hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Japanese language education in Vietnam
Japanese language education in Vietnam first became widespread during the Empire of Vietnam, which was set up as a puppet state after Japan's 1941 World War II invasion of French Indochina. However, after Japan's 1945 surrender and withdrawal from Vietnam, there was little further education in the language until the 1970s. A 2006 survey showed 1,037 teachers teaching 29,982 students at 110 different institutions, an increase of 66% in the number of students since the previous year's survey. As of 2024, according to the Japan Foundation, 164,495 people were learning Japanese in Vietnam.

Empire of Vietnam
The Empire of Vietnam was a short-lived puppet state of Imperial Japan between March 11 and August 25, 1945. It was a member of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. It was ruled by the Nguyễn dynasty and created when Emperor Bảo Đại declared independence for Vietnam (Tonkin and Annam) from French protection. At the end of its existence, on 14 August 1945, the empire also successfully reclaimed Cochinchina as part of Vietnam.
Margaret Rose Henry
Margaret Rose Henry (born June 20, 1944) is an American politician. She was a member of the Delaware Senate from 1994 to 2018.  In September 2017, Henry announced she would not seek reelection to her District 2 seat. Senator Henry earned her BA from Texas Southern University and her MA from Springfield College.

Henry was the first African-American woman elected to the Delaware Senate. During her time in office, she worked to reform the juvenile justice system and helped create a needle-exchange program. In March 2018, she received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the New Castle County Chamber of Commerce.

Rose-Henry supports gun control and supported a bill to ban assault weapons in 2018.

Springfield College
Springfield College is a private university in Springfield, Massachusetts, United States. The institution's mission, called the Humanics philosophy, calls for educating students in spirit, mind, and body for leadership in service to others. It is also notable for its historical significance as the birthplace of basketball, which was invented on campus in 1891 by Canadian-American instructor and graduate student James Naismith.
The Coachman (film)
The Coachman (Korean: 마부) is a 1961 South Korean film directed by Kang Dae-jin. At the 11th Berlin International Film Festival in 1961, The Coachman became the first Korean film to win a major international award. It was nominated for the Golden Bear Award and won the Silver Bear Extraordinary Jury Prize.

Second Republic of Korea
The Second Republic of Korea (Korean: 제2공화국; RR: Je-i Gonghwaguk; lit. "Second Republic") was the government of South Korea from June 1960 to May 1961.

The Second Republic was founded months after the April Revolution mass protests against President Syngman Rhee, succeeding the First Republic and establishing a parliamentary government under President Yun Posun and Prime Minister Chang Myon. The Second Republic ended Rhee's authoritarianism and repression, formed a liberal democracy, and formulated the first Five-Year Plans to develop the formerly neglected economy. After thirteen months it was overthrown by the South Korean Army in the May 16 coup led by Park Chung Hee. The Second Republic was replaced by a provisional military government under the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction, leading to the Third Republic of Korea.

The short-lived Second Republic was the only parliamentary government in the history of South Korea.
Levene
Levene is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Allan Levene (born 1949 or 1950), British-American information technology specialist and political candidate

George Levene (1885–1930), American football player and coach at the college level

Gus Levene (1911–1979), American composer, arranger, orchestrator, guitarist

Gustavo Gabriel Levene (1905–1987), Argentinian historian and writer

Harry Levene, English boxing promoter, associated with Terry Lawless

Howard Levene (1914–2003), American statistician and geneticist

John Levene (born 1941), English film and television actor

Keith Levene (1957–2022), English musician

Peter Levene (born 1941), English businessman and nobleman

Philip Levene (1926–1973), English television writer, actor, and producer

Phoebus Levene (1869–1940), biochemist who identified the components of DNA

Rebecca Levene, British author

Sam Levene (1905–1980), American stage and film actor

George Levene
Israel George "Izzy" Levene (May 1, 1885 – November 12, 1930) was an American college football player and coach. He served as the head football coach at the University of Tennessee from 1907 to 1909 and at Wake Forest University in 1922, compiling a career record of 18–15–5.
Kautz filter
In signal processing, the Kautz filter, named after William H. Kautz, is a fixed-pole traversal filter, published in 1954.

Like Laguerre filters, Kautz filters can be implemented using a cascade of all-pass filters, with a one-pole lowpass filter at each tap between the all-pass sections.

Zeros and poles
In complex analysis (a branch of mathematics), a pole is a certain type of singularity of a complex-valued function of a complex variable. It is the simplest type of non-removable singularity of such a function (see essential singularity). Technically, a point z0 is a pole of a function f if it is a zero of the function 1/f and 1/f is holomorphic (i.e. complex differentiable) in some neighbourhood of z0.

A function f is meromorphic in an open set U if for every point z of U there is a neighborhood of z in which at least one of f and 1/f is holomorphic.

If f is meromorphic in U, then a zero of f is a pole of 1/f, and a pole of f is a zero of 1/f. This induces a duality between zeros and poles, that is fundamental for the study of meromorphic functions. For example, if a function is meromorphic on the whole complex plane plus the point at infinity, then the sum of the multiplicities of its poles equals the sum of the multiplicities of its zeros.
Sinatra: Vegas
Sinatra: Vegas is a 2006 box set of live performances by the American singer Frank Sinatra, recorded in Las Vegas.

This box set covers some twenty years of Sinatra's performances in Las Vegas, both at the Sands Casino, and at Caesars Palace. The first disc captures a live performance from 1961, disc two is from 1966, an alternative performance to that found on Sinatra at the Sands.

The final two discs are from the 1980s, with disc five a previously unreleased DVD of a May 5, 1978 performance at Caesars Palace.

This set peaked at #165 on the Billboard 200.

Johnny Burke (lyricist)
John Francis Burke (October 3, 1908 – February 25, 1964) was an American lyricist, successful and prolific between the 1920s and 1950s. His work is considered part of the Great American Songbook.

His song "Swinging on a Star", from the Bing Crosby film Going My Way, won an Academy Award for Best Song in 1944.
Finally See Our Way
"Finally See Our Way" is a song by Australian electronic band Art vs. Science. It was released in November 2010 as the lead single from their debut album The Experiment (2011)

The song was used by Network Ten to promote Smallville on Eleven in Australia in 2011

The song peaked at number 98 on the ARIA Charts.

At the APRA Music Awards of 2012, the song was nominated for Dance Work of the Year.

The Experiment (Art vs. Science album)
The Experiment is the debut studio album by Australian electronic band Art vs. Science. The album was released on 25 February 2011 and debuted at number 2 on the ARIA Albums Chart. At the J Awards of 2011, the album was nominated for Australian Album of the Year. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2011, it won the Best Independent Release.
2017 League 1 Cup
The 2017 League 1 Cup known as the 2017 iPro Sport cup for sponsorship reasons is the third running of the competition, first played in 2015.

The 2017 competition was won by Barrow Raiders who defeated North Wales Crusaders 38–32 in the final at Bloomfield Road, Blackpool on 27 May 2017.

The League 1 Cup competition is for the rugby league clubs in the British League 1 - the third tier of rugby league in Britain.  There are 16 teams in League 1 but Canadian club Toronto Wolfpack declined to enter the tournament. As a result, amateur team and 2016 Conference Challenge Trophy winners Rochdale Mayfield were invited into the competition to bring the numbers to 16.

Barrow Raiders
The Barrow Raiders are a semi-professional rugby league team in Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria, England. The club play home games at Craven Park and compete in the Championship, the second tier of British rugby league.

Barrow have never won the League Championship, their only major honour being winning the Challenge Cup in 1955.

Traditionally the club's home colours are blue and white and main rivals are fellow semi-professional Cumbrian teams Whitehaven and Workington Town.
Albert Ward (cricketer, born 1896)
Albert Paine Ward (9 November 1896 — 5 March 1979) was an English first-class cricketer and airman.

Ward was born in Highgate in November 1896. He served in the Royal Flying Corps and its successor, the Royal Air Force, as an enlisted rank during the First World War. Following the war, Ward played first-class cricket for Hampshire, making a single appearance at Southampton against Lancashire in the 1921 County Championship. Playing in the Hampshire side as a right-arm fast bowler, he took a single wicket during the match, that of Charles Hallows, to take match figures of 1 for 57. Batting at number eleven, he was dismissed for 6 runs in Hampshire's first innings by Harry Dean, while in their second innings he was unbeaten on 5 runs. Ward died in Jersey on 5 March 1979.

Highgate
Highgate is a suburban area of north London, which is divided among three London boroughs: Haringey in the north and east, Camden in the south and west, and Islington in the south and east. It lies at the north-eastern corner of Hampstead Heath, 4.5 mi (7 km) north-north-west of Charing Cross.

Highgate is one of the most expensive London suburbs in which to live. It has three conservation organisations: the Highgate Society, the Highgate Neighbourhood Forum and the Highgate Conservation Area Advisory Committee, to protect and enhance its character and amenities.
Ctenophora (fly)
Ctenophora is a genus of true crane flies. The species are large (about 20 mm long, with 25-mm wingspans),  shiny black craneflies with large yellow, orange, or red markings to mimic wasps. Males have comb-like antennae. The larvae are saproxylic. The species are confined to old deciduous forests, orchards, and other habitats with continuity of the presence of dying and fallen trees. Ctenophora species are important  bioindicators.

Ctenophora is distinguished from related genera (Dictenidia Brulle, Phoroctenia Coquillett) by these characteristic  combinations. The segments of the antennae of the males have two pairs of outgrowths, the lower pair longer than upper pair. The antennae of the female are distinctly 13-segmented, and often indistinctly serrated. The sides of the mesothorax bear long bristles. Sternite 8 of the  female is without dentate protuberances.

Hermann Loew
Friedrich Hermann Loew (19 July 1807 – 21 April 1879) was a German entomologist who specialised in the study of Diptera, an order of insects including flies, mosquitoes, gnats and midges. He described many world species and was the first specialist to work on the Diptera of the United States.
1994 Eurocard Open – Doubles
Mark Kratzmann and Wally Masur were the defending champions, but lost in first round to Sergio Casal and Emilio Sánchez.

David Adams and Andrei Olhovskiy won the title by defeating Grant Connell and Patrick Galbraith 6–7, 6–4, 7–6 in the final.

Emilio Sánchez
Emilio Ángel Sánchez Vicario (Spanish pronunciation: [eˈmiljo ˈaŋxel ˈsantʃeθ βiˈkaɾjo]; born 29 May 1965) is a Spanish former doubles world No. 1 tennis player. He won five Grand Slam doubles titles and the men's doubles silver medal at the 1988 Olympic Games. Sánchez is the elder brother of multiple Grand Slam winner Arantxa Sánchez Vicario, with whom he partnered to win the Hopman Cup in 1990. After retiring, he captained Spain to Davis Cup victory in 2008.
Banff station
Banff station is a railway station in Banff, Alberta, Canada. It is used by Royal Canadian Pacific and the Rocky Mountaineer, and previously by Canadian Pacific Railway and Via Rail. The station is on a Canadian Pacific Kansas City line.

The station was originally built for the Canadian Pacific Railway, serving the railway's Banff Springs Hotel. The station was opened in 1910 and declared a heritage railway station by the federal government in 1991.

Canadian Pacific Kansas City
Canadian Pacific Kansas City Limited, doing business as CPKC (known as Canadian Pacific Railway Limited until 2023), is a Canadian Class I freight railway, headquartered in Calgary. It operates about 32,000 kilometres (20,000 mi) of rail in Canada, Mexico, and the United States, and is the only single-line rail corporation ever to connect the three countries.
Laversdale
Laversdale is a village in Cumbria, England, situated to the north of Carlisle Lake District Airport. In 1870-72 the township had a population of 428. One of its more distinctive buildings is a thatched tithe barn, now a private house. The manor of Laversdale traditionally lies within the parish and bailiwick of Irthington  in the Barony of Gilsland, and covers 3200 acres. It was held by the Earl of Carlisle until the 1980s.

A turf section of Hadrian's Wall passes through the old manor boundaries just to the south of the village. Milecastle 60 would have been placed here although its exact location is uncertain. In 1851 a Roman altar was ploughed up near the likely spot. Dedicated to Cocidius, it was erected by the Sixth Legion.

There are no shops or other amenities in Laversdale following the closure of the village pub (The Sportsman Inn). The parish church is St. Kentigern's, in Irthington.

Legio VI Victrix
Legio VI Victrix ("Victorious Sixth Legion") was a legion of the Imperial Roman army founded in 41 BC by the general Octavian (who, as Augustus, later became Rome's first emperor). It was the twin legion of VI Ferrata and perhaps held veterans of that legion, and some soldiers kept to the traditions of the Caesarian legion.
Napoleon (actor)
Kumaresan Duraisamy (born 2 December 1963), known professionally by his stage name Napoleon, is an Indian actor, entrepreneur and former politician. He was the Minister of State for Social Justice and Empowerment in Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh's cabinet. He has acted predominately in Tamil films apart from some Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada and English movies.

Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment
The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment is a Government of India ministry. It is responsible for welfare, social justice and empowerment of disadvantaged and marginalised sections of society, including scheduled castes (SC), Other Backward Classes (OBC), LGBT people, the disabled, the elderly, and the victims of drug abuse. It also helps in the enforcement of legislation with regards to these marginalized groups to better enforce anti-discrimination policies.

The Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment holds cabinet rank as a member of the Council of Ministers. The current minister is Virendra Kumar, who is assisted by two ministers of state, Ramdas Athawale and B. L. Verma.
John Forte (comics)
John Robert Forte, Jr. (October 6, 1918 – May 2, 1966) was an American comic-book artist, active from the early 1940s on, best known as one of the primary pencilers of DC Comics' early Legion of Super-Heroes stories.

Forte additionally drew for Timely Comics and Atlas Comics — the 1940s and 1950s predecessors, respectively, of Marvel Comics — as well as for the American Comics Group. Fiction House, Lev Gleason, and Quality Comics. He worked primarily for DC Comics beginning 1958, penciling Jimmy Olsen and Lois Lane stories for the Superman family of titles. Forte was also the artist for "Tales of the Bizarro World" which preceded Tales of the Legion of Super-Heroes as the lead feature in Adventure Comics. He also illustrated pulp magazines, calendars, clothing catalogs and newspaper advertising. John Forte died of cancer at the age of forty-seven in Valley Stream, New York, on May 20, 1966.

American Comics Group
American Comics Group (ACG) was an American comic book publisher started in 1939 and existing under the ACG name from 1943 to 1967. It published the medium's first ongoing horror-comics title, Adventures into the Unknown. ACG's best-known character was the 1960s satirical humor hero Herbie Popnecker, who starred for a time in Forbidden Worlds. Herbie would later get his own title and be turned into a superhero called the Fat Fury.

Founded by Benjamin W. Sangor, ACG was co-owned by Fred Iger from 1948 to 1967. Iger's father-in-law, Harry Donenfeld, head of National Periodical Publications (later known as DC Comics), was also a co-owner in the early 1960s (though Donenfeld was severely incapacitated and out of the business after an accident in 1962). ACG was distributed by Independent News Company, which also distributed by (and was part of the same company as) DC.
Złoty Potok, Silesian Voivodeship
Złoty Potok [ˈzwɔtɨ ˈpɔtɔk] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Janów, within Częstochowa County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland.

The village is a popular destination for Polish tourists during the summer months, as it hosts major festivals such as the International Folk Festival and Lato Filmowe (Summer of Movies).

Częstochowa County
Częstochowa County (Polish: powiat częstochowski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of Częstochowa, although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county). The towns in Częstochowa County are Blachownia, Koniecpol, Przyrów and Olsztyn.

The county covers an area of 1,519.49 square kilometres (586.7 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 134,637, out of which the population of Blachownia is 9,545, that of Koniecpol is 5,910, and the rural population is 119,182.
Les, Val d'Aran
Les (Occitan pronunciation: [ˈles]) is a municipality in the northwest of Aran, Catalonia. It has a population of 1,013 (register office, 2024) . The mayor is Andreu Cortés Labrid (UA). It is located in the terçon of Quate Lòcs.

Terçon
The terçons (Aranese Occitan: terçon; Catalan: terçó) form the geographical subdivision of the Aran Valley, in Catalonia. It was in use from the granting of the Querimonia, in 1313, until its abolition in 1833 with the Spanish provincial division. It was then traditionally maintained in common use as an identity element until its restoration in 1990 as a constituency for the General Council of Aran.
Chad baronets
The Chad Baronetcy, of Thursford in the County of Norfolk, was a title in the Baronetage of Great Britain. It was created on 28 July 1791 for George Chad, Recorder of King's Lynn. Chad was one of the pallbearers at Henry Lee Warner's (died 1804) funeral, Warner was the son and heir of Tory politician, Henry Lee Warner.

The title became extinct on the death of his only surviving son, the second Baronet, in 1855.

The first Baronet was the father of English diplomat, George William Chad.

George William Chad
George William Chad (1784 or 6 July 1781, Thursford – 25 April 1849, London) was a British diplomat.

George William Chad was the son of Sir George Chad, Bart. He was educated at Caius College, Cambridge, graduating B.A. in 1809 and M.A. in 1813. He became a career diplomat, remaining in the Diplomatic Service for twenty-five years. He was Secretary of the Embassy and afterwards Minister Plenipotentiary at the Court of the Netherlands. He served as a minister at Dresden, Frankfurt and Berlin. He was buried at Bagthorpe, Norfolk, after dying from heart disease, notably after consuming three mummy hearts in an attempt to cure his rapidly advancing condition.
Histories of the Transgender Child
Histories of the Transgender Child is a 2018 transgender studies book by the transgender author and academic Jules Gill-Peterson. The book is an exploration of transgender childhood in the United States throughout the twentieth century. It received the 2019 Lambda Literary Award for Transgender Nonfiction and the 2018 Children's Literature Association Book Award.

Children's Literature Association
The Children's Literature Association (ChLA) is a non-profit association, based in the United States, of scholars, critics, professors, students, librarians, teachers, and institutions dedicated to studying children's literature. Begun in the 1970s to generate interest in children's literature as an academic discipline and to provide a place for those studying children's literature to share ideas, the association sponsors an annual conference, two scholarly journals, and a series of awards. The association has also published a series of essays, Touchstones, attempting to establish a canon of children's literature.
Smbat Artsruni
Smbat Sefedinyan-Artsruni (died circa 1471) was the last King of the Armenians, reigning from 1465 to 1471. A member of the Sefedinyan dynasty, Smbat was the nephew of Catholicos Zakaria III of Aghtamar and claimed descent from the royal Artsruni family of Vaspurakan. Following the fall of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia in 1375, the Armenian Church, led by Zakaria III, sought to restore an Armenian kingdom, gaining the support of Jahanshah, the leader of the Karakoyunlu tribe. Smbat was crowned with Jahanshah's approval, though his rule was limited to Aghtamar Island and the shores of Lake Van. While short-lived, his reign reflected the enduring Armenian aspiration for statehood.

Akdamar Island
Akdamar Island (Turkish: Akdamar Adası), also known as Aghtamar (Armenian: Աղթամար, romanized: Aġt’amar) or Akhtamar (Armenian: Ախթամար, romanized: Axt’amar; Kurdish: Girava Axtamarê), is the second largest of the four main islands in Lake Van, in eastern Turkey. About 0.7 km2 in size, it is situated approximately 3 km from the shoreline. At the western end of the island, a hard, grey, limestone cliff rises 80 m above the lake's level (1,912 m above sea level). The island declines to the east to a level site where a spring provides ample water.

It is home to the 10th century Armenian Holy Cross Cathedral, which was the seat of the Armenian Apostolic Catholicosate of Aghtamar from 1116 to 1895.
Sons of the Pioneers
The Sons of the Pioneers are one of the United States' earliest Western singing groups. Known for their vocal performances, their musicianship, and their songwriting, they produced innovative recordings that have inspired many Western music performers and remained popular through the years. Since 1933, through many changes in membership, the Sons of the Pioneers have remained one of the longest-surviving country music vocal groups.

Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum
The Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum in Nashville, Tennessee, is one of the world's largest museums and research centers dedicated to the preservation and interpretation of American country music. Chartered in 1964, the museum has amassed one of the world's most extensive musical collections.