hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Robert Arnott Wilson
Robert Arnott Wilson (born 1958) is a retired mathematician in London, England, who is best known for his work on classifying the maximal subgroups of finite simple groups and for the work in the Monster group. He is also an accomplished violin, viola and piano player, having played as the principal viola in the Sinfonia of Birmingham. Due to a damaged finger, he now principally plays the kora.

Simple group
In mathematics, a simple group is a nontrivial group whose only normal subgroups are the trivial group and the group itself.  A group that is not simple can be broken into two smaller groups, namely a nontrivial normal subgroup and the corresponding quotient group. This process can be repeated, and for finite groups one eventually arrives at uniquely determined simple groups, by the Jordan–Hölder theorem.

The complete classification of finite simple groups, completed in 2004, is a major milestone in the history of mathematics.
Wakefield Court House
Wakefield Court House is a historic building in the city centre of Wakefield, a city in West Yorkshire, in England.

The building was constructed in 1810, to house the court of quarter sessions.  It was extended between 1849 and 1850, and in the 1880s.  It later served as the Crown Court and as a County Court, but closed in 1992.  It was sold for redevelopment, but little work was undertaken, and the building fell into disrepair.  It was purchased by Wakefield Council in 2018, with plans to convert it into a performance space, but in 2023 the council decided that the plan was unviable, and instead sold it to a private developer, Rushbond.

The building is in the Greek Revival style.  It is built of sandstone, and is two storeys high.  It has a large Doric order portico.  There are single-storey side wings, and there is a two-storey section to the left, set further back.

The building has been Grade II* listed since 1971.

County Court (England and Wales)
The County Court is a national civil court for England and Wales with unlimited financial jurisdiction.

The County Court sits in various County Court buildings and courtrooms throughout England and Wales, and not in one single location. It is a single court in the sense of a single centrally organised and administered court system. The County Court centres in which the court sits today correspond to the earlier individual county courts.
The Rookery, Nantwich
The Rookery, or 125 Hospital Street, is a substantial Georgian townhouse in Nantwich, Cheshire, England. It is at the end of Hospital Street, on the north side, at the junction with Millstone Lane (at SJ6558752192). The existing building dates from the mid-18th century and is listed at grade II; English Heritage describes it as "good" in the listing. Nikolaus Pevsner describes it as "square and stately." It incorporates an earlier timber-framed house at the rear, which probably dates from the late 16th or early 17th century.

The Rookery is one of a group of houses dating originally from the 15th and 16th centuries at the end of Hospital Street, which include Churche's Mansion, number 116 and numbers 140–142. These buildings survived the fire of 1583, which destroyed the town end of Hospital Street together with much of the centre of Nantwich. The Rookery is believed to stand near the site of the medieval Hospital of St Nicholas, which gives Hospital Street its name.

Hospital of St Nicholas, Nantwich
The Hospital of St Nicholas (variously known as St Nicholas Hospital, the Hospice of St Nicholas and the free Chapel and Hospice of St Nicholas) was a medieval hospital for travellers, which gave its name to Hospital Street in the English town of Nantwich in Cheshire. Founded in 1083–84 by William Malbank, first baron of Nantwich, it was dissolved in 1548 and probably later demolished.
2024 Berlin Ladies Open – Singles
Jessica Pegula defeated Anna Kalinskaya in the final, 6–7(0–7), 6–4, 7–6(7–3) to win the women's singles tennis title at the 2024 Berlin Ladies Open. She saved five championship points en route to her fifth career WTA Tour singles title.

Petra Kvitová was the defending champion, but did not participate due to pregnancy.

Arantxa Rus
Arantxa Rus (Dutch pronunciation: [aːˈrɑɲtɕaː ˈrʏs]; born 13 December 1990) is a Dutch professional tennis player.
She won one WTA Tour singles title at the 2023 Hamburg Open and four in doubles.

Her biggest singles successes to date include a second-round upset over world No. 2, Kim Clijsters, at the 2011 French Open, reaching the fourth round at the 2012 French Open, and defeating world No. 5, Samantha Stosur, in the 2012 Wimbledon Championships to reach the third round.
The Skeleton News
The Skeleton was a free independent monthly compact newspaper published in Chicago, Illinois, US from 2006 to 2008. It was started by Chicago underground writer Liam Warfield in Pilsen. Its first issue, #00, was published on October 27, 2006. Its first anniversary issue was released in October 2007 under a theme of "Failure" and in Fall of 2008, the paper released its final issue under the theme of "Success". Archived by both The Chicago Underground Library and The Chicago Public Library, the paper has been characterized as a small but notable press, having acquired celebrity interviews with academics and artists including Loren Coleman and Patti Smith, while refusing online content and non-local advertising.

Read/Write Library
The Read/Write Library is "a repository of pamphlets, zines, community plans, oral histories, neighborhood newspapers, literary magazines from CPS schools and state prisons, parish-church and settlement-house cookbooks, self-published poetry and novels, and other ephemera that, taken together, tells the story of Chicago by Chicagoans in their own words, not filtered through the perspectives of academics or journalists."

The library was founded by Nell Taylor in 2006 as the Chicago Underground Library. The library started out in the now-defunct MoJoe's coffee shop, a Roscoe Village hangout and hub for zine-related activity in Chicago.

It moved to Humboldt Park in 2011.
Star Trek Log (book series)
Star Trek Log is a series of ten novelizations based on, and inspired by, episodes of the science fiction television series Star Trek: The Animated Series. Published by Ballantine Books from 1974 to 1978, the series was written by Alan Dean Foster and edited by Judy-Lynn del Rey. A 1996 omnibus edition of the series was marketed as a Star Trek: The Animated Series tie-in.

The series is similar to novelizations based on episodes of Star Trek: The Original Series published by Bantam Books, written by James Blish and J. A. Lawrence.

Alan Dean Foster
Alan Dean Foster (born November 18, 1946) is an American writer of fantasy and science fiction. He has written several book series, more than 20 standalone novels, and many novelizations of film scripts.
Adıyaman oil field
The Adıyaman oil field is an oil field located in Adıyaman, Adıyaman Province, Southeastern Anatolia Region. It was discovered in 1982 and developed by Türkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortaklığı. It began production in 1985 and  produces oil. The total proven reserves of the Adıyaman oil field are around 72 million barrels (9.8 million tonnes), and production is centered on 800 barrels per day (130 m3/d).

Petroleum reservoir
A petroleum reservoir or oil and gas reservoir is a subsurface accumulation of hydrocarbons contained in porous or fractured rock formations. Such reservoirs form when kerogen (ancient plant matter) is created in surrounding rock by the presence of high heat and pressure in the Earth's crust.

Reservoirs are broadly classified as conventional and unconventional reservoirs. In conventional reservoirs, the naturally occurring hydrocarbons, such as crude oil (petroleum) or natural gas, are trapped by overlying rock formations with lower permeability, while in unconventional reservoirs the rocks have high porosity and low permeability, which keeps the hydrocarbons trapped in place, therefore not requiring a cap rock. Reservoirs are found using hydrocarbon exploration methods.
Darien Downtown, Connecticut
Darien Downtown is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Darien, Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. It represents the built-up center of town around the intersections of U.S. Route 1 (Boston Post Road), Connecticut Route 124 (Mansfield Avenue), and Connecticut Route 136 (Tokeneke Road). Interstate 95 passes through the southern part of the CDP, with access from Exit 11 (Route 1) and Exit 12 (Route 136). It was first listed as a CDP prior to the 2020 census.

Connecticut Route 136
Route 136 is a state highway in Southwestern Connecticut, running from Darien to Easton. The route was initially established in 1932 to serve the beach communities between Darien and Southport. Its eastern end was relocated in 1963 to head northeast from Westport to Easton instead.
Shahid Aziz Siddiqi
Shahid Aziz Siddiqi (Urdu: شاہد عزیز صدیقی) (born 26 January 1945 – 7 November 2019 in Lucknow, India) was a Pakistani bureaucrat who served as Chairman State Life Insurance and Chairman National Highway Authority. He has also remained the Vice Chancellor of the Ziauddin Medical University. Siddiqui holds a post graduate degree in Development Economics from University of Cambridge, UK.

State Life
The State Life Insurance Corporation of Pakistan (SLIC) (Urdu: اسٹیٹ لائف انشورنس), commonly known as State Life, is Pakistan's largest state-owned life and health insurance company based in Karachi.

Shoaib Javed Hussain, CEO of State Life is assisted by four directors. The CEO and directors of State Life are all appointed by the Government of Pakistan.
The Principal Office of State Life is situated in Karachi, Pakistan.
György Csányi (politician)
György Csányi (Hungarian: Csányi György) was a Hungarian politician and official from the old noble Csányi family.

György (III) Csányi was born as the son of Ferenc (I) Csányi and his second wife Mária Akács. He had several siblings, including László II, a judge in Vas County. György III married Terézia Nagy de Zalaapáti, they had four children, including Antal I, a Hussar captain, and Márton III, who functioned as the crown prosecutor of Zala County from 1793 to 1797.

He served as first vice-ispán of Zala County from 22 January 1758 to 9 January 1760.

Vas County (former)
Vas (Latin: Comitatus Castrifèrreus, German: Eisenburg, Slovene: Železna županija or Železna) was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory is now divided between Hungary, Austria and Slovenia.
Saudiyar
Saudiyar is a town and Village Development Committee in Dang Deokhuri District in Lumbini Province of south-western Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 8,052 persons living in 1067 individual households.

According to the 2011 census of Nepal, the population of the Saudiyar Village Development Committee is 12101 of which male are 5547 and female are 6554. The total population lives in 2453 households. The VDC is predominantly populated by the Tharu ethnic groups followed by Chhetri, Brahmin, Magar and other dalit castes.

Lumbini Province
Lumbini Province (Nepali: लुम्बिनी प्रदेश, romanized: Lumbinī pradēśa, IPA: [lumbiniː]) is a province in western Nepal. The country's third largest province in terms of area as well as population, Lumbini is home to the World Heritage Site of Lumbini, where according to Buddhist tradition Gautama Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, was born.

Lumbini borders Gandaki Province and Karnali Province to the north, Sudurpashchim Province to the west, and Uttar Pradesh and Bihar of India to the south. Lumbini's capital, Deukhuri, is near the geographic center of the province. The major cities in the province are Butwal and Siddharthanagar in Rupandehi district, Nepalgunj in Banke district, Tansen in Palpa district, and Ghorahi and Tulsipur in Dang district.
Al-Maghribī
Al-Maghribī (meaning "from Maghreb") can refer to the following persons:

Ibn Yaḥyā al-Maghribī al-Samawʾal, mathematician and astronomer of the 12th century.

Muḥyi al-Dīn al-Maghribī (1220-1283), an Arab astronomer

Mahmud Sulayman al-Maghribi, former prime minister of Libya

Yusuf al-Maghribi, a 17th-century lexicographer active in Cairo.

Ibn Said al-Maghribi, a famous geographer, historian and the most important collector of poetry from al-Andalus in the 12th and 13th centuries.

Yusuf al-Maghribi
Yūsuf al-Maġribi (Arabic: يوسف المغربي) was a 17th-century traveler and lexicographer active in Cairo. He is the first author to treat Egyptian Arabic as a dialect distinct from Classical Arabic, compiling an Egyptian Arabic word list, the Raf` al-'iṣr `an kalām 'ahl miṣr (i.e. "apology of the Egyptian vernacular", literally "the lifting of the burden from the speech of the population of Egypt"), which survives in a unique manuscript kept at St. Petersburg State University.
Al-Maghribi's dictionary reflects a wider trend in  early 17th century Ottoman Egypt towards colloquial writing.
San San-Pond Sak
San San-Pond Sak is a wetland lagoon area in Panama, spanning 16,125 hectares (39,850 acres), it is the home of the Bocatorian and Ngäbe indigenous people.

The lagoon is listed by the Ramsar Convention group as a site of international importance and is maintained by the local organization AAMVECONA (Association of Friends and Neighbors of the Coast and Nature).

Ramsar Convention
The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat is an international treaty for the conservation and sustainable use of Ramsar sites (wetlands). It is also known as the Convention on Wetlands. It is named after the city of Ramsar in Iran, where the convention was signed in 1971.

Every three years, representatives of the contracting parties meet as the Conference of the Contracting Parties (COP), the policy-making organ of the convention which adopts decisions (site designations, resolutions and recommendations) to administer the work of the convention and improve the way in which the parties are able to implement its objectives. In 2022, COP15 was held in Montreal, Canada.
Hopkins statistic
The Hopkins statistic (introduced by Brian Hopkins and John Gordon Skellam) is a way of measuring the cluster tendency of a data set. It belongs to the family of sparse sampling tests. It acts as a statistical hypothesis test where the null hypothesis is that the data is generated by a Poisson point process and are thus uniformly randomly distributed. If individuals are aggregated, then its value approaches 1, and if they are randomly distributed along the value tends to 0.5.

Null hypothesis
The null hypothesis (often denoted ) is the claim in scientific research that the effect being studied does not exist.  The null hypothesis can also be described as the hypothesis in which no relationship exists between two sets of data or variables being analyzed. If the null hypothesis is true, any experimentally observed effect is due to chance alone, hence the term "null". In contrast with the null hypothesis, an alternative hypothesis (often denoted or ) is developed, which claims that a relationship does exist between two variables.
Canvas (GUI)
In computer science and visualization, a canvas is a container that holds various drawing elements (lines, shapes, text, frames containing others elements, etc.). It takes its name from the canvas used in visual arts.  It is sometimes called a scene graph because it arranges the logical representation of a user interface or graphical scene. Some implementations also define the spatial representation and allow the user to interact with the elements via a graphical user interface.

Scene graph
A scene graph is a hierarchical data structure commonly used by vector-based graphics editing applications and modern computer games, which cascades the inheritance or spatial representation of a set of objects. It is a collection of nodes in a graph or tree structure. A tree node may have many children but only a single parent, with the effect of a parent applied to all its child nodes; an operation performed on a group automatically propagates its effect to all of its members. In many programs, associating a geometrical transformation matrix (see also transformation and matrix) at each group level and concatenating such matrices together is an efficient and natural way to process such operations. A common feature, for instance, is the ability to group related shapes and objects into a compound object that can then be manipulated as easily as a single object.
Jobun of Silla
Jobun (r. 230–247, died 247), also known by his title Jobun Isageum, was the eleventh king of the Korean state of Silla.  He was the grandson of Beolhyu Isageum, and a member of the Seok clan.  He was the son of Goljeong with Lady Ongmo, a daughter of Kim Gudo.  Lady Ongmo's brother was Michu Isageum.

The Samguk sagi also reports that the small country of Gammun-guk (near present-day Gimcheon) was conquered by Jobun's general Uro in 231. Japanese forces attacked the capital but Jobun Isageum wins against the Japanese in 232.  Golbeol-guk (near present-day Yeongcheon) surrendered in 236. Baekje attacked the western frontier of Silla in 239.  Clashes with Goguryeo and Wa took place during Jobun's reign.

Wa (name of Japan)
Wa is the oldest attested name of Japan and ethnonym of the Japanese people. From c. the 2nd century AD Chinese and Korean scribes used the Chinese character 倭; 'submissive'', ''distant'', ''dwarf' to refer to the various inhabitants of the Japanese archipelago, although it might have been just used to transcribe the phonetic value of a Japonic ethnonym with a respectively differing semantic connotation. In the 8th century, the Japanese started using the character 和, wa, 'harmony', 'peace', 'balance' instead due to the offensive nature of the former.
Neurally controlled animat
A neurally controlled animat is the conjunction of

a cultured neuronal network

a virtual or physical robotic body, the Animat, "living" in a virtual computer generated environment or in a physical arena, connected to this array

Patterns of neural activity are used to control the virtual body, and the computer is used as a sensory device to provide electrical feedback to the neural network about the Animat's movement in the virtual environment.

The current aim of the Animat research is to study the neuronal activity and plasticity when learning and processing information in order to find a mathematical model for the neural network, and to determine how information is processed and encoded in the rat cortex.

It leads towards interesting questions about consciousness theories as well.

Mathematical model
A mathematical model is an abstract description of a concrete  system using mathematical concepts and language. The process of developing a mathematical model is termed mathematical modeling. Mathematical models are used in many fields, including applied mathematics, natural sciences, social sciences and engineering. In particular, the field of operations research studies the use of mathematical modelling and related tools to solve problems in business or military operations. A model may help to characterize a system by studying the effects of different components, which may be used to make predictions about behavior or solve specific problems.
Be the Man
"Be the Man" (also titled "Be the Man (On This Night)") is a pop song by Canadian singer Celine Dion, recorded for her fifth English-language studio album, Let's Talk About Love (1997). It was written by Junior Miles and its producer David Foster, and released as the second single from the album in Japan on 13 November 1997 by Columbia Records. "Be the Man" also served as the theme song to the Japanese television drama, Eve - Santa Claus Dreaming and was included on its soundtrack in 1997. The song was recorded in English and Japanese.

Edgar Bronfman Jr.
Edgar Miles Bronfman Jr. (born May 16, 1955) is an American businessman, film and theater producer, and media executive who is a managing partner at Accretive LLC. He previously was CEO of Warner Music Group from 2004 to 2011, and was its chairman from 2011 to 2012. Bronfman was the CEO of WMG during its May 2011 sale to Access Industries. In August 2011, he became Chairman of the company. Bronfman previously was CEO of Seagram and vice-chairman of Vivendi Universal. Bronfman expanded and later divested ownership of the Seagram Company, and also worked as a producer, and songwriter under the pseudonyms Junior Miles and Sam Roman. He is Executive Chairman of FuboTV.
Nicolai (given name)
Nicolai is a given name. Notable persons with that name include:

Nicolai Belokosov (born 1975), Moldovan judoka

Nicolai Borger (born 1974), German writer, actor and director

Nicolai Gedda (1925–2017), Swedish operatic tenor

Nicolai Jørgensen (born 1991), Danish footballer

Nicolai Kielstrup (born 1991), Danish singer

Nicolai Lomov (1946–2020), Russian classical pianist

Nicolai Tangen (born 1966), Norwegian hedge fund manager

Nicolai Lomov
Nicolai Lomov (February 9, 1946 – July 24, 2020) was a Russian classical pianist, who played with the Moscow Philharmonic Orchestra and the Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra before emigrating to the United States.
Vigilante (insecticide)
Vigilante is an insecticide used with both dairy and beef cattle to reduce the number of flies in an agricultural area. It is usually formatted as a 50-gram bolus containing 9.7% diflubenzuron, an insect growth regulator which inhibits the formation of chitin and prevents insects from reproducing. The bolus is administered via balling gun. It is effective in reducing populations of horn flies and face flies for approximately 10–16 weeks.

Vigilante was originally produced by American Cyanamid, and was the first larvicide marketed as a bolus. After the breakup of American Cyanamid, Vigilante was manufactured by Uniroyal Chemical and then by Chemtura.

It is best used as part of an integrated pest management program in combination with other fly-control methods such as insecticidal tags, backrubbers, and periodic spraying.

Dairy cattle
Dairy cattle (also called dairy cows) are cattle bred with the ability to produce large quantities of milk, from which dairy products are made.  Dairy cattle generally are of the species Bos taurus.

Historically, little distinction was made between dairy cattle and beef cattle, with the same stock often being used for both meat and milk production.  Today, the bovine industry is more specialized and most dairy cattle have been bred to produce large volumes of milk.
Imbert de La Platière
Imbert de La Platière, lord of Bourdillon (1516–1567), was a French army officer and Marshal of France. He began his career under Francis I, fighting at the famous victory of Ceresole in 1544. During the reign of Henri II he continued to receive career advancements, becoming Lieutenant general first of Champagne and Brie in 1553, and then the important border fortresses in the Piedmont in 1559. Having fought for the crown during the Italian Wars he continued to serve loyally as the French Wars of Religion began, becoming a Marshal in December 1562 on the death of Paul de Thermes, aiding in the enforcement of the Peace of Amboise after the first religious war, and being sent to crush the nascent religious leagues in 1565. He died in 1567, shortly before the civil wars resumed.

Époisses, Côte-d'Or
Époisses (French pronunciation: [epwas] ⓘ) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France, located around halfway between Dijon and Auxerre.

The village is known for its Époisses cheese, a pungent unpasteurized cow's-milk cheese.
Football at the 1968 Summer Olympics – Group B
Group B of the 1968 Summer Olympics football tournament took place from 14 to 18 October 1968. The group consisted of Brazil, Japan, Nigeria, Spain. The top two teams, Spain and Japan, advanced to the quarter-finals.

Spain national amateur football team
The Spain national amateur football team is the amateur representative team for Spain at football.

It was formed in 1950s to play Mediterranean Games, UEFA Amateur Cup and, until 1988, Summer Olympics football tournaments.