hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Coherence scanning interferometry
Coherence scanning interferometry (CSI) is any of a class of optical surface measurement methods wherein the localization of interference fringes during a scan of optical path length provides a means to determine surface characteristics such as topography, transparent film structure, and optical properties.  CSI is currently the most common interference microscopy technique for  areal surface topography measurement.
The term "CSI" was adopted by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

The technique encompasses but is not limited to instruments that use spectrally broadband, visible sources (white light) to achieve interference fringe localization.  CSI uses either fringe localization alone or in combination with interference fringe phase, depending on the surface type, desired surface topography repeatability and software capabilities. The table below compiles alternative terms that conform at least in part to the above definition.

Interference microscopy
Interference microscopy involves measurements of differences in the path between two beams of light that have been split.

Interference microscopy enables visualization and measurement of transparent or nearly transparent specimens, such as living cells or thin films, without the need for staining by converting phase shifts in light into differences in amplitude or contrast visible to the observer.

In materials science and surface metrology, interference microscopy is also widely used to characterize surface topography and quantify micro-scale surface irregularities, with vertical resolutions on the order of nanometers achievable through multi-beam interference techniques.

Types include:

Classical interference microscopy

Differential interference contrast microscopy

Fluorescence interference contrast microscopy

Interference reflection microscopy
William Henry Clapperton
William Henry Clapperton (January 27, 1839 – May 31, 1922) was a Canadian politician in the province of Quebec.

Born in Carleton, Lower Canada, the son of John Clapperton and Félicité Dugas, Clapperton went to live in Scotland after the death of his father when he was nine months. Returning to Canada after his studies he became a fish merchant and later was an Agent of Crown land in the county of Bonaventure from 1891 to 1921.

He ran as a candidate in the 1878 federal election in the riding of Bonaventure but was defeated by Théodore Robitaille. He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec for Bonaventure in an 1897 by-election. A Liberal, he was re-elected in 1900 but was defeated in 1904.

He died in Maria, Quebec in 1922.

Carleton-sur-Mer
Carleton-sur-Mer (French pronunciation: [kaʁlətən syʁ mɛʁ]) is the fifth largest town of the Gaspésie's south shore, in southeastern Quebec, Canada, located on Route 132, along Chaleur Bay. It is the seat of the Avignon Regional County Municipality.

The town's territory includes the communities of Biron, Caps-de-Maria, Carleton, Robitaille, and Saint-Omer.
Egen
Egen is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Joseph L. Egen Jr, American World War II flying ace

Kanzan Egen (1277–1360), Japanese Buddhist monk, founder of Myōshin-ji Temple

Markus Egen (1927–2021), German ice hockey player

Nurbek Egen (born 1975), Kyrgyz and Russian film and TV director and screenwriter

Uli Egen (born 1956), German ice hockey player

Kanzan Egen
Kanzan Egen (関山慧玄/關山慧玄) (1277–1360) was a Japanese Rinzai Zen Buddhist monk, founder of Myōshin-ji Temple and a principal member of the extant Ōtōkan lineage, from which all modern Rinzai Zen derives.  Centuries later, Emperor Meiji conferred the posthumous name Muso Daishi (無相大師) to Kanzan.
Marek Račuk
Marek Račuk (born 2 June 1992) is a Czech professional ice hockey player. He currently plays with LHK Jestřábi Prostějov in the Czech 1. Liga.

Račuk made his Czech Extraliga debut playing with Piráti Chomutov during the 2012–13 Czech Extraliga season.

LHK Jestřábi Prostějov
LHK Jestřábi Prostějov is an ice hockey team in Prostějov, Czech Republic. They play in the Czech 1. Liga, the second level of ice hockey in the Czech Republic.
The club was founded as Sportovní Klub Prostějov in 1913.
Stancu
Stancu is a Romanian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alina Stancu (born 1977), Romanian journalist and television presenter

Bogdan Stancu (born 1987), Romanian football player

Constantin Romeo Stancu, Romanian football player

Constantin Stancu (born 1956), retired Romanian football player

Cristiana Stancu (born 1991), Romanian mixed martial artist, karateka, boxer & kickboxer

Gheorghe Bunea Stancu (born 1954), Romanian politician

Ionuț Cristian Stancu (born 1983), Romanian football wingback

Mădălin Stancu (born 1992), Romanian professional footballer

Mihai Stancu (born 1996), Romanian professional footballer

Stelian Stancu (born 1981), Romanian football player

Vlad Stancu (born 2005), Romanian competitive swimmer

Zaharia Stancu (1902–1974), Romanian prose writer, novelist, poet, and philosopher

Zaharia Stancu
Zaharia Stancu (Romanian pronunciation: [zahaˈri.a ˈstaŋku]; October 7, 1902 – December 5, 1974) was a Romanian prose writer, novelist, poet, and philosopher. He was also the director of the National Theatre Bucharest, the President of the Writers' Union of Romania, and a titular member of the Romanian Academy.
Monsignor Fraser College
Monsignor Fraser College (also called Monsignor Fraser, MFC, or Fraser) is a Roman Catholic specialized dual-track public Catholic Alternative and Adult Secondary School run by the Toronto Catholic District School Board in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The school was founded in 1975 by the Metropolitan Separate School Board and was named in honour of John Andrew Mary Fraser (1887 – September 3, 1962), the founder of the Scarborough Foreign Mission Society and a missionary.

After Fraser became a secondary school in 1986, Msgr. Fraser College offers high school credits to three distinct age groups: 16–18 through the Alternative Program, 18–20 in the Adult Day School Program, and Over 21 through the Continuing Education Program. There are four main campuses throughout the city with an additional two dedicated to SAL (Supervised Alternative Learning) programs. Msgr. Fraser also offers a Transition To Work (T2W) Program for special needs students aged 18–20.

Adult high school
An adult high school or adult school is a high school facility designed for adult education. It is intended for adults who have not completed high school to continue their education. Some adult high schools offer child care, special integration programs for immigrants and refugees, career and other programs and services geared toward the special needs of adult students. Some adult high schools may also offer general interest programs such as computer skills or other continuing education courses.
Lo Ying-yuan
Lo Ying-yuan (born 7 May 1996) is a Taiwanese weightlifter. She won the gold medal in the women's 87 kg event at the 2023 World Weightlifting Championships held in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. She is also a three-time medalist, including gold, at the Asian Weightlifting Championships.

In 2017, she won the bronze medal in the women's 90 kg event at the Summer Universiade held in New Taipei, Taiwan.

She competed in the women's 87 kg event at the 2022 Asian Games held in Hangzhou, China.

2023 World Weightlifting Championships
The 2023 World Weightlifting Championships was a weightlifting competition held in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia from 4 to 17 September 2023.

The event served as a mandatory event to qualify for the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris, France. The competition was previously expected to be held using two platforms instead of one.
Rancho Niguel
Rancho Niguel was a 13,316-acre (53.89 km2) Mexican land grant in the San Joaquin Hills, within present-day Orange County, California.

It was granted in 1842 by Governor Juan B. Alvarado to Juan Avila.  The rancho was named for a local Indian village called "Niguili."  The grant extended along the Pacific coast from Laguna Canyon and Laguna Beach, past Aliso Creek  to Dana Point and San Juan Creek.  The rancho encompassed those present-day places and Laguna Niguel, Aliso Viejo, and Laguna Hills.

Juan Bautista Alvarado
Juan Bautista Valentín Alvarado y Vallejo (February 14, 1809 – July 13, 1882) usually known as Juan Bautista Alvarado, was a Californio politician who served as governor of Alta California from 1837 to 1842. Prior to his term as governor, Alvarado briefly led a movement for independence of Alta California from 1836 to 1837, in which he successfully deposed interim governor Nicolás Gutiérrez, declared independence, and created a new flag and constitution, before negotiating an agreement with the Mexican government resulting in his recognition as governor and the end of the independence movement.
2012–13 Topklasse
The 2012–13 Topklasse season is the third edition of the Dutch third tier since its inauguration in the current form in 2010. A total 32 teams are participating in the league: 24 from the 2011–12 Topklasse, and the remaining eight from the 2011–12 Hoofdklasse. As usual, the competition is divided into two leagues: "Saturday" and "Sunday", who differ by the day their games are usually played.

For the second consecutive season, no team was relegated from the Eerste Divisie, this time due to the fact all 2011–12 Topklasse have declined promotion into professionalism.

Eerste Divisie
The Eerste Divisie (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈeːrstə diˈvizi]; English: First Division), officially known as the Keuken Kampioen Divisie due to sponsorship reasons, is the second-highest tier of football in the Netherlands. It is linked with the top-level Eredivisie via promotion/relegation systems.
1904 Chertsey by-election
The 1904 Chertsey by-election was a parliamentary by-election held on 6 July 1904 for the British House of Commons constituency of Chertsey. It was caused by John Arthur Fyler, who stepped down because of bankruptcy. The candidates were Lord George Bingham (Conservative) and Thomas Sadler (Liberal).

Chertsey (UK Parliament constituency)
Chertsey sometimes seen as Surrey North Western, equally the North Western Division of Surrey was created as one of six county constituencies of Surrey for the House of Commons of the UK Parliament.  The seat underwent two net reductions and variously included and excluded growing suburban settlements: Egham, Frimley, Weybridge, Walton-on-Thames and Woking.
Leon Punch
Leon Ashton Punch (21 April 1928 – 28 December 1991) was a New South Wales politician, Deputy Premier, and Minister of the Crown in the cabinets of Sir Robert Askin, Tom Lewis and Sir Eric Willis. From 1975 to 1976 he was the Deputy Premier of New South Wales. He was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for 26 years from 21 March 1959 until his retirement on 2 July 1985 for the Country Party, renamed the National Party during his time.

Minister of the Crown
Minister of the Crown is a formal constitutional term used in Commonwealth realms to describe a minister of the reigning sovereign or viceroy. The term indicates that the minister serves at His Majesty's pleasure, and advises the sovereign or viceroy on how to exercise the Crown prerogatives relating to the minister's department or ministry.
Fernandino Maria Piccioli
Ferdinando Maria Piccioli (26 July 1821 – 14 February 1900) was an Italian entomologist. He specialised in Hymenoptera and Coleoptera.

Born at San Felice, Piccioli was an “Assistant” at the Stazione di Entomologia Agraria in Florence. He was a member of the founding committee of La Società Entomologica Italiana.

Part of his collections of Tuscany Coleoptera are in the Genoa Natural History Museum. The remainder of the Coleoptera and his Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera and other Orders are in La Specola museum.

He died at Sesto Fiorentino in 1900.

Hymenoptera
Hymenoptera is a large order of insects, comprising the sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants. Over 150,000 living species of Hymenoptera have been described, in addition to over 2,000 extinct ones. Many of the species are parasitic. Females typically have a special ovipositor for inserting eggs into hosts or places that are otherwise inaccessible. This ovipositor is often modified into a stinger. The young develop through holometabolism (complete metamorphosis)—that is, they have a wormlike larval stage and an inactive pupal stage before they reach adulthood.
Merouana
Merouana (Tamazight:  Tamerwant) is a city in Batna Province, Algeria. It is situated around 40 km from Batna City, and is inhabited by the Chaoui Berbers. Merouana is one of the oldest local daïras (districts). It is the capital of the Belzma Plain and Belzma National Park.

Belezma National Park
The Belezma National Park (Arabic:الحظيرة الوطنية بلزمة) is one of the most important national parks of Algeria. Created in 1984, it is located in Batna Province on the slopes of the Belezma Range, a subrange of the Aurès Mountains.
Spennithorne
Spennithorne is a village and civil parish in lower Wensleydale in North Yorkshire, England. The village is situated 2 miles (3.2 km) south-east of the market town Leyburn, on a slight elevation above the River Ure, which forms the southern boundary of the parish. The village is overlooked by the steeple of St Michael and All Angels Church.

Spennithorne is approximately 4 miles (6 km) east from Yorkshire Dales National Park containing a range of wildlife habitats.

The village was historically in the North Riding of Yorkshire until 1974. From 1974 to 2023 it was part of the district of Richmondshire, it is now administered by the unitary North Yorkshire Council.

Yorkshire Dales National Park
The Yorkshire Dales National Park is a 2,178 km2 (841 sq mi) national park in England which covers most of the Yorkshire Dales, the Howgill Fells, and the Orton Fells. The Nidderdale area of the Yorkshire Dales is not within the national park, and has instead been designated a national landscape. Most of the park is within North Yorkshire, with a sizeable area in Cumbria and a small part in Lancashire. The park was designated in 1954, and extended in 2016. More than 95% of the land in the park is privately owned; there are over 1,000 farms in this area.

In 2020, the national park was named an International Dark Sky Reserve. This means that the area has "low levels of light pollution with good conditions for astronomy".

As of 2017, some 23,500 residents live within the park boundary; a 2018 report estimated that the park attracted more than four million visitors per year. The economy consists primarily of tourism and agriculture.
Park Glacier (Antarctica)
The Park Glacier is a glacier located on the northern part of the Bear Peninsula of Marie Byrd Land in Antarctica. It flows to the sea along the west side of the Gurnon Peninsula. It is named for Chung G. Park, ionosphere physics researcher at Byrd Station in 1966.

Marie Byrd Land
Marie Byrd Land (MBL) is an unclaimed region of Antarctica. With an area of 1,610,000 km2 (620,000 sq mi), it is the largest unclaimed territory on Earth. It was named after the wife of American naval officer Richard E. Byrd, who explored the region in the early 20th century.

The territory lies in West Antarctica, east of the Ross Ice Shelf and the Ross Sea and south of the Pacific Ocean portion of the Antarctic or Southern Ocean, extending eastward approximately to a line between the head of the Ross Ice Shelf and Eights Coast. It stretches between 158°W and 103°24'W. The inclusion of the area between the Rockefeller Plateau and Eights Coast is based upon Byrd's exploration.
Augustinus-Lexikon
The Augustinus-Lexikon is a trilingual scholarly encyclopedia under the editorship of Cornelius Petrus Mayer, Robert Dodaro, and others that has as its subject matter the life and works of St Augustine of Hippo. It is a project of the Academy of Sciences and Literature in Mainz and is in the process of being published over a number of years by Schwabe AG, a publishing house in Basel the activities of which extend over five centuries. Pope Benedict XVI was known to be among the admirers and users of this work.

Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur
The Academy of Sciences and Literature (German: Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur Mainz, AdW Mainz) is a scientific academy in Mainz, Germany. It was established in 1949 on an initiative of Alfred Döblin. The academy's goal is to support science and literature, and in doing so to help preserve and promote culture.
McLean
MacLean, also spelt McLean, is a Scottish Gaelic surname (Mac Gille Eathain, or,  Mac Giolla Eóin in Irish Gaelic), Eóin being a Gaelic form of Johannes (John). The clan surname is an Anglicisation of the Scottish Gaelic "Mac Gille Eathain", a patronymic meaning "son of Gillean". Gillean means "the Servant of [Saint] John [the Baptist]"), named for Gilleathain na Tuaidh, known as "Gillian of the Battleaxe", a famous 5th century warrior.

Eachan Reaganach and his brother Lachlan were descended from Gilleathain na Tuaidh, and are the progenitors of the clan. The family grew very powerful throughout the Hebrides and Highlands through alliances with the Catholic Church in Scotland in the 9th century, the MacDonalds in the 13th century, and the MacKays and MacLeods in the 16th century. Other spellings of the name include McClean, MacLaine, McLaine, McLain, MacLane, and many others.

Duart Castle is the seat of Clan MacLean.

Johannes
Johannes is a Medieval Latin form of the personal name that usually appears as "John" in English language contexts. It is a variant of the Greek and Classical Latin variants (Ιωάννης, Ioannes), itself derived from the Hebrew name Yehochanan, meaning "YHWH is gracious". The name became popular in Northern Europe, especially in Germany because of Christianity. Common German variants for Johannes are Johann, Hannes, Hans (diminutized to Hänschen or Hänsel, as known from "Hansel and Gretel", a fairy tale by the Grimm brothers), Jens (from Danish) and Jan (from Dutch, and found in many countries). In the Netherlands, Johannes was without interruption the most common masculine birth name until 1989. Johannes is also a popular name in South Africa, particularly among Afrikaners, due to Dutch colonial influences in the region. The English equivalent for Johannes is John.
Percy Allen (cricketer)
Percy Frederick Allen (7 January 1908 – 10 December 1995) was a New Zealand cricketer who played first-class cricket for Canterbury between 1929 and 1934.

Percy Allen was a batsman who sometimes kept wicket. After his first-class career ended, he often bowled in local cricket. He made one first-class century, 103 for Canterbury against Wellington in the 1933–34 season. It was the highest score in a match that Canterbury won by eight wickets. While many of his strokes were unorthodox, they had considerable power. In the mid-1930s he moved to Greymouth, then to Ashburton, representing the district team in each town.

Allen worked as an insurance agent. He served in the New Zealand Army in World War II as a private.

Ashburton, New Zealand
Ashburton (Māori: Hakatere) is a large town in the Canterbury Region, on the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand. It is the seat of the Ashburton District Council. It is 85 kilometres (53 mi) south west of Christchurch.

The town has a population of 21,600. It is the 29th-largest urban area in New Zealand and the fourth-largest urban area in the Canterbury Region, after Christchurch, Timaru and Rolleston.
Theobald of Bar, Seigneur de Pierrepont
Theobald of Bar (French: Thibauld/Thiebaut de Bar), Seigneur of Pierrepont (Meurthe-et-Moselle). He was one of six children born to Erard of Bar, Seigneur de Pierrepont et d'Ancerville (himself son of Theobald II of Bar), and Isabelle of Lorraine (daughter of Theobald II, Duke of Lorraine).

In 1340, he married Marie de Namur (daughter of John I, of Dampierre and Marie of Artois), after her first husband Henry II, Graf of Vianden was murdered at Famagusta three years before. His wife, Marie gave birth to two daughters, Yolande and Elisabeth. When Theobald, died (between 2 August 1353 and 6 July 1354) he had no legitimate male heir, thus his daughter Elisabeth became the heiress of Bar-Pierrepont.

Famagusta
Famagusta, also known by several other names, is a city located in the Famagusta District on the eastern coast of Cyprus, currently controlled by Northern Cyprus. It is located east of the capital, Nicosia, and possesses the island's deepest harbour. During the Middle Ages (especially under the maritime republics of Genoa and Venice), Famagusta was the island's most important port city and a gateway to trade with the ports of the Levant, from where Silk Road merchants carried their goods to Western Europe.
C'est déjà ça
C'est déjà ça is a 1993 album recorded by French singer Alain Souchon. It was his eleventh album overall and was released on October 10, 1993. It achieved smash success in France where it remained for 100 weeks in the top 50, including one week at the top, and 108 weeks on the chart. It was also successful in Belgium (Wallonia). It provided two successful singles in France : "Foule sentimentale" (#1) and "L'Amour à la machine" (#21). The album was entirely written by the singer himself, while the music was composed by Laurent Voulzy, Jean-Claude Petit and Souchon's son, Pierre Souchon.

Alain Souchon
Alain Souchon (French pronunciation: [alɛ̃ suʃɔ̃]; born Alain Édouard Kienast [alɛ̃ edwaʁ kinas(t)]; 27 May 1944) is a French singer-songwriter and actor. He has released 15 albums and has played roles in seven films.
Exosomatic memory
Exosomatic memory is the recording of memories outside the brain. The earliest forms of symbolic behavior—scratching marks on bones—seem to be intended as exosomatic memory. However it was the invention of writing that allowed complex memories to be recorded.

A more narrow meaning of exosomatic memory is a computerized information system that interfaces directly with the brain and functions as an extension of the user memory. Such systems have been used as plot devices in numerous science fiction stories, especially among the cyberpunk genre. More recently, as scientific knowledge of neurology improves, some such as Gregory B. Newby are suggesting that such a device may be possible.

Symbolic behavior
Symbolic behavior is "a person’s capacity to respond to or use a system of significant symbols" (Faules & Alexander, 1978, p. 5). The symbolic behavior perspective argues that the reality of an organization is socially constructed through communication (Cheney & Christensen, 2000; Putnam, Phillips, & Chapman, 1996). Symbolic messages are used by individuals to understand their environment and create a social reality (Faules & Alexander, 1978; Mills, 2002). When faced with uncertainty, individuals continually organize themselves within their group-based reality and respond within that reality (Weick, 1995).
Crawley P. Dake
Crawley P. Dake (September 15, 1836 – April 9, 1890) was a lawman and business owner best known for having served as the U.S. Marshal for the Arizona Territory from 1878 to 1882, during a time of notorious lawlessness in frontier towns like Tombstone. A veteran of the American Civil War, Dake was noted for his creativity and for his frequent deputizing of civilian posses after the Posse Comitatus Act of 1878 was passed.

Tombstone, Arizona
Tombstone is a city in Cochise County, Arizona, United States, founded in 1879 by prospector Ed Schieffelin in what was then Pima County, Arizona Territory. It became one of the last boomtowns in the American frontier. The town grew significantly into the mid-1880s as the local mines produced $40 to $85 million in silver bullion, the largest productive silver district in Arizona. Its population grew from 100 to around 14,000 in less than seven years. It is best known as the site of the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral and draws most of its revenue from tourism. The city had a permanent population of 1,308, according to the 2020 census.