hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Grid cell topology
The grid cell topology is studied in digital topology as part of the theoretical basis for (low-level) algorithms in computer image analysis or computer graphics.

The elements of the n-dimensional grid cell topology (n ≥ 1) are all n-dimensional grid cubes and their k-dimensional faces ( for 0 ≤ k ≤ n−1); between these a partial order A ≤ B is defined if A is a subset of B (and thus also dim(A) ≤ dim(B)). The grid cell topology is the Alexandrov topology (open sets are up-sets) with respect to this partial order. (See also poset topology.)

Alexandrov and Hopf first introduced the grid cell topology, for the two-dimensional case, within an exercise in their text Topologie I (1935).

A recursive method to obtain  n-dimensional grid cells and an intuitive definition for   
grid cell manifolds can be found in Chen, 2004. It is related to digital manifolds.

Alexandrov topology
In general topology, an Alexandrov topology is a topology in which the intersection of an arbitrary family of open sets is open (while the definition of a topology only requires this for a finite family). Equivalently, an Alexandrov topology is one whose open sets are the upper sets for some preorder on the space.

Spaces with an Alexandrov topology are also known as Alexandrov-discrete spaces or finitely generated spaces. The latter name stems from the fact that their topology is uniquely determined by the family of all finite subspaces. This makes them a generalization of finite topological spaces.

Alexandrov-discrete spaces are named after the Russian topologist Pavel Alexandrov. They should not be confused with Alexandrov spaces from Riemannian geometry introduced by the Russian mathematician Aleksandr Danilovich Aleksandrov.
SAP scan
A SAP scan is a type of nuclear medicine imaging test which uses iodine-123 (123I) and serum amyloid P component (SAP) to diagnose amyloidosis.

In patients with amyloidosis, large deposits of SAP coat the affected organs, in addition to the low levels normally found in the blood stream. The injected 123I-SAP localises specifically to amyloid deposits, showing up as hot spots in the image.

Nuclear medicine
Nuclear medicine (nuclear radiology) is a medical specialty involving the application of radioactive substances in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. Nuclear imaging is, in a sense, radiology done inside out, because it records radiation emitted from within the body rather than radiation that is transmitted through the body from external sources like X-ray generators. In addition, nuclear medicine scans differ from radiology, as the emphasis is not on imaging anatomy, but on the function. For this reason, it is called a physiological imaging modality. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) scans are the two most common imaging modalities in nuclear medicine.
Nelang
Nelang or Nilang river valley containing a small eponymous village, part of Jadh Ganga valley of the Himalayas, in the Uttarkashi District of Uttarakhand state of India is close to the disputed Sino-Indian Line of Actual Control (LAC). This disputed area, entirely held by India, is also claimed by China as part of Zanda County of Ngari Prefecture of Tibet. It is reachable by a fork road from the NH-34 (part of Char Dham Highway).

Some of the villages near Nelang village are Dhumku in the west, and Jadhang (Sang) and Pulam Sumda in the northeast, all of which lie in the Jadh Ganga valley.

Zanda County
Zanda County or Tsamda County (Tibetan: རྩ་མདའ་རྫོང, Chinese: 札达县) is a county in the Ngari Prefecture to the extreme west of the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. Its seat of power is at Tholing, the former capital of the Guge kingdom. Zanda (Tsamda) was established in 1956 through a merger of Tsaparang and Daba counties.

Zanda County is bounded by India's Himachal Pradesh state to the west, Uttarakhand State to the south, Ladakh to the northwest, Gar County to the northeast and Burang County to the southeast. Ancient Zanda horse (Hipparion zandaense) skeletons have been found in Zanda County's Sutlej basin.
Attorney General (Maldives)
The position of Attorney General of the Maldives was created in 1932 under Sultan Muhammad Shamsuddeen III. It is responsible in upholding the law within a secure and a peace environment and defend the public interest. He is also designated as a member of the Cabinet of the Maldives.

From 2014 to 2016, the Attorney General's office was part of the Ministry of Law and Gender, with Attorney General Mohamed Anil in charge of the ministry.

Azima Shukoor was the longest serving Attorney General since 1993.

Public interest
In social science and economics, public interest is "the welfare  or well-being of the general public" and society.

While it has earlier philosophical roots and is considered to be at the core of democratic theories of government, often paired with two other concepts, convenience and necessity, it first became explicitly integrated into governance instruments in the early part of the 20th century.

The public interest was rapidly adopted and popularised by human rights lawyers in the 1960s and has since been incorporated into other fields such as journalism and technology.
Françoise Pascal (poet)
Françoise Pascal (Lyon, baptised 18 February 1632 – Paris, after 1698) was a 17th-century French poet, painter, playwright and lyricist.

The daughter of a customs employee who became a guard to Marshall de Villeroy, the city governor, Françoise Pascal served the prestigious Neufville de Villeroy family. She became known for her poems, paintings (now lost) and especially her theater plays.

She was the first woman known to date, whose dramatic work has been performed by professional companies. She settled in Paris around 1667, perhaps to attempt a theatrical career on the stages of the capital, but apparently without success. She then evolved in some salons of the French capital, composing the lyrics of musical and religious works.

Nicolas de Neufville, 1st Duke of Villeroy
Nicolas de Neufville, 1st Duke of Villeroy (14 October 1598 – 28 November 1685) was a French nobleman and marshal. He was marquis then (from 1651) 1st duke of Villeroy and (from 1663) peer of France, marquis d'Alincourt and lord of Magny, and acted as governor of the young Louis XIV.  His son François succeeded him as duke. He was the lover of Catherine-Charlotte de Gramont.
Chiloglottis jeanesii
Chiloglottis jeanesii, commonly known as the mountain bird orchid, is a species of orchid endemic to Victoria. It has two broad leaves and a single green to dark purplish brown flower with shiny black, column-like calli on the labellum.

Gland (botany)
In plants, a gland is defined functionally as a plant structure which secretes one or more products.  This may be located on or near the plant surface and secrete externally, or be internal to the plant and secrete into a canal or reservoir.  Examples include glandular hairs, nectaries, hydathodes, and the resin canals in Pinus.
1873 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1873.

Burrow
A burrow is a hole or tunnel excavated into the ground by an animal to construct a space suitable for habitation or temporary refuge, or as a byproduct of locomotion. Burrows provide a form of shelter against predation and exposure to the elements, and can be found in nearly every biome and among various biological interaction types, including symbiosis and competition. Many animal species are known to form burrows. These species range from small amphipods, to very large vertebrate species such as the polar bear. Burrows can be constructed into a wide variety of substrates and can range in complexity from a simple tube a few centimeters long to a complex network of interconnecting tunnels and chambers hundreds or thousands of meters in total length; an example of the latter level of complexity, a well-developed burrow, would be a rabbit warren.
Wyatt Kalynuk
Wyatt Kalynuk (born April 14, 1997) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenseman for the Salavat Yulaev Ufa of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). He was selected in the seventh round, 196th overall, by the Philadelphia Flyers in the 2017 NHL Entry Draft. He previously played for the Wisconsin Badgers in the NCAA.

Salavat Yulaev Ufa
Hockey Club Salavat Yulaev (Russian: Хоккейный клуб «Салават Юлаев», romanized: Hokkejnyj klub «Salavat Julajev»; Bashkir: «Салауат Юлаев» хоккей клубы, romanized: «Salawat Yulayev» xokkey klubı), commonly referred as Salavat Yulaev Ufa, is a professional ice hockey club based in Ufa, Russia. It is a member of the Chernyshev Division in the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL).

Established in 1957, Salavat Yulaev spent the Soviet era mainly in the lower divisions, only appearing in the top league for five seasons, though since the dissolution of the Soviet Union they have been in the top league in Russia.

They have won the Gagarin Cup as the KHL champion once, in 2011, and have won the regular season championship twice, in 2009 and 2010, winning the inaugural Continental Cup for the latter. They also won the final Russian Superleague title, in 2008.
Elizabeth Sharman
Elizabeth St Clare Sharman (born 8 August 1957, in Bolton), sometimes known as Liz Sharman, is a former British slalom and sprint canoeist who competed from the late 1970s to the late 1980s. She won six medals at the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships with two golds (K-1: 1983, 1987), three silvers (K-1: 1979; K-1 team: 1981, 1983) and a bronze (K-1 team: 1985).

Sharman also competed in sprint canoeing in the K-2 500 m event at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, but was eliminated in the semifinals.

Sharman was awarded a Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (MBE) by Queen Elizabeth II on 13 December 1989.

1981 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships
The 1981 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships were held in Bala, Wales, Great Britain from July 15-24 under the auspices of the International Canoe Federation. It was the 17th edition. The mixed C2 event was reinstated after not being held at the previous championships.
Labor Standards Act
Labor Standards Act is the English name given to legislation governing labour in the following countries:

Labor Standards Act (Japan), enacted in April 1947

Labor Standards Act (South Korea), enacted in 1953

Labor Standards Act (Japan)
The Labor Standards Act (労働基準法, roudou-kijunhou) is a Japanese law. It was enacted on 7 April 1947 to govern working conditions in Japan. According to Article 1 of the Act, its goal is to ensure that "Working conditions shall be those which should meet the needs of workers who live lives worthy of human beings."
Thénia
Thénia (الثنية), sometimes written as Thenia, with around 40,000 inhabitants, is the chief town in the daïra of the same name, in the wilaya of Boumerdès, in northern Algeria. Historically, the name is a contraction of "Theniet Beni Aicha" (ثنية بني عائشة) ("the mountain pass of the sons of Aisha"), the Arabic translation of the Kabyle Berber toponym  Tizi n At Ɛica. The steep-sided pass, which is only about 800 metres (2,600 ft) wide at its narrowest point, is sometimes taken to mark the transition between Mitidja and Grande Kabylie.

Mitidja
Mitidja, (Arabic: متيجة) is a plain stretching along the outskirts of Algiers in northern Algeria. It is about 100 km (62 mi) long, with a width of 5 to 20 km (3.1 to 12.4 mi). Traditionally devoted largely to agriculture and serving as the breadbasket of Algiers, the area has in recent decades become increasingly urbanized with the expansion of Algiers.
Little Cimarron River
Little Cimarron River is a 24.6-mile-long (39.6 km) tributary that joins the Cimarron River in Montrose County, Colorado. The river's source is near Silver Peak in the Uncompahgre Wilderness of Hinsdale County.

Montrose County, Colorado
Montrose County is a county located in the U.S. state of Colorado. As of the 2020 census, the population was 42,679. The county seat is Montrose, for which the county is named.

Montrose County comprises the Montrose, CO, Micropolitan Statistical Area.
Chicagoland Football League
The Chicagoland Football League is a football league based in Chicago. It has 12 teams. The league was founded on May 31, 1917, and has the distinction of having never added or changed any of its teams. The league was dormant from 1935 to 2004 the league was canceled, with all teams reconstituted for 2005.

The modern Chicagoland Football League (ChFL), a semi-pro league that ran from 1973 to 2004, is unrelated to the original league.

Sports league
A sports league is a group of individual athletes, sports teams or clubs who form a league to compete against each other and gain points in a specific sport. At its simplest, it may be a local group of amateur athletes who form teams among themselves and compete periodically, at its most complex, it can be an international professional league making large amounts of money and involving dozens of teams and thousands of players.
Taiwan Jones
Taiwan Asti Eric Jones (born July 26, 1988) is an American former professional football running back, return specialist, and special teamer. He played college football for the Eastern Washington Eagles and was selected by the Oakland Raiders in the fourth round of the 2011 NFL draft. During his NFL career, Jones was primarily a  gunner and jammer on special teams.

Jammer (American football)
In American football, jammers are a specialized type of cornerback. Their task is to try to slow down gunners during punts by preventing them from getting a free release, giving punt returners more time to return punts. Depending on the special teams strategy, a special teams coordinator may choose to double-cover the gunner. A jammer is typically played by a back-up for another position.
West One
West One is also the name of a retail park in Salford.

West One is a mixed-use development at the centre of the Devonshire Quarter in the city centre of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England.  It comprises bars, restaurants and shops at ground-level (including the large Revolution bar) and apartments housing over 1,000 people above, including a penthouse.  It faces onto Devonshire Green, (restored in 2007) and provides easy access to the Moor and Division Street.

The Moor Quarter
The Moor Quarter is one of Sheffield's twelve designated quarters, built around and named for The Moor, a pedestrianised thoroughfare.  It is bound by Furnival Gate in the north-east, Eyre Street in the south-east, St Mary's Gate to the south, and Moore Street and Charter Row to the north-west.

It is primarily a retail location, with the city's main market now located in the quarter and more than 70 shops and restaurants. There are also some offices at Charter Row and Moorfoot.  It benefits from a good location, centrally between the Devonshire Quarter, Cultural Industries Quarter, Heart of the City and London Road and Ecclesall Road shops.

The monolithic Moorfoot Building is at the south-west end of the Moor. It previously housed central British government departments, but is now used by Sheffield City Council.
Gholam Reza Azhari
Arteshbod Gholam Reza Azhari (Persian: غلامرضا ازهاری; 18 February 1912 – 5 November 2001) was an Iranian military officer who served as the 39th and penultimate Prime Minister of Iran under the reign of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.

McLean, Virginia
McLean (/məˈkleɪn/ mə-KLAYN) is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Fairfax County, Virginia, United States. The community's population was 50,773 at the 2020 census. It is located between the Potomac River and Vienna within the Washington metropolitan area.

McLean is home to many wealthy residents, such as diplomats, military, members of Congress, and high-ranking government officials, partially due to its proximity to Washington, D.C., the Pentagon, and the Central Intelligence Agency. It is the location of Hickory Hill, the former home of Ethel Kennedy, the widow of Robert F. Kennedy. It is also the location of Salona, the former home of Light-Horse Harry Lee, the Revolutionary War hero.
GG Aleste 3
GG Aleste 3 is a 2020 vertically scrolling shooter video game developed and published by M2. It was included as part of the Aleste Collection for Nintendo Switch and PlayStation 4, as well as in a Game Gear Micro variant bundled as part of a limited edition. An entry in the Aleste series, the game follows Luna Waizen, a pilot candidate scrambled into service after destruction of the Moon Child base and fight against cyber terrorists that have seized control of the Earth's satellites. It retains the same gameplay conventions as the original GG Aleste and GG Aleste 2, with the player fighting endless waves of enemies while avoiding collision with their projectiles and other obstacles.

GG Aleste 3 was created for the Game Gear hardware by staff who worked on shoot 'em up titles from the 1990s such as Blazing Lazers, Super Star Soldier and Battle Garegga, led by designer and composer Manabu Namiki. It garnered generally favorable reception from critics.

Vertically scrolling video game
A vertically scrolling video game or vertical scroller is a video game in which the player views the field of play principally from a top-down perspective, while the background scrolls from the top of the screen to the bottom (or, less often, from the bottom to the top) to create the illusion that the player character is moving in the game world.

Continuous vertical scrolling is designed to suggest the appearance of constant forward motion, such as driving. The game sets a pace for play, and the player must react quickly to the changing environment. While top-down racing games, skiing and other sports games, and pinball simulations all commonly use vertical scrolling, the genre of vertically scrolling shooters has made it a fundamental design element.
Balbirnie Stone Circle
Balbirnie Stone Circle is an archaeological site, a stone circle on the north-eastern edge of Glenrothes, in Fife, Scotland. The site was in use from the late Neolithic period to the late second millennium BC.

The prehistoric ceremonial complex of Balfarg is nearby; the scheduling for Balfarg states that "the Balfarg complex, together with the nearby stone circle at Balbirnie and other sites in their vicinity, form one of the most important groups of monuments of Neolithic and Bronze Age date in eastern Scotland."

Bronze Age Britain
Bronze Age Britain is an era of British history that spanned from c. 2500–2000 BC until c. 800 BC. Lasting for approximately 1,700 years, it was preceded by the era of Neolithic Britain and was in turn followed by the period of Iron Age Britain. Being categorised as the Bronze Age, it was marked by the use of copper and then bronze by the prehistoric Britons, who used such metals to fashion tools. Great Britain in the Bronze Age also saw the widespread adoption of agriculture.

During the British Bronze Age, large megalithic monuments similar to those from the Late Neolithic continued to be constructed or modified, including such sites as Avebury, Stonehenge, Silbury Hill and Must Farm. That has been described as a time "when elaborate ceremonial practices emerged among some communities of subsistence agriculturalists of western Europe".
Drenica
Drenica (Albanian indefinite form: Drenicë, Serbian Cyrillic: Дреница), also known as the Drenica Valley, is a hilly region in central Kosovo, covering roughly around 700 square kilometres (270 sq mi) of Kosovo's total area (6%). It consists of two municipalities, Drenas and Skenderaj, and several villages in Klina, Zubin Potok, Mitrovica and Vushtrri. It is located west of the capital, Pristina.

According to the 2011 Census, the population of the region is 109,389, excluding the surrounding villages. Albanians form the absolute majority of the region.

Zubin Potok
Zubin Potok (Albanian definite form: Zubin Potoku; Serbian Cyrillic: Зубин Поток) is a town and municipality located in the Mitrovica District in Kosovo. As of 2015, it has an estimated population of 15,200 inhabitants. It covers an area of 335 km2 (129 sq mi), and consists of the main town and 63 villages.

Zubin Potok is a part of North Kosovo, a region with an ethnic Serb majority. After the 2013 Brussels Agreement, the municipality is expected to become part of a proposed Community of Serb Municipalities.
Edward Odell
Edward "Ted" Wilfred Odell, Jr. (15 March 1947, in Pleasantville, New York – 9 January 2013, in Houston, Texas) was an American mathematician, specializing in the theory of Banach spaces.

Odell received in 1969 in his B.S. degree from the State University of New York at Binghamton and in 1975 his Ph.D. degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under William Buhmann Johnson. From 1975 to 1977 Odell was a Josiah Willard Gibbs Instructor at Yale University. He became in 1977 an assistant professor, in 1981 an associate professor, and in 1990 a full professor at the University of Texas at Austin. He was the author or coauthor of 84 articles.

In 1994 Odell was an Invited Speaker of the ICM in Zurich. In 2012 he was elected a Fellow of the American Mathematical Society.

International Congress of Mathematicians
The International Congress of Mathematicians (ICM) is the largest conference for the topic of mathematics. It meets once every four years, hosted by the International Mathematical Union (IMU).

The Fields Medals, the IMU Abacus Medal (known before 2022 as the Nevanlinna Prize), the Gauss Prize, and the Chern Medal are awarded during the congress's opening ceremony. Each congress is memorialized by a printed set of Proceedings recording academic papers based on invited talks intended to be relevant to current topics of general interest. Being invited to talk at the ICM has been called "the equivalent ... of an induction to a hall of fame".
Berube Lake
Berube Lake is a lake in geographic Lee Township in the Unorganized West Part of Timiskaming District, in northeastern Ontario, Canada. The lake is in the Saint Lawrence River drainage basin and is on Lillord Creek. The nearest community is Sesekinika, 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) to the east.

The lake is about 460 metres (1,510 ft) long and 280 metres (920 ft) wide. The primary inflow is Lillord Creek arriving at the northwest from Lillord Lake. There is a secondary inflow at the southeast. The primary outflow, at the northeast, is Lillord Creek, which flows southeast on the way to its mouth at the Blanche River. The Blanche River flows via Lake Timiskaming and the Ottawa River to the Saint Lawrence River.

Unorganized West Timiskaming District
Unorganized West Timiskaming District is an unorganized area in the Canadian province of Ontario, comprising almost all portions of the Timiskaming District which are not organized into incorporated municipalities.

The division encompasses 10,199.80 square kilometres (3,938.16 sq mi), and had a population of 3,210 in the 2021 Canadian census.