hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Obfuscation
Obfuscation is the obscuring of the intended meaning of communication by making the message difficult to understand, usually with confusing and ambiguous language. The obfuscation might be either unintentional or intentional (although intent usually is connoted), and is accomplished with circumlocution (talking around the subject), the use of jargon (technical language of a profession), and the use of an argot (ingroup language) of limited communicative value to outsiders.

In expository writing, unintentional obfuscation usually occurs in draft documents, at the beginning of composition; such obfuscation is illuminated with critical thinking and editorial revision, either by the writer or by an editor. Etymologically, the word obfuscation derives from the Latin obfuscatio, from obfuscāre (to darken); synonyms include the words beclouding and abstrusity.

Confusion
In psychology, confusion is the quality or emotional state of being bewildered or unclear. The term acute mental confusion is often used interchangeably with delirium in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems and the Medical Subject Headings publications to describe the pathology. These refer to the loss of orientation, or the ability to place oneself correctly in the world by time, location and personal identity. Mental confusion is sometimes accompanied by disordered consciousness (the loss of linear thinking) and memory loss (the inability to correctly recall previous events or learn new material).
Charles J. Fillmore
Charles J. Fillmore (August 9, 1929 – February 13, 2014) was an American linguist and Professor of Linguistics at the University of California, Berkeley.  He received his Ph.D. in Linguistics from the University of Michigan in 1961. Fillmore spent ten years at Ohio State University and a year as a Fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University before joining Berkeley's Department of Linguistics in 1971. Fillmore was influential in the areas of syntax and lexical semantics.

A three-day conference was held at UC Berkeley in celebration of his 80th birthday in 2009. Fillmore received the 2012 Lifetime Achievement Award of the Association for Computational Linguistics. He died in 2014.

Syntax
In linguistics, syntax (/ˈsɪntæks/ SIN-taks) is the study of how words and morphemes well-formed combine to form larger units such as phrases and sentences. Central concerns with syntax include word order, grammatical relations, hierarchical sentence structure (constituency), agreement, the nature of crosslinguistic variation, and the relationship between form and meaning (semantics). Diverse approaches, such as generative grammar and functional grammar, offer unique perspectives on syntax, reflecting its complexity and centrality to understanding human language.
American Registry for Internet Numbers
The American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN) is the regional Internet registry  for the United States, Canada, and many Caribbean and North Atlantic islands. ARIN manages the distribution of Internet number resources, including IPv4 and IPv6 address space and AS numbers. ARIN opened for business on December 22, 1997 after incorporating on April 18, 1997. ARIN is a nonprofit corporation with headquarters in Chantilly, Virginia, United States.

ARIN is one of five regional Internet registries in the world. Like the other regional Internet registries, ARIN:

Provides services related to the technical coordination and management of Internet number resources

Facilitates policy development by its members and stakeholders

Participates in the international Internet community

Is a nonprofit, community-based organization

Is governed by an executive board elected by its membership

IPv4
Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is the first version of the Internet Protocol (IP) as a standalone specification. It is one of the core protocols of standards-based internetworking methods in the Internet and other packet-switched networks. IPv4 was the first version deployed for production on SATNET in 1982 and on the ARPANET in January 1983. It is still used to route most Internet traffic today, even with the ongoing deployment of Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6), its successor.

IPv4 uses a 32-bit address space which provides 4,294,967,296 (232) unique addresses, but large blocks are reserved for special networking purposes. This quantity of unique addresses is not large enough to meet the needs of the global Internet, which has caused a significant issue known as IPv4 address exhaustion during the ongoing transition to IPv6.
The Skewer
The Skewer is a topical radio programme broadcast on BBC Radio 4 and as a podcast on BBC Sounds. Created and produced by Jon Holmes, the 15 or 30 minute episodes are a sound collage which combine topical soundbites with excerpts from popular culture, historical quotations and songs, often in unsettling or surreal ways.

The programme is created using Avid Pro Tools and is designed to be heard through headphones, making use of binaural techniques. The series has an "open door" writing policy, with ideas and soundscapes being added just a few hours before broadcast.

Following a pilot episode on 4 April 2019 The Skewer has run for fifteen series since 8 January 2020.

Sound bite
A sound bite or soundbite is a short clip of speech or music extracted from a longer piece of audio, often used to promote or exemplify the full-length piece. In the context of journalism, a sound bite is characterized by a short phrase or sentence that captures the essence of what the speaker was trying to say, and is used to summarize information and entice the reader or viewer. The term was coined by the U.S. media in the 1970s. Since then, various politicians have increasingly employed sound bites to summarize their positions.

Due to its brevity, the sound bite often overshadows the broader context in which it was spoken, and can be misleading or inaccurate. The insertion of sound bites into news broadcasts or documentaries is open to manipulation, leading to conflict over journalistic ethics.
Angel Beltrán
Ángel Beltrán (born 26 April 1973) is a retired Cuban volleyball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. He won a gold medal with the Cuban team at the 1993 Central American and Caribbean Games in Ponce.

Volleyball at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament
The men's tournament in volleyball at the 1996 Summer Olympics was the 9th edition of the event at the Summer Olympics, organized by the world's governing body, the FIVB in conjunction with the IOC. It was held in Atlanta and Athens, Georgia, United States from 21 July to 4 August 1996.
McComber, Minnesota
McComber is an unincorporated community in Eagles Nest Township, Saint Louis County, Minnesota, United States.

The community is located between Tower and Ely on State Highway 1 (MN 1) and State Highway 169 (MN 169).

Bear Head Lake State Park is nearby.

McComber is location of the former McComber iron mine which was located on the north side of Armstrong Lake.

The boundary line between Eagles Nest Township and Morse Township is also in the vicinity.

Minnesota State Highway 1
Minnesota State Highway 1 (MN 1) is a state highway across northern Minnesota, United States, which runs from North Dakota Highway 54 (ND 54) at the North Dakota state line (at the Red River in Oslo) and continues east to its eastern terminus at MN 61 at the unincorporated community of Illgen City in Beaver Bay Township on the North Shore of Lake Superior. At 346 miles (557 km) in length, MN 1 is the longest state route in Minnesota.
Hendrik Cornelis
Hendrik "Rik" Cornelis (September 18, 1910–1999) was a Belgian colonial civil servant who served as the final Governor-General of the Belgian Congo from 1958 to 1960. His term ended with the independence of the Republic of the Congo.

Cornelis was born in Bevere, near Oudenaarde, in the Belgian province of East Flanders on 18 September 1910. He gained a doctorate in economic science from the University of Ghent, also spending a year at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva. He joined the Belgian colonial administration in Ruanda-Urundi in 1934 and later served in various roles in the Congo. He was promoted to vice-governor-general of the Belgian Congo in 1953. He became the governor-general on 12 July 1958, being the first Dutch-speaking appointee to the role.

After the independence of the Belgian Congo in 1960, Cornelis served as an advisor to Justin Bomboko during his presidency of the College of Commissioners established by Joseph-Désiré Mobutu.

Justin Bomboko
Justin-Marie Bomboko Lokumba Is Elenge (22 September 1928 – 10 April 2014), was a Congolese politician and statesman. He was the Minister of Foreign Affairs for the Congo. He  served as leader of the Congolese government as chairman of the College of Commissioners. He also served as Foreign Minister for three different tenures: 1960–1963, 1965–1969, and again in 1981. 
Bomboko died from a long-illness in Brussels, Belgium, aged 85.
DT1 multiple unit
The DT1 (Diesel train Torzhok, type 1, rus: ДТ1 (Дизель-поезд Торжокский, 1-й тип)) is a dual-mode multiple unit passenger train developed at the Torzhoksky car-building factory in Russia in 2007. The train has electric and diesel power, and is intended to be used for suburban transport on 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in) gauge railways, with both low and high passenger platforms in macroclimatic areas with a temperate climate.

The DT1 is the first dual-mode train produced in Russia. It has a top speed of 110 kilometres per hour (68 mph). It has 370 seats, with a total capacity of 878 passengers.

Dieselisation
Dieselisation (US: dieselization) is the process of equipping vehicles with a diesel engine or diesel engines.

It can involve replacing an internal combustion engine powered by petrol (US: gasoline) fuel with an engine powered by diesel fuel, as occurred on a large scale with trucks, buses, farm tractors, trains, and building construction machinery after World War II. Alternatively it can involve replacing the entire plant or vehicle with one that is diesel-powered; the term commonly describes the generational replacement between the 1930s to 1970s of railway steam locomotives with diesel locomotives, and associated facilities.
1916 St George's, Hanover Square by-election
The 1916 St George's, Hanover Square by-election was held on 11 January 1916.  The by-election was held due to the elevation to the peerage of the incumbent Conservative MP, Sir Alexander Henderson. It was won by the Unionist candidate Sir George Reid, the former Prime Minister of Australia, who acted as a spokesman for the self-governing Dominions in supporting the war effort. He was unopposed.  There was a history of unopposed by-elections in the constituency and the War-time electoral pact meant that the other major parties would not endorse candidates in that election.

Sir George Reid was to die in 1918 triggering another unopposed by-election.

War-time electoral pact
The war-time electoral pact was an electoral pact established by the member parties of the United Kingdom coalition governments in the First World War, and re-established in the Second World War. Under the pact, in the event of a by-election only the party which previously held the seat would nominate a candidate, and the other coalition parties would stand aside.

This led to a number of unopposed by-elections as well as strong showings and surprise victories by third party candidates.

The 1914 to 1918 truce was officially broken in June 1918 when the Labour Party decided that the truce should no longer be recognised, although no Labour candidates were nominated before the 1918 General Election.
Strath Point
Strath Point (64°32′S 62°36′W﻿ / ﻿64.533°S 62.600°W﻿ / -64.533; -62.600) is a low ice-covered point forming the south end of Brabant Island, in the Palmer Archipelago. Roughly charted by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition under Gerlache, 1897–99. Photographed by Hunting Aerosurveys Ltd. in 1956–57, and mapped from these photos in 1959. The name is descriptive; "strath" means a stretch of flat land by the sea or a broad river valley.

Belgian Antarctic Expedition
The Belgian Antarctic Expedition of 1897–1899 was the first expedition to winter in the Antarctic region. Led by Adrien de Gerlache de Gomery aboard the RV Belgica, it was the first Belgian Antarctic expedition and is considered the first expedition of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration. Among its members were Frederick Cook and Roald Amundsen, explorers who would later attempt the respective conquests of the North and South Poles.
Phulgama
Phulgama is a ward of Nagarain Municipality in Dhanusa District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 8,564 persons living in 1539 individual households.

Janakpur Zone
Janakpur Zone (Nepali: जनकपुर अञ्चल Listenⓘ) was one of the fourteen zones of Nepal, reaching from the Indian border in the south to the Tibetan border in the north and Sagarmatha Zone in the east and Bagmati and Naryani Zones in the west.

The headquarters of Janakpur Zone and its main city was Janakpur. Close to the Indian border, it is a historic city of Hinduism. The city is believed to have been the capital city of King Janaka, the father-in-law of Lord Rama, the son of the then king of Ayodhya, Dasharatha. The city was then called 'Mithila Nagari'. The name of Janakpur zone is related to the historic King Janaka and his capital Janakpur.

Other cities within Janakpur Zone are Kamalamai (in Inner Terai), Manthali (in Hill), Bhimeshwor (in Himalaya) and Bardibas, Dhalkebar, Jaleshwor, Malangwa, Hariwan, Lalbandi, Gaushala Bazar and Matihani (Outer Terai).
Electoral (Amendment) Act 1969
The Electoral (Amendment) Act 1969 (No. 3) was a law of Ireland which revised Dáil constituencies. It took effect on the dissolution of the 18th Dáil on 22 May 1969 and a general election for the 19th Dáil on the revised constituencies took place on 18 June 1969.

This Act repealed the Electoral (Amendment) Act 1961, which had defined constituencies since the 1961 general election. It ended the distinction between borough constituencies in the cities of Cork and Dublin and county constituencies elsewhere.

The constituencies were also used at the general election for the 20th Dáil held on 28 February 1973.

It was itself repealed by the Electoral (Amendment) Act 1974, which created a new schedule of constituencies first used at the 1977 general election for the 21st Dáil held on 16 June 1977.

Law of the Republic of Ireland
The law of Ireland consists of constitutional, statutory, and common law. The highest law in the State is the Constitution of Ireland, from which all other law derives its authority. The Republic has a common-law legal system with a written constitution that provides for a parliamentary democracy based on the British parliamentary system, albeit with a popularly elected president, a separation of powers, a developed system of constitutional rights and judicial review of primary legislation.
Outline of Lesotho
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Lesotho:

Lesotho – sovereign country located in Southern Africa. Lesotho is an enclave completely surrounded by the Republic of South Africa. Formerly Basutoland, it is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. The name Lesotho roughly translates into "the land of the people who speak Sesotho."

Districts of Lesotho
The Kingdom of Lesotho is divided into ten districts, each headed by a district administrator. Each district has a capital known as a camptown. The districts are further subdivided into 80 constituencies, which consist of 129 local community councils. Most of the districts are named after their capitals. Hlotse, the capital of Leribe District is also known as Leribe. Paballo L. Mokoena was born in this town. Conversely, the Berea District is sometimes called Teyateyaneng, based on its capital.
Findlay, Ohio minor league baseball history
Minor league baseball teams were based in Findlay, Ohio between 1895 and 1941, playing under four nicknames and hosting games in four ballparks. Findlay teams played as members of the Interstate League in 1895, Buckeye League in 1915 and Ohio State League from 1937 to 1941. The Findlay Browns were a minor league affiliate of the St. Louis Browns in 1937 and 1938. Baseball Hall of Fame member Bud Fowler played for the 1894 Findlay Sluggers.

Fremont Reds
The Fremont Reds were a minor league baseball team based in Fremont, Ohio. From 1936 to 1941, Fremont teams played as members of the Class D level Ohio State League, winning two league championships. The Fremont Reds were an affiliate of the Cincinnati Reds from 1936 to 1938, before playing from 1939 to 1941 as the Fremont "Green Sox." The Fremont Reds and Green Sox teams hosted home minor league games at Anderson Field, which is still in use today.
Lactarius repraesentaneus
Lactarius repraesentaneus, commonly known as the purple-staining bearded milkcap, the northern bearded milkcap, or the northern milkcap, is a species of fungus in the family Russulaceae.

Distinguishing features of its fruit body include the large orange-yellow cap up to 18 cm (7.1 in) wide, cream to pale yellow gills, and a yellow coarsely-pitted stem that is up to 12 cm (4.7 in) long and 3 cm (1.2 in) thick. Cut fruit bodies ooze a white latex that will stain mushroom tissue lilac to purple.

The species has a northerly distribution, being found in temperate regions of North America and Europe. It is associated with spruce trees. The mushroom is poisonous, its consumption causing stomach aches. It has antibiotic activity against Staphylococcus aureus and contains chemicals that can modify the growth of plants.

Russulaceae
The Russulaceae are a diverse family of fungi in the order Russulales, with roughly 1,900 known species and a worldwide distribution. They comprise the brittlegills and the milk-caps, well-known mushroom-forming fungi that include some edible species. These gilled mushrooms are characterised by the brittle flesh of their fruitbodies.

In addition to these typical agaricoid forms, the family contains species with fruitbodies that are laterally striped (pleurotoid), closed (secotioid or gasteroid), or crust-like (corticioid). Molecular phylogenetics has demonstrated close affinities between species with very different fruitbody types and has discovered new, distinct lineages.

An important group of root-symbiotic ectomycorrhizal fungi in forests and shrublands around the world includes Lactifluus, Multifurca, Russula, and Lactarius. The crust-forming genera Boidinia, Gloeopeniophorella, and Pseudoxenasma, all wood-decay fungi, have basal positions in the family.
ChowNow
ChowNow is an online food ordering platform that connects customers with local restaurants.  Christopher Webb and Eric Jaffe, American entrepreneurs, founded the company in 2011 with headquarters in Los Angeles, California.

Online food ordering
Online food ordering is the process of ordering food, for delivery or pickup, from a website or other application. The product can be either ready-to-eat food (e.g., direct from a home-kitchen, restaurant, or a virtual restaurant) or food that has not been specially prepared for direct consumption (e.g., vegetables direct from a farm/garden, fruits, frozen meats. etc).

Ordering food through third-party delivery companies has emerged as a global industry, leading to a "delivery revolution." From 2018 to 2021, global revenues for the online food delivery sector rose from $90 billion to $294 billion.
When Love Hurts
"When Love Hurts" is a song recorded by American recording artist JoJo that was intended for her third studio album, Mad Love (2016), (though didn't actually end up on it) and is included on her "tringle" (triple single) extended play (EP), III. (2015). The song was written by Ammar Malik, Benny Blanco, Daniel Omelio, Jason Evigan, creative team "The XX" and Ryn Weaver, while Blanco and Evigan also handled the production. "When Love Hurts" was the first song from the tringle to be promoted to radio via Atlantic Records. An official remix package was released on October 2, 2015. The song officially impacted Mainstream radio in the U.S. on November 17, 2015.

Ammar Malik
Ammar Malik (born June 22, 1987) is an American songwriter. He has co-written several modern pop songs, most notably Maroon 5's "Moves like Jagger" and Gym Class Heroes' "Stereo Hearts" which have both been certified multi-platinum by the RIAA. He tied for 17th place in Songtrust's publication of the top 20 songwriters of 2011. Ammar Malik's songs have sold over 100 million copies worldwide in total.
Daryell Nowlan
Daryell Nowlan (born June 4, 1969 in Lahr, West Germany) is a Canadian curler and curling coach from Moncton, New Brunswick. He is originally from Summerside, Prince Edward Island. He currently coaches the Sylvie Quillian rink.

Lahr
Lahr (officially Lahr/Schwarzwald since 30 September 1978) ((German: [laːɐ̯] ⓘ); Low Alemannic: Lohr) is a city in western Baden-Württemberg, Germany, approximately 50 km north of Freiburg im Breisgau, 40 km southeast of Strasbourg, and 95 km southwest of Karlsruhe. It is the second largest city in Ortenau (district) after Offenburg, and serves as an intermediate economic centre for the cities and towns of Ettenheim, Friesenheim, Kappel-Grafenhausen, Kippenheim, Mahlberg, Meißenheim, Ringsheim, Rust, Schuttertal, Schwanau and Seelbach.

The population of Lahr passed the 20,000 mark in the mid-1950s. When the new body of Municipal Law for Baden-Württemberg came into effect on April 1, 1956, the city was therefore immediately accorded Große Kreisstadt status. In addition, Lahr cooperates with the town of Kippenheim in administrative matters.
Bahing language
Bahing is one of the ethnicities present in Nepal which consist of the following ancestors: Paiwa, Dungmowa, Rukhusalu, Waripsawa, Timriwa, Dhimriwa, Nayango, Dhayango, Khaliwa/Khaluwa, Rendukpa/Rendu, and  Rungbu. These ancestors spoke the Bahing language. The Bahing language was recorded (census 2021) to be spoken by 14449 people of the Bahing ethnic group in Nepal. It belongs to the family of Kiranti languages, a subgroup of Sino-Tibetan.

The group Rumdali is also known as Nechali among some of them.

Bahing
The Bahing are a subset of the Indigenous Kirant ethnic group, which is located widely in Okhaldhunga and Solukhumbu District. These people have 6547 population (2021 census) They can be found in some of the villages like Bulaadi, Chisopani, Moli, Pankhu, Bhadaure, Aapsowra, Rangadeep, Bigutar, Mamkha, Narayasthan, Baruneshowe, Ratmate, Waksa, Lekh Kharka of the Okhaldhunga District, and Nechabatase, Titribot of Ophlang in 
khotang district, Salyan of Solukhumbu & in some other districts of eastern Nepal.

Their language, also named "Bahing lo, Pai lo, Radu lo, Wai lo, Procha Lo", belongs to the family of Kiranti languages, a subgroup of Tibeto-Burman. They use "Sewa" as their first greetings. They have two main festivals: Hong and Susu.  The Bahing also worship Nature.
Smolensk Oblast Duma
The Smolensk Oblast Duma (Russian: Смоленская областная дума, romanized: Smolenskaya oblastnaya duma) is the regional parliament of Smolensk Oblast, a federal subject of Russia. A total of 48 deputies are elected for five-year terms.

Smolensk Oblast
Smolensk Oblast (Russian: Смоленская область, romanized: Smolenskaya oblastʹ), informally also called Smolenshchina (Смоленщина), is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative centre is the city of Smolensk. As of the 2021 Census, its population was 888,421.