hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Battle of An
The Battle of An (Chinese: 鞍之战; pinyin: Ān zhī Zhàn) was fought during the Spring and Autumn period of Ancient China in 589 BC at Hua Hill in the area of the present-day city of Jinan, Shandong between the states of Qi and Jin. It ended in a victory for the state of Jin and eventually resulted in an alliance between the two states.

Two of the three surviving commentaries on the Spring and Autumn Annals, the Zuo Zhuan and the Guliang Zhuan, describe the event that led to
the battle as an insult that Xi Ke, an emissary of Jin, suffered at the court of Qi in 592 BC, but the two accounts differ on the nature of the insult. According to the
Zuo Zhuan, the Duke of Qi allowed women to watch the emissary's visit from behind a screen, the women then insulted the emissary with their
laughter. The Guliang Zhuan claims that the Duke of Qi insulted the emissaries of four visiting states (Jin, Wey, Lu, and Cao) by assigning each of them a servant who shared their respective physical defects.

Cao (state)
The State of Cao (simplified Chinese: 曹国; traditional Chinese: 曹國; pinyin: Cáoguó) was a vassal state in China during the Zhou dynasty (1046–221 BC). The state was founded sometime in the 11th century BC by Shu Zhenduo of Cao (d. 1053 BC), a son of King Wen of Zhou and younger brother of King Wu of Zhou. With its capital at Taoqiu (陶丘), the State of Cao covered roughly the area of modern-day Dingtao County, Shandong Province. It was located on the flat country of the North China Plain about 50 miles east of the point where the current course of the Yellow River changes from east to north-east. To the northwest was Wey, to the northeast Lu and to the southeast Song.
Lake Aroarotamahine
Lake Aroarotamahine, also known as Green Lake, is one of two small crater lakes on Mayor Island / Tūhua in the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand. Its outlet is a wetland leading to the smaller Lake Te Paritu or Black lake.

The lake has a green colour due to algae. According to Māori legend, the green is the blood of Pounamu (greenstone) which fought a battle with Tuhua (obsidian), and, defeated, fled to the South Island.

Pounamu
Pounamu (occasionally historically spelt poenamu) is a term for several types of hard and durable stone found in the South Island of New Zealand, the most predominant of which is nephrite jade. They are highly valued in New Zealand, and regarded as taonga (cultural treasures) by Māori. Carvings made from pounamu play an important role in Māori culture.
Atlantis Communications
Atlantis Communications was a Canadian production company and television broadcaster that was formed in 1978 by Queen's University students Michael MacMillan, Janice L. Platt and Seaton S. MacLean. It was later merged in 1998 with Alliance Communications to form Alliance Atlantis Communications.

TekWar (TV series)
TekWar is a television series, based on the TekWar novels ghost-written by Ron Goulart from outlines by William Shatner and developed for television by Stephen Roloff. The series follows Jake Cardigan (played by Greg Evigan), a former police officer turned private investigator working for Cosmos, a private security firm owned and operated by Walter Bascom.

The series was broadcast in Canada on CTV and in the United States on USA Network and the Sci Fi Channel. The series, which was a co-production between Atlantis Films and Universal Television premiered on January 17, 1994 and ended on February 9, 1996.
History of amateur radio
The history of amateur radio, dates from the dawn of radio communications, with published instructions for building simple wireless sets appearing at the beginning of the twentieth century.  Throughout its history, amateur radio enthusiasts have made significant contributions to science, engineering, industry, and social services. Research by amateur radio operators has founded new industries, built economies, empowered nations, and saved lives in times of emergency.

WARC bands
The World Administrative Radio Conference (WARC) bands are three portions of the shortwave radio spectrum used by licensed and/or certified amateur radio operators. They consist of 30 meters (10.1–10.15 MHz), 17 meters (18.068–18.168 MHz), and 12 meters (24.89–24.99 MHz). They were named after the World Administrative Radio Conference, which in 1979 created a worldwide allocation of these bands for amateur use. The bands were opened for use in the early 1980s. Due to their relatively small bandwidth of 100 kHz or less, there is a gentlemen's agreement that the WARC bands may not be used for general contesting. This agreement has been codified in official recommendations, such as the IARU Region 1 HF Manager's Handbook, which states: "Contest activity shall not take place on the 5, 10, 18, and 24 MHz bands."

Non-contesting radio amateurs are recommended to use the contest-free HF bands (30, 17, and 12m) during the largest international contests.
Rastriya Prajatantra Party (Nationalist)
Rashtriya Prajatantra Party (Nationalist) was a right-wing monarchist party in Nepal. It is a splinter group of the Rashtriya Prajatantra Party. The president of RPP (N) was Rajeshwor Devkota.

In November 1996 RPP (N) formed a front of 3 right-wing parties called Nationalist Democratic Front. It consisted of RPP (N), Nepal Yuva Sangathan, and Deshbhakta Prajatantrik Party. Devkota became the convenor of the front.

In January 2007, the party merged into the Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal.

Monarchism
Monarchism is the advocacy of the system of monarchy or monarchical rule. A monarchist is an individual who supports this form of government independently of any specific monarch, whereas one who supports a particular monarch is a royalist. Conversely, the opposition to monarchical rule is referred to as republicanism.
Akismet
Akismet is a service that filters spam from comments, trackbacks, and contact form messages. The filter operates by combining information about spam captured on all participating sites and then using those spam rules to block future spam. Akismet is offered by Automattic, the company behind WordPress.com. Akismet was launched on October 25, 2005.

Message
A message is a unit of communication that conveys information from a sender to a receiver. It can be transmitted through various forms, such as spoken or written words, signals, or electronic data, and can range from simple instructions to complex information.

The consumption of the message relies on how the recipient interprets the message, there are times where the recipient contradicts the intention of the message which results in a boomerang effect. Message fatigue is another outcome recipients can obtain if a message is conveyed too much by the source.

One example of a message is a press release, which may vary from a brief report or statement released by a public agency to commercial publicity material. Another example of a message is how they are portrayed to a consumer via an advertisement.
A. Visalakshi
A. Visalakshi is an Indian politician and former Mayor of Tiruppur Municipal Corporation. She represents All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam party and also serves as the party women's wing deputy secretary of Tiruppur.

Tiruppur City Municipal Corporation
Tiruppur City Municipal Corporation is a civic body that governs Tiruppur, Tamil Nadu, India. The corporation consists of 60 wards each represented by a councilor. The Mayor elected by the council is the leader of the civic body.
Asanda Tebekana
Asanda Tebekana is a South African politician who is a first-term member of the Eastern Cape Provincial Legislature representing the African National Congress. She was elected to the provincial legislature in 2024 provincial election, having been ranked 31st on the ANC's provincial list.

Eastern Cape Provincial Legislature
The Eastern Cape Provincial Legislature is the primary legislative body of the South African province of Eastern Cape. It is unicameral in its composition, and elects the premier and the provincial cabinet from among the members of the leading party or coalition in the parliament.

At the commencement of the 7th provincial legislature on 14 June 2024, the number of seats allocated to the Eastern Cape Provincial Legislature increased from 63 to 72.
Punjabi Canadians
Punjabi Canadians are Canadian citizens of Punjabi descent, numbering approximately 950,000 and accounting for roughly 2.6% of Canada's population, as per the 2021 Canadian census. Their heritage originates wholly or partly from the Punjab region of India and Pakistan.

Punjabis first arrived in Canada during the late 19th century to work in the forestry industry. Primarily concentrated in the western province of British Columbia, the Punjabi population initially peaked in 1908 before an ensuing period of population decline and stagnation followed. In the mid 20th century Canadian immigration laws were relaxed, fostering rapid population growth into the present day.

Today, the largest Punjabi communities in Canada are situated in the province of British Columbia, concentrated in Vancouver, and the province of Ontario, particularly in Toronto.

Gur Sikh Temple
The Gur Sikh Temple (Punjabi: ਗੁਰ ਸਿੱਖ਼ ਗੁਰਦੁਵਾਰਾ; also known as Abbotsford Sikh Temple), in Abbotsford, British Columbia, is the oldest existing Sikh gurdwara in North America and a National Historic Site of Canada. It is the only gurdwara outside of India and Pakistan that is designated as national historic site.

Though the oldest existing gurdwara on the continent, having opened in 1911, it is the third-oldest to be built in Canada and North America. The first Gurdwara in Canada was built by early Sikh-Canadian settlers in Golden, British Columbia in 1905, which would later be destroyed by fire in 1926. Meanwhile, the second-oldest Gurdwara to be built in Canada opened in 1908 in Kitsilano (Vancouver), aimed at serving a growing number of Sikh settlers who worked at nearby sawmills along False Creek at the time. It would later be closed and demolished in 1970, with the temple society relocating to the newly built Gurdwara on Ross Street in South Vancouver.
Cryptocoryne dewitii
Cryptocoryne dewitii is a plant species belonging to the Araceae genus Cryptocoryne. It was first described in 1977 from dried herbarium material and named in honor of the Dutch botanist Hendrik de Wit.

Araceae
The Araceae are a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants in which flowers are borne on a type of inflorescence called a spadix. The spadix is usually accompanied by, and sometimes partially enclosed in, a spathe (or leaf-like bract). Also known as the arum family, members are often colloquially known as aroids. This family of 114 genera and about 3,750 known species is most diverse in the New World tropics, although also distributed in the Old World tropics and northern temperate regions.
Miroslav Hanuljak
Miroslav Hanuljak (born 12 September 1984) is a Czech professional ice hockey goaltender. He was selected by the Nashville Predators in the 7th round (213th overall) of the 2003 NHL Entry Draft.

Hanuljak previously played with HC Plzeň in the Czech Extraliga during the 2010–11 Czech Extraliga season, with Piráti Chomutov for two seasons from 2012 to 2014 and again during the 2015-16 season and with HC Litvínov in the 2018-19 season where he played two games.

HC Škoda Plzeň
HC Škoda Plzeň is a professional ice hockey team based in Plzeň, Czech Republic and was founded in 1929. They currently play in the Czech Extraliga, with their home games being held at Logspeed CZ Arena. In 2013, for the first time in history, HC Plzeň were the Czech Extraliga champions after beating Zlín 4:3 in the seventh game of the dramatic final.
Polystyrene (drug delivery)
Polystyrene is a synthetic hydrocarbon polymer that is widely adaptive and can be used for a variety of purposes in drug delivery. These methods include polystyrene microspheres, nanoparticles, and solid foams. In the biomedical engineering field, these methods assist researchers in drug delivery, diagnostics, and imaging strategies.

A common group of medication that utilizes a combination of polystyrene and sulfonate functional groups are polystyrene sulfonates. This medication is primarily used to treat hyperkalemia, a condition that results from an increased blood potassium level. FDA approved equivalents of polystyrene sulfonates are KIONEX, KALEXATE, and SPS. While these are the only current FDA approved drug that utilizes polystyrene, polystyrene sees a number of applications in other pharmacological contexts with nanoparticles and microspheres.

Polystyrene sulfonate
Polystyrene sulfonates are a group of medications used to treat high blood potassium. Therapeutic effects generally appear hours to days after commencement of therapy. Common side effects include loss of appetite, gastrointestinal upset, constipation, and low blood calcium. Polystyrene sulfonates are given by mouth with a meal, or rectally by retention enema. Oral formulations often also contain the laxative sorbitol in order to lessen the risk of constipation which can be severe.

Polystyrene sulfonates are derived from polystyrene by the addition of sulfonate functional groups. Sodium polystyrene sulfonate was approved for medical use in the United States in 1958. A polystyrene sulfonate was developed in the 2000s to treat Clostridioides difficile associated diarrhea under the name Tolevamer, but it was never marketed.

Polystyrene sulfonates are also used in technical applications to remove potassium, calcium, and sodium from solutions.
Transportation in Oklahoma City
Oklahoma City is near the geographic center of the United States and is an integral point on the U.S. Interstate Network. The city is served by numerous roads and highways, toll roads, three major airports, a train station, a bus station, and a transit system.

U.S. Route 77 in Oklahoma
U.S. Highway 77 (US-77) in Oklahoma is a 267.21-mile-long (430.03 km) U.S. Highway in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. It travels from south to north, paralleling Interstate 35 (I-35), connecting Texas to Kansas through the central part of the state. It travels through many major cities, including Ardmore, Oklahoma City and its suburbs, Guthrie, and Ponca City. It has four lettered spur routes.

US-77 was the first highway in Oklahoma to be paved entirely across the state from state line to state line. It has been a paved roadway since 1930.
CMLL Super Viernes (November 2014)
In November 2014 the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) will hold a total of five CMLL Super Viernes shows on Friday nights as they have not currently announced any special events to replace their regular Friday night shows. Some of the matches from Super Viernes are taped for CMLL's weekly shows that air on television in Mexico in the following week. The Super Viernes events features a varying number of professional wrestling matches, in which some wrestlers were involved in pre-existing scripted feuds or storylines and others were teamed up with no backstory reason as such. Wrestlers themselves portrayed either villains (referred to as "Rudos" in Mexico) or fan favorites ("Tecnicos" in Mexico) as they competed in matches with pre-determined outcomes.

Valiente (wrestler)
Fernando Vega, best known as Valiente (Spanish for "Valiant"; born May 30, 1974) is a Mexican luchador enmáscarado (or masked professional wrestler), and is mainly known for his work in the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL). He won the 2008 and the 2012 Reyes del Aire tournaments and is a former Mexican National Welterweight and CMLL World Trios Champion.
Phonograph cylinder
Phonograph cylinders (also referred to as Edison cylinders after their creator Thomas Edison) are the earliest commercial medium for recording and reproducing sound. Known simply as "records" in their heyday (c. 1896–1916), a name since passed to their disc-shaped successors, these hollow cylindrical objects have an audio recording engraved on the outside surface which can be reproduced when they are played on a mechanical cylinder phonograph. The first cylinders were wrapped with tin foil but the improved version made of wax was created a decade later, after which they were commercialized. In the 1910s, the competing disc record system triumphed in the marketplace to become the dominant commercial audio medium.

Cylinder
A cylinder (from Greek  κύλινδρος (kúlindros) 'roller, tumbler') has traditionally been a three-dimensional solid, one of the most basic of curvilinear geometric shapes. In elementary geometry, it is considered a prism with a circle as its base.

A cylinder may also be defined as an infinite curvilinear surface in various modern branches of geometry and topology. The shift in the basic meaning—solid versus surface (as in a solid ball versus sphere surface)—has created some ambiguity with terminology. The two concepts may be distinguished by referring to solid cylinders and cylindrical surfaces. In the literature the unadorned term "cylinder" could refer to either of these or to an even more specialized object, the right circular cylinder.
Harry Grimshaw (jockey)
Harry or Henry Grimshaw (1841 - 1866) was an English jockey, most famous for winning the British Triple Crown in 1865 on Gladiateur.

He was born in Lancashire and became apprentice to John Osborne. He was a competent jockey, but suffered from being short-sighted. He married Osborne's daughter at Middleham, North Yorkshire.

For Osborne, he won the 1859 Cambridgeshire on Red Eagle. In 1862, he left Middleham for Newmarket and became jockey to Count Frédéric de Lagrange at the stables of Thomas Jennings. This meant he took the ride on Lagrange's Gladiateur in the Classics of 1865, all of which he won, becoming only the second man, after Frank Butler, to win the Triple Crown.

The following year, on 4 October, he was killed when the trap in which he was travelling home to Newmarket overturned in the dark. He is buried in Coverham churchyard near Middleham.

Trap (carriage)
A trap is a light two- or four-wheeled carriage, with two passenger seats back-to-back, and a tailgate-like trapdoor at the rear which supports the feet of the rear passengers. In the eighteenth century, the first carriage to be called a trap was a gig with a hinged trapdoor, under which was a place to carry hunting dogs. In late nineteenth century US, four-wheeled dogcarts with convertible seats also started to become known as traps.

Today, "trap" is slang for almost any small two- or four-wheeled carriage in the UK in the same way the word "buggy" has become a generic term for "carriage" in the United States.
HMS Vigo
Four ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Vigo, after the Battle of Vigo Bay.

HMS Vigo was a 48-gun fourth rate launched in 1693 as HMS Dartmouth (1693). She was captured by the French in 1695, retaken in 1702 and renamed HMS Vigo, and was wrecked in 1703.

HMS Vigo (1810) was a 74-gun third-rate launched in 1810, used as a receiving ship from 1827, and broken up in 1865.

HMS Vigo was a 74-gun third rate launched in 1817 as HMS Agincourt (1817). She was reduced to harbour service in 1848, renamed HMS Vigo in 1865 and was sold in 1884.

HMS Vigo was to have been an Admiralty modified W-class destroyer. She was cancelled in December 1918.

HMS Vigo (D31) was a Battle-class destroyer launched in 1945 and broken up 1964.

HMS Agincourt (1817)
HMS Agincourt was a 74-gun third-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, launched on 19 March 1817 at Devonport.

(January 1840) : Out of commission at Plymouth

1 February 1842-May 1845 : Commanded (from commissioning at Plymouth) by Captain Henry William Bruce, flagship of Rear-Admiral Thomas John Cochrane, East Indies

6 May 1845 - 4 September 1847 : Commanded by Captain William James Hope Johnstone, flagship of Rear-Admiral Thomas John Cochrane, East Indies

28 January 1848 - 31 Mar 1849 : Commanded by Captain William Bowen Mends, depot ship of Ordinary, Devonport

24 March 1849 : Commanded by Captain William James Hope Johnstone, depot ship of Ordinary, Devonport

1865 : Renamed Vigo

She was placed on harbour service in 1848, and sold out of the Navy in 1884.
Cladonia compressa
Cladonia compressa is a species of lichen in the family Cladoniaceae. Found in Bolivia, it was formally described as a new species in 2016 by lichenologists Teuvo Ahti and Adam Flakus. The type specimen was collected by the second author near Siniari colony (Nor Yungas Province) at an altitude of 2,186 m (7,172 ft). Here, in a Yungas secondary cloud forest, the lichen was found growing on the ground, in humus-rich mineral soil. The specific epithet compressa refers to the compressed podetia. Secondary compounds that occur in the lichen include fumarprotocetraric acid (major), and minor to trace amounts of protocetraric acid and physodalic acid.

Nor Yungas Province
Nor Yungas is a province in the Yungas area of the Bolivian department of La Paz. During the presidency of José Manuel Pando the Yungas Province was divided into two parts, the Nor Yungas and the Sud Yungas Province, by law of January 12, 1899. Its administrative seat is the town of Coroico.
Political decoy
A political decoy is a person employed to impersonate a politician, to draw attention away from the real person or to take risks on that person's behalf. This can also apply to military figures, or civilians impersonated for political or espionage purposes.

The political decoy is an individual who has been selected because of a strong physical resemblance to the person being impersonated. This resemblance can be strengthened by plastic surgery. Often, such decoys are trained to speak and behave like the "target".

Plastic surgery
Plastic surgery is a surgical specialty involving restoration, reconstruction, or alteration of the human body. It can be divided into two main categories: reconstructive surgery and cosmetic surgery. Reconstructive surgery covers a wide range of specialties, including craniofacial surgery, oral and maxillofacial surgery, hand surgery, microsurgery, and the treatment of burns. This kind of surgery focuses on restoring a body part or improving its function. In contrast, cosmetic (or aesthetic) surgery focuses solely on improving the physical appearance of the body. A comprehensive definition of plastic surgery has never been established, because it has no distinct anatomical object and thus overlaps with practically all other surgical specialties. An essential feature of plastic surgery is that it involves the treatment of conditions that require or may require tissue relocation skills.
Peik Christensen
Alfred Peik Christensen (born 14 May 1952) is a Norwegian alpine ski racer. Born in Oslo, he competed at the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo, Japan, in all three alpine events: slalom, giant slalom, and downhill.

Christensen was the Norwegian champion in giant slalom at age seventeen in 1970 and again in 1972. While racing for the University of Denver, he won four individual NCAA titles, in slalom (1973, 1975) and alpine combined (1973, 1974).

Alpine skiing at the 1972 Winter Olympics – Men's downhill
The Men's Downhill competition of the Sapporo 1972 Olympics was held at Mount Eniwa on Monday, February 7.

The defending world champion was Bernhard Russi of Switzerland, who was also the defending World Cup downhill champion, and Austria's Karl Schranz led the current season. Schranz was classified as a professional and banned from the Olympics.

Russi won the gold medal, teammate Roland Collombin took the silver, and Heini Messner of Austria won the bronze.

The starting gate was at an elevation of 1,126 m (3,694 ft) above sea level, with a vertical drop of 772 m (2,533 ft). The course length was 2.640 km (1.64 mi) and Russi's winning run of 111.43 seconds resulted in an average speed of 85.291 km/h (53.0 mph), with an average vertical descent rate of 6.928 m/s (22.7 ft/s).