hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Backscatter (photography)
In photography, backscatter (also called near-camera reflection) is an optical phenomenon resulting in typically circular artifacts on an image, due to the camera's flash being reflected from unfocused motes of dust, water droplets, or other particles in the air or water. It is especially common with modern compact and ultra-compact digital cameras.

Caused by the backscatter of light by unfocused particles, these artifacts are also sometimes called orbs, referring to a common paranormal claim. Some appear with trails, suggesting motion.

Optical phenomenon
Optical phenomena are any observable events that result from the interaction of light and matter.

All optical phenomena coincide with quantum phenomena. Common optical phenomena are often due to the interaction of light from the Sun or Moon with the atmosphere, clouds, water, dust, and other particulates. One common example is the rainbow, when light from the Sun is reflected and refracted by water droplets. Some phenomena, such as the green ray, are so rare they are sometimes thought to be mythical. Others, such as Fata Morganas, are commonplace in favored locations.

Other phenomena are simply interesting aspects of optics, or optical effects. For instance, the colors generated by a prism are often shown in classrooms.
Gisella Anastasia
Gisella Anastasia (born 16 November 1990), known mononymously as Gisel, is an Indonesian singer, model, presenter and actress. She was the runner-up of the fifth season of Indonesian Idol which was broadcast by RCTI in 2008.

Indonesian Idol season 5
The fifth season of Indonesian Idol began on April 4, 2008 and finished on August 2, 2008. Amelia Natasha was replaced by Dewi Sandra as the co-host with Daniel Mananta.

Auditions were held in the following cities:

Medan

Palembang

Manado

Ambon

Surabaya

Yogyakarta

Bandung

Jakarta

Denpasar
Hasma
Hasma (harsmar, hashima) is a Chinese and widely Central Asian dessert ingredient made from the dried fatty tissue found near the fallopian tubes of true frogs, typically the Asiatic grass frog (Rana chensinensis). Because of its whitish appearance, hasma is often called  "snow frog fat". Hasma is relatively expensive, so it is reserved for special occasions and found in high-end restaurants.

Rock candy
Rock candy or sugar candy, also called rock sugar or crystal sugar, is a type of confection composed of relatively large sugar crystals. In some parts of the world, local variations are called misri, nabat or navat.

This candy is formed by allowing a supersaturated solution of sugar and water to crystallize onto a surface suitable for crystal nucleation, such as a string, stick, or plain granulated sugar. Heating the water before adding the sugar allows more sugar to dissolve thus producing larger crystals. Crystals form after six to seven days.  Food coloring may be added to the mixture to produce colored candy.
Kazimierz Kleina
Kazimierz Mariusz Kleina (born 21 February 1958 in Sierakowice) is a Polish politician. He was elected to the Sejm on 25 September 2005, getting 7896 votes in the 26th Gdynia district as a candidate from the Civic Platform list.

He was also a member of the Senate 1997-2001 and has been a member since 2007.

Kazimierz Kleina was born in Sierakowice, Pomeranian Voivodeship, Kashubia. He graduated from the University of Gdańsk with a degree in transport economics. Kleina worked as a teacher in Żukowo. He speaks fluent Kashubian.

Kashubian language
Kashubian (/kəˈʃuːbiən/) or Cassubian (/kəˈsuːbiən/; endonym: kaszëbsczi jãzëk; Polish: język kaszubski) is a West Slavic language belonging to the Lechitic subgroup.

Approximately 87,600 people use mainly Kashubian at home. It is the only remnant of the Pomeranian language. It is close to standard Polish with influence from Low German and the extinct Polabian (West Slavic) and Old Prussian (West Baltic) languages.

The Kashubian language exists in two different forms: vernacular dialects used in rural areas, and literary variants used in education.
1930 Georgia gubernatorial election
The 1930 Georgia gubernatorial election took place on November 4, 1930, in order to elect the governor of Georgia.

Incumbent Democratic governor Lamartine Griffin Hardman was term-limited, and ineligible to run for a third term.

As was common at the time, the Democratic candidate ran unopposed in the general election so therefore the Democratic primary was the real contest, and winning the primary was considered tantamount to election.

Lamartine Griffin Hardman
Lamartine Griffin Hardman (April 14, 1856 – February 18, 1937) was an American physician, farmer, businessman, entrepreneur, and politician who served two terms as the 65th Governor of the state of Georgia from 1927 to 1931. He believed that state government should be run like a business and was best known for his effort to make governmental processes more efficient.
Ghayl Fort
Ghayl Fort is located inland of the coastal city of Kalba in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Built in the late C19th, the current fort was constructed on top of the foundations of a C17th watchtower.

The 18th century construction of Ghayl Fort was commenced by Ali Bin Zahi in 1800 but completed by Sheikh Saeed bin Hamad Al Qasimi, the Al Qasimi Wali of Kalba. Four and a half kilometres inland of Kalba, the fort has a commanding view of the lower reaches of the Wadi Helo. The entrance to the fort faces West and it has a prominent four-story watchtower to the North. With an inner area of 15 x 20 metres, the fort was reduced once again to the role of watchtower in the 20th century before being restored. Saeed bin Hamad Al Qasimi also maintained a seaside house in Kalba.

The area was long dominated by Mazari tribesmen, latterly by Khawatir.

Restored in 2001, the Fort is located adjacent the Kalba Birds of Prey Centre and forms part of the Centre property.

Mazari (Emirati tribe)
The Mazari (singular Mazrouei or Mazrui) is an Arab tribe of the United Arab Emirates, also found in the Sultanate of Oman and Kenya. The Mazari settled throughout the Trucial States but principally in Abu Dhabi. They are considered a subsection of the Bani Yas and formed the majority of the Bedouin component of that federation of tribes.

In the nineteenth century, they contributed significant numbers of tribesmen to support Zayed bin Khalifa in conflicts against Wahhabi incursions. While some members left Abu Dhabi during the 1950s, many remained and continued to play an important role in securing the interior of the region, frequently serving as guards for oil exploration companies.
Northacres Park
Northacres Park is a 20.7-acre (84,000 m2) public park located in the Haller Lake neighborhood of Seattle, Washington, at the corner of Interstate 5 and N.E. 130th Street. It incorporates a large forested area with trails, a picnic area, a baseball diamond and soccer field, and an off-leash dog area. The park's playground and wading pool were remodeled and reopened in 2012. They include two play areas with equipment for children of different ages as well as a Splash pad.

The park was also the site of one of two only remaining Civil Defense towers in the city until 2025 when it was finally removed, erected in 1954 to support a Chrysler Air-Raid Siren. The siren, listed by Guinness World Records as the loudest ever constructed, is no longer operational.

Baseball field
A baseball field, also called a ball field or baseball diamond, is the field upon which the game of baseball is played. The term can also be used as a metonym for a baseball park. The term sandlot is sometimes used, although this usually refers to less organized venues for activities like sandlot ball.
Philippi (surname)
Philippi is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alfred Philippi (1903–1994), German general WWII

Andreas Philippi (born 1965), German surgeon and politician

Bernhard Eunom Philippi, aka Bernardo Philippi (1811–1852), German naturalist and explorer

Donald Philippi (1930–1993), American translator of Japanese

Federico Philippi (1838–1910), German zoologist and botanist, son of Rodolfo Amando Philippi

Friedrich Adolf Philippi (1809–1882), Lutheran theologian

Friedrich Philippi (historian) (1853–1930), German archivist and historian

Mark Philippi (born 1963), American powerlifter

Rodolfo Amando Philippi (1808–1904), German-Chilean zoologist and botanist

Waldemar Philippi (1929–1990), German footballer

Friedrich Philippi (historian)
Gustav Friedrich Dettmar Philippi (14 July 1853, in Elberfeld – 26 April 1930, in Münster) was a German archivist and historian.

He studied philology at the University of Bonn, receiving his doctorate in 1876 with a dissertation on the Tabula Peutingeriana. Following graduation, he worked as an archivist at the state archives in Münster. In 1888, he was appointed head of the state archives in Osnabrück and, in 1897, returned to Münster as director of the archives.

He served as chairman of the Historical Commission for Westphalia and was an honorary professor at the University of Münster. He was also in charge of the archaeological excavation at Haltern.
Clann na Poblachta
Clann na Poblachta (Irish: [ˈklˠaːn̪ˠ n̪ˠə ˈpˠɔbˠlˠəxt̪ˠə]; "Family/Children of the Republic") was an Irish republican political party founded in 1946 by Seán MacBride, a former Chief of Staff of the anti-Treaty Irish Republican Army (IRA).

Seanad Éireann
53°20′26″N 6°15′14″W﻿ / ﻿53.34055°N 6.254021°W﻿ / 53.34055; -6.254021
Seanad Éireann (/ˈʃænəd ˈɛərən, ˈʃænəð/ ⓘ SHAN-əd(h) AIR-ən; Irish: [ˈʃan̪ˠəd̪ˠ ˈeːɾʲən̪ˠ]; "Senate of Ireland") is the upper house of the Oireachtas (the Irish legislature), which also comprises the President of Ireland and Dáil Éireann (the lower house).

It is commonly called the Seanad or Senate and its members are known as senators (Irish: seanadóirí, singular: seanadóir). Unlike Dáil Éireann, it is not directly elected but consists of a mixture of members chosen by various methods. Its powers are much weaker than those of the Dáil and it can only delay laws with which it disagrees, rather than veto them outright. It can introduce new legislation. Since its establishment, it has been located in Leinster House.
Vicatia
Vicatia is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Apiaceae. It is also in tribe Selineae.

Its native range stretches from Afghanistan, through Central Asia (within Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan), parts of the Indian subcontinent (Assam, Nepal, Pakistan, West and East Himalaya), China (South-Central, Qinghai, Tibet and Xinjiang) and up to parts of Siberia, within Altai; (Altai Krai and Altai Republic), Krasnoyarsk and West Siberia.

Altai Krai
Altai Krai (Russian: Алтайский край, IPA: [ɐlˈtajskʲɪj kraj]) is a federal subject of Russia (a krai). It borders, clockwise from the west, Kazakhstan (East Kazakhstan Region, Abai Region and Pavlodar Region), Novosibirsk and Kemerovo, and the Altai Republic. Its administrative centre is the city of Barnaul. As of the 2021 Census, the population of the krai was 2,163,693.
Belarus at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics
Belarus competed at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics from 15–23 August. A team of 26 athletes was announced in preparation for the competition. Selected athletes have achieved one of the competition's qualifying standards. Among the stronger members of the team are reigning Olympic hammer throw champion Aksana Miankova and 2008 Olympic silver medallists Andrei Krauchanka and Natallia Mikhnevich.

2009 World Championships in Athletics
The 12th IAAF World Championships in Athletics (German: Leichtathletik-Weltmeisterschaften 2009) were held in Berlin, Germany from 15 to 23 August 2009. The majority of events took place in the Olympiastadion, while the marathon and racewalking events started and finished at the Brandenburg Gate.
2019 Gold Cup (India)
The 2019 Gold Cup (known as the 2019 Hero Gold Cup for sponsorship reasons) was a 4-team association football tournament held at the Kalinga Stadium in the Indian city of Bhubaneswar between 9 and 15 February 2019. The tournament was being organized by the All India Football Federation in association with Government of Odisha, as part of the senior women's team's preparation for AFC 2020 Olympic Qualification - Second Round.

2020 AFC Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament
The 2020 AFC Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament was the 5th edition of the AFC Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament, the quadrennial international football competition organised by the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) to determine which women's national teams from Asia qualify for the Olympic football tournament.

The top two teams of the tournament qualified for the 2020 Summer Olympics women's football tournament in Japan as the AFC representatives, together with Japan (which already qualified for the 2020 Summer Olympics as the host nation, and did not participate in the qualifying stage).
Pradelles, Haute-Loire
Pradelles (French pronunciation: [pʁadɛl]; Occitan: Pradèlas) is a commune in the Haute-Loire department in south-central France. It is a member of Les Plus Beaux Villages de France (The Most Beautiful Villages of France) Association.

Haute-Loire
Haute-Loire (French pronunciation: [ot lwaʁ] ⓘ; Occitan: Naut Léger or Naut Leir; English: Upper Loire) is a landlocked department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of south-central France. Named after the Loire River, it is surrounded by the departments of Loire, Ardèche, Lozère, Cantal and Puy-de-Dôme. In 2019, it had a population of 227,570; its inhabitants are called Altiligériens in French (English : Altiligerians).

The department, which has its prefecture in Le Puy-en-Velay, covers the upper reaches of the Loire and consists of the Loire Valley and the surrounding mountains in the Massif Central. It is one of the original 83 departments of France created in 1790 during the French Revolution. Parts of the department are included in the Livradois-Forez Regional Natural Park.
Nastradamus (song)
"Nastradamus" is the first single from Nas' fourth album of the same name. It was produced by L.E.S. The song contains the lyrics "You wanna ball 'til you fall, I can help you with that" which were viewed as a jab at Roc-A-Fella artist Memphis Bleek, sparking the beef which would eventually involve Jay-Z. The music video, directed by Jeff Byrd, was originally released in 3D with Tower Records providing "Nastradamus" 3D glasses as a tie in (this was the first ever Music Video to use the 3-D technology, wrongly credited to the 2008 Missy Elliott video "Ching-a-Ling"). Nas debuted the video with Carson Daly on MTV's TRL in November 1999. The beat uses the sample "The Monorail Express" by the J.B.'s, the same one EPMD used on their song "Let the Funk Flow" from their 1988 album Strictly Business.

Memphis Bleek
Malik Deshawn Cox (born June 23, 1978), known by his stage name Memphis Bleek, is an American rapper. He is best known for his affiliation with fellow New York City-based rapper Jay-Z, with Cox often described as his hype man and protégé. Cox signed with his Roc-A-Fella Records label imprint in the late 1990s, through which he has released four major label studio albums: Coming of Age (1999), The Understanding (2000), M.A.D.E. (2003), and 534 (2005). He has since founded his own labels: Get Low Records in 1998, and Warehouse Music Group in 2016—through which he signed rapper Casanova.
L3 Technologies
L3 Technologies, formerly L-3 Communications Holdings, was an American company that supplied command and control, communications, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (C3ISR) systems and products, avionics, ocean products, training devices and services, instrumentation, aerospace, and navigation products. Its customers included the Department of Defense, Department of Homeland Security, United States Intelligence Community, NASA, aerospace contractors, and commercial telecommunications and wireless customers. In 2019, it merged with Harris Corporation to form L3Harris Technologies.

L3 was headquartered in Murray Hill, Manhattan, New York City.

Instrumentation
Instrumentation is a collective term for measuring instruments, used for indicating, measuring, and recording physical quantities. It is also a field of study about the art and science about making measurement instruments, involving the related areas of metrology, automation, and control theory. The term has its origins in the art and science of scientific instrument-making.

Instrumentation can refer to devices as simple as direct-reading thermometers, or as complex as multi-sensor components of industrial control systems. Instruments can be found in laboratories, refineries, factories and vehicles, as well as in everyday household use (e.g., smoke detectors and thermostats).
Henry Ridgely Warfield
Henry Ridgely Warfield (September 14, 1774 – March 18, 1839) was a U.S. Representative from Maryland.  He was born in Anne Arundel County, Maryland, at the 1300-acre property "Bushy Park". He was the son of Charles Alexander Warfield and Eliza Ridgely, and grandson of Maj. Henry Ridgely. His father, Dr. Warfield (1751–1813), was an originator of the medical school of the University of Maryland, and as a member of the Whig club, set fire to the Peggy Stewart at Annapolis, Maryland, destroying her cargo of tea.

He held several local offices.  He later settled in Frederick, Maryland, and was elected to the Sixteenth, Seventeenth, and Eighteenth Congresses, serving from March 4, 1819, to March 3, 1825, as a Federalist representative.  He died in Frederick.

Peggy Stewart (ship)
Peggy Stewart was a Maryland cargo vessel burned on October 19, 1774, in Annapolis as a punishment for contravening the boycott on tea imports which had been imposed in retaliation for the British occupation of Boston following the Boston Tea Party. This event became known as the "Annapolis Tea Party".
Karoline Linnert
Karoline Linnert (born 30 August 1958) is a German politician of the Alliance '90/The Greens. From 2007 until 2019, she served as Senator of Finance and Mayor of the city-state of Bremen. During her time in office, she was one of two people holding the title Mayor, the other being Carsten Sieling, the President of the Senate of Bremen.

Bremen (state)
Bremen (German: [ˈbʁeːmən] ⓘ), officially the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen (German: Freie Hansestadt Bremen; Low German: Free Hansestadt Bremen), is the smallest and least populous of Germany's 16 states. It is informally called Land Bremen ('State of Bremen'), although the term is sometimes used in official contexts. The state consists of the city of Bremen and its seaport exclave, Bremerhaven, surrounded by the larger state of Lower Saxony in northern Germany.
Dat Phan
Dat Phan (born January 25, 1975) is a Vietnamese-American stand-up comedian. He first rose to fame in 2003 after defeating runner-up Ralphie May to win Season 1 of Last Comic Standing.

In Fall 2004, he returned for the third season dubbed "Battle of the Best" which featured contestants from season 1 against season 2. He and May were eliminated in the fifth round.

Cellular (film)
Cellular is a 2004 American action thriller film directed by David R. Ellis. The film stars Kim Basinger, Chris Evans, Jason Statham, William H. Macy with Noah Emmerich, Richard Burgi, Valerie Cruz and Jessica Biel. The screenplay was written by Chris Morgan, based on a story by Larry Cohen.

The film follows a female science teacher who is kidnapped by home invaders, but manages to randomly phone a young man and call for help. The man must maintain the call for the long time, before realizing that the kidnappers are dirty cops, working for the Los Angeles Police Department. The film then follows a struggle for survival between several desperate characters.

The film was released on September 10, 2004. It received mixed reviews from critics and grossed $57 million.
Peter Raymond Draper
Peter Raymond Draper FHEA (born 23 October 1957) is Professor (Emeritus) of Nursing Education and Scholarship and former Director of the Teaching Excellence Academy at the University of Hull. He is also a Self-Supporting Minister in the Church of England.

Advance HE
Advance HE (formerly the Higher Education Academy) is a British charity and professional membership scheme promoting excellence in higher education. It advocates evidence-based teaching methods and awards fellowships as professional recognition for university teachers. Founded in 2003, the Higher Education Academy was responsible for the UK Professional Standards Framework for higher education practitioners and merged (with the Leadership Foundation for Higher Education and Equality Challenge Unit) to form Advance HE on 21 March 2018.
History of the courts of England and Wales
Certain former courts of England and Wales have been abolished or merged into or with other courts, and certain other courts of England and Wales have fallen into disuse.

For just under 600 years, from the time of the Norman Conquest until 1642, French was the language of the courts, rather than English. Until the twentieth century, many legal terms were still expressed in Latin.

Court of Chancery of the County Palatine of Lancaster
The Court of Chancery of the County Palatine of Lancaster was a court of chancery that exercised jurisdiction within the County Palatine of Lancaster until it was merged with the High Court and abolished in 1972.
Tudor Pro Cycling Team
Tudor Pro Cycling Team is a Swiss professional road bicycle racing team which holds UCI ProTeam status. The team was founded as the Swiss Racing Academy and registered with a UCI Continental licence for the 2019 season.

In April 2022, Swiss former professional cyclist Fabian Cancellara took ownership of the team and partnered with Swiss watch manufacturer Tudor to sponsor the team.

In December 2022, Union Cycliste Internationale announced that Tudor Pro Cycling Team was granted a UCI ProTeam licence for 2023 season.

Tudor Watches
Montres Tudor SA, or simply Tudor, is a Swiss watchmaker based in Geneva, Switzerland. Registered in 1926 by Hans Wilsdorf, founder of Rolex, the brand remains a sister company to Rolex; both companies are owned by the Hans Wilsdorf Foundation. Tudor was initially known for watches produced for the military and professional divers. From the 1960s to 1980s, several navies issued Tudor Submariners to their divers, including the US Navy SEALs and the French Marine Nationale.
San José de Fray Mamerto Esquiú
San José de Fray Mamerto Esquiú or simply San José is a town in Catamarca Province, Argentina. It is the head town of the Fray Mamerto Esquiú Department. It is part of the Gran San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca urban agglomeration.

Greater San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca
Greater San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca is an urban agglomeration around the city of San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca in Catamarca Province, Argentina. It has a population of 171,923 inhabitants 2001 census [INDEC], making it the 20th most populous metropolitan area in Argentina.
Mabel Isabel Wilcox
Mabel Isabel Wilcox (November 4, 1882 – December 28, 1978) was a pioneering nurse on the island of Kauai.  She served with the Red Cross in Europe during World War I, and was decorated by Elisabeth of Bavaria, Queen of Belgium and by the Mayor of Le Havre. She was instrumental in instituting public nursing services on Kauai and in getting a hospital built on the island.

HathiTrust
HathiTrust Digital Library is a large-scale collaborative repository of digital content from research libraries, administered by the University of Michigan. Its holdings include content digitized via Google Books and the Internet Archive digitization initiatives, as well as content digitized locally by libraries.