hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
André Werner
André Werner (born 4 June 1960 in Bremerhaven) is a German composer of classical music.

Werner studied classical guitar and oboe at the Musikhochschule Bremen from 1980 to 1986, composition from 1986 to 1992 at the Hochschule der Künste Berlin with Frank Michael Beyer. He was a Stipendiat of the Villa Massimo in 1995/96, and won an Ernst von Siemens Composer Prize in 2001.

His opera Marlowe: Der Jude von Malta on his own libretto after the play The Jew of Malta by Christopher Marlowe was premiered at the Munich Biennale in 2002.

The Jew of Malta
The Jew of Malta (full title: The Famous Tragedy of the Rich Jew of Malta) is a play by Christopher Marlowe, written in 1589 or 1590. The plot primarily revolves around a Maltese Jewish merchant named Barabas. The original story combines religious conflict, intrigue, and revenge, set against a backdrop of the struggle for supremacy between Spain and the Ottoman Empire in the Mediterranean that takes place on the island of Malta. There has been extensive debate about the play's portrayal of Jews and how Elizabethan audiences would have viewed it.
Jeanette Knudsen
Jeanette Brandstrup Knudsen (born November 21, 1967) is a Danish sprint canoer and marathon canoeist who competed from the late 1980s to the early 1990s. She competed in two Summer Olympics, earning her best finish of seventh in the K-4 500 m event at Seoul in 1988.

Her sister, Yvonne, won two medals in the K-1 500 m event at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with a silver in 1990 and a bronze in 1986. Yvonne also competed in the same two Summer Olympics as Jeanette.

1986 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships
The 1986 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships were held in Montreal, Canada at the Notre Dame Island. This is also where the canoeing and rowing competitions for the 1976 Summer Olympics took place.

The men's competition consisted of six Canadian (single paddle, open boat) and nine kayak events. Three events were held for the women, all in kayak.

This was the 20th championships in canoe sprint.
Samuel Kmicic
Samuel Kmicic (between 1625 & 1630–1692) was a nobleman (szlachcic) from Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. He held the ranks of colonel (pułkownik) in the Royal Army, chorąży (ensign) of Orsza and Grand Lithuanian Guardian.

During The Deluge - the Swedish invasion of Poland in 1650s - he led a konfederacja - a military rebellion against hetman Janusz Radziwiłł, who had betrayed the Commonwealth and allied himself with the Swedes. Later Kmicic joined the Tyszowce Confederation.

Kmicic was one of the Polish commanders in the Russo-Polish War (1654–1667), and fought in the battle of Połonka. After the war, he supported the Polish kings, opposing, among others, the Lubomirski's Rokosz.

He was married twice. From his first marriage, he had a son Kazimierz. His second wife was Anna Kantakuzem, whom he married about 1676.

Samuel Kmicic may have served as the inspiration for the fictional Andrzej Kmicic, hero of Henryk Sienkiewicz's novel Potop.

Orsha
Orsha (Belarusian: Орша; Russian: Орша, IPA: [ˈorʂə]; Polish: Orsza) is a city in Vitebsk Region, Belarus. It is situated on the fork of the Dnieper River and Arshytsa River, and it serves as the administrative center of Orsha District. As of 2025, it has a population of 101,662.
Cray X-MP
The Cray X-MP was a supercomputer designed, built and sold by Cray Research. It was announced in 1982 as the "cleaned up" successor to the 1975 Cray-1, and was the world's fastest computer from 1983 to 1985 with a quad-processor system performance of 800 MFLOPS. The principal designer was Steve Chen.

Floating point operations per second
Floating point operations per second (FLOPS, flops or flop/s) is a measure of computer performance in computing, useful in fields of scientific computations that require floating-point calculations.

For such cases, it is a more accurate measure than instructions per second.
One Stop Wide Awake surgery
One Stop Wide Awake (OSWA) is a surgical model which was initially developed for hand surgery in the United Kingdom. It is recognized as effective by the Royal Society of Medicine.

The model centres on complete surgical care within one management stop, and with reduced risks due to the avoidance of general anesthesia, regional anaesthesia, sedation, and tourniquets. This approach to surgery is particularly cost-effective and efficient. It enables complex procedures such as for Dupuytren's contracture to be performed as outpatient procedures under local anaesthesia.

With the changes in UK healthcare commissioning and the evolution from primary care trusts to clinical commissioning groups from 2013, this model of surgery is likely to be increasingly important, and may secure the funding of some NHS surgical services.

Tourniquet
A tourniquet is a medical device used to stop the flow of blood to a limb or extremity via the application of localized pressure. It may be used in emergencies, in surgery, or in post-operative rehabilitation.

A simple tourniquet can be made from a stick and a rope, but the use of makeshift tourniquets has been reduced over time due to their ineffectiveness compared to a commercial and professional tourniquet. This may stem the flow of blood, but side effects such as soft tissue damage and nerve damage may occur.
Shadow congressperson
The posts of shadow United States senator and shadow United States representative are held by elected or appointed government officials from subnational polities of the United States that lack congressional vote. While these officials are not seated in either chamber of Congress, they seek recognition for their subnational polity, up to full statehood. This would enfranchise them with full voting rights on the floor of the U.S. House and Senate, alongside existing states. As of 2021, only the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico have authorized shadow delegations to Congress.

This is distinct from shadow delegates, who are elected or appointed from subnational polities of the United States to seek non-voting participation in the House. As of 2024, only the Cherokee Nation and the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians elect shadow delegates.

United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians
The United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians in Oklahoma (ᎠᏂᎩᏚᏩᎩ ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯ or Anigiduwagi Aniyvwiya, abbreviated United Keetoowah Band or UKB) is a federally recognized tribe of Cherokee Native Americans headquartered in Tahlequah, Oklahoma. According to the UKB website, its members are mostly descendants of "Old Settlers" or "Western Cherokees," those Cherokees who migrated from the Southeast to present-day Arkansas and Oklahoma around 1817. Some reports estimate that Old Settlers began migrating west by 1800, before the forced relocation of Cherokees by the United States in the late 1830s under the Indian Removal Act.

Although politically the UKB is not associated with the Trail of Tears, many of the members have direct ancestors who completed the journey in 1838–39.
The Disowned
The Disowned is a novel by the British writer Edward Bulwer-Lytton, originally published in three volumes. It is part of the then-popular genre of silver fork novels, focusing on British high society of the late Regency era. Like many other silver fork novels it was published by Henry Colburn, with the first volume coming out in 1828 and the latter two in 1829. It is set in the late eighteenth century but the political and social themes it refers to have more relevance to the contemporary 1820s.

1820s
The 1820s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1820, and ended on December 31, 1829.

It saw the rise of the First Industrial Revolution. Photography, rail transport, and the textile industry were among those that largely developed and grew prominent over the decade, as technology advanced significantly. European colonialism began gaining ground in Africa and Asia, and trade with the Qing Dynasty began to open up more towards foreign traders, particularly those from Europe. As European imperialism gained momentum, opposition from affected/exploited societies resulted, with wars such as the Java War and the Greek War of Independence. Resistance in the form of separatism and nationalism (particularly in the Spanish American wars of independence) led to the independence of many countries around the world, such as Brazil, Peru, and Bolivia.
Hendmini Rural District
Hendmini Rural District (Persian: دهستان هندميني) is in Hendmini District of Badreh County, Ilam province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Abcheshmeh. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Cheshmeh Shirin, now a city.

Ilam province
Ilam Province (Persian: استان ایلام) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. Its capital is the city of Ilam.

The province is in the western part of the country in Region 4 and covers 20,164.11 km2 (7,785.41 mi2). It shares 425 km (264 mi) of the border with Iraq, and also borders on the provinces of Kermanshah, Lorestan, and Khuzestan.
Potier
Potier is a surname, meaning potter. Notable people with the surname include:

Alfred Potier (1840–1905), French polymath

Benoît Potier (born 1957), French businessman

Charles Potier (1806–1870), French actor and playwright

Dominique Potier (born 1954), French politician

Edgard Potier (1903–1944), Belgian military officer

Jérôme Potier (born 1962), French former tennis player

Joseph Potier (1768—1830), French privateer

Paul Potier (born 1954), Canadian professional pool player

Pierre Potier (1934–2006), French pharmacist

Pierre-Philippe Potier (1708–1781), Belgian Jesuit priest and lexicographer

Suki Potier (1947–1981), English model

Benoît Potier
Benoît Potier (French pronunciation: [bənwa potje]; born 3 September 1957) is a French businessman who was CEO of the French multinational industrial gas company Air Liquide from 2006 to 2022, and is now chairman.
Bertie Brandes
Bertie Brandes (born 5 January 1990) is a British writer and screenwriter. She wrote the screenplay for the upcoming A24 film The Moment with Aidan Zamiri. Brandes is also known for founding the satirical feminist magazine Mushpit and for her journalism in publications such as VICE, GQ, The Times, The Telegraph and The Guardian.

Brandes's work has been described as "challeng[ing] the unrealistic representation of women in the media" by i-D magazine and "an experimental and satirical approach to magazine-making" by AnOther magazine, with It's Nice That describing her as "leading London’s independent print army".

I-D
i-D is a British biannual magazine dedicated to fashion, music, art, film and youth culture. The magazine was launched in 1980 by Terry Jones, originally as a hand-stapled fanzine. It has since evolved into a glossy publication.

In 2023 the magazine's publication was put on hold following its acquisition by Bedford Media. It returned in Spring 2025 as a biannual publication.
Big Brother (Greek TV series) season 1
Big Brother Greece 1, was the first season of the Greek reality television series Big Brother. The show followed twelve contestants, known as housemates, who were isolated from the outside world for an extended period of time in a custom built House. Each week, one or more of the housemates were evicted by a public vote. The last remaining housemate, Giorgos Triantafyllidis, was declared the winner, winning a cash prize of 50,000,000 GRD.

The season lasted 113 days and was presented by Andreas Mikroutsikos. It launched on ANT1 on September 10, 2001 and ended on December 31, 2001. This season is considered the most successful season out of the three to follow on ANT1, with massive viewership. Its finale on New Year's Eve attracted more than 80% of the television share.

Important personalities from the season include runner-up Prodromos Kathiniotis who later went on to release a studio album and also dab in TV hosting.

Prodromos Kathiniotis
Prodromos Kathiniotis (Greek: Πρόδρομος Καθηνιώτης; born 30 July 1969) is a Greek singer and reality-TV celebrity distinguished as a spontaneous, straightforward, manly and folksy personality. His fame is largely attributed to the Greek version of Big Brother. His first album,  "The first game" has elements of traditional Greek music. He appeared as a panel member in a daily TV show called H Ellada Paizei ("Greece Plays" - Alter Channel) hosted by Marietta Chrousala.
Dharamsar Lake
Dharamsar Lake (Urdu: دھرم سر) is an alpine lake in the Kaghan Valley in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located approximately 3,690 metres (12,110 ft) above sea level to the left of Babusar Top going eastwards from Chilas on the Karakoram Highway, next to the larger Sambaksar ("sar" means "lake" locally) and Ganai Gali. Dharamsar lake is located close to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa's border with Azad Jammu and Kashmir just south of the meeting point of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan.

Karakoram Highway
The Karakoram Highway (Urdu: شاہراہ قراقرم, Śāhirāh-i Qarāquram), also known as the KKH, National Highway 35 (Urdu: قومی شاہراہ ۳۵), N-35, and the China–Pakistan Friendship Highway, is a 1,300 km (810 mi) national highway which extends from Hasan Abdal in the Punjab province of Pakistan to the Khunjerab Pass in Gilgit-Baltistan, where it crosses into China and becomes China National Highway 314.

The highway connects the Pakistani provinces of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa plus Gilgit-Baltistan with China's Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. The highway is a popular tourist attraction and is one of the highest paved roads in the world, passing through the Karakoram mountain range, at  at maximum elevation of 4,714 m (15,466 ft) near Khunjerab Pass. Due to its high elevation and the difficult conditions under which it was constructed, it is often referred to as the Eighth Wonder of the World. The highway is also a part of the Asian Highway AH4.
Black morel
Several species of fungi share the name black morel:

Morchella angusticeps (L.) Pers. (1801)

Morchella conica Pers.

Morchella elata Fr. (1822)

Morchella tomentosa M.Kuo (2008), the black foot morel

Morchella elata
Morchella elata is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae. It is one of many related species commonly known as black morels, and until 2012 the name M. elata was broadly applied to black morels throughout the globe.  Like most members of the genus, M. elata is a popular edible fungus and is sought by many mushroom hunters.
Fiorite
Fiorite is a hydrated silica mineraloid, a form of opal, found in cavities in volcanic tuff. It is a globular, botryoidal, or stalactic concretionary form of opal. The mineraloid has a pearly lustre and forms botryoidal masses. Named after Santa Fiora, Italy, fiorite is used as a gemstone.

Mineraloid
A mineraloid is a naturally occurring substance that resembles a mineral, but does not demonstrate the crystallinity of a mineral. Mineraloid substances possess chemical compositions that vary beyond the generally accepted ranges for specific minerals, for example, obsidian is an amorphous glass and not a true crystal; lignite (jet) is derived from the decay of wood under extreme pressure underground; and opal is a mineraloid substance because of its non-crystalline nature. Pearl is a mineraloid substance because the calcite crystals and the aragonite crystals are bonded by an organic material, and naturally occurs without definite proportions of the components.

The first usage of the term mineraloid substance was in 1909, by mineralogist and geologist Julian Niedzwiedzki, in identifying and describing amorphous substances that resemble minerals.
Mutacin 1140
Mutacin 1140 is a bacteriocin produced by Streptococcus mutans.  It has activity against a broad spectrum of Gram-positive bacteria.  It is a member of the class of compounds known as lantibiotics.

Mutacin 1140 belongs to the epidermin subset of type Al lantibiotics. Molecules belonging to this family bind to lipid II which is a precursor to bacterial cell wall synthesis.

While the effects mutacin 1140 has against gram-positive bacteria are known, it remains difficult to study due to it demonstrating poor pharmacokinetics. Besides the poor pharmacokinetics, it is easily vulnerable to proteolytic degradation by interfering with the protein's peptide bonds.

Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetics (from Ancient Greek pharmakon 'drug' and kinetikos 'moving, putting in motion'; see chemical kinetics), sometimes abbreviated as PK, is a branch of pharmacology dedicated to describing how the body affects a specific substance after administration. The substances of interest include any chemical xenobiotics such as pharmaceutical drugs, pesticides, food additives, cosmetics, etc. PK attempts to analyze chemical metabolism and discover the fate of a chemical from the moment that it is administered up to the point at which it is completely eliminated from the body. PK is based on mathematical modeling that places great emphasis on the relationship between drug plasma concentration and the time elapsed since the drug's administration. Pharmacokinetics is the study of how an organism affects the drug, whereas pharmacodynamics (PD) is the study of how the drug affects the organism. Both together influence dosing, benefit, and adverse effects, as seen in PK/PD models.
Peptidylprolyl isomerase A
Peptidylprolyl isomerase A (PPIA), also known as cyclophilin A (CypA) or rotamase A is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPIA gene on chromosome 7. As a member of the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) family, this protein catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds, which allows it to regulate many biological processes, including intracellular signaling, transcription, inflammation, and apoptosis.  Due to its various functions, PPIA has been implicated in a broad range of inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis and arthritis, and viral infections.

Viral disease
A viral disease (or viral infection) occurs when an organism's body is invaded by pathogenic viruses, and infectious virus particles (virions) attach to and enter susceptible cells.

Examples include the common cold, gastroenteritis, COVID-19, the flu, and rabies.
Johan Pitka
Johan Pitka, VR I/1, KCMG (also Juhan Pitka; 19 February 1872 – September 1944) was an Estonian entrepreneur and sea captain who served as the Commander of the Estonian Navy during the Estonian War of Independence.

Pitka was one of the central figures in founding the Estonian Defence Forces and the Estonian Navy of the newly established Estonian Republic at the end of World War I in 1918. Pitka was appointed the Commander of the Estonian Navy in December 1918 and led it through the victorious Estonian War of Independence without losing a ship.

Due to his commitment to his country Pitka has been referred to as "the Spirit of the Estonian War of Independence".

Estonian Defence Forces
The Estonian Defence Forces, EDF (Estonian: Eesti Kaitsevägi), is the unified military force of the Republic of Estonia. The Estonian Defence Forces consists of the Estonian Land Forces, the Estonian Navy, the Estonian Air Force, and the paramilitary Estonian Defence League. The national defence policy aims to guarantee the preservation of the independence and sovereignty of the state and maintain the integrity of its land area, territorial waters, airspace, and constitutional order. Its main goals remain the development and maintenance of a credible capability to defend the nation's vital interests and of the defence forces in a way that ensures their interoperability with the armed forces of NATO and European Union member states in order to participate in the full range of missions for these military alliances.
Bert Leboe
Bert Raymond Leboe (13 August 1909 – 11 December 1980) was a Social Credit party member of the House of Commons of Canada. Born in Bawlf, Alberta, he was a lumberman by career, becoming director of Leboe Brothers Sawmills Ltd.

He was first elected at the Cariboo riding in the 1953 general election and re-elected there in 1957. After a defeat in the 1958 federal election, Leboe returned to Parliament by winning the Cariboo riding in 1962, then was re-elected in 1963 and 1965. After the Cariboo riding was eliminated in a late-1960s electoral boundary realignment, Leboe was a candidate at Prince George—Peace River in the 1968 election where he was defeated by Robert Borrie of the Liberal party.

1963 Canadian federal election
The 1963 Canadian federal election was held on April 8, 1963, to elect members of the House of Commons of Canada of the 26th Parliament of Canada. It resulted in the defeat of the minority Progressive Conservative (Tory) government of Prime Minister John Diefenbaker, with the Liberals returning to power for the first time in 6 years, where they would remain for twenty of the next twenty-one years (winning every election except the 1979 election until their landslide defeat in 1984).  For the Social Credit Party, despite getting their highest ever share of the vote, the party lost 6 seats compared to its high-water mark in 1962.

The 1963 election was the first in which all of the Northwest Territories were contained in an electoral district, and consequently the first in which 100% of Canadian territory was represented in Parliament.
1912 Buchtel football team
The 1912 Buchtel football team represented Buchtel College in the 1912 college football season. The team was led by head coach Frank Haggerty, in his third season. Buchtel outscored their opponents by a total of 105–36.

1912 college football season
The 1912 college football season was the first season of the modern era of college football, as the NCAA implemented changes to increase scoring:

Teams were given 4 downs instead of 3 downs to gain ten yards

The value of a touchdown was increased from 5 points to 6 points

The length of the playing field was reduced from 110 yards to 100 yards, and end zones of ten yards were added

Kickoff was made from the 40 yard line rather than at midfield.

At the end of the season, Harvard was named the year's champion by The New York Times.
Marilyn McReavy
Marilyn Louise McReavy (October 24, 1944 – April 13, 2023) was an American volleyball player. She played for the United States national team at the 1967 Pan American Games, the 1968 Summer Olympics, and the 1971 Pan American Games. She was born in San Angelo, Texas.

McReavy died on April 13, 2023, at the age of 78.

1971 Pan American Games
The 1971 Pan American Games, officially known as the VI Pan American Games (Spanish: VI Juegos Panamericanos) and commonly known as Cali 1971, were held in Cali, Colombia, from 30 July to 13 August 1971. (One source dates the Games from July 25 to August 8.) A total of 2,935 athletes from 32 countries participated in 17 sports. (One source put the number of competing athletes at 4,000.)