's Distillery District.
Hungarian People's Army
The Hungarian People's Army (Hungarian: Magyar Néphadsereg, MN) or the HPA was the military of the Hungarian People's Republic and the armed branch of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party from 1951 to 1990. It only saw combat in a foreign country once during its existence, which was assisting the Soviet Union in crushing the Prague Spring. It maintained close ties to the Warsaw Pact along with other Eastern Bloc countries. It dissolved in 1989 and retained its current form through the Hungarian Defence Forces.

Szolnok
Szolnok (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈsolnok]; also known by alternative names) is the county seat of Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok county in central Hungary. A city with county rights, it is located on the banks of the Tisza river, in the heart of the Great Hungarian Plain, which has made it an important cultural and economic crossroads for centuries. Szolnok also has one of Hungary’s best water polo teams.
LightBasin
LightBasin, also called UNC1945 by Mandiant, is a suspected Chinese cyber espionage group that has been described as an advanced persistent threat that has been linked to multiple cyberattacks on telecommunications companies. As an advanced persistent threat, they seek to gain unauthorized access to a computer network and remain undetected for an extended period. They have been linked to attacks targeting Linux and Solaris systems.

TinyShell
TinyShell is a backdoor written in C that has been used by groups such as Limnal Panda and Violet Ant.

TinyShell is open source and runs on Unix. It has been used to connect to command and control servers.
Women of Faith (film)
Women of Faith is a 2009 documentary by Rebecca M. Alvin, which examines women's decisions to lead religious lives in the Roman Catholic tradition in the post-feminist era. It asks the question, "why would a woman choose a nun's life today?"

Individual interviews with seven women provide answers - and explore how rebellion can happen within and outside the Church, how women in the Church reconcile conflicting, religious, personal, and political beliefs, and how they view official Church positions on contraception, homosexuality, and women's ordination as priests. The diverse group includes Poor Clares, contemplative nuns who spend most of their days in prayer, Maryknolls who have served in Central America, a lesbian former nun, and a Roman Catholic Womanpriest.

The film is distributed by Women Make Movies.

Women Make Movies
Women Make Movies is a non-profit feminist media arts organization based in New York City. Founded by Ariel Dougherty and Sheila Paige with Dolores Bargowski, WMM was first a feminist production collective that emerged from city-wide Women's Liberation meetings in September 1969. They produced four films by 1973.  Dougherty and Paige incorporated the organization in March 1972 as a community based workshop to teach film to everyday women.  A distribution service was also begun as an earned income program. In the mid-1970s a membership was created that screened and distributed members' work. In the early 1980s focus shifted to concentrate on distribution of independent films by and about women. WMM also provides production assistance to women filmmakers.
Jerry Golden
Jerome Edward Golden (February 8, 1923 - January 8, 2003) was a 35-year broadcaster who reported shots fired at President John F. Kennedy's motorcade in Dallas, Texas while broadcasting for ABC Radio over WLS in Chicago, Illinois.

A Chicago native, he served in the Marines at the Tarawa atoll in 1943. By 1946 he was at WHBY in Appleton, Wisconsin, and soon worked as program director at WLIP in Kenosha, Wisconsin. By 1957 he worked in Chicago at WBBM, then at WLS in 1959, and at WGN in 1970 from where he retired in 1981. He was a ten-year board member of AFTRA, the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists.

In 1985, Jerome appeared as a contestant on The Price Is Right and, notably, won the game Ten Chances with only three guesses (The fewest necessary to win, and was the first contestant to perform this feat).

American Federation of Television and Radio Artists
The American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (AFTRA) was a performers' union that represented a wide variety of talent, including actors in radio and television, radio and television announcers and newspersons, singers and recording artists (both royalty artists and background singers), promo and voice-over announcers and other performers in commercials, stunt persons and specialty acts—as the organization itself publicly stated, "AFTRA's membership includes an array of talent". On March 30, 2012, the members of AFTRA and of the Screen Actors Guild (SAG) voted to merge and form SAG-AFTRA.
Vicki Roycroft
Victoria Roycroft (née Rose; born 17 April 1953) is an Australian equestrian who competed at three Olympic Games. She was born in Sydney. At the 1984 Games she competed in the three-day eventing, whereas at the 1988 and 1996 Games she competed in the show jumping. She also coached at the 1992 Games.

In 1987, Roycroft, on her horse Apache, won the Rome Grand Prix, the first Australian and first woman to do so.

She was married to fellow triple Olympian Wayne Roycroft from 1976 until their separation in 2000. The couple's son Mark died in 2003 at the age of 17 after being caught in a rip off Birdie Beach in the Munmorah State Conservation Area. On 15 April 2023, she reportedly had a heart attack  while preparing for a show-jumping competition at the Sydney Royal Easter Show.

In 2000, she received an Australian Sports Medal.

Show jumping
Show jumping is a part of a group of English riding equestrian events that also includes eventing, hunters, and equitation. Jumping classes are commonly seen at horse shows throughout the world, including the Olympics. Sometimes shows are limited exclusively to jumpers. Sometimes jumper classes are offered in conjunction with other English-style events. Sometimes, show jumping is but one division of a very large, all-breed competition that includes a very wide variety of disciplines. Jumping classes may be governed by various national horse show sanctioning organizations, such as the United States Equestrian Federation or the British Showjumping Association.  International competitions are governed by the rules of the International Federation for Equestrian Sports.
Santa Maria del Carmine
Santa Maria del Carmine (Italian for Our Lady of Mount Carmel) is the name of several churches in Italy:

Pontifical basilica of Santa Maria del Carmine, Avigliano

Carmine Church, Carrara

Santa Maria del Carmine, Civita Castellana

Santa Maria del Carmine, Faenza

Santa Maria del Carmine, Florence

Chiesa del Carmine, Floridia

Madonna del Carmine, Marsico Nuovo

Chiesa del Carmine, Messina

Santa Maria del Carmine, Milan

Chiesa del Carmine, Modica

Santa Maria del Carmine, Naples

Chiesa del Carmine, Nicosia, Sicily

Basilica del Carmine, Padua

Santa Maria del Carmine, Pavia

Santa Maria del Carmine, Pisa

Santa Maria del Carmine, Pistoia

Sanctuary of the Madonna del Carmine, Riccia

Santa Maria del Carmine alle Tre Cannelle, in Rome

Beata Vergine del Carmine e San Rocco, Soragna

Carmini Church, in Venice

Chiesa del Carmine, Messina
The "Sanctuary of Our Lady of Mount Carmel", better known as Carmine Church, is a Roman Catholic church in Via Porta Imperiale, Messina, Sicily. It replaces the former church, which was razed by the 1908 Messina earthquake. Located close to the Tribunal, the Carmine Church was rebuilt in 1930 in the eighteenth century Baroque or Rococo style. Designed by the architect Cesare Bazzani, the church was reconsecrated on July 15, 1931.
Eunetta T. Boone
Eunetta T. Boone (May 16, 1955 – March 20, 2019) was an American television writer and producer. She was the creator and writer of several television series. At the time of her death, she was serving as the executive producer and showrunner for the third season of the Disney Channel series Raven's Home.

Showrunner
A showrunner is the top-level executive producer of a television series. The position outranks other creative and management personnel, including episode directors, in contrast to feature films, in which the director has creative control over the production, and the executive producer's role is limited to investing. In scripted comedy and drama TV shows, the showrunner also usually serves as the head writer (or its most prolific writer). The role of a showrunner is not present on all television series, especially outside the United States; this article describes the nature of the role where it is present.
Clinton Keeling
Clinton Harry Keeling FZS (3 January 1932 – 2007) was a British zoologist, zookeeper, and writer. A Fellow of the Zoological Society of London, Keeling founded the Bartlett Society in 1984 to study historical methods of keeping wild animals.

Zookeeper
A zookeeper, sometimes referred as animal keeper, is a person who manages zoo animals that are kept in captivity for conservation or to be displayed to the public. They are usually responsible for the feeding and daily care of the animals. As part of their routine, the zookeepers may clean the exhibits and report health problems. They may also be involved in scientific research or public education, such as conducting tours and answering questions.
John C. Kunkel
John Crain Kunkel (July 21, 1898 – July 27, 1970) was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.  He was the grandson of John Christian Kunkel, great-grandson of John Sergeant, and great-great-grandson of Jonathan Dickinson Sergeant and Robert Whitehill. The John Crain Kunkel and Katherine Smoot Kunkel Memorial in Riverfront Park in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, also known as "Kunkel Plaza," is a scenic amphitheater at Front Street & State Street down from the Pennsylvania State Capitol along the Susquehanna River dedicated in 1992 for their many years of service and dedication to the community.

Jonathan Dickinson Sergeant
Jonathan Dickinson Sergeant (1746 – October 8, 1793) was an American politician who served as a member of the Provincial Congress of New Jersey from 1774 to 1776. He was a member of the committee that drafted the Constitution of New Jersey. He served as a delegate from the Province of New Jersey to the Second Continental Congress in 1776 and 1777, and as Pennsylvania Attorney General from 1777 to 1780.
Bennington station
Bennington station is a historic former railroad depot at 150 Depot Street in downtown Bennington, Vermont.  Built in 1897-98 by the Bennington and Rutland Railroad, it is the only Richardsonian Romanesque railroad station in the state of Vermont.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988 as Bennington Railroad Station, and since then housed a restaurant, which closed in 2018. It now is an office space for MSK Engineering and Design and Goldstone Architecture.

Rutland Railroad
The Rutland Railroad (reporting mark RUT) was a railroad in the northeastern United States, located primarily in the state of Vermont but extending into the state of New York at both its northernmost and southernmost ends. After its closure in 1961, parts of the railroad were taken over by the State of Vermont in early 1963 and are now operated by the Vermont Railway.
Grant Showbiz
Grant Showbiz (real name Grant Cunliffe) is a British record producer principally known for his work with the Fall, the Smiths, and Billy Bragg plus as an artist in his own right with Moodswings. He has worked on more albums by both the Fall (15) and Billy Bragg (14) than any other producer, and continues to work with Bragg. Showbiz has been awarded Gold Records for the Smiths' Rank, Billy Bragg's Don't Try This At Home and the Wilco/Bragg collaboration Mermaid Avenue Vol. 1, and received Grammy nominations for both Mermaid Avenue Vol. 1 and Vol. 2.

Billy Bragg
Stephen William Bragg (born 20 December 1957) is an English singer, songwriter, musician, author and political activist. His music blends elements of folk music, punk rock and protest songs, with lyrics that mostly span political or romantic themes. His activism is centred on social change and left-wing political causes.
World War II reparations
After World War II, both the Federal Republic and Democratic Republic of Germany were obliged to pay war reparations to the Allied governments, according to the Potsdam Conference. Italian, Romanian, Hungarian, Bulgarian and Finnish reparations were determined in Paris Peace Treaties. Austria was not included in any of these treaties. Japan's reparations were determined in Treaty of San Francisco.

The negociation of the reparation were a thin balance between letting Germany's economy grow enough to avoid social discontent and ensuring Germany's military might remains under control. Policymarkes had learned lessons from the reparation post World War I and avoided making the same mistakes.

Council of Ministers (Poland)
The Council of Ministers (Polish: Rada Ministrów) is the central collective body of the executive government of Poland. The cabinet consists of the Prime Minister, also known as the President of the Council of Ministers (Polish: Prezes Rady Ministrów), the Deputy Prime Minister, who acts as a vice-chairman of the council, and other ministers. The current competences and procedures of the cabinet are described between Articles 146 to 162 of the constitution.
Fischler
Fischler is a German Jewish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Abraham S. Fischler (1928–2017), American academic

Claude Fischler (born 1947), French social scientist

Franz Fischler (born 1946), Austrian politician

Georg Fischler (born 1985), Austrian luger

Patrick Fischler (born 1969), American character actor

Stan Fischler (born 1932), American historian, broadcaster, author and professor

Willy Fischler (born 1949), Belgian theoretical physicist

Stan Fischler
Stanley I. Fischler (born March 31, 1932) is an American historian of hockey and the New York City Subway, as well as a broadcaster, author of over 100 books, and professor. As a broadcaster with MSG, Fischler has won seven Emmy Awards.
Ferne Pearlstein
Ferne Pearlstein is an American cinematographer, film director, producer, and editor. She has directed documentary films including Sumo East and West (2003) and The Last Laugh (2016), about humor and the Holocaust. She was a cinematographer documentaries including Imelda (2003) and Freakonomics (2010).

Imelda (film)
Imelda is a 2003 documentary film co-produced and directed by Ramona S. Diaz about the life of Imelda Marcos, former First Lady of the Philippines. Beginning with her childhood, the film documents her marriage to future President of the Philippines Ferdinand Marcos, her rule under the dictatorship, her exile in Hawaii and her eventual return to the Philippines.

Reviews were largely favorable and it won the Excellence in Cinematography Award (Documentary) at the 2004 Sundance Film Festival. Imelda outsold Spider-Man 2 in the Philippines, but only took US$200,992 at the US box office with an additional US$300,000 worldwide. Reviews from critics are favorable with a 94% fresh rating from Rotten Tomatoes and a 69/100 from Metacritic.
2022 Rolex Paris Masters – Doubles
Wesley Koolhof and Neal Skupski defeated Ivan Dodig and Austin Krajicek in the final, 7–6(7–5), 6–4 to win the doubles tennis title at the 2022 Paris Masters. With the win, they secured the year-end No. 1 team ranking.

Tim Pütz and Michael Venus were the defending champions, but lost in the quarterfinals to Kevin Krawietz and Andreas Mies.

Rajeev Ram and Koolhof were in contention for the ATP No. 1 doubles ranking. Koolhof secured the No. 1 spot by reaching the semifinals. Having played one fewer tournament than Neal Skupski, Koolhof will be ranked higher than the Briton at the conclusion of the tournament, despite sharing the same number of points.

Tim Pütz
Tim Pütz (German pronunciation: [ˈtɪm ˈpʏts]; born 19 November 1987) is a German professional tennis player who specializes in doubles.
He reached his career-high doubles ranking of world No. 6 on 17 February 2025, and has won eleven doubles titles on the ATP Tour, including the 2024 ATP Finals with Kevin Krawietz, becoming the first all-German pair to win the title. Pütz won the 2023 French Open in mixed doubles alongside Miyu Kato and was a finalist at the 2024 US Open with Krawietz.

He has also reached the semifinals at the 2023 Wimbledon. In singles, he has a career-high ranking of world No. 163, achieved in February 2015, reaching the second round at the 2014 Wimbledon Championships.

Pütz has represented Germany in the Davis Cup since 2017, most notably reaching the semifinals in 2021. He also competed at the Olympic Games with Kevin Krawietz in 2021, and in 2024 where they reached the quarterfinals.
Joseph Dodds (British politician)
Joseph Dodds (1819–1891) was a British politician. He was elected as a Liberal Member of Parliament for Stockton-on-Tees in 1868.

Dodds was forced to resign in 1888, having been accused of embezzling funds from a client of his law firm. After his resignation, he became Steward of the Manor of Northstead.

Dodds had five children: Anne (1849), Matthew (1851), Joseph (1853), Elizabeth (1854), Frederick (1855) and Margaret (1858).

Stockton-on-Tees (UK Parliament constituency)
Stockton-on-Tees is a former borough constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election from 1868 to 1983.
Djibril Gibson Kagni
Djibril Gibson Kagni (born October 13, 1977) is a record producer and songwriter. Gibson's first full credit production work was in 2004 on Trouble (Akon album) for American rapper Akon.

In 2007, Gibson started working with Russian artist Timati. Timati was already a popular face in Russia, but not internationally. Gibson and Timati  made the hit "Welcome to St. Tropez" together.

Welcome to St. Tropez
"Welcome to St. Tropez" (/ˌsæn troʊˈpeɪ/ SAN troh-PAY) is a song by Swiss DJ and record producer DJ Antoine taken from his studio album 2011. It features vocals by Russian rapper Timati and American singer-songwriter Kalenna. Originally, the song is by Timati and Russian singer Blue Marine. The song became a top-ten hit in Austria, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Poland, Romania and Switzerland.