hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Joshua Barker
Joshua J. Barker is an American politician from West Virginia. He is a Democrat and represented District 22 in the West Virginia House of Delegates from 2013 to 2014. He was appointed to the seat by Governor Earl Ray Tomblin.

West Virginia House of Delegates
The West Virginia House of Delegates is the lower house of the West Virginia Legislature in West Virginia. Only three states—Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia—refer to their lower house as the House of Delegates.
Eikonal equation
An eikonal equation (from Greek εἰκών, image) is a non-linear first-order partial differential equation that is encountered in problems of wave propagation.

The classical eikonal equation in geometric optics is a differential equation of the form

where  lies in an open subset of ,  is a 
positive function,    denotes the gradient, and  is the Euclidean norm. The function  is given and one seeks solutions .
In the context of geometric optics, the function  is the refractive index of the medium.

More generally, an eikonal equation is an equation of the form

where  is a function of  variables. 
Here the function  is given, and   is the solution.
If , then equation (2) becomes (1).

Eikonal equations naturally arise in the WKB method
and the study of Maxwell's equations. Eikonal equations provide a link between physical (wave) optics and geometric (ray) optics.

One fast computational algorithm to approximate the solution to the eikonal equation is the fast marching method.

First-order partial differential equation
In mathematics, a first-order partial differential equation is a partial differential equation that involves the first derivatives of an unknown function  of  variables. The equation takes the form

using subscript notation to denote the partial derivatives of .

Such equations arise in the construction of characteristic surfaces for hyperbolic partial differential equations, in the calculus of variations, in some geometrical problems, and in simple models for gas dynamics whose solution involves the method of characteristics, e.g., the advection equation. If a family of solutions
of a single first-order partial differential equation can be found, then additional solutions may be obtained by forming envelopes of solutions in that family. In a related procedure, general solutions may be obtained by integrating families of ordinary differential equations.
I'm Glad I Can Make You Cry
I'm Glad I Can Make You Cry is a World War I song written and composed by Charles R. McCarron and Carey Morgan. The song was published in 1918 by Jos. W. Stern & Co. in New York, NY. The sheet music cover, illustrated by Starmer, depicts photos of Alice Joyce & Evart Overton, as well as Bessie Hamilton and Gus Hall's Minstrels.

The sheet music can be found at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library.

Pritzker Military Museum & Library
The Pritzker Military Museum & Library (formerly Pritzker Military Library) is a non-profit museum and research library for the study of military history located in a state-of-the art facility in Kenosha, WI. The institution was founded in 2003, and its specialist collections include material relating to Winston Churchill and war-related sheet music.
Nordic Music Prize
The Nordic Music Prize is an annual award for the Best Nordic Album Of The Year, inspired by the Mercury Prize and introduced in 2010. The prize was initiated by the by:Larm conference in Norway. The first Nordic Music Prize was presented by the Prince Of Norway during by:Larm in Oslo in February 2011.

The prize was created to create a stronger unity across the Nordic countries industry, to increase international interest and awareness of what the region has to offer musically and, to refocus on the full-length album as an art form.

The winner is decided by a selection involving each Nordic country's domestic recording industry, that lead to representatives converging on Oslo with a list of ten albums from their nation, and these are then whittled down to 12 final nominations. The final choice is made by a jury composed of international journalists and label people.

By:Larm
by:Larm is a music festival and conference located in Oslo, Norway. It was first held in 1998, and, for the first ten years of its existence, moved between different Norwegian cities, before permanently settling in Oslo in 2008.

by:Larm was formed as a way for the Nordic music business to get together for both conferences and a concert programme consisting of new music from the Nordic countries, often on the verge of success. Since the start in 1998 the festival has gradually increased in prominence and size, and as of 2019 gathers 5000 festival guests alongside 3000 delegates from the Nordic and international music industry, making it the most important meeting place for the Nordic music business and biggest festival of its kind in Scandinavia.
Frank A. Burr
Frank A. Burr (1843 – January 1894) was an American newspaper reporter and author. He was a staff correspondent for The Philadelphia Press. He wrote a book about James Addams Beaver and another with Richard J. Hinton about Phillip Sheridan.

He was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan. He spent time with Chippewa during his youth. His father Ezra D. Burr was an M.D., probate court judge, and editor.

He was a printer. He served in the Civil War. Russell A. Alger was his company's captain.

He contributed to the newspaper The Daily Register. He was also a Pennsylvania Republican.

Burr died in January 1894.

Russell A. Alger
Russell Alexander Alger (/ˌældʒər/ AL-jər; February 27, 1836 – January 24, 1907) was an American politician and businessman. He served as the 20th governor of Michigan, U.S. Senator, and U.S. Secretary of War. Impoverished as a child, Alger accumulated wealth throughout his life and died a respected businessman. He was at various points an army officer, a financier, lumber baron, and railroad owner. He was supposedly a distant relation of author Horatio Alger, who often wrote about such "rags to riches" tales.
Ross Stripling
Thomas Ross Stripling (born November 23, 1989) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Los Angeles Dodgers, Toronto Blue Jays, San Francisco Giants, and Oakland Athletics.

Stripling played college baseball at Texas A&M University before the Dodgers selected him in the fifth round of the 2012 MLB draft. He made his MLB debut with the Dodgers in 2016, and was an All-Star in 2018.

Bullpen
In baseball, the bullpen (or simply the pen) is the area where relief pitchers warm up before entering a game. A team's roster of relief pitchers is also metonymically referred to as "the bullpen". These pitchers usually wait in the bullpen if they have not yet played in a game, rather than in the dugout with the rest of the team. The starting pitcher also makes his final pregame warm-up throws in the bullpen. Managers can call coaches in the bullpen on an in-house telephone from the dugout to tell a certain pitcher to begin their warm-up tosses. Relief pitchers are often assisted in their warm-ups by specialized coaches known as bullpen catchers.

Each team generally has its own bullpen consisting of two pitching rubbers and plates at regulation distance from each other. In most Major League Baseball parks, the bullpens are situated out-of-play behind the outfield fence.
Energy Regulatory Commission (Philippines)
The Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC) is an independent, quasi-judicial regulatory body electric power industry regulator in the Philippines. Its function is to regulate and maintain power service in the country. It was established and created on June 8, 2001, following the enactment of Republic Act No. 9136, or the Electric Power Industry Reform Act of 2001 (EPIRA).

Quasi-judicial body
A quasi-judicial body is a non-judicial body which can interpret law. It is an entity such as an arbitration panel or tribunal board, which can be a public administrative agency (not part of the judicial branch of government) but also a contract- or private law entity, which has been given powers and procedures resembling those of a court of law or judge and which is obliged to objectively determine facts and draw conclusions from them so as to provide the basis of an official action. Such actions are able to remedy a situation or impose legal penalties, and they may affect the legal rights, duties or privileges of specific parties.
Castro, Lombardy
Castro (Bergamasque: Càster) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Bergamo in the Italian region of Lombardy, located about 80 kilometres (50 mi) northeast of Milan and about 35 kilometres (22 mi) northeast of Bergamo on the western side of the lake Iseo. As of 31 December 2019, it had a population of 1,292 and an area of 3.5 square kilometres (1.4 sq mi).

Castro borders the following municipalities: Lovere, Pianico, Pisogne, Solto Collina.

Bergamasque dialect
The Bergamasque dialect  is the western variant of the Eastern Lombard group of the Lombard language. It is mainly spoken in the province of Bergamo and in the area around Crema, in central Lombardy.

Bergamasque has official status in the province of Bergamo, according to the Regional Law 25/2016.
7th Army Training Command
The 7th Army Training Command (7th ATC) is a United States Army training organization located at Tower Barracks, Germany. 7th ATC comes under the command of the U.S. Army Europe (USAREUR). 7th ATC is the United States Army's largest overseas training command and responsible for providing and overseeing the training requirements for USAREUR soldiers as well as North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and partner-nation countries.

Vilseck
Vilseck (German pronunciation: [ˈfɪlzɛk] ⓘ) is a town and municipality (German: Gemeinde) in the Oberpfalz region of northeastern Bavaria, Germany, situated on the river Vils, a tributary of the Naab river. As of December 31, 2022, Vilseck's population was 6,768 citizens, who live within an area of 64.71 km2 (24.98 sq mi) consisting of Vilseck town proper and 35 other hamlets and villages. The town is 402 meters (1,300 feet) above sea level.

The town’s name comes from Vilseck castle built in 920.  Eck is the German word for corner.  The Vils river has a tight bend where the castle (German: Burg) is located: thus the name Vilseck.

The town is geographically separate from a nearby large American military base known as the Rose Barracks, but more commonly referred to as Vilseck. The base, built in 1937–1938, was captured during World War II from the Germans, whose name for it was Südlager.
Karaoke Revolution (2009 video game)
Karaoke Revolution is a video game for the PlayStation 3, Wii and Xbox 360. It is developed by Blitz Games and published by Konami. A different version of the game, Karaoke Revolution Glee was released exclusively for the Wii and is based on the popular musical TV sitcom by 20th Century Fox.

Blitz Games Studios
Blitz Games Studios Limited was a British video game developer based in Leamington Spa. Founded in 1990 by the Oliver Twins, who ran the company until its closure in 2013, it is best known for producing games such as The Fairly OddParents, Bratz, SpongeBob SquarePants, The Biggest Loser, and Karaoke Revolution. The company was initially named Dizzy Enterprises, then Interactive Studios, until it was finally changed to Blitz Games in 2000, because the Interactive Studios name was too generic.
Archbishop of Dublin (Church of Ireland)
The Archbishop of Dublin is a senior bishop in the Church of Ireland, second only to the Archbishop of Armagh. The archbishop is the diocesan bishop of the United Dioceses of Dublin and Glendalough and the metropolitan bishop of the Province of Dublin, which covers the southern half of Ireland, and he is styled Primate of Ireland (the Archbishop of Armagh is the "Primate of All Ireland").

The archbishop's throne (cathedra) is in Christ Church Cathedral in central Dublin. The incumbent, from 11 May 2011, is Michael Jackson who signs as +Michael DUBLIN.

Cathedra
A cathedra is the throne of a bishop, found in the cathedral church of his diocese. The word derives from the Greek καθέδρα (kathédra), meaning "seat", especially one used by a bishop or teacher; this term is also the ultimate source of the word "chair".
International Railroad
The following railroads have been called International Railroad or International Railway:

International Railway of Maine

International Railway (New York – Ontario)

International Railway (Quebec)

International Railroad (Texas)

International Railway (New Brunswick)

International Railway (New Brunswick)
The International Railway, officially the Saint-Quentin Subdivision, often also shortened to the INR, was a former railway in the northern part of the province of New Brunswick, Canada. It stretched from Tide Head, New Brunswick, (near Campbellton) in the northeast, to Saint-Leonard, New Brunswick, in the southwest. It was built in the early 1900s and was existent until 1989, when CN was granted permission to abandon the line. The rail line is now a trail, of which about 60% forms part of the International Appalachian Trail.
Pokhran
Pokhran (official spelling Pokaran; Hindi: पोकरण) is a town and a municipality located 112 km east of Jaisalmer city in the Jaisalmer district of the Indian state of Rajasthan. It is situated in the Thar Desert region. Surrounded by rocks, sand and five salt ranges, the word "Pokaran" (पोकरण) means "place surrounded by five salt-ranges" in Rajasthani. The site for India's first and second underground nuclear weapon test is near Pokhran.

Rajasthani languages
The Rajasthani languages are a group of various languages derived from Western Indo-Aryan languages, primarily spoken in Rajasthan and Malwa, and adjacent areas of Haryana, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh in India and Bahawalpur division of Pakistani Punjab and the adjacent areas of Sindh. They have also reached different corners of India, especially eastern and southern parts, due to the migrations of people of the Marwari community who use them for internal communication. Rajasthani languages are also spoken to a lesser extent in Nepal, where they are spoken by 25,394 people according to the 2011 Census of Nepal.

The term Rajasthani is also used to refer to a literary language mostly based on Marwari.: 441
Ophiocordyceps coenomyia
Ophiocordyceps coenomyia is an entomopathogenic fungus belonging to the order Hypocreales (Ascomycota) in the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. It is parasitic to awl-fly larvae. This species is characterized by a globose, alutaceous fertile part at the apex of its light yellow stroma, its immersed perithecia, and ascospores dividing in turn into partspores. The species is closely related to O. heteropoda.

Xylophagidae
The Brachyceran infraorder Xylophagomorpha is a small group that consists solely of the family Xylophagidae, which presently contains subfamilies that were sometimes considered to be two small related families (Coenomyiidae and Rachiceridae). Other obsolete names for members of this family include Exeretonevridae and Heterostomidae.

The family is known by the English name awl-flies.

The larvae are often predatory, consuming other insect larvae living in rotting wood.
Rachel Wilson (neurobiologist)
Rachel Wilson is an American professor of neurobiology at Harvard Medical School and is a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator. Wilson's work integrates electrophysiology, calcium imaging, molecular genetics, connectomics, computational modeling, and behavior to explore how neural circuits are organized to sense complex environments, learn associations between environmental features, and organize adaptive behavioral responses.

Calcium imaging
Calcium imaging is a microscopy technique to optically measure the calcium (Ca2+) status of an isolated cell, tissue or medium. Calcium imaging takes advantage of calcium indicators, fluorescent molecules that respond to the binding of Ca2+ ions by fluorescence properties. Two main classes of calcium indicators exist: chemical indicators and genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECI). This technique has allowed studies of calcium signalling in a wide variety of cell types, and can be used to measure electrical activity in hundreds of neurons in cell culture, or in living animals during ongoing behavior.
The Younger Generation (play)
The Younger Generation is a comedy play by the British writer Stanley Houghton. It takes place in a dining room of a house in the suburbs of Manchester, during a period of twenty four hours.

It premiered at the Gaiety Theatre, Manchester in 1910. It enjoyed a West End run of 131 performances between 19 November 1912 and 8 March 1913, originally at the Haymarket before transferring to the Duke of York's Theatre. The London cast included Nigel Playfair, Norman Page, Allan Jeayes and Kate Bateman.

Norman Page
Norman Page (1876 – 4 July 1935) was a British actor. He is best known for his portrayal of David Lloyd George, Prime Minister during the First World War, in the 1918 film The Life Story of David Lloyd George, which is believed to be the first ever feature length political biopic.
Paul Shoup House
The Paul Shoup House, also known as the Shoup House, is a historic residence in Los Altos, Santa Clara County, California, United States. It was built as an American Craftsman- and Shingle-style home in 1910 for railroad executive Paul Shoup. In 2011 it was designated a historic site by the National Register of Historic Places; the first such designation in Los Altos.

Historic site
A historic site or heritage site is an official location where pieces of political, military, cultural, or social history have been preserved due to their cultural heritage value. Historic sites are usually protected by law, and many have been recognized with official historic status. A historic site may be any building, landscape, site or structure that is of local, regional, national, or global significance. Usually this also means the site must be at least 50 years or older.
Japanese destroyer Yamagumo (1937)
Yamagumo (山雲, Mountain Cloud) was the sixth of ten Asashio-class destroyers built for the Imperial Japanese Navy in the mid-1930s under the Circle Two Supplementary Naval Expansion Program (Maru Ni Keikaku).

2nd Naval Armaments Supplement Programme
The 2nd Naval Armaments Supplement Programme (マル2計画, 第二次補充計画, Maru 2 Keikaku, Dai-Ni-Ji Hojū Keikaku)  otherwise known as the "Circle Two" Plan was the second of four expansion plans of the Imperial Japanese Navy between 1930 and the start of World War II.
2020 BET Hip Hop Awards
The 2020 BET Hip Hop Awards is a recognition ceremony that was held on October 27, 2020, as the 15th installment of the BET Hip Hop Awards. The nominations were announced on September 29, 2020. Hosted by Wild 'N Out cast members and hosts of 85 South Comedy Show podcast: Chico Bean, Karlous Miller and D.C. Young Fly.

DaBaby lead the number of nominations with twelve, with Roddy Ricch earning eleven, and both Megan Thee Stallion and Drake receiving eight each.

Karlous Miller
Karlous Bernard Miller (born April 2, 1983) is an American comedian, actor and rapper. He began his comedy career in Oxford, Mississippi then later moved to Atlanta, Georgia to further his career and is widely known for his successful podcast/comedy tour The 85 South Show, along with being a cast member on MTV's comedy improv series, Wild 'n Out and his notorious "Wildstyle" battles with fellow cast member, D.C. Young Fly and Chico Bean. He was a Contestant on “Last Comic Standing” (Season 8)
Women and smoking
Tobacco smoking has serious negative effects on the body. A wide variety of diseases and medical phenomena affect the sexes differently, and the same holds true for the effects of tobacco. Since the proliferation of tobacco, many cultures have viewed smoking as a masculine vice, and as such the majority of research into the specific differences between men and women with regard to the effects of tobacco have only been studied in-depth in recent years.

American Tobacco Company
The American Tobacco Company was a tobacco company founded in 1890 by J. B. Duke through a merger between a number of U.S. tobacco manufacturers including Allen and Ginter, Goodwin & Company, and Kinney Brothers. The company was one of the original 12 members of the Dow Jones Industrial Average in 1896. The American Tobacco Company dominated the industry by acquiring the Lucky Strike Company and over 200 other rival firms. Federal Antitrust action begun in 1907 broke the company into several major companies in 1911.

The American Tobacco Company restructured itself in 1969, forming a holding company called American Brands, Inc., which operated American Tobacco as a subsidiary. American Brands acquired a variety of non-tobacco businesses during the 1970s and 1980s and sold its tobacco operations to Brown & Williamson in 1994. American Brands subsequently renamed itself "Fortune Brands".
Cistanche deserticola
Cistanche deserticola is a holoparasitic member of the plant family Orobanchaceae, commonly known as desert-broomrape.

The plant lacks chlorophyll and obtains its nutrients and water in a parasitic fashion from the black saxaul (Haloxylon ammodendron) and white saxaul (Haloxylon persicum).

Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll is any of several related green pigments found in cyanobacteria and in the chloroplasts of algae and plants. Its name is derived from the Greek words χλωρός (khloros, "pale green") and φύλλον (phyllon, "leaf"). Chlorophyll allows plants to absorb energy from light. Those pigments are involved in oxygenic photosynthesis, as opposed to bacteriochlorophylls, related molecules found only in bacteria and involved in anoxygenic photosynthesis.

Chlorophylls absorb light most strongly in the blue portion of the electromagnetic spectrum as well as the red portion. Conversely, it is a poor absorber of green and near-green portions of the spectrum. Hence chlorophyll-containing tissues appear green because green light, diffusively reflected by structures like cell walls, is less absorbed. Two types of chlorophyll exist in the photosystems of green plants: chlorophyll a and b.
Tahani Toson
Tahani Toson  (born (1971 -09-22)22 September 1971) is a retired Egyptian female volleyball player, who played as a wing spiker.

She was part of the Egypt women's national volleyball team at the 2002 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship in Germany, and the 2003 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Cup. On club level she played with Al Ahly.

2002 FIVB Women's Volleyball World Championship
The 2002 FIVB Women's World Championship was the fourteenth edition of the tournament, organised by the world's governing body, the FIVB. It was held from 30 August to 15 September 2002 in Berlin, Bremen, Dresden, Münster, Schwerin, Riesa, Leipzig, and Stuttgart, Germany. The tournament saw the discontinuation of Cuba's historic eight consecutive world titles, as the team finished fifth after being eliminated by the United States in the quarterfinals.
Matej Černič
Matej Černič (born 13 September 1978) is an Italian volleyball player who won the silver medal with the Italian men's national team at the 2004 Summer Olympics, held in Athens. He is of Slovene ethnicity and belongs to the Slovene minority in Italy.

Slovenes
The Slovenes, also known as Slovenians (Slovene: Slovenci [slɔˈʋéːntsi]), are a South Slavic ethnic group native to Slovenia and adjacent regions in Italy, Austria and Hungary. Slovenes share a common ancestry, culture, and history, and speak Slovene as their native language.

Outside of Slovenia and Europe, Slovenes form diaspora groups in the United States, Canada, Argentina and Australia.