hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Vietnamese criminal underworld
Xã hội đen (chữ Nôm: 社會顛, literally meaning "black societies") is a Vietnamese term used to describe the criminal underworld. The term is believed to have become widely used thanks to Hong Kong TV series and movies about the Chinese secret society of Heishehui (Chinese: 黑社会). An individual who participates in these criminal activities can be called a giang hồ, găng-xtơ, côn đồ, or tội phạm; while a criminal organization is known as băng đảng or băng nhóm, depending on its scale. They are those whose goal is to make money from illegal and overall immoral activities.

Đại Cathay
Đại Cathay, whose real name was Lê Văn Đại, was a 1960s Saigon mobster, and was considered as the top of the "four great kings" of Saigon's criminal underworld before 1975, followed by Huỳnh Tỳ, Ngô Văn Cái and Ba Thế.
Nemška Vas, Krško
Nemška Vas (pronounced [ˈneːmʃka ˈʋaːs]; Slovene: Nemška vas, German: Deutschdorf) is a village in the hills west of Leskovec pri Krškem in the Municipality of Krško in eastern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Lower Sava Statistical Region.

The local church, built on a hill east of the settlement, is dedicated to Saint Stephen (Slovene: sveti Štefan) and belongs to the Parish of Leskovec pri Krškem. It is a medieval building that was rebuilt in the Romanesque style in the 18th century.

Lower Sava Statistical Region
The Lower Sava Statistical Region (Slovene: posavska statistična regija; until December 31, 2014 spodnjeposavska statistična regija) is a statistical region in Slovenia. It has good traffic accessibility and is located in the Sava and Krka Valleys, with hilly areas with vineyards and an abundance of water. It is the second-smallest statistical region in Slovenia. The only nuclear power plant in the country and Čatež spa are located in the region. The region annually spends EUR 22 million on environmental protection. In 2013, the employment rate in the region was 57.5%. The region was characterized by the largest difference between the employment rate for men and for women (for men it was 12 percentage points higher than for women). In 2013 this region also stood out in number of convicted persons per 1,000 population (8.3).
Abel Gower
Abel Anthony James Gower (1836 in Livorno, Italy – 1899?) was a British consul at two posts in Japan during the Bakumatsu period: Nagasaki and Hakodate. He was also an amateur photographer.

After experience in China, Gower worked in the British legation at Tōzen-ji, Edo (later Tokyo), as part of the staff of Rutherford Alcock. In 1863 he was involved in the bombardment of Kagoshima. In 1866 he became consul in Hakodate (in Ezo, later Hokkaidō); he had previously been consul in Nagasaki (in Kyūshū).

For many years it was believed that either Gower or Walter B. Woodbury was commissioned by the London firm Negretti and Zambra to photograph China and Japan between 1857 and 1860. It is now known that Pierre Rossier was the photographer in question. The Leiden University photograph collection includes a portrait of Gower, signed "P. Rossier", and in 1859 Rossier and Gower shared passage on HMS Sampson from Nagasaki to Edo.

Tōzen-ji
Tōzen-ji (東禅寺), is a Buddhist temple located in Takanawa, Minato, Tokyo, Japan. The temple belongs to the Myōshin-ji branch of the Rinzai school of Japanese Zen. One of the four great Zen temples of Edo, it is best known in history as the location of the first British legation in Japan during the Bakumatsu period and the site of a number of incidents against foreigners by pro-sonnō jōi samurai. The temple's precincts were designated a National Historic Site in 2010.
2011 Sony Ericsson Open – Women's doubles
Gisela Dulko and Flavia Pennetta were the defending champions, but lost in the quarterfinals to María José Martínez Sánchez and Anabel Medina Garrigues.

Daniela Hantuchová and Agnieszka Radwańska won the tournament, defeating Liezel Huber and Nadia Petrova 7–6(5), 2–6, [10–8] in the final.

Liezel Huber
Liezel Huber (née Horn; born 21 August 1976) is a South African-American retired tennis player who represented the United States internationally since August 2007. Huber has won four Grand Slam titles in women's doubles with partner Cara Black, one with Lisa Raymond, and two mixed doubles titles with Bob Bryan. On 12 November 2007, she became the co-world No. 1 in doubles with Cara Black. On 19 April 2010, Huber became the sole No. 1 for the first time in her career.
Somersault (novel)
Somersault (宙返り Chūgaeri) is a 1999 novel by Kenzaburō Ōe. It is about two former leaders of a religious cult as they try to establish a new movement, a possible nuclear catastrophe, and religious sects in everyday society. It received inspiration from the Aum Shinrikyo cult and their Tokyo subway sarin attack of 1995. The English translation, by Philip Gabriel, first appeared in 2003. It was Ōe's first novel since he won the 1994 literature Nobel Prize. It was published in the United States by Grove Press. The book was published in the United Kingdom by Atlantic Books.

Kenzaburō Ōe
Kenzaburō Ōe (大江 健三郎, Ōe Kenzaburō; 31 January 1935 – 3 March 2023) was a Japanese writer and a major figure in contemporary Japanese literature. His novels, short stories and essays, strongly influenced by French and American literature and literary theory, deal with political, social and philosophical issues, including nuclear weapons, nuclear power, social non-conformism, and existentialism. Ōe was awarded the 1994 Nobel Prize in Literature for creating "an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today".
Jane Woodhouse
Jane Woodhouse McLaughlin was an American advocate for mental health treatment and a state representative in the Colorado House of Representatives. She married cattle rancher and fellow representative Frederic T. McLaughlin of Basalt, Colorado February 20, 1960. She served as a guardian ad litem. She was a Democrat. Her husband, a Republican, switched party affiliation in 1988. She served in the Colorado House from 1957-1960 representing Denver County, Colorado.

Basalt, Colorado
Basalt is a home rule town located in Eagle and Pitkin counties, Colorado, United States. The town population was 3,984 at the 2020 United States census with 2,917 residing in Eagle County and 1,067 residing in Pitkin County. Basalt is a part of the Edwards-Glenwood Springs, CO Combined Statistical Area.
Middle Palisade
Middle Palisade is a 14,018-foot (4,273-meter) peak in the central Sierra Nevada mountain range in the U.S. state of California. It is a fourteener, and lies on the Sierra Crest as part of the Palisades group, a group of prominent Sierra Nevada mountain summits that includes multiple other fourteeners, approximately 12 miles (19 km) southwest of the town of Big Pine. Middle Palisade is the twelfth highest peak in California.

Middle Palisade's eastern flank hosts the Middle Palisade Glacier, lying above the South Fork of Big Pine Creek. To Middle Palisade's west lie the Palisade Lakes, Palisade Creek, and the John Muir Trail as it ascends south towards Mather Pass.

Several routes involving exposed scrambling class 3 and/or easy technical rock climbing (class 4) exist on the various flanks of Middle Palisade. Some routes involve travel on the Middle Palisade Glacier. The easiest route involves scrambling (class 3) up a chute on the east face of the peak.

Fourteener
In the mountaineering parlance of the Western United States, a fourteener (also spelled 14er) is a mountain peak with an elevation of at least 14,000 ft (4267 m). The 96 fourteeners in the United States are all west of the Mississippi River. Colorado has 53 fourteeners, the most of any single state. Alaska has 29, the second most of any single state. Many peak baggers try to climb all fourteeners in the contiguous United States, or in one particular state, or in another region.
Andy Russell (footballer, born 1987)
Andrew James Russell (Chinese: 羅素; born 21 November 1987) is a professional footballer who plays as a centre back for Hong Kong First Division club Hoi King. Born in England, he played for the Hong Kong national football team from 2016 to 2023.

Hong Kong Senior Shield
The Hong Kong Senior Shield (Chinese: 香港高級組銀牌), known commonly as the Senior Shield, is the football knockout inter-club competition held in Hong Kong and the fourth oldest football tournament in Asia. Traditionally, only teams that play in the Hong Kong Premier League take part in the competition. However, sometimes teams in the lower divisions, usually the champions of the Junior Shield, are invited in order to increase the number of participating teams.

The current Senior Shield holders are Tai Po.
Théodore Champion
Théodore Champion (14 February 1873 – 31 August 1954) was a Swiss cyclist, philatelist and stamp dealer, who was added to the Roll of Distinguished Philatelists in 1937. He was born in Geneva and took French citizenship in 1948.

Philately
Philately (/fɪˈlætəli/; fih-LAT-ə-lee) is the study of postage stamps and postal history. It also refers to the collection and appreciation of stamps and other philatelic products. While closely associated with stamp collecting and the study of postage, it is possible to be a philatelist without owning any stamps. For instance, the stamps being studied may be very rare or reside only in museums.
Tidal river
A tidal river is a river whose flow and level are caused by tides. A section of a larger river affected by the tides is a tidal reach, but it may sometimes be considered a tidal river if it had been given a separate and another title name.

Generally, tidal rivers are short rivers with relatively low discharge rates but high overall discharge, which generally implies a shallow river with a large coastal mouth. In some cases, high tides impound downstream flowing freshwater, reversing the flow and increasing the water level of the lower section of river, forming large estuaries. High tides can be noticed as far as 100 kilometres (62 mi) upstream. Oregon's Coquille River is one such stream for which that effect can be noticed.

Tidal bore
A tidal bore, often simply given as bore in context, is a tidal phenomenon in which the leading edge of the incoming tide forms a wave (or waves) of water that travels up a river or narrow bay, reversing the direction of the river or bay's current. It is a strong tide that pushes up the river, against the current.
Fisetinidin
Fisetinidin is an anthocyanidin. It has been obtained from the heartwood of Acacia mearnsii, from the bark of Rhizophora apiculata and can also be synthesized. Fisetinidin is very similar in structure to fisetin, which itself differs in structure from quercetin only by an additional hydroxyl group on the latter.

An assay of twenty flavonoids showed fisetinidin to be the least effective in inhibition of CD38 enzyme.

Rhizophora apiculata
The tall-stilt mangrove (Rhizophora apiculata)  is a species of flowering plant distributed throughout Southeast Asia and the western Pacific islands.

It is located exclusively in the mangrove ecosystem due to an affinity to wet, muddy and silty sediments. Due to the high salt concentrations of the soils in these environments, it has mechanisms (ultrafiltration) in place to reduce the likely impacts associated with increased salt in plant physiology (drying plant material down causing increased evapotranspiration). Rhizophora apiculata and R. mucronata are used to make charcoal in the charcoal kilns of Kuala Sepetang in Perak, Malaysia. Rhizophora apiculata is used within mangrove plantation specifically for wood, and charcoal production in many parts of Thailand.

There are alternative uses for R. apiculata, such as to reinforce nets, ropes and fishing lines, transform into charcoal or trade for income.
Fresco, Ivory Coast
Fresco  is a town in southern Ivory Coast. It is a sub-prefecture of and the seat of Fresco Department in Gbôklé Region, Bas-Sassandra District. Fresco is also a commune.

In 2014, the population of the sub-prefecture of Fresco was 41,058.

Gbôklé
Gbôklé Region is one of the 31 regions of Ivory Coast. Since its establishment in 2011, it has been one of three regions in Bas-Sassandra District. The seat of the region is Sassandra and the region's population in the 2021 census was 460,980.

Gbôklé is currently divided into two departments: Fresco and Sassandra.
Rainer Mausfeld
Rainer Mausfeld (born 22 December 1949 in Iserlohn) is a retired German professor of psychology at Kiel University. He did research on the psychology of perception, cognitive science, and the history of psychology. Since 2015, he has published on manipulation in media and politics and the transformation of representative democracy to neoliberal elite democracy.

Iserlohn
Iserlohn (German: [iːzɐˈloːn] ⓘ; Westphalian: Iserlaun) is a city in the Märkischer Kreis district, in North Rhine-Westphalia, in west-central Germany. It is the largest city by population and area within the district and the Sauerland region.
Whittleford Park
Whittleford Park is a 43 hectare greenspace located between Stockingford and Camp Hill in Nuneaton, Warwickshire. Although its development as a public park by Warwickshire County Council only started in 2005, it has a long industrial history, being the site of coal mining, and brick and tile making.

Warwickshire County Council
Warwickshire County Council is the county council that governs the non-metropolitan county of Warwickshire in England. Its headquarters are at Shire Hall in the centre of Warwick, the county town. The council's principal functions are county roads and rights of way, social services, education and libraries, but it also provides numerous other local government services in its area. The council has been under no overall control since the 2025 election, being run by a Reform UK minority administration.
University of Louisville Collegiate Chorale
Conducted by Dr. Kent Hatteberg, the Collegiate Chorale is the premiere choral ensemble at the University of Louisville. The Chorale performs primarily unaccompanied repertoire and is known to commission works by Lithuanian composers Vytautas Miškinis and Vaclovas Augustinas. The Chorale enjoyed rising popularity in the late 1990s and now performs regularly at national choral events around the United States with a large following.

Carl Orff
Carl Heinrich Maria Orff (German: [kaʁl ˈʔɔʁf] ⓘ; 10 July 1895 – 29 March 1982) was a German composer and music educator, who composed the cantata Carmina Burana (1937). The concepts of his Schulwerk were influential for children's music education.
Central Committee of the 2nd Congress of the League of Communists of Bosnia and Herzegovina
This electoral term of the Central Committee was elected by the 2nd Congress of the League of Communists of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1954, and was in session until the gathering of the 3rd Congress in 1959.

Term of office
A term of office, electoral term, or parliamentary term is the length of time a person serves in a particular elected office. In many jurisdictions there is a defined limit on how long terms of office may be before the officeholder must be subject to re-election. Some jurisdictions exercise term limits, setting a maximum number of terms an individual may hold in a particular office.
The Oxford Book of Welsh Verse
The Oxford Book of Welsh Verse (1962), edited by Thomas Parry, is an anthology of Welsh-language poetry stretching from Aneirin in the 6th century to Bobi Jones in the 20th.  No translations of the poems are provided, but the introduction and notes are in English.  It was the first anthology to give the reader a thorough idea of Welsh poetry in its entirety through 1400 years, containing as it does 370 poems, of which 59 cannot be securely attributed while the rest are the work of 146 named poets.  It went through eight editions in its first 21 years, and was supplemented in 1977 by the publication of Gwyn Jones's Oxford Book of Welsh Verse in English.

Bobi Jones
Robert Maynard Jones (20 May 1929 – 22 November 2017), generally known as Bobi Jones, was a Welsh Christian academic and one of the most prolific writers in the history of the Welsh language. A versatile master of poetry, fictional prose and criticism, he was born in Cardiff in 1929, educated at the University of Wales, Cardiff (now Cardiff University) and University College Dublin. Jones held the chair in Welsh language at Aberystwyth from 1980 until his retirement. He died on 22 November 2017.
Gradnitsa, Gabrovo Province
Gradnitsa is a village in the municipality of Sevlievo, in Gabrovo Province, in northern central Bulgaria.

The village of Gradnitsa has 996 inhabitants as of 2011, down from 2,000 in the 1980s. It is a mixed village with ethnic Bulgarians (50 percent) and ethnic Turks (50 percent). The largest religions are the Bulgarian Orthodox Church and Islam.

Bulgarian Orthodox Church
The Bulgarian Orthodox Church (Bulgarian: Българска православна църква, romanized: Bûlgarska pravoslavna cûrkva), legally the Patriarchate of Bulgaria (Bulgarian: Българска патриаршия, romanized: Bûlgarska patriarshiya), is an autocephalous Eastern Orthodox jurisdiction based in Bulgaria. It is the first medieval recognised patriarchate outside the Pentarchy and the oldest Slavic Orthodox church, with some 6 million members in Bulgaria and between 1.5 and 2 million members in a number of other European countries, Asia, the Americas, Australia, and New Zealand. It was recognized as autocephalous in 1945 by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.
Daniel Grant (politician)
Daniel Grant (26 September 1826 - ?) was an English printer and Liberal politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1880 to 1885.

Grant was the son of Captain Daniel Grant of South Shields. He was educated at the Upper School of the Royal Hospital Greenwich. He founded the printing firm of Grant and Co of Turnmill Street, Clerkenwell and was principal partner for many years. He was a member of the Sylvan Debating Club.

In 1868 and 1874 Grant stood unsuccessfully for parliament at Marylebone. At the 1880 general election he was elected one of two Members of parliament for Marylebone and held the seat until 1885. Following the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 the old constituency of Marylebone was divided into a number of single-member constituencies. At the 1885 general election Grant was the Liberal candidate at Marylebone East, but was defeated by his Conservative opponent, Lord Charles Beresford.

Redistribution of Seats Act 1885
The Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 (48 & 49 Vict. c. 23) was an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (sometimes called the "Reform Act of 1885"). It was a piece of electoral reform legislation that redistributed the seats in the House of Commons, introducing the concept of equally populated constituencies, a concept in the broader global context termed equal apportionment, in an attempt to equalise representation across the UK. It mandated the abolition of constituencies below a certain population threshold. It was associated with, but not part of, the Representation of the People Act 1884.
2015 Internationaux de Tennis de Blois
The 2015 Internationaux de Tennis de Blois was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the third edition of the tournament which was part of the 2015 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Blois, France between 15 and 22 June 2015.

Blois
Middle Ages portal

Blois (/blwɑː/ BLWAH; French: [blwa] ⓘ) is a commune and the capital city of Loir-et-Cher department, in Centre-Val de Loire, France, on the banks of the lower Loire river between Orléans and Tours.

With 45,898 inhabitants by 2019, Blois is the most populated city of the department, and the 4th of the region.

Historically, the city was the capital of the County of Blois, created in 832 until its integration into the Royal domain in 1498, when Count Louis II of Orléans became King Louis XII of France. During the Renaissance, Blois was the official residence of the King of France.
Kenlis
Kenlis is a small farming community in Abernethy Rural Municipality No. 186, Saskatchewan, Canada. The community is located 10 km south of the village of Abernethy close to the Qu'appelle Valley on range road 112 about 15 km northeast of the town of Indian Head.

Qu'Appelle River
The Qu'Appelle River /kəˈpɛl/ is a river in the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba that flows 430 kilometres (270 mi) east from Lake Diefenbaker in south-western Saskatchewan to join the Assiniboine River in Manitoba, just south of Lake of the Prairies, near the village of St. Lazare. It is in a region called the Prairie Pothole Region of North America, which extends throughout three Canadian provinces and five U.S. states. It is also within Palliser's Triangle and the Great Plains ecoregion.

With the construction of the Qu'Appelle River Dam and the Gardiner Dam upstream, water flow was significantly increased and regulated. Most of the Qu'Appelle's present flow is actually water diverted from the South Saskatchewan River.
Avermes
Avermes (French pronunciation: [avɛʁm]) is a commune in the Allier department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of central France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Avermois or Avermoises.

The commune has been awarded two flowers by the National Council of Towns and Villages in Bloom in the Competition of cities and villages in Bloom.

Allier
Allier (UK: /ˈælieɪ/ AL-ee-ay, US: /ælˈjeɪ, ɑːlˈjeɪ/ a(h)l-YAY; French: [alje] ⓘ; Occitan: Alèir) is a department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region that borders Cher to the west, Nièvre to the north, Saône-et-Loire and Loire to the east, Puy-de-Dôme to the south, and Creuse to the south-west. Named after the river Allier, it had a population of 334,872 in 2021. Moulins is the prefecture; Montluçon and Vichy are the subprefectures. Its INSEE and post code is 03.

Before 2018, the inhabitants of the department did not have a demonym. The inhabitants of the department have officially been known in French as Bourbonnais since 2018, a reference to the historic province of Bourbonnais. Until then, the unofficial term Elavérins had been used.
The Prince of Pilsen
The Prince of Pilsen is a lost 1926 American silent romantic comedy film directed by Paul Powell and starring Anita Stewart and George Sidney. David Belasco produced the film. It was based on a 1903 Broadway musical, The Prince of Pilsen, by Frank S. Pixley and music by Gustav Luders.

The film was parodied by Mack Sennett that same year as The Prince of Pilsener.

Mack Sennett
Mack Sennett (born Michael Sinnott; January 17, 1880 – November 5, 1960) was a Canadian-American producer, director, actor, and studio head who was known as the "King of Comedy" during his career.

Born in Danville, Quebec, he started acting in films in the Biograph Company of New York City in 1908, and later opened Keystone Studios in Edendale, California in 1912. Keystone possessed the first fully enclosed film stage, and Sennett became famous as the originator of slapstick routines such as pie-throwing and car-chases, as seen in the Keystone Cops films. He also produced short features that displayed his Bathing Beauties, many of whom had  acting careers.

After struggling with bankruptcy and the dominance of sound films in the early 1930s, Sennett was presented with an honorary Academy Award in 1938 for his contributions to the film industry, with the academy describing him as a "master of fun, discoverer of stars, sympathetic, kindly, understanding comedy genius".