hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Independence of irrelevant alternatives
Independence of irrelevant alternatives (IIA) is an axiom of decision theory which codifies the intuition that a choice between  and  (which are both related) should not depend on the quality of a third, unrelated outcome . There are several different variations of this axiom, which are generally equivalent under mild conditions. As a result of its importance, the axiom has been independently rediscovered in various forms across a wide variety of fields, including economics, cognitive science, social choice, fair division, rational choice, artificial intelligence, probability, and game theory. It is closely tied to many of the most important theorems in these fields, including Arrow's impossibility theorem, the Balinski–Young theorem, and the money pump arguments.

In behavioral economics, failures of IIA (caused by irrationality) are called menu effects or menu dependence.

Fair division
Fair division is an optimisation problem in game theory of dividing a set of resources among several parties who have an entitlement to them so that each party receives their due share. The central tenet of fair division is that such a division should be performed by the players themselves, without the need for external arbitration, as only the players themselves really know how they value the goods.

There are many different kinds of fair division problems, depending on the nature of goods to divide, the criteria for fairness, the nature of the players and their preferences, and other criteria for evaluating the quality of the division. The archetypal fair division algorithm is divide and choose. The research in fair division can be seen as an extension of this procedure to various more complex settings.
Alpine pine vole
The alpine pine vole (Microtus multiplex) is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae.
It is found in Austria, France, Italy, Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegowina (Una National Park) and Switzerland.

Una National Park
Una National Park (Serbo-Croatian: Национални парк Уна, Nacionalni park Una) was established on 29 May 2008 around the rivers Upper Una River, Krka and the Unac. It is Bosnia and Herzegovina's largest national park. The main purpose of the park is to protect the unspoiled Una river and its tributaries Krka and Unac, which run through it.
Ubiquitarians
The Ubiquitarians, also called Ubiquists, were a Protestant sect that held that the body of Christ was everywhere, including the Eucharist. The sect was started at the Lutheran synod of Stuttgart, 19 December 1559, by Johannes Brenz (1499–1570), a Swabian. Its profession, made under the name of Duke Christopher of Württemberg and entitled the "Württemberg Confession," was sent to the Council of Trent in 1552, but had not been formally accepted as the Ubiquitarian creed until the synod at Stuttgart.

Sect
A sect is a subgroup of a religious, political, or philosophical belief system, typically emerging as an offshoot of a larger organization. Originally, the term referred specifically to religious groups that had separated from a main body, but it can now apply to any group that diverges from a larger organization to follow a distinct set of beliefs and practices. Sects often form when there is a perception of heresy either within the subgroup or from the larger group.

In an Indian context, sect refers to an organized tradition.
Cooper Creek (Deepwater Creek tributary)
Cooper Creek is a stream in Henry and St. Clair counties of Missouri. It is a tributary of Deepwater Creek within the Truman Reservoir.

The stream headwaters are in St Clair County just west of the community of Ohio at 38°09′14″N 93°52′11″W﻿ / ﻿38.15389°N 93.86972°W﻿ / 38.15389; -93.86972. The stream flows to the northeast into Henry County and passes under Missouri Route 13. The confluence with the Deepwater Creek arm of the Truman Reservoir is at 38°15′54″N 93°44′01″W﻿ / ﻿38.26500°N 93.73361°W﻿ / 38.26500; -93.73361 approximately midway between Deepwater to the northwest and Brownington to the southeast.

Cooper Creek bears the name of a pioneer citizen.

Truman Reservoir
The  Harry S. Truman Dam and Reservoir, also known as Truman Lake, is located in the state of Missouri, United States. It is located between Clinton and Warsaw, on the Osage River and extends south to Osceola. The dam is located in Benton County, but the reservoir also extends into parts of Henry, St. Clair, and Hickory counties.
Columbus Hatchett House
The Columbus Hatchett House is a historic house at the northern corner of Main and Hazel Streets in Leslie, Arkansas.  It is a large two-story structure, fashioned out of rusticated concrete blocks.  It has vernacular Colonial Revival details, including egg-and-dart moldings above the window lintels, concrete quoining, Tuscan columns supporting the porch, and ornate Palladian windows.  it was built in c. 1910 by Columbus Hatchett using locally fabricated concrete blocks, and is one of the community's finest examples of Colonial Revival architecture.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.

Leslie, Arkansas
Leslie is a city in Searcy County, Arkansas, United States. Located within the Boston Mountains, the most rugged subset of The Ozarks, the city was founded as a railroad and lumber town. Renamed from the original Wiley's Cove in 1887, the city saw prosperity relating to these industries through the 1920s. Several properties in Leslie are listed on the National Register of Historic Places throughout the city. As of the 2020 census, Leslie had a population of 375.
Manny Gelagotis
Emmanuel "Manny" Gelagotis (born 18 November 1969) is an Australian former professional soccer player, coach, sports administrator and horse racing figure. He played over 100 matches in the NSL with the Gippsland Falcons, and had a long career in Victorian regional football, including the Latrobe Valley Soccer League.

For much of his football career, he was known as Manny Gotis before he, and his well-known brother Peter, a successful horse racing trainer, both reverted to using the family's original surname.

He also played Australian rules football for several Gippsland-based clubs and was president of the Moe Lions Football Club from 2013 to 2023.

Moe Football Club
The Moe Football Netball Club, nicknamed the Lions, is an Australian rules football and netball club based at Ted Summerton Reserve in the town of Moe, Victoria. The club teams currently compete in the Gippsland Football League.
Fitchmoor, Illinois
Fitchmoor is an unincorporated community in LaSalle County, Illinois, located on Meridian Road near the Bureau County line. It contains a few farmhouses, and a grain elevator, known until very recently as Fitchmoor Grain. It was purchased by Archer Daniels Midland and became ADM Fitchmoor.

Archer Daniels Midland
The Archer-Daniels-Midland Company, commonly known as ADM, is an American multinational food processing and commodities trading corporation founded in 1902 and headquartered in Chicago, Illinois. The company operates more than 270 plants and 420 crop procurement facilities worldwide, where cereal grains and oilseeds are processed into products used in food, beverage, nutraceutical, industrial, and animal feed markets worldwide.

ADM ranked No. 35 in the 2023 Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations.

The company also provides agricultural storage and transportation services. The American River Transportation Company along with ADM Trucking, Inc., are subsidiaries of ADM.

ADM has been the subject of significant media attention and infamy over the years with its various scandals, one inspiring a novel and subsequent film The Informant!.
1951 European Rowing Championships
The 1951 European Rowing Championships were rowing championships held on the Mâcon regatta course on the Saône in Mâcon, France. Men competed in all seven Olympic boat classes (M1x, M2x, M2-, M2+, M4-, M4+, M8+). The regatta is notable as the first test event for international women's rowing organised by the International Rowing Federation (FISA), with four countries competing in four boat classes (W1x, W2x, W4+, W8+) over the shorter race distance of 1,000 m (men competed over 2,000 m). The purpose of the test event was to see whether women's rowing should formally become part of the FISA-organised European Rowing Championships.

Saône
The Saône (/soʊn/ SOHN, French: [son]; Arpitan: Sona; Latin: Arar) is a river in eastern France (modern region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté). It is a right tributary of the Rhône, rising at Vioménil in the Vosges department and joining the Rhône in Lyon, at the southern end of the Presqu'île.
Papelón con limón
Papelón con limón (Regional Spanish for: Panela with lemon) is a Venezuelan beverage made with rapadura (raw hardened sugar cane juice), water and lemon or lime juice.

It is usually served during the hottest hours of the day, and commonly offered with traditional Venezuelan food, such as arepas, cachapas or hervidos (rich chicken or beef stew).

Arepa
An arepa (Spanish pronunciation: [aˈɾepa]) is a type of flatbread made of ground maize dough that may be stuffed with a filling, eaten in northern parts of South America since pre-Columbian times, and notable primarily in the cuisine of Colombia and Venezuela, but also present in Bolivia, Ecuador, and Central America.

Arepa is commonly eaten in those countries and can be served with accompaniments, such as cheese, cuajada (fresh cheese), various types of meat, avocado, or diablito (deviled ham spread). It can also be split to make sandwiches. Sizes, maize types, and added ingredients vary based on preparation. It is similar to the Mexican gordita, the Salvadoran pupusa, the Ecuadorian tortilla de maíz, and the Panamanian tortilla or changa.
Robert Lichello
Robert Lichello (12 September 1926 – 1 February 2001), a native of Parkersburg, West Virginia, was a 20th-century American author of both fiction and non-fiction books.  He is noted as the inventor of the "AIM" (Automatic Investment Management) system of investing and was the author of several books on investing, including "How to Make $1,000,000 in the Stock Market Automatically" and "Superpower investing: The Superpower Way to Bank and Invest Your Money."

Following several years service with the Air Transport Command in Japan, Lichello majored in creative writing at West Virginia University, and worked for a radio station in Fairmont, West Virginia. In 1957, he moved to New York and worked for numerous magazines as a reporter, feature writer, and associate editor.  Lichello's historical works include biographies of Dag Hammarskjöld, Enrico Fermi, Edward R. Murrow, and Charles R. Drew.  He also wrote a book on Jujutsu as a method of self-defense.

Jujutsu
Jujutsu (柔術, jūjutsu; Japanese pronunciation: [dʑɯːʑɯtsɯ] or [dʑɯꜜːʑɯtsɯ] ⓘ), also known as jiu-jitsu or ju-jitsu (both /dʒuːˈdʒɪtsuː/ joo-JITS-oo), is a Japanese martial art and a system of close combat that can be used in a defensive or offensive manner.  A subset of techniques from certain styles that jujutsu were used to develop many modern martial arts and combat sports, such as judo, aikido, sambo, Brazilian jiu-jitsu, ARB, and mixed martial arts.
Antipterna stichoptis
Antipterna stichoptis is a species of moth in the family Oecophoridae, first described by Oswald Bertram Lower in 1915 as Linosticha stichoptis.   The male holotype for Linosticha stichoptis was collected at Broken Hill in New South Wales, in a Casuarina tree.

Oecophoridae
Oecophoridae (concealer moths) is a family of small moths in the superfamily Gelechioidea. The phylogeny and systematics of gelechoid moths are still not fully resolved, and the circumscription of the Oecophoridae is strongly affected by this.
Dodge Crusader
The Dodge Crusader is an automobile built by Dodge Canada. Initially introduced in 1951, the original Crusader was a rebadged Plymouth Cambridge fitted with a long-block 218 cu in (3,572 cc) flathead-six engine. For 1954, the Crusader nameplate was switched to a rebadged version of the Plymouth Plaza, and it remained in production until 1958.

Straight-six engine
A straight-six engine (also referred to as an inline-six engine; abbreviated I6 or L6) is a piston engine with six cylinders arranged in a straight line along the crankshaft. A straight-six engine has perfect primary and secondary engine balance, resulting in fewer vibrations than other designs of six or fewer cylinders.

Until the mid-20th century, the straight-six layout was the most common design for engines with six cylinders. However, V6 engines gradually became more common in the 1970s and by the 2000s, V6 engines had replaced straight-six engines in most light automotive applications.

Due to their high and smooth torque, simplicity and reliability, weight and space, and balanced power delivery, straight-six engines are a common power source for trucks and buses.
Ches Buchanan
Chester Floyd Buchanan Jr. (August 10, 1907 – August 8, 1964) was an American Negro league baseball pitcher in the 1930s and 1940s.

A native of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Buchanan made his Negro leagues debut with the Philadelphia Stars. He played for the Bacharach Giants in 1936, but was back with the Stars for a five-year stretch from 1940 to 1944. He served in the US Navy during World War II. Buchanan died in New York, New York in 1964 at age 56.

Philadelphia Stars (baseball)
The Philadelphia Stars were a Negro league baseball team from Philadelphia. The Stars were founded in 1933 when Ed Bolden returned to professional black baseball after being idle since early 1930. The Stars were an independent ball club in 1933, a member of the Negro National League from 1934 until the League's collapse following the 1948 season, and affiliated with the Negro American League from 1949 to 1952.

In 1934, led by 20-year-old left-hander Slim Jones, the Stars defeated the Chicago American Giants in a controversial playoff series, four games to three, for the Negro National League pennant. At their high point in mid-1930s, the team starred such greats as Biz Mackey, Jud Wilson, and Dick Lundy. Following his release by Cleveland, Satchel Paige signed with the Stars in July 1950, before returning to the Majors with Bill Veeck and the St. Louis Browns.

The club disbanded after the 1952 season.
Rufus Smith (baseball)
Rufus Frazier "Shirt" Smith (January 24, 1905 – August 21, 1984) was a Major League Baseball pitcher. He played in one game for the Detroit Tigers on October 2, 1927.

Smith played college baseball at Guilford College where he formed a battery with catcher Rick Ferrell. While pitching at Guilford, he caught the attention of a New England millionaire who signed Smith to one of his semi-pro teams in Massachusetts. At the end of the summer, he enrolled at Brown University. While pitching for a team in East Douglas, Massachusetts in 1927, he caught the attention of a Tigers scout, signed a contract and received a signing bonus of $5,000 (equivalent to $90,500 in 2024).

Semi-professional sports
Semi-professional sports are sports in which athletes are not participating on a full-time basis, but still receive some payment. Semi-professionals are not amateur because they receive regular payment from their team, but generally at a considerably lower rate than a full-time professional athlete. As a result, semi-professional players frequently have (or seek) full-time employment elsewhere. A semi-pro player or team could also be one that represents a place of employment that only the employees are allowed to play on. In this case, it is considered semi-pro because their employer pays them, but for their regular job, not for playing on the company's team.

The semi-professional status is not universal throughout the world and depends on each country's labour code and each sports organization's specific regulations.
Richard Henry Dana School
Schools named for Richard Henry Dana Jr. include:

Richard Henry Dana Middle School (Arcadia), Arcadia, California

Dana Middle School (San Diego), San Diego, California

Richard Henry Dana Middle School (Hawthorne), Hawthorne, California

Dana Middle School (San Pedro), San Pedro, California

Richard Henry Dana Jr.
Richard Henry Dana Jr. (August 1, 1815 – January 6, 1882) was an American lawyer and politician from Massachusetts, a descendant of a colonial family, who gained renown as the author of the classic American memoir Two Years Before the Mast and as an attorney who successfully represented the U.S. government before the U.S. Supreme Court during the Civil War in the Prize Cases. Both as a writer and as a lawyer, he was a champion of the downtrodden, from seamen to fugitive slaves and freedmen.
Anton (2008 film)
Anton is a 2008 Irish action thriller film directed by Graham Cantwell. It stars Anthony Fox as Anton, a man drawn into the troubles along the Northern Ireland Border in 1972. The film also features Gerard McSorley, Laura Way, Vincent Fegan, Andy Smith and Ronan Wilmot.

The film was written for the screen by Anthony Fox. Anton was produced by Patrick Clarke and Anthony Fox. EastWest Film Distribution and High Fliers Films released the film to theatres in Ireland and the UK on 8 October 2008. Anton was released in territories outside of Ireland under the title, Trapped. The film was nominated for 3 Irish Film Awards in 2009.  The theme song, One was written and performed by Greg Pearle, John Illsley and Paul Brady.

Irish Film & Television Academy
The Irish Film & Television Academy (IFTA; Irish: Acadamh Scannán agus Teilifíse na hÉireann) is an all-Ireland organisation focused on film and television. It has about 1000 members, and is based in Dublin, with branches in London and Los Angeles. The IFTA now holds separate ceremonies for the IFTA Film & Drama Awards and IFTA Gala Television Awards; Before 2015, they were one ceremony, known as the Irish Film & Television Awards. IFTA also holds the John Ford Ireland Symposium each June and over 30 networking and learning events throughout the year.

IFTA also established John Ford Ireland in 2011, in association with the estate of American director John Ford and the Department of Culture, Heritage, and the Gaeltacht.
Lars Söderdahl
Lars Rune Söderdahl (current name Peter Rune Eriksson) (born 26 July 1964 in Tyresö, Sweden) is a Swedish former actor, best known for his roles as Skorpan in The Brothers Lionheart and as Lillebror in Karlsson-on-the-Roof, both works are written by Astrid Lindgren.

Tyresö Municipality
Tyresö Municipality (Swedish: Tyresö kommun) is a municipality in Stockholm County in east central Sweden on the coast of the Baltic Sea.

Most of Tyresö Municipality lies within the Stockholm urban area.
Lewis v. Harris
Lewis v. Harris, 188 N.J. 415; 908 A.2d 196 (N.J. 2006), is a New Jersey Supreme Court case that held that the state's marriage laws violated the rights of same-sex couples to equal protection of the law under the state constitution. Four of the seven justices ruled that the legislature must, within six months, either amend marriage laws or create civil unions. In response, the legislature created the status of civil unions for same-sex couples.

Atlantic Reporter
The Atlantic Reporter (ISSN 8750-2631) is a United States regional case law reporter.  It is part of the National Reporter System created by John B. West for West Publishing Company, which is now part of Thomson West.

The Atlantic Reporter contains select opinions of state supreme courts and lower appellate courts from the following jurisdictions:

Connecticut

Delaware

District of Columbia

Maine

Maryland

New Hampshire

New Jersey

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

Vermont

The first series of the Atlantic Reporter was published from 1886 until 1938, for 200 volumes. The Atlantic Reporter, Second Series, was published from 1939 until 2010, for 999 volumes. The Atlantic Reporter, Third Series, is published from 2010 to the present. The citation forms for these series are A., A.2d, and A.3d respectively.
Battle of Cairo (1367)
The Battle of Cairo or Asandamur's rebellion was a clash that took place in late 1367 during the reign of the Mamluk sultan al-Ashraf Sha'ban and ended with the crushing of the rebellion against his rule.

Al-Ashraf Sha'ban
Al-Ashraf Zayn ad-Din Abu al-Ma'ali Sha'ban ibn Husayn ibn Muhammad ibn Qalawun (Arabic: الأشرف زين الدين شعبان, lit. 'The Most Noble, Grace of the Faith, Father of Excellence, Sha'ban son of Husayn, son of Muhammad, son of Qalawun', better known as al-Ashraf Sha'ban (السلطان شعبان or Sha'ban II, was a Turk Mamluk sultan of the Bahri dynasty in 1363–1377. He was a grandson of Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad (r. 1310–1341). He had two sons (out of a total of eight) who succeeded him: al-Mansur Ali and as-Salih Hajji.
Jacchia Reference Atmosphere
The Jacchia Reference Atmosphere is a reference atmospheric model that defines values for atmospheric temperature, density, pressure and other properties at altitudes from 90 to 2500 km. Unlike the more common US Standard Atmosphere and related models, the Jacchia model includes latitudinal, seasonal, geomagnetic, and solar effects, but must be supplemented with another model at lower altitudes. The model, first published in 1970 and updated in 1971 and 1977, is based on spacecraft drag data, and is primarily used in spacecraft
modeling and related fields.

A common assumption while using the Jacchia Model is that the atmosphere rotates with the Earth as a rigid body.

The statistical accuracy of the Jacchia Model is 15%. It was developed by Luigi Giuseppe Jacchia, an Italian physicist at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory.

Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) is a research institute of the Smithsonian Institution, concentrating on astrophysical studies including galactic and extragalactic astronomy, cosmology, solar, earth and planetary sciences, theory and instrumentation, using observations at wavelengths from the highest energy gamma rays to the radio, along with gravitational waves.  Established in Washington, D.C., in 1890, the SAO moved its headquarters in 1955 to Cambridge, Massachusetts, where its research is a collaboration with the Harvard College Observatory (HCO) and the Harvard University Department of Astronomy. In 1973, the Smithsonian and Harvard formalized the collaboration as the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian (CfA) under a single Director.
1992 The Winston
The 1992 edition of The Winston was a stock car racing competition that took place on May 16, 1992. Held at Charlotte Motor Speedway in Concord, North Carolina, the 70-lap race was an exhibition race in the 1992 NASCAR Winston Cup Series. This was the first broadcast of The Winston on TNN, which aired the event until 2000. It was also better known as One Hot Night because it was the first ever race that was held on a superspeedway at night. Davey Allison of Robert Yates Racing won the pole, led the most laps, and won the race. This was also the final appearance of Richard Petty and Alan Kulwicki at The Winston; Petty retired at the end of the season and Kulwicki was killed in a plane crash on April 1, 1993.

Ernie Irvan
Virgil Earnest Irvan (born January 13, 1959), occasionally referred to as Swervin' Irvan, is an American former professional stock car racing driver. A retired NASCAR competitor, he is perhaps best remembered for his comeback after a serious head injury suffered from a crash during practice at Michigan International Speedway in 1994 that left him with only a 10% chance of survival. Irvan has been inducted into numerous halls of fame and was named one of NASCAR's 50 Greatest Drivers in 1998. After a series of injuries in the late 1990s, he retired from racing in 1999.