hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Lustre (treaty)
Lustre is the codename of a secret treaty signed by France and the Five Eyes (FVEY) for cooperation in signals intelligence and for mutual data exchange between their respective intelligence agencies. Its existence was revealed during the 2013 global surveillance disclosure based on documents leaked by the former NSA contractor Edward Snowden.

Signals intelligence
Signals intelligence (SIGINT) is the act and field of intelligence-gathering by interception of signals, whether communications between people (communications intelligence—abbreviated to COMINT) or from electronic signals not directly used in communication (electronic intelligence—abbreviated to ELINT). As classified and sensitive information is usually encrypted, signals intelligence may necessarily involve cryptanalysis (to decipher the messages). Traffic analysis—the study of who is signaling to whom and in what quantity—is also used to integrate information, and it may complement cryptanalysis.
Iron Gate (Central Asia)
The Iron Gate (Uzbek: Buzgalaxona; Old Turkic: 𐱅𐰢𐰼:𐰴𐰯𐰍, romanized: temir qapïɣ in Orkhon and Tonyukuk inscriptions;  Persian: دربند Darband, Chinese: 鐵門關; pinyin: Tiěménguān), is a defile between Balkh and Samarkand. It breaks up the mountains which extend from the Hisar range south towards the Amu Darya. In ancient times it was used as the passage between Bactria and Sogdia and was likely of great importance to any power in the region. Its name comes from the belief that an actual gate, reinforced with Iron, stood in the defile. It is located to west from Boysun, Surxondaryo Region. Although its exact location is debatable, it is usually considered to be the 3-kilometre (1.9 mi) pass on the road from Samarkand (Uzbekistan) to Balkh (Afghanistan) and close to Qarshi city. According to historian Lev Gumilev its present name is "Buzgala".

Hisar Range
The Hisar Range, formerly the Gissar Range, is a mountain range in Central Asia, in the western part of the Pamir-Alay system, stretching over 200 km in the general east–west direction across the territory of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.
Boris Zimin
Boris Dmitrievich Zimin (Russian: Борис Дмитриевич Зимин; born November 24, 1968) is a Russian businessman and public figure, philanthropist, motor sportsman. The son of Dmitry Zimin, (1933-2021), the founder of VimpelCom company (brand name Beeline). Boris Zimin is involved with the Zimin Foundation, which finances and supports non-profit educational projects in the field of education, protection of human rights and freedom of speech, as well as scientific research in the field of  natural sciences (mathematics, biology and medicine).

Ministry of Justice (Russia)
The Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation (Russian: Министе́рство юсти́ции Росси́йской Федера́ции, Миню́ст Росси́и) is a ministry of the Government of Russia responsible for the legal system and penal system.

The Ministry of Justice is the federal authority for operating Russia's courts and correctional services with enforcement by two subordinate executive federal agencies: the Federal Bailiffs Service (FSSP) and the Federal Penitentiary Service (FSIN). The Ministry of Justice is headquartered at Zhitnaya Street 14 in Yakimanka District, Central Administrative Okrug, Moscow.

The Ministry of Justice was founded in 1991 by renaming of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian SFSR following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, but claims succession from the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Empire founded in 1802.

Konstantin Chuychenko has been the Minister of Justice since 21 January 2020.
Northholm Grammar School
Northholm Grammar School is an independent co-educational primary and secondary day school, located in the suburb of Arcadia, in north-west Sydney.

The school was established in 1983 in the broad Anglican tradition. The school commenced with 125 students from Year 6 to Year 11, led by Founding Headmaster Mr Ronald Chambers. The campus is in a semi-rural environment and situated on 10 hectares. It currently serves students from Kindergarten to Year 12.

In January 2025, Mr Nate Atkinson was commissioned as the sixth and current Principal of Northholm Grammar School. In 2025, Northholm Grammar School was ranked 37th in the State in the NSW Higher School Certificate rankings according to the Sydney Morning Herald.

Higher School Certificate (New South Wales)
The Higher School Certificate (HSC) is the credential awarded to secondary school students who successfully complete senior high school level studies (Years 10, 11 and 12 or equivalent) in New South Wales and some ACT schools in Australia, as well as some international schools in Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, China, and Papua New Guinea. It was first introduced in 1967, and is currently developed and managed by the NSW Education Standards Authority (NESA).
Operation Krivaja '95
Operation Krivaja '95 (Serbian: Oпeрaциja Криваја '95, Bosnian: Operacija Krivaja '95) was the codename of a military operation launched by the Army of Republika Srpska (VRS) against formations of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH) in the UN enclave of Srebrenica. It was launched on 6 July 1995, and ended on 11 July 1995 with VRS capture of the city. The operation ended the three-year-long siege of the town and was followed by the Srebrenica massacre and Operation Stupčanica '95, which has been ruled a crime of genocide by international courts of law.

Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
The Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bosnian: Armija Republike Bosne i Hercegovine; Cyrillic: Армија Републике Босне и Херцеговине; ARBiH), often referred to as Bosnian Army, was the military force of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It was established by the government of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992 following the outbreak of the Bosnian War.

Following the end of the war, and the signing of the Dayton Peace Agreement in 1995, it was transformed into the Army of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The ARBiH was the only military force on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina recognised as legal by other governments. Under the State Defense Reform Law the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina were unified into a single structure, the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina (OSBiH), making entity armies defunct.
Etrema gippslandensis
Etrema gippslandensis is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc, in the family Pseudomelatomidae. Fossils of the species date to late Miocene strata of the Gippsland Basin of Victoria, Australia.

Pseudomelatomidae
Pseudomelatomidae is a family of predatory sea snails, marine gastropods included in the superfamily Conoidea (previously Conacea) and part of the Neogastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).

In 1995 Kantor elevated the subfamily Pseudomelatominae to the status of family Pseudomelatomidae.

In 2011 Bouchet, Kantor et al. moved the Crassispirinae and Zonulispirinae and numerous genera of snails loosely called turrid snails (which at that point had been placed in the family Conidae) and placed them in the family Pseudomelatomidae.  This was based on a cladistic analysis of shell morphology, radular characteristics, anatomical characters, and a dataset of molecular sequences of three gene fragments.
Touriga Nacional
Touriga Nacional is a variety of red wine grape, considered by many to be Portugal's finest. Despite the low yields from its small grapes, it plays a big part in the blends used for ports, and is increasingly being used for table wine in the Douro and Dão. Touriga Nacional provides structure and body to wine, with high tannins and concentrated flavors of black fruit. Jancis Robinson has compared its relationship with Touriga Francesa to the partnership between Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc, the former providing structure, the latter filling out the bouquet.

Jancis Robinson
Jancis Mary Robinson OBE, ComMA, MW (born 22 April 1950) is a British wine critic, journalist and wine writer. She currently writes a weekly column for the Financial Times, and writes for her website JancisRobinson.com, updated daily. She provided advice for the wine cellar of Queen Elizabeth II.
B3 Racing
B3 Racing is a Hungarian auto racing team based in Mogyoród, Hungary. The team has raced in the TCR International Series, since 2016. Having previously raced in the SEAT León Eurocup in 2014 & 2015 and the European Touring Car Cup in 2015.

Mogyoród
Mogyoród is a village in Pest County, Hungary. The Battle of Mogyoród took place here on 14 March 1074, between Solomon, King of Hungary and his cousins Géza and Ladislaus, who were claiming rights to the throne. To commemorate the victory, László Benchmarks were installed, establishing a monastery on Klastrom mountain. Among the sights of the village is the Roman Catholic church, built between 1745 and 1749, the statue of St John of Nepomuk, carved from stone, and the Baroque parish built by the Bishop of Vác. The Hungaroring race track is located in the town, home to the Hungarian Grand Prix.
2024 All-Ireland Under-20 Hurling Championship final
The 2024 All-Ireland Under-20 Hurling Championship final was a hurling match that was played on 1 June to determine the winners of the 2024 All-Ireland Under-20 Hurling Championship, the 61st season of the All-Ireland Under-20 Hurling Championship, a tournament organised by the Gaelic Athletic Association for the champion teams of Leinster and Munster.
The final was contested by Tipperary of Munster and Offaly of Leinster.

The final was a sell-out with up to 20,000 supporters attending from Offaly.

The final was held in Nowlan park to mark the anniversary of former GAA president James Nowlan, who died 100 years ago this year, the winners also received the James Nolan Cup. The final was shown live as part of GAA Beo on TG4, presented by Mícheál Ó Domhnaill.

TG4
TG4 (/ˌtiː dʒiː ˈkæhər/; Irish: TG Ceathair, pronounced [ˌtʲeːɟeː ˈcahəɾʲ]) is an Irish free-to-air public service television channel. It launched on 31 October 1996 and is available online and through its on-demand service TG4 Player in Ireland and beyond.

TG4 was initially known as Teilifís na Gaeilge (TnaG), before being renamed in 1999. It was the third national station to be launched in Ireland, after RTÉ One in 1961 (as Teilifís Éireann) and RTÉ Two in 1978. It was followed by a fourth channel, TV3 (now called Virgin Media One), in 1998.

On average 1.2m people watch TG4 in the Republic of Ireland every week. 650,000 viewers tune into the channel each day. It has a 2% share of the national television market in the Republic of Ireland and 3% of the national television market in Northern Ireland. The daily Irish-language programme schedule is its core service: seven hours of programming in Irish supported by a wide range of material in other languages, mostly English and French.
Pierre Gentil
Pierre Gentil (12 October 1881 – 4 April 1958) was a French sport shooter who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was born in Paris.

In 1912, at the Stockholm Games, he participated in the following events:

team 50 metre small-bore rifle – fourth place

team free rifle – fourth place

team rifle – fifth place

25 metre small-bore rifle – 27th place

300 metre military rifle, three positions – 61st place

600 metre free rifle – 69th place

300 metre free rifle, three positions – did not finish

Shooting at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's 300 metre free rifle, three positions
The men's 300 m rifle three positions was a shooting sports event held as part of the shooting at the 1912 Summer Olympics programme. It was the third appearance of the event, which had been introduced in 1900. The competition was held on Tuesday, 2 July 1912. Eighty-four sport shooters from nine nations competed. The event was won by Paul Colas of France, the nation's first medal in the event. Denmark took the silver and bronze medals, as Lars Jørgen Madsen (in his third time competing in the event) finished second and Niels Larsen placed third.
Mysore style
The Mysore style of asana practice is the way of teaching yoga as exercise within the Ashtanga (vinyasa) yoga tradition as taught by K. Pattabhi Jois in the southern Indian city of Mysore; its fame has made that city a yoga hub with a substantial yoga tourism business.

K. Pattabhi Jois
K. Pattabhi Jois (26 July 1915 – 18 May 2009) was an Indian yoga guru who developed and popularized the flowing style of yoga as exercise known as Ashtanga (vinyasa) yoga. In 1948, Jois established the Ashtanga Yoga Research Institute in Mysore, India. Pattabhi Jois is one of a short list of Indians instrumental in establishing modern yoga as exercise in the 20th century, along with B. K. S. Iyengar, another pupil of Krishnamacharya in Mysore. Jois sexually abused some of his yoga students by touching inappropriately during adjustments. Sharath Jois has publicly apologised for his grandfather's "improper adjustments".
Toralf Lyng
Toralf Lyng (6 July 1909 – 29 October 2005) was a Norwegian sports official.

He was born in Voss Municipality as a son of judge Ulrik Fredrik Lange Lyng (1868–1948) and Marie Aars Kaurin (1870–1951). In December 1939 he married Grethe Jørgensen (1913–2001). During the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany he was imprisoned in Bredtveit concentration camp in January 1945, and was also held at Victoria Terrasse.

He was the secretary-general of the Association for the Promotion of Skiing from 1947 to 1957, head of the venue office of the 1952 Winter Olympics from 1949 to 1952, and secretary-general of the Norwegian Trekking Association from 1957 to 1977. He was decorated as a Knight, First Class of the Order of St. Olav in 1969. Lyng was also admitted into the exclusive skiing-based social club SK Ull in 1950, two years after the death of his father, who was also an Ull member.

Order of St. Olav
The Royal Norwegian Order of Saint Olav (Norwegian: Den Kongelige Norske Sankt Olavs Orden; or Sanct Olafs Orden, the old Norwegian name) is a Norwegian order of chivalry instituted by King Oscar I on 21 August 1847. It is named after King Olav II, known to posterity as St. Olav.

Just before the union with Sweden was dissolved in 1905, the Order of the Norwegian Lion was instituted in 1904 by King Oscar II, but no appointments were awarded by his successor, King Haakon VII. The Order of St. Olav thus became the kingdom's only order of chivalry for the next 80 years. The Grand Master of the order is the reigning monarch of Norway. It is used to reward individuals for remarkable accomplishments on behalf of the country and humanity. Since 1985, appointments to the order have only been conferred upon Norwegian citizens, though foreign heads of state and royalty may be appointed as a matter of courtesy.
Luis Belaunde
Luis Belaunde Prendes (4 August 1890 – 21 April 1962) was a Spanish footballer who played as a forward for Atlético Madrid, Athletic Bilbao, and Madrid FC in a period of just five years between 1910 and 1915.

He won the 1911 Copa del Rey with Athletic Bilbao, starting and scoring in the final, and was a runner-up with Madrid FC in 1916, losing the final to his former club. In the 1916 cup semifinals, he scored a hat-trick against FC Barcelona to help his side reach the final.

1916 Copa del Rey final
The 1916 Copa del Rey final was the 16th final of the Spanish cup competition, the Copa del Rey. The final was played at Camp de la Indústria in Barcelona on 7 May 1916. The match was won by Athletic Bilbao, who beat Madrid FC 4–0. The star of the match was Félix Zubizarreta, who scored a hat-trick to help Bilbao to a 4-0 win. He become only the second player to score a hat-trick in the final after teammate Pichichi, who had done it in the previous final against Espanyol.
Winstock Country Music Festival
The Winstock Country Music Festival is a two-day country music festival that is held in Winsted, Minnesota, United States. The festival usually draws 12,000-15,000 people each day and is usually held in the first two weeks of June. It is often considered to be the first major country music festival of the summer in the upper Midwest.

Upper Midwest
The Upper Midwest is a northern subregion of the U.S. Census Bureau's Midwestern United States. Although the exact boundaries are not uniformly agreed upon, the region is usually defined to include the states of Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota and Wisconsin, North Dakota, and South Dakota; some definitions include parts of Nebraska and Illinois.
Poropuntius anlaoensis
Poropuntius anlaoensis, the Anlao brook barb, is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish belonging to the family Cyprinidae, the family which includes the carp, barbs, minnows and related fishes. This species was first formally described in 2024 from the southern Annam ecoregion of Viet Nam and it may be endemic to the coastal slopes of the Annamite Cordillera.

Annamite Range
The Annamite Range (Lao: ພູ ຫລວງ, romanized: Phū Lūang; Vietnamese: Dãy Trường Sơn, IPA: [zǎˀj ʈʂɯə̀n ʂɤ̄n]) is a major mountain range of Mainland Southeast Asia, extending approximately 1,100 km (680 mi) through Laos, Vietnam, and a small area in northeast Cambodia.
El Prat de Llobregat railway station
El Prat de Llobregat or El Prat Estació is both a Rodalies de Catalunya and a Barcelona Metro station serving the suburb of El Prat de Llobregat, to the south-west of Barcelona, in Catalonia, Spain. It is on the conventional Madrid–Barcelona railway and is served by all trains on Barcelona commuter rail service lines R2 and R2 Nord, as well as some R2 Sud trains. Some trains on regional line R15 also call at the station. The metro station is on the airport branch of Barcelona Metro line 9 (L9) and is operated by Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona (TMB).

Madrid–Barcelona railway
The Madrid–Barcelona railway is the conventional railway line linking the Spanish capital Madrid with the country's second largest city of Barcelona, Catalonia. It now primarily serves local commuter rail services and regional traffic since the opening of the Madrid–Barcelona high-speed rail line in 2008, prior to which only 1.98 million annual passengers travelled between the two cities.
The Second Book of General Ignorance
The Second Book of General Ignorance is the fifth in a series of books based on the final round in the intellectual British panel game QI, written by series-creator John Lloyd and head-researcher John Mitchinson. It is the second book to be based on the show's final round "General Ignorance", the first being The Book of General Ignorance first published in 2006. Like the original book, it is a trivia book aiming to address and correct the comprehensive and humiliating catalogue of all the misconceptions, mistakes and misunderstandings in 'common knowledge' — it is therefore known not as a 'General Knowledge' book, but as 'General Ignorance'. A second, expanded edition called The Discreetly Plumper Second QI Book of General Ignorance was released on 4 October 2012.

Panel show
A panel show or panel game is a radio or television game show in which a panel of celebrities participate. Celebrity panelists may compete with each other, such as on The News Quiz; facilitate play by non-celebrity contestants, such as on Match Game and Blankety Blank; or do both, such as on Wait Wait Don't Tell Me. The genre can be traced to 1938, when Information Please debuted on American radio. The earliest known television panel show is Play the Game, a charades show in 1946. The modern trend of comedy panel shows can find early roots with Stop Me If You've Heard This One in 1939 and Can You Top This? in 1940. While panel shows were more popular in the past in the U.S., they are still very common in the United Kingdom.
Geoffrey Harris (runner)
Geoffrey Harris (born January 30, 1987, in Halifax, Nova Scotia) is a Canadian middle-distance runner.  Harris qualified for the 2012 London Olympics in the 800 metres event with two Olympic standards and a first-place finish at the 2012 Canadian Olympics field & Track in Calgary.  At the Olympics, he reached the semi-finals.

Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 800 metres
The men's 800 metres competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, United Kingdom, was held at the Olympic Stadium on 6–9 August. Fifty-five athletes from 43 nations competed. The event was won in a world record time of 1:40.91 by David Rudisha of Kenya, the second consecutive and fourth overall title for Kenya in the event. Rudisha would later become the fourth man to successfully defend his Olympic 800 metres title, and the 11th to win two medals of any kind in the event. Nijel Amos' silver medal was the first Olympic medal ever for Botswana. Timothy Kitum of Kenya won the bronze medal.
Average variable cost
In economics, average variable cost (AVC) is a firm's variable costs (VC; labour, electricity, etc.) divided by the quantity of output produced (Q):

Average variable cost plus average fixed cost equals average total cost (ATC):

A firm would choose to shut down if the price of its output  is below average variable cost at the profit-maximizing level of output (or, more generally if it sells at multiple prices, its average revenue is less than AVC). Producing anything would not generate revenue significant enough to offset the associated variable costs; producing some output would add losses (additional costs in excess of revenues) to the costs inevitably being incurred (the fixed costs). By not producing, the firm loses only the fixed costs.

As a result, the firm's short-run supply curve has output of 0 when the price is below the minimum AVC and jumps to output such that  for higher prices, where  denotes marginal cost.

Output (economics)
In economics, output is the quantity and quality of goods or services produced in a given time period, within a given economic network, whether consumed or used for further production. The economic network may be a firm, industry, or nation. The concept of national output is essential in the field of macroeconomics. It is national output that makes a country rich, not large amounts of money.
Germaine Dieterlen
Germaine Dieterlen (15 May 1903 in Valleraugue – 13 November 1999 in Paris) was a French anthropologist. 
She was a student of Marcel Mauss, worked with noted French anthropologists Marcel Griaule (1898-1956) and Jean Rouch, wrote on a large range of ethnographic topics and made pioneering contributions to the study of myths, initiations, techniques (particularly "descriptive ethnography"), graphic systems, objects, classifications, ritual and social structure.

She is most noted for her work among the Dogon and the Bambara of Mali, having lived with them for over twenty years, often in collaboration with Marcel Griaule, with whom she wrote the book The Pale Fox (1965).

Initiation
Initiation is a rite of passage marking entrance or acceptance into a group or society. It could also be a formal admission to adulthood in a community or one of its formal components. In an extended sense, it can also signify a transformation in which the initiate is 'reborn' into a new role. Examples of initiation ceremonies might include Christian baptism or confirmation, Jewish bar or bat mitzvah, acceptance into a fraternal organization, secret society or religious order, or graduation from school or recruit training. A person taking the initiation ceremony in traditional rites, such as those depicted in these pictures, is called an initiate.