hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
PHerc. Paris. 4
PHerc. Paris. 4 is a carbonized scroll of papyrus, dating to the 1st century BC to the 1st century AD. Part of a corpus known as the Herculaneum papyri, it was buried by hot-ash in the Roman city of Herculaneum during the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD. It was subsequently discovered in excavations of the Villa of the Papyri from 1752–1754. Held by the Institut de France in its rolled state, it is now known to be a cornerstone example of non-invasive reading, where in February 2024, an announcement was made that the scroll's contents can be unveiled with the use of non-invasive X-ray imaging and machine learning algorithms, paving the way towards the decipherment and scanning of other Herculaneum papyri and otherwise heavily damaged scrolls.

Imaging
Imaging is the process of creating visual representations of objects, scenes, or phenomena. The term encompasses both the formation of images through physical processes and the technologies used to capture, store, process, and display them. While traditional imaging relies on visible light, modern imaging systems can visualize information across the electromagnetic spectrum and through other physical phenomena such as sound waves, magnetic fields, and particle emissions, enabling the visualization of subjects invisible to the human eye.

Imaging science is the multidisciplinary field concerned with the theoretical foundations and practical applications of image creation and analysis. The field draws on physics, mathematics, electrical engineering, computer science, computer vision, and perceptual psychology to develop systems that generate, collect, duplicate, analyze, modify, and visualize images.
Barbara Gray (urban planner)
Barbara Gray is the general manager of Transportation Services at the City of Toronto and an advisory board member of the University of Toronto Transportation Research Institute. She is an expert in urban transportation and urban transit.  Gray has been working as a municipal civil servant since 1999, first in Seattle, and, since 2016, in Toronto.

Toronto Transportation Services
Toronto Transportation Services is the division of the City of Toronto which manages transport infrastructure within public rights of way in Toronto. With an operating budget of approximately $436.4 million in 2022 and 1,400 staff, the division maintains the city's surface streets and sidewalks, cycling infrastructure, the Gardiner Expressway and the Don Valley Parkway.
Confessions of a Teen Sleuth
Confessions of a Teen Sleuth: A Parody is a 2005 parody novel by American writer Chelsea Cain. The book is a parody of the Nancy Drew mystery series published under the collective pseudonym Carolyn Keene and created by Edward Stratemeyer. The novel purports to be the true story of Nancy Drew, who claims that Keene was a former college roommate who plagiarized her life story while also misrepresenting Drew in the process. It incorporates characters from the mystery series while also including or mentioning characters from other series such as The Hardy Boys, Cherry Ames, and Encyclopedia Brown.

Encyclopedia Brown
Encyclopedia Brown is a series of children’s books featuring the adventures of boy detective Leroy Brown, nicknamed "Encyclopedia" for his intelligence and range of knowledge.  The 29 books  in the children's literature series were written (one co-written) by Donald J. Sobol, with the first book published in 1963 and the last published posthumously in 2012. In addition to the main books, the Encyclopedia Brown series has spawned a comic strip, a TV series, and compilation books of puzzles and games.

Sobol's first Encyclopedia Brown book was written in two weeks; subsequent books took about six months to write. Its main publisher was Bantam Skylark.
Buccaneer 18
The Buccaneer 18, also called the Buccaneer dinghy and the Gloucester 18, is an American planing sailing dinghy that was designed in 1966 by Rod Macalpine-Downie and Dick Gibbs as a one-design racer and day sailer. The prototype was first shown in 1967 at Yachting's "One of a Kind" Regatta, in which it placed second.

Planing (boat)
Planing (/ˈpleɪnɪŋ/ PLAY-ning) is the mode of operation for a waterborne craft in which its weight is predominantly supported by hydrodynamic lift, rather than hydrostatic lift (buoyancy).

Many forms of marine transport make use of planing, including fast ferries, racing boats, seaplanes, and water skis. Most surfboards are planing or semi-planing hulls. Beyond planing, fast vessel designs have seen a transition to hydrofoil designs.
Medicine Hat—Cardston—Warner
Medicine Hat—Cardston—Warner (formerly Medicine Hat) is a federal electoral district in southern Alberta, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1908.

Following the 2012 federal electoral redistribution, the riding was renamed Medicine Hat—Cardston—Warner.

In 2016, 34.9% of the population of the Medicine Hat constituency were of German ethnic origin, one of the highest percentages in all of Canada.

In the 42nd Canadian Parliament, the seat was represented by Jim Hillyer of the Conservative Party of Canada until his death on 23 March 2016. In the first by-election in the history of the Medicine Hat constituency held on 24 October 2016, Glen Motz of the Conservatives was elected. Motz has been the riding's representative to Ottawa since then.

German Canadians
German Canadians (German: Deutschkanadier or Deutsch-Kanadier, pronounced [ˈdɔʏtʃkaˌnaːdi̯ɐ]) are Canadian citizens of German ancestry or Germans who emigrated to and reside in Canada. According to the 2021 census, there are 2,955,695 Canadians with full or partial German ancestry. Some immigrants came from what is today Germany, while larger numbers came from German settlements in Eastern Europe and Imperial Russia; others came from parts of the German Confederation, Austria-Hungary and Switzerland.
Knight of Ellerslie
Knight of Ellerslie (1881 – 1906) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse. In 1884 he won the Preakness Stakes and was second to Panique in the Belmont Stakes. These two important races would become the second and third legs of the U.S. Triple Crown series.

Knight of Ellerslie was bred at Ellerslie Stud in Albemarle County, Virginia, owned by Richard Hancock. He was the father of Arthur B. Hancock, who would have inherited Ellerslie Stud but who later sold it in order to consolidate his breeding operations at his Claiborne Farm in Paris, Kentucky. Knight of Ellerslie was purchased by Major Thomas Walker Doswell of Bullfield Farm in Doswell, Virginia, who trained and raced him throughout his career on the track.

As a sire, Knight of Ellerslie’s most notable offspring was Henry of Navarre, who was named American Horse of the Year in 1894 and 1895 and later inducted into the U.S. Racing Hall of Fame.

Knight of Ellerslie died at Woodburn Stud in Kentucky in November 1906.

Doswell, Virginia
Doswell is an unincorporated community in Hanover County in the Central Region of the U.S. state of Virginia. Originally called Hanover Junction, it was located on the Virginia Central Railroad (later, part of the C&O) at a crossing of the Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad, a north–south route. Both railroads are now owned by CSX Transportation, although the former Virginia Central line is leased to a short-line carrier, Buckingham Branch Railroad. The area near the Doswell train station is a popular train-watching site for railfans.
Surrey Cricket Board
The Surrey Cricket Board is the governing body for all recreational cricket in the historic county of Surrey.

From 1999 to 2003 the Board fielded a team in the English domestic one-day tournament, matches which had List-A status.

Friends Provident Trophy
The Friends Provident Trophy was a one-day cricket competition in the British Isles.

It was one of the four tournaments in which the eighteen first-class counties competed each season. They were joined by teams from Scotland and Ireland. Lancashire won the title a record seven times.

The competition was previously known as the Gillette Cup (1963–1980), the NatWest Trophy (1981–2000), and the C&G Trophy (2000–2006). For a short period following the 2006 season, the competition was known as the ECB One-Day Trophy because no sponsors were forthcoming when Cheltenham and Gloucester decided to end their association with the competition after the 2006 season. The tournament, along with the Pro40 forty-overs competition, was replaced by the ECB 40 competition from the 2010 season.
Syed Ziaur Rahman
Syed Ziaur Rahman is a permanent member of 'Board of Trustees' and Chair of the Advisory Council (Section 3), International Association of Medical Colleges (IAOMC). He also serves as Chairman, Department of Pharmacology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh, Elected Secretary of IAOMC and Society of Pharmacovigilance, India (SoPI).

Indian Medical Association
The Indian Medical Association (IMA) is a private, national voluntary organisation of physicians in India. It was established in 1928 as the All India Medical Association, and was renamed the Indian Medical Association in 1930. It is a society registered under The Societies Act of India.
Pawły, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship
Pawły [ˈpavwɨ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pieniężno, within Braniewo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland.

Before 1772 the area was part of Kingdom of Poland, and in 1772–1945 it belonged to Prussia and Germany (East Prussia).

First Partition of Poland
The First Partition of Poland took place in 1772 as the first of three partitions that eventually ended the existence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth by 1795. The growth of power in the Russian Empire threatened the Kingdom of Prussia and the Habsburg monarchy and was the primary motive behind the First Partition.

Frederick the Great, King in Prussia, engineered the partition to prevent Austria, which was envious of Russian successes against the Ottoman Empire, from going to war. Territories in Poland–Lithuania were divided by its more powerful neighbours (Austria, Russia and Prussia) to restore the regional balance of power in Central Europe among those three countries.

With Poland unable to defend itself effectively and foreign troops already inside the country, the Polish Sejm ratified the partition in 1773 during the Partition Sejm, which was convened by the three powers.
Russell Glacier (Mount Rainier)
The Russell Glacier is a medium-sized glacier on the north flank of Mount Rainier, Washington.  Named for the geologist Israel Russell, it covers 1.3 square miles (3.4 km2) and contains 3.1 billion ft3 (88 million m3) of ice. Starting from its highest point at 9,400 feet (2,900 m), the Russell Glacier flows northeast towards the Carbon Glacier and contributes ice to the larger glacier before becoming distinct below 7,000 feet (2,100 m). With most of the ice located from 8,000 feet (2,400 m) to 9,000 feet (2,700 m), the glacier only descends to 6,800 feet (2,100 m), unlike the much lower extent of the Carbon Glacier. Echo Rock and 8,364 ft (2,549 m) Observation Rock, two minor sub-peaks of Rainier, lie northwest of this glacier. Meltwater from the glacier eventually reaches the Carbon River.

Carbon River
The Carbon River is a river in the U.S. state of Washington. It flows about 30 miles (48 km) from its source, the Carbon Glacier on Mount Rainier, to join the Puyallup River at Orting.

Charles Wilkes called the river the "Upthascap River", but after the discovery of coal along its banks in 1876 the river was renamed "Carbon".
Squash at the 2019 Pan American Games – Women's team
The women's team squash event of the 2019 Pan American Games was held from July 28 – July 31 at the CAR Voleibol en la Videna in Lima, Peru. The defending Pan American Games champion is the team from Canada.

The United States team took the gold by defeating Canada in the finals. Colombia and Mexico took home the bronze medals, which repeated the same results from four years prior in Toronto.

2019 Pan American Games
The 2019 Pan American Games (Spanish: Juegos Panamericanos de 2019), officially the XVIII Pan American Games (Spanish: XVIII Juegos Panamericanos) and commonly known as Lima 2019, were a multi-sport event governed by the Panam Sports Organization held in Lima, Peru from July 26 to August 11, 2019, with preliminary rounds in certain events having begun on July 24, 2019. These were the first Pan American Games to be held in Peru, and the seventh to be held in South America.

The opening ceremony took place on July 26 at the National Stadium of Peru, and the Games were declared open by former Peruvian President Martín Vizcarra. These Pan American Games were held at venues in and around Lima, and are the largest sporting event ever hosted by the country.
2000 IIHF Women's World Championship
The 2000 IIHF Women's World Championships was held April 3–9, 2000 in the Ontario towns of Mississauga, Barrie, Kitchener, London, Niagara Falls, Oshawa and Peterborough, Canada. Final games were played at the Hershey Centre in Mississauga.  Team Canada won their sixth consecutive gold medal at the World Championships defeating the United States.

In one of the closest finals competed, Canada took the tournament with a 2–1 final win, in overtime.  Finland picked up their sixth consecutive bronze medal, with a win over Sweden.

This year's tournament also counted as qualification for the Salt Lake Olympics.  With six automatic berths available, all four semi-finalists were assured Olympic participation.  In the consolation round China defeated Germany and Russia defeated Japan, to join them.

Niagara Falls, Ontario
Niagara Falls is a city in Ontario, Canada, adjacent to, and named after, Niagara Falls. As of the 2021 census, the city had a population of 94,415. The city is located on the Niagara Peninsula along the western bank of the Niagara River, which forms part of the Canada–United States border, with the other side being the twin city of Niagara Falls, New York. Niagara Falls is  within the Regional Municipality of Niagara and a part of the St. Catharines - Niagara Census Metropolitan Area (CMA).

Tourism is a major part of the city's economy: its skyline consists of multiple high-rise hotels and observation towers that overlook the waterfalls and adjacent parkland. Souvenir shops, arcades, museums, amusement rides, indoor water parks, casinos, theatres and a convention centre are located nearby in the city's large tourist area. Other parts of the city include historic sites from the War of 1812, parks, golf courses, commercial spaces, and residential neighbourhoods.
Þrúðgelmir
In Norse mythology, Þrúðgelmir (Old Norse pronunciation: [ˈθruːð.ɟɛlmɪr]; Old Norse "Strength Yeller") is a jötunn, the son of the primordial jötunn Aurgelmir (who Snorri Sturluson in Gylfaginning identifies with Ymir), and the father of Bergelmir. Þrúðgelmir had one brother and one sister, who were elder than he was. Þrúðgelmir's name is sometimes anglicized as Thrudgelmir. He may have been the jötunn born from Ymir's legs.

Snorri Sturluson
Snorri Sturluson (Old Norse: [ˈsnorːe ˈsturloˌson]; Icelandic: [ˈstnɔrːɪ ˈstʏ(r)tlʏˌsɔːn]; 1179 – 23 September 1241) was an Icelandic historian, poet, knight, and politician. He was elected twice as lawspeaker of the Icelandic parliament, the Althing. He is commonly thought to have authored or compiled portions of the Prose Edda, which is a major source for what is today known about Norse mythology and alliterative verse, and Heimskringla, a history of the Norse kings that begins with legendary material in Ynglinga saga and moves through to early medieval Scandinavian history. For stylistic and methodological reasons, Snorri is often taken to be the author of Egil's Saga. He was assassinated in 1241 by men claiming to be agents of the King of Norway.
Boogie Oogie Oogie
"Boogie Oogie Oogie" is a song by the American band A Taste of Honey from their 1978 self-titled debut album. Released as their debut single in the summer of 1978, the song became an extremely popular crossover disco hit. It topped the American pop, soul and disco charts in September 1978 and became the first certified platinum single in the history of Capitol Records for selling over two million copies. It also became one of the most recognizable songs from the disco era. The lyrics call out to listeners to "boogie oogie oogie till you just can't boogie no more" and features Janice-Marie Johnson doing lead vocals while playing its iconic slap bass  lines at the same time.

The group was awarded two platinum records for both the single and album and they won the Grammy Award for Best New Artist at the 20th Grammys on February 15, 1979.

Limited edition colored vinyl releases were issued in some nations.  In Mexico, the record was red, and in France it was honey colored.

Slapping (music)
Slapping and popping are ways to produce percussive sounds on a stringed instrument. They are primarily used on the double bass or bass guitar. Slapping on bass guitar involves using the edge of one's knuckle, where it is particularly bony, to quickly strike the string against the fretboard. On bass guitars, this is commonly done with the thumb, while on double bass, the edge of the hand or index finger may be used. Popping refers to pulling the string away from the fretboard and quickly releasing it so it snaps back against the fretboard. On bass guitar, the two techniques are commonly used together in alternation, though either may be used separately.
Qufu railway station
Qufu railway station is a railway station in Qufu, Jining, Shandong. It is on the Yanzhou–Shijiusuo railway. It was built in 1981 and is under the jurisdiction of China Railway Jinan Group. The station has three platforms and five tracks, but it is used less frequently than Qufu East Railway station, which offers high speed rail.

Jining
Jining (simplified Chinese: 济宁; traditional Chinese: 濟寧 / 濟寗; pinyin: Jǐníng) is a prefecture-level city in southwestern Shandong province. It borders Heze to the southwest, Zaozhuang to the southeast, Tai'an to the northeast, and the provinces of Henan and Jiangsu to the northwest and south respectively. Jining, which is located directly to the north of Lake Nanyang (Chinese: 南阳湖; pinyin: Nányáng Hú), is today the northernmost city reachable by navigation on the Grand Canal of China making it an important inland port.

Its population was 8,081,905 at the 2010 census, of whom 1,518,000 lived in the built-up (or metro) area made up of Rencheng urban district on 884 km2 (341 sq mi), Yanzhou district not being totally conurbated yet.
Ernst Friedrich, Baron von Schlotheim
Ernst Friedrich, Freiherr von Schlotheim (2 April 1764 – 28 March 1832), German palaeontologist and politician, was born in Allmenshausen, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen.

He was Privy Councillor and President of the Chamber at the court of Gotha. Becoming interested in geology he gathered a very extensive collection of fossils. In 1804 he published descriptions and illustrations of remarkable remains of (Carboniferous) plants, Ein Beitrag zur Flora der Vorwelt.

His more important work was entitled Die Petrefactenkunde (1820). In this he incorporated the plates used in his previous memoir and supplemented it by a folio atlas (1822), in which he illustrated his collection of petrified and fossil remains of the animal and vegetable kingdom of a former world. For the first time in Germany the fossils were named according to the binomial system of Linnaeus. His specimens are preserved in the Berlin Museum. He died at Gotha.

Privy council
A privy council is a body that advises a head of state, typically, but not always, in the context of a monarchical government. The term "privy" (from French privé) signifies private or secret. Consequently, a privy council, more common in the past, existed as a group of a ruling monarch's most trusted court advisors. Its purpose was to consistently provide confidential advice on matters of state. Despite the abolition of monarchy, some privy councils remained operational, while others were individually disbanded, allowing the monarchical system to continue to exist without a secret crown council.
Scheibenhard
Scheibenhard (French pronunciation: [ʃaibənaʁt]) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in northeastern France.

It lies on the German border, continuous with the German village of Scheibenhardt, separated only by a small creek, the Lauter.

This creek became the border due to the Vienna Congress of 1815, but from 1870 to 1918 and 1940 till 1945 both sides were annexed by the German Empire/Nazi Germany.

The village is situated near the northeastern corner of France.

Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin (French pronunciation: [bɑ ʁɛ̃] ⓘ) is a department in Alsace which is a part of the Grand Est region of France. The name means 'Lower Rhine', referring to its lower altitude among the two French Rhine departments: it is downstream of the Haut-Rhin (Upper Rhine) department. Both belong to the European Upper Rhine region. It is, with the Haut-Rhin (Upper Rhine), one of the two departments of the traditional Alsace region which until 1871, also included the area now known as the Territoire de Belfort. The more populous and densely populated of the pair, it had 1,152,662 inhabitants in 2021. The prefecture is based in Strasbourg. The INSEE and Post Code is 67.

On 1 January 2021, the departemental councils of Bas-Rhin and Haut-Rhin merged into the European Collectivity of Alsace.

The inhabitants of the department are known as Bas-Rhinois or Bas-Rhinoises.
Univair Aircraft Corporation
Univair Aircraft Corporation is an American aircraft manufacturer holding the type certificate for the Stinson 108 series, and Ercoupe series aircraft, including the Forney, Alon and the Mooney M10 Cadet. The company holds parts manufacturing approvals for Aeronca Champion, Bellanca Citabria, Bellanca Decathlon, Aeronca Scout, Cessna, Luscombe, Piper and Taylorcraft.

Univair was founded in the Denver, Colorado area in February 1946 by J.E. “Eddie” Dyer and Don Vest as Vest Aircraft Company. The company initially performed flight instruction, parts and repair. In 1963, Vest was closed following the death of its founder, and was reestablished by his wife in 1966 as Univair. The company moved to a new location off airport property in 1972.

Univair has specialized in manufacturing FAA approved new parts for vintage aircraft such as the Piper Cub.

American Champion Decathlon
The American Champion 8KCAB Decathlon and Super Decathlon are two-seat fixed conventional gear light airplanes designed for flight training and personal use and capable of sustaining aerobatic stresses between +6g and −5g.  The Decathlon entered production in the United States in 1970 as a more powerful and stronger complement to the American Champion Citabria line of aircraft.

The Decathlon was designed by the Champion Aircraft Corporation, and is a derivative of the 7-series Citabrias.  While the Citabria designs remain successful, and the introduction of the 7KCAB variant of the Citabria had added limited inverted flight capability, the Citabrias are not capable of "outside" maneuvers, those requiring significant negative-g loads.  Pilots wanted an aircraft capable of more maneuvers, and Champion introduced the 8KCAB Decathlon in response to this demand.
2019 World Indoor Lacrosse Championship
The 2019 World Indoor Lacrosse Championship (WILC) was the fifth international box lacrosse championship organized by World Lacrosse every four years. It was held 19-28 September 2019 at the Langley Events Centre in Langley, British Columbia, Canada.  The winner of the WILC wins the Cockerton Cup, named for All-American lacrosse player Stan Cockerton.

Haudenosaunee national indoor lacrosse team
The Haudenosaunee Nationals Indoor Lacrosse Team, known as the Haudenosaunee Nationals, represents the Iroquois Confederacy in international box lacrosse competitions.  They are currently ranked second in the world by World Lacrosse and have won silver medals in all five World Indoor Lacrosse Championships. The team is organized by the First Nations Lacrosse Association.

In June 2022, the Nationals dropped Iroquois from their name, adopting the name the Haudenosaunee Nationals.