hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Q-switching
Q-switching, sometimes known as giant pulse formation or Q-spoiling, is a technique by which a laser can be made to produce a pulsed output beam. The technique allows the production of light pulses with extremely high (gigawatt) peak power, much higher than would be produced by the same laser if it were operating in a continuous wave (constant output) mode. Compared to mode locking, another technique for pulse generation with lasers, Q-switching leads to much lower pulse repetition rates, much higher pulse energies, and much longer pulse durations. The two techniques are sometimes applied together.

Q-switching was first proposed in 1958 by Gordon Gould, and independently discovered and demonstrated in 1961 or 1962 by R.W. Hellwarth and F.J. McClung at Hughes Research Laboratories using electrically switched Kerr cell shutters in a ruby laser. Optical nonlinearities such as Q-switching were fully explained by Nicolaas Bloembergen, who won the Nobel Prize in 1981 for this work.

HRL Laboratories
HRL Laboratories (formerly Hughes Research Laboratories) is a research center in Malibu, California, established in 1960. Formerly the research arm of Hughes Aircraft, it is currently owned by General Motors Corporation and Boeing. It is housed in two large, white multi-story buildings overlooking the Pacific Ocean.
LN postcode area
The LN postcode area, also known as the Lincoln postcode area, is a group of thirteen postcode districts in eastern England, within seven post towns. These cover central Lincolnshire, including Lincoln, Alford, Horncastle, Louth, Mablethorpe, Market Rasen and Woodhall Spa.

Mail for the LN postcode area is processed at Sheffield Mail Centre, along with mail for the DN, S, and HU postcode areas.

Alford, Lincolnshire
Alford is a market town and civil parish in the East Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England, at the foot of the Lincolnshire Wolds, which form an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The population was recorded as 3,459 in the 2011 Census and estimated at 3,830 in 2021. It lies between the towns of Mablethorpe, Louth, Spilsby, and Skegness and acts as a local retail centre.
2007 Pacific Rugby Cup
The 2007 Pacific Rugby Cup was the second edition of the Pacific Rugby Cup competition and featured 6 representative rugby union football teams; 2 from each of the three Pacific rugby unions – Fiji, Samoa, and Tonga. It was played from 31 March to 5 May.
In the grand final match, Upolu Samoa was victorious on Tongan soil, beating the Tau'uta Reds in the decider by 20 points (35 to 15).

In the grand final match, Upolu Samoa was victorious on Tongan soil, beating the Tau'uta Reds in the decider by 20 points (35 to 15).

Rugby union in Tonga
Rugby union is the national sport of Tonga. It is the most popular sport in the country. Tonga are considered to be a tier 2 rugby nation by the International Rugby Board.

Tonga has four main rugby playing islands, Vava'u (which produced players like Epi Taione), Ha'apai (which produced players like Jonah Lomu), ʻEua (which produced the Vunipola family, eight brothers who all played for the national team), and Tongatapu the major island in the Tonga island group.
William Marquart
William Marquart (February 24, 1915 – June 13, 1960) was a Canadian boxer who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics.

He was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba and died in Chicago, Illinois, United States.

In 1936 he was eliminated in the quarterfinals of the featherweight class after losing his fight to Dezső Frigyes.

Embarking on a professional career after the Olympics, he eventually moved to the United States permanently and joined the country's Navy in June 1942, the same month in which he TKOed Cleo McNeal in his final professional fight.

Boxing at the 1936 Summer Olympics – Featherweight
The men's featherweight event was part of the boxing programme at the 1936 Summer Olympics. The weight class was the third-lightest contested, and allowed boxers of up to 126 pounds (57.2 kilograms). The competition was held from Tuesday to Saturday, 11 to 15 August 1936. Twenty-four boxers from 24 nations competed.
Tovaritch (film)
Tovaritch is a 1935 French comedy film directed by Jacques Deval and Germain Fried, along with the uncredited Jean Tarride and Victor Trivas, and starring Irène Zilahy, André Lefaur and Marguerite Deval. It is based on the 1933 play Tovarich by Jacques Deval, who also adapted the screenplay. It was shot at the Francoeur Studios in Paris. The film's sets were designed by the art director Lucien Aguettand. In 1937 the play was adapted again into the Hollywood film Tovarich featuring Claudette Colbert and Charles Boyer.

Francoeur Studios
The Francoeur Studios are film production studios in Paris. In 1926 Bernard Natan's Rapid Films set up production at the location, before in 1929 it was merged with the Pathé conglomerate under Natan's overall control. In the postwar era it was part of the Franstudio complex along with the Joinville and Saint-Maurice Studios. In the 1970s it was used for shooting television. Since 1999 it has been the headquarters of La Fémis.
Bridge in Porter Township
Bridge in Porter Township is a historic lenticular truss bridge spanning Pine Creek at Porter Township, Lycoming County, Pennsylvania.  It was built in 1889, and is a single-span bridge that measures 287 feet (87 m) long and 20 feet (6.1 m) wide.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.

Lycoming County, Pennsylvania
Lycoming County is a county in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. As of the 2020 census, the population was 114,188. Its county seat is Williamsport. The county is part of the North Central region of the commonwealth.

Lycoming County comprises the Williamsport metropolitan statistical area.

About 130 miles (210 km) northwest of Philadelphia and 165 miles (270 km) east-northeast of Pittsburgh, Lycoming is Pennsylvania's largest county by land area.
MS Volcán de Tindaya
Volcán de Tindaya is a roll-on/roll-off passenger ferry operated by the Spanish shipping company Naviera Armas between the Canary Islands of Fuerteventura and Lanzarote in the Atlantic Ocean. It was built and delivered to Armas in 2002 and has been operating the route between the towns of Corralejo (Fuerteventura) and Playa Blanca (Lanzarote) since then. The ship is named after the Tindaya mountain on Fuerteventura.

Roll-on/roll-off
Roll-on/roll-off (RORO or ro-ro) ships are cargo ships designed to carry wheeled cargo, such as cars, motorcycles, trucks, semi-trailer trucks, buses, trailers, and railroad cars, that are driven on and off the ship on their own wheels or using a platform vehicle, such as a self-propelled modular transporter. This is in contrast to lift-on/lift-off (LoLo) vessels, which use a crane to load and unload cargo.

RORO vessels have either built-in or shore-based ramps or ferry slips that allow the cargo to be efficiently rolled on and off the vessel when in port. While smaller ferries that operate across rivers and other short distances often have built-in ramps, the term RORO is generally reserved for large seagoing vessels. The ramps and doors may be located in the stern, bow, or sides, or any combination thereof.
Ramaria botrytoides
Ramaria botrytoides is a species of coral fungus in the family Gomphaceae. First described by American mycologist Charles Horton Peck in 1905 as Clavaria botryoides, it was transferred to the genus Ramaria in 1950 by E.J.H. Corner. Found in the eastern United States, it resembles Ramaria botrytis, but can be most reliably distinguished from that species by the lack of longitudinal striations in its spores.

E. J. H. Corner
Edred John Henry Corner FRS (12 January 1906 – 14 September 1996) was an English mycologist and botanist who occupied the posts of assistant director at the Singapore Botanic Gardens (1929–1946) and Professor of Tropical Botany at the University of Cambridge (1965–1973). Corner was a Fellow of Sidney Sussex College from 1959.
Samuel Fisk Green
Samuel Fisk Green (1822–1884) was an American medical missionary. He graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York City. He served with the American Ceylon Mission (ACM) in Jaffna, Sri Lanka during the period (1847–1873) when it was the British colony of Ceylon. During his tenure he founded the Sri Lanka's first medical hospital and school in what later became the Green Memorial Hospital in Manipay in the Jaffna Peninsula. He translated and published over 4000 pages of medical literature from English to Tamil as part of his efforts to train doctors in their native language. He was personally responsible for training over 60 native doctors of whom majority had their instructions in Tamil.

Jaffna Peninsula
The Jaffna Peninsula (Tamil: யாழ்ப்பாணக் குடாநாடு, romanized: Yāḻppāṇa kuṭānāṭu, or Tamil: யாழ் குடாநாடு, romanized: Yāḻ kuṭānāṭu) is a region in the Northern Province of Sri Lanka. It is home to the capital city of the province, Jaffna, and comprises much of the former land mass of the medieval Jaffna Kingdom.

The peninsula was historically divided into the three regions of Vadamarachchi, Thenmarachchi and Valikamam, which today make up three regions of the Jaffna District.
Alexandr Bilinkis
Alexandr Bilinkis (born 28 June 1968, Chișinău, Moldavian SSR, Soviet Union) is a businessman, public and diplomatic figure, philanthropist.

Bilinkis is known as a successful entrepreneur, one of the largest investors in the food industry of Moldova.  As public figure, is known as: the President of the Jewish Community of Moldova, member of the Executive Council of the European Jewish Fund. He is the Honorary Consul of the United Mexican States in Moldova. Actively performs charitable and sponsorship activities.

American Jewish Committee
American Jewish Committee (AJC) is a civil rights group and Jewish advocacy group established on November 11, 1906. It is one of the oldest Jewish advocacy organizations and, according to The New York Times, is "widely regarded as the dean of American Jewish organizations".

Besides working in favor of civil liberties for Jews, the organization has a history of fighting against forms of discrimination in the United States and working on behalf of social equality, such as filing an amicus brief in the May 1954 case of Brown v. Board of Education and participating in other events in the civil rights movement. It is also known for its pro-Israel lobbying.
Gynaephora groenlandica
Gynaephora groenlandica, the Arctic woolly bear moth, is an erebid moth native to the High Arctic in the Canadian archipelago, Greenland and Wrangel Island in Russia. It is known for its slow rate of development, as its full caterpillar life cycle may extend up to 7 years, with moulting occurring each spring. This species remains in a larval state for the vast majority of its life. Rare among Lepidoptera, it undergoes an annual period of diapause that lasts for much of the calendar year, as G. groenlandica is subject to some of the longest, most extreme winters on Earth. In this dormant state, it can withstand temperatures as low as −70 °C (−94 °F). The Arctic woolly bear moth also exhibits basking behavior, which aids in temperature regulation and digestion and affects both metabolism and oxygen consumption. Females generally do not fly, while males usually do.

This species has an alpine subspecies which is notable for its geographic distribution south of the High Arctic.

John Ross (Royal Navy officer)
Rear-Admiral Sir John Ross CB (24 June 1777 – 30 August 1856) was a British naval officer and explorer. He was the uncle of Sir James Clark Ross, who explored the Arctic with him, and later led expeditions to Antarctica.
Spahija
Spahija is a Kosovo Albanian surname of Persian origin derived from the word spahi (سپاهی, sepâhi; horseman, soldier), that entered Albanian from the Turkish adaption Sipahi (horseman, cavalryman). Notable people with the surname include:

Hrvoje Spahija (born 1988), Croatian footballer

Neven Spahija (born 1962), Croatian basketball coach

Spahi
Spahis (French pronunciation: [spa.i]) were light-cavalry regiments of the French army recruited primarily from the Arab and Berber populations of Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco. The modern French Army retains one regiment of Spahis as an armoured unit, with personnel now recruited in mainland France. Senegal also maintains a mounted unit with spahi origins as a presidential escort: the Red Guard.
Bound Stems
Bound Stems was an indie rock band with math rock influences from Chicago, Illinois. The band's members were Robert Gallivan (vocals), Dan Fleury (guitar), Dan Radzicki (bass, keys), Evan Sult (drums, ex-Harvey Danger), and Janie Porche (multi-instrumentalist).

Math rock
Math rock is a style of alternative and indie rock with roots in bands such as King Crimson and Rush. It is characterized by complex, atypical rhythmic structures (including irregular stopping and starting), counterpoint, odd time signatures, and extended chords. Bearing similarities to post-rock, math rock has been described as the "opposite side of the same coin". Opting for a "rockier" approach to songwriting and timbres, the style is often performed by smaller ensembles which emphasize the role of the guitar.
Mal, Lucknow
Mal, also spelled Mall, is a village and corresponding community development block in Lucknow district of Uttar Pradesh, India. It is part of the tehsil of Malihabad. As of 2011, the population of Mal was 6,429, in 1,199 households, while the population of Mal block was 170,962, in 31,429 households.

Community development block
In India, a community development block (CD block) or simply a block is a sub-division of a district, administratively earmarked for planning and development. In tribal areas, similar sub-divisions are called tribal development blocks (TD blocks). The area is administered by a block development officer (BDO), supported by several technical specialists and village-level workers. A community development block covers several gram panchayats, the local administrative units at the village level. A block is a rural subdivision and typically smaller than a tehsil. A tehsil is purely for revenue administration, whereas a block is for rural development purposes. In most states, a block is coterminous with the panchayat samiti area.
Athletics at the 2005 Bolivarian Games – Results
These are the results of the athletics competition at the 2005 Bolivarian Games which took place between August 18 and August 21, 2005, in Armenia, Colombia. The results were assembled from various sources.

Armenia, Colombia
Armenia (Spanish pronunciation: [aɾˈme.nja]) is the capital of  Quindío Department in the South American country of Colombia. Armenia is a medium-sized city and part of the "coffee axis" along with Pereira and Manizales. It is one of the main centers of the national economy and of the Colombian coffee growing axis. As a result, the historic center of Armenia was named as part of the "Coffee Cultural Landscape" of UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2011.
Caudron C.690
The Caudron C.690 was a single-seat training aircraft developed in France in the late 1930s to train fighter pilots to handle high-performance aircraft. It was a conventional low-wing cantilever monoplane that bore a strong resemblance to designer Marcel Riffard's racer designs of the same period. Caudron attempted to attract overseas sales for the aircraft, but this resulted in orders for only two machines - one from Japan, and the other from the USSR. In the meantime, the first of two prototypes was destroyed in a crash that killed René Paulhan, Caudron's chief test pilot.

Despite this, the Armée de l'Air eventually showed interest in the type, and ordered a batch of a slightly refined design. The first of these was not delivered until April 1939, and only 15 C.690Ms were supplied before the outbreak of war.

Trainer aircraft
A trainer is a class of aircraft designed specifically to facilitate flight training of pilots and aircrews. The use of a dedicated trainer aircraft with additional safety features—such as tandem flight controls, forgiving flight characteristics and a simplified cockpit arrangement—allows pilots-in-training to safely advance their skills in a more forgiving aircraft.

Civilian pilots are normally trained in a light aircraft, with two or more seats to allow for a student and instructor.
Norðurljós
Norðurljós (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈnɔrðʏrˌljouːs], lit. 'Northern Lights') was an Icelandic mass media corporation. It owned the television stations Stöð 2, Sýn and PoppTíVí, several radio stations, including Bylgjan and the daily newspapers Fréttablaðið and DV. All of those were sold to the telecommunications company Og fjarskipti, and split into 365 ljósvakamiðlar (TV and radio stations) and 365 prentmiðlar (newspapers). It also used to own the stores Skífan, Office 1 Superstore (in Iceland), Sony Center Stores (in Iceland) and BT and the cinemas Smárabíó and Regnboginn, which were sold earlier to Dagur group.

Syn (goddess)
In Norse mythology, Syn (Old Norse: [ˈsyn], "refusal") is a goddess associated with defensive refusal. Syn is attested in the Prose Edda, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson; and in kennings employed in skaldic poetry. Scholars have proposed theories about the implications of the goddess.
2021 European Archery 3D Championships
The 2021 European Archery 3D Championships took place in Maribor, Slovenia from 29 August to 4 September 2021.
These are part of the European Archery Championships organized by World Archery Europe (WAE). This is the first edition in which the mixed team competition was introduced.
Videos of the final day are available online, featuring the individual, team, and mixed team medal challenges.

European Archery Championships
The European Archery Championships is a series of outdoor, indoor, field, 3D and other archery championship in Europe. They are organised by World Archery Europe, the organisation of the European continent which is part of World Archery.
Stephen W. Williams
Stephen William Williams (1837–1899) was a civil engineer and architect who worked mainly in Radnorshire and Breconshire, Wales. He was county surveyor of Radnorshire from 1864 to 1899. He had offices at Rhayader and lived at Penralley House, Rhayader, He became a noted authority on the archaeology of the Cistercian Monasteries in Wales and undertook excavations at Strata Florida Abbey in Ceredigion, Abbey Cwm Hir in Radnorshire and Strata Marcella near Welshpool in Montgomeryshire. He was appointed High Sheriff of Radnorshire in 1899.

Brecknockshire
Brecknockshire (Welsh: Brycheiniog or Sir Frycheiniog), also known as the County of Brecknock, Breconshire, or the County of Brecon, was one of the thirteen counties of Wales that existed from 1536 until their abolition in 1974. It was created in 1536 under the Laws in Wales Act 1535, and from 1889 it was an administrative county with a county council; the administrative county was abolished in 1974. The county was named after the medieval Welsh territory of Brycheiniog, which was anglicised to Brecknock and also gave its name to the county town of Brecon. The former county's area is mountainous and primarily rural.
Cauca State
Cauca State was one of the states of Colombia, which existed from 1857 until 1886.

Today the area of the former state makes up most of modern-day west and southern Colombia, with some portion of its vast territories acquired by present-day Peru, Brazil, Ecuador and Venezuela.

Pasto, Colombia
Pasto, officially San Juan de Pasto (Spanish pronunciation: [saŋ ˈxwan de ˈpasto]; "Saint John of Pasto"), is the capital of the department of Nariño, in southern Colombia. Pasto was founded in 1537 and named after indigenous people of the area. In the 2018 census, the municipality had a population of 392,930. Pasto is located in the Atriz Valley on the Andes cordillera, at the foot of the Galeras volcano.
Schoon en Meedogenloos
Schoon en Meedogenloos ("Clean and Bold", an allusion to the Flemish title of The Bold and the Beautiful namely Mooi en Meedogenloos, more so "schoon" and "mooi" are synonyms) is the Flemish version of the British television show How Clean Is Your House?.
The program aired on vtm.

How Clean Is Your House?
How Clean Is Your House? is a British entertainment/lifestyle television programme in which expert cleaners Kim Woodburn and Aggie MacKenzie visit dirty houses and clean them up. The thirty-minute show was produced by Talkback Thames, the UK production arm of Fremantle (itself part of the RTL Group), and aired on Channel 4 from 2003 to 2009. Though a ratings success, Channel 4 announced that they had decided to cancel the series in 2009 in order to make way for new programming.
2001–02 Úrvalsdeild kvenna (basketball)
The 2001–2002 Úrvalsdeild kvenna was the 44th season of the Úrvalsdeild kvenna, the top tier women's basketball league in Iceland. The season started on 13 October 2001 and ended on 14 April 2002. KR won its 13th title by defeating ÍS 3–2 in the Finals.

Úrvalsdeild kvenna (basketball)
Úrvalsdeild kvenna (English: Women's Premier League), known as Bónus deild kvenna for sponsorship reasons, is the highest basketball competition among women's clubs in Iceland. It is administered by the Icelandic Basketball Federation. It was founded in 1952 and, until 2007, it was known as 1. deild kvenna (English: Women's First division).

The league was known as the Subway deild kvenna from 2021 to 2024. In July 2024, supermarket chain Bónus became the primary sponsor.
James Dapogny
James Elliot Dapogny (September 3, 1940, Berwyn, Illinois – March 6, 2019, Ann Arbor, Michigan) was an American jazz musicologist, pianist, composer, arranger and bandleader, active principally in the traditional jazz revival scene.

Bandleader
A bandleader is the leader of a music group such as a dance band, rock or pop band or jazz quartet. The term is most commonly used with a group that plays popular music as a small combo or a big band, such as one which plays jazz, blues, rhythm and blues or rock and roll music. Most bandleaders are also performers with their own band, either as singers or as instrumentalists, playing an instrument such as electric guitar, piano, or other instruments.
Resket Tower
The Resket Tower (Persian: برج رسکت; also spelled Resget) is a monument in Sari, Iran. The tower was constructed in the 11th-century.  A stucco is written on the entrance, in Arabic and Pahlavi, which states that the mausoleum was built for the two Bavandid princes Hormozd-Yar and Qabus-Yar. The person behind the construction of the tower was most likely the father of the two princes.

Bavand dynasty
The Bavand dynasty (Persian: باوندیان) (also spelled Bavend), or simply the Bavandids, was an Iranian dynasty that ruled in parts of Tabaristan (present-day Mazandaran province) in what is now northern Iran from 651 until 1349, alternating between outright independence and submission as vassals to more powerful regional rulers. They ruled for 698 years, which is the second longest dynasty of Iran after the Baduspanids.
Tyrrell 009
The Tyrrell 009 was a Formula One racing car that was designed by Maurice Philippe for Tyrrell Racing for the 1979 season.

The 009, was powered by the Ford-Cosworth DFV V8 engine and made its competition debut in the first race of the season in Argentina. The 009s were driven by Frenchmen Didier Pironi and Jean-Pierre Jarier, with Jarier being replaced by Englishman Geoff Lees for the German GP and Irishman Derek Daly for the Austrian GP. Daly later drove a third car at two final races of the season. For the 1980 season 009 raced in first two races and then was replaced by 010.

Jean-Pierre Jarier
Jean-Pierre Jacques Jarier (French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃pjɛʁ ʒaʁje]; born 10 July 1946) is a French former racing driver, who competed in Formula One from 1971 to 1983.

Jarier contested 143 Formula One Grands Prix for March, Shadow, ATS, Ligier, Lotus, Tyrrell, and Osella. He achieved three podiums and three pole positions across 12 seasons.