hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Envy minimization
In computer science and operations research, the envy minimization problem is the problem of allocating discrete items among agents with different valuations over the items, such that the amount of envy is as small as possible.

Ideally, from a fairness perspective, one would like to find an envy-free item allocation - an allocation in which no agent envies another agent. That is: no agent prefers the bundle allocated to another agent. However, with indivisible items this might be impossible. One approach for coping with this impossibility is to turn the problem to an optimization problem, in which the loss function is a function describing the amount of envy. In general, this optimization problem is NP-hard, since even deciding whether an envy-free allocation exists is equivalent to the partition problem. However, there are optimization algorithms that can yield good results in practice.

NP-hardness
In computational complexity theory, a computational problem H is called NP-hard if, for  every problem L which can be solved in non-deterministic polynomial-time, there is a polynomial-time reduction from L to H. That is, assuming a solution for H takes 1 unit time, H's solution can be used to solve L in polynomial time. As a consequence, finding a polynomial time algorithm to solve a single NP-hard problem would give polynomial time algorithms for all the problems in the complexity class NP. As it is suspected, but unproven, that P≠NP, it is unlikely that any polynomial-time algorithms for NP-hard problems exist.

A simple example of an NP-hard problem is the subset sum problem.

Informally, if H is NP-hard, then it is at least as difficult to solve as the problems in NP. However, the opposite direction is not true: some problems are undecidable, and therefore even more difficult to solve than all problems in NP, but they are provably not NP-hard (unless P=NP).
William J. Higginson
William J. Higginson (December 17, 1938 – October 11, 2008) was  an American poet, translator and author most notable for his work with haiku and renku, born in New York City. He was one of the charter members of the Haiku Society of America, and was present at its formation meeting in 1968.

Renku
Renku (連句, "linked verses"), or haikai no renga (俳諧の連歌, "comic linked verse"), is a Japanese form of popular collaborative linked verse poetry. It is a development of the older Japanese poetic tradition of ushin renga, or orthodox collaborative linked verse. At renku gatherings participating poets take turns providing alternating verses of 17 and 14 morae. Initially haikai no renga distinguished itself through vulgarity and coarseness of wit, before growing into a legitimate artistic tradition, and eventually giving birth to the haiku form of Japanese poetry. The term renku gained currency after 1904, when Kyoshi Takahama started to use it.
Staromodnaya komediya
Staromodnaya komediya (Russian: Старомодная комедия, lit. 'Old-fashioned comedy') is a Soviet full-length colour melodrama film. Released in 1978 by the Mosfilm studio, it was an adaptation of the play of the same name by Aleksei Arbuzov.

Igor Vladimirov
Igor Petrovich Vladimirov (Russian: И́горь Петро́вич Влади́миров; 1 January 1919, Yekaterinoslav – 20 March 1999, Saint Petersburg) was a Soviet film and theater actor, theater and film director, and teacher. People's Artist of the USSR (1978). From 1960 until his death in 1999 he was the Principal Director of the Lensovet Theatre in Leningrad.
Petra Dugardein
Petra Dugardein (born 14 April 1977) is a Dutch former international football goalkeeper. A latecomer to top level football, she played club football in the Eredivisie for Willem II and ADO Den Haag. Dugardein announced her immediate retirement from football in January 2011.

Willem II (women)
Willem II Vrouwen was the women's football section of Willem II football club from Tilburg, the Netherlands. They were founder members of the Eredivisie Vrouwen in 2007. In their first season, they finished second out of six teams, the highest finish they would have. The following season, the club was tied for first place entering its final match before losing to league champion AZ Alkmaar, 6–0.

In February 2011, Willem II announced they were withdrawing support for their women's section for financial reasons. The women's club main sponsor had dropped its support for the team.
Durhamville, New York
Durhamville is a hamlet located in Oneida County, New York, United States. The population was 584 as of the 2010 census.

The Hamlet of Durhamville is in the southern part of the county and is approximately 1.75 miles north of Oneida on Route 46.  It is located within the town of Verona, New York.

New York State Route 46
New York State Route 46 (NY 46) is a state highway in Central New York in the United States. It extends from NY 12B in the Madison County town of Eaton to NY 12D in the Oneida County village of Boonville. NY 46 passes through the cities of Oneida and Rome.
Sabine National Wildlife Refuge
Sabine National Wildlife Refuge is a National Wildlife Refuge of the United States located in Cameron Parish in southwestern Louisiana. It is on Louisiana Highway 27, 8 miles (13 km) south of Hackberry and 12 miles (19 km) north of Holly Beach. The western boundary of the Sabine Refuge is Sabine Lake, the inlet for Port Arthur, Texas, while the tip of the eastern end reaches Calcasieu Lake.

National Wildlife Refuge
The National Wildlife Refuge System is a system of protected areas of the United States managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, an agency within the Department of the Interior. The National Wildlife Refuge System is the system of public lands and waters set aside to conserve America's fish, wildlife, and plants.
Mahama Awal
Mahama Awal (Chinese: 艾華; born 10 June 1991) is a professional footballer who currently plays as a winger for Hong Kong Premier League club Southern. Born in Cameroon, he plays for the Hong Kong national team.

Hong Kong Senior Shield
The Hong Kong Senior Shield (Chinese: 香港高級組銀牌), known commonly as the Senior Shield, is the football knockout inter-club competition held in Hong Kong and the fourth oldest football tournament in Asia. Traditionally, only teams that play in the Hong Kong Premier League take part in the competition. However, sometimes teams in the lower divisions, usually the champions of the Junior Shield, are invited in order to increase the number of participating teams.

The current Senior Shield holders are Tai Po.
Ahmed Sidibé
Ahmed Moussa Sidibé (Arabic: احمد موسى سيديبي; born 2 May 1974) is a Mauritanian professional football manager and former player who played as a striker. As of 2021, he is the head coach of Régional 2 club US La Gacilly. During his playing career, he scored five goals in nineteen games for the Mauritania national team.

French football league system
The French football league system, also known as the French football pyramid, is a series of interconnected leagues for club football in France and Monaco, and includes one Spanish side. At the top two levels of the system is the Ligue de Football Professionnel, which consists of two professional national divisions, Ligue 1, Ligue 2. Below that are a number of leagues run by the Fédération Française de Football. At level 3 is the semi-professional Championnat National. Below that is the Championnat National 2 (level 4), which is divided into four parallel regional divisions, followed by the Championnat National 3 (level 5), which is divided into eleven parallel regional divisions. Underneath that are many more regional and departmental leagues and divisions. Clubs finishing the season at or near the top of their division may be eligible for promotion to a higher division. Similarly, clubs finishing at or near the bottom of their division may be relegated to a lower division.
Abdel Nader
Abdel Rahman Nader (Arabic: عبد الرحمن نادر; born September 25, 1993) is an Egyptian-American professional basketball player who last played for the South East Melbourne Phoenix of the Australian National Basketball League (NBL). He played college basketball for the Northern Illinois Huskies and the Iowa State Cyclones before being drafted by the Boston Celtics with the 58th overall pick in the 2016 NBA draft. Nader has also played for the Oklahoma City Thunder.

Northern Illinois Huskies men's basketball
The Northern Illinois Huskies men's basketball team represents Northern Illinois University (NIU) in DeKalb, Illinois. The school's team currently competes in the Mid-American Conference (MAC). The team last played in the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament in 1996.
Montes de Oca (comarca)
Montes de Oca is a comarca located east of the province of Burgos, in the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is bounded on the north by La Bureba, south by the Sierra de la Demanda comarca, on the east by the province of La Rioja and west by the Alfoz de Burgos.

Kingdom of Castile
The Kingdom of Castile (/kæˈstiːl/; Spanish: Reino de Castilla: Latin: Regnum Castellae) was a polity in the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages. It traces its origins to the 9th-century County of Castile (Spanish: Condado de Castilla, Latin: Comitatus Castellae), as an eastern frontier lordship of the Kingdom of León. During the 10th century, the Castilian counts increased their autonomy, but it was not until 1065 that it was separated from the Kingdom of León and became a kingdom in its own right. Between 1072 and 1157, it was again united with León, and after 1230, the union became permanent.

Throughout that period, the Castilian kings made extensive conquests in southern Iberia at the expense of the Islamic principalities. The Kingdoms of Castile and of León, with their southern acquisitions, came to be known collectively as the Crown of Castile, a term that also came to encompass overseas expansion.
George Meisner House
George Meisner House is a rural mansion located approximately one mile north of the town of Shelton, Nebraska. The house was constructed in 1893-1894 and was built in the Queen Anne style.  In about 1915, during an "anti-Victorian" period, it was remodeled to more Neo-Classical styling.

It is a two-story frame house on a raised basement of Colorado limestone.  When completed it "was described as a residence that 'excels in every respect, any other in central Nebraska' (Shelton Clipper, Aug. 17, 1894)".  It was a home of George Meisner, a rancher, landowner, and businessman.

Besides the house, two other contributing buildings were included in the listing:  a two-story frame carriage barn and an adjacent one-story frame garage.

In 1988, the house was added to the National Register of Historic Places.

Shelton, Nebraska
Shelton is a village in Buffalo and Hall counties, Nebraska, United States. It is part of the Kearney, Nebraska Micropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 1,059 at the 2010 census. It is located west of Grand Island along both the Union Pacific Railroad and U.S. Route 30. Nebraska Link 10-D connects Shelton with Interstate 80.
Another Op'nin', Another Show
"Another Op'nin', Another Show" is the opening number of Cole Porter's 1948 musical Kiss Me, Kate. It was introduced by Patricia Morison.

Sung by a band of players performing a musical adaption of Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew, the song has become regarded as a show business anthem on a level with "That's Entertainment!" (from The Band Wagon) and "There's No Business Like Show Business" (from Annie Get Your Gun).  However, it was not included in the 1953 film version of the musical, except — when Porter insisted that the song be used in the film — as an instrumental dance number from the song "Why Can't You Behave"

Adelaide Hall, playing the role of Hattie, sang "Another Op'nin', Another Show" in the London production of Kiss Me, Kate, which opened on March 8, 1951 at the Coliseum Theatre and ran for 400 performances.

Marin Mazzie and Hannah Waddingham have also performed the song in the show.

Patricia Morison
Eileen Patricia Augusta Fraser Morison (March 19, 1915 – May 20, 2018) was an American stage, television and film actress of the Golden Age of Hollywood and mezzo-soprano singer. She made her feature film debut in 1939 after several years on the stage, and amongst her most renowned were The Fallen Sparrow, Dressed to Kill opposite Basil Rathbone and the screen adaptation of The Song of Bernadette. She was lauded as a beauty with large blue eyes and extremely long, dark hair. During this period of her career, she was often cast as the femme fatale or "other woman". It was only when she returned to the Broadway stage that she achieved her greatest success as the lead in the original production of Cole Porter's Kiss Me, Kate and subsequently in The King and I.
Franz von Reber
Franz von Reber (10 November 1834 in Cham, Bavaria – 4 September 1919 in Pöcking) was a German art historian.

After studying in Munich and Berlin, he went to Rome, and in 1858 established himself as lecturer at the University of Munich, was appointed professor at the Polytechnicum of Munich in 1863 and director of the Royal Gallery in 1875.

Technical University of Munich
The Technical University of Munich (TUM or TU Munich; German: Technische Universität München) is a public research university in Munich, Bavaria, Germany. It specializes in engineering, technology, medicine, and applied and natural sciences.

Established in 1868 by King Ludwig II of Bavaria, the university now has additional campuses in Garching, Freising, Heilbronn, Straubing, Ottobrunn, and Singapore, with the Garching campus being its largest. The university is organized into seven schools, and is supported by numerous research centers. It is one of the largest universities in Germany, with 51,954 students and an annual budget of €2,171.0 million including the university hospital.

A University of Excellence under the German Universities Excellence Initiative, TUM is among the leading universities in the European Union. Its researchers and alumni include 19 Nobel laureates and 26 Leibniz Prize winners.
Tatuagem
"Tatuagem" (English: Tattoo) is a poem written by the Brazilian singer, composer, dramatist and writer Chico Buarque de Holanda and the Brazilian film director, screenwriter, film editor, and actor Ruy Guerra, for the stage play Calabar (1972–1973). The poem was adapted into a song by Buarque, who recorded it on his album Chico Canta (1973). It was later recorded by the Brazilian singer Elis Regina for her studio album Falso Brilhante (1976).

The poem is written from the point of view of a woman, who is described as being deeply in love with a man. She describes how she wants to stay in the body of her lover as if she were his tattoo.

Ruy Guerra
Ruy Alexandre Guerra Coelho Pereira (born August 22, 1931) is a Portuguese-Brazilian film director and screenwriter. Guerra was born a Portuguese citizen in Lourenço Marques (today Maputo) in Mozambique, when it was still a Portuguese colony.
Guillermo Hernandez
Guillermo Hernandez can refer to

Willie Hernández (1954–2023), Puerto Rican baseball player

Guillermo Hernández-Cartaya (born 1932), banker

Guillermo Hernandez (tennis), Filipino tennis player

Guillermo Hernández (footballer, born 1942), Mexican football defender

Guillermo Hernández (footballer, born 1971), Mexican football manager and former defender

Willie Hernandez (tennis)
Guillermo Hernandez, better known as Willie Hernandez, is a Filipino former amateur tennis player.

Hernandez, the son of a famous sportscaster, grew up in Manila and started playing tennis at the age of 10. His first international title was a junior tournament in Osaka. After briefly attending Hopkins High School in Minnesota as an exchange student, Hernandez played collegiate tennis for the University of Arizona.

He won two medals with the Philippines at the 1962 Asian Games.

Hernandez won the 1963 Arizona Open on clay against a field of U.S. clay players.

During the 1990s he relocated to the United States.
Huang Shiyue (general)
Huang Shiyue (黃師岳, 1890-1955), courtesy name Chuxiao, was a native of Tongcheng, Anhui Province. He was a lieutenant general in the Republic of China Army. In 1938, he led over 300 teachers and students on a long march from the National Changsha Provisional University in Changsha to the newly established National Southwest Associated University in Kunming.

Zhang Zhizhong
Zhang Zhizhong (also Chang Chih-chung; 27 October 1890 – 10 April 1969) was a Chinese political and military leader who served as a general in the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China and later a pro-Communist politician in the People's Republic of China.

Originally a supporter and close associate of Chiang Kai-shek, Zhang belonged to the left wing of the Kuomintang, advocating policies such as collaboration with the Communists against Japan and nationalization of foreign-owned businesses. In 1949 he defected from the Nationalists, becoming a follower of Mao Zedong, and went on to hold high office in the new Communist government, serving as Vice Chairman of the National Defense Council (1954–1969) and Vice Chairman of the National People's Congress (1965–1969).
2025 Challenge Trophy
The 2025 Canada Soccer National Championships was the 101st staging of Canada Soccer's amateur football club competition. Holy Cross FC won the Challenge Trophy after they beat Gloucester Celtic FC in the Canadian Final at King George V Park in St. Johns on 13 October 2025.

Newfoundland and Labrador's Holy Cross FC won 5-3 on penalties after a 1-1 tie in regular time in the Canadian Final to lift the Challenge Trophy for the second time in their history.

Eight teams qualified to the final week of the 2025 National Championships in St. Johns. Each team played three group matches before advancing to a one game playoff based on their group position. An Ontario team reached the Canadian Final for the sixth consecutive year, and tying the longest streak held by British Columbia who had their teams make six straight final appearances between 1982 and 1987.

British Columbia Soccer Association
BC Soccer is the governing body of adult and youth soccer in British Columbia, Canada. They are the head association for all FIFA affiliated soccer associations in BC. BCSA is located in Vancouver, British Columbia's largest city. There are different levels of play under this association. The British Columbia Soccer Premier League (BCSPL) is the highest level of play, followed by the Metro Select League (MSL), and then what was commonly known as "Gold", "Silver", "Bronze", and "House". These categories have now been changed to a divisional tiering beginning with Division 1, Division 2, and so on, where promotion and relegation processes align with professional leagues. These divisions are split by age, gender, and geographic location.
En aventurier
En aventurier (French, lit. "as an adventurer") is a French naval expression of the Age of Sail to designate a lone armed merchantman.

A well-sailing merchantman was said to be armed "en aventurier" in wartime when she travelled alone, without an escort, to return to her home harbour. These ships were loaded with goods, but also armed "en guerre", with a full artillery and complement.

The term was also sometimes applied to privateers.

Ocean escort
Ocean escort was a type of warship used by the United States Navy. They were an evolution of the destroyer escort types used during World War II. The ocean escorts were intended as convoy escorts and were designed for mobilization production in wartime or low-cost mass production in peacetime. They were commissioned from 1954 through 1974, serving in the Cold War and the Vietnam War.
Cheryl Brown
Cheryl Renee Brown (born February 11, 1944) is an American politician who served in the California State Assembly, representing the 47th Assembly District, encompassing parts of the Inland Empire. She is a Democrat.

In 2016, Brown was defeated in her bid for reelection to a third term by fellow Democrat Eloise Reyes. Prior to being elected to the assembly, she was a newspaper publisher.

During her first term, Brown voted against climate legislation. In response, the progressive group California Donor Table sought to unseat her by supporting Eloise Reyes.

California Democratic Party
The California Democratic Party, also known as the Democratic Party of California, is the affiliate of the Democratic Party in the U.S. state of California. It is headquartered in Sacramento, California.

With 45.27% of the state's registered voters as of February 2025, the Democratic Party has the highest number of registrants of any political party in California. It is currently the dominant party in the state, and is one of the largest affiliates of the national Democratic Party. The party currently controls the majority of California's U.S. House seats, both U.S. Senate seats, the governorship, and has supermajorities in both houses of the state legislature.
31st Texas Cavalry Regiment
The 31st Texas Cavalry Regiment was a unit of mounted volunteers from Texas that fought in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. Trevezant C. Hawpe organized the regiment in early 1862 with recruits mostly from Dallas County, Texas, and surrounding areas. In June 1862, it marched to Arkansas where it joined a brigade led by Douglas H. Cooper. The unit fought at Newtonia and McGuire's Store in the autumn of 1862 and subsequently dismounted to serve as infantry. The regiment served at Prairie Grove in December 1862. It moved to Louisiana in February 1863 at which time Hawpe resigned. The unit helped defeat a Federal force at Stirling's Plantation in September 1863. The following month it joined a brigade led by Camille de Polignac. In 1864 the regiment fought at Mansfield, Pleasant Hill, and Yellow Bayou during the Red River Campaign. In March 1865 the regiment marched to Texas where it disbanded in May.

Battle of Pleasant Hill
The Battle of Pleasant Hill on April 9, 1864, in Louisiana formed part of the Red River Campaign during the American Civil War, when Union forces were attempting to occupy the Louisiana state capital, Shreveport.

The battle was essentially a continuation of the Battle of Mansfield, a Confederate victory, which had caused the Union commander, Major General Nathaniel P. Banks, to send his wagons, with most of his artillery, downriver in retreat. However, both sides had been reinforced through the night, and when the Confederate commander, Major General Richard Taylor launched an assault against the Union line, it was repulsed though at a high cost in casualties; the Union army retreated the next day.  The majority of historians consider the battle to be a Union tactical victory, although some consider it to be a draw.
Sheila Leslie
Sheila Leslie (born in 1955 in Carmel-by-the-Sea, California) is an American politician.  She served as a Democratic member of the Nevada Assembly from 1998 to 2010 representing District 27, as well as in the Nevada Senate representing District 13 from 2010 to 2012 (both covering part of Washoe County including much of Reno and Sparks).  Leslie served as Assistant Whip in the Assembly from 2001 to 2007, as Majority Whip in the Assembly from 2007 to 2011, and as Assistant Whip in the Senate from 2011 to 2012.

Sparks, Nevada
Sparks is a city in Washoe County, Nevada, United States. It was founded in 1904, incorporated on March 15, 1905, and is located just east of Reno. As of the 2020 census, Sparks had a population of 108,445. It is the fifth most populous city in Nevada. It is named after John Sparks, Nevada governor (1903–1908), and a member of the Silver Party.

Sparks is located within the Reno–Sparks metropolitan area.