hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Moamen Soliman
Moamen Soliman Yahia (Arabic: مُؤْمِن سُلَيْمَان يَحْيَى; born 21 March 1974) is an Egyptian football manager and former player who manages Al-Shorta in the Iraq Stars League. He played as a left-back for Zamalek SC and Suez Club in Egypt, for De Graafschap in the Netherlands, and for OFI and Agios Nikolaos in Greece.

2014–15 Egyptian Second Division
The 2014–15 Egyptian Second Division was the 35th edition of the Egyptian Second Division, the top Egyptian semi-professional level for football clubs, since its establishment in 1977. The season began on 18 September 2014 and concluded on 14 June 2015.

Aswan, El Entag El Harby and Ghazl El Mhalla won Promotion Group A, Group B and Group C respectively and secured the promotion to the 2015–16 Egyptian Premier League.
Accident by Design
Accident by Design is a 1950 detective novel by E.C.R. Lorac, the pen name of the British writer Edith Caroline Rivett. It is the thirty fourth in her long-running series featuring Chief Inspector MacDonald of Scotland Yard. Like a number of Lorac's works it takes the form of a country house mystery, a popular branch of the genre during the Golden Age of Detective Fiction. Maurice Richardson in a review in The Observer wrote "The usual carefully constructed, rural family murder case which we expect from this eminently trustworthy exponent of the English school of whodunnit."

Whodunit
A whodunit (less commonly spelled as whodunnit; a colloquial elision of "Who [has] done it?") is a complex plot-driven variety of detective fiction in which the puzzle regarding who committed the crime is the main focus. The reader or viewer is provided with the clues to the case, from which the identity of the perpetrator may be deduced before the story provides the revelation itself at its climax. The investigation is usually conducted by an eccentric, amateur, or semi-professional detective.
Upadrasta Ramamurty
Upadrasta Ramamurty (born 1967) is the President's Chair Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering & Materials Science and Engineering at the Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore. Prior to joining NTU, he was a professor in the Department of Materials Engineering at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India, from 2000 to 2018.

Fracture
Fracture is the appearance of a crack or complete separation of an object or material into two or more pieces under the action of stress. The fracture of a solid usually occurs due to the development of certain displacement discontinuity surfaces within the solid. If a displacement develops perpendicular to the surface, it is called a normal tensile crack or simply a crack; if a displacement develops tangentially, it is called a shear crack, slip band, or dislocation.

Brittle fractures occur without any apparent deformation before fracture. Ductile fractures occur after visible deformation. Fracture strength, or breaking strength, is the stress when a specimen fails or fractures. The detailed understanding of how a fracture occurs and develops in materials is the object of fracture mechanics.
Detective Comics, Inc. v. Bruns Publications, Inc.
Detective Comics, Inc. v. Bruns Publications, Inc., 111 F.2d 432 (2d Cir. 1940), the case of Superman v. Wonderman, is a 1940 decision of the Second Circuit in which the court held that the archetype of a comic book hero, in this case a cape-wearing benevolent-Hercules figure (Superman), is an idea, which the copyright in the comic strips does not protect against copying; only the specific details of the strips, their particular expression, enjoy legal protection. The author of the court's opinion was Judge Augustus N. Hand and the panel of Second Circuit judges included Judge Learned Hand.

Cape
A cape is a clothing accessory or a sleeveless outer garment of any length that hangs loosely and connects either at the neck or shoulders. They usually cover the back, shoulders, and arms. They come in a variety of styles and have been used throughout history for many different reasons.
Brazil–Russia relations
Brazil–Russia relations have seen significant improvement in recent years, characterized by increased commercial trades and cooperation in military and technology segments. The two countries maintain important partnerships in areas such as space, military technologies, and telecommunications.

According to a 2017 report by the Pew Global Attitudes Project, 35% of Brazilians have a favorable view of Russia, while 36% expressed an unfavorable view.

Both Brazil and Russia are members of BRICS, a group of major emerging economies which prior to 1 January 2024 included Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. After 1 January it now also includes Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran and the United Arab Emirates, and from 6 January 2025 Indonesia as well.

Project for Excellence in Journalism
The Project for Excellence in Journalism was a tax-exempt research organization in the United States that used empirical methods to evaluate and study the performance of the press.

The organization's director was Tom Rosenstiel, a professor of journalism who has served as a media critic and political correspondent for the Los Angeles Times and Newsweek.

The organization was founded in 1997, and it was formerly affiliated with the Columbia School of Journalism.

In 2006, it separated from Columbia University and joined the Pew Research Center, funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts, a private organization.

In January 2014 the Project for Excellence in Journalism was renamed the Pew Research Center's Journalism Project.
1st Swiss Regiment (France)
The 1st Swiss Regiment (French: 1er Régiment Suisse) was a Swiss mercenary line infantry regiment in the French Imperial Army during the Napoleonic Wars.  During the expansion of the Imperial Army in 1803, Napoleon decreed the formation of four Swiss mercenary regiments, one of these later becoming the famed 1st Swiss.  After a short time serving in Southern Italy, notably serving at the Battle of Maide, the 1st Swiss were sent to Poland for the impending Invasion of Russia.  During the invasion, the regiment remained in the reserve, but served with honour, notably at the Battles of Polotsk and later the crossing of the Berezina.  After retreating from Russia, elements of the regiment served during the minor campaigns until May 1814.  The regiment was then reformed under the Bourbon restored monarchy, and continued into the Royal Guard until its final disbandment in 1830.

Elba
Elba (Italian: isola d'Elba, pronounced [ˈiːzola ˈdelba]; Latin: Ilva) is a Mediterranean island in Tuscany, Italy, 10 km (6.2 mi) from the coastal town of Piombino on the Italian mainland, and the largest island of the Tuscan Archipelago. It is also part of the Arcipelago Toscano National Park, and the third largest island in Italy, after Sicily and Sardinia. It is located in the Tyrrhenian Sea about 50 km (30 mi) east of the French island of Corsica.

The island is part of the province of Livorno and is divided into seven municipalities, with a total population of about 30,000 inhabitants which increases considerably during the summer. The municipalities are Portoferraio (which is also the island's principal town), Campo nell'Elba, Capoliveri, Marciana, Marciana Marina, Porto Azzurro, and Rio.

It is famous for being the site of Napoleon's first exile, from 1814 to 1815.
Time of Fallen Blossoms
Time of Fallen Blossoms is 1951 book written by Allan S. Clifton. Clifton was an Australian intelligence officer with the British Commonwealth Occupation Force. It is a memoir of his time in Japan in 1946 during the post-war occupation. Clifton had studied Japanese for 12 years and worked as an interpreter. His book contained accounts of Australian soldiers' mistreatment of Japanese Prisoners of War (POWs) after the Japanese surrender and gang rapes of Japanese women by Australian soldiers in Japan. The book was controversial in Australia as a result, and he was subsequently discredited by the Australian Army.

The book received renewed attention in 2016 when a passage was referenced in a tweet by Australian journalist Scott McIntyre about Australian war crimes in his criticism of Anzac Day.

British Commonwealth Occupation Force
The British Commonwealth Occupation Force (BCOF) was the British Commonwealth taskforce consisting of Australian, British, Indian, and New Zealander military forces in occupied Japan, from 1946 until the end of occupation in 1952.

At its peak, the BCOF committed about 40,000 personnel, that comprised 25% of the occupation force, which was equal to about a third of the number of US military personnel in Japan.
Horatio George Adamson
Horatio George Adamson (28 November 1865 – 6 July 1955) was a British dermatologist. He studied at St. Bartholomew's Hospital receiving his medical doctorate in 1888. He learned dermatology at the Middlesex Hospital in London from John James Pringle.  Between 1909 and 1928, he lectured and practiced dermatology at St. Bartholomew's Hospital.

While working at the Downs Ringworm School of the Metropolitan Asylums Board in Sutton, Adamson developed an interest in mycology and modified Robert Kienböck's technique for X-ray epilation for scalp ringworm.

He was president of the British Association of Dermatologists for 1923–24 and a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians.

Middlesex Hospital
Middlesex Hospital was a teaching hospital located in the Fitzrovia area of London, England. First opened as the Middlesex Infirmary in 1745 on Windmill Street, it was moved in 1757 to Mortimer Street where it remained until it was finally closed in 2005. Its staff and services were transferred to various sites within the University College London Hospitals NHS Trust. The Middlesex Hospital Medical School, with a history dating back to 1746, merged with UCL Medical School in 1987. The Broderip Ward, which opened in 1987, was the first ward dedicated to the care and treatment of people affected by HIV/AIDS in the United Kingdom.
Les Ballets 1933
Les Ballets 1933 was a ballet company started by Boris Kochno and George Balanchine, which Balanchine used to create new works that were completely his own, set to music that no one had yet choreographed. The company ran for less than four weeks in 1933 and tailored itself to small, wealthy audiences in Paris (the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées) and London (Savoy Theatre), but despite its scale, it came out with works that Balanchine later used to instruct at his School of American Ballet, and in the programs of his later companies. Outside a theatre for Les Ballets, Balanchine first met Lincoln Kirstein.

Lincoln Kirstein
Lincoln Edward Kirstein (May 4, 1907 – January 5, 1996) was an American writer, impresario, art connoisseur, philanthropist, and cultural figure in New York City, noted especially as co-founder of the New York City Ballet. He developed and sustained the company with his organizing ability and fundraising for more than four decades, serving as the company's general director from 1946 to 1989. According to the New York Times, he was "an expert in many fields", organizing art exhibits and lecture tours in the same years.
Bring Your Daughter... to the Slaughter
"Bring Your Daughter... to the Slaughter" is the second single from the 1990 Iron Maiden album No Prayer for the Dying. The song was originally recorded and released by Bruce Dickinson for the soundtrack to A Nightmare on Elm Street 5: The Dream Child, but Steve Harris liked it so Iron Maiden  rerecorded it. It is the only UK number-one single for the band to date, in spite of the fact that it received very little airplay on the BBC. The song also topped the Finnish Singles Chart and reached number six in Ireland.

Official Finnish Charts
The Official Finnish Charts (Finnish: Suomen virallinen lista; Swedish: Finlands officiella lista) are national record charts in Finland compiled and published by Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. The name Suomen virallinen lista/Finlands officiella lista (lit. "the Official Finnish Chart"), which is singular in both Finnish and Swedish, is used generically to refer to both the albums and the singles chart, and the context (albums or songs) reveals which chart is meant.
E Pluribus Funk
E Pluribus Funk is the fifth studio album by American rock band Grand Funk Railroad. The album was released on November 15, 1971, by Capitol Records. Like previous Grand Funk Railroad albums, it was recorded at Cleveland Recording Company and is the final album produced by Terry Knight. The title is a play on the Latin motto of the United States of America, E pluribus unum ("Out of many, one") and translates as "Out of many, Funk". The original release cover (designed by Ernie Cefalu) was completely round and covered with a silver-like film to resemble a large coin. The back  side of the cover of this album included a die cast picture of Shea Stadium to celebrate Grand Funk beating The Beatles' Shea Stadium attendance record by selling out in just 72 hours.

Shea Stadium
William A. Shea Municipal Stadium (/ʃeɪ/ SHAY), typically shortened to Shea Stadium, was a multi-purpose stadium in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in Queens, New York City. Opened in 1964, it was home to the New York Mets of Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1964 to 2008, as well as the New York Jets of the American Football League (AFL) and the National Football League (NFL) from 1964 to 1983.

The stadium was named in honor of William Shea, who was most responsible for bringing National League baseball back to New York after the Dodgers and Giants left for California in 1957. It was demolished in 2009 following the opening of the adjacent Citi Field, the ballpark built to replace it and the current home of the Mets. The former footprint of Shea Stadium is part of Citi Field's parking lots.
Scarborough Sandstone
Scarborough Sandstone is a geologic formation in the Sydney Basin in eastern Australia. Commonly seen in the Illawarra region, this stratum is up to 26 metres thick. Formed in the early Triassic, it is part of the Narrabeen Group of sedimentary rocks. This formation includes quartz-lithic sandstone, sometimes with pebbles.

Lithic sandstone
Lithic sandstones, or lithic arenites, or litharenites, are sandstones with a significant (>5%) component of lithic fragments, though quartz and feldspar are usually present as well, along with some clayey matrix.  Lithic sandstones can have a speckled (salt and pepper) or gray color, and are usually associated with one specific type of lithic fragment (i.e., igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic).

Tectonically, lithic sandstones often form in a wide variety sedimentary depositional environments (including fluvial, deltaic, and alluvial sediments) associated with active margins.  This tectonic setting provides the source of the lithic fragments, either through arc volcanism, thin-skinned faulting, continental collisions, unroofing, and subduction roll-back.
David Hamilton Golland
David Hamilton Golland (born 1971) is an American historian of the 20th-century United States with a focus on the history of civil rights, public policy, politics, and labor.  He serves as dean of the School of Humanities and Social Sciences and Professor of History at Monmouth University.

Southern Historical Association
The Southern Historical Association is a professional academic organization of historians focusing on the history of the Southern United States. It was organized on November 2, 1934. Its objectives are the promotion of interest and research in Southern history, the collection and preservation of the South's historical records, and the encouragement of state and local historical societies in the South. As a secondary purpose the organization fosters the teaching and study of all areas of history in the South.
Arizona League Cardinals
The Arizona League Cardinals were the rookie level farm club of the St. Louis Cardinals in the Arizona League from 1989 to 1994. They were based in Peoria, Arizona from 1990 to 1992 and in Chandler, Arizona from 1993 to 1994.

Chandler, Arizona
Chandler is a city in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States, and a suburb in the Phoenix-Mesa-Chandler Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is the fourth-most populous city in Arizona, after Phoenix, Tucson, and Mesa. Chandler is considered to be a part of the East Valley.

As of the 2020 census, the population of Chandler was 275,987, up from 236,123 at the 2010 census. Chandler is a commercial and tech hub for corporations like Intel, Northrop Grumman, Wells Fargo, PayPal and Boeing.
Humming Bird Records
Humming Bird Records (often referred to as Hummingbird Records) was a mid-20th century record label based in Waco, Texas.

The label focused on local and regional artists of various genres including Cajun music (e.g. Harry Choates) and Texas Czech polka/waltz music (e.g. Frank Kubin, Rhine Winkler, etc.).

Humming Bird initially issued releases on 78rpm before transitioning to 45rpm.

Cajun music
Cajun music (French: Musique cadienne), an emblematic music of Louisiana played by the Cajuns, is rooted in the ballads of the French-speaking Acadians of Canada. Although they are two separate genres, Cajun music is often mentioned in tandem with the Creole-based zydeco music. Both are from southwest Louisiana and share French and African origins. These French Louisiana sounds have influenced American popular music for many decades, especially country music, and have influenced pop culture through mass media, such as television commercials.
Vena (Hindu king)
Vena (Sanskrit: वेन, romanized: Vena, lit. 'tormentor') is a king in Hinduism, notorious for his wickedness and misrule. A descendant of the first Manu, he bans all worship, offerings, and sacrifices upon his accession. After denying all petitions to restore these practices, Vena is slain by sages with their consecrated blades of grass. He is succeeded by the legendary king Prithu, who springs from his right arm.

In the Rigveda (10.123), Vena is a personification of a celestial being, perhaps the rainbow. The name of the hymn is also Vena, as is the name of the author of RV 9.85.

Devanagari transliteration
Devanagari transliteration is the process of representing text written in Devanagari script—an Indic script used for Classical Sanskrit and many other Indic languages—in the Latin script, preserving pronunciation and spelling conventions. There are several methods of transliteration from Devanagari to the Latin script (i.e., romanisation), including the IAST notation. Romanised Devanagari is also called Romanagari.
George Buchan Simpson
George B. Simpson (10 October 1820 – 1 July 1892) was a Scottish art collector, connoisseur and patron of Scottish painters. He financed his interests through his wealth acquired as a linen manufacturer and jute merchant in Dundee. He is "Dundee’s Forgotten Maecenas" according to a recent academic paper.

Gaius Maecenas
Gaius Cilnius Maecenas ([ˈɡaːiʊs̠ ˈkɪɫ̪niʊs̠ mae̯ˈkeːnaːs̠] 13 April 68 BC – 8 BC) was a friend and political advisor to Octavian (who later reigned as emperor Augustus). He was also an important patron for the new generation of Augustan poets, including both Horace and Virgil. In many languages, his name is an eponym for "patron of arts".

During the reign of Augustus, Maecenas served as a quasi-culture minister to the Roman emperor but in spite of his wealth and power he chose not to enter the Senate, remaining of equestrian rank.
Kisfaludy Society
The Kisfaludy Society (Hungarian: Kisfaludy Társaság) was a literary society in Pest, founded in 1836 and named after Károly Kisfaludy, who had died in 1830. It held monthly meetings and was a major force in Hungarian literary life, giving prizes, funding the collection of folk songs, and sponsoring the publication of works like Imre Madách's The Tragedy of Man. It dissolved in 1952.

The Tragedy of Man
The Tragedy of Man (Hungarian: Az ember tragédiája) is a play written by the Hungarian author Imre Madách. It was first published in 1861. The play is considered to be one of the major works of Hungarian literature and is one of the most often staged Hungarian plays today. Many lines have become common quotations in Hungary. The 1984 film The Annunciation (Angyali üdvözlet) was based on the play, as was the 2011 animated film The Tragedy of Man.
Hampstead Central (ward)
Hampstead Central was an electoral ward in the London Borough of Camden from 1965 to 1971. It was first used at the 1964 elections and last used at the 1968 elections. It returned three councillors to Camden London Borough Council.

London Borough of Camden
The London Borough of Camden (/ˈkæmdən/ ⓘ) is a borough in Inner London, England. Camden Town Hall, on Euston Road, lies 1.4 mi (2.3 km) north of Charing Cross. The borough was established on 1 April 1965 from the former metropolitan boroughs of Holborn,  St Pancras and Hampstead.

To the south it shares with the City of Westminster parts of the West End, where it also borders the City of London. The cultural and commercial land uses in the south contrast with the bustling mixed-use districts such as Camden Town and Kentish Town in the centre and leafy residential areas around Hampstead Heath in the north. Well known attractions include The British Museum, The British Library, the famous views from Parliament Hill, the London Zoo, the BT Tower, the converted Roundhouse entertainment venue, and Camden Market. As of 2021 it has a population of 210,136. Politically, its local authority is Camden London Borough Council.
Koisjärvi
Koisjärvi (Finnish pronunciation: [koi̯sˌjærʋi]) is a village in the former Nummi-Pusula municipality, now part of the city of Lohja in Uusimaa, Finland. In 2015, it has less that 500 inhabitants. The village is located near the lake of the same name.

Koisjärvi's attractions include a pine tree, which is said to be depicted on the 50, 20 and 10 Finnish markka and penni coins. Another landmark of the village is the wall inscription "Koisjärven disko" ("Koisjärvi's disco") at the same intersection, clearly visible from the road, in an old building (a former shop) painted with red clay.

The village was once home to a village school, founded in 1903, which was closed in 2014.

Uusimaa
Uusimaa (Finnish: [ˈuːsimɑː]; Swedish: Nyland, Finland Swedish: [ˈnyːlɑnd]) is a region of Finland. It borders the regions of Southwest Finland, Kanta-Häme, Päijät-Häme, and Kymenlaakso. Finland's capital and largest city, Helsinki, along with its surrounding metropolitan area, is located in the Uusimaa region, which is Finland's most populous region. Its population is 1,734,000.
Marayniyuq (Yauyos)
Marayniyuq (Quechua maran, maray batan or grindstone, maray to tear down, to knock down, -ni, -yuq suffixes, "the one with the grind stone", also spelled Marayniyoc) is a mountain in the Cordillera Central in the Andes of Peru which reaches a height of approximately 4,800 metres (15,748 ft). It is located in the Lima Region, Yauyos Province, Huancaya District.

Grindstone
A grindstone, also known as grinding stone, is a sharpening stone used for grinding or sharpening ferrous tools, used since ancient times. Tools are sharpened by the stone's abrasive qualities that remove material from the tool through friction in order to create a fine edge. Similar to sandpaper, each stone has a different grit that will result in sharper or duller tools. In Australia, Aboriginal peoples created grinding grooves by repeated shaping of stone axes against outcrops of sandstone.
Second German Bundestag
The Bundestag is the German federal parliament, and the only federal representative body that is directly elected by the German people. It was established in 1949 by the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany and is the historical successor to the Reichstag. The Second German Bundestag came into being in 1953 and ended in 1957.

Hermann Ehlers
Hermann Ehlers (1 October 1904 – 29 October 1954) was a German politician. He was the second president of the Bundestag  from 19 October 1950 to 29 October 1954.

He was a member of the Christian Democratic Union.