hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Negative refraction
In optics, negative refraction is the electromagnetic phenomenon where light rays become refracted at an interface that is opposite to their more commonly observed positive refractive properties. Negative refraction can be obtained by using a metamaterial which has been designed to achieve a negative value for electric permittivity (ε) and magnetic permeability (μ); in such cases the material can be assigned a negative refractive index. Such materials are sometimes called "double negative" materials.

Negative refraction occurs at interfaces between materials at which one has an ordinary positive phase velocity (i.e., a positive refractive index), and the other has the more exotic negative phase velocity (a negative refractive index).

Ray (optics)
In optics, a ray is an idealized geometrical model of light or other electromagnetic radiation, obtained by choosing a curve that is perpendicular to the wavefronts of the actual light, and that points in the direction of energy flow.  Rays are used to model the propagation of light through an optical system, by dividing the real light field up into discrete rays that can be computationally propagated through the system by the techniques of ray tracing. This allows even very complex optical systems to be analyzed mathematically or simulated by computer.  Ray tracing uses approximate solutions to Maxwell's equations that are valid as long as the light waves propagate through and around objects whose dimensions are much greater than the light's wavelength.  Ray optics or geometrical optics does not describe phenomena such as diffraction, which require wave optics theory. Some wave phenomena such as interference can be modeled in limited circumstances by adding phase to the ray model.
Rivière des Étangs
The Rivière des Étangs (English: river of ponds) is a tributary of the rivière du Moulin, descending in the municipality of Saint-Casimir and Deschambault-Grondines, in the Portneuf Regional County Municipality, in the administrative region of Capitale-Nationale, in Quebec, in Canada.

The Étangs river valley is mainly served by the Nicolas road, the third range west road and the route 363 (route Guilbault) which is perpendicular to the northwest bank of the river.

Agriculture is the main economic activity in the sector; forestry, second.

The surface of the Moulin river (except the rapids areas) is generally frozen from the beginning of December to the end of March; however, safe circulation on the ice is generally from late December to early March. The water level of the river varies with the seasons and the precipitation; the spring flood occurs in March or April.

Capitale-Nationale
Capitale-Nationale (French pronunciation: [kapital nɑsjɔnal]; English: National Capital region) is one of the 17 administrative regions of Quebec. It is anchored by the provincial capital, Quebec City, and is largely coextensive with that city's metropolitan area. It has a land area of 18,684.78 km2. It reported a total resident population of 757,950 as of the 2021 Canadian census, with Quebec City having 77.7 percent of the total.

It was established in 1966 as one of the original administrative regions of Quebec. Prior to January 2000, it was known as the Québec administrative region.
Gwebin
Gwebin is a village in Mogok Township, Pyin Oo Lwin District, in the Mandalay Region of central Burma. It is located 16 miles (26 km) west of  Mogok. A track (National Road 311 and National Highway 31) connects it to Shwenyaungbin and Mogok.

Pyin Oo Lwin District
Pyin Oo Lwin  District (Burmese: ပြင်‌ဦးလွင်‌ခရိုင်, MLCTS: MLCTS) is a district of the Mandalay Region in central Myanmar. It lies northeast of Mandalay, and consists solely of Pyin Oo Lwin Township.

Prior to 2022, it contained five townships with the Myitnge River as its southern boundary. To the east it is bordered by Shan State and in part by the Chaung Magyi (Chaung means stream).  It goes north as far as the town of Dakaung where it adjoins Htigyaing Township, Katha District in Sagaing Region. Its western boundary, is for the most part the Irrawaddy, but a very small portion of Thabeikkyin Township is west of the Irrawaddy, near the town of Baw in Sagaing Region. To the southwest it borders Mandalay District.
De Volson Wood
De Volson Wood (June 1, 1832 – June 27, 1897) was an American civil engineer and educator. He invented a steam rock drill and an air compressor and designed an ore dock. Wood was a professor, an author of multiple monographs on mathematics and engineering, vice-president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the first president of the American Society for Engineering Education.

Air compressor
An air compressor is a machine that takes ambient air from the surroundings and discharges it at a higher pressure. It is an application of a gas compressor and a pneumatic device that converts mechanical power (from an electric motor, diesel or gasoline engine, etc.) into potential energy stored in compressed air, which has many uses. A common application is to compress air into a storage tank, for immediate or later use. When the delivery pressure reaches its set upper limit, the compressor is shut off, or the excess air is released through an overpressure  valve. The compressed air is stored in the tank until it is needed. The pressure energy provided by the compressed air can be used for a variety of applications such as pneumatic tools as it is released. When tank pressure reaches its lower limit, the air compressor turns on again and re-pressurizes the tank.
A compressor is different from a pump because it works on a gas, while pumps work on a liquid.
Inshushinak-shar-ili
Inshushinak-shar-ili, or -ilani (Elamite: Inshushinak-sunkir-nappipir), was an Elamite king circa 1400 BCE. He belonged to the loose periodization of kings called the Kidinuid dynasty, during the early Middle Elamite Period.

Elamite language
Elamite, also known as Hatamtite and formerly as Scythic, Median, Amardian, Anshanian and Susian, is an extinct language that was spoken by the ancient Elamites. It was recorded in what is now southwestern Iran from 2600 BC to 330 BC.  Elamite is generally thought to have no demonstrable relatives and is usually considered a language isolate. The lack of established relatives makes its interpretation difficult.

A sizeable number of Elamite lexemes are known from the Achaemenid royal inscriptions – trilingual inscriptions of the Achaemenid Empire, in which Elamite was written using Elamite cuneiform (circa 5th century BC), which is fully deciphered. An important dictionary of the Elamite language, the Elamisches Wörterbuch was published in 1987 by W. Hinz and H. Koch. The Linear Elamite script however, one of the scripts used to write the Elamite language c. 2000 BC, has remained elusive until the 2010s.
Croatian News Agency
Croatian News Agency (Croatian: Hrvatska izvještajna novinska agencija; HINA) is the government-owned national news agency of Croatia. It was established on 26 July 1990. The agency is based at Marko Marulić Square in the Lower Town neighbourhood in central Zagreb.

The total amount of budget funds allocated to HINA in 2014 was 16.7 million HRK (c. 2.2 million EUR).

About 100 journalists produce news items including texts, photos, videos, graphics and audios. The agency also has 25 other bureaus in Croatia and abroad.

Donji grad, Zagreb
Donji grad (pronounced [dôːɲiː grâːd], locally also [ˈdoʎɲi grad], lit. 'Lower Town') is one of the 17 city districts of Zagreb, the capital of Croatia. It is located in the central part of the city and has 37,024 inhabitants (as of 2011). The district is often referred to simply as centar (lit. 'center') by Zagreb residents, a term which also encompasses the southern parts of the Gornji Grad district.
Bands of the Uganda People's Defence Force
Bands of the Uganda People's Defence Force (UPDF) are maintained in accordance with British traditions. All three services (the Land and Air Forces as well as the Special Forces Command) have their own military bands. It holds British Army traditions that date back to the Band of the King's African Rifles in the Uganda Protectorate.

Band of the King's African Rifles
The Band of the King's African Rifles was the primary British Army musical unit in the East Africa Protectorate (also known as British East Africa) until most of its constituent regions, such as the Kenya Colony, gained their independence from the United Kingdom in the 1960s. The regimental band of the King's African Rifles, it was the largest and longest-lived King's African Rifles band, expanding during the inter-war years to 40 musicians. It released one major album, Ngoma/Amparito Roca.
Aliabadak, Yazd
Aliabadak (Persian: علي ابادك, romanized: ‘Alīābādak) is a village in Pishkuh Rural District, in the Central District of Taft County, Yazd Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 44, in 13 families.

Yazd province
Yazd province (Persian: استان یزد) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran and is in the center of the country. Its capital is the city of Yazd. In 2014, it was placed in Region 5. The province has an area of 76,469 km2.
Maryland Public Television
Maryland Public Television (MPT) is the PBS member state network for the U.S. state of Maryland. It operates under the auspices of the Maryland Public Broadcasting Commission, an agency of the Maryland state government that holds the licenses for all PBS member stations licensed in the state.

MPT's headquarters are located at the Irene and Edward H. Kaplan Production Studio on Owings Mills Boulevard in the unincorporated community of Owings Mills in northwestern Baltimore County. MPT operates six full-power transmitters that cover nearly all of the state, plus Washington, D.C., and parts of Virginia, West Virginia, Delaware, and Pennsylvania.

Government of Maryland
The government of Maryland is conducted according to the Maryland Constitution. The United States is a federation; consequently, the government of Maryland, like the other 49 state governments, has exclusive authority over matters that lie entirely within the state's borders, except as limited by the Constitution of the United States.

Administrative influence in Maryland is divided among three branches of government: executive, legislative, and judicial. Unlike most other states, significant autonomy is granted to many of Maryland's counties.

Most of the business of government is done in Annapolis, the state capital. However, some cabinet level and state officials have their offices in Baltimore. Almost all state and county elections are held in even-numbered years not divisible by four, in which the President of the United States is not elected—this, as in other states, is intended to divide state and federal politics.
La Reine Margot (novel)
La Reine Margot (English: Queen Margot) is a historical novel written in 1845 by Alexandre Dumas, père. Although it is based on real characters and events, certain aspects of La Reine Margot may be inconsistent with the historical record; historians have attributed that to artistic licence and the fact that Dumas might have been influenced by propaganda against certain historical figures, notably Catherine. Written in French, it was almost immediately translated into English, first anonymously and soon afterward publicly by David Bogue as Marguerite de Valois: An Historical Romance.

Artistic license
Artistic license (and more general or contextually-specific, derivative terms such as creative license, poetic license, historical license, dramatic license, and narrative license) refers to deviation from fact or form for artistic purposes. It can include the alteration of grammar or language, or the rewording of pre-existing text.
Trachitol
Trachitol is a brand of lozenge used as an over-the-counter drug for having a sore throat. It is being produced by Engelhard Arzneimittel GmbH&Co and distributed by Salveo Pharma bv. Trachitol packages are available with 20 or 30 lozenges.

Every lozenge contains the following substances:

1 mg Lidocaine for local anesthesia.

1 mg potassium alum for astringent.

1,8 mg propylparaben for desinfection.

Propylparaben
Propylparaben (also spelled propyl paraben) is the n-propyl ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. It occurs as a natural substance found in many plants and some insects. Additionally, it can be manufactured synthetically for use in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and foods. It is a member of the class of parabens and can be used as a preservative in many water-based cosmetics, such as creams, lotions, shampoos, and bath products. As a food additive, it has the E number E216.

Sodium propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, the sodium salt of propylparaben, a compound with formula Na(C3H7(C6H4COO)O), is used similarly as a food additive and as an anti-fungal preservation agent. Its E number is E217.

In 2010, the European Union Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety stated that the use of butylparaben and propylparaben as preservatives in finished cosmetic products is safe to the consumer, as long as the sum of their concentrations does not exceed 0.19%.
Talent Search South Sudan 2012
Talent Search South Sudan 2012 (TSSS2012) was a television music competition in South Sudan, broadcast on Southern Sudan Television in 2012. The show was produced by the South Sudan Artists Association and Talent 5, and sponsored by Vivacell Mobile. The format was similar to shows like The X Factor. Voting was done through SMS.

The auditions were held at the Nyakuron Cultural Centre in March 2012. Out of 92 artists, 23 were selected (19 men, 4 women). The show was supposed to be launched at a live event in Juba in April, with the Tanzanian rapper AY. The live event was, however, stopped at the last minute by security forces, due to fears of attacks in the backdrop of the eruption of border clashes between Sudan and South Sudan.

The TSSS 2012 edition was won by the rapper Thomas Tombe, competing under the name Thomas Taban. The first prize was £15,000 SSP and the runner-up won £8,000 SSP.

A.Y. (musician)
Ambwene Allen Yessayah (born 5 July 1982), better known by his stage name A.Y., is a Tanzanian bongo flava artist of Makonde heritage. He was born in Mtwara, Mtwara Region, Tanzania. He began his career with the group S.O.G. in 1996. He decided to go solo in 2002. A.Y. is among the first bongo flava artists to commercialize hip hop. He was member of the musical group known as East Coast Army, but now he is no longer part of the group. He is still releasing songs and albums collaborating mostly with a former East Coast Army artist Mwana Fa.

A.Y is termed as the first Tanzania musician to start up business and merge music and business and inspire other artist to follow the path.
Kuala Lumpur Guan Di Temple
Kuala Lumpur Guan Di Temple (shortened as KL Guan Di Temple, Chinese: 吉隆坡关帝庙), or Kuala Lumpur Emperor Guan Temple, also known as the Kuala Lumpur Kuan Ti Temple, is a Malaysia-based Taoist temple located in the Jalan Tun H S Lee, Kuala Lumpur. Founded in 1887 or 1888, it is one of the oldest temples in Malaysia.

Green Dragon Crescent Blade
The Green Dragon Crescent Blade (Chinese: 靑龍偃月刀) is a legendary weapon wielded by the Chinese general Guan Yu in the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms. It is a guandao, a type of traditional Chinese weapon.

It is also sometimes referred to as the Frost Fair Blade (冷豔鋸), from the idea that during a battle in the snow, the blade continuously had blood on it; the blood froze and made a layer of frost on the blade.
The Chico Hamilton Special
The Chico Hamilton Special is an album by drummer and bandleader Chico Hamilton recorded in 1960 and released on the Columbia label.

The album cover was photographed by Los Angeles–based photographer Leigh Wiener.

Leigh Wiener
Leigh Austen Wiener (August 25, 1929 – May 11, 1993) was an American photographer and photojournalist. In a career that spanned five decades, he covered hundreds of people and events. His images captured the public and private moments of entertainers, musicians, artists, authors, poets, scientists, sports figures, politicians, industrialists, and heads of state, including every U.S. president from Harry Truman to Ronald Reagan and illustrated every sector of industry including farming, steel mills, auto manufacturing, aerospace, medicine, research, early computing and semi-conductor manufacturing.
Mickey Fisher (politician)
Mickey Fisher (born December 22, 1940—December 22, 2021) is a Canadian politician, who served in the Legislative Assembly of Yukon from 1992 to 1996. He represented the electoral district of Lake Laberge as a member of the Yukon Party.

First elected in the 1992 election, he served in the cabinet of John Ostashek as Minister of Renewable Resources. He was defeated in the 1996 election by Doug Livingston of the Yukon New Democratic Party, by a margin of just three votes.

Yukon Party
The Yukon Party, formerly the Yukon Progressive Conservative Party, is a conservative political party in Yukon, Canada. It is the current governing party, with a majority in the Yukon Legislative Assembly.
Alpine skiing at the 1992 Winter Olympics – Women's combined
The Women's combined competition of the Albertville 1992 Olympics was held at Meribel.

The defending world champion was Chantal Bournissen of Switzerland, while Austria's Sabine Ginther was the defending World Cup and 1992 World Cup combined champion.

Alpine skiing at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiing at the 1992 Winter Olympics at Albertville, France, consisted of ten alpine skiing events, held 9–22 February. The men's races were held at Val d’Isère, except for the slalom, which was at Les Menuires. All five women's events were conducted at Méribel.
John Campbell, 3rd of Cawdor
Sir John Campbell (c. 1576 – c. 1642) was a Scottish nobleman and knight, who was the son of Archibald Campbell, and Isabella Grant, a daughter of James Grant, laird of Freuchie and Elizabeth Forbes.

Angus MacDonald, 8th of Dunnyveg sold the lands belonging to the MacDonald's on Islay to Sir John Campbell of Cawdor for 6,000 merks in 1612.  Several young chiefs of Clan MacDonald occupied Dunyvaig Castle and Loch Gorm Castle in defiance of Cawdor. Dunyvaig Castle was retaken by Cawdor and Loch Gorm Castle surrendered on 28 January 1615. He purchased the lands on Islay and Jura which had previously belonged to the Macleans of Duart in 1615.

Clan Maclean
Clan Maclean (/mækˈleɪn/ ⓘ; Scottish Gaelic: Clann 'IllEathain [kʰl̪ˠãn̪ˠ iˈʎɛhɛɲ]) is a Highlands Scottish clan. They are one of the oldest clans in the Highlands and owned large tracts of land in Argyll as well as the Inner Hebrides. Many early Macleans became famous for their honour, strength and courage in battle. They were involved in clan skirmishes with the Mackinnons, Camerons, MacDonalds and Campbells, as well as all of the Jacobite risings.
Galina Lipatnikova
Galina Sergeyevna Lipatnikova (Russian: Галина Сергеевна Липатникова; born 25 April 1984) is a Russian para-athlete, darts player and para-swimmer (regional class). In athletics, she specializes in shot put, and is a  Paralympic champion and runner-up in both the World Championships and the European Championships.

Para-athletics
Para-athletics is the sport of athletics practiced by people with a disability as a parasport. The athletics events within the parasport are mostly the same as those available to able-bodied people, with two major exceptions in wheelchair racing and the club throw, which are specific to the division. Certain able-bodied events are rarely contested as para-athletic events outside deaf sport; pole vault, triple jump, hammer (of which the club throw is sometimes considered the para-athletic equivalent) and the three hurdling events. The sport is known by various names, including disability athletics, disabled track and field and Paralympic athletics. Top-level competitors may be called elite athletes with disability.
Neutralization (chemistry)
In chemistry, neutralization or neutralisation (see spelling differences) is a chemical reaction in which acid and a base react with an equivalent quantity of each other. In a reaction in water, neutralization results in there being no excess of hydrogen or hydroxide ions present in the solution. The pH of the neutralized solution depends on the acid strength of the reactants.

Calcium hydroxide
Calcium hydroxide (traditionally called slaked lime) is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Ca(OH)2. It is a colorless crystal or white powder and is produced when quicklime (calcium oxide) is mixed with water.  Annually, approximately 125 million tons of calcium hydroxide are produced worldwide.

Calcium hydroxide has many names including hydrated lime, caustic lime, builders' lime, slaked lime, cal, and pickling lime. Calcium hydroxide is used in many applications, including food preparation, where it has been identified as E number E526. Limewater, also called milk of lime, is the common name for a saturated solution of calcium hydroxide.
Hinge line
A hinge line is an imaginary longitudinal line along the dorsal edge of the shell of a bivalve mollusk where the two valves hinge or articulate. The hinge line can easily be perceived in these images of a mussel shell and an ark shell.

The hinge teeth, structures which control the articulation of the valves, are often but not always situated along the hinge line.

Mytilidae
The Mytilidae are a family of small to large marine and brackish-water bivalve molluscs in the order Mytilida. One of the genera, Limnoperna, even inhabits freshwater environments. Mytilidae, which contains some 52 genera, is the only extant family within the order Mytilida.

Species in the family Mytilidae are found worldwide, but they are more abundant in colder seas, where they often form uninterrupted beds on rocky shores in the intertidal zone and the shallow subtidal. The subfamily Bathymodiolinae is found in deep-sea habitats.

Mytilids include the well-known, edible sea mussels.

A common feature of the shells of mussels is an asymmetrical shell, which has a thick, adherent periostracum.  The animals attach themselves to a solid substrate using a byssus.

A 2020 study of the phylogeny of the Mytilidae recovered two main clades derived from an epifaunal ancestor, with subsequent lineages shifting to other lifestyles, and correlating convergent evolution of siphon traits.
Clyde River (New York)
The Clyde River is a main tributary which feeds the Seneca River in Seneca County, New York, United States. It begins at the hamlet of Lyons in nearby Wayne County and meanders for approximately 27 miles (43 kilometers) from west to east before emptying into the Seneca River in the town of Tyre at Montezuma National Wildlife Refuge. Much of the original river has been channeled through to form part of the Erie Canal. A number of tributaries feed the Clyde River along its route.

The Clyde River is part of the Seneca River watershed which feeds the Oswego River. From there, the Oswego River enters Lake Ontario. It is a primary spot for fishing, flatwater canoeing and kayaking.

Kayaking
Kayaking is the use of a kayak for moving over water. It is distinguished from canoeing by the sitting position of the paddler and the number of blades on the paddle. A kayak is a low-to-the-water, canoe-like boat in which the paddler sits facing forward, legs in front, using a double-bladed paddle to pull front-to-back on one side and then the other in rotation. Most kayaks have closed decks, although sit-on-top and inflatable kayaks are growing in popularity as well.