hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2020s commodities boom
The 2020s commodities boom refers to the rise of many commodity prices in the early 2020s following the COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 recession initially made commodity prices drop, but lockdowns, supply chain bottlenecks, and dovish monetary policy limited supply and created excess demand causing a commodity super cycle rise.

The Russian invasion of Ukraine beginning in February 2022 worsened the bottlenecks, creating the 2022–2023 Russia–European Union gas dispute and the 2021 United Kingdom natural gas supplier crisis, contributing to the global energy crisis (2021–2023). As Russia and Belarus are major fertilizer exporters and natural gas is a primary component in many fertilizers, fertilizer prices rose accordingly, exacerbating the 2022–2023 global food crises.

The previous commodity super cycle was the 2000s commodities boom, which was attributed to emerging markets, especially that of China, providing a high demand for raw materials.

Inflationism
Inflationism is a heterodox economic, fiscal, or monetary policy, that predicts that a substantial level of inflation is harmless, desirable or even advantageous. Similarly, inflationist economists advocate for an inflationist policy.

Mainstream economics holds that inflation is a necessary evil, and advocates a low, stable level of inflation, and thus is largely opposed to inflationist policies – some inflation is necessary, but inflation beyond a low level is not desirable. However, deflation is often seen as a worse or equal danger, particularly within Keynesian economics, as well as Monetarist economics and in the theory of debt deflation.

Inflationism is not accepted within the economics community, and is often conflated with Modern Monetary Theory, which uses similar arguments, especially in relation to chartalism.
South African cricket team in New Zealand in 2003–04
The South African national cricket team toured New Zealand in February and March 2004 and played a three-match Test series against the New Zealand national cricket team. The series was tied 1–1. New Zealand were captained by Stephen Fleming and South Africa by Graeme Smith. In addition, the teams played a six-match series of One Day Internationals (ODIs) which New Zealand won 5–1.

Michael Papps
Michael Hugh William Papps (born 2 July 1979) is a former New Zealand cricketer. In October 2016, he became the first player to score 10,000 runs in the Plunket Shield. In April 2018, he announced his retirement from the game.
Andrei Alexandrescu
Tudor Andrei Cristian Alexandrescu (born 1969) is a Romanian-American programmer and author specializing in the programming languages C++ and D. He is especially known for his pioneering work on policy-based design implemented via template metaprogramming. These ideas are articulated in his book Modern C++ Design and were first implemented in his programming library, Loki. He also implemented the move constructors concept in his library MOJO. He contributed to the C/C++ Users Journal under the byline "Generic<Programming>".

He became an American citizen in August 2014.

Programmer
A programmer, computer programmer or coder is an author of computer source code – someone with skill in computer programming.
The professional titles software developer and software engineer may be used for jobs that require a programmer.
Air Defence Research and Development Establishment
The Air Defence Research and Development Establishment (ADRDE) was a British civilian research organization run by the War Office that primarily studied the development of radar for British Army use. It was formed in 1941 from the merger of the Air Defence Experimental Establishment in Christchurch, Dorset and the "Army Cell" that had previously worked on radar design within the Air Ministry's Telecommunications Research Establishment at Bawdsey Manor.

The ADRDE existed under this name for only a short time; in May 1942 it moved to Malvern and was renamed the Radar Research and Development Establishment (RRDE). In March 1943, the Signals Research and Development Establishment (SRDE) took over the former ADRDE buildings in Christchurch. Years later, in 1976, the SRDE joined the RRDE in Malvern.

While still known as ADRDE, the group was responsible for the ad hoc development of the SLC radar, as well as GL Mk. II radar and the start of the GL Mk. III radar efforts.

Air Ministry
The Air Ministry was a department of the Government of the United Kingdom with the responsibility of managing the affairs of the Royal Air Force and civil aviation that existed from 1918 to 1964.  It was under the political authority of the Secretary of State for Air.
Tockholes
Tockholes is a village and civil parish which forms part of the Blackburn with Darwen unitary authority in the English county of Lancashire, England. Tockholes consists of the village of Tockholes itself and the hamlet of Ryal Fold, and has a population of 454, increasing to 478 at the 2011 Census. It lies on the West Pennine Moors and is surrounded by the towns of Blackburn to the north and Darwen to the east and by the villages of Belmont to the south and Withnell to the west.  Darwen Tower is a prominent local landmark that lies to the east of Tockholes and the Roddlesworth Reservoirs and Tockholes forest plantation lie to the south with the M65 passing to the north. There are two churches: Tockholes United Reformed Church and Saint Stephen's Church.

M65 motorway
The M65 is a motorway between Preston and Colne in Lancashire, England. It runs from Bamber Bridge just south of Preston, through major junctions with the M6 and M61 motorways, east past Darwen, Blackburn, Accrington, Burnley, Brierfield, Nelson and ends at Colne.
Jill Downen
Jill Downen (born 1967) is an American sculptor and installation artist, and an associate professor of sculpture at the Kansas City Art Institute. She received a Guggenheim Fellowship in 2010.

She was born in Belleville, Illinois in 1967, the daughter of a sign painter. She was awarded a BFA in painting from Kansas City Art Institute in 1989 and an MFA in sculpture from the Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts at Washington University in St. Louis in 2001.

She commonly works in white plaster. According to Ivy Cooper, Downen "has made a career of exploring the intersection of bodies and architecture".

Her exhibitions include Hard Hat Optional at Bruno David Gallery, St. Louis in 2009, (dis)Mantle at Luminary Center for the Arts, St. Louis, in 2010, and Three Dimensional Sketchbook at Plug Projects, Kansas City in 2013.

Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts
The Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts is a part of Washington University in St. Louis. The Sam Fox School was founded in 2006 by uniting the academic units of Architecture and Art with the university's Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum. It is dedicated in honor of donor, former United States Ambassador to Belgium, and owner of Harbour Group Industries, Sam Fox. The school comprises

College of Architecture

Graduate School of Architecture & Urban Design

College of Art

Graduate School of Art

Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum

Carmon Colangelo is the inaugural and current Ralph J. Nagel Dean of the Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts. The deanship was established in 2016 with a $5 million gift from Washington University Trustees and alumni Ralph Nagel and his wife Trish Nagel.
The Temptations Show
The Temptations Show was a one-hour syndicated television special starring Motown singing group The Temptations, which aired on July 10, 1969. Produced by Motown Productions, it guest-starred George Kirby and Kaye Stevens.

Among the featured musical numbers were Temptations singles such as "Get Ready", "Cloud Nine", and "Run Away Child, Running Wild", pop standards such as  "Ol' Man River" and "Swanee"., and a closing number, "Somebody's Keepin' Score", featuring an (early) "rap" by all three stars. Along with the TCB special in 1968, which featured both the Temptations and Diana Ross & The Supremes, this was one of Dennis Edwards' first appearances with the group. A soundtrack of the show was released on Motown's Gordy label as GS 933 that same year. The soundtrack was also issued on 8-Track GOR-8-1933

Dennis Edwards
Dennis Edwards Jr. (February 3, 1943 – February 1, 2018) was an American soul and R&B singer who was best known as the frontman in The Temptations for Motown Records. Edwards joined the Temptations in 1968, replacing David Ruffin and sang with the group from 1968 to 1976, 1980 to 1984, and 1987 to 1989. In the mid-1980s, he launched a solo career, recording the 1984 hit single "Don't Look Any Further" (featuring Siedah Garrett). Until his death, Edwards was the lead singer of The Temptations Review, a Temptations splinter group.
Lintneria phalerata
Lintneria phalerata is a moth of the  family Sphingidae. It is known from Argentina and Bolivia.

The length of the forewings is 40–45 mm. Adults have been recorded from January to March and in November.

The larvae probably feed on Lamiaceae (such as Salvia, Mentha, Monarda and Hyptis), Hydrophylloideae (such as Wigandia) and Verbenaceae species (such as Verbena and Lantana).

Lantana
Lantana (/lænˈtɑːnə, -ˈteɪ-/) is a genus of about 150 species of perennial flowering plants in the verbena family, Verbenaceae. They are native to tropical regions of the Americas and Africa but exist as an introduced species in numerous areas, especially in the Australian-Pacific region, South and Northeastern part of India. The genus includes both herbaceous plants and shrubs growing to 0.5–2 m (1.6–6.6 ft) tall. Their common names are shrub verbenas or lantanas. The generic name originated in Late Latin, where it refers to the unrelated Viburnum lantana.

Lantana's aromatic flower clusters (called umbels) are a mix of red, orange, yellow, or blue and white florets. Other colors exist as new varieties are being selected. The flowers typically change color as they mature, resulting in inflorescences that are two- or three-colored.

"Wild lantanas" are plants of the unrelated genus Abronia, usually called "sand-verbenas".
Åsskard
Åsskard is a village in Surnadal Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. The village is located in the western part of the municipality, at the innermost part of the Åsskardfjorden which is a branch off the main Trongfjorden. The village is the site of Åsskard Church.

It is located about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) northwest of the village of Sylte. The only road connecting Heim Municipality and Surnadal Municipality, County Road 65, runs through the village.

Historically, the village was the administrative centre of the old Åsskard Municipality from 1895 until the dissolution of the municipality in 1965.

Heim Municipality
Heim is a municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. It was established on 1 January 2020 upon the merger of three other municipalities. It is located in the traditional district of Fosen. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Kyrksæterøra. Other villages in Heim include Betna, Engan, Halsa, Heim, Hellandsjøen, Hennset, Hjellnes, Holla, Klevset, Liabøen, Todalen, Valsøyfjord, Valsøybotn, Vinjeøra, and Ytre Snillfjord.

The 1,025-square-kilometre (396 sq mi) municipality is the 113th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Heim Municipality is the 161st most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 6,093. The municipality's population density is 5.9 inhabitants per square kilometre (15/sq mi) and its population has increased by 5% over the previous 10-year period.
Federal Supreme Court of Iraq
The Federal Supreme Court of Iraq (FSC) is a financially and administratively independent judicial body and one of Iraq’s two apex courts. As the final court of appeal having the exclusive jurisdiction to interpret the provisions of the Constitution of Iraq, it effectively functions as the constitutional court.

In addition to determining the constitutionality of laws and regulations, FSC reviews the application of federal laws, as well as settles disputes between the federal government, federal regions, governorates, municipalities, and local administrations. It also settles accusations directed against the President, the Prime Minister and the Ministers, and ratifies the final results of the general elections for the Council of Representatives. Since 2024, the court has expanded its authorities to include the power to amend regional legislation, such as those passed by the Kurdistan Region Parliament.

Constitutional court
A constitutional court is a high court that deals primarily with constitutional law. Its main authority is to rule on whether laws that are challenged are in fact unconstitutional, i.e. whether they conflict with constitutionally established rules, rights, and freedoms, among other things.
Ina, Nagano
Ina (伊那市, Ina-shi; Japanese pronunciation: [iꜜ.na, i.naꜜ.ɕi], locally [i.naꜜ]) is a city located in Nagano Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 March 2019, the city had an estimated population of 68,177 in 27587 households, and a population density of 100 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 667.93 square kilometres (257.89 sq mi).  In 2016, the former town of Takatō, now part of Ina, was selected as one of The Most Beautiful Villages in Japan.

The Most Beautiful Villages in Japan
The Association of the Most Beautiful Villages in Japan (「日本で最も美しい村」連合, Nihon de mottomo utsukushii mura rengō) is a Japanese nonprofit organization of listing some of the most beautiful villages and towns in Japan. The association is active on enhancement and protection of Japanese rural heritage, cultural fairs, and branding and promotion of regional, national, and international cooperation of its member villages and towns. It is affiliated to the international association The Most Beautiful Villages in the World. Despite the title which may suggest that it is a systematic ranking, affiliation is not mandatory and many villages which could claim to meet the admission criteria are not candidates.
Domenico Barduzzi
Domenico Barduzzi (Brisighella, Aug. 5, 1847 - Siena, Feb. 27, 1929) was an Italian dermatologist, hydrologist and scholar of problems pertaining to syphilis and its treatment.

He is considered an innovator in the field of dermatology associated with venereology, especially in the study of dermosyphilopathy. He also distinguished himself in the fields of hydrology, social medicine, history of medicine and also as a politician at the university level.

He was one of the promoters of the establishment of an Italian society of dermatology and syphilography, of which he became secretary.

Balneotherapy
Balneotherapy (Latin: balneum "bath") is a pseudoscientific method of treating diseases by bathing, a traditional medicine technique usually practiced at spas. Since ancient times, humans have used hot springs, public baths and thermal medicine for therapeutic effects. While it is considered distinct from hydrotherapy, there are some overlaps in practice and in underlying principles. Balneotherapy may involve hot or cold water, massage through moving water, relaxation, or stimulation. Many mineral waters at spas are rich in particular minerals such as silica, sulfur, selenium, and radium. Medicinal clays are also widely used, a practice known as 'fangotherapy'.
Baratuciat
Baratuciat is a white Italian wine grape variety that is grown in the Piedmont wine region of northwest Italy. For most of its history, Baratuciat was used mainly as a table grape with some limited use for wine production with sweet late-harvest dessert wines. On 23 June 2008 the grape was officially added to the Italian registry of wine grape varieties.

In the Piedmontese language, the name Baratuciat is similar to the term used in the local dialect to denote cat's testicles, which ampelographers theorize may be a reference to the morphological shape of the grape's berries or to the characteristic "Sauvignon blanc-like" aromas of the grape, and wine made from it, which can be similar to a cat's litter box and elderflowers.

Today, Baratuciat is found almost exclusively in the province of Turin, particularly in the Susa Valley, where it is found in the villages of Almese, Buttigliera Alta, Rosta, Rubiana and Villar Dora.

Rosta, Piedmont
Rosta is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 20 kilometres (12 mi) west of Turin.

Sights include the Abbey of Sant'Antonio di Ranverso. It was part of the comune of Rivoli until 1694.

The comune is served by Rosta railway station on the Turin-Modane railway.
2025 Porsche Carrera Cup Italia
The 2025 Porsche Carrera Cup Italia will be a motor racing event held in Italy. It will be the 19th season of the Porsche Carrera Cup Italia. The season will begin at Misano World Circuit Marco Simoncelli on 2 May and will end at Autodromo Nazionale di Monza on 26 October.

Misano World Circuit
The Misano World Circuit (officially known as Misano World Circuit Marco Simoncelli or Misano Circuit Sic 58, and before 2006 called Circuito Internazionale Santa Monica Misano) is a 4.226 km (2.626 mi) race track located next to the town of Misano Adriatico (Province of Rimini) in the frazione of Santa Monica-Cella. Originally designed in 1969 as a length of 3.488 km (2.167 mi), it hosted its first event in 1972. In 1993, the track length was increased to 4.064 km (2.525 mi).

As of 2007, it began hosting the San Marino and Rimini Riviera motorcycle Grand Prix as part of the MotoGP World Championship.

In 2012, the track was renamed to commemorate Marco Simoncelli, a local motorcycle racer who died in 2011.
Rawley Point Light
Rawley Point Light (also known as Twin River Point Light) is a lighthouse located in Point Beach State Forest, near Two Rivers, Wisconsin. At 111 feet (34 m) tall, it is the tallest lighthouse on the Wisconsin Shore and it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Point Beach State Forest
Point Beach State Forest is a 2,903-acre (1,175 ha) Wisconsin state forest near Two Rivers, Wisconsin in Manitowoc County. The forest is located along 6 miles (9.7 km) of the Lake Michigan coast and offers beach access, camping, hiking, and biking trails. Point Beach State Forest was established in 1938. The Point Beach Ridges, a National Natural Landmark, are located within the forest.

The Ice Age National Scenic Trail's 1,200 mile course around Michigan includes approximately eight miles in Point Beach State Forest. There are 11 miles of hiking trails bicycle trails in the State Forest, including the 5.2-mile Rawley Point Bicycle Trail.

A nature center at the park offers concessions including ice cream. The Rawley Point Lighthouse operated by the U.S. Coast Guard owns is next to the beach. It is not open to the public.
2014–15 Segunda División de Fútbol Salvadoreño
The 2014–15 season (officially known as Liga de Plata and also as Torneo Luis Baltazar Ramírez) will be El Salvador's Segunda División de Fútbol Salvadoreño The season will be split into two championships Apertura 2014 and Clausura 2015. The champions of the Apertura and Clausura play the direct promotion playoff every year. The winner of that series ascends to Primera División de Fútbol de El Salvador.

Primera División de El Salvador
The Primera División de Fútbol Profesional de El Salvador (First Division of Professional Football of El Salvador), more commonly known as  La Liga Mayor or La Primera, also known as Liga Pepsi for sponsorship reasons, is the top professional football league in El Salvador.

It was established in 1947, and in 2011 had 10 clubs. Initially the league was run as a year-long tournament, but since 1998 there are two tournaments each year, much like in many other football leagues in the Americas.

The Apertura season runs from July to December, while the Clausura season runs from January to May.

Of the 56 teams to have competed in the league, FAS has won the title 19 times,  followed by Alianza (19), Aguila (17), Firpo (11) and Isidro Metapan (10)
John Somers Dines
John Somers Dines (18 June 1885 – 15 May 1980) was an English meteorologist.

Dines was born in the Cuckfield district, West Sussex, the son of meteorologist William Henry Dines and grandson of meteorologist George Dines. He graduated from Cambridge in 1906, with a degree in mathematics. He worked with his father, at Pyrton Hill, Oxfordshire, for a year, carrying out investigations of the upper atmosphere. In September 1907, Dines became employed by the Met Office.

In 1912, he became responsible for the new branch of the Met Office at South Farnborough, where investigations of wind structure for the Advisory Committee for Aeronautics were conducted. Accompanied by G.M.B. Dobson in autumn 1913, he visited six stations in Germany to see how they dealt with forecasting and aviation work. Dines had transferred to the Forecast Division by March 1916, and remained there for many years.

John Somers Dines was also the brother of Lewen Henry George Dines, also a meteorologist and engineer.

Cuckfield
Cuckfield (/ˈkʊkfiːld/ KUUK-feeld) is a village and civil parish in the Mid Sussex District of West Sussex, England, on the southern slopes of the Weald. It lies 34 miles (55 km) south of London, 13 miles (21 km) north of Brighton, and 31 miles (50 km) east northeast of the county town of Chichester. Nearby towns include Haywards Heath to the southeast and Burgess Hill to the south. It is surrounded on the other sides by the parish of Ansty and Staplefield formerly known as Cuckfield Rural.

Aumale in Normandy has been a twin town since 1993 and Karlstadt in Bavaria since 1998.
Pangelinan
Pangelinan is the Oceanian variant of Pangilinan. Notable people with the surname include:

Edward Pangelinan (born 1941), 1st Resident Representative from the Northern Mariana Islands to the United States House of Representatives

Ben Pangelinan (1955–2014), Guamanian politician and businessman

Lourdes Pangelinan (born 1954), director general of the Secretariat of the Pacific Community

Maria Frica Pangelinan, Northern Mariana Islander politician

Sean Pangelinan (born 1987), Guamanian canoeist

Susan Pangelinan (born 1961), United States Air Force officer

Zachary Pangelinan (born 1988), Guamanian footballer and rugby union player

Maria Frica Pangelinan
Maria "Frica" Tudela Pangelinan (born December 5, 1948) is a Northern Mariana Islander politician. She is the first female senator to serve in the Northern Mariana Islands Senate.

She graduated from the University of Guam in 1981 with a BBA. While attending college, she served as acting director of finance. She was elected as a delegate to the CNMI's second constitutional convention.

Pangelinan is a member of the Democratic Party of the Northern Mariana Islands. In the 2018 Northern Mariana Islands gubernatorial election, Pangelinan endorsed Republican incumbent Ralph Torres.
Otway Fitzgerald
Venerable Augustus Otway Fitzgerald (20 May 1813 – 24 December 1897) was Archdeacon of Wells from 1863 until his death.

Fitzgerald was educated at Balliol College, Oxford, where he matriculated in 1831 and graduated B.A. in 1835. He held incumbencies at Fledborough, Charlton Mackrell and the Church of St Michael, Brent Knoll.

Fitzgerald died aged 84 on 24 December 1897 at Brent Knoll, Somerset.

Brent Knoll (village)
Brent Knoll, formerly known as South Brent, is a village and civil parish in Somerset, England, which lies on the southern edge of Brent Knoll – a hill with a height of 137 metres (450 ft) that dominates the low surrounding landscape of the Somerset Levels. The parish had a population of 1,255 at the 2021 census.