hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Shopped
Shopped: The Shocking Power Of British Supermarkets is a book by British author and investigative journalist Joanna Blythman first published by Fourth Estate in 2004. Described by one reviewer as "an emotive and bitter attack on [Britain's] supermarket culture" the book examines the way supermarkets have changed "diets, cities, countryside and economy" in Britain and argues that consumers have unwittingly "surrendered control over what [they] eat to a few powerful chains." Along with Felicity Lawrence's Not On The Label (2004) and Colin Tudge's So Shall We Reap (2003), Shopped was seen by some critics as representing the frontline of the emerging, radical Slow Food movement in Europe. The book helped establish Blythman's reputation as "one of the most influential commentators" on British supermarkets. It was the winner of the Best Food Book prize at the 2005 Glenfiddich Food and Drink Awards and was shortlisted for the 2005 Guild of Food Writers' Awards.

Glenfiddich Food and Drink Awards
The Glenfiddich Food and Drink Awards were intended to recognize achievements in writing, publishing and broadcasting on the subjects of food and drink. The awards had been sponsored since 1972 by William Grant & Sons, a family-owned Scottish distiller that produces Glenfiddich, a Speyside single malt Scotch whisky.

In total 12 awards were made annually.

In 2008, Glenfiddich discontinued the Food and Drink Awards, reviewing their "strategy, scope and potential application in some of Glenfiddich’s key markets outside the UK".
Acraga coa
Acraga coa is a moth of the family Dalceridae. It is found in southern Mexico, Belize, Honduras, Guatemala, El Salvador, Costa Rica and Panama. The habitat consists of tropical wet, tropical moist, tropical premontane wet, tropical premontane rain, tropical lower montane moist, subtropical wet, subtropical moist, subtropical dry and warm temperate wet forests.

The length of the forewings is 12–18 mm (0.47–0.71 in) for males and 19–25 mm (0.75–0.98 in) for females. Adults are on wing year-round.

The larvae feed on the leaves of Terminalia, Coffea and Citrus species.

Terminalia (plant)
Terminalia is a genus of large trees of the flowering plant family Combretaceae, comprising nearly 300 species distributed in tropical regions of the world. The genus name derives from the Latin word terminus, referring to the fact that the leaves appear at the very tips of the shoots.

Axlewood (T. latifolia) is used for its wood and tannins and as a fodder. African birch (T. leiocarpa) is used for its wood and to make yellow dye and medicinal compounds. A yellow dyestuff produced from the leaves of T. leiocarpa has traditionally been used in West Africa to dye leather.
Amish in Wisconsin
Wisconsin has the fourth-largest Amish population in the United States, with an estimated 27,535 adherents in 2025. The first Amish settlement was founded in 1909 by settlers from western states, but it dissolved by 1927. The oldest settlement still in existence is at Medford, founded in 1920. The Amish population of Wisconsin has grown quickly since the 1960s. The largest Amish settlement is at Cashton, followed by Kingston, Augusta, Platteville-Darlington, and Wilton-Tomah. Like Amish communities broadly, Wisconsin Amish have historically relied on dairy agriculture. However, since 2018 the proportion of Amish engaged in dairy farming has decreased.

Geographical Review
The Geographical Review is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by Routledge on behalf  of the American Geographical Society. It covers all aspects of geography. The editor-in-chief is David H. Kaplan (Kent State University).
1903 News of the World Match Play
The 1903 News of the World Match Play was the first News of the World Match Play tournament. It was played from Tuesday 13 to Thursday 15 October at Sunningdale Golf Club. 32 players competed in a straight knock-out competition, with each match contested over 18 holes, except for the final which was over 36 holes. The winner received £100 out of a total prize fund of £200. James Braid defeated Ted Ray 4 & 3 in the final to win the tournament.

Sunningdale Golf Club
51°23′17″N 0°37′52″W﻿ / ﻿51.388°N 0.631°W﻿ / 51.388; -0.631

Sunningdale Golf Club is a golf club in Sunningdale, Berkshire, England, located approximately 30 miles (50 km) west-southwest of London.

Sunningdale Golf Club was founded in 1900 and has two eighteen hole golf courses: the Old Course, designed by Willie Park Jr., and the New Course, designed by Harry Colt, which opened in 1923.

Sunningdale has hosted many prestigious events in golf, including the British Masters, Walker Cup, Women's British Open, and The Senior Open Championship. From 2004 to 2013, Europe's International Final Qualifying tournament for The Open Championship was held over both the Old and New courses at Sunningdale. It hosted the Seniors Amateur Championship in 2017.
Thomas Thomas (harpist)
Thomas Thomas known by his Welsh surname Aptommas (1829-1913) was a Welsh harpist and composer-arranger.

He was born in Bridgend, a younger brother of the more famous John Thomas (Pencerdd Gwalia). He performed in America with Louis Moreau Gottschalk and Henriette Behrend.
Even when playing the pedal harp, Thomas kept the instrument on his left shoulder, as did traditional Welsh harpists. Harp-maker Erard had to construct special harps with the mechanisms reversed for him.

Bridgend
Bridgend (English:  /brɪˈdʒɛnd/; Welsh: Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr or just Pen-y-bont, meaning "the end of the bridge on the Ogmore") is a town in the Bridgend County Borough of Wales, 20 miles (32 km) west of Cardiff and 20 miles (32 km) east of Swansea.  The town is named after the medieval bridge over the River Ogmore. The River Ewenny also flows through the town. The population was 49,597 in 2021. Bridgend is within the Cardiff Capital Region which in 2019 had a population of approximately 1.54 million.

Historically a part of Glamorgan, Bridgend has greatly expanded in size since the early 1980s – the 2001 census recorded a population of 39,429 for the town.
Nicholas Bowen
Nicholas Robert Bowen, FCIL, also known as Nick Bob Bowen, is a head teacher and promoter of enterprise.  He was the head teacher at St Benet Biscop Catholic High School, Bedlington, Northumberland from 2001 to 2012.  In 2010, he was awarded the Queen's Award for Enterprise Promotion. He is, as of 2015, the principal at Horizon Community College, Barnsley, a position he has held since 2012.

Chartered Institute of Linguists
Founded as the Institute of Linguists in 1910, the Chartered Institute of Linguists (CIOL) received its royal charter in 2005 and is the UK's not-for-profit royal charter body for languages and linguists.

CIOL supports linguists in their careers and lives and promotes proficiency in languages worldwide.

Professional grades of membership are: Associate (ACIL), Member (MCIL) and Fellow (FCIL) and there are also several Affiliate grades of membership.

CIOL also hosts the IoL Educational Trust (IoLET), a charitable company limited by guarantee and an accredited awarding organisation. IoLET's purpose is to promote the teaching and study of modern languages.

The patron of CIOL is HRH Prince Michael of Kent.

It has a magazine, The Linguist.
Beroun, Minnesota
Beroun is an unincorporated community in Mission Creek Township, Pine County, Minnesota, United States.

Interstate 35 and Pine County Roads 14 and 61 are three of the main routes in the community. I-35 runs north–south, and County Road 14 (Beroun Crossing Road) runs east–west.

Beroun is between Hinckley and Pine City.

Founded circa 1882 as "Brown's Hill" along the Northern Pacific Railroad line, it was renamed in 1895 when a post office called "Beroun" was established, and remained in operation until 1993. The community was founded by Czech immigrants, who named it after the town of Beroun in the Czech Republic. Beroun was a station on the Northern Pacific Railroad.

ZIP codes 55063 (Pine City), 55037 (Hinckley), and 55007 (Brook Park) all intersect near Beroun.

Hinckley, Minnesota
Hinckley is a city in Pine County, Minnesota, United States, located at the junction of Interstate 35 and Minnesota State Highway 48. The population was 1,904 at the 2020 census.

Hinckley's name in the Ojibwe language is Gaa-zhiigwanaabikokaag, meaning "the place abundant with grindstones" due to being located along the Grindstone River.  Portions of the Mille Lacs Indian Reservation are located within and adjacent to Hinckley.

On September 1, 1894, the Great Hinckley Fire killed more than 400 people.

Hinckley is generally considered the halfway point on Interstate 35 between Minneapolis–Saint Paul and Duluth.
Leo Butler
Leo Butler (born 1974 in Sheffield) is a British playwright. His plays have been staged, among others, by the Royal Court, the Royal Shakespeare Company and the Almeida Theatre. His plays have been published by Bloomsbury A & C Black. His 2001 play Redundant won the George Devine Award.  Between 2005 and 2014 he was Playwriting Tutor for the Royal Court Young Writers Programme.

Theatre Royal Stratford East
Stratford East, formerly known as Theatre Royal Stratford East, is a 460-seat Victorian producing theatre in Stratford in the London Borough of Newham. Since 1953, it has been the home of the Theatre Workshop company, famously associated with director Joan Littlewood, whose statue is outside the theatre.
Mayor of Podgorica
The Mayor of Podgorica (Montenegrin: Gradonačelnik Podgorice / Градоначелник Подгорице) is the head of the City of Podgorica (capital of Montenegro). He acts on behalf of the City, and performs an executive function in the Podgorica Capital City. The current mayor since 29 December 2024 is Saša Mujović, member of the centrist Europe Now! movement, elected in the 2024 City Assembly election aftermath.

Europe Now!
The Europe Now Movement (Montenegrin and Serbian: Pokret Evropa sad! / Покрет Европа сад!, PES!), sometimes stylised with an exclamation mark, is a centrist political organization in Montenegro, founded in June 2022 by the former Ministers of Finance and the Economy, Milojko Spajić and Jakov Milatović, respectively. It describes itself as an economy-focused and anti-corruption movement, that is economically liberal.
Selamectin
Selamectin, sold under the brand name Revolution, among others, is a  topical parasiticide and anthelminthic used on dogs and cats. It treats and prevents infections of heartworms, fleas, ear mites, sarcoptic mange (scabies), and certain types of ticks in dogs, and prevents heartworms, fleas, ear mites, hookworms, and roundworms in cats. It is structurally related to ivermectin and milbemycin. Selamectin is not approved for human use.

Anthelmintic
Anthelmintics, anthelminthics, antihelmintics or antihelminthics are a group of antiparasitic drugs that expel parasitic worms (helminths) and other internal parasites from the body by either stunning or killing them without causing significant damage to the host. They may also be called vermifuges (those that stun) or vermicides (those that kill). Anthelmintics are used to treat people who are infected by helminths, a condition called helminthiasis. These drugs are also used to treat infected animals, particularly small ruminants such as goats and sheep.

Anthelmintic medication is also used in mass deworming campaigns of school-aged children in many developing countries. Anthelmintics are also used for mass deworming of livestock. The drugs of choice for soil-transmitted helminths are mebendazole and albendazole; for schistosomiasis and tapeworms it is praziquantel.
Possibility theory
Possibility theory is a mathematical theory for dealing with certain types of uncertainty and is an alternative to probability theory. It uses measures of possibility and necessity between 0 and 1, ranging from impossible to possible and unnecessary to necessary, respectively. Professor Lotfi Zadeh first introduced possibility theory in 1978 as an extension of his theory of fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic. Didier Dubois and Henri Prade further contributed to its development. Earlier, in the 1950s, economist G. L. S. Shackle proposed the min/max algebra to describe degrees of potential surprise.

Uncertainty
Uncertainty or incertitude refers to situations involving imperfect or unknown information. It applies to predictions of future events, to physical measurements that are already made, or to the unknown, and is particularly relevant for decision-making. Uncertainty arises in partially observable or stochastic or complex or dynamic environments, as well as due to ignorance, indolence, or both. It arises in any number of fields, including insurance, philosophy, physics, statistics, economics, entrepreneurship, finance, medicine, psychology, sociology, engineering, metrology, meteorology, ecology and information science.
Dune Radio
Dune Radio (formerly Sandgrounder Radio) is an Independent Local Radio station for Liverpool, The Wirral, Southport, Blackpool and the North West Coast of England.

The station broadcasts on DAB Digital Radio and Online (website/App/Smart Speakers) as well as on Freeview Channel 277 across the Granada region.

The station started life as a 28-day RSL (Restricted Service Licence) covering Southport on FM in November 2015.

In June 2016, the station launched full time on DAB Digital Radio covering Southport and The Liverpool City Region.

In the summer of 2020, broadcasting regulator Ofcom granted permission for the station to extend its editorial coverage to the Fylde Coast taking in Lytham St Annes and Blackpool covering the North West Coast of England.

Wirral Peninsula
The Wirral Peninsula (/ˈwɪrəl/), known locally as the Wirral, is a peninsula in North West England. The roughly rectangular peninsula is about 15 miles (24 km) long and 7 miles (11 km) wide, and is bounded by the Dee Estuary to the west, the Mersey Estuary to the east and Liverpool Bay to the north.

Historically, the Wirral was wholly in Cheshire; in the Domesday Book, its border with the rest of the county was placed at "two arrow falls from Chester city walls".  However, since the Local Government Act 1972, only the southern third has been in Cheshire, with almost all the rest lying in the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral, Merseyside. An area of saltmarsh and reclaimed land adjoining the south-west of the peninsula lies in the Welsh county of Flintshire.
2013–14 Radford Highlanders men's basketball team
The 2013–14 Radford Highlanders men's basketball team represented Radford University during the 2013–14 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Highlanders, led by third-year head coach Mike Jones, played their home games at the Dedmon Center in Radford, Virginia, and were members of the North Division of the Big South Conference. They finished the season 22–13, 10–6 in Big South play, to finish in third place in the North Division. They advanced to the quarterfinals of the Big South Conference tournament where they lost to UNC Asheville. They were invited to the College Basketball Invitational where they defeated Oregon State in the first round before losing in the quarterfinals to Old Dominion.

2013–14 Oregon State Beavers men's basketball team
The 2013–14 Oregon State Beavers men's basketball team represented Oregon State University in the 2013–14 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. Led by sixth year head coach Craig Robinson. The Beavers played their home games at Gill Coliseum in Corvallis, Oregon and were a member of the Pac-12 Conference.
Lyon Armenian Genocide Memorial
Lyon Armenian Genocide Memorial (French: Memorial Lyonnais du genocide des Armeniens; Armenian: Հայոց ցեղասպանության հուշարձան) was erected in 2006 in central Lyon, France, in memory of the victims of the Armenian genocide in the Ottoman Empire in 1915 and the following years.

The memorial is located near Place Bellecour, the main square of Lyon. It was designed by Leonardo Basmadyian and includes 36 white concrete pieces supported by stones from Armenia. Poems of Kostan Zarian are written on the concrete pieces.

The cost of the memorial is around 180,000 euros, over two-thirds of which was provided by the Armenian community of Lyon. The rest was given by the Lyon Municipality and actively supported by Mayor Gérard Collomb.

Gostan Zarian
Constant, or Kostan Zarian (Armenian: Կոստան Զարեան; February 8, 1885 – December 11, 1969) was an Armenian writer who produced short lyric poems, long narrative poems of an epic cast, manifestos, essays, travel impressions, criticism, and fiction. The genre in which he excelled, however, was the diary form with long autobiographical divagations, reminiscences and impressions of people and places, interspersed with literary, philosophical and historical meditations and polemics.
Endless Frontier: Vannevar Bush, Engineer of the American Century
Endless Frontier: Vannevar Bush, Engineer of the American Century is a 1997 non-fiction book written by G. Pascal Zachary, published by The Free Press. It is a biography of Vannevar Bush

Zachary described how the internet was preceded by the memex and rapid selector, things created by Bush.

Memex
A memex (a portmanteau of "memory" and "index") is a hypothetical electromechanical device for interacting with microform documents and described in Vannevar Bush's 1945 article "As We May Think". Bush envisioned the memex as a device in which individuals would compress and store all of their books, records, and communications, "mechanized so that it may be consulted with exceeding speed and flexibility". The individual was supposed to use the memex as an automatic personal filing system, making the memex "an enlarged intimate supplement to his memory".

The concept of the memex influenced the development of early hypertext systems and personal knowledge base software. The hypothetical implementation depicted by Bush for the purpose of concrete illustration was based upon a document bookmark list of static microfilm pages and lacked a true hypertext system, where parts of pages would have internal structure beyond the common textual format.
Mohsen Qarawi
Mohsen Mohammed Hasan Mohammed Qarawi (Arabic: محسن محمد حسن محمد القروي; born 15 May 1989) is a Yemeni professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Al-Saqr and the Yemeni national team.

He appeared on 13 May 2017, in an unofficial friendly match against Egypt in a 1–0 loss.

He officially debuted on 5 September 2017 at the 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification held in the United Arab Emirates, with a 2–2 draw against the Philippines.

On 10 September 2019, Qarawi scored his first goal for Yemen in a 2–2 draw against Singapore in the 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification in Qatar.

2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification
The 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification was the qualification process organized by the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) to determine the participating teams for the 2019 AFC Asian Cup, the 17th edition of the international men's football championship of Asia. For the first time, the Asian Cup final tournament was contested by 24 teams, having been expanded from the 16-team format that was used from 2004 to 2015.

The qualification process involved four rounds, where the first two doubled as the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification for Asian teams.
1992 Japanese Touring Car Championship
The 1992 Japanese Touring Car Championship season was the 8th edition of the series. It began at TI Circuit Aida on 15 March and finished after eight events at Fuji Speedway on 8 November. The championship was won by Masahiro Hasemi, driving for Hasemi Motorsport.

Okayama International Circuit
Okayama International Circuit (岡山国際サーキット), formerly known as TI Circuit Aida (TIサーキット英田) before 2005, is a 3.703 km (2.301 mi) private motorsport race track in Mimasaka, Okayama Prefecture, Japan. TI was the abbreviation of "Tanaka International" after the name of the golf club owner, Hajime Tanaka, though the name of the circuit was officially "TI Circuit Aida".

As well as hosting racing events, the circuit has rental facilities including bikes and go karts available.
Wah Mee massacre
The Wah Mee massacre was a mass shooting that occurred during the night of February 18–19, 1983, in the Wah Mee gambling club at the Louisa Hotel in Seattle, Washington, United States. Fourteen people were bound, robbed and shot by three gunmen, 22-year-old Kwan Fai "Willie" Mak, 20-year old Keung Kin "Benjamin" Ng and 25-year-old Wai Chiu "Tony" Ng (no relation). Thirteen of the victims died, but 61-year-old Wai Yok Chin, a former U.S. Navy sailor and Pai Gow dealer at the Wah Mee, survived to testify against the three in the separate high-profile trials held between 1983 and 1985.

Mak and Benjamin Ng were both given life imprisonment, after Mak's initial death sentence was overturned in 1988  while Tony Ng received a 30-year sentence, serving 28 years before he was released and deported to his native Hong Kong in 2014. It remains the deadliest mass murder in the history of Washington State.

Bing Kong Tong
The Bing Kong Tong (Chinese: 秉公堂; Jyutping: bing2 gung1 tong4; pinyin: Bǐnggōng Táng) was one of the most powerful Tongs in San Francisco's Chinatown during the early 20th century. Since most immigrants from China to the United States during the 19th century were from the province of Guangdong, Chinatowns founded at that time used place names which were transliterated from Cantonese. The literal translation of 堂; tong4 is "hall", while 秉公; bing2 gung1 translates to "with justice."
Cactus mouse
The cactus mouse or cactus deermouse (Peromyscus eremicus) is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae. It is a species of the genus Peromyscus, a closely related group of New World mice often called "deermice". They are native to desert areas of western North America.

New World rats and mice
The New World rats and mice are a group of related rodents found in North and South America.  They are diverse in appearance and ecology, ranging from the tiny Baiomys to the large Kunsia. They represent one of the few examples of muroid rodents (along with the voles) in North America, and the only example of muroid rodents to have made it into South America.

The New World rats and mice are often considered part of a single subfamily, Sigmodontinae, but the recent trend among muroid taxonomists is to recognize three separate subfamilies.  This strategy better represents the extreme diversity of species numbers and ecological types.

Some molecular phylogenetic studies have suggested that the New World rats and mice are not a monophyletic group, but this is yet to be confirmed.  Their closest relatives are clearly the hamsters and voles.

The New World rats and mice are divided into 3 subfamilies, 12 tribes, and 84 genera.
R Praggnanandhaa
Rameshbabu Praggnanandhaa (born 10 August 2005) is an Indian chess grandmaster. A chess prodigy, he placed second in the 2023 Chess World Cup, and won the 2025 FIDE Circuit. He was part of the Indian team that won the silver medal at the 2022 Asian Games in the men's team competition, and the gold medal in the open section at the 45th Chess Olympiad in 2024. He won the Tata Steel Chess Tournament 2025.

Candidates Tournament 2024
The 2024 Candidates Tournament was an eight-player chess tournament, held to determine the challenger for the World Chess Championship 2024. The tournament took place at The Great Hall in Toronto, Canada, from 3–22 April 2024. The event was held alongside the Women's Candidates Tournament. As with every Candidates tournament since 2013, it was a double round-robin tournament.

The event was won by Gukesh Dommaraju, which made him the youngest ever winner of a Candidates Tournament, and the youngest ever World Chess Championship challenger. He earned the right to play the World Chess Championship 2024 against the defending World Chess Champion Ding Liren; he went on to win and become the youngest undisputed World Chess Champion.