hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Parent trigger
A parent trigger is a legal maneuver through which parents can change the administration of a poorly performing public school—most notably by transforming it into a charter school.

The first parent trigger law was passed by the California legislature in January 2010. Subsequently, similar laws were considered in at least 25 states in the US, while they have been adopted by six states: Louisiana, Mississippi, Connecticut, Texas, Indiana and Ohio.  The law has been invoked by parents in the Compton, Adelanto, Anaheim, and LAUSD school districts of California.

In California, parents of children enrolled in 20th Street Elementary School and Palm Lane Elementary School attempted to use the parent trigger law. After the parent trigger campaign, the 20th Street Elementary School was one of the most improved schools in all of LAUSD. Former Los Angeles Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa wrote about the success of the 20th Street parent trigger in the Wall Street Journal.

Antonio Villaraigosa
Antonio Ramón Villaraigosa (/ˌviːəraɪˈɡoʊsə/; né Villar Jr. (born January 23, 1953) is an American politician who served as the 41st Mayor of Los Angeles from 2005 to 2013. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served as the Majority Leader from 1996 to 1998 and Speaker of the California State Assembly from 1998 to 2000.

Villaraigosa is a graduate of University of California, Los Angeles and the unaccredited People's College of Law.

Villaraigosa was a candidate in the 2018 California gubernatorial election and announced his candidacy for the 2026 gubernatorial election.
Sheepshooters' War
The Sheepshooters' War was an armed conflict fought in central and eastern Oregon. Like other range wars in the Old West, the war pitted cattlemen against sheepherders. Because the cattlemen were unwilling to share the open range with the sheepherders, due to concerns about overgrazing, they formed paramilitary organizations with the goal of eliminating the flocks of sheep and anyone who attempted to stop them. Between 1895 and 1906, the Sheepshooters, as they were called, slaughtered at least 25,000 sheep. A few men were also killed during gunfights or related incidents.

Overgrazing
Overgrazing occurs when plants are exposed to intensive grazing for extended periods of time, or without sufficient recovery periods. It can be caused by either livestock in poorly managed agricultural applications, game reserves, or nature reserves. It can also be caused by immobile, travel restricted populations of native or non-native wild animals.

Overgrazing reduces the usefulness, productivity and biodiversity of the land and is one cause of desertification and erosion. Overgrazing is also seen as a cause of the spread of invasive species of non-native plants and of weeds. Degrading land, emissions from animal agriculture and reducing the biomass in a ecosystem contribute directly to climate change between grazing events.
Soheyla Feyzbakhsh
Soheyla Feyzbakhsh (Persian: سهیلا فیض‌بخش) is a mathematician whose research connects algebraic geometry to string theory in mathematical physics. Originally from Iran, she works in the UK as Royal Society university research fellow and senior lecturer in mathematics at Imperial College London. She shared the American Mathematical Society's 2025 Oswald Veblen Prize in Geometry with her collaborator Richard Thomas.

Mathematical physics
Mathematical physics is the development of mathematical methods for application to problems in physics. The Journal of Mathematical Physics defines the field as "the application of mathematics to problems in physics and the development of mathematical methods suitable for such applications and for the formulation of physical theories". An alternative definition would also include those mathematics that are inspired by physics, known as physical mathematics.
Awards and decorations of the Indian Armed Forces
The Armed Forces of India are eligible for many military decorations awarded for extraordinary bravery and distinguished service during times of war and peace. Service and campaign medals have been awarded throughout India's history as an independent state.

Post-nominal letters for wartime gallantry decorations were approved when those decorations were created in 1950. Until 27 January 1967, when they received their present names, the two lower peacetime gallantry decorations and the two higher peacetime distinguished service medals were respectively distinct classes of the Ashoka Chakra and the Vishisht Seva Medal. Post-nominals for peacetime gallantry, peacetime distinguished service and branch distinguished service awards were approved in August 1967.

Post-nominal letters
Post-nominal letters, also called post-nominal initials, post-nominal titles, designatory letters, or simply post-nominals, are letters placed after a person's name to indicate that the individual holds a position, an academic degree, accreditation, an office, a military decoration, or honour, or is a member of a religious institute or fraternity. An individual may use several different sets of post-nominal letters, but in some contexts it may be customary to limit the number of sets to one or just a few. The order in which post-nominals are listed after a name is based on rules of precedence and what is appropriate for a given situation. Post-nominal letters are one of the main types of name suffix. In contrast, pre-nominal letters precede the name rather than follow it, such as addressing a physician or professor as "Dr. Smith".
Berkeley body
Berkeley bodies are organelles unique to the yeast cell Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with a secretory mutation in the genes sec7 and sec14. The function of the organelle lies in the CTV (cytoplasm to vacuole targeting) pathway, which is a transport pathway for certain vacuolar hydrolases to be degenerated. The Berkeley body acts as the transport medium from the cytoplasm to the vacuole within this pathway. Studies have shown that Berkeley bodies share structural similarities with autophagosomes, which are involved in autophagy.

The organelle consists of two enclosed membranes forming an enclosed lumen, which contains cytoplasm. It is formed by vesicles budding off the Golgi apparatus or the endoplasmic reticulum. They were discovered in 1980 by Peter Novick and Randy Schekman, of the Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Berkeley.

Lumen (anatomy)
In biology, a lumen (pl.: lumina) is the inside space of a tubular structure, such as an artery or intestine. It comes from Latin  lumen 'an opening'.

It can refer to:

the interior of a vessel, such as the central space in an artery, vein or capillary through which blood flows

the interior of the gastrointestinal tract

the pathways of the bronchi in the lungs

the interior of renal tubules and urinary collecting ducts

the pathways of the female genital tract, starting with a single pathway of the vagina, splitting up in two lumina in the uterus, both of which continue through the fallopian tubes

the fluid-filled cavity forming in the blastocyst during pre-implantation development called the blastocoel

In cell biology, lumen is a membrane-defined space that is found inside several organelles, cellular components, or structures, including thylakoid, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosome, mitochondrion, and microtubule.
Lee Ji-hyun
Lee Ji-hyun, Lee Ji-hyeon or Ri Ji-hyon (이지현) is a Korean name; the surname is Lee and the (unisex) given name is Ji-hyun. It is the name of:

Ji-Hyun Lee (statistician), American biostatistician

Lee Ji-hyun (actress, born 1972), South Korean actress

Lee Ji-hyun (actress, born 1983), South Korean actress and singer

Lee Ji-hyun (swimmer, born 1978), South Korean swimmer

Lee Jie-hyun (born 1979), South Korean swimmer

Lee Ji-hyun (swimmer, born 1982), South Korean swimmer

Qri (born 1986), or Lee Ji-hyun, South Korean singer and actress

Lee Ji-hyun (actress, born 1972)
Lee Ji-hyun (Korean: 이지현; born October 20, 1972) is a South Korean actress. She debuted in the 2003 film Six Views. She is known for her roles in dramas such as Thirty-Nine, She Would Never Know, Beautiful World and All of Us Are Dead. She also appeared in movies Solace, The Cat, If You Were Me and I'm a Cyborg, But That's OK.
Christian Lemaitre
Christian Lemaitre is a French musician specialising in the folk Music of Brittany, with an emphasis on Breton traditional fiddle music. He learned the instrument in his teens in Paris and later moved to Brittany. He joined Kornog in 1981 and later formed a Breton dance-band.  He has also performed for many years with fiddlers Kevin Burke and the late Johnny Cunningham in Celtic Fiddle Festival.

Kevin Burke (musician)
Kevin Burke (born 1950) is an Irish master fiddler considered one of the finest living Irish fiddlers. For nearly five decades he has been at the forefront of Irish traditional music and Celtic music, performing and recording with the  groups The Bothy Band, Patrick Street, and the Celtic Fiddle Festival. He is a 2002 recipient of a National Heritage Fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts. He is also regarded as a fiddle-singing pioneer.

In addition to his solo albums, Burke has had successful project collaborations with Christy Moore, Andy Irvine & Paul Brady, Mícheál Ó Domhnaill, Jackie Daly, Ged Foley and Cal Scott.
The Peel Sessions (The Cure EP)
The Peel Sessions was the 1988 EP release of the session The Cure recorded on 4 December 1978 for BBC Radio 1's John Peel show. The session was broadcast on 11 December 1978. The recordings were released on 12" vinyl, CD and cassette in 1988. Music journalist Jeff Apter has called the session "just the seal of credibility the band needed".

The EP reached number 7 on the UK Independent Singles Chart.

UK Independent Singles and Albums Charts
The UK Independent Singles Chart and UK Independent Albums Chart are charts of the best-selling independent singles and albums, respectively, in the United Kingdom. Originally published in January 1980, and widely known as the indie chart, the relevance of the chart dwindled in the 1990s as major-label ownership blurred the boundary between independent and major labels.

Separate independent charts are currently published weekly by the Official Charts Company.
Omarr Conner
Omarr Conner (born November 22, 1984) is an American former football quarterback who played for the Mississippi State Bulldogs in 2003, 2004, 2005, and 2006.

Conner played wide receiver in 2003 before taking over the starting quarterback job in 2004. Near the end of the 2005 season, he moved back to wide receiver when Michael Henig won the quarterback job. Conner returned to the quarterback job when Henig was hurt in 2006, leading the Bulldogs to an overtime win over UAB with a 25-yard touchdown run. Conner himself was injured in a loss to West Virginia but returned to action late in the season when Henig was hurt again.

Conner finished his career with 3,070 passing yards. His four-touchdown performance against Murray State in 2005 is tied for the second most in school history.

Mississippi State Bulldogs football
The Mississippi State Bulldogs football program represents Mississippi State University in the sport of American football. The Bulldogs compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) as well as the Southeastern Conference (SEC). They also have won one SEC championship in 1941 and a division championship in 1998. The Bulldogs have 27 postseason bowl appearances. The program has produced 38 All-Americans (three consensus), 171 All-SEC selections, and 124 NFL players (11 first-round draft picks). The Bulldogs’ home stadium, Davis Wade Stadium at Scott Field, is the second oldest in the NCAA Division I FBS.
Abul Khair–Neplyuyev conflict
Abul Khair–Neplyuyev conflict — the actions of Abul Khair Khan were directed against the Russian Empire, specifically against the Orenburg governor Ivan Neplyuyev. The conflict arose because Neplyuyev supported and maintained a friendship with Abul Khair's opponent, Barak Sultan.

Orenburg
Orenburg (Russian: Оренбу́рг, pronounced [ɐrʲɪnˈburk]), formerly known as Chkalov (1938–1957), is the administrative center of Orenburg Oblast, Russia. It lies in Eastern Europe, near the boundary of Europe and Asia, along the banks of the Ural River, being approximately 1,480 kilometers (920 mi) southeast of Moscow.

Orenburg is close to the border with Kazakhstan. It was the capital of the Kazakh ASSR from 1920 to 1925.
Talal al-Sharif
Talal al-Sharif is a Jordanian politician. He was a member of the House of Representatives for the First District of Amman Governorate and was chosen in the Jordanian general election of January 2013, receiving 2,814 votes in the District. He was expelled from the House of Representatives on 10 September 2013 after shooting an AK-47 on the premises of the House of Representatives, following an argument with another Representative.

Amman Governorate
Amman Governorate, officially known as Muhafazat al-Asima (Arabic: محافظة العاصمة, English translation: the Capital Governorate), is one of the governorates in Jordan. The governorate's capital is the city of Amman, which is also the country's capital. The administrative center of the governorate, as well as all government offices and parliament, is located in the Abdali district.

The Amman Governorate has the largest population of the 12 governorates of Jordan. It borders Zarqa Governorate to the north and north-east, the governorates of Balqa and Madaba to the west, Karak and Ma'an governorates to the south. It also shares an international border with Saudi Arabia from the east.
Ted Z. Robertson
Theodore Zanderson Robertson (September 28, 1921 – October 13, 2017) was a justice of the Supreme Court of Texas from December 2, 1982 to December 31, 1988.

Roberson was born in San Antonio, Texas and went to the San Antonio public schools. He received his bachelor's degree from Texas A&M University. He served in the United States Coast Guard during World War II. In 1949, Robertson received his law degree from St. Mary's University School of Law and was admitted to the Texas bar. He practiced law in San Antonio, Texas and Dallas, Texas. In 1960, he served in the Dallas County, Texas District Attorney office. In 1965, Robertson was appointed to the Dallas County Probate Court. He was appointed to the Dallas County District Court in 1975 and the Dallas Court of Appeals in 1976. Robertson served on the Texas Supreme Court from 1982 to 1988. Robertson died at his home in Dallas, Texas, at the age of 96.

Dallas County, Texas
Dallas County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, the population was 2,613,539, and was estimated to be 2,656,028 in 2024, making it the second-most populous county in Texas and the eighth-most populous county in the United States. Its county seat is Dallas, the third-most populous city in Texas and the ninth-most populous city in the United States. The county was founded on March 30, 1846 and was possibly named for George Mifflin Dallas, the 11th Vice President of the United States under U.S. President James K. Polk. Dallas County is included in the eleven-county Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington metropolitan statistical area, which is the fourth-most populous metropolitan area in the United States.

Municipal expansion within Dallas County has blurred the geographic lines between cities and between neighboring counties.
Gadolinium acetylacetonate
Gadolinium acetylacetonate is a coordination compound with the formula Gd(C5H7O2)3. This anhydrous acetylacetonate complex is widely discussed but unlikely to exist per se.  The 8-coordinated dihydrate Gd(C5H7O2)3(H2O)2 is a more plausible formula based on the behavior of other lanthanide complexes.  It has also been characterized twice by X-ray crystallography.

Upon heating under vacuum, the dihydrate converts to the oxo-cluster Gd4O(C5H7O2)10.  This behavior is also observed for europium acetylacetonate, yttrium acetylacetonate, lanthanum acetylacetonate, and erbium acetylacetonate.

Coordination complex
A coordination complex is a chemical compound consisting of a central atom or ion, which is usually metallic and is called the coordination centre, and a surrounding array of bound molecules or ions, that are in turn known as ligands or complexing agents.  Many metal-containing compounds, especially those that include transition metals (elements like titanium that belong to the periodic table's d-block), are coordination complexes.
Trolleybuses in Jinan
The Jinan Trolleybus System (Chinese: 济南无轨电车系统) serves the city of Jinan, in the province of Shandong, China. Opened in 1977, the system is operated by the Jinan Public Transport Corporation, and presently consists of 15 lines.

Provinces of China
Provinces (Chinese: 省; pinyin: Shěng) are the most numerous type of province-level divisions, the first-level subdivisions of the People's Republic of China (PRC). There are currently 22 provinces administered by the PRC, and one further province that is claimed but not administered, which is Taiwan.

The local governments of Chinese provinces consist of a Provincial People's Government headed by a governor that acts as the executive, a Provincial People's Congress with legislative powers, and a parallel provincial branch of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) that elects a party secretary and a provincial standing committee.
Turkish delight
Turkish delight, lokum (/ˈlɒkʊm/) or loqum (/ˈlɒkʊm/) is a family of confections based on a gel of starch and sugar. Premium varieties consist largely of chopped dates, pistachios, hazelnuts or walnuts bound by the gel; traditional varieties are often flavored with rosewater, mastic gum, bergamot orange, or lemon. Other common flavors include cinnamon and mint. The confection is often packaged in small cubes dusted with icing sugar, copra, or powdered cream of tartar to prevent clinging.

Copra
Copra (from Malayalam, koppara or kopra) is the dried, white flesh of the coconut from which coconut oil is extracted. Traditionally, the coconuts are sun-dried, especially for export, before the oil, also known as copra oil, is pressed out.

The oil extracted from copra is rich in lauric acid, making it an important commodity in the preparation of lauryl alcohol, soaps, fatty acids, and cosmetics, and thus a lucrative product for many coconut-producing countries. The palatable oil cake, known as copra cake, is a residue in the production of copra oil used in animal feeds. The ground cake is known as coconut or copra meal.
Prison (Escape) Act 1706
The Prison (Escape) Act 1706 (6 Ann. c. 12) was an act of the Parliament of England. It dealt with escapes from the King's Bench Prison and Fleet Prison.

The act is chapter 9 in common printed editions.

Section 5 of the act was repealed by section 39 of, and schedule 3 to, the Sheriffs Act 1887 (50 & 51 Vict. c. 55).

Section 6 of the act was repealed by section 1 of, and the Schedule to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1887 (50 & 51 Vict. c. 59).

The whole act, so far as unrepealed, was repealed by section 1 of, and the first schedule to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1948 (11 & 12 Geo. 6. c. 62).

King's Bench Prison
The King's Bench Prison was a prison in Southwark, south London, England, from the Middle Ages until it closed in 1880. It took its name from the King's Bench court of law in which cases of defamation, bankruptcy and other misdemeanours were heard; as such, the prison was often used as a debtors' prison until the practice was abolished in the 1860s. In 1842, it was renamed the Queen's Bench Prison, and it became the Southwark Convict Prison in 1872.
Julien Sanchez
Julien Sanchez (French pronunciation: [ʒyljɛ̃ sɑ̃tʃɛz]; born 19 October 1983) is a French politician who is a Member of the European Parliament since July 2024.

A member of the National Front since 2000, he has been its spokesperson since 2017. He was mayor of Beaucaire (Gard) from 2014 to 2024 and has been president of the Rassemblement national group at the Regional council of Occitanie. He was elected as a Member of the European Parliament in 2024.

Occitania (administrative region)
Occitania (French: Occitanie [ɔksitani] ⓘ; Occitan: Occitània [utsiˈtanjɔ]; Catalan: Occitània [uksiˈtaniə]) is the southernmost administrative region of metropolitan France excluding Corsica, located in the south of the country, created on 1 January 2016 from the former regions of Languedoc-Roussillon and Midi-Pyrénées. The Council of State approved Occitania as the new name of the region on 28 September 2016, coming into effect on 30 September 2016.

The modern administrative region is named after the larger cultural and historical region of Occitania, which corresponds with the southern third of France. The region of Occitania as it is today covers a territory similar to that ruled by the Counts of Toulouse in the 12th and 13th centuries. The banner of arms of the Counts of Toulouse, known colloquially as the Occitan cross, is used by the modern region and is also a popular cultural symbol. In 2022, Occitania had a population of 6,080,731.
The Hellion (1924 film)
The Hellion is a 1924 American silent Western film written and directed for Sunset Productions by Bruce M. Mitchell, and featuring a young Boris Karloff. The film was also released under the title A Woman Scorned. The film's status today is unknown.

Bruce M. Mitchell
Bruce M. Mitchell (November 16, 1883 – September 26, 1952) was an American film director and writer active during the silent film era from 1914 to 1934. With the advent of sound films in the 1930s, Mitchell abandoned directing and became an actor, appearing mainly in bit roles.
NGC 3974
NGC 3974 is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation of Crater. Its velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background is 6099 ± 41 km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of 89.96 ± 6.34 Mpc (~293 million light-years). However, one non-redshift measurement gives a much closer distance of 56.6 Mpc (185 Mly). It was discovered by British astronomer John Herschel on 9 March 1828.

NGC 3974 is possibly a LINER galaxy, i.e. it has a type of nucleus that is defined by its spectral line emission which has weakly ionized or neutral atoms, while the spectral line emission from strongly ionized atoms is relatively weak.

One supernova has been observed in NGC 3974: SN 2024gra (Type Ia, mag. 18.8625) was discovered by the Automatic Learning for the Rapid Classification of Events (ALeRCE) on 16 April 2024.

John Herschel
Sir John Frederick William Herschel, 1st Baronet KH FRS (/ˈhɜːrʃəl, ˈhɛər-/; 7 March 1792 – 11 May 1871) was an English polymath active as a mathematician, astronomer, chemist, inventor and experimental photographer who invented the blueprint and did botanical work.

Herschel originated the use of the Julian day system in astronomy. He named seven moons of Saturn and four moons of Uranus – the seventh planet, discovered by his father Sir William Herschel. He made many contributions to the science of photography, and investigated colour blindness and the chemical power of ultraviolet rays. His Preliminary Discourse (1831), which advocated an inductive approach to scientific experiment and theory-building, was an important contribution to the philosophy of science.