hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Kramkov's optional decomposition theorem
In  probability theory, Kramkov's optional decomposition theorem (or just optional decomposition theorem) is a mathematical theorem on the decomposition of a positive supermartingale  with respect to a family of equivalent martingale measures into the form

where  is an adapted (or optional) process.

The theorem is of particular interest for financial mathematics, where the interpretation is:  is the wealth process of a trader,  is the gain/loss and  the consumption process.

The theorem was proven in 1994 by Russian mathematician Dmitry Kramkov. The theorem is named after the Doob-Meyer decomposition but unlike there, the process  is no longer predictable but only adapted (which, under the condition of the statement, is the same as dealing with an optional process).

Trader (finance)
A trader is a person, firm, or entity in finance who buys and sells financial instruments, such as forex, cryptocurrencies, stocks, bonds, commodities, derivatives, and mutual funds, indices in the capacity of agent, hedger, arbitrager, or speculator.
1969–70 NFL playoffs
The NFL playoffs following the 1969 NFL season determined the league's representative in Super Bowl IV.

This was the last NFL playoff tournament before the AFL–NFL merger and the last awarding of the Ed Thorp Memorial Trophy to the NFL champion, which was introduced in 1934.

Leroy Kelly
Leroy Kelly (born May 20, 1942) is an American former professional football player who was a running back for the Cleveland Browns of the National Football League (NFL) from 1964 to 1973. He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1994.
Duck Dodgers (TV series)
Duck Dodgers (also known as Duck Dodgers: The Animated Series) is an American animated television series developed by Spike Brandt and Tony Cervone based on the 1953 theatrical animated short film of the same name, which stars the character Daffy Duck.  It is a comic science fiction series, featuring the Looney Tunes characters in metafictional roles, with Daffy Duck reprising his titular role from the original short. It was produced by Warner Bros. Animation from 2003 to 2005. It originally aired on Cartoon Network and later ended on Boomerang.

Joe Alaskey
Joseph Francis Alaskey III (April 17, 1952 – February 3, 2016) was an American actor and comedian. He was one of Mel Blanc's successors at the Warner Bros. Animation studio until his death. He alternated with Jeff Bergman, Greg Burson, Jim Cummings, Bob Bergen, Maurice LaMarche and Billy West in voicing Warner Bros. cartoon characters such as Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Sylvester, Tweety, Elmer Fudd, Yosemite Sam, Foghorn Leghorn, Pepé Le Pew, Marvin the Martian, Speedy Gonzales, Wile E. Coyote, Road Runner and Taz, among many others. He also voiced Plucky Duck on Tiny Toon Adventures from 1990 to 1995. Alaskey was the second actor to voice Grandpa Lou Pickles on Nickelodeon's Rugrats (taking over after David Doyle's death in 1997). He would later reprise his role in the spin-off series All Grown Up!.
Charles Walker Robinson
Major-General Sir Charles Walker Robinson, KCB (April 3, 1836 – May 20, 1924) was a British North American-born British Army officer and writer on military subjects.

Born in Toronto, Upper Canada, the son of John Beverley Robinson, he attended Trinity College, before joining the British Army as a second lieutenant in the Prince Consort's Own (Rifle Brigade). He fought in the  Indian Rebellion of 1857, then the Third Anglo-Ashanti War, then the Anglo-Zulu War.  He became a Major-General in 1892. He was Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath, and a Lieutenant-Governor of Royal Hospital Chelsea. He died in London, England.

Robinson was designated a Person of National Historic Significance in 1938 by the Canadian government.

Sir John Robinson, 1st Baronet, of Toronto
Sir John Beverley Robinson, 1st Baronet, CB (26 July 1791 – 31 January 1863) was a lawyer, judge and political figure in Upper Canada. He was considered the leader of the Family Compact, a group of families which effectively controlled the early government of Upper Canada.
The Assumption of Hannele
The Ascension of Little Hannele (German: Hanneles Himmelfahrt), also known simply as Hannele, is an 1893 play by the German playwright Gerhart Hauptmann. In contrast to Hauptmann's naturalistic dramas, The Assumption of Hannele adopts a more symbolist dramaturgy and includes a dream sequence. The play is the first in recorded world literature with a child as its heroine. The play tells the story of a neglected and abused peasant child, who, on her deathbed, experiences a vision of divine powers welcoming her into the afterlife. It was first published in 1894. Hauptmann was awarded the Grillparzer Prize in 1896 for the play.

Dream sequence
A dream sequence is a technique used in storytelling, particularly in television and film, to set apart a brief interlude from the main story. The interlude may consist of a flashback, a flashforward, a fantasy, a vision, a dream, or some other element.
Vladimir Granat
Vladimir Vasilyevich Granat (Russian: Владимир Васильевич Гранат, IPA: [vlɐˈdʲimʲɪr vɐˈsʲilʲjɪvʲɪdʑ ɡrɐˈnat]; born 22 May 1987) is a Russian professional football coach and a former centre-back. He is an assistant coach with Strogino Moscow.

FC Strogino Moscow
FC Strogino Moscow (Russian: ФК Строгино Москва) is a Russian professional football club based in Moscow. It started its professional history in the 2013–14 season of the Russian Professional Football League.  FC Strogino's Yantar (Amber) Stadium was the preparation base for the Russian Student's Team before the 2017 Summer Universiade.
Joan Ellacott
Joan Muriel Ellacott (15 February 1920 – 4 January 2007) was an English costume designer whose work was featured in British and American films and television series. In a career spanning six decades, Ellacott garnered over 100 major credits. She has been recognised for "the sheer number of really top-notch historical dramas she costumed over the years".

British Academy Television Awards
British Academy Television Awards, or the BAFTA TV Awards are presented in an annual award show hosted by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts. They have been awarded annually since 1955. The BAFTA TV Awards are recognised internationally as the highest honour in British and world television, equivalent to the BAFTA Film Awards for cinema, Laurence Olivier Awards for theatre, and the BRIT Awards for music. The BAFTA TV Awards are considered equivalent to the Emmy Awards.
Mount Kasa
Mount Kasa (笠ヶ岳, Kasa-ga-take) is one of the 100 Famous Japanese Mountains, reaching the height of 2,897 m (9,505 ft). It is situated in Japan's Hida Mountains in Gifu Prefecture and in Chūbu-Sangaku National Park. The shape of the mountain looks like the Umbrella("Kasa"-笠) in the triangle. Therefore, it became this name. There are many mountains with same name in Japan and this is the tallest.

Alpine plant
Alpine plants are plants that grow in an alpine climate, which occurs at high elevation and above the tree line. There are many different plant species and taxa that grow as a plant community in these alpine tundra. These include perennial grasses, sedges, forbs, cushion plants, mosses, and lichens. Alpine plants are adapted to the harsh conditions of the alpine environment, which include low temperatures, dryness, ultraviolet radiation, wind, drought, poor nutritional soil, and a short growing season.

Some alpine plants serve as medicinal plants.
The Wolf Woman
The Wolf Woman is a 1916 silent era drama motion picture starring Louise Glaum, Howard C. Hickman, and Charles Ray.

The film was directed by Raymond B. West and produced by Thomas H. Ince, the screenplay was written by C. Gardner Sullivan. The film is unrelated to, and not to be confused with, the later 1927 novel bearing the same title written by Arthur Stringer, nor the 1994 novel Wolf-Woman by Sherryl Jordan.

Sherryl Jordan
Sherryl Rose Jordan (née Brogden; 8 June 1949 – 15 December 2023) was a New Zealand writer for children and young adults, specialising in fantasy and historical fiction. She wrote a number of children's and young adult works, published in New Zealand and overseas. She is best known for her books The Juniper Game and The Raging Quiet. In 2001, she received the Margaret Mahy Medal for her contribution to children's literature, publishing and literacy.
Charlie Berry (second baseman)
Charles Joseph Berry (September 6, 1860 – January 22, 1940) was an American second baseman in Major League Baseball whose career consisted of one season in the Union Association. He was born in Elizabeth, New Jersey.

In his one-season, Berry batted .224 (38-for-170) with one home run and 21 runs in 43 games played. After the conclusion of his professional sports career, he worked for the Ingersoll Rand Company.

Berry died in Phillipsburg, New Jersey at the age of 79, and was buried at the Mount Olivet Cemetery in Elizabeth, New Jersey.

His son, Charlie Jr., was more successful in professional sports. He played both baseball and football on a major league level and later became an American League umpire and a head linesman for the NFL.

Elizabeth, New Jersey
Elizabeth is a city in and the county seat of Union County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the city retained its ranking as the state's fourth-most-populous city behind neighboring Newark, Jersey City and Paterson, with a population of 137,298, an increase of 12,329 (+9.9%) from the 2010 census count of 124,969, which in turn reflected an increase of 4,401 (3.7%) from the 120,568 counted in the 2000 census.

The Population Estimates Program calculated a population of 140,413 for 2024, making it the 201st-most populous city in the nation and the fifth-most populous municipality of any type in the state, falling behind Lakewood Township.
2016 North Carolina Education Lottery 200
The 2016 North Carolina Education Lottery 200 was the 6th stock car race of the 2016 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series, and the 14th iteration of the event. The race was originally going be held on Friday, May 20, 2016, but due to inclement weather, it was postponed until Saturday, May 21, in Concord, North Carolina at Charlotte Motor Speedway, a 1.5-mile (2.4 km) permanent tri-oval shaped racetrack. The race took the scheduled 134 laps to complete. Matt Crafton, driving for ThorSport Racing, survived a string of green-flag pit stops, and earned his 13th career NASCAR Camping World Truck Series win, and his second of the season. Crafton also dominated parts of the race, leading 47 laps. To fill out the podium, Kyle Busch, driving for his team, Kyle Busch Motorsports, and Johnny Sauter, driving for GMS Racing, would finish 2nd and 3rd, respectively.

Johnny Sauter
Jonathan Joseph Sauter (born May 1, 1978) is an American professional stock car racing driver. He last competed part-time in the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, driving the No. 66 Ford F-150 for ThorSport Racing. He has also driven in the NASCAR Cup Series and NASCAR Xfinity Series in the past. Sauter is the son of former NASCAR driver Jim Sauter, the brother of NASCAR drivers Tim Sauter and Jay Sauter, and the uncle of Travis Sauter. He is the 2016 Truck Series champion.
Live at High Voltage Festival
Live at High Voltage is a 2-CD set released by the progressive rock band Spock's Beard recorded by Concert Live. It features the band's complete performance at the UK's High Voltage Festival on one CD, with a second blank CD provided to burn online content onto (which includes an interview and photo gallery).

It is notable for featuring Neal Morse joining the band to perform "The Light" and "June". This marks his second reunion with his former band since his departure following the release of Snow (2002). Following Nick D'Virgilio's departure from Spock's Beard in November 2011, both Jimmy Keegan and Ted Leonard became official members of the band.

Nick D'Virgilio
Nicholas D'Virgilio (born November 12, 1968), often abbreviated and referred to as NDV, is an American musician and singer, best known as a member of the progressive rock band Spock's Beard. He was also one of two drummers chosen to replace Phil Collins in Genesis on the Calling All Stations album. He has performed session work with many artists including Tears for Fears and Mystery, and is an official member of Big Big Train.
Playgroup Festival
Playgroup Festival is a festival of contemporary performing arts that has taken place in both Kent and East Sussex in England.

In addition to contemporary music, the festival has hosted comedy, cabaret and other arts and activities.

Regarded as a minor event in British culture, the festival is inspired by the creative output of Sussex and Kent, especially the City of Brighton & Hove. The organising production company, most of the performing artists and the festival crew are all based in the City. In the first four years, a majority of the attendees came from London and Brighton.

The festival has been both reviewed and awarded accolades as one of the best small festivals in the UK.

Los Albertos
Los Albertos are an English, Brighton-based, ska punk band.

While their guitar sound ranges from chicken scratch to Carlos Santana, and the horns veer from wall of brass to kelzma reediness in their riotous, joyous sound, lyrics cast the net far and wide.

The band has produced three albums and have toured Europe and the UK, and played at numerous festivals including Glastonbury Festival. Some professional producers such as Al Scott who also worked with English rock band, The Levellers have worked with the band.
In January 2009, Nic Tribe, the band's bassist decided to leave the band to pursue his own direction. The band later replaced Nic with Jim Gallagher briefly, before full-time member Adam Futcher joined up.
Elena Langer
Elena Langer (born 1974 in Moscow) is a Russian-born British composer of opera and other contemporary classical music. Her work has been performed at the Royal Opera House, Zurich Opera, Carnegie Hall, Richard B. Fisher Center for the Performing Arts, Stanislavski and Nemirovich-Danchenko Moscow Academic Music Theatre, Shakespeare's Globe, Wigmore Hall, Opera national du Rhin, Strasbourg, and Milton Court, Barbican Centre. She studied piano and composition at the Gnessin State Musical College in Moscow and composition at the Moscow Conservatoire; in 1999 she moved to London and studied composition at the Royal College of Music (1999–2000) with Julian Anderson and the Royal Academy of Music (2001–03) with Simon Bainbridge.

Opéra national du Rhin
The Opéra national du Rhin is an opera company which performs in Alsace, eastern France. It includes the Opéras in Strasbourg, in Mulhouse, where the Ballet de l'Opéra national du Rhin, also known as the Ballet Du Rhin, is based, and in Colmar, with its Opéra Studio, a training centre for young singers. Thee organisation has held the status of "national opera" since 1997.

The Orchestre philharmonique de Strasbourg and the Orchestre symphonique de Mulhouse are the usual orchestras of this institution.
Thomas Harpur (academic)
Thomas Harpur (died 1508) was an English Vice-Chancellor of the University of Oxford.

Harpur was a Doctor of Divinity. He was a Fellow and then Warden of Merton College, Oxford, during 1507–8. In 1498, he was appointed Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University. He is also vicar of St Nicholas, Bristol, and died there in 1508. A double-brass with an inscription was installed to his and Ralph Hamsterley's memory in Merton College Chapel. Ralph Hamsterley was a Fellow of Merton College and later Master of University College, Oxford.

St Nicholas Church, Bristol
St Nicholas is a church in St Nicholas Street, Bristol, England. The church was bombed in the Second World War and rebuilt in 1974–1975 as a church museum. This museum closed in 2007 and the building was used by the city council as offices; in 2018 the church came back into use as an Anglican place of worship in the Diocese of Bristol.
2014 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 11
The 2014 Tour de France was the 101st edition of the race, one of cycling's Grand Tours. It featured 22 cycling teams. The Tour started in Yorkshire, England on 5 July and finished on the Champs-Élysées in Paris on 27 July. The first two stages, in Yorkshire, were informally nicknamed Le Tour de Yorkshire; its success led to the formation of the Tour de Yorkshire stage race the following May.

Gérardmer
Gérardmer (French pronunciation: [ʒeʁaʁme] ⓘ; German: Gerdsee or archaic Geroldsee, and Giraumoué in local Vosgian) is a commune in the Vosges Department, Grand Est (before 2016: Lorraine), France. It is nicknamed "La perle des Vosges" (the gem of the Vosges).

Gérardmer is said to owe its name to Gerard, Duke of Lorraine, who in the 11th century built a tower on the bank of the lake or mer, near which, in 1285, a new town was founded.
Pryse's Cambrian Book Register
Pryse's Cambrian Book Register was a 19th-century bilingual (Welsh and English language) periodical, first produced by bookseller and printer John Pryse (1826-1883) in Llanidloes in 1857.

Only one edition of the Register was ever published. However, the aim of the periodical was to create a register of all Welsh books and books of Welsh interest, as well as a list of books sold by Pryse himself. This was perhaps the first attempt at creating a complete record of published Welsh language literature.

Llanidloes
Llanidloes (Welsh pronunciation: [ɬanˈɪdlɔɨs] ⓘ) is a town and community on the A470 and B4518 roads in Powys, within the historic county boundaries of Montgomeryshire (Welsh: Sir Drefaldwyn), Wales. The population in 2011 was 2,929, of whom 15% could speak Welsh. It is the third largest settlement in Montgomeryshire, after Newtown and Welshpool.

It is the first town on the River Severn (Welsh: Afon Hafren), counting from the source. The town's Member of Parliament is Steve Witherden of the Labour Party (MP since 2024) and its Member of the Senedd is Russell George of the Conservatives (MS since 2011).
Frej (icebreaker)
Frej is the third Atle-class icebreaker, named after the Norse god Freyr. She was launched during late in 1974, and on 30 September 1975 she was delivered to the Swedish Navy and departed the shipyard bound for Stockholm.

Swedish Navy
The Swedish Navy (Swedish: Svenska marinen) is the maritime service branch of the Swedish Armed Forces. It is composed of surface and submarine naval units – the Fleet (Flottan), formally sometimes referred to as the Royal Navy (Kungliga Flottan) – as well as marine units, the Amphibious Corps (Amfibiekåren).

Founded under King Gustav Vasa in 1522, the Swedish navy is one of the oldest continuously serving navies in the world, celebrating its 500th anniversary in 2022.
Asimakopoulou
Asimakopoulou is a Greek surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Anna-Misel Asimakopoulou (born 1967), Greek politician and lawyer

Beata Asimakopoulou (1932–2009), Greek actress

Elena Asimakopoulou (fl. 2000s), first runner-up in 2006 Miss Star Hellas competition

Ioanna Asimakopoulou (born 1984), Greek actress

Ioanna Asimakopoulou
Ioanna Asimakopoulou (born June 5, 1984) is a Greek actress. She graduated from the Giorgos Kimoulis Drama School in 2006. She became particularly well known to the general public through the series To soi sou, while other participations followed in series such as Peta ti friteza, I Familia and Deligianneio Parthenagogeio.
DOH-5-hemiFLY
DOH-5-hemiFLY, or DMA-hemiFly-5, also known as semi-fly (SF), is a serotonin receptor modulator and putative psychedelic drug of the phenethylamine, amphetamine, DOx, and benzofuran families related to 2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine (2,5-DMA; DOH). It is a cyclized derivative of 2,5-DMA related to the FLY psychedelics. The drug shows affinity for the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor (Ki = 146 nM) and fully substitutes for LSD in rodent drug discrimination tests, albeit with relatively low potency. The chemical synthesis of DOH-5-hemiFLY has been described. DOH-5-hemiFLY was first described in the scientific literature by David E. Nichols and colleagues in 1991.

Substituted benzofuran
The substituted benzofurans are a class of chemical compounds based on the heterocyclic and polycyclic compound benzofuran. Many medicines use the benzofuran core as a scaffold, but most commonly the term is used to refer to the simpler compounds in this class which include numerous psychoactive drugs, including stimulants, psychedelics and empathogens. In general, these compounds have a benzofuran core to which a 2-aminoethyl group is attached (at any position), and combined with a range of other substituents. Some psychoactive derivatives from this family have been sold under the name Benzofury.
United States Navy operations during World War I
United States Navy operations during World War I began on April 6, 1917, after the formal declaration of war on the German Empire. The United States Navy focused on countering enemy U-boats in the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea while convoying men and supplies to France and Italy. Because of United States's late entry into the war, her capital ships never engaged the German fleet and few decisive submarine actions occurred.

Capital ship
The capital ships of a navy are its most important warships; they are generally the larger ships when compared to other warships in their respective fleet. A capital ship is generally a leading or a primary ship in a naval fleet.
Lamzoudia
Lamzoudia is a town and rural commune in Chichaoua Province of the Marrakesh-Safi region of Morocco. At the time of the 2004 census, the commune had a total population of 22,454 people living in 3400 households.

2004 Moroccan census
The 2004 Moroccan census, formally the General Population and Housing Census for the year 2004, was held in Morocco in 2004, conducted by the High Planning Commission. The previous census was taken in 1994.
Pella, South Africa
Pella is an oasis in Namakwa (Bushmanland) in the Northern Cape province of South Africa. Earlier known as Cammas Fonteyn, the spring was used by a nearby stronghold of San people. In 1776 a South African Dutch farmer called Coenraad Feijt settled there and lived in harmony with the San despite their fondness for raiding the cattle of the Dutch farmers in the Hantam. A nearby farm called Aggeneys later became the site of the modern mining town of that name.

Bushmanland, Northern Cape
Bushmanland is an arid area south of the Orange River and west of Kenhardt and east of Springbok (Namaqualand) in the Northern Cape, South Africa.

It includes the towns of Pofadder and Aggeneys, and places such as Namies and Bosluis Pan. Extensive plains are dotted with koppies like the Gamsberg.

Bushmanland is an arid area inland from Namaqualand. It is probably the most inhospitable area in South Africa, arid and largely with infertile soil and highly saline groundwater. Vaalputs, a nuclear waste repository, has been sited between Bushmanland and Namaqualand, and acts as a de facto nature reserve.
Nils Trondsen Thune
Nils Trondsen Thune (1835 – 29 December 1879) was a Norwegian politician.

He was elected to the first session of the Norwegian Parliament in 1871, 1874, 1877 and 1880, representing the constituency of Christians Amt. He worked as a farmer there.

He was the father of later politician Helge Nilsen Thune.

Oppland
Oppland [ˈɔ̂plɑn] ⓘ is a former county in Norway which existed from 1781 until its dissolution on 1 January 2020. The old Oppland county bordered the counties of Trøndelag, Møre og Romsdal, Sogn og Fjordane, Buskerud, Akershus, Oslo and Hedmark. The county administration was located in the town of Lillehammer.