hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Giovanni Colonna (cardinal, 1295–1348)
Giovanni Colonna (1295, Arezzo, Tuscany, Italy – 3 July 1348, Avignon, France) was a Roman Catholic cardinal during the Avignon papacy and was a scion of the famous Colonna family that played an important role in Italian history.

Pope Clement VI
Pope Clement VI (Latin: Clemens VI; 1291 – 6 December 1352), born Pierre Roger, was head of the Catholic Church from 7 May 1342 to his death, in December 1352. He was the fourth Avignon pope. Clement reigned during the first visitation of the Black Death (1348–1350), during which he granted remission of sins to all who died of the plague.

Roger steadfastly resisted temporal encroachments on the Church's ecclesiastical jurisdiction, and, as pope Clement VI, entrenched French dominance of the Church and opened its coffers to enhance the regal splendour of the Papacy. He recruited composers and music theorists for his court, including figures associated with the then-innovative Ars Nova style of France and the Low Countries.
Woodley railway station
Woodley railway station serves the suburb of Woodley in Stockport, Greater Manchester, England. The station is 9+1⁄4 miles (14.9 km) east of Manchester Piccadilly on a branch of the Hope Valley Line to Rose Hill Marple.  It is situated where the A560 road from Stockport to Gee Cross, near Hyde, crosses over the railway line.

A560 road
The A560 is a primary route that runs from the A56 in Altrincham, Greater Manchester, to Hattersley, Tameside. It follows a complex route that involves primary route, non-primary route, single and dual carriageway, some complex motorway junctions and, at one point, carriageways running on both sides of the M56 Motorway.
Aroga flavicomella
Aroga flavicomella is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found in most of Europe, except Ireland, Great Britain, the Benelux, Denmark, Fennoscandia, the Baltic region, Portugal and the western and southern part of the Balkan Peninsula. It has also been recorded from Turkey, the Middle East, Mongolia, Korea and Central Asia, including Kyrgyzstan.

The wingspan is 15–17 mm. Adults are on wing from May to June.

The larvae feed on Prunus spinosa, Prunus domestica and Prunus cerasus. They feed from within tied together leaves. Larvae can be found from fall to April.

Baltic region
The Baltic Sea Region, alternatively the Baltic Rim countries (or simply the Baltic Rim), and the Baltic Sea countries/states, refers to the general area surrounding the Baltic Sea, including parts of Northern, Central and Eastern Europe. Unlike the "Baltic states", the Baltic region includes all countries that border the sea.
Music history of the United States (1900–1940)
Music in the United States underwent many developments from 1900 to 1940, as new genres developed. The country survived both World War I and the Great Depression before entering World War II in December 1941.  Americans endured great loss and hardship but found hope and encouragement in music. The genres and styles present during this period were Native American music, Blues and gospel, jazz, swing, Cajun and Creole music, and country.  The United States also took inspiration from other cultures and parts of the world for her own music. The music of each region differed as much as the people did.  The time also produced many notable singers and musicians, including jazz figure Louis Armstrong, blues and jazz singer Mamie Smith, and country singer Jimmie Rodgers.

Swing music
Swing music is a style of jazz that developed in the United States during the late 1920s and early 1930s. It became nationally popular from the mid-1930s. Swing represents the most famous era of jazz as a genre of entertainment, before the emergence of modern jazz. Swing bands usually featured soloists who would improvise on the melody over the arrangement. The danceable swing style of big bands and bandleaders such as Fletcher Henderson and Benny Goodman was the dominant form of American popular music from 1935 to 1946, known as the swing era, when people were dancing the Lindy Hop. The verb "to swing" is also used as a term of praise for playing that has a strong groove or drive. Big band leaders of the swing era include Benny Goodman, Duke Ellington, Count Basie, Jimmie Lunceford, Cab Calloway, Benny Carter, Jimmy Dorsey, Tommy Dorsey, Earl Hines, Bunny Berigan, Harry James, Lionel Hampton, Glenn Miller, and Artie Shaw.
Biljanini Izvori Sports Hall
The Biljanini Izvori Sports Hall (Macedonian: Спортска сала Билјанини Извори, transliterated Sportska sala Biljanini Izvori) is a multi-functional indoor sports arena. It is located in Ohrid, North Macedonia. The sports hall was inaugurated in August 1998 and has a capacity of 4,000 seats for handball and 4,500 for basketball. It is used by several handball and basketball teams from Ohrid. It was one of two venues used during the 2008 European Women's Handball Championship.

Romanization of Macedonian
The romanization of Macedonian is the transliteration of text in Macedonian from the Macedonian Cyrillic alphabet into the Latin alphabet. Romanization can be used for various purposes, such as rendering of proper names in foreign contexts, or for informal writing of Macedonian in environments where Cyrillic is not easily available. Official use of romanization by North Macedonia's authorities is found, for instance, on road signage and in passports. Several different codified standards of transliteration currently exist and there is widespread variability in practice.

Although used for transliteration, Macedonian Latin script is neither widespread nor used in any formal or semi-formal communication in Macedonia. The language law of Macedonia emphasizes Cyrillic as the only alphabet of Macedonian language.
Accessible publishing
Accessible publishing is an approach to publishing and book design whereby books and other texts are made available in alternative formats designed to aid or replace the reading process. It is particularly relevant for people who are blind, visually impaired or otherwise print-disabled.

Alternative formats that have been developed to aid different people to read include varieties of larger fonts, specialised fonts for certain kinds of reading disabilities, braille, e-books, and automated audiobooks and DAISY digital talking books.

Accessible publishing has been made easier through developments in technology such as print on demand (POD), e-book readers, the XML structured data format, the EPUB3 format and the Internet.

E-reader
An e-reader, also called an e reader or e device, is a mobile electronic device that is designed primarily for the purpose of reading digital e-books and periodicals.

Any device that can display text on a screen may act as an e-reader; however, specialized e-reader devices may optimize portability, readability, and battery life for this purpose. Their main advantage over printed books is portability: an e-reader is capable of storing thousands of books while weighing less than a single one. Another advantage is the convenience provided by add-on features.
Barberian's Steak House
Barberian's Steak House is a downtown Toronto steakhouse located at 7 Elm Street, close to Sankofa Square. It was founded in 1959 by Harry Barberian (1930–2001) and is now owned by his son, Arron Barberian.  The restaurant includes two main dining rooms, two private dining rooms, and a two-storey underground wine cellar housing over 20,000 bottles in 6.7-metre (22 ft) tall racks, with antique chandeliers, and a dining table for exclusive parties. The restaurant houses a collection of rare Canadiana including original paintings by the Group of Seven.

Patrons over the years have included Robert Morley, James Beard, Rudolf Nureyev, Veronica Tennant, Mick Jagger, Denzel Washington, Eminem and every Canadian prime minister since John Diefenbaker. Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor were engaged at the restaurant in 1964.

Canadiana
Canadiana is a term used to describe things (e.g., books, historical documents, works of art, music and artifacts), ideas, or activities that concern or are distinctive of Canada, its peoples and its culture, especially works of literature and other cultural products. It can also refer to the collection of such materials, such as in cultural fields like music or art.

As a category often seen in bookstores and in research libraries, Canadiana can describe works produced in Canada (including literature and non-fiction), works about Canada, and works published outside of Canada that are of special interest or significance to Canada. More generally, the term can also include books that do not necessarily deal with Canada or Canadians themselves, but were written by Canadians or people who were Canadians at some point in their life. Two books by Canadian author Douglas Coupland—Souvenir of Canada and Souvenir of Canada 2—for example, are collections of images of pop-culture Canadiana.
Cheena Thaana 001
Cheena Thaana 001 is a 2007 Indian Tamil-language action comedy film directed by T. P. Gajendran. The film stars Prasanna and Sheela, while Vadivelu, Manivannan, Riyaz Khan, Delhi Ganesh, and Kazan Khan play supporting roles. It is a remake of the 2003 Malayalam film C.I.D. Moosa. The music was composed by Deva with cinematography by Raja Rajan and editing by N. Ganesh. The film released on 7 September 2007.

T. P. Gajendran
T. P. Gajendran (1955 – 5 February 2023) was an Indian film director and actor who played minor roles. He directed more than 15 films and acted in more than 100 films. He was the son of Tuticorin MR.Perumal.  Actress T. P. Muthulakshmi, his sister-in-law, helped with his upbringing.
Zikoniya Island
Zikoniya Island (Bulgarian: остров Цикония, romanized: ostrov Tsikoniya, IPA: [ˈɔstrof t͡siˈkɔnijɐ]) is the 140 m long in west–east direction and 120 m wide rocky island lying off Spert Island on the southwest side of Trinity Island in the Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica. It is “named after the ocean fishing trawler Zikoniya of the Bulgarian company Ocean Fisheries – Burgas whose ships operated in the waters of South Georgia, Kerguelen, the South Orkney Islands, South Shetland Islands and Antarctic Peninsula from 1970 to the early 1990s.  The Bulgarian fishermen, along with those of the Soviet Union, Poland and East Germany are the pioneers of modern Antarctic fishing industry.”

Fishing trawler
A fishing trawler is a commercial fishing vessel designed to operate fishing trawls. Trawling is a method of fishing that involves actively dragging or pulling a trawl through the water behind one or more trawlers. Trawls are fishing nets that are pulled along the bottom of the sea or in midwater at a specified depth. A trawler may also operate two or more trawl nets simultaneously (double-rig and multi-rig).

There are many variants of trawling gear. They vary according to local traditions, bottom conditions, and how large and powerful the trawling boats are. A trawling boat can be a small open boat with only 30 horsepower (22 kW) or a large factory ship with 10,000 horsepower (7457 kW). Trawl variants include beam trawls, large-opening midwater trawls, and large bottom trawls, such as "rock hoppers" that are rigged with heavy rubber wheels that let the net crawl over rocky bottom.
Gabriel graph
In mathematics and computational geometry, the Gabriel graph of a set  of points in the Euclidean plane expresses one notion of proximity or nearness of those points.  Formally, it is the graph  with vertex set  in which any two distinct points  and  are adjacent precisely when the closed disc having  as a diameter contains no other points. Another way of expressing the same adjacency criterion is that  and  should be the two closest given points to their midpoint, with no other given point being as close. Gabriel graphs naturally generalize to higher dimensions, with the empty disks replaced by empty closed balls. Gabriel graphs are named after K. Ruben Gabriel, who introduced them in a paper with Robert R. Sokal in 1969.

Set (mathematics)
In mathematics, a set is a collection of different things; the things are called elements or members of the set and are typically mathematical objects: numbers, symbols, points in space, lines, geometric shapes, variables, or other sets.  A set may be finite or infinite. There is a unique set with no elements, called the empty set; a set with a single element is a singleton.

Mathematics typically does not define precisely what constitutes a "set" or "collection", because such a definition would have to be in terms of something else previously defined.  Instead, sets serve as foundational objects whose behavior is described by axioms modeled on intuition about collections, and then essentially all other mathematical objects are rigorously defined in terms of sets.

Set theory studies possible axiom systems and their consequences.
Since the first half of the 20th century, ZFC (Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory with the axiom of choice) has been the axiom system most commonly used.
Sesquimustard
Sesquimustard (military code Q) is the organosulfur compound with the formula (ClCH2CH2SCH2)2. Although it is a colorless solid, impure samples are often brown.  The compound is a type of mustard gas, a vesicant used as a chemical weapon.  From the chemical perspective, the compound is both a thioether and an alkyl chloride.

Because sesquimustard is a solid at room temperature, it is not as easily deployed as related liquid mustards. It was only ever deployed as mixtures with the original mustard, with phosgene, or as a solution. Since 1997, it has been listed under Schedule I of the Chemical Weapons Convention, as a substance with few uses outside of chemical warfare (although since then, it has been found to be useful in chemotherapy).

Organic sulfide
In organic chemistry, a sulfide (British English sulphide) or thioether is an organosulfur functional group with the connectivity R−S−R' as shown on right. Like many other sulfur-containing compounds, volatile sulfides have foul odors. A sulfide is similar to an ether except that it contains a sulfur atom in place of the oxygen. The grouping of oxygen and sulfur in the periodic table suggests that the chemical properties of ethers and sulfides are somewhat similar, though the extent to which this is true in practice varies depending on the application.
Leslie King (actor)
Leslie King (1876 - October 10, 1947) was an American stage and screen actor. He is best remembered for appearing as Jacques-Forget-Not in D. W. Griffith's Orphans of the Storm opposite Lillian and Dorothy Gish.

Dorothy Gish
Dorothy Elizabeth Gish (March 11, 1898 – June 4, 1968) was an American stage and screen actress. Dorothy and her older sister Lillian Gish were major movie stars of the silent era. Dorothy also had great success on the stage, and was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame. Dorothy Gish was noted as a fine comedian, and many of her films were comedies.
Carl Ferrill
Carl Ray "Coach" Ferrill (c. 1946 – June 30, 2024) was an American college football coach. He was the head football coach for West Hills Coalinga College—now known as Coalinga College—in 1982, Chaffey College from 1994 to 1995, New Mexico Highlands University from 1996 to 1998 and in 2006, and Los Angeles Valley College from 1999 to 2000. He also coached for Baldwin Park High School, Santa Ana, Idaho, UNLV, and San Bernardino Valley. He played college football for New Mexico Highlands as a wide receiver.

Ferrill also played semi-professionally in the Continental Football League (COFL).

Baldwin Park High School
Baldwin Park High School is located in Baldwin Park, California. It is part of the Baldwin Park Unified School District. It is one of three high schools in the city, Sierra Vista High School and North Park Continuation School being the other two. Student feeder schools are: Holland Middle School (6-8), Olive Middle School (6-8), Santa Fe Elementary (3-8) and about half from Jones Junior High (7-8) and very few from Sierra Vista Junior High (7-8). The school colors are Royal blue, white and silver. The school mascot is a Brave (Native American).
Frankfurter Würstchen
Frankfurter Würstchen ('Frankfurt sausage') is a thin parboiled sausage in a casing of sheep's intestine. The flavour is acquired by low temperature smoking. For consumption, Frankfurters are occasionally heated in hot water for only about eight minutes to prevent the skin from bursting. If they are grilled, Frankfurt sausages are heated over propane or charcoal flame. They are traditionally served with bread, mustard, horseradish or potato salad.

Sausage casing
Sausage casing, also known as sausage skin or simply casing, is the material that encloses the filling of a sausage. Natural casings are made from animal intestines or skin; artificial casings, introduced in the early 20th century, are made of collagen and cellulose. The material is then shaped via a continuous extrusion process—producing a single sausage casing of indefinite length—which is then cut into desired lengths, usually while the extrusion process continues.
Anupam Sen (politician)
Anupam Sen (1920s-2015) was an Indian physician and politician belonging to All India Trinamool Congress. He was elected as MLA of Jalpaiguri Vidhan Sabha Constituency in West Bengal Legislative Assembly in 1971, 1972, 1991 and 1996. He died on 7 September 2015 at the age of 89.

West Bengal Legislative Assembly
The West Bengal Legislative Assembly is the unicameral legislature of the Indian state of West Bengal. It is located in the B. B. D. Bagh area of Kolkata, the capital of the state. Members of the Legislative assembly are directly elected by the people. The legislative assembly comprises 294 Members of Legislative Assembly, all directly elected from single-seat constituencies. Its term is five years, unless sooner dissolved.
23S rRNA (uracil1939-C5)-methyltransferase
23S rRNA (uracil1939-C5)-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.190, RumA, RNA uridine methyltransferase A, YgcA) is an enzyme with systematic name S-adenosyl-L-methionine:23S rRNA (uracil1939-C5)-methyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction

S-adenosyl-L-methionine + uracil1939 in 23S rRNA  S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 5-methyluracil1939 in 23S rRNA

The enzyme specifically methylates uracil1939 at C5 in 23S rRNA.

Thymine
Thymine (/ˈθaɪmiːn/) (symbol T or Thy) is one of the four nucleotide bases in the nucleic acid of DNA that are represented by the letters G–C–A–T. The others are adenine, guanine, and cytosine. Thymine is also known as 5-methyluracil, a pyrimidine nucleobase. In RNA, thymine is replaced by the nucleobase uracil.  Thymine was first isolated in 1893 by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann from calf thymus glands, hence its name.
Nara (Oka)
The Nara (Russian: Нара) is a river in the Moscow Oblast and Kaluga Oblast in Russia. It is a left tributary of the Oka. The length of the river is 158 kilometres (98 mi). The area of its basin is 2,030 square kilometres (780 sq mi). The Nara freezes up in November–December and stays under the ice until April. The cities of Naro-Fominsk and Serpukhov are located on the Nara River.

Etymologically, the name Nara is of Baltic origin, a cognate of the Lithuanian nerti generally meaning "to dive, swim downstream" as well as "to net, crochet". This is because the area around its course was once inhabited by Eastern Galindians (Russian: Goliadj, голядь), a Baltic tribe.

Cognate
In historical linguistics, cognates or lexical cognates are sets of words that have been inherited in direct descent from an etymological ancestor in a common parent language.

Because language change can have radical effects on both the sound and the meaning of a word, cognates may not be obvious, and it often takes rigorous study of historical sources and the application of the comparative method to establish whether lexemes are cognate.  It can also happen that words which appear similar, or identical, in different languages, are not cognate.

Cognates are distinguished from loanwords, where a word has been borrowed from another language.
Steve Bach (politician)
Stephen G. "Steve" Bach is an American politician who served as the mayor of Colorado Springs, Colorado. Elected in a runoff in May 2011, he was the city's first mayor under the new "strong mayor" form of government. In 2014, Bach announced he would not seek a second term as mayor.

2011 Colorado Springs mayoral election
The 2011 Colorado Springs mayoral election took place on May 17 and April 5, 2011, to elect the mayor of Colorado Springs, Colorado. The election was held concurrently with various other local elections. The election was officially nonpartisan.

This was the first mayor to elect a mayor of Colorado Springs to function under the strong mayor style of governance.
David Kreiner
David Kreiner (born 8 March 1981 in Kitzbühel) is an Austrian Nordic combined skier who has competed since 1998. At the 2010 Winter Olympics, he won gold in the 4 x 5 team event.

Kreiner also won two medals in the 4 x 5 km team event at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships, one silver (2001) and one bronze (2005). His best individual finish was ninth twice (7.5 km sprint: 2007, 15 km individual: 2001).

He has had five individual career victories from 2001 to 2007.

FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2007
The FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2007 took place 22 February – 4 March 2007 in Sapporo, Japan. It was the second time this city has hosted these championships, having previously done so in the 1972 Winter Olympics.  Sapporo was selected as venue by vote at the 43rd FIS World Congress in Portorož, Slovenia, on 6 June 2002. It also marked the third time the championships were hosted outside Europe in a year that did not coincide with the Winter Olympics; it was the first championship held in Asia. The ski jumping team normal hill event was not held, as it had been in 2005.
USS Swallow
USS Swallow is a name used more than once by the United States Navy:

USS Swallow (AM-4) was laid down at New York City on 18 March 1918.

USS Swallow (AM-65) was laid down on 19 July 1941 at Alameda, California.

USS Swallow (AMS-36), a minesweeper commissioned on 22 June 1944.

USS Swallow (AM-65)
USS Swallow (AM-65) was an  Auk-class minesweeper built for the United States Navy during World War II. The ship was the second U.S. Navy ship named after the swallow. Swallow earned two battle stars for World War II service. She was sunk by a kamikaze aircraft off Okinawa on 22 April 1945. She was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 2 June 1945.
Mindanao squirrel
The Mindanao squirrel (Sundasciurus mindanensis) is a species of rodent in the family Sciuridae. It is endemic to the Philippines.

In April 22-27, 2024, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources in Socsargen and Davao Region documented the rarest sightings of the endemic Philippine pygmy squirrel and Mindanao squirrel inhabiting the 80,864-hectare Mount Apo Natural Park, Director Felix Alicer said.

Discovery (observation)
Discovery is the act of detecting something new, or something previously unrecognized as meaningful. In the sciences and other academic disciplines, discovery is the observation of new phenomena, new actions, or new events and involves providing new reasoning to explain the knowledge gathered through such observations, using knowledge previously acquired through abstract thought and from everyday experiences.

Some discoveries represent a radical breakthrough in knowledge or technology. Others are based on earlier discoveries, collaborations or ideas. In such cases, the process of discovery requires at least the awareness that an existing concept or method could be modified or transformed. New discoveries are made using various senses, and are usually added to pre-existing knowledge. Questioning plays a key role in discovery; discoveries are often made due to questions. Some discoveries lead to the invention of objects, processes, or techniques.