hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Catechu
Catechu (/ˈkætɪʃuː/ or /ˈkætɪtʃuː/) is an extract of acacia trees used variously as a food additive, astringent, tannin, and dye.  It is extracted from several species of Acacia, but especially Senegalia catechu (previously called Acacia catechu), by boiling the wood in water and evaporating the resulting brew. The Malay name kachu is the basis of the Latinized catechu chosen as the Linnaean taxonomy name of the plant species which provides the extract.

Food additive
Food additives are substances added to food to preserve flavor or enhance taste, appearance, or other sensory qualities. Some additives, such as vinegar (pickling), salt (salting), smoke (smoking) and sugar (crystallization), have been used for centuries to preserve food. This allows for longer-lasting foods, such as bacon, sweets, and wines.

With the advent of ultra-processed foods in the late 20th century, many additives having both natural and artificial origin were introduced. Food additives also include substances that may be introduced to food indirectly (called "indirect additives") in the manufacturing process through packaging, storage or transport.

In Europe and internationally, many additives are designated with E numbers, while in the United States, additives in amounts deemed safe for human consumption are designated as GRAS.
Kung Fu Monster
Kung Fu Monster (Chinese: 武林怪兽), previously translated as When Robbers Meet the Chessboards, is a 2018 wuxia fantasy film co-produced and directed by Andrew Lau and starring Louis Koo, Cheney Chen, Bao Bei'er, Wang Taili, Bea Hayden, with Alex Fong and Zhou Dongyu. A Hong Kong-Chinese co-production, the film began production on 13 April 2017 and wrapped up on 8 June of the same year in Beijing, and was released in December 2018.

Andrew Lau
Andrew Lau Wai-keung (Chinese: 劉偉強, born 4 April 1960) is a Hong Kong filmmaker. Lau began his career in the 1980s and 1990s, serving as a cinematographer to filmmakers such as Ringo Lam, Wong Jing and Wong Kar-wai.  In the 1990s, Lau decided to have more creative freedom as a cinematographer by becoming a film director and producer. Apart from making films in his native Hong Kong, Lau has also made films in China, Korea and the United States.

A highly prolific filmmaker, Lau has made films in a variety of genres, and is most notable for his action and crime films which include the Young and Dangerous film series and the Infernal Affairs trilogy (co-directed with Alan Mak).
Microwave and Optical Technology Letters
Microwave and Optical Technology Letters is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Wiley-Blackwell. The editor-in-chief is Kai Chang (Texas A&M University). The journal covers technology that operates in wavelengths ranging from radio frequency to the optical spectrum.

Radio frequency
Radio frequency (RF) is the oscillation rate of an alternating electric current or voltage or of a magnetic, electric or electromagnetic field or mechanical system in the frequency range from around 20 kHz to around 300 GHz. These are the frequencies at which energy from an oscillating current can radiate off a conductor into space as radio waves, so they are used in radio technology, among other uses.  Different sources specify different upper and lower bounds for the frequency range.
Ascher
Ascher is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Daisy Ascher (1944–2003), Mexican photographer

Fritz Ascher (1893–1970), German artist

John Ascher, entomologist

Joseph Ascher (1829–1869), Dutch composer and court pianist to Eugénie de Montijo

Kate Ascher, author and executive vice president of the New York City Economic Development Corporation

Kenneth Lee Ascher (born 1944), American jazz pianist and composer

Leo Ascher (1880–1942), Jewish composer

Marcia Ascher (1935–2013), American mathematician

Mathias Ascher (pseudonym of Nathan Birnbaum) (1864–1937), Austrian Jewish journalist and philosopher

Peter-Wolf Ascher (1939–2023), Austrian neurosurgeon

Saul Ascher (1767–1822), Jewish narrative writer and publicist

Tova Ascher, Israeli female film editor and director

William Ascher (born 1947), American professor of public policy

Zika Ascher (1910–1992), Czech refugee textile designer and manufacturer in London and Paris

John Ascher
John S. Ascher is an American entomologist. He specializes in the study of Apoidea (bees as well as sphecid wasps) and has been described as "one of the world's leading native bee taxonomists." While they get less publicity than the industrious honeybee, bees indigenous to the Americas play a crucial "role in pollinating crops such as tomatoes, cranberries, alfalfa and squash, experts say. They are often more effective than honeybees as pollinators, and more resistant to problems that have decimated honeybees in the U.S. and Europe, several studies show.”
Mugavaree
Mugavaree (transl. Identity/Address) is a 2000 Indian Tamil-language coming-of-age romantic drama film written and directed by V. Z. Durai in his directoral debut and produced by S. S. Chakravarthy. The film stars Ajith Kumar and Jyothika in the lead roles, with Raghuvaran, Vivek, Manivannan, and K. Viswanath playing supporting roles. It was Ajith's first film of the new 2000s millennium. The music is composed by Deva, song lyrics were written by Vairamuthu, and cinematography was handled by P. C. Sreeram. The story revolves around the conflicting emotions of ambition, love and responsibility that a man goes through in his quest to become a successful music composer.

Mugavaree released on 19 February 2000 and became a commercial success, winning two Tamil Nadu State Film Awards: Best Family Film and Best Choreographer (Brinda).

Coming-of-age story
In genre studies, a coming-of-age story is a genre of literature, theatre, film, and video game that focuses on the growth of a protagonist from childhood to adulthood, or "coming of age". Coming-of-age stories tend to emphasize dialogue or internal monologue over action and are often set in the past. The subjects of coming-of-age stories are typically teenagers. The Bildungsroman is a specific subgenre of coming-of-age story.

The plot points of coming-of-age stories are usually emotional changes within the character(s) in question.
Gluck Peak
Gluck Peak (71°42′S 72°41′W﻿ / ﻿71.700°S 72.683°W﻿ / -71.700; -72.683) is a rock peak, 335 metres (1,100 ft) high, located 6.5 nautical miles (12 km) south-southwest of Mount Borodin and immediately north of Alyabiev Glacier, lying between the bases of Bennett Dome and Shostakovich Peninsula on south side of the Beethoven Peninsula, southwest Alexander Island, Antarctica. It was first mapped — from air photos taken by the 1947–48 Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition — by D. Searle of the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey in 1960, and was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee after Christoph Willibald von Gluck, the Austrian composer (1714-1787).

Falkland Islands and Dependencies Aerial Survey Expedition
The Falkland Islands and Dependencies Aerial Survey Expedition (FIDASE) was an aerial survey of the Falkland Islands Dependencies and the Antarctic Peninsula which took place in the 1955–56 and 1956–57 southern summers.

Funded by the Colonial Office and organized by Peter Mott, the survey was carried out by Hunting Aerosurveys Ltd.  The expedition was based at Deception Island and utilized the Oluf Sven, two Canso flying-boats, and several helicopters.

The photographic collection, held by the British Antarctic Survey as the United Kingdom Antarctic Mapping Centre, comprises about 12,800 frames taken on 26,700 kilometers of ground track.
District of Columbia Library Association
The District of Columbia Library Association (DCLA) is a professional organization for District of Columbia's librarians and library workers. It is headquartered in Washington, D.C., was founded on June 15, 1894, as the Library Association of Washington City. DCLA's first president was Ainsworth Spofford who was also Librarian of Congress; most of DCLA's initial monthly meetings were held in the Library of Congress. It changed its name to District of Columbia Library Association in March 1901 and became a chapter of the American Library Association on June 28, 1922.

DCLA has had reciprocal member privileges for Virginia Library Association and Maryland Library Association members since 2013.

Librarian of Congress
The librarian of Congress is the head of the Library of Congress, appointed by the president of the United States with the advice and consent of the United States Senate, for a term of ten years. The librarian of Congress also appoints and oversees the Register of Copyrights of the U.S. Copyright Office and has broad responsibilities around copyright, extending to electronic resources and fair use provisions outlined in the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. The librarian determines whether particular works are subject to DMCA prohibitions regarding technological access protection.  In addition, the librarian appoints the U.S. poet laureate and awards the Gershwin Prize for Popular Song.
Spinner play
A spinner play is a rushing trick play in American football, involving a spin move and a fake hand-off. Dike Beede and Pop Warner used it, as well as Hugo Bezdek. It is best run from the single wing formation.

Juke (football move)
A juke is a move in most forms of American football used to evade a tackler by deception, and thus without need of a stiff arm. It can also be called sidestepping.

A typical juke involves a ball-carrier faking as if he will run one way, then planting his foot and running the opposite. When this is done against the flow of play, it is called a cutback.
South Peninsula (House of Assembly of South Africa constituency)
South Peninsula (Afrikaans: Suid-Skiereiland) was a constituency in the Cape Province of South Africa, which existed from 1910 to 1958. As the name implies, it covered roughly the southern half of the Cape Peninsula, and initially also much of the Cape Flats. Throughout its existence it elected one member to the House of Assembly and one to the Cape Provincial Council.

Cape Flats
The Cape Flats (Afrikaans: Die Kaapse Vlakte) is an expansive, low-lying, flat area situated to the southeast of the central business district of Cape Town. The Cape Flats is also the name of an administrative region of the City of Cape Town, which lies within the larger geographical area.
Betrayal (1978 film)
Betrayal is a 1978 American made-for-television drama film directed by Paul Wendkos and starring Rip Torn and Lesley Ann Warren, based on a non-fiction book by Julie Roy with Lucy Freeman.  The subject is a real life lawsuit about a woman who sued her psychiatrist after he allegedly lured her into a sexual relationship.  The film was first aired on NBC Monday Night at the Movies on November 13, 1978.

Lucy Freeman
Lucy Freeman (née  Greenbaum ; 1916–2004) was an American journalist and author who published 78 books. She is best known for her articles on psychiatry and mental health for The New York Times, after being hired by the newspaper in 1940. Freeman pushed for other editors to cover these topics and she was central to the growth of such coverage.

Freeman also helped preserve Sigmund Freud’s private papers and wrote many books discussing Freud, as well as other areas of psychiatry. The publication of these books allowed for such previously taboo subjects to become normalised among the general audience.

The American Psychiatric Association awarded her the Writers Award in 1976. In 1986, she was awarded the National Media Award by the Chicago Institute for Psychoanalysis.
Massacre (1934 film)
Massacre is a 1934 American drama film directed by Alan Crosland. The film stars Richard Barthelmess and Ann Dvorak as its Native American protagonists, and also features Charles Middleton, Sidney Toler, Claire Dodd and Clarence Muse.

Alan Crosland
Frederick Alan Crosland (August 10, 1894 – July 16, 1936) was an American stage actor and film director. He is noted for having directed the first feature film using spoken dialogue, The Jazz Singer (1927) and the first feature movie with synchronization soundtrack, Don Juan (1926).
Roeper School (Michigan)
The Roeper School is a private coeducational day school with campuses in Birmingham and Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, in Greater Detroit, serving students at all levels from preschool through the 12th grade. It was formerly known as Roeper City and Country School.

Metro Detroit
Metro Detroit is a major metropolitan area in the U.S. state of Michigan, consisting of the city of Detroit and over 200 municipalities in the surrounding area. There are varied definitions of the area, including the official statistical areas designated by the Office of Management and Budget, a federal agency of the United States.

Metro Detroit is known for its automotive heritage, arts, entertainment, popular music, food, cultural diversity, and sports. The area includes a variety of natural landscapes, parks, and beaches, with a recreational coastline linking the Great Lakes. Metro Detroit also has one of the largest metropolitan economies in the U.S. with 17 Fortune 500 companies.
Sant'Agata di Puglia
Sant'Agata di Puglia (Neapolitan: Santaheta) is a town and comune in the province of Foggia in the Apulia region of southeast Italy.

Its territory borders the municipalities of Accadia, Anzano di Puglia, Candela, Deliceto, Lacedonia (AV), Monteleone di Puglia, Rocchetta Sant'Antonio, and Scampitella (AV).

Neapolitan language
Neapolitan (autonym: ('o n)napulitano [(o n)napuliˈtɑːnə]; Italian: napoletano) is a Romance language of the Southern Italo-Romance group spoken in most of continental Southern Italy. It is named after the Kingdom of Naples, which once covered most of the area, and the city of Naples was its capital. On 14 October 2008, a law by the Region of Campania stated that Neapolitan was to be protected.

While the language group is native to much of continental Southern Italy or the former Kingdom of Naples, the terms Neapolitan, napulitano or napoletano may also instead refer more narrowly to the specific variety spoken natively in the city of Naples and the immediately surrounding Naples metropolitan area and Campania region. The present article mostly deals with this variety, which enjoys a certain degree of prestige and has historically wide written attestations.
Ed Trucco
Eduardo "Ed" Trucco (born June 3, 1963, in New York City) is a Puerto Rican–American actor, producer and former sportscaster of Argentine descent. Trucco is best known as Manning in the American television series Law and Order, agent Patrick O'Hara in Al otro lado del muro and DEA agent Ernie Palermo, who is the character that speaks the most English in the third season of La Reina del Sur. In his youth, he was known for his participation in two boy-band related movies in Puerto Rico.

Trucco has also been involved in sportscasting, as when he was in his late teens, he hosted a BMX bike racing show in Puerto Rico and has also participated in some World Wrestling Entertainment television shows.

BMX
BMX, an abbreviation for bicycle motocross or bike motocross, is a cycle sport performed on BMX bikes, either in competitive BMX racing or freestyle BMX, or else in general street or off-road recreation.
Schwenckfeldina archoica
Schwenckfeldina archoica is an extinct species of dark winged fungus gnat in the family Sciaridae known from a solitary Late Oligocene to Early Miocene fossil found in Mexico.  S. archoica is the only species in the genus Schwenckfeldina to have been described from fossils found in Mexican amber.

Amber
Amber is fossilized tree resin. It has been appreciated for its color (orange, brown and, sometimes, red) and natural beauty since the Neolithic times, and worked as a gemstone since classical antiquity. Amber is used in jewelry and as a healing agent in folk medicine.

There are five classes of amber, defined on the basis of their chemical constituents. Because it originates as a soft, sticky tree resin, amber sometimes contains animal and plant material as inclusions. Amber occurring in coal seams is also called resinite, and the term ambrite is applied to that found specifically within New Zealand coal seams.
Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker
Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker (born 25 June 1939) is a German scientist and politician (SPD). He was a member of the German Bundestag and served as co-president of the Club of Rome jointly with Anders Wijkman from 2011 – 2019.

Club of Rome
The Club of Rome is a nonprofit, informal organization of intellectuals and business leaders whose goal is a critical discussion of pressing global issues. The Club of Rome was founded in 1968 at Accademia dei Lincei in Rome, Italy. At least until the early 2000s, the 'main club' has allegedly been limited to one hundred members, often selected from current and former heads of state and government, UN administrators, high-level politicians, diplomats, scientists, economists, and business leaders from around the globe. It stimulated considerable public attention in 1972 with the first report to the Club of Rome, The Limits to Growth. Since 1 July 2008, the organization has been based in Winterthur, Switzerland.
Eyarkot
Eyarkot  is a village development committee in Darchula District in the Mahakali Zone of western Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 1448 people living in 239 individual households.

Darchula District
Darchula District (Nepali: दार्चुला जिल्ला pronounced [ˈdaɾt͡sula] ⓘ) is one of the nine districts of Sudurpashchim Province, and one of the seventy-seven districts of Nepal. The area, with Khalanga (Mahakali Municipality) as its capital, covers an area of 2,782.28 km2 (1,074.24 sq mi) and has a population (2011) of 133,274. Darchula lies in the west-north corner of the country.

Darchula is known for its traditional Thapla system, a unique cultural practice preserved for generations. Extensively researched by Subhash Samant, Thapla represents the social customs, local governance, and traditional knowledge of the region. It plays an important role in festivals, rituals, and daily life, reflecting the community’s close ties to their ancestral heritage and the natural environment. Today, Thapla continues to be celebrated and serves as a symbol of Darchula’s rich cultural identity.
Ballybogy
Ballybogy, or Ballybogey (from Irish  Baile an Bhogaigh 'townland of the bog'ⓘ), is a small village and townland in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. It is located 7 km north-north-west of Ballymoney and 7 km east of Coleraine, lying within the Causeway Coast and Glens district. It is known as Boggie in Scots. As of the 2011 census, it had a population of 539 people. Of these, 4.2% were from a Catholic background and 88.1% were from a Protestant background.

Coleraine
Coleraine (/koʊlˈreɪn/ kohl-RAYN; from Irish: Cúil Raithin [ˌkuːlʲ ˈɾˠahənʲ], 'nook of the ferns') is a town and civil parish near the mouth of the River Bann in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland, of which it is the county town. It is 55 miles (89 km) north-west of Belfast and 30 miles (48 km) east of Derry, both of which are linked by major roads and railway connections. It is part of Causeway Coast and Glens district. Coleraine had a population of 24,483 people in the 2021 census.
2010 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team
The 2010 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team represented the University of Nebraska–Lincoln in the 2010 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The team was coached by Bo Pelini and played their home games at Memorial Stadium in Lincoln, Nebraska. They were members of the North Division of the Big 12 Conference. It was Nebraska's 102nd and last season in the Big 12 (including years in the MVIAA/Big Eight) as they began competing in the Big Ten Conference in 2011.

The Cornhuskers finished the season 10–4, 6–2 in the Big 12 and were co champions of the North Division with Missouri. Due to their victory over Missouri, Nebraska represented the North Division in the 2010 Big 12 Championship Game where they were defeated by Oklahoma 20–23. They were invited to the Holiday Bowl for the second consecutive season and played Washington. Despite defeating the Huskies 56–21 during the regular season, the Cornhuskers were defeated 19–7.

2009 Texas Longhorns football team
The 2009 Texas Longhorns football team (variously "Texas" or "UT" or the "Horns") represented the University of Texas at Austin in the 2009 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The team was coached by Mack Brown. Texas played their home games in Darrell K Royal–Texas Memorial Stadium.

The Longhorns finished the season 13–1, and 8–0 in Big 12 play. They represented the Big 12 South Division in the Big 12 Championship Game, where they defeated Nebraska, 13–12, to become Big 12 champions. The team finished the regular season ranked No. 2 in the Bowl Championship Series to earn a berth in the BCS National Championship Game where they were defeated by Alabama, 37–21. Texas finished the season ranked No. 2 in the AP and Coaches polls.
Adamantius (praefectus urbi)
Adamantius (Ancient Greek: Ἀδαμάντιος; fl. 474–479) was a politician of the Eastern Roman Empire, praefectus urbi of Constantinople (474–479), patricius and honorary consul.

Adamantius was the son of Vivianus, consul in 463 and praetorian prefect of the East; his brother was Paulus, consul in 512.

Between 474 and 479, Adamantius held the office of praefectus urbi of Constantinople.

In 479 he is attested as patricius. That year he was conferred consular honours by Emperor Zeno and sent as envoy to the rebel general Theodoric the Great. He went to Thessalonica, where he freed the ex-consul Iohannes from an enraged mob, and joined with Sabinianus Magnus at Edessa; they reached Theodoric in Dyrrachium, where they started negotiations, but Zeno recalled them back when the rebels kept on attacking imperial territories.

Praetorian prefecture of the East
The praetorian prefecture of the East, or of the Orient (Latin: praefectura praetorio Orientis, Greek: ἐπαρχότης/ὑπαρχία τῶν πραιτωρίων τῆς ἀνατολῆς) was one of four large praetorian prefectures into which the Late Roman Empire was divided. As it comprised the larger part of the Eastern Roman Empire, and its seat was at Constantinople, the praetorian prefect was the second most powerful man in the East, after the Emperor, in essence serving as his first minister.
Noreen Ackland
Noreen Ackland (1921 – 15 April 2013) was a British film editor active primarily in the 1960s. She was married to film editor Richard Best. She got her start during World War II when she joined the editing room at the Army Kinematograph Unit. She worked as an assistant to Reginald Mills early on before getting her first full editor credit on the thriller Peeping Tom (1960).

Richard Best (film editor)
Richard Best (28 June 1916 – 19 December 2004) was a British film editor and television editor. He had about 50 feature film credits, and also edited the 1965-66 season of the television series The Avengers. He is known particularly for three films: The Dam Busters (1955), Ice Cold in Alex (1958), and Look Back in Anger (1959), as well as for his long collaboration with director J. Lee Thompson.
Eutropis rudis
Eutropis rudis, commonly known as the rough mabuya or brown mabuya, is a species of skink. It is found in the Maritime Southeast Asia: Indonesia (Borneo, Sumatra, Mentawai Islands, Java, and Sulawesi), Malaysia (Sabah and Sarawak), Philippine Islands, Sulu Islands, as well as on the Nicobar islands of India.

Skink
Skinks are lizards that constitute the family Scincidae, which is part of the infraorder Scincomorpha. With more than 1,500 described species across 100 different taxonomic genera, the family Scincidae is one of the most diverse families of lizards. Skinks are characterized by their smaller legs in comparison to typical lizards and are found in different habitats except arctic and subarctic regions.