hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Controversies about the word niggardly
In the United States, there have been several controversies involving the misunderstanding of the word niggardly, an adjective meaning "stingy" or "miserly", because of its phonetic similarity to the term nigger, an ethnic slur used against black people. Although the two words are etymologically unrelated, niggard is nonetheless often replaced with a synonym. People have faced misplaced backlash for using the word.

Niggard, arising in the Middle Ages, long predates nigger, which arose in the 18th century.

Synonym
A synonym is a word, morpheme, or phrase that has a similar or identical meaning to another word, morpheme, or phrase in a given language. For example, in English, words like begin, start, commence, and initiate are synonyms: they are synonymous. The standard test for synonymy is substitution: one form can be used interchangeably without changing the meaning of the sentence.

Words may be synonymous in only one particular sense: for example, long and extended in the context of long time or extended time are synonymous, but long cannot be used in the phrase extended family.

Synonyms with identical meanings share a seme or denotational sememe, whereas those with inexactly similar meanings share a broader denotational or connotational sememe and overlap within a semantic field. The former are sometimes known as cognitive synonyms, and the latter are referred to as near-synonyms, plesionyms, or poecilonyms.
The Ship, Scarborough
The Ship is a historic pub in Scarborough, North Yorkshire, a town in England.

The pub was originally built in the 18th or 19th centuries, with the roof dating from the 19th century.  It was altered in the 20th century, the work including a new ground floor facade.  The building was grade II listed in 1973.  In 2022, the pub was reopened by Paul Ingle.  In 2024, it was refurbished to provide a pool table, dartboard, and an external bar in the beer garden.

The pub is built of painted dark red brick, with a coved stuccoed eaves frieze and a slate roof. It has two storeys and three bays. The ground floor contains canted bay windows flanking the doorway, with a roof carried across them, and to the right is a garage door. Above the doorway is a casement window, the other windows on the upper floor are tripartite sashes in architraves, and above are two dormers.

Paul Ingle
Paul Andrew Ingle (born 22 June 1972) is a British former professional boxer who competed from 1994 to 2000. He held featherweight world championships, including the International Boxing Federation (IBF) title from 1999 to 2000 and the lesser International Boxing Organization (IBO) title in 2000. At regional level he held the European, British, and Commonwealth titles between 1997 and 1999. As an amateur, Ingle represented Great Britain at the 1992 Summer Olympics, reaching the second round of the flyweight bracket.
Sault Ste. Marie—Algoma
Sault Ste. Marie—Algoma (formerly Sault Ste. Marie) is a federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1968.

This riding was centred on the city of Sault Ste. Marie since its creation from Algoma West in 1966. Under the 2022 Canadian federal electoral redistribution the riding gained most of rural Algoma from Algoma—Manitoulin—Kapuskasing, and was renamed Sault Ste. Marie—Algoma.

Tarbutt
Tarbutt (formerly known as Tarbutt and Tarbutt Additional) is a township in the Canadian province of Ontario, located within the Algoma District. The township is about 40 kilometres (25 mi) east of Sault Ste. Marie.

Its population centres are Port Findlay (46°19′05″N 84°01′09″W﻿ / ﻿46.31806°N 84.01917°W﻿ / 46.31806; -84.01917) and MacLennan (46°21′05″N 84°01′22″W﻿ / ﻿46.35139°N 84.02278°W﻿ / 46.35139; -84.02278). It is the only municipality along the North Channel of Lake Huron which includes no residential communities located directly along Highway 17; MacLennan is located north of the highway at the intersection of MacLennan Road and Government Road, while Port Findlay is located at the south end of MacLennan Road along the waterfront.

In December 2016, the municipal council adopted a by-law to officially shorten the name of the township from The Corporation of the Township of Tarbutt & Tarbutt Additional to the Corporation of the Township of Tarbutt, effective in January 2017.
Emory Buckner
Emory Roy Buckner (August 7, 1877 – March 11, 1941) was a prominent American lawyer who served as the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, where he gained a reputation as one of the greatest prosecutors in American history.  During his time at Root, Clark & Bird (which subsequently became Dewey Ballantine), he was also one of the architects of modern Wall Street's legal culture.

Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton
Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton LLP, formerly Cleary, Gottlieb, Friendly & Cox and Cleary, Gottlieb, Friendly, Steen & Hamilton, and known as Cleary Gottlieb, is an American multinational white shoe law firm. It is headquartered at One Liberty Plaza in New York City, with over 1,000 lawyers practicing worldwide.
Macoya
10°38′29.79″N 61°23′5.14″W﻿ / ﻿10.6416083°N 61.3847611°W﻿ / 10.6416083; -61.3847611

Macoya is a community located alongside the Churchill-Roosevelt Highway in Trinidad and Tobago.  It is located between downtown Tunapuna and Trincity on the island of Trinidad.

It is composed primarily of:

Macoya/Trincity industrial estate - commercial warehouses

Macoya Gardens - a small residential neighbourhood.

Macoya village - located around

Macoya Road near Constantine park

Macoya extension - a developing community, south bound of centre of excellence.

The Marvin Lee Stadium, a football facility that hosts domestic and international football matches as well as the adjacent João Havelange Centre of Excellence are located in Macoya.

Churchill–Roosevelt Highway
The Churchill–Roosevelt Highway, sometimes refers to as CRH, is the major east–west highway on Trinidad island in Trinidad and Tobago.

It runs for 35 km (22 mi) from Barataria in the west (where it joins the Beetham Highway) to Wallerfield in the east (south-east of Arima) where it ends in the former US Army base on Fort Read.  It crosses the north–south Uriah Butler Highway (UBH) at Valsayn.  Constructed during World War II to connect the US Army base with Port of Spain, the highway was named for the two wartime leaders, Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Construction began in December 1941 and was completed in March 1942. Originally reserved for the US armed forces, the road was turned over to the Government of Trinidad and Tobago on 24 October 1949.
Oriental Pearl Tower
The Oriental Pearl Tower is a futurist TV tower in Lujiazui, Shanghai. Built from 1991 to 1994, the tower was the tallest structure in China until the completion of nearby World Financial Center in 2007. Its status as Shanghai's first AAAAA tourist attraction, the tower's unique architecture, height, and fifteen observation decks have made it a cultural icon of the city.

Radio masts and towers
Radio masts and towers are typically tall structures designed to support antennas for telecommunications and broadcasting, including television. There are two main types: guyed and self-supporting structures. They are among the tallest human-made structures. Masts are often named after the broadcasting organizations that originally built them or currently use them.

A mast radiator or radiating tower is one in which the metal mast or tower itself is energized and functions as the transmitting antenna.
Furious Flower Poetry Center
The Furious Flower Poetry Center (FFPC) is the first academic center in the United States devoted to Black poetry, housed by James Madison University. Dr. Lauren Alleyne is the current executive director.

Even beyond its decennial conferences, the FFPC is very active, both on and off campus. The many activities it hosts include poetry camps during the summer for the youth, workshops, and visits for poets. Aside from its substantial collection of Black poetry, the center also has an online journal titled The Fight and the Fiddle.

Sonia Sanchez
Sonia Sanchez (born Wilsonia Benita Driver; September 9, 1934) is an American poet, writer, and professor. She was a leading figure in the Black Arts Movement and has written more than a dozen books of poetry, as well as short stories, critical essays, plays, and children's books. In the 1960s, Sanchez released poems in periodicals targeted towards African-American audiences, and published her debut collection, Homecoming, in 1969. In 1993, she received a Pew Fellowship in the Arts, and in 2001 was awarded the Robert Frost Medal for her contributions to the canon of American poetry. She has been influential to other African-American poets, including Krista Franklin. Sanchez is a member of The Wintergreen Women Writers Collective.
John C. Coleman
John Crisp Coleman (August 9, 1823 – March 23, 1919) was a California mining, railroad, and public utility magnate, and served in the California State Senate. He was the first President of the Nevada County Narrow Gauge Railroad, President of the North Star Mine in Grass Valley, Vice President of the Fireman's Fund Insurance Company, and Vice President of California Street Cable. He also served as director of the Pacific Rolling Mills, the Contra Costa Gas Company, and the North Shore Railroad.

Pacific Rolling Mill Company
The Pacific Rolling Mill Company was the West’s first iron and steel producing foundry, founded in 1866, in San Francisco, California. (The company was also known as Pacific Rolling Mills and the two names were used interchangeably throughout its history.) Later in its life, through mergers, the company was transformed first into the Judson-Pacific Company, and then into Judson Pacific-Murphy Corporation. In its various guises, Pacific Rolling Mills has produced steel used during the construction of numerous famous buildings and landmarks in the West as well as a number of notable battleships.
Barnet Council
Barnet Council could refer to:

The current Barnet London Borough Council, created in 1965

Barnet Rural District Council, renamed Elstree in 1941

Barnet Urban District Council, abolished in 1965

East Barnet Urban District Council, abolished in 1965

Friern Barnet Urban District Council, abolished in 1965

East Barnet Urban District
East Barnet Valley was a local government district from 1874 to 1965 around the town of East Barnet. It was partly in the counties of Hertfordshire and Middlesex until 1889, when the Middlesex part was transferred to Hertfordshire. It was renamed East Barnet in 1935.
Hunchun
Hunchun is a county-level city in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture within Jilin province to the far east. It borders North Hamgyong Province in North Korea and Primorsky Krai in Russia, has over 250,000 inhabitants, and covers 5,145 square kilometers. The site of the eastern capital of the Balhae Kingdom between 785 and 793, Donggyeong, was located here.

The city's name Hunchun comes from Huncun in Manchu language (Manchu: ᡥᡠᠨᠴᡠᠨ, Möllendorff: huncun, Abkai: hunqun). The city and the village Fangchuan is located near the point of junction of the borders of China, Russia, and North Korea; provided with an observation platform, it is a popular tourist attraction.

North Hamgyong Province
North Hamgyong Province (Hamgyŏngbukdo, Korean pronunciation: [ham.ɡjʌŋ.buk̚.t͈o]) is the northernmost province of North Korea. The province was formed in 1896 from the northern half of the former Hamgyong Province.
2-oxoaldehyde dehydrogenase (NADP+)
In enzymology, a 2-oxoaldehyde dehydrogenase (NADP+) (EC 1.2.1.49) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

a 2-oxoaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O  a 2-oxo acid + NADPH + H+

The 3 substrates of this enzyme are 2-oxoaldehyde, NADP+, and H2O, whereas its 3 products are 2-oxo acid, NADPH, and H+.

This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-oxoaldehyde:NADP+ 2-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include alpha-ketoaldehyde dehydrogenase, methylglyoxal dehydrogenase, NADP+-linked alpha-ketoaldehyde dehydrogenase, 2-ketoaldehyde dehydrogenase, NADP+-dependent alpha-ketoaldehyde dehydrogenase, and 2-oxoaldehyde dehydrogenase (NADP+).  This enzyme participates in pyruvate metabolism.

Dicarbonyl
In organic chemistry, a dicarbonyl is a molecule containing two carbonyl (C=O) groups. Although this term could refer to any organic compound containing two carbonyl groups, it is used more specifically to describe molecules in which both carbonyls are in close enough proximity that their reactivity is changed, such as 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,4-dicarbonyls. Their properties often differ from those of monocarbonyls, and so they are usually considered functional groups of their own. These compounds can have symmetrical or unsymmetrical substituents on each carbonyl, and may also be functionally symmetrical (dialdehydes, diketones, diesters, etc.) or unsymmetrical (keto-esters, keto-acids, etc.).
High Eden
High Eden is the Australian geographical indication of a subregion of the Eden Valley wine region within the Barossa zone in Australia. The High Eden wine region was entered in the Register of Protected Names on 28 August 2001. It is a somewhat oval shaped area in the western part of Eden Valley of slightly less than 40 square kilometres with an elevation of about 500 metres above sea level, the highest point in Eden Valley. It contains parts of the localities of Flaxman Valley and Pewsey Vale. The region is sparsely populated and the hilly terrain is generally unspoilt with native vegetation such as giant red gum trees intact. Minute blue wrens and wedge-tailed eagles inhabit the area.

The main grape varieties grown are Riesling, Cabernet Sauvignon, Shiraz and Chardonnay. Harvest time is usually early to late April. Due to the climate (cool, high winds, low growing season rainfall) and relatively poor soils, High Eden vineyards are usually low yield yielding.

Pewsey Vale, South Australia
Pewsey Vale is a locality east of the southern Barossa Valley in the western part of the Eden Valley of South Australia. It was first established as a sheep station pastoral run in the early years of the colony by Joseph Gilbert. Gilbert named his run Pewsey Vale in 1839 after the Vale of Pewsey in Wiltshire, England, where he was born. It was originally to be called Karrawatta, however this name was easily confused with the neighboring Tarrawatta.

Over the years, Gilbert planted grapevines and made wine, as well as running sheep at Pewsey Vale and other pastoral leases in the colony. The school and chapel were built by Gilbert in 1861, and the cemetery contains predominantly only Gilbert and his relatives.

The vineyards planted by William Gilbert were removed shortly after World War I. New vineyards were planted in the 1960s in conjunction with the Yalumba wine company.
2010 Tirreno–Adriatico
The 2010 Tirreno–Adriatico was the 45th running of the Tirreno–Adriatico stage race. It started on 10 March and finished on 16 March. The race started in Livorno and ended San Benedetto del Tronto. The race was won by Stefano Garzelli after gaining 2 seconds in intermediate sprints in the last stage which tied him for first with Michele Scarponi; Garzelli held the tiebreaker, combined stage finishes.

GW Erco Shimano
GW Erco Shimano (UCI team code: GES) is a Colombian-registered UCI Continental cycling team that participates in road bicycle racing events on the UCI Continental Circuits. Prior to 2023, the team was based in Italy and held UCI ProTeam status. Gianni Savio manages the team, with assistance from directeurs sportifs Giovanni Ellena, Antonio Castano, Didier Paindaveine and Marco Bellini.

In 2022, with the arrival of a new sponsor — Drone Hopper (an aeronautical engineering company based in Spain) — the team has received a new name Drone Hopper–Androni Giocattoli.
The Asylum Albums (1976–1980)
The Asylum Albums (1976–1980) is a five-disc box set by Canadian singer-songwriter Joni Mitchell, released on June 21, 2024, by Rhino Records. The set is the thirteenth overall release and third box set of remastered albums from the Joni Mitchell Archives, a planned series of releases featuring remastered and unreleased material from the singer's personal archives. Formatted in chronological order, the third volume of the remaster series includes the latter half of Mitchell's albums released on Asylum Records: Hejira (1976), Don Juan's Reckless Daughter (1977), Mingus (1979), and Shadows and Light (1980). The albums are presented with their original cover designs except for Don Juan which uses the revised cover image replacing the original controversial image. Like the vinyl release, the CD box set contains inner liner notes written by Meryl Streep.

Hejira (album)
Hejira is the eighth studio album by Canadian singer-songwriter Joni Mitchell, released in 1976 on Asylum Records. Its material was written during a period of frequent travel in late 1975 and early 1976, and reflects Mitchell's experiences on the road during that time. It is characterized by lyrically dense, sprawling songs and musical backing by several jazz-oriented instrumentalists, most prominently fretless bass player Jaco Pastorius, guitarist Larry Carlton, and drummer John Guerin.

The album did not sell as well as its predecessors, peaking at No. 22 in Mitchell's native Canada. It reached No. 13 on the Billboard 200 pop album chart in the United States, where it was certified gold by the RIAA, and No. 11 in the UK, where it attained a silver certification. Critically, the album was generally well received, and in the years since its release, Hejira has been considered one of the high marks of her career. The lead track "Coyote" was released as a single.
Band RS
Band RS is a Brazilian television station based in Porto Alegre, capital of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. It operates on channel 10 (32 digital UHF) and is an owned-and-operated station of Band. Its studios are located at the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul in the Tecnopuc complex, within the Partenon neighborhood, which is also the headquarters for Grupo Bandeirantes de Comunicação's entire operation in Rio Grande do Sul, and its transmitting antenna is situated on Morro da Polícia.

Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul
The Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (Portuguese: Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS) is a private non-profit Catholic university. With campuses in the Brazilian cities of Porto Alegre and Viamão, it is the largest private university of the state of Rio Grande do Sul and the first university founded by the Catholic religious institute of the Marist Brothers. PUCRS is considered the best private university of Brazil's Southern Region by the Ministry of Education (MEC), and one of the best private universities in the country, with FGV, PUC-Rio and the PUC-SP.
The Audacity of Hype
The Audacity of Hype is an album released on October 20, 2009 by Jello Biafra and the Guantanamo School of Medicine on Alternative Tentacles. The name is a parody of Barack Obama's book The Audacity of Hope.

The Audacity of Hope
The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream is the second book written by Barack Obama. It became number one on both the New York Times and Amazon.com bestsellers lists in the fall of 2006, after Obama had been endorsed by Oprah Winfrey. In the book, Obama expounds on many of the subjects that became part of his 2008 campaign for the presidency. The book advance from the publisher totalled $1.9 million contracted for three books. Obama announced his presidential campaign on February 10, 2007, a little more than three months after the book's release.
Jockey Club (Atlantic City, New Jersey)
The Jockey Club was a jazz club at 7 South North Carolina Avenue in Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States.

It was one of the oldest jazz venues in the city, operating since the 1920s. According to author Michael Pollock it was "home to mellow jazz musicians and tired prostitutes". Guitarist Pat Martino notes that Jimmy Smith and Kenny Burrell would frequently play at the club. It was at the Jockey Club that he had first seen Jimmy Smith with Charles Earland.

The Jockey Club was destroyed by a fire in September 1982. The club had previously been closed for years and was reopened in May 1982.

Kenny Burrell
Kenneth Earl Burrell (born July 31, 1931) is an American jazz guitarist, singer and composer known for his work on numerous top jazz labels: Prestige, Blue Note, Verve, CTI, Muse, and Concord. His collaborations with Jimmy Smith were notable, and produced the 1965 Billboard Top Twenty hit Verve album Organ Grinder Swing. Burrell has cited jazz guitarists Charlie Christian, Oscar Moore, and Django Reinhardt as influences, along with blues guitarists T-Bone Walker and Muddy Waters.

Burrell is a professor and Director of Jazz Studies at the UCLA Herb Alpert School of Music.
Portland (shipwreck)
PS Portland was a large side-wheel paddle steamer, an ocean-going steamship with side-mounted paddlewheels. She was built in 1889 for passenger service between Boston, Massachusetts, and Portland, Maine.  She is best known as the namesake of the infamous Portland Gale of 1898, a massive blizzard that struck coastal New England, claiming the lives of over 400 people and more than 150 vessels.

Paddle wheel
A paddle wheel is a form of waterwheel or impeller in which a number of paddles are set around the periphery of the wheel.  It has several uses, of which some are:

Very low-lift water pumping, such as flooding paddy fields at no more than about 0.5 m (20 in) height above the water source.

To move and mix algae culture in the raceway ponds used for algaculture.

Propulsion of watercraft (as a paddlewheel)

Low head hydro power (as a waterwheel)

Flow sensors

Aerators

The paddle wheel is an ancient invention but is still used today in a wide range of industrial and agriculture applications.
Mwape Miti
Mwape Miti (born 24 May 1973) is a Zambian former professional footballer who played as a striker.

He has played 246 matches and scored 109 goals for his team Odense Boldklub, having joined them in the summer of 1997 from Power Dynamos. Prior to that he played for Mulungushi Chiefs. In the 2003–04 season he became joint top league goalscorer with 19 goals. He retired in 2006.

Miti had 33 caps for the Zambia national team and was part of Zambia squad at the 1996 and 2000 Africa Cup of Nations tournaments.

In 2012, he was selected to Odense BKs all-time top-11 "De største striber" (The greatest "stripes") by OBs fans.

Zambia national football team
The Zambia national football team represents Zambia in men's association football and is governed by the Football Association of Zambia (FAZ). During the 1980s, they were known as the KK 11, after founding president Dr. Kenneth Kaunda ("KK") who ruled Zambia from 1964 to 1991. After the country adopted multiparty politics, the side was nicknamed Chipolopolo which means the "Copper Bullets". The team won an Africa Cup of Nations title in 2012. This team has also become the most successful team in the COSAFA Cup, surpassing Zimbabwe after winning the 2023 edition.