hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2025 in arthropod paleontology
In 2025, several new arthropod fossil taxa, including arachnids, crustaceans, trilobites, and other arthropods (for insects, see 2025 in paleoentomology) were announced or described. Other significant arthropod paleontological discoveries and events also occurred in 2025.

Arachnid
Arachnids are arthropods in the class Arachnida (/əˈræknɪdə/) of the subphylum Chelicerata. Arachnida includes, among others, spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, pseudoscorpions, harvestmen, camel spiders, whip spiders and vinegaroons.

Adult arachnids have eight legs attached to the  cephalothorax. In some species the frontmost pair of legs has converted to a sensory function, while in others, different appendages can grow large enough to take on the appearance of extra pairs of legs.

Almost all extant arachnids are terrestrial, living mainly on land. However, some inhabit freshwater environments and, with the exception of the pelagic zone, marine environments as well. They comprise over 110,000 named species, of which 51,000 are species of spiders.

The term is derived from the Greek word ἀράχνη (aráchnē, 'spider'), from the myth of the hubristic human weaver Arachne, who was turned into a spider.
Panglung
Panglung (Nepali: पाङ्लुङ्) is a village in Sankhar village development committee Ward No-7, Syangja District, Gandaki Province, Nepal. The majority of its people are Brahmins. At the 2011 Nepal census, it had a population of 541, with 261 males and 280 females living in 46 households.

Gandaki Province
Gandaki Province (Nepali: गण्डकी  प्रदेश, romanized: Gaṇḍakī pradēśa ([ɡʌɳɖʌki]) Listenⓘ) is one of the seven federal provinces established by the current constitution of Nepal which was promulgated on 20 September 2015. Pokhara is the province's capital city. It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region in Southwestern China to the north, Bagmati Province to the east, Karnali Province to the west, and Lumbini Province and Bihar in India to the south. The total area of the province is 21,504 km2 (8,303 sq mi), constituting 14.57% of Nepal's total area. According to the 2021 census, the population of the province was 2,479,745. The newly elected Provincial Assembly adopted Gandaki Province as the permanent name, replacing its initial name Province No. 4 on 27 April 2023. Surendra Raj Pandey is the present chief minister of Gandaki Province.
Novonikolayevka (Kupinsky District)
Novonikolayevka (Russian: Новониколаевка) is a rural locality (a selo). It is the administrative head of the Novonikolaevsky Village Council, Kupinsky District, Novosibirsk Oblast, Russia.

Population:  446 (2010 Census); 533 (2002 Census);

Kupinsky District
Kupinsky District (Russian: Ку́пинский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty in Novosibirsk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the southwest of the oblast. The area of the district is 5,809 square kilometers (2,243 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Kupino. Population: 31,199 (2010 Census);  37,451 (2002 Census); 40,440 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Kupino accounts for 47.7% of the district's total population.
Subhan Raza Khan
Subhan Raza Khan is an Indian Islamic scholar who was the former head of Bareilly Dargah, shrine of his great-great grandfather Ahmed Raza Khan, in Bareilly, India. He is chairperson of the Manzar-e-Islam seminary. He also edits the Urdu-language Ala Hazrat monthly magazine which is published in Dargah. His son Ahsan Raza Khan has been appointed present head of the Bareilly Dargah.

In 2015 during a protest against illegal encroachment on Waqf properties, he called Samajwadi Party founder-patron Mulayam Singh Yadav an "RSS agent".

Mulayam Singh Yadav
Mulayam Singh Yadav (22 November 1939 – 10 October 2022) was an Indian politician, schoolmaster, lecturer and a socialist figure and the founder of the Samajwadi Party. Over the course of his political career spanning more than six decades, he served for three terms as the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, and also as the Union Minister of Defence in the Government of India. A long-time parliamentarian, he was a seven-time Member of Parliament representing Mainpuri, Azamgarh, Sambhal and Kannauj constituencies in the Lok Sabha, a ten-time member of the Legislative Assembly, member of the Legislative Council and the Leader of Opposition several times as well. Yadav was often referred to as Netaji by his party leaders and workers. In 2023, he was posthumously conferred with Padma Vibhushan, India’s second highest civilian award by the Government of India.
Bren MacDibble
Bren MacDibble (née McGregor; born 1966) is a New Zealand-born writer of children's and young adult books based in Australia. Bren also writes under the name Cally Black. She uses the alias to distinguish between books written for younger children (under the name Bren MacDibble) and books written for young adults (under the name Cally Black).

Children's Book Council of Australia
The Children's Book Council of Australia (CBCA) is a not for profit organisation which aims to engage the community with literature for young Australians. The CBCA presents the annual Children's Book of the Year Awards to books of literary merit, recognising their contribution to Australian children's literature.
God's Country (1946 film)
God's Country is a 1946 Western movie directed by Robert Emmett Tansey and featuring Robert Lowery, Helen Gilbert and Buster Keaton.  It is a low-budget color B Western set in the contemporary American West.

Robert Emmett Tansey
Robert Emmett Tansey (June 28, 1897 – June 17, 1951) was an American actor, screenwriter, film producer and director. He was active in cinema in various roles from the 1910s to the 1950s. He was credited under at least 15 pseudonyms, such as Charles Anders, John Foster, Al Lane or Frank Simpson. Tansey died in Hollywood at age 53.
Sweetbriar
Sweetbriar is a Neoclassical mansion in the Federal style built in 1797 in West Fairmount Park, Philadelphia. The mansion was built by Samuel Breck and named for the roses that grew on the property. The interior includes a double parlor and floor-to-ceiling windows with sweeping views of the Schuylkill River. Period pieces include Chinese armorial porcelain, Hepplewhite and Sheraton style chairs, and Adam style furniture. Wedgwood jasperware and fireplaces with delicate plaster decorations were influenced by discoveries in the ancient houses of Pompeii. Bird prints by John James Audubon and paintings by William Birch decorate the walls.

The house was operated by the Modern Club of Philadelphia from 1939 to 2014. It has been closed while undergoing renovations as the city looks for a new organization to maintain it.

Samuel Breck (politician)
Samuel Breck (July 17, 1771 – August 31, 1862) was an American politician from Pennsylvania who served as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives for Pennsylvania's 1st congressional district from 1823 to 1825.
Hans Goksøyr
Hans Goksøyr (10 February 1923 – 24 August 2016) was a Norwegian businessperson in the petroleum industry.

He was born in Eidsvoll, and took his secondary education at Oslo Cathedral School in 1943. He then enrolled in the Royal Norwegian Air Force in-exile in Canada, serving in World War II. After the war he returned to Norway, enrolling at the Norwegian Institute of Technology in 1946. He graduated in 1951, and then worked as a research assistant and fellow until 1954. In 1955, he was hired in Shell Norway, advancing to director of planning, public relations and environment in his later career. He left Shell in 1984, and was secretary-general in the Norwegian Petroleum Institute from 1985 to 1989.

Goksøyr was also an amateur painter, and in 1954 he was represented with two works at the national Autumn Exhibit, Høstutstillingen. His other hobbies included golf and giving lectures. He settled in Nesøya in 1963, was married and had two sons. He died in August 2016 at the age of 93.

Royal Norwegian Air Force
The Royal Norwegian Air Force (RNoAF) (Norwegian: Luftforsvaret, lit. 'The Air Defence') is the air force of Norway. It was established as a separate arm of the Norwegian Armed Forces on 10 November 1944. The RNoAF's peacetime establishment is approximately 2,430 employees (officers, enlisted staff and civilians). 600 personnel also serve their draft period in the RNoAF. After mobilization, the RNoAF would consist of approximately 5,500 personnel.

The infrastructure of the RNoAF includes seven airbases (at Ørland, Rygge, Andøya, Evenes, Bardufoss, Bodø, and Gardermoen). It also has one control and reporting centre (in Sørreisa Municipality) and three training centres: Værnes in Stjørdal Municipality (about 32.7 kilometres (20.3 mi) northeast of Trondheim), Kjevik in Kristiansand Municipality, and at KNM Harald Haarfagre/Madlaleiren in Stavanger Municipality.
Grand union
A grand union is a rail track junction where two double-track railway or tramway lines cross at grade, often in a street intersection or crossroads.  A total of sixteen railroad switches (sets of points) allow streetcars (or in rarer installations, trains) coming from any direction to take any of the three other directions. The same effect may be achieved with two adjacent wyes if the location allows for space.

Railway track
Railway track (CwthE and UIC terminology) or railroad track (NAmE), also known as permanent way (per way) (CwthE) or "P way" (BrE and Indian English), is the structure on a railway or railroad consisting of the rails, fasteners, sleepers (railroad ties in American English) and ballast (or slab track), plus the underlying subgrade. It enables trains to move by providing a dependable, low-friction surface on which steel wheels can roll. Early tracks were constructed with wooden or cast-iron rails, and wooden or stone sleepers. Since the 1870s, rails have almost universally been made from steel.
Kacha (king)
Kacha (Gupta script:  Kā-cha, IAST: Kāca, c. 4th century) was a king of India, possibly a member of the Gupta dynasty. He is known only from his gold coins, which are similar to those of the Gupta king Samudragupta.

Kacha's identity is a matter of debate among modern historians: two popular theories are that he was either same as Samudragupta, or that he was a brother of Samudragupta. According to the first theory, Kacha may have assumed the regnal name "Samudra-gupta" after extending his empire's borders up to the ocean ("samudra"). According to the second theory, Kacha probably contested Samudragupta's claim to the throne, and ruled for a brief period. Alternative theories identify him with other Gupta rulers, or as a non-Gupta usurper.

Bayana
Bayana is a historical town and the headquarters of Bayana tehsil in the Bharatpur district of Rajasthan, India. Hindaun, the nearest city to Bayana, is just 33 km (21 mi) away. Bayana is also known as the "City of Bansasura".
Platte River (Iowa and Missouri)
The Platte River is a tributary of the Missouri River and is 195.5 miles (314.6 km) long. It is located in southwestern Iowa and northwestern Missouri in the United States and is also known as  Little Platte River to distinguish it from the larger Platte River, also a tributary of the Missouri, in nearby Nebraska. The Platte River of Missouri itself has a tributary known as the Little Platte River.

St. Joseph, Missouri
St. Joseph is a city in and the county seat of Buchanan County, Missouri, United States. Located on the Missouri River, it is the principal city of the St. Joseph Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes Buchanan, Andrew, and DeKalb counties in Missouri and Doniphan County, Kansas. As of the 2020 census, St. Joseph had a population of 72,473, making it the 8th most populous city in the state, and the 3rd most populous in Northwest Missouri. St. Joseph is located roughly 30 miles (48 km) north of the Kansas City, Missouri city limits and approximately 125 miles (201 km) south of Omaha, Nebraska.

The city was named after the town's founder Joseph Robidoux and the biblical Saint Joseph. In the nineteenth century, it was the death place of American outlaw Jesse James. It was also the starting point of the Pony Express serving the West. Today, St. Joseph is home to Missouri Western State University, which enrolls over 3,800 students.
Bargo Parish
The Parish of Bargo is a parish of the County of Camden in New South Wales. Its seat is the village of Bargo. The Main Southern railway line passes through the parish, including the Bargo station. The Hume Highway also passes through the parish, where it intersects Avon Dam Road, and also by the Pheasants Nest roadhouse.

Lake Nepean and the Nepean River are the boundaries to the east, while the Bargo River is the boundary to the west. Forest Creek is the boundary to the south.

Parish (administrative division)
A parish is an administrative division used by several countries. To distinguish it from an ecclesiastical parish, the term civil parish is used in some jurisdictions, as noted below.

The table below lists countries which use this administrative division:
Bovine immunodeficiency virus
Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) is a retrovirus belonging to the genus Lentivirus.  It is similar to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and infects cattle.  The cells primarily infected are lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages.

Lymphocyte
A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell (leukocyte) in the immune system of most vertebrates. Lymphocytes include T cells (for cell-mediated and cytotoxic adaptive immunity), B cells (for humoral, antibody-driven adaptive immunity), and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs; "innate T cell-like" cells involved in mucosal immunity and homeostasis), of which natural killer cells are an important subtype (which functions in cell-mediated, cytotoxic innate immunity). They are the main type of cell found in lymph, which prompted the name "lymphocyte" (with cyte meaning cell). Lymphocytes make up between 18% and 42% of circulating white blood cells.
Carson Helicopters
Carson Helicopters, Inc is a helicopter-operating company based in Perkasie, Pennsylvania, United States. Carson operates a fleet of Sikorsky S-61 helicopters in aerial lift services and aerial firefighting.  Carson developed the "Carson Blade" for the S-61 and H-3 Sea King. In 2010, Carson Helicopters, Inc. partnered with Sikorsky Aircraft to develop and manufacture the S-61T, an upgraded version of the S-61 helicopter.

In 2015 former VP Steve Metheny was sentenced to prison for falsifying documents related to a 2008 crash that killed seven firefighters and two pilots. A federal jury had earlier found that the primary cause of the crash was the failure of the GE-designed engine, specifically issues with the engine's fuel control, of which GE had previously been notified.

Founder and president Franklin Carson died on October 25, 2024.

Aerial crane
An aerial crane or flying crane is a helicopter used to lift heavy or awkward loads. As aerial cranes, helicopters carry loads connected to long cables or slings in order to place heavy equipment when other methods are not available or economically feasible, or when the job must be accomplished in remote or inaccessible areas, such as the tops of tall buildings or the top of a hill or mountain, far from the nearest road. Helicopters were first used as aerial cranes in the 1950s, but it was not until the 1960s that their popularity in construction and other industries began to catch on. The most consistent use of helicopters as aerial cranes is in the logging industry to lift large trees out of rugged terrain where vehicles are not able to reach, or where environmental concerns prohibit roadbuilding. These operations are referred to as longline because of the long, single sling line used to carry the load.
Nazeing Triangle
Nazeing Triangle is a 0.5 hectare Local Nature Reserve in Nazeing, between Harlow and Cheshunt in Essex. It is owned by Nazeing Parish Council and managed by the council together with Epping Forest District Council.

This very small site, which surrounded on all three sides by roads, is mainly occupied by a pond, which has great crested and smooth newts, together with waterfowl and dragonflies. It has an area of wildflower meadow with ox-eye daisy, bird's foot trefoil and self heal. The site is bordered by a hawthorn hedge.

There is access by a gate in Back Lane.

Nazeing
Nazeing (/ˈneɪzɪŋ/ NAYZ-ing) is a village and civil parish in the Epping Forest district, in Essex, England. As well as the small village of Nazeing itself the parish also includes surrounding rural areas and the larger village of Lower Nazeing.  The Prime Meridian passes to the west of Lower Nazeing. At the 2021 census the parish had a population of 4,799, of which 3,740 lived in the built up area of Lower Nazeing.
Kochan (surname)
Kochan (Slovak/Czech feminine: Kochanová), also spelled Kokhan (Ukrainian: Кохан), is a surname. Notable people with this surname include:

Alexis Kochan (born 1953), Ukrainian-Canadian composer and singer

Craig Kochan (born 1969), Canadian curler

Dieter Kochan (born 1974), American ice hockey goaltender

Günter Kochan (1930–2009), German classical composer

Jacek Kochan (born 1955), Polish musician

Lionel Kochan (1922–2005), British historian

Miriam Kochan (1929–2018), English writer and translator

Nick Kochan, British journalist

Magdalena Kochan (born 1950), Polish politician

Matej Kochan (born 1992), Slovak footballer

Rebekah Kochan (born 1984), American actress

Thomas Anton Kochan (born 1947), American professor

Mykhaylo Kokhan (born 2001), Ukrainian athlete

Dieter Kochan
Dieter Kochan (born May 11, 1974), is a Canadian-born American former professional ice hockey goaltender who played for the United States men's national ice hockey team at the 2002 IIHF World Championship as well as 21 games for the NHL Tampa Bay Lightning and Minnesota Wild  between 2000 and 2003. He was the first player to be called up directly from the UHL to the NHL. He notably scored a goal for the B.C. Icemen, on January 5, 1999. He was a member of the Calder Cup champion Houston Aeros in 2002–03. Internationally Kochan played for the American national team at the 2002 World Championship.

Kochan was born in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan and raised in Madison, Wisconsin.
Hossein Shah-Hosseini
Hossein Shah-Hosseini (Persian: حسین شاه‌حسینی) was an Iranian politician who served as the head of the Physical Education Organization, as well as the National Olympic Committee during the interim cabinet of Mehdi Bazargan.

A leading member of the National Front, he belonged to its Islamic-oriented faction and was closely associated with the Council of Nationalist-Religious Activists of Iran. Shah-Hosseini also served as the treasurer of National Council for Peace.

Physical Education Organization
The Physical Education Organization was an effort by the Government of Iran to promote the development of athletics and sporting activities of Iran. It was dissolved in late 2010 and its responsibilities transferred to the Ministry of Sport and Youth.
Tanza National Comprehensive High School
Tanza National Comprehensive High School ( Filipino: Masaklaw na Pambansang Mataas na Paaralan ng Tanza) is a public high school located at Daang Amaya II, Tanza, Cavite, Philippines. The school is abbreviated as TNCHS or simply Tanza High. It was established in the year 1949.

Cavite
Cavite, officially the Province of Cavite (Tagalog: Lalawigan ng Kabite;  Chavacano: Provincia de Cavite; Filipino: Lalawigan ng Cavite), is a province of the Philippines located in the Calabarzon region. Situated in the southern shores of Manila Bay,  it is one of the most industrialized and fastest-growing provinces in the Philippines.

The province holds major historical significance, with most of the Philippine Revolution taking place in several areas of Cavite. The revolution ultimately led to the renouncement Spanish colonial control, culminating in the Philippine Declaration of Independence on June 12, 1898 in the town of Kawit. The old provincial capital, Cavite City, also hosted docks for the Manila galleon, becoming an essential part of commerce between Asia and Latin America at the time.
Phil Curtis
Phillip Edwin Lionel Shutt (31 March 1951 – 14 March 2018), known professionally as Phil Curtis, was an English session musician and bass guitarist known for his work with Arthur Brown, Kiki Dee, Steve Gibbons, Larry Carlton, Chris Rea, Gilbert O'Sullivan, John Morgan, Denny Laine, Steve Marriott, The Bay City Rollers and many others.

In his later years he worked as a composer for television and radio, as a sound engineer and as an educator.

Phil was born in Newton Longville, Buckinghamshire in 1951. His first instrument was the trumpet, which he picked up at the age of 6 before switching to bass guitar during his school years. He joined his first band, The Stormbeats, in 1961, playing at the local cinema on Saturday mornings. When asked on his motivation for becoming a musician, Phil claimed that it was "to get girls!".

Phil went on to study music at Watford College of Music before moving to London in pursuit of a career in music.

Larry Carlton
Larry Eugene Carlton (born March 2, 1948) is an American guitarist who built his career as a studio musician in the 1970s and 1980s for acts including Steely Dan and Joni Mitchell. One of the most sought-after guitarists of his era, Carlton has participated in thousands of recording sessions, recorded on hundreds of albums in many genres including more than 100 gold records, in addition to music for television and movies. He has been a member of the jazz fusion group the Crusaders and the smooth jazz band Fourplay maintaining a long solo career.
Møgelø
Møgelø is an island in Julsø opposite of Himmelbjerget in Denmark. The name Møgelø means "Big Island", as it is the largest in the lake with 28 hectares of land. Between 1915 and 1942, the FDF in Silkeborg bought up a total of 24 acres of land on the island. There are now two FDF cabins belonging to the independent institution.

Silkeborg
Silkeborg (Danish: [ˈse̝lkəˌpɒˀ]) is a Danish town with a population of 52,571 (1 January 2025). Silkeborg is the seat of Silkeborg Municipality, with a population of 101,574 as of 2025.

Silkeborg is located in the middle of the Jutlandic peninsula, slightly west of the geographical centre of Denmark. The city is situated on the Gudenå River in the hilly and lush landscape of Søhøjlandet, surrounded by Denmark's largest forest district and a great number of lakes. Silkeborg is also known as Denmark's outdoor capital. The lakes between Silkeborg and Ry that are linked by the Gudenå, are known collectively as Silkeborgsøerne (the Silkeborg lakes).
The city is divided along an east–west axis by the lake of Silkeborg Langsø, which at the eastern side of the city, flows into the Gudenå River.
K-9 (missile)
The K-9 (NATO reporting name AA-4 'Awl') was a short-range air-to-air missile developed by the Soviet Union in the late 1950s. It was designed by MKB Raduga, a division of aircraft maker Mikoyan-Gurevich. The K-9 was also known as the K-155, and would apparently have had the service designation R-38. It was intended to arm the Mikoyan-Gurevich Ye-152A (NATO reporting name 'Flipper'), an experimental high speed twin-engine aircraft, predecessor to the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25 'Foxbat'. When the Ye-152A was shown at Tushino in 1961, a prototype of the K-9 missile was displayed with it.

Neither the 'Flipper' nor the 'Awl' ever entered production.

Tushino
Tushino (Russian: Тушино, IPA: [ˈtuʂɨnə]) is a former village and town to the north of Moscow, which has been part of the city's area since 1960. Between 1939 and 1960, Tushino was classed as a separate town. The Skhodnya River flows across the southern part of Tushino.