hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Marcatili's method
Marcatili’s method is an approximate analytical method that describes how light propagates through rectangular dielectric optical waveguides . It was published by Enrique Marcatili in 1969.

Optical dielectric waveguides guide electromagnetic waves in the optical spectrum (light). This type of waveguide consists of dielectric materials (e.g., glass, silicon, indium phosphide, etc). The core of the waveguide has a higher index of refraction than its surrounding and the light is guided due to total internal reflection. In a ray description, the light zig-zags between the walls.

The geometry of the waveguide dictates the light to propagate with specific velocities and specific distributions of the electric and magnetic fields, known as modes. For rectangular waveguides, these modes cannot be computed analytically. This can be done either using a numerical mode solver, or using an approximate method such as Marcatili’s method.

Enrique Marcatili
Enrique A. J. Marcatili (born July 22, 1925, in Villa María Córdoba, Argentina - died January 19, 2021, in N.J.) was an Argentine-American physicist. Together with Stewart E. Miller and Tingye Li, all of Bell Laboratories in Holmdel Township, New Jersey, he was winner of the IEEE's Baker Prize in 1975. Marcatili has been described as "a pioneer in optical fiber research," and he was a member of the National Academy of Engineering.

Marcatili was a resident of Rumson, New Jersey.
1999 Liège–Bastogne–Liège
The 85th running of Liège–Bastogne–Liège was held on 18 April 1999. It was the fourth leg of the 1999 UCI Road World Cup, held between Paris–Roubaix and Amstel Gold Race. Belgian Frank Vandenbroucke won the race after a solo attack on the Côte de Saint-Nicolas. Dutchmen Michael Boogerd and Maarten den Bakker completed the podium. 71 of 191 riders finished the race.

UCI Road World Cup
The UCI Road World Cup was a season-long road cycling competition, organised annually by the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) from 1989 until 2004.

The World Cup was made up of ten one-day races chosen from the classics. Riders accumulated points based on finishing positions across various events, with scoring for individuals and teams. In the years of the competition, points were awarded to the top 25 finishers in each round, ranging from 100 points for the winner to 1 point for 25th place. The rider leading the overall standings wore a distinctive jersey for subsequent events.

Following the 2004 season, the competition was discontinued. It was replaced by the UCI ProTour and the UCI Continental Circuits, which began in 2005.
Stráňany
Stráňany (until 1948: Folvark; Hungarian: Nagymajor; Polish: Folwark; Rusyn: Страняны) is a village and municipality in Stará Ľubovňa District in the Prešov Region of northern Slovakia. The village is traditionally inhabited by Rusyns, as one of their westernmost settlements. There is Greek Catholic church built in 1857.

Stará Ľubovňa District
Stará Ľubovňa District (okres Stará Ľubovňa) is a district in
the Prešov Region of eastern Slovakia. 
Until 1918, the district was almost entirely part of the county of Kingdom of Hungary of Spiš, apart from a small area in the
east which formed part of the county of Šariš.
Ilocos Norte tobacco excise tax funds controversy
In May 2017, the House of Representatives of the Philippines began an investigation into alleged misuse of tobacco excise tax funds in the province of Ilocos Norte from 2010 to 2016, representing the first two gubernatorial terms of Imee Marcos, who was serving her third and last gubernatorial term at the time the investigation was initiated. Marcos, her longtime partner Mark Chua, and six Ilocos Norte local officials—Pedro Agcaoili, Eden Batulayan, Josephine Calajete, Encarnacion Gaor, Genedine Jambaro, and Evangeline Tabulog—were implicated in the investigation.

In July 2018 the House Committee on Good Government recommended that charges be filed against the persons implicated, leading the Office of the Ombudsman to initiate its own "fact-finding investigation" to determine whether a formal investigation will be opened.

Ilocos Sur
Ilocos Sur (lit. 'South Ilocos'), officially the Province of Ilocos Sur (Ilocano: Probinsia ti Ilocos Sur; Tagalog: Lalawigan ng Ilocos Sur), is a province in the Philippines located in the Ilocos Region in Luzon. Located on the mouth of the Mestizo River is the capital of Vigan, while Candon is the most-populous city. Ilocos Sur is bordered by Ilocos Norte and Abra to the north, Mountain Province to the east, La Union and Benguet to the south and the South China Sea to the west.

Ilocos Sur was established in 1818 when the province of Ilocos was split into two: the north (now Ilocos Norte) and the south (Ilocos Sur). At that time, it included parts of Abra and the upper half of present-day La Unión. The current boundaries of the province set in March 1917 by virtue of Act No. 2683.

The province is home to two UNESCO World Heritage Sites, namely, the Heritage City of Vigan and the Santa Maria Basilica Shrine.
Portalites
Portalites is an extinct genus of acritarchs. The species Portalites gondwanensis was located in outcrop Morro do Papaléo in the town of Mariana Pimentel in Brazil, the geopark Paleorrota. The outcrop is in the Rio Bonito Formation and date from Sakmarian in the Permian.

Sakmarian
In the geologic timescale, the Sakmarian is an age or stage of the Permian period. It is a subdivision of the Cisuralian Epoch or Series. The Sakmarian lasted between 293.52 and 290.1 million years ago (Ma). It was preceded by the Asselian and followed by the Artinskian.
Alloclinus
Alloclinus is a genus of blennies in the family Labrisomidae. It is monotypic, being represented by the single species, Alloclinus holderi, commonly known as the island kelpfish. Alloclinus holderi is a subtropical species native to the eastern Pacific Ocean from Santa Cruz Island, California, to Baja California.  This species inhabits rocky areas and can be found down to about 49 m (161 ft).  It can reach a length of 10 cm (3.9 in). The specific name honours the American naturalist, conservationist and author Charles Frederick Holder (1851-1915).

Blennioidei
Blennies (from the Greek ἡ βλέννα and τό βλέννος, mucus, slime) are a diverse clade of ray-finned fish in the suborder Blennioidei of the percomorph order Blenniiformes. They inhabit marine, brackish, and occasionally freshwater habitats, and generally share similar morphology and behaviour. About 151 genera and nearly 900 species have been described within the order.
EP Manosque
L'Entente Provencale de Manosque is a French football club based in Manosque, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence. It was founded in 1925. The club currently plays in the Championnat de France Amateurs 2, the fifth tier of the French football league system, after being relegated from the Championnat de France Amateurs in the 2007-08 season.

2007–08 Championnat de France Amateur
The 2007–08 Championnat de France Amateurs season was the 10th edition of the competition since its establishment. The competition officially began on 11 August 2007 and ended in May 2008. The competition consists of 72 clubs spread into 4 parallel groups of 18.

It is open to reserve teams in France and amateur clubs in France, although only the amateur clubs are eligible for promotion to the Championnat National. The highest-placed amateur team in each pool are promoted, replaced by the 4 lowest-placed in the Championnat.

The champions each group were Pacy Vallée-d'Eure (Group A), Croix de Savoie (Group B), SO Cassis (Group C), and Bordeaux (Group D), though Aviron Bayonnais FC were promoted to the Championnat National as they are not a reserve side.
Number 1 TV
Number 1 TV  is a Turkish music television channel. It was launched in 1994. Being one of the earliest foreign music channels to be introduced in Turkey, its initial broadcast took place from the existing studio located in Yenibosna and embarked on its journey with a modest studio setup and a limited workforce.

In order to ensure visual consistency on screen, the channel pioneered the concept of clip generations. These clip generations featured song titles, artists, and record companies for both domestic and international music videos. Number One TV became the first channel worldwide to broadcast clips for songs such as Madonna's "The Power Of Goodbye" and The Cranberries' "Promises."

Music television
Music television is a type of television programming which focuses predominantly on playing music videos from recording artists, usually on dedicated television channels broadcasting on satellite, cable, or streaming platforms.

Music television channels may host their own shows and charts and award prizes. Examples are Paramount's MTV, Channel UFX (India), 4Music (UK), 40 TV (Spain), Channel V (China), VIVA (Germany, defunct), Scuzz (UK), MuchMusic (Canadian), TeleHit (Mexico), Kerrang! TV (UK), RAC 105 TV (Catalonia), GTV (Indonesia, removed years later) VH1 (removed years later), Fuse TV (removed years later) and Palladia (now as MTV Live).
2021 REV Group Grand Prix at Road America
The 2021 REV Group Grand Prix at Road America was the ninth race of the 2021 IndyCar Series season. The race was held on Sunday, June 20, 2021, in Elkhart Lake, Wisconsin at Road America, a 4.048 miles (6.515 km) permanent road course. The race went to the scheduled 55 laps to completion. At race's end, Álex Palou, driving for Chip Ganassi Racing, would take advantage of a disaster-stricken Josef Newgarden to win his second career IndyCar Series win and his second of the season. To fill out the podium, Colton Herta, driving for Andretti Autosport with Curb-Agajanian, and Will Power, driving for Team Penske, would finish second and third, respectively.

Will Power
William Steven Power (born 1 March 1981) is an Australian racing driver who is set to compete in the IndyCar Series, driving the No. 26 Dallara-Honda for Andretti Global. He won the 2018 Indianapolis 500 and has won the IndyCar Championship twice, in 2014 and 2022. Power is one of the most successful drivers in Indy car racing history, currently fourth all-time in wins (45), first all-time in poles (71), and fourth all-time in podiums (108).
Rue de Miromesnil
The Rue de Miromesnil is a street in the 8th arrondissement of Paris. It begins at the Rue du Faubourg-Saint-Honoré at the level of the Place Beauvau and ends at the Boulevard de Courcelles.

48°52′34″N 2°18′57″E﻿ / ﻿48.8760°N 2.3157°E﻿ / 48.8760; 2.3157

Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré
The Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré (pronounced [ʁy dy fobuʁ sɛ̃t‿ɔnɔʁe]) is a street located in the 8th arrondissement of Paris, France. Relatively narrow and undistinguished, especially in comparison to the nearby Avenue des Champs-Élysées, it is cited as being one of the most luxurious and fashionable streets in the world due to the presence of major global fashion houses, including the Élysée Palace (official residence of the President of France), the Hôtel de Pontalba (residence of the United States Ambassador to France), the Embassy of Canada, the Embassy of the United Kingdom, as well as numerous art galleries.

The Rue Saint-Honoré, of which the Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré is now an extension, began as a road extending west from the northern edge of the Louvre Palace. Saint Honoré, Honorius of Amiens, is the French patron saint of bakers.
Levon James
Levon James is the second mixtape by American rapper King Von, and the last mixtape to be released during his lifetime. It was released through Only the Family Entertainment/Empire on March 6, 2020. It is a 16-track project in an assortment of drill heavy beats executive produced by Chopsquad DJ and with various others productions from Mike WiLL Made-It, EY3ZLOWBEATZ, Ant Chamberlain, Budda Beats, Blue Nightmare, Dr. Flow,  Bruce "Jaggerwerks" Billingy, MVAbeats, Mike Mvjor, JAYSTONBEATS. It has guest appearances from Lil Durk, Booka600, G Herbo, NLE Choppa, Tee Grizzley, YNW Melly, and Yungeen Ace.

The project peaked at number 40 on the Billboard 200. On December 20, 2024, the album received gold certification by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).

Only the Family
Only the Family, often abbreviated as OTF, is an American hip hop group and a record label from Chicago, Illinois, formed in 2010. The group is composed of Chicago-based rappers, which included the late King Von and the currently incarcerated Lil Durk.
1980 Bavarian Tennis Championships – Doubles
Wojtek Fibak and Tom Okker were the defending champions, but lost in the first round this year.

Heinz Günthardt and Bob Hewitt won the title, defeating David Carter and Chris Lewis 7–6, 6–1 in the final.

Bob Hewitt
Robert Anthony John Hewitt (born 12 January 1940) is a former professional tennis player from Australia. In 1967, after marrying a South African, he became a South African citizen. He has won 15 major titles and a career Grand Slam in both men's and mixed doubles.

In 2015, he was convicted of rape and sexual assault of girls he was coaching in the 1980s and 1990s; Hewitt was sentenced to six years in jail, and was subsequently expelled from the International Tennis Hall of Fame.
Jürgen Pommerenke
Jürgen Pommerenke (born 22 January 1953) is a German former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.

Pommerenke played his entire professional career for 1. FC Magdeburg, though he began his career as a youngster with BSG Traktor Wegeleben.

At international level he received 53 caps for the East Germany national team, scoring three goals, and was a participant at the 1974 FIFA World Cup. He earned an additional four caps for East Germany playing in the 1972 Summer Olympics, where he won a bronze medal.

In 1975, he won the award for the GDR Footballer of the Year.

East Germany national football team
The East Germany national football team, recognised as Germany DR by FIFA, represented East Germany in men's international football, playing as one of three post-war German teams, along with Saarland and West Germany.

East Germany qualified for the World Cup once, doing so in 1974, and after German reunification in 1990, the Deutscher Fußball Verband der DDR (DFV, English: German Football Association of the GDR), and with it the East German team, joined the Deutscher Fußball Bund (DFB) and the West Germany national football team that had just won the World Cup.
Teledata Networks
Teledata Networks was a global provider of Access network solutions for Telecom Service Providers. The company created solutions that enable service providers to migrate to Next Generation Networks (NGN), and also support a Triple Play service portfolio.

Triple play (telecommunications)
In telecommunications, triple play refers to the provision of broadband internet, television, and telephony over a single connection. The concept highlights the supplier convergence of multiple services with the aim of improving convenience for users and streamlining service delivery.
Ingrid Lorvik
Ingrid Lorvik (born 21 February 1986) is a Norwegian racing cyclist, who most recently rode for UCI Women's Continental Team Hitec Products–Birk Sport.

During her career, Lorvik has taken three professional victories – a stage at both the 2014 Tour de Feminin – O cenu Českého Švýcarska and the 2015 Gracia–Orlová, as well as the 2019 Norwegian National Road Race Championships. She has also contested the women's road race at the UCI Road World Championships on four occasions between 2013 and 2020.

Team Coop–Repsol (women's team)
Team Coop–Repsol (UCI Code: HPU) is a professional women's cycling team based in Norway that competes in elite road bicycle racing events.

It is sponsored by Coop Norge, a Norwegian cooperative with head office in Oslo, and Repsol, a Spanish multinational energy and petrochemical company based in Madrid.
Cross Egypt Challenge
Cross Egypt Challenge (or simply CEC) is an annual cross-country endurance motorcycle and scooter rally conducted throughout the most difficult and challenging roads and tracks of Egypt. The rally is open to amateur and professional riders from around the globe.

The distance of the rally ranges between 2500 and 3000 km but with a different route every year. Participants usually ride from 200 to 500 km per day.

Kharga Oasis
The Kharga Oasis (Arabic: الخارجة al-Ḫāriǧa, pronounced [elˈxæɾɡæ]) lit. 'the outer'; Coptic: (ϯ)ⲟⲩⲁϩ ⲛ̀ϩⲏⲃ (di)wah enhib, "Oasis of Hib", (ϯ)ⲟⲩⲁϩ ⲙ̀ⲯⲟⲓ (di)wah empsoi "Oasis of Psoi") is the southernmost of Egypt's five western oases. It is located in the Western Desert, about 200 km (125 miles) to the west of the Nile valley. "Kharga" or "El Kharga" is also the name of a major town located in the oasis, the capital of New Valley Governorate. The oasis, which was known as the 'Southern Oasis' to the Ancient Egyptians, the 'outer' (he Exotero) to the Greeks and Oasis Magna to the Romans, is the largest of the oases in the Libyan Desert of Egypt. It is in a depression about 160 km (100 miles) long and from 20 km (12 miles) to 80 km (50 miles) wide. Its estimated population is 87,482 as of 2023.
Bo Bice
Harold Elwin "Bo" Bice Jr. (born November 1, 1975) is an American singer and musician who was the runner-up against Carrie Underwood in the fourth season of American Idol. Prior to auditioning for American Idol, Bice released a solo album as well as a few albums with his bands while performing on the night club circuit.

Bice charted in 2005 at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 with a rendition of "Inside Your Heaven" from American Idol. He released the album The Real Thing after American Idol to minor success before being dropped by RCA Records. He started his own record label Sugar Money and subsequently released two more albums, See the Light and 3. He was also the lead singer of Blood, Sweat & Tears from 2013 until 2018.

Sweet Home Alabama
"Sweet Home Alabama" is a song by American rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd, released on the band's second album Second Helping (1974). It was written in response to Neil Young's songs "Southern Man" and "Alabama", which the band felt blamed the entire Southern United States for slavery; Young is name-checked and dissed in the lyrics. It reached number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1974, becoming the band's highest-charting single.

The song remains a staple in Southern and classic rock, and, along with "Free Bird", is arguably the band's signature song.

The political lyrics of the song compare Richard Nixon and his Watergate scandal with the governor of Alabama George Wallace and his political supporters in Birmingham. The lyrics have been perceived as mocking the American liberals and their outrage at Nixon's conduct.
2019 Nielsen Pro Tennis Championship
The 2019 Nielsen Pro Tennis Championship was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the 28th edition of the tournament which was part of the 2019 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Winnetka, Illinois, between 8 and 14 July 2019.

Winnetka, Illinois
Winnetka (/wɪˈnɛtkə/) is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States, 16 miles (26 km) north of downtown Chicago. The population was 12,508 as of the 2026 census. The village is one of the wealthiest places in the United States in terms of household income. It was the second-ranked Illinois community on Bloomberg's 2019 Richest Places Annual Index. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Winnetka's median household income exceeded $250,000 in 2023.
Henry Jackson (rugby union)
Henry William Jackson (3 November 1853 — 28 December 1930) was an Irish international rugby union player.

Born in Clones, County Monaghan, Jackson was educated at Foyle College in Derry and Trinity College Dublin. He played rugby during his youth and in 1877 was capped for Ireland as a forward against England at The Oval. Called to the bar in 1879, Jackson had a practice at the North East-Bar and became a QC in 1900. He was a Master of the King's Bench.

Jackson married the daughter of barrister William Lane-Joynt, a former Lord Mayor of Dublin He was the father of the six-time Irish amateur golf champion Janet Jackson and had a son Cyril who led Ireland in the 1931 Davis Cup.

Clones, County Monaghan
Clones (/ˈkloʊnɪs/ KLOH-nis; from Irish Cluain Eois, meaning 'meadow of Eois') is a small town in the west of County Monaghan in Ireland. The area is part of the Border Region in the Republic of Ireland, earmarked for economic development by the Irish Government due to its currently below-average economic situation. The town was badly hit economically by the Partition of Ireland in 1921 because of its location on the border with County Fermanagh in Northern Ireland. The creation of the Irish border deprived it of access to a large part of its economic hinterland for many years. The town had a population of 1,885 at the 2022 census. The town is in a civil parish of the same name.
17 Crateris
17 Crateris is a wide binary star system in the equatorial constellation of Hydra, located 90.5 light years away from the Sun. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, yellow-white hued star with a combined apparent visual magnitude of 4.93. The system is traversing the celestial sphere with a relative proper motion of 24.9 mas/y, and is moving away from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +5.8 km/s.

The dual nature of this system was discovered by W. Herschel in 1783, when they showed an angular separation of 9.8″. As of 2015, the two components of this system had a separation of 9.60″ along a position angle of 210°. This is equivalent to a projected separation of 241.3 AU; wide enough that, thus far, their orbital track appears linear. They are nearly identical F-type main-sequence stars with a stellar classification of F8V. The primary is slightly brighter at magnitude 5.64, while the secondary is magnitude 5.76.

Celestial sphere
In astronomy and navigation, the celestial sphere is an abstract sphere that has an arbitrarily large radius and is concentric to Earth. All objects in the sky can be conceived as being projected upon the inner surface of the celestial sphere, which may be centered on Earth or the observer. If centered on the observer, half of the sphere would resemble a hemispherical screen over the observing location.

The celestial sphere is a conceptual tool used in spherical astronomy to specify the position of an object in the sky without consideration of its linear distance from the observer. The celestial equator divides the celestial sphere into northern and southern hemispheres.
Azaz Subdistrict
Azaz Subdistrict (Arabic: ناحية مركز أعزاز, romanized: Nāḥiyah A‘zāz)  is a subdistrict of Azaz District in northwestern Aleppo Governorate of northern Syria. Administrative centre is the city of Azaz. Neighbouring subdistricts are Sawran to the east, Tell Rifaat to the south, and the subdistricts Afrin and Bulbul of Afrin District to the west or southwest, respectively. To the north is the Kilis Province of Turkey.

At the 2004 census, the subdistrict had a population of 47,570.

Bulbul
The bulbuls are members of a family, Pycnonotidae, of medium-sized passerine songbirds, which also includes greenbuls, brownbuls, leafloves, and bristlebills. The family is distributed across most of Africa and into the Middle East, tropical Asia to Indonesia, and north as far as Japan. A few insular species occur on the tropical islands of the Indian Ocean. There are 166 species in 32 genera. While different species are found in a wide range of habitats, the African species are predominantly found in rainforest, whereas Asian bulbuls are predominantly found in more open areas.