hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Stefan Heym
Helmut Flieg (10 April 1913 – 16 December 2001) was a German writer, known by his pseudonym Stefan Heym (pronounced [ˈʃtɛfan ˈhaɪm] ⓘ). He lived in the United States and trained at Camp Ritchie in 1943, making him one of the Ritchie Boys of World War II. In 1952, he returned to his home to the part of his native Germany which was, from 1949 to 1990, the German Democratic Republic, or East Germany. He published works in English and German at home and abroad, and despite longstanding criticism of the GDR remained a committed socialist. He was awarded the 1953 Heinrich Mann Prize, the 1959 National Prize of East Germany (2nd class), and the 1993 Jerusalem Prize.

Heinrich Mann Prize
The Heinrich Mann Prize (German: Heinrich-Mann-Preis) is an essay prize that has been awarded since 1953, first by the East German Academy of Arts, then by the Academy of Arts, Berlin. The prize, which comes with a €10,000 purse, is given annually on 27 March, Heinrich Mann's day of birth. The laureate is selected by an independent three-member jury which usually includes the previous year's laureate.
Chips, Manchester
Chips is a residential apartment building, alongside the Ashton Canal, in New Islington, Manchester, England. Historically part of Ancoats, the building is part of an urban renewal project, New Islington Millennium Village in east Manchester which has been led by Urban Splash.

Chips is a nine-storey building and was designed by the architect Will Alsop, founder of Alsop Architects. The structural engineers were Civic Engineers. Tom Bloxham of Urban Splash requested that the building be away from "mundanity", and came up with Chips with Alsop.

In January 2018, Chips failed a Greater Manchester Fire and Rescue Service risk assessment and the cladding on the building was found to have "non fire retardant" written on it.

Tom Bloxham (property developer)
Thomas Paul Richard Bloxham CBE (born 20 December 1963) is a British property developer, founder of award winning urban renewal property development company Urban Splash and the modern housebuilder House by Urban Splash - companies which have won 450 awards to date for architecture, design and business success.

In 1999 Bloxham was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 1999 Birthday Honours for Services to Architecture and Urban Regeneration. Tom was awarded a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for services to culture in the 2025 King's birthday honours. The CBE was recognition of his role as Chair of Manchester International and Factory International.
Battle of Charleston
The Battle of Charleston or Siege of Charleston can refer to several battles:

Lefebvre's Charles Town expedition (4 September – 11 September 1706) during the War of the Spanish Succession

The Siege of Charleston (29 March – 12 May 1780) during the American Revolutionary War

The Battle of Charleston (1861) (19 August 1861), a battle in Missouri during the American Civil War also known as the Battle of Bird's Point

The Battle of Charleston (1862) (13 September 1862), a battle in Virginia (now West Virginia) during the American Civil War

The First Battle of Charleston Harbor (7 April 1863) in South Carolina during the American Civil War

The Second Battle of Charleston Harbor (18 July – 7 September 1863) in South Carolina during the American Civil War

Lefebvre's Charles Town expedition
Lefebvre's Charles Town expedition (September 1706) was a combined French and Spanish attempt under Captain Jacques Lefebvre to capture the capital of the English Province of Carolina, Charles Town, during Queen Anne's War (as the North American theater of the War of the Spanish Succession is sometimes known).

Organized and funded primarily by the French and launched from Havana, Cuba, the expedition reached Charles Town in early September 1706 after stopping at St. Augustine to pick up reinforcements.  After a brief encounter with a privateer the Brillant, one of the expedition's six ships, became separated from the rest of the fleet.  Troops landed near Charles Town were quickly driven off by militia called out by Governor Nathaniel Johnson when word of the fleet's approach reached the area, and an improvised flotilla commanded by Colonel William Rhett successfully captured the Brillant, which arrived after the other five ships had already sailed away in defeat.
Shakespeare Wrote for Money
Shakespeare Wrote for Money is a 2008 collection of English author Nick Hornby's "Stuff I've Been Reading" columns for The Believer.  It contains columns written from August 2006 to September 2008, Hornby's "Stuff I've Been Reading Column."  The introduction is written by American author Sarah Vowell.

Previous collections of Hornby's "Stuff I've Been Reading Column" were collected in The Polysyllabic Spree (2004) and Housekeeping vs. The Dirt (2006).

Sarah Vowell
Sarah Jane Vowell (born December 27, 1969) is an American historian, writer, journalist, radio personality, social commentator, and actress. She has written seven nonfiction books on American history and culture. Vowell was a contributing editor for the radio program This American Life on Public Radio International from 1996 to 2008, where she produced commentaries and documentaries. She was the voice of Violet Parr in the 2004 animated film The Incredibles and its 2018 sequel.
Dendra
Dendra (Greek: Δενδρά) is a prehistoric archaeological site situated outside the village with the same name belonging to the municipality of Midea in the Argolid, Greece.

The site was inhabited during the Neolithic and Early Helladic periods, and is known for its Late Bronze Age cemetery. In the first half of the 20th century, the Swedish archaeologist Axel W. Persson excavated an unplundered tholos tomb and many Mycenaean chamber tombs, presumably belonging to the ruling classes of the nearby citadel of Midea. The finds from the site include the Dendra panoply, a set of Mycenaean bronze armour found in one of its chamber tombs, and the Dendra Octopus Cup from the tholos. From the Hellenistic into the Byzantine periods, it was the site of a village: local tradition recalled that it had once been known as "Sanga".

Citadel
A citadel is the most fortified area of a town or city. It may be a castle, fortress, or fortified center. The term is a diminutive of city, meaning "little city", because it is a smaller part of the city of which it is the defensive core.

In a fortification with bastions, the citadel is the strongest part of the system, sometimes well inside the outer walls and bastions, but often forming part of the outer wall for the sake of economy. It is positioned to be the last line of defence, should the enemy breach the other components of the fortification system.
I'd Still Say Yes
"I'd Still Say Yes" is a song recorded by Klymaxx for the Constellation/MCA label. Written by Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds, Greg Scelsa, and Joyce "Fenderella" Irby, and produced by Fenderella, it was released as the third single from their fifth album, Klymaxx, helping it reach gold status. The song featured backing vocals by R&B singer Howard Hewett. Reaching its peak at number 7 on Billboard's Black Singles chart, and number 18 on the Billboard Hot 100, it was the group's last Hot 100 entry. "I'd Still Say Yes" also went to number eight on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart. In Canada, it reached No. 50.

Klymaxx
Klymaxx is an American all-female pop/R&B band from Los Angeles, California. The band's classic lineup consisted of Bernadette Cooper, Lorena Porter Shelby, Cheryl Cooley, Robbin Grider, Lynn Malsby, and Joyce "Fenderella" Irby. Klymaxx is best known for their 1985 international hits "I Miss You" and "Meeting in the Ladies Room".
Sidney and Ethel Grier House
The Sidney and Ethel Grier House is a historic home located near Charlotte, Mecklenburg County, North Carolina.  It was built in 1916, and is one-story, three-bay, vernacular Bungalow / American Craftsman style farmhouse. The house sits on a brick pier foundation, clapboard siding, and has a hipped roof with dormer. It has a 1+1⁄2-story recent rear addition. It features a wraparound recessed porch, supported by eight tapered half-posts on tall brick piers.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.

Mecklenburg County, North Carolina
Mecklenburg County (/ˈmɛklənˌbɜːrɡ/) is a county located in the southwestern region of the U.S. state of North Carolina, in the United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 1,115,482, making it the second-most populous county in North Carolina (after Wake County), and the first county in the Carolinas to surpass one million in population.  Its county seat is Charlotte, the state's largest municipality.

Mecklenburg County is the central county of the Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC Metropolitan Statistical Area. On September 12, 2013, it was estimated the county surpassed one million residents.

Like its seat, the county is named after Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Queen of the United Kingdom (1761–1818), whose name is derived from the region of Mecklenburg in Germany. It was named for Mecklenburg Castle (Mecklenburg meaning "large castle" in Low German) in the village of Dorf Mecklenburg.
Lisa Stansfield (album)
Lisa Stansfield is the fourth solo studio album by British singer Lisa Stansfield, released by Arista Records on 21 March 1997. It was her first new studio album since 1993's So Natural. Stansfield co-wrote most songs for the album with her husband Ian Devaney. The tracks were produced by Devaney and Peter Mokran. Lisa Stansfield garnered favourable reviews from music critics and was commercially successful, reaching number two in the United Kingdom and receiving Gold certification. In the United States, it spawned four number-one singles on Billboard's Hot Dance Club Songs. Lisa Stansfield was rereleased as a deluxe 2CD + DVD set in Europe in November 2014.

Frankie Knuckles
Francis Warren Nicholls Jr. (January 18, 1955 – March 31, 2014), known professionally as Frankie Knuckles, was an American DJ, record producer, and remixer. He played an important role in developing and popularizing house music, a genre of music that began in Chicago during the early 1980s and subsequently spread worldwide. In 1997, Knuckles won the Grammy Award for Remixer of the Year, Non-Classical. Due to his importance in the development of the genre, Knuckles was often called "The Godfather of House Music".
Lusidius
Lusidius was a Hispano-Roman man who surrendered the city of Olisipo (modern Lisbon, Portugal) to the Suevic Kingdom in 469. The event occurred immediately after the sack of Conimbriga by the Suevi the previous year. After submitting to the Suevic king Remismund, he became employed as an ambassador to the Western Roman Empire, notably leading a Suevic embassy to Emperor Anthemius.

Olisipo
Municipium Cives Romanorum Felicitas Julia Olisipo (in Latin: Olisippo or Ulyssippo ; in Greek: Ὀλισσιπών, Olissipṓn, or Ὀλισσιπόνα, Olissipóna) was the ancient name of modern-day Lisbon while it was part of the Roman Empire.
Katsunobu Katō
Katsunobu Katō (加藤 勝信, Katō Katsunobu; born 22 November 1955) is a Japanese politician who served as the Minister of Finance under Japanese Prime Minister Shigeru Ishiba from 2024 to 2025. Previously, he was served as the three-time Minister of Health, Labour, and Welfare under Shinzo Abe from 2017 to 2018 and from 2019 to 2020, and under Fumio Kishida from 2022 to 2023, and as the Chief Cabinet Secretary under Yoshihide Suga from 2020 to 2021. Belonging to the Liberal Democratic Party, he has been a member of the House of Representatives since 2003.

Born and raised in Tokyo and a graduate of the University of Tokyo, Kato had a bureaucratic career in the Ministry of Finance before going into politics.

Deputy Chief Cabinet Secretary
The Deputy Chief Cabinet Secretary (内閣官房副長官, Naikaku-kanbō-fuku-chōkan) is an official in the Japanese government who assists the Chief Cabinet Secretary. Since July 1998 there have always been three Deputy Chief Cabinet Secretaries at any given time.
Toibb v. Radloff
Toibb v. Radloff, 501 U.S. 157 (1991), was a case in which the United States Supreme Court held that individuals are eligible to file for relief under the reorganization provisions of chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code, even if they are not engaged in a business.  The case overturned the lower courts ruling which restricted individuals to chapter 7.

Individual
An individual is one that exists as a distinct entity. Individuality (or self-hood) is the state or quality of living as an individual; particularly (in the case of humans) as a person unique from other people and possessing one's own needs or goals, rights and responsibilities. The concept of an individual features in many    fields, including biology, law, and philosophy. Every individual contributes significantly to the growth of a civilization. Society is a multifaceted concept that is shaped and influenced by a wide range of different things, including human behaviors, attitudes, and ideas. The culture, morals, and beliefs of others as well as the general direction and trajectory of the society can all be influenced and shaped by an individual's activities.
Chempaka (Kelantan state constituency)
Chempaka is a state constituency in Kelantan, Malaysia, that has been represented in the Kelantan State Legislative Assembly.

The state constituency was first contested in 1995 and is mandated to return a single Assemblyman to the Kelantan State Legislative Assembly under the first-past-the-post voting system.

Kelantan State Legislative Assembly
The Kelantan State Legislative Assembly (Malay: Dewan Negeri Kelantan) is the unicameral state legislature of the Malaysian state of Kelantan. It consists of 45 members representing single-member constituencies throughout the state. Elections are held no more than five years apart.

The State Legislative Assembly convenes at the Kota Darul Naim in the state capital, Kota Bharu.

Out of the 45 seats, 42 are held by the Perikatan Nasional (PN) ruling coalition after the 2023 state election. Within the coalition, the Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) holds 37 seats while the Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU) holds 5 seats. The PN coalition  commands a two-thirds supermajority in the assembly.

Meanwhile, Barisan Nasional (BN) - United Malays National Organization (UMNO) holds 2 seats and
Pakatan Harapan (PH) - National Trust Party (AMANAH) holds 1 seat.
Joki Freund
Walter Jakob "Joki" Freund (September 5, 1926, Höchst, Frankfurt am Main – February 15, 2012, Schwalbach am Taunus) was a German jazz saxophonist.

Freund began playing the accordion as a child, switching to tenor saxophone after World War II ended. Early in the postwar era, he played with Joe Quitter, Carlo Bohlander, Gerry Weinkopf, Joe Klimm, and Jutta Hipp, then formed his own ensemble. He began performing with American musicians, including Donald Byrd, Art Taylor, and Doug Watkins, during their European festival appearances. He played with, and arranged for, Albert Mangelsdorff in the jazz orchestra of Hessischer Rundfunk and Erwin Lehn in the Süddeutscher Rundfunk orchestra. He played with the Frankfurt Jazz Ensemble on soprano saxophone in the 1970s, also performing as a leader around this time.

Soprano saxophone
The soprano saxophone is a small, high-pitched member of the saxophone family of woodwind instruments invented in the 1840s by Belgian instrument maker Adolphe Sax. Built in B♭, an octave above the tenor saxophone (or rarely, slightly smaller in C), the soprano is the smallest of the four saxophones in common use (the others being the alto, tenor and baritone), although there are smaller rare instruments such as the soprillo and sopranino.
William Jackson Barry
William Jackson Barry (1819 – 23 April 1907) was a New Zealand adventurer and writer. He was born in Melbourn, Cambridgeshire, England on 1819, and between 1866 and 1868 was Mayor of Cromwell.

In 1883, Barry bought a whale skeleton that had beached itself on the sands in Nelson. Barry prepared and exhibited the skeleton at a Nelson store, and then on tour, before arriving in Dunedin. The Otago Daily Times reported that Barry opened the whale up to public inspection in a warehouse in St Andrews Street, even going so far as to hold a dinner party in its jaws. By August 1883, Barry had sold the fin whale to Otago Museum, where it is still on display.

Barry wrote a fantastical autobiography in 1878, Up and Down: Or, Fifty Years' Colonial Experiences in Australia, California, New Zealand, India, China, and the South Pacific; Being the Life History of Capt. W. J. Barry. WRITTEN BY HIMSELF, 1878, with portrait of author, and other illustrations."

Tūhura Otago Museum
Tūhura Otago Museum, located near the city center of Dunedin, New Zealand, adjacent to the University of Otago campus, is one of the country's largest museums and a prominent attraction in the city. The museum's extensive collections encompass natural science specimens and humanities artifacts from the Otago region and around the world, which are featured in its long-term gallery displays. A notable feature of the museum is its interactive science center, which includes an immersive tropical rainforest butterfly house. In 2022, the museum was officially renamed Tūhura Otago Museum, incorporating the Māori name "Tūhura," meaning "to discover, investigate, and explore."
Khirbet al-Sawda, Rif Dimashq
Khirbet al-Sawda (Arabic: خربة السودا) is a Syrian village in the Beit Jinn sub-district of Qatana District, in the Rif Dimashq Governorate. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics, Khirbet al-Sawda had a population of 124 at the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly from the Druze community.

Qatana District
Qatana District (Arabic: منطقة قطنا, romanized: minṭaqat Qaṭana) is a district of the Rif Dimashq Governorate in southern Syria.

The district is located just to the east of Mount Hermon. Administrative centre is the city of Qatana. At the 2004 census, the district had a population of 207,245.
2000 Fed Cup World Group
The World Group was the highest level of competition in the 2000 Fed Cup.  This year, the World Group and World Group II merged to become one group, with one more team joining the Group from last year's World Group II Play-offs. Twelve teams were put into three pools of four teams each, with the winner of each pool joining defending champions the United States in a four-team play-off.

The defending champions claimed their seventeenth title, defeating five-time champions Spain in the final.

Spain Billie Jean King Cup team
The Spain women's national tennis team represents Spain in Fed Cup tennis competition and are governed by the Real Federación Española de Tenis.  They currently compete in World Group II. The team Captain, as of 2018, is former professional player Anabel Medina Garrigues.
Sharon Cheslow
Sharon Ann Cheslow (born October 5, 1961) is an American musician, composer, artist, writer, photographer, educator, and archivist. In 1981, she formed Chalk Circle, Washington, D.C.'s first all-female punk band. She has since become an accomplished artist who works between different mediums, mostly sound-based.

Mills College at Northeastern University
Mills College at Northeastern University in Oakland, California is part of Northeastern University's global university system. Mills College was founded as the Young Ladies Seminary in 1852 in Benicia, California; it was relocated to Oakland in 1871 and became the second women's college west of the Rockies. In 2022, it merged with Northeastern University.
Variable neighborhood search
Variable neighborhood search (VNS), proposed by Mladenović & Hansen in 1997, is a metaheuristic method for solving a set of combinatorial optimization and global optimization problems.
It explores distant neighborhoods of the current incumbent solution, and moves from there to a new one if and only if an improvement was made. The local search method is applied repeatedly to get from solutions in the neighborhood to local optima.
VNS was designed for approximating solutions of discrete and continuous optimization problems and according to these, it is aimed for solving linear program problems, integer program problems, mixed integer program problems, nonlinear program problems, etc.

Continuous optimization
Continuous optimization is a branch of optimization in applied mathematics.

As opposed to discrete optimization, the variables used in the objective function are required to be continuous variables—that is, to be chosen from a set of real values between which there are no gaps (values from intervals of the real line). Because of this continuity assumption, continuous optimization allows the use of calculus techniques.
David Ferguson (footballer, born 1996)
David Ferguson (born 24 March 1996) is a Scottish footballer who plays as a defender for East Kilbride.

Ferguson is a product of the Motherwell Academy. He has also played for Ayr United and Peterhead, and has spent time on loan at Alloa Athletic, Annan Athletic, Airdrieonians, Dumbarton and Berwick Rangers.

East Kilbride F.C.
East Kilbride Football Club is a semi-professional football club based in East Kilbride, South Lanarkshire, Scotland. They are members of Scottish League Two, the fourth tier of the Scottish football league system.

Formed in 2010 with the intention of bringing senior football to one of Scotland's largest towns, the club initially competed in amateur football before becoming one of the founder members of the Lowland League in 2013. The club became a full member of the Scottish Football Association (SFA) in 2014, entitling them to automatic entry to the Scottish Cup. East Kilbride became a member of the Scottish Professional Football League in 2025 after winning the Pyramid play-offs.
Arem language
The Arem language (Cmbrau [cmrawˀ]) is an endangered language spoken by the Arem people in a small area on both sides of the Laos–Vietnam border. It belongs to the Vietic branch of the Austroasiatic language family. Specifically, it is a member of the Chut language group, which is one of the six Vietic languages. This language is considered critically endangered by UNESCO. Like other Vietic languages, the Arem language makes use of a tonal or phonational system that is unique to Vietic languages. Like many southern Vietic Languages, the Arem language also makes use of pre-syllables or sesquisyllables within the language.

Arem lacks the breathy phonation common to most Vietic languages, but does have glottalized final consonants.

Phonation
The term phonation has slightly different meanings depending on the subfield of phonetics.  Among some phoneticians, phonation or phonating is the process by which the vocal cords, or vocal folds, produce certain sounds through quasi-periodic vibration. This is the definition used among those who study laryngeal anatomy and physiology and speech production in general. Phoneticians in other subfields, such as linguistic phonetics, call this process voicing, and use the term phonation to refer to any oscillatory state of any part of the larynx that modifies the airstream, of which voicing is just one example. Voiceless and supra-glottal phonations are included under this definition.