hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Google App Engine
Google App Engine (also referred to as GAE or App Engine) is a cloud computing platform used as a service for developing and hosting web applications. Applications are sandboxed and run across multiple Google-managed servers. GAE supports automatic scaling for web applications, allocating more resources to the web application as the amount of requests increases. It was released as a preview in April 2008 and launched officially in September 2011.

Applications written in Go, PHP, Java, Python, Node.js, .NET, and Ruby are supported by the App Engine, and other languages can be supported at an additional cost. The free version of the service offers a standard environment with limited resources. Fees are charged for additional storage, bandwidth, or instance hours.

Bandwidth (computing)
In computing, bandwidth is the maximum rate of data transfer across a given path. Bandwidth may be characterized as network bandwidth, data bandwidth, or digital bandwidth.

This definition of bandwidth contrasts with usage in signal processing, wireless communications, modem data transmission, digital communications, and electronics, in which bandwidth is used to refer to the signal bandwidth measured in hertz, meaning the frequency range between lowest and highest attainable frequency while meeting a well-defined impairment level in signal power. The actual bit rate that can be achieved depends not only on the signal bandwidth but also on the noise on the channel.
Wat Tyler Country Park
Wat Tyler Country Park is a country park located to the south of Pitsea, Essex within the area of Pitsea Marsh. The area was inhabited from the Bronze Age onwards and at one time was the location of the Pitsea Explosives Factory.

The park is named after Wat Tyler, the leader of the Peasants' Revolt in 1381, which started in nearby Fobbing before spreading to London. The Revolt failed and Tyler was killed, but he is remembered as a people's champion against the rich and powerful.

Facilities include the RSPB Wildlife Garden and Visitor Centre, and a miniature railway.

Little Coopers Farmhouse that was originally located in Takeley was designated a Grade II building in 1980. In the late 1980s due to redevelopment, the whole structure was dismantled and re-built at the Wat Tyler Country Park.

The park contains a miniature railway which in 2012 had four platforms and 1.2 km of track. The railway closed in 2019, but was reopened in 2025 after a refurbishment costing over £50,000.

Fobbing
Fobbing is a village in the borough of Thurrock in Essex, England. It is between Basildon and Corringham, and is also close to Stanford-le-Hope, the latter being its post town. At the 2021 census the Fobbing built up area had a population of 913.

Fobbing was an ancient parish. It was abolished as a civil parish in 1936 on the creation of Thurrock Urban District, which in turn became the modern borough of Thurrock in 1974. Fobbing remains an ecclesiastical parish in the Church of England.

The village has one of the seven conservation areas in Thurrock.
Coronation of the Hungarian monarch
The coronation of the Hungarian monarch was a ceremony in which the king or queen of the Kingdom of Hungary was formally crowned and invested with regalia. It corresponded to the coronation ceremonies in other European monarchies. While in countries like France and England the king's reign began immediately upon the death of his predecessor, in Hungary the coronation was absolutely indispensable: if it were not properly executed, the Kingdom stayed "orphaned".  All monarchs had to be crowned as King of Hungary in order to promulgate laws and exercise his royal prerogatives in the Kingdom of Hungary. Starting from the Golden Bull of 1222, all new Hungarian monarchs had to take a coronation oath, by which they had to agree to uphold the constitutional arrangements of the country, and to preserve the liberties of their subjects and the territorial integrity of the realm.

Regalia
Regalia (/rəˈɡeɪliə, -ˈɡeɪljə/ rə-GAY-lee-ə, -⁠GAYL-yə) is the set of emblems, symbols, or paraphernalia indicative of royal status, as well as rights, prerogatives and privileges enjoyed by a sovereign, regardless of title. The word originally referred to the elaborate formal dress and accessories of a sovereign, but now it also refers to any type of elaborate formal dress. The word stems from the Latin substantivation of the adjective regalis, "regal", itself from rex, "king". It is sometimes used in the singular, regale.
Ursula Rakova
Ursula Rakova (born 1964 or 1965) is a Papua New Guinean environmentalist and climate change activist. In 2008, she was awarded the Pride of PNG award for her environmental contributions to the development of her country. As executive director of the not-for-profit organisation Tulele Peisa, she is responsible for organizing the relocation of the inhabitants of the Carteret Islands to the mainland of Bougainville Province. The islands are expected to be uninhabitable by 2040, rendering Rakova's people the world's first climate refugees.

Executive director
Executive director is commonly the title of the chief executive officer (CEO) of a company, a non-profit organization, government agency or international organization.

It generally has the same meaning as CEO or managing director.

The title may also be used by a member of a board of directors for a corporation, such as a company, cooperative or nongovernmental organization, who usually holds a specific managerial position with the corporation. In this context the role is usually contrasted with a non-executive director who usually holds no executive, managerial role with the corporation, but purely an advisory role.

There is much national and cultural variation in the exact definition of an executive director.
History of the French in Baltimore
The history of the French in Baltimore dates to the 18th century. The earliest wave of French immigration began in the mid-18th century, as many Acadian refugees from Canada's Maritime Provinces. The Acadians were expelled from Canada by the British, who were victorious in the French and Indian War, and in the Seven Years War in Europe. They took over French territory in North America east of the Mississippi River.

Later waves of French settlement in Baltimore from the 1790s to the early 19th century brought Roman Catholic refugees of the French Revolution and others fleeing the Haitian Revolution in the French colony of Saint-Domingue.

In the late 20th and 21st centuries, additional Creole and French speakers have immigrated to Baltimore and other US cities as refugees from Haiti. Their nation has struggled with violent political upheaval and severe natural disasters.

Society of the Priests of Saint Sulpice
The Society of Priests of Saint-Sulpice (French: Compagnie des Prêtres de Saint-Sulpice; PSS), also known as the Sulpicians, is a society of apostolic life of Pontifical Right for men, named after the Church of Saint-Sulpice, Paris, where it was founded. The members of the Society add the nominal letters PSS after their names to indicate membership in the Congregation. Typically, priests become members of the Society of the Priests of St. Sulpice only after ordination and some years of pastoral work. The purpose of the society is mainly the education of priests and to some extent parish work. As their main role is the education of those preparing to become priests, Sulpicians place great emphasis on the academic and spiritual formation of their own members, who commit themselves to undergoing lifelong development in these areas. The Society is divided into three provinces, operating in various countries: the Province of France, Canada, and the United States.
Mała Słońca
Mała Słońca [ˈmawa ˈswɔɲt͡sa] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Subkowy, within Tczew County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It is located within the ethnocultural region of Kociewie in the historic region of Pomerania.

Mała Słońca was a royal village of the Polish Crown, administratively located in the Tczew County in the Pomeranian Voivodeship.

Kociewie
Kociewie is an ethnocultural region in the eastern part of Tuchola Forest, in northern Poland, Pomerania, that is inhabited by the Kociewians. Its cultural capital is Starogard Gdański, the biggest town is Tczew, while other major towns include Świecie, and Pelplin. The region has about 250,000 inhabitants. It has well-developed industry and agriculture. Administratively, it is divided between the Pomeranian and Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeships.

Kociewie is bordered by the Chełmno Land in the south, Powiśle in the east, Kashubia and Żuławy Wiślane in the north, and other parts of historic Pomerania in the west.
Duno, Lombardy
Duno is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Varese in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) northwest of Milan and about 14 kilometres (9 mi) northwest of Varese. 
Duno borders the following municipalities: Brissago-Valtravaglia, Casalzuigno, Cassano Valcuvia, Cuveglio, Mesenzana, Porto Valtravaglia.

Province of Varese
The province of Varese (Italian: provincia di Varese) is a province in the Lombardy region of Italy. Its capital is Varese, but the largest city is Busto Arsizio. The headquarters of AgustaWestland, the company merged into Leonardo since 2016 and the world's largest producer of helicopters, is based in Samarate, a comune (municipality) of the province. The province has 139 municipalities.

It has a population of 881,907 in an area of 1,198.11 square kilometres (462.59 sq mi), making it the 6th most densely populated province of Italy.
Buzhakan
Buzhakan (Armenian: Բուժական), also Romanized as Bujhakan; formerly, Babakishi), is a village in the Kotayk Province of Armenia. It is situated along the eastern foothills of the Tsaghkunyats mountain range, upon a fertile slope. Early settlers of the village began immigrating to the area in 1829 from Bitlis, Artsap, Alashkert, Mush, Sasun, and Khoy. The community has a school, kindergarten, and a library. In a wooded area to the north of Buzhakan is the well-known 10th-14th century Teghenyats Monastery, and to the east of the village are the ruins of a 6th-7th century church.

Muş
Muş (pronounced [muʃ]; Armenian: Մուշ; Kurdish: Mûş) is a city in eastern Turkey and one of the principal cities of the predominantly Kurdish-inhabited region of eastern Anatolia. It is the seat of Muş Province and Muş District. Its population is 120,699 (2022). The city is majority Kurdish.
Anne Blackburn
Anne M. Blackburn is a historian of South and Southeast Asian Buddhism. She is Old Dominion Foundation Professor in the Humanities at Cornell University. Blackburn received her B.A. in Asian History and Religion in 1988 from Swarthmore College, her M.A. in Religious Studies in 1990 from University of Chicago Divinity School, and her Ph.D. in History of Religions in 1996 from the same institution. Blackburn's teachers include Steven Collins, Charles Hallisey, Frank E. Reynolds, and Donald Swearer.

University of Chicago Divinity School
The University of Chicago Divinity School is a graduate professional school at the University of Chicago dedicated to the training of academics and clergy across religious boundaries. Formed under Baptist auspices, the school today is without any sectarian affiliation.

It is ranked number one in the field of the study of religion according to the National Research Council's measure of faculty quality in its survey of all doctoral granting programs in religious studies.

Scholarly work is organized by three faculty committees, each of which is further subdivided into areas of study. PhD students concentrate their work in one of eleven recognized areas of study. Students in the various master's programs combine study in these areas with courses specific to their programs. All students are taught by the same faculty.
Garbi cloth
Garbi also Garvi was a silk-cotton blend fabric made with cotton in the warp and silk in the weft. It was a handloom textile material from the nineteenth century Sindh and Punjab. Garbi had a strong and a rough texture. It was made of thirty yards in length and nine inches in width, like the other piece goods from India and Pakistan. Women in Sindh wore Garbi-made folk dresses.

Piece goods
Piece goods were the textile materials sold in cut pieces as per the buyer's specification. The piece goods were either cut from a fabric roll or produced with a certain length, also called yard goods. Various textiles such as cotton, wool, silk, etc., were traded in terms of piece goods. The prices were determined as per the fabric quality.

John Forbes Watson classified Indian textiles into two types: piece goods and loom goods. Piece goods are materials that must be cut and sewn before they can be used, whereas loom goods, such as scarves and Saris, are ready to use after leaving the loom.
Spathelia simplex
Spathelia simplex, commonly called mountain pride or maypole tree, is a "palmoid" or "corner model tree" of the rainforest of Jamaica. It is in the citrus family (Rutaceae). Although the unbranched trunk may be up to 15 m (49 ft) in height, it is rarely over 8 cm (3.1 in) diameter at breast height.  It is a monocarpic species (flowers and fruits once, then dies) producing a huge terminal thyrse of red flowers up to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) high by up to 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) in width; exceeded only by Harmsiopanax ingens and Sohnreyia excelsa. The once-pinnate leaves are up to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) long.

Diameter at breast height
Diameter at breast height, or DBH, is a standard method of expressing the diameter of the trunk or bole of a standing tree. DBH is one of the most common dendrometric measurements.

Tree trunks are measured at the height of an adult's breast, which is defined differently in different countries and situations. In many countries, DBH is measured at approximately 1.3 m (4.3 ft) above ground.
Biddulph High School
Biddulph High School is a mixed upper school (termed 'high school') and sixth form located in the Knypersley area of Biddulph in the English county of Staffordshire.

Previously a community school administered by Staffordshire County Council, Biddulph High School converted to academy status in September 2011. However the school continues to coordinate with Staffordshire County Council for admissions.

Biddulph High School offers GCSEs and BTECs as programmes of study for pupils, while students in the sixth form have the option to study from a range of A-levels and further BTECs.

Community school (England and Wales)
A community school in England and Wales is a type of state-funded school in which the local education authority employs the school's staff, is responsible for the school's admissions and owns the school's estate. The formal use of this name to describe a school derives from the School Standards and Framework Act 1998.
Olympus Geological History Museum
The Olympus Geological History Museum (Greek: Μουσείο Γεωλογικής Ιστορίας Ολύμπου, Mouseio Geologikis Istorias Olympou) is a geological museum in the town of Leptokarya at the foot of Mount Olympus in northern Greece. It presents in several exhibition rooms, rocks and minerals from the region and fossils from the Olympus and from the surrounding area. It was established with the help of the Geology faculty of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki.

Natural history museum
A natural history museum or museum of natural history is a scientific institution with natural history collections that include current and historical records of animals, plants, fungi, ecosystems, geology, paleontology, climatology, and more.
JScript.Encode
JScript.Encode is a method created by Microsoft used to obfuscate both server and Client-side JavaScript or VB Script source code in order to protect the source code from copying. JavaScript code is used for creating dynamic web content on many websites, with the source code easily viewable, so this was meant to protect the code.

The encoding is a simple polyalphabetic substitution using three alphabets.

Obfuscation (software)
In software development, obfuscation is the practice of creating source or machine code that is intentionally difficult for humans or computers to understand. Similar to obfuscation in natural language, code obfuscation may involve using unnecessarily roundabout ways to write statements. Programmers may obfuscate code to conceal its purpose, logic, or embedded values. The primary reasons for doing so are to prevent tampering, deter reverse engineering, or to create a puzzle or recreational challenge to deobfuscate the code, a challenge often included in crackmes. While obfuscation can be done manually, it is more commonly performed using obfuscators.
George Reid (Victorian politician)
Sir George Oswald Reid, QC (22 July 1903 – 18 February 1993) was an Australian politician.

Reid was born in Hawthorn, Victoria, to railway officer George Watson Reid and Lillias Margaret Easton. He attended Camberwell Grammar School and Scotch College, Melbourne, and studied law at the University of Melbourne and in 1926 was admitted as a barrister and solicitor, practising at the bar until 1927 and as a solicitor thereafter. In 1947 he was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly as the Liberal member for Box Hill. He was party whip from 1950 to 1952, when he was defeated. Returned in 1955, he became cabinet secretary and minister without portfolio. In 1956 he became Minister of Labour and Industry, moving to Fuel and Power in 1965, and to Immigration (until 1970) and Attorney-General in 1967. He was leader of the Assembly from 1971 to 1972. Reid retired in 1973, having taken silk in 1971 and been knighted in 1972. He died in 1993.

Electoral district of Box Hill
The electoral district of Box Hill is an electoral district of the Victorian Legislative Assembly, covering an area of 29 square kilometres (11 sq mi) in eastern Melbourne. It contains the suburbs of Box Hill, Box Hill North, Box Hill South, Mont Albert, Mont Albert North, most of Blackburn, Blackburn North, and Blackburn South, and parts of Balwyn North, Burwood, Burwood East, and Surrey Hills.

It lies within the Eastern Metropolitan Region in the upper house, the Legislative Council.
Raschig hydroxylamine process
The Raschig process for the production of hydroxylamine is one of three chemical processes developed by German chemist Friedrich Raschig. The main step in this process, patented by Raschig in 1887, is the reduction of nitrite with bisulfite towards hydroxylamine disulfonate, which is hydrolysed to hydroxylammonium sulfate. Most of the hydroxylamine produced is used in the manufacture of caprolactam, the precursor to the polymer Nylon 6.

The commercially used Raschig process consists of the following steps:

ammonium carbonate solution is prepared by reacting ammonia, carbon dioxide and water

an alkaline solution of ammonium nitrite is formed by reacting ammonium carbonate solution with nitrogen oxides

ammonium nitrite is converted to hydroxylamine disulfonate with bisulfite (obtained by blowing sulfur dioxide through the carbonate solution)

hydroxylamine disulfonate is hydrolysed to hydroxylammonium sulfate

Nylon 6
Nylon 6 or polycaprolactam is a polymer, in particular semicrystalline polyamide. Unlike most other nylons, nylon 6 is not a condensation polymer, but instead is formed by ring-opening polymerization; this makes it a special case in the comparison between condensation and addition polymers. Its competition with nylon 66 and the example it set have also shaped the economics of the synthetic fibre industry. It is sold under numerous trade names including Perlon (Germany), Dederon (former East Germany), Nylatron, Capron, Ultramid, Akulon, Kapron (former Soviet Union and satellite states), Rugopa (Turkey) and Durethan.
Rimetea (river)
The Rimetea is a small river in the Apuseni Mountains, Alba County and Cluj County, western Romania. It is a right tributary of the river Arieș. It flows through the municipalities Rimetea and Iara, and joins the Arieș in the village Buru. Its length is 17 km (11 mi) and its basin size is 42 km2 (16 sq mi).

Apuseni Mountains
The Apuseni Mountains (Romanian: Munții Apuseni, "Western Mountains"; Hungarian: Erdélyi-középhegység, "Transylvanian Mountains") are a mountain range in Transylvania, Romania, which belongs to the Western Romanian Carpathians. The highest peak is the Bihor Peak at 1,849 metres (6,066 ft). The Apuseni Mountains have about 400 caves.
Clif Norrell
Clif Norrell is an American record producer, recording engineer, music mixer, and musician. He has worked with many prominent artists including Bruce Springsteen, R.E.M., Jeff Buckley, No Doubt, Rush, Faith No More, Shania Twain, Mick Jagger, Dave Grohl, Sting, Paul McCartney, Gavin Degraw, Joss Stone, Selena Gomez and The Police.

Norrell was nominated for two Grammy Awards and two TEC Awards for his engineering work on Springsteen's 2012 album Wrecking Ball and its single "We Take Care of Our Own", as well as an additional TEC Award nomination for his work on Sting's album 57th and 9th.  Norrell has been featured in many articles, books, and music conferences.  Norrell also mixed the first commercial music-only release in Dolby Atmos immersive sound format for the 25th Anniversary edition of R.E.M.'s Automatic for the People album.

Dolby Atmos
Dolby Atmos is a surround sound technology developed by Dolby Laboratories. It expands on existing surround sound systems by adding height channels as well as free-moving sound objects, interpreted as three-dimensional objects with neither horizontal nor vertical limitations. Following the release of Atmos for the cinema market, a variety of consumer technologies have been released under the Atmos brand. The initial cinema Atmos systems used in-ceiling speakers, then upward-firing speakers (e.g. for soundbars) were introduced as an alternative for consumer products. Atmos is also used on some devices that do not have a height channel, such as headphones, televisions, mobile phones, and tablets.
Satpati
Satpati is a fishing village on the western coast of India, about 80 km north of Mumbai in the Palghar Taluka of District Palghar in Maharashtra. The main occupation in Satpati is fishing, with large exports abroad. The majority of the population are from the Koli community.

Fishing village
A fishing village is a village, usually located near a fishing ground, with an economy based on catching fish and harvesting seafood. The continents and islands around the world have coastlines totalling around 356,000 kilometres (221,000 mi). From Neolithic times, these coastlines, as well as the shorelines of inland lakes and the banks of rivers, have been punctuated with fishing villages. Most surviving fishing villages are traditional.
Roki Vulović
Rodoljub Vulović (Serbian Cyrillic: Родољуб Вуловић; born on 1 May 1955), more commonly known by his stage name Roki Vulović (Serbian Cyrillic: Роки Вуловић), is a Bosnian Serb folk singer and songwriter. He is often described as a turbo-folk singer and is known for his Serbian war songs. He is best known for his 1992 album Semberski junaci and the single "Panteri – Mauzer" about the Garda Panteri, the most elite unit of the Army of Republika Srpska.

Turbo-folk
Turbo-folk (Serbian Cyrillic: турбо-фолк) is a subgenre of contemporary South Slavic pop music that initially developed in Serbia during the 1990s as a fusion of techno and folk. The term "turbo-folk" was coined by Montenegrin singer Rambo Amadeus, who jokingly used it to describe an aggressive, satirical style of music. While primarily associated with Serbia, this style is also popular in other former Yugoslav nations. A widely cited 2011 article from Vice described turbo-folk as "Musik für Idioten" ("music for idiots").