hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Siege of Arpi
The siege of Arpi took place in 213 BC by the Romans against the inhabitants of Arpi. The Roman forces were commanded by the consul Quintus Fabius Maximus, who managed to convince the inhabitants of the city to go over to the Romans' side, driving out the Carthaginians.

Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus
Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus (/ˈfeɪbiəs/), surnamed Cunctator (c. 280 – 203 BC), was a Roman statesman and general of the third century BC.  He was consul five times (233, 228, 215, 214, and 209 BC) and was appointed dictator in 221 and 217 BC.  He was censor in 230 BC. His agnomen, Cunctator, usually translated as "the delayer", refers to the strategy that he employed against Hannibal's forces during the Second Punic War. Facing an outstanding commander with superior numbers, he pursued a then-novel strategy of targeting the enemy's supply lines, and accepting only smaller engagements on favourable ground, rather than risking his entire army on direct confrontation with Hannibal himself. As a result, he is regarded as the originator of many tactics used in guerrilla warfare.
Neduntheevu
Neduntheevu or Neduntivu (Tamil: நெடுந்தீவு, romanized: Neṭuntīvu; Sinhala: ඩෙල්ෆ්ට්, romanized: Ḍelfṭ) (also known by its Dutch name Delft) is an island in the Palk Strait, northern Sri Lanka. This island is named as Delft in the Admiralty Chart unlike the other islands, whose names are Tamil.

Palk Strait
Palk Strait is a strait between the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and the Northern Province of Sri Lanka. It links the Palk Bay in the Bay of Bengal to the Gulf of Mannar in the Laccadive Sea. It stretches for about 137 km (85 mi) and is 64 to 137 km (40 to 85 mi) wide. It is named after Robert Palk, who was a governor of Madras (1755–1763) during the Company Raj period.

Several rivers including the Vaigai flow into the strait. The strait consists of many islands and is interspersed with a chain of low islands and reef shoals that are collectively called Ram Setu or Adam's Bridge. The shallow waters and reefs make it difficult for large ships to pass through, although fishing boats and small craft navigate the waters. Dredging the sea to make it deeper for navigation and plans for a bridge over the waters have been proposed.
Nordenosaurus
Nordenosaurus is an extinct genus of crocodilian. When first named in 1973 the genus was thought to be a squamate and was assigned to the family Xenosauridae. A single frontal bone was found from the Norden Bridge locality of the lower Valentine Formation in Brown County, Nebraska, thought to date back to the late Miocene. The size of the bone was initially taken as evidence that it was a giant xenosaurid. The specific name of the type species, N. magnus, alludes to its extremely large size in comparison to other xenosaurids known at the time. In 1982, paleontologist Jacques Gauthier reinterpreted Nordenosaurus as a small crocodilian rather than a giant xenosaurid. The frontal bone is hour-glass shaped and covered in deep pits, unlike those of any lizard but similar to the frontals of most crocodilians.

Nordenosaurus was thought to have had an arboreal lifestyle before its reclassification.

Jacques Gauthier
Jacques Armand Gauthier (born June 7, 1948, in New York City) is an American vertebrate paleontologist, comparative morphologist, and systematist, and one of the founders of the use of cladistics in biology.
Slaves of the Klau
Slaves of the Klau is a science fiction novel by American writer Jack Vance written in 1958. It is about an Earth man, Roy Barch, who is kidnapped into slavery by a warlike alien race, the Klau and taken to a forced labour planet. Roy develops a plan to escape back to Earth by stealing an anti-gravity ship from the Klau and turning it into a spaceship.

Vance's preferred title is Gold and Iron, with gold being a reference to the gold skin tone of the benevolent Lekthwan aliens and iron a reference to Roy Barch's iron-willed resolution to escape his captors. It was first published in Space Stories magazine with the title Planet of the Damned; when Ace published it in a book, they changed the title to Slaves of the Klau and altered Vance's text with some cuts. In the 2002 Vance Integral Edition, Vance's preferred title (Gold and Iron) and the previously cut text were restored.

It was earlier reprinted as a hardback by Underwood Miller on Jan. 1, 1982.

Space Stories
Space Stories was a pulp magazine which published five issues from October 1952 to June 1953.  It was published by Standard Magazines, and edited by Samuel Mines.  Mines' editorial policy for Space Stories was to publish straightforward science fiction adventure stories.  Among the better-known contributors were Jack Vance, Gordon R. Dickson and Leigh Brackett, whose novel The Big Jump appeared in the February 1953 issue.
Isidro Mosquea
Isidro Mosquea Rodríguez (born 14 August 1976) is a boxer from the Dominican Republic.

He participated in the 2004 Summer Olympics for his native Caribbean country. There he was stopped in the first round of the Light welterweight (64 kg) division by Morocco's Hicham Nafil.

Mosquea won the silver medal in the same division one year earlier, at the Pan American Games in Santo Domingo.

Boxing at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Light welterweight
The light welterweight boxing competition at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens was held from 15 to 28 August at Peristeri Olympic Boxing Hall. This is limited to those boxers weighing between 60 and 64 kilograms.
Gettext
In computing, gettext is an internationalization and localization (i18n and l10n) system commonly used for writing multilingual programs on Unix-like computer operating systems. One of the main benefits of gettext is that it separates programming from translating. The most commonly used implementation of gettext is GNU gettext, released by the GNU Project in 1995. The runtime library is libintl. gettext provides an option to use different strings for any number of plural forms of nouns, but this feature has no support for grammatical gender. The main filename extensions used by this system are .POT (Portable Object Template), .PO (Portable Object) and .MO (Machine Object).

Unix-like
A Unix-like (sometimes referred to as UN*X, *nix or *NIX) operating system is one that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system, although not necessarily conforming to or being certified to any version of the Single UNIX Specification. A Unix-like application is one that behaves like the corresponding Unix command or shell. Although there are general philosophies for Unix design, there is no technical standard defining the term, and opinions can differ about the degree to which a particular operating system or application is Unix-like. Some well-known examples of Unix-like operating systems include Linux, FreeBSD and OpenBSD. These systems are often used on servers as well as on personal computers and other devices. Many popular applications, such as the Apache web server and the Bash shell, are also designed to be used on Unix-like systems.
Muthuramalinga Sethupathi II
Muthuramalinga Sethupathi II (1841–1873) was the zamindar of Ramnad estate from 1862 to 1873. He was adopted by his aunt Parvatha Vardhani Ammal Nachiyar, the Rani of Ramnad. He was a patron of arts and music.

Muthuramalinga Sethupathi married Muthathal Nachiyar. The couple had a son, Bhaskara Sethupathi.

Bhaskara Sethupathi
Bhaskara Sethupathy ( Muthuvijaya Raghunatha Bhaskara; 3 November 1868 – 27 December 1903) was a Zamindar of Ramnad. He became the recognised proprietor of the Ramnad estate after his father's death in 1873 until 1895. From 1895, he assumed Managership of Rameswaram until 1901.

He was regarded as a pious, brilliant and generous ruler by his supporters. His supporters believed that he would regain control of Ramnad estate some day. He died suddenly at the age of 35 in 1903.
Cunnell
Cunnell is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Bob Cunnell (1942–2023), English cricketer

Clifford Cunnell (born 1944), English cricketer, brother of Bob

Donald Cunnell (1893–1917), British aviator

Bob Cunnell
Robert Edmund Cunnell (16 July 1942 – 12 January 2023) was an English cricketer. Cunnell was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm off break.

Cunnell made his debut for Suffolk in the 1960 Minor Counties Championship against Buckinghamshire.  Cunnell played Minor counties cricket for Suffolk from 1960 to 1979, which included 116 Minor Counties Championship appearances.  He made his List A debut against Kent in the 1966 Gillette Cup.  He made 3 further List A appearances, the last of which came against Sussex in the 1979 Gillette Cup.  In his 4 List A matches, he scored 55 runs at an average of 18.33, with a high score of 40.  With the ball, he took a single wicket which came at a cost of 28 runs.

His brother, Clifford, also played List A and Minor counties cricket for Suffolk.

Bob Cunnell died from pneumonia on 12 January 2023, at the age of 80.
Project Round Robin
Project Round Robin was a covert project by the United States Air Force during the Cold War that existed at the Air Force Missile Development Center at Holloman Air Force Base. The aim of the project was to exploit any Soviet space material that fell into American hands, including rocket boosters and satellites.

Air Force Missile Development Center
The Air Force Missile Development Center and its predecessors were Cold War units that conducted and supported numerous missile tests using facilities at Holloman Air Force Base, where the center was the host unit ("Holloman" and "Development Center" were sometimes colloquially used to identify military installations in the Tularosa Basin).
Almshouse (Cambridge, Massachusetts)
The Almshouse is an historic almshouse located at 45 Matignon Road in Cambridge, Massachusetts.  It is now the site of the International School of Boston's main campus.  It was built in 1850 and is a prominent example of institutional residential architecture in stone, resembling prisons of the era.  The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982, where it is incorrectly listed at 41 Orchard Street.

Almshouse
An almshouse (also known as a bede-house, poorhouse, or hospital) is charitable housing provided to people in a particular community, especially during the Middle Ages. They were often built for the poor of a locality, for those who had held certain jobs, or their widows, and for elderly people who could no longer pay rent. They are generally maintained by a charity or the trustees of a bequest. "Alms" are, in the Christian tradition, money or services donated to support the poor and indigent. Almshouses were originally formed as extensions of the church system and were later adapted by local officials and authorities.
Khurma (sweet)
Khurma is an Indian sweet milk dish that originated in the towns of Udwantnagar and Arrah in the Bhojpur district of Bihar in Eastern India. It is considered similar to Shankarpali. It is a common dish in Bhojpuri cuisine of the Bhojpur region.

Bhojpur district, India
Bhojpur district is one of the 38 districts of the Indian state of Bihar. Arrah city (also known as Ara) is the administrative headquarters of this district. Bhojpur district came into existence in 1972. Earlier it was the part of Shahabad district.

In the year 1972, Shahabad district was bifurcated in two parts namely Bhojpur and Rohtas. Buxar was a subdivision of old Bhojpur district then. In 1992, Buxar became a separate district and presently the rest of Bhojpur district has now three sub-divisions – Ara Sadar, Jagdishpur and Piro. It shares its border with Uttar Pradesh in the north west.
Petros Vantyu
Petros Vantyu, commonly known as Bushy Vantyu, is a South African anti-apartheid activist and politician who is a first-term member of the Eastern Cape Provincial Legislature representing the African National Congress. He was elected to the provincial legislature in the 2024 provincial election.

Vantyu was shot and injured by Ciskei Defence Force members on 7 September 1992 in what would become known as the Bisho massacre.

Eastern Cape Provincial Legislature
The Eastern Cape Provincial Legislature is the primary legislative body of the South African province of Eastern Cape. It is unicameral in its composition, and elects the premier and the provincial cabinet from among the members of the leading party or coalition in the parliament.

At the commencement of the 7th provincial legislature on 14 June 2024, the number of seats allocated to the Eastern Cape Provincial Legislature increased from 63 to 72.
Johannes Larsen Flatla
Johannes Larsen Flatla (11 January 1906 – 1973) was a Norwegian veterinarian.

He was born in Lunner as a son of farmer Lars Flatla (1860–1938) and Kari Horgen (1859–1930). He finished his secondary education in 1925, and graduated from the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University in 1931. He worked as a veterinarian in Lunner before being hired as an associate professor of pathology at the Norwegian School of Veterinary Science in 1937. He was a professor there from 1947 to 1968, and then director of the National Veterinary Institute from 1968 to his death.

He was also a guest scholar/lecturer at the Norwegian College of Agriculture, in Stockholm, Copenhagen and Cambridge, and a member of the research council NLVF from 1949 to 1959. He was a central board member of the Norwegian Veterinary Association from 1939 and acting secretary-general in the summer of 1945, after World War II.

Norwegian School of Veterinary Science
Norwegian School of Veterinary Science (Norwegian: Norges veterinærhøgskole) or NVH was a public university located at Adamstuen in Oslo, that educated veterinarians and veterinary nurses as well as research within aquatic medicine, food safety, comparative medicine and mammalian diseases, health and welfare. The institution had about 450 employees and 500 students. Parts of the research were conducted in Tromsø and Sandnes.

On 6 January 2014 the school joined with the Norwegian University of Life Sciences in Ås, and by 2020 it will be completely relocated to the same location.
Pleasant Valley, Berks County, Pennsylvania
Pleasant Valley is an unincorporated community on the north side of Blue Marsh Lake in western Berks County, Pennsylvania, United States. The town sits along Route 183 (Bernville Road) in southern Penn Township.

40°23′45″N 76°08′03″W﻿ / ﻿40.39583°N 76.13417°W﻿ / 40.39583; -76.13417

Blue Marsh Lake
Blue Marsh Lake is an artificial lake located northwest of the city of Reading, Pennsylvania, USA and managed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Philadelphia District. It is in western Berks County, fed into by the Tulpehocken Creek. The main span of the lake is along the border between Bern and Lower Heidelberg Townships. However, the northwesternmost portions lie in the more sparsely populated North Heidelberg and Penn Townships. In the middle of the lake is a large, uninhabited island (claimed by Bern Township). The lake is a popular recreation area in the summer, where people can fish, swim, and boat. It has 36 miles (58 km) of trails and 1,147 acres (464 ha) of water. It is at an elevation of 289 feet (88 m). It was built and is operated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Philadelphia District.
Kurumkansky District
Kurumkansky District (Russian: Курумка́нский райо́н; Buryat: Хурамхаанай аймаг, Khuramkhaanai aimag) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-one in the Republic of Buryatia, Russia. It is located in the northeast of the republic. The area of the district is 12,450 square kilometers (4,810 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Kurumkan. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 15,007, with the population of Kurumkan accounting for 36.4% of that number.

Buryat language
Buryat or Buriat, known in foreign sources as the Bargu-Buryat dialect of Mongolian, and in pre-1956 Soviet sources as Buryat-Mongolian, is a variety of the Mongolic languages spoken by the Buryats and Bargas that is classified either as a language or major dialect group of Mongolian.
Diarmaid Ó Máille
Diarmaid Ó Máille (Dermot O'Malley), Gaelic-Irish Lord and Chief of the Name, died 1415.

Ó Máille was a member of the O'Malley family of Clew Bay in what is now County Mayo, Ireland. The Annals of the Four Masters, sub anno 1415, records how he gained the chieftainship:

A great prey was taken by O'Malley, i.e. Hugh, from Dermot O'Malley. Dermot in retaliation took O'Malley's Island, upon which Hugh went in pursuit of Dermot; and a battle was fought between them, in which Hugh O'Malley, Lord of Umallia, was slain by Dermot and his son Conor, and also the son of Thomas O'Malley, and Donnell, the son of Dermot O'Malley. The chieftainship of Umallia was thenceforth wrested from the descendants of Hugh; and Dermot assumed the lordship.

Annals of the Four Masters
The Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland (Middle Irish: Annála Ríoghachta Éireann) or the Annals of the Four Masters (Annála na gCeithre Máistrí) are chronicles of medieval Irish history. The entries span from the Deluge, dated as 2,242 years after creation to AD 1616.

The work was compiled between 1632 and 1636 under the direction of Mícheál Ó Cléirigh and his collaborators, collectively known as the Four Masters. According to modern scholarship, the compilation began at the Franciscan house of refuge at Bundrowes (Bun Drobhaoise) in Bundoran, County Donegal, which served as a base for the friars following the destruction of their original monastery at Donegal Town.
Nuclear photonic rocket
In a traditional nuclear photonic rocket, an onboard nuclear reactor would generate such high temperatures that the blackbody radiation from the reactor would provide significant thrust.  The disadvantage is that it takes much power to generate a small amount of thrust this way, so acceleration is very low.  The photon radiators would most likely be constructed using graphite or tungsten.  Photonic rockets are technologically feasible, but rather impractical with current technology based on an onboard nuclear power source.

Thrust
Thrust is a reaction force described quantitatively by Newton's third law. When a system expels or accelerates mass in one direction, the accelerated mass will cause a force of equal magnitude but opposite direction to be applied to that system.
The force applied on a surface in a direction perpendicular or normal to the surface is also called thrust. Force, and thus thrust, is measured using the International System of Units (SI) in newtons (symbol: N), and represents the amount needed to accelerate 1 kilogram of mass at the rate of 1 metre per second per second. In mechanical engineering, force orthogonal to the main load (such as in parallel helical gears) is referred to as static thrust.
R476 road (Ireland)
The R476 road is a regional road in central County Clare in Ireland. The route connects the N85 road at Ennis to the N67 road at Lisdoonvarna, 31 kilometres (19 mi) away (map).

The government legislation that defines the R476, the Roads Act 1993 (Classification of Regional Roads) Order 2012 (Statutory Instrument 54 of 2012), provides the following official description:

R476: Ennis - Lisdoonvarna, County Clare

Between its junction with N85 at Fountain Cross and its junction with N67 at Lisdoonvarna via Ballycullinan Bridge, Ballykinnacorra, Corrofin, Killinaboy, Leamaneh Cross, Kilfenora, Ballykeel and Gowlaun Bridge all in the county of Clare.

Lisdoonvarna
Lisdoonvarna (Irish: Lios Dúin Bhearna, meaning 'fort of the gapped keep') is a spa town in County Clare in Ireland. The town is famous for its music and festivals. Although the Lisdoonvarna Music Festival was discontinued in the 1980s, the town still hosts an annual matchmaking festival each September. The population was 934 at the 2022 census.
Rostafuroxin
Rostafuroxin is a digitoxigenin analog that has been shown to lower blood pressure in an animal model of hypertension. It modulates the effects of the enzyme Na+/K+-ATPase, which maintains sodium and potassium ion gradients across plasma membranes. Rostafuroxin is being studied in clinical trials for the treatment of essential hypertension.

Essential hypertension
Essential hypertension (also called primary hypertension, or idiopathic hypertension) is a form of hypertension without an identifiable physiologic cause. It is the most common type affecting 85% of those with high blood pressure. The remaining 15% is accounted for by various causes of secondary hypertension. Essential hypertension tends to be familial and is likely to be the consequence of an interaction between environmental and genetic factors. Hypertension can increase the risk of cerebral, cardiac, and renal events.
Culdocentesis
Culdocentesis is a medical procedure involving the extraction of fluid from the rectouterine pouch (pouch of Douglas) posterior to the vagina through a needle. It can be one diagnostic technique used in identifying pelvic inflammatory disease (in which case purulent fluid will be extracted) and ruptured ectopic pregnancies that cause hemoperitoneum.

In the procedure, the rectouterine pouch is often reached through the posterior fornix of the vagina. The process of creating the hole is called colpotomy if a scalpel incision is made to drain the fluid rather than using a needle.

Pus
Pus is an exudate, typically white-yellow, yellow, or yellow-brown, formed at the site of inflammation during infections, regardless of cause. An accumulation of pus in an enclosed tissue space is known as an abscess, whereas a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis is known as a pustule, pimple or spot.
Harold M. Koch
Harold M. Koch (born 1932) was an American Roman Catholic priest from Chicago who defected to the Soviet Union in 1966. His defection, which was included in a Soviet propaganda broadcast, was in protest to the Vietnam War. However he decided to return to the United States three months later saying he wanted to get married. He did, to Jeanette Neager. While in the Soviet Union he was provided an apartment in Moscow.

From 1958 to 1963 he served the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago, leaving when pushed out because of psychiatric problems.

Archdiocese of Chicago
The Archdiocese of Chicago (Latin: Archidiœcesis Chicagiensis) is an archdiocese of the Catholic Church located in Northeastern Illinois, in the United States. The Vatican erected it as a diocese in 1843 and elevated it to an archdiocese in 1880. Cardinal Blase Joseph Cupich is the archbishop. The cathedral parish for the archdiocese is Holy Name Cathedral in Chicago.

The archdiocese serves over 2 million Catholics in Cook and Lake counties, an area of 1,411 square miles (3,650 km2). It is the metropolitan see of the province of Chicago.
Edward D. Irons Jr.
Edward D. Irons Jr. (born January 24, 1954) is an American record producer, musician and songwriter. He is most well known for being a member of S.O.S. Band and Brick and is an influential member of the early Atlanta music scene. He has written and produced albums for numerous rap and R&B acts including Snoop Dogg, 2 Nazty, Prince, Morris Day and the Time, and Anne G. His hit song "Dazz" mated disco and jazz for a #1 R&B/Top 10 crossover.

Dazz
"Dazz" is a song by R&B/funk band Brick. "Dazz" is a combination of disco, funk and jazz, hence the title "Dazz", a combination denominator for "Disco Jazz". Released in 1976 from their debut album Good High, it would become their biggest hit, spending four weeks at the top of the R&B singles chart, while reaching number three on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 41 on Billboard's year-end chart. In Canada, it reached number 26.

Another popular 1970s-era soul group, the Dazz Band, took their name from the song. The song was featured in a house party scene in the 2016 action-comedy film The Nice Guys, set in 1977. It was also featured in a scene in the 2019 Elton John biopic, Rocketman.