hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Nonoxynols
Nonoxynols, also known as nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEs), are a group of nonionic surfactants within the alkyl phenol ethoxylate superfamily. Alkyl phenol ethoxylates (APEs, APEO) have the chemical formula RC6H4(OC2H4)nOH (1 < n < 20).  Nonoxynols are the subfamily of APEs with R = iso-C9H19 (iso-nonyl).  Like almost all APEs, nonoxynols are colorless (or nearly so) oils.  Nonoxynols are used as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents or defoaming agents. The most commonly discussed compound nonoxynol-9 is a spermicide, formulated primarily as a component of vaginal foams and creams. Nonoxynol was found to metabolize into free nonylphenol when administered to lab animals.

Spermicide
Spermicide is a contraceptive substance that destroys sperm, inserted vaginally prior to intercourse to prevent pregnancy. As a contraceptive, spermicide may be used alone.  However, the pregnancy rate experienced by couples using only spermicide is higher than that of couples using other methods.  Usually, spermicides are combined with contraceptive barrier methods such as diaphragms, condoms, cervical caps, and sponges.  Combined methods are believed to result in lower pregnancy rates than either method alone.

Spermicides are typically unscented, clear, unflavored, non-staining, and lubricative.
Wikipedia logo
The logo of the online encyclopedia Wikipedia depicts a white, incomplete globe-shaped jigsaw puzzle, each jigsaw piece inscribed with a glyph from a different writing system. As displayed on the web pages of the English-language edition of the project, there is the wordmark "WIKIPEDIA" (styled as WikipediA (in small caps, with the leading W and trailing A taller than the other letters)) beside the globe, and below that, the text "The Free Encyclopedia" in the open-source Linux Libertine font.

The unfinished puzzle symbolizes the project's state as a perpetual work in progress.

Online encyclopedia
An online encyclopedia, also called an Internet encyclopedia, is a digital encyclopedia accessible through the Internet. Some examples include pre-World Wide Web services that offered the Academic American Encyclopedia beginning in 1980, Encyclopedia.com since 1998, Encarta from 2000 to 2009, Wikipedia since 2001, Encyclopædia Britannica since 2016, and Grokipedia since 2025.
Norman Manea
Norman Manea (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈnorman ˈmane̯a]; born 19 July 1936) is a Romanian writer and author of short fiction, novels, and essays about the Holocaust, daily life in a communist state, and exile. He lives in the United States, where he is a Professor and writer in residence at Bard College.

He left Romania in 1986 with a DAAD-Berlin Grant and in 1988 went to the US with a Fulbright Scholarship at the Catholic University in Washington DC. He won the 2002 International Nonino Prize in Italy.

Manea's most acclaimed book, The Hooligan's Return (2003), is an original fictionalized memoir, encompassing a period of almost 80 years, from the pre-war period, through the Second World War, the communist and post-communist years to the present.

Manea has been known and praised as an internationally important writer since the early 1990s, and his works have been translated into more than 20 languages. He has received more than 20 awards and honours.

Bard College
Bard College is a private liberal arts college in Annandale-on-Hudson, New York, United States. The campus overlooks the Hudson River and Catskill Mountains within the Hudson River Historic District and is a National Historic Landmark.

Founded in 1860, the institution consists of a liberal arts college and a conservatory. The college offers undergraduate and graduate programs. It participates in a network of many affiliated programs internationally.
Juan Camacho (Bolivian athlete)
Juan Rodrigo Camacho (born June 4, 1959) is a retired male long-distance runner from Bolivia, who represented his native country in three consecutive Summer Olympics, starting in 1984. He set his personal best (2:17.49) in the men's marathon on April 7, 1984 in Maassluis, Netherlands.

Maassluis
Maassluis (Dutch pronunciation: [maˑˈslʌy̆s] ⓘ) is a town in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. The municipality had a population of 33,567 in 2021 and covered 10.12 km2 (3.91 sq mi) of which 1.64 km2 (0.63 sq mi) was water.

It received town rights in 1811.
Çukurbağ, Tarsus
Çukurbağ is a  village in the municipality and district of Tarsus, Mersin Province, Turkey. Its population is 370 (2022). It is situated in the Taurus Mountains to the east of Turkish motor way O.21. It is located about 45 kilometres (28 mi) away from Tarsus and 72 kilometres (45 mi) away from Mersin.

Otoyol 21
Otoyol 21 (English: Motorway 21), abbreviated as O-21, a.k.a. Ankara-Tarsus Otoyolu (English: Ankara-Tarsus Motorway), is a completed toll motorway in the Central Anatolia and Mediterranean regions in Turkey. Currently, it connects Otoyol 20 from Gölbaşı, Ankara with the Adana-Mersin Motorway O-51 at Tarsus in Mersin Province. On its full length, it is part of the European E90. The last part of the highway opened on 16 December 2020. With a length of 432 kilometres, the O-21 is the longest motorway in Turkey.
Fédération nationale des Jaunes de France
The Fédération nationale des Jaunes de France (English: National Federation of the Yellows of France) was a French 'yellow' or company union founded by Pierre Biétry on 1 April 1902 and active until 1912.

According to historian George L. Mosse, the union "received this name when workers who refused to strike used yellow paper to stop up the windows of their meeting place, which had been smashed by strikers" in 1901 at Montceau-les-Mines.

Pierre Biétry
Pierre Biétry (French: [bjetʁi]; 9 May 1872 – 3 December 1918) was a French syndicalist and politician who initially followed orthodox socialism before pioneering the "yellow socialist" movement of the early 20th century.

He was also the maternal grandfather of journalist and White House Press Secretary Pierre Salinger.
Pei Ho Street
Pei Ho Street (Chinese: 北河街; Cantonese Yale: bak1 ho4 gaai1) is street in Sham Shui Po, New Kowloon, Hong Kong. The street is also a market and full of hawkers. The former Urban Council had built a Pei Ho Street Municipal Services Building (then known as Pei Ho Street Urban Council Complex) accommodating some stalls in the old market.

Low economic profile and height limit of buildings on airway of former Kai Tak Airport helps Pei Ho Street to preserve buildings on the earliest planned town of Sham Shui Po in Western Kowloon. The style of Ke Lau (騎樓), balcony with two front pillars, once popular in colonial Hong Kong prior to World War II are easily found on the street.

The end of the Pei Ho Street was the former Sham Shui Po Ferry Pier. The pier was an important ferry pier from 1920s to 1970s. Thousands of commuters took ferry to Central on the Hong Kong Island.

New Kowloon
New Kowloon is an area in Hong Kong, bounded to the south by Boundary Street, and to the north by the ranges of the Eagle's Nest, Beacon Hill, Lion Rock, Tate's Cairn and Kowloon Peak. It covers the present-day Kwun Tong District and Wong Tai Sin District, and northern parts of the Sham Shui Po District and Kowloon City District.

The name of this area is rarely used in day-to-day life. Areas that belong to New Kowloon are usually referred to as a part of Kowloon. However, in land leases, it is common to refer to land lots in lot numbers as "New Kowloon Inland Lot number #".
Apisai Tauyavuca
Apisai Tauyavuca (born 1 April 1993 in Suva, Fiji) is a Fijian rugby union player who previously played for the Houston SaberCats in Major League Rugby (MLR). His usual position is as a Lock or Flanker.

In 2017, Tauyavuca was a member of the Fijian Drua squad  and for 2018-19 Pro14 and 2019-20 Pro14 seasons he played for Zebre .

Flanker (rugby union)
Flanker is a position in the sport of rugby union. Each team of 15 players includes two flankers, who play in the forwards, and are generally classified as either blindside or openside flankers, numbers 6 and 7 respectively. The name comes from their position in a scrum in which they 'flank' each set of forwards. They compete for the ball – most commonly in rucks and mauls. Flankers also assist in pushing in a scrum, but are expected to detach from the scrum as soon as the ball is out to get to the play before the opposition's forwards. Flankers also participate in line-outs, either being lifted to contest or win possession, or to lift other players. Flankers are usually the key participants in the tackling process. The flankers, especially the openside, are often the fastest forwards on the team but still relied upon for tackling.
1949 Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race
The 1949 Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race, was the fifth annual running of the "blue water classic" Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race.

Hosted by the Cruising Yacht Club of Australia based in Sydney, New South Wales, the 1949 edition began on Sydney Harbour, at noon on Boxing Day (26 December 1949), before heading south for 630 nautical miles (1,170 km) through the Tasman Sea, past Bass Strait, into Storm Bay and up the River Derwent, to cross the finish line in Hobart, Tasmania.

The 1949 Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race comprised a reduced fleet of 15 competitors. Waltzing Matilda, skippered by Phil Davenport won line honours in a time of 5 days, 10 hours and 33 minutes – breaking the three-year hold on the event by Claude Plowman's Morna. Trade Winds, skippered by Mervyn Davey was awarded handicap honours on adjusted time.

Boxing Day
Boxing Day, also known as Offering Day, is a holiday celebrated on 26 December, the day after Christmas Day. Boxing Day was once a day to donate gifts to those in need, but it has evolved to become a part of Christmas festivities. It originated in the United Kingdom and is celebrated in several Commonwealth nations. The attached bank holiday or public holiday may take place on 27 or 28 December if necessary to ensure it falls on a weekday. Boxing Day is usually concurrent with the Christian festival Saint Stephen's Day.

In parts of Europe, such as east Spain (Catalonia, Valencia and the Balearic Islands), the Czech Republic, Germany, Austria, Hungary, the Netherlands, Italy, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, Catholic Romania, Sweden, Belgium, Norway, Latvia and the Republic of Ireland, 26 December is Saint Stephen's Day, which is considered the second day of Christmas.
Ilısu, Tercan
Ilısu (Kurdish: Çerme) is a village in the Tercan District, Erzincan Province, Turkey. The village had a population of 101 in 2021.

The hamlets of Aşağıtepecik, Beşikçayır, Dereçayırı and Yukarıtepecik are attached to the village.

Erzincan Province
Erzincan Province (Turkish: Erzincan ili; is province in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. In Turkey, its capital is also called Erzincan. Its area is 11,815 km2, and its population is 239,223 (2022).
Opposite category
In category theory, a branch of mathematics, the opposite category or dual category  of a given category  is formed by reversing the morphisms, i.e. interchanging the source and target of each morphism. Doing the reversal twice yields the original category, so the opposite of an opposite category is the original category itself. In symbols, . The construction can be generalized to ∞-categories using the opposite simplicial set.

Order theory
Order theory is a branch of mathematics that investigates the intuitive notion of order using binary relations. It provides a formal framework for describing statements such as "this is less than that" or "this precedes that".
Tamda
Tamda (Berber languages: ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴰ) is a small town and rural commune in Sidi Bennour Province of the Casablanca-Settat region of Morocco. At the time of the 2004 census, the commune had a total population of 9701 people living in 1768 households.

2004 Moroccan census
The 2004 Moroccan census, formally the General Population and Housing Census for the year 2004, was held in Morocco in 2004, conducted by the High Planning Commission. The previous census was taken in 1994.
Zenne Group
The Zenne Group (Dutch: Zenne Groep) is a group of rock strata in the subsurface of central and northwest Belgium. The group consists of three formations, all from the Ypresian and Lutetian ages (early Eocene, 50 to 40 million years old). These formation have their shallow marine facies in common.

The three formations are:

the Aalter Formation, greenish sands and clays, found in East Flanders and West Flanders.

the Brussels Formation, marls and sands, found in Flemish and Walloon Brabant, Hainaut and Namur.

the Lede Formation, calcareous sands, found in almost all central Belgium.

Stratigraphically on top of the Zenne Group are the late Eocene sands and clays of the Maldegem Formation, which is not divided into a group. The Zenne Group is almost everywhere found on top of the early Eocene Ieper Group.

Namur Province
Namur (French: [namyʁ] ⓘ; Walloon: Nameur; Dutch: Namen [ˈnaːmə(n)] ⓘ) is a province of Wallonia, one of the three regions of Belgium. It borders (clockwise from the West) on the Walloon provinces of Hainaut, Walloon Brabant, Liège and Luxembourg in Belgium, and the French department of Ardennes. Its capital and largest city is the city of Namur. As of January 2024, the province of Namur has a population of about 0.5 million.
Jalal al-Dawla Iskandar
Jalal al-Dawla Iskandar was the ruler (ustandar) of the Baduspanids from 1333 to 1360. Under his rule, the kingdom reached its zenith. Taking advantage of the collapse of the Mongol Ilkhanate in 1335, he expanded his rule into the southern Alborz, ruling an area stretching from Qazvin to Simnan. In 1346, he founded the town of Kojur and conquered the region of Daylam. In 1360, he was mortally wounded by his bodyguard during a ruckus at a drinking party. He died three days later, and was succeeded by his brother Fakhr al-Dawla Shah-Ghazi.

Gudrun Krämer
Gudrun Krämer (born 1953) is a German scholar of Islamic history and co-editor of the third edition of the Encyclopaedia of Islam.  She is professor of Islamic studies, Chair of the Institute of Islamic Studies at the Free University of Berlin and a member of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities. Her expertise is in topics related to modern Islamic history and in Islam, democracy, and modernity.
Milev Rocks
Milev Rocks (Bulgarian: Милеви скали, ‘Milevi Skali’ \'mi-le-vi ska-'li\) is the group of rocks off the north coast of Robert Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, situated east of Henfield Rock, south-southwest of Orsoya Rocks and southwest of Mellona Rocks, and extending 1.5 km (0.93 mi) in east-west direction and 600 m (656 yd) in north-south direction.

The rocks are named after the Bulgarian poet Geo Milev (pseudonym of Georgi Milyov Kasabov, 1895–1925).

Robert Island
Robert Island or Mitchells Island or Polotsk Island or Roberts Island is an island 11 miles (18 km) long and 8 miles (13 km) wide, situated between Nelson Island and Greenwich Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Robert Island is located at 62°24′S 59°30′W﻿ / ﻿62.400°S 59.500°W﻿ / -62.400; -59.500. Its surface area is 132 km2 (51 sq mi). The name "Robert Island" dates back to around 1821 and is now established in international usage.

Much of the Coppermine Peninsula in the west of the island is made up by a perched strandflat surface that was at sea level in the past.

Captain Richard Fildes may have named Robert Island for his brig Robert. Fildes was sealing in the South Shetlands in 1821–1822 until ice destroyed his vessel in March 1822. Fildes Strait is named for him.
Andrey Gyurov
Andrey Atanasov Gyurov (Bulgarian: Андрей Атанасов Гюров, pronounced [ɐn'drɛj 'ɡʲurof]; born 31 December 1975) is a Bulgarian politician who has served as Prime Minister of Bulgaria in 2026 leading a caretaker government.

Caretaker government
A caretaker government, also known as a caretaker regime, is a temporary ad hoc government that performs some governmental duties and functions in a country until a regular government is elected or formed. Depending on specific practice, it consists of either randomly selected members of parliament or outgoing members until their dismissal.

Caretaker governments in representative democracies are usually limited in their function, serving only to maintain the status quo, rather than truly govern and propose new legislation. Unlike the government it is meant to temporarily replace, a caretaker government does not have a legitimate mandate (electoral approval) to exercise aforementioned functions.
Mtori
Mtori is a popular Tanzanian stew made of bananas and meat along with other ingredients (e.g. potatoes, milk or cream).

The soup originated in the Kilimanjaro area of Tanzania, specifically the Moshi-Arusha region. Plantains/green bananas are often eaten in this region as the main source of starch. It has since spread to other areas throughout Tanzania. A special stick is traditionally used to mash the bananas. Mtori is often eaten by Maasai women during a three-month period postpartum confinement for nutrition. During this postpartum period, women are given mainly soft foods (laini) to eat like mtori.

Because it is a thick stew, it can be served as a main course. It can be eaten during breakfast, lunch, or dinner.

Maasai people
The Maasai (/ˈmɑːsaɪ, mɑːˈsaɪ/) are an Eastern Nilotic ethnic group native to northern, central and southern regions of Kenya including northern Tanzania, near the African Great Lakes region. Their native language is the Maasai language, a Nilotic language related to Dinka, Kalenjin and Nuer. A branch within the broader Nilo-Saharan language family. Except for some elders living in rural areas, most Maasai people speak the official languages of Kenya and Tanzania—Swahili and English.

The Maasai population has been reported as numbering 1,189,522 in Kenya in the 2019 census compared to 377,089 in the 1989 census.
Hathor 19
Hathor 18 – Coptic calendar – Hathor 20

The nineteenth day of the Coptic month of Hathor, the third month of the Coptic year. On a common year, this day corresponds to November 15, of the Julian calendar, and November 28, of the Gregorian calendar. This day falls in the Coptic season of Peret, the season of emergence. This day falls in the Nativity Fast.

Hathor (month)
Hathor (Coptic: Ϩⲁⲑⲱⲣ, Hathōr), also known as Athyr (Ancient Greek: Ἀθύρ, Athýr) and Hatur (Arabic: هاتور), is the third month of the ancient Egyptian and Coptic calendars. It lies between November 10 and December 9 of the Gregorian calendar.

The month of Hathor is also the third month of the season of Akhet (Inundation) in Ancient Egypt, when the Nile floods historically covered the land of Egypt; they have not done so since the construction of the High Dam at Aswan.
Donna Sheng
Don-Ning "Donna" Sheng is a condensed matter physicist whose research involves two-dimensional systems including the fractional quantum Hall effect and quantum spin Hall effect, as well as the natural emergence of supersymmetry in topological superconductors. She is a professor of physics at California State University, Northridge, and is also affiliated with the Princeton Center for Complex Materials at Princeton University.

Quantum spin Hall effect
The quantum spin Hall state is a state of matter proposed to exist in special, two-dimensional semiconductors that have a quantized spin-Hall conductance and a vanishing charge-Hall conductance. The quantum spin Hall state of matter is the cousin of the integer quantum Hall state, and that does not require the application of a large magnetic field. The quantum spin Hall state does not break charge conservation symmetry and spin- conservation symmetry (in order to have well defined Hall conductances).
Cori Dyke
Coriana Janet Ruggiero Dyke (born September 20, 2000) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a right back for the Orlando Pride of the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL).

Dyke played college soccer for the Penn State Nittany Lions, earning Big Ten Defender of the Year honors in 2023. She was drafted by the Pride in the second round of the 2024 NWSL Draft and won the NWSL Shield and NWSL Championship in her rookie season.

Colorado Rush Women
The Senior Colorado women's Rush Team is a women's football team based in Littleton, Colorado. In the recent past, the team competed in the Rockies Division of the Mountain Conference of the Women's Premier Soccer League's (WPSL) Central Region. It suspended play after the 2022 WPSL season and was succeeded as the Rush Soccer WPSL club in Colorado by Flatirons Rush SC, based in Arvada, Colorado. Colorado Rush's youth teams and academy continue to operate under the name.
Anssi Juutilainen
Anssi Juutilainen (born 1 October 1956) is a Finnish ski-orienteering competitor and world champion.

He received an individual gold medal in the classic course at the 1984 World Ski Orienteering Championships in Lavarone, and a gold medal both in the short course and the long course in Skellefteå in 1990.

He finished first overall in the World Cup in Ski Orienteering in 1991, and third in 1989.

World Ski Orienteering Championships
The World Ski Orienteering Championships (WSOC) is the official event to award the titles of World Champions in ski orienteering. The World Championships is organized every odd year. The programme includes Sprint, Middle and Long Distance competitions, and a Relay for both men and women. The first WSOC was held in 1975.
Memory (French)
Memory is an 1886–1887 (revised 1909) marble sculpture by American artist Daniel Chester French. The finished version measures 57.5 inches (146 cm) x 25 inches (64 cm) x 42.5 inches (108 cm) and is part of the Metropolitan Museum of Art's collection. The statue was carved by the Piccirilli Brothers.

French began working on the concept for the sculpture in 1886 when he produced a small clay sketch that was subsequently cast in bronze.  The work was also called Memory.  He then returned to the idea about 20 years later and produced the current work.  The president of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Robert W. de Forest, wanted to obtain the piece for the museum, but because French was a Trustee of the institution, it would have been unethical for the museum to pay him for it.  Eventually a donor, Henry Walters, the museum's vice president, purchased the statue and donated it to the museum.  French considered the work to be, "the chief effort of my life."

Henry Walters
Henry Walters (September 26, 1848 – November 30, 1931) was noted as an art collector and philanthropist, a founder of the Walters Art Gallery (now the Walters Art Museum) in Baltimore, Maryland, which he donated to the city in his 1931 will for the benefit of the public. From the late 19th century, Walters lived most of the time in New York City, where from 1903 on, he served on the executive committee of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. He was selected as second vice president in 1913, a position he held until his death.

Like his father William Thompson Walters, (1820–1894), he was a businessman in the railroad industry, serving as president of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad (1894–1902), which had been established by his father.
2006 Swiss Open (badminton)
The 2006 Swiss Open (officially known as the Wilson Swiss Open 2006  for sponsorship reasons) was badminton tournament which took place at the St. Jakobshalle in Basel, Switzerland, on from 3 to 8 January 2006 and had a total purse of $120,000.

Koo Kien Keat
Koo Kien Keat AMN (Chinese: 古健傑; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Kó͘ Kiān-kia̍t; born 18 September 1985) is a Malaysian former professional badminton player. He succeeded in both men's and mixed doubles and in his partnership with Tan Boon Heong he reached a career high ranking of world number 1.