hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Freisa
Freisa is a red Italian wine grape variety grown in the Piedmont region of north-west Italy, primarily in Monferrato and in the Langhe, but also further north in the provinces of Turin and Biella. Freisa is a vigorous and productive vine whose round, blue-black grapes are harvested in early October. The three-lobed leaves are relatively small and the bunches are elongated in form. By the 1880s it had become one of the major Piedmontese grapes, and in that period its cultivation was stimulated by the vine's resistance to the downy mildew caused by the Plasmopara viticola fungus. Wines made from the Freisa grape are red and usually somewhat sweet and lightly sparkling, or foaming. Still and fully sparkling versions are also produced, however, as are dry and more decidedly sweet styles. In the Canavese there is also a rosé which can be made primarily from Freisa according to Denominazione di origine controllata (DOC) regulations.

Harvest (wine)
The harvesting of wine grapes (vintage) is one of the most crucial steps in the process of wine-making. The time of harvest is determined primarily by the ripeness of the grape as measured by sugar, acid and tannin levels with winemakers basing their decision to pick based on the style of wine they wish to produce. The weather can also shape the timetable of harvesting with the threat of heat, rain, hail, and frost which can damage the grapes and bring about various vine diseases. In addition to determining the time of the harvest, winemakers and vineyard owners must also determine whether to use hand pickers or mechanical harvesters. The harvest season typically falls between August & October in the Northern Hemisphere and February & April in the Southern Hemisphere. With various climate conditions, grape varieties, and wine styles the harvesting of grapes could happen in every month of the calendar year somewhere in the world. In the New World it is often referred to as the crush.
Maredudd ap Rhys Gryg
Maredudd ap Rhys Grug (died 1271), was the son of Rhys Gryg (a Welsh prince of Deheubarth) and Mathilde de Clare (a daughter of Richard de Clare, 3rd Earl of Hertford, Marcher Lord of Cardigan). Maredudd initially ruled north east of Ystrad Tywi, including Llandovery Castle, until he expanded to rule the region encompassing Dryslwyn castle.

When his father died, in 1234, Maredudd was still young, and his wardship was entrusted to Gilbert Marshal, 4th Earl of Pembroke; their mothers were distant cousins. In 1241, Maredudd married Gilbert's niece, Isobella; the marriage had probably been arranged earlier.

Maredudd ap Rhys Gryg died at Dryslwyn on 27 July 1271, leaving behind his son, Rhys ap Maredudd. He is buried at Whitland Abbey.

Dryslwyn Castle
Dryslwyn Castle (Welsh: Castell Dryslwyn or Castell y Drysllwyn) is a native Welsh castle, sited on a rocky hill roughly halfway between Llandeilo and Carmarthen in Wales. It stands on high ground overlooking the Tywi Valley with extensive views. It was built in about the 1220s by one of the princes of the kingdom of Deheubarth, and changed hands several times in the struggles between the Welsh and English over the ensuing centuries. It is considered one of the most important remaining structures built by a Welsh chieftain and is a Grade I listed building.
Elginshire (Parliament of Scotland constituency)
Before the Acts of Union 1707, the barons of the shire of Elgin and Forres (later called Moray) elected commissioners to represent them in the unicameral Parliament of Scotland and in the Convention of the Estates.

From 1708 Elginshire was represented by one Member of Parliament in the House of Commons of Great Britain.

Convention of the Estates of Scotland
The Convention of Estates of Scotland was a sister institution to the Scottish Parliament which sat from the early sixteenth century. Initially, it was only attended by the clergy and nobles, but the burgh commissioners were later added. The Convention of Estates differed from Parliament in that it could be summoned by the King for the limited purpose of raising taxation, but could not pass other legislation.

Like its predecessor General Council it played an important role in political and legislative affairs in Scotland in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

During the Glorious Revolution in Scotland, the Scottish Privy Council asked the King of England, William of Orange, to summon the Convention of Estates of 1689 to determine the throne of Scotland.  It offered it to William and Mary, adopting the Articles of Grievances and Claim of Right Act 1689, and transformed itself into a full parliament.
Electronic sackbut
The electronic sackbut is an electronic musical instrument designed and first built by Hugh Le Caine in 1945.

The electronic sackbut had a feature which resembles what has become the modulation wheels on modern synthesizers: The player used the left hand to modify the sound while the right hand was used to play the keyboard. This compares with today's synthesizers which have one or several modulation wheels to the left of the keyboard (often controlling modulation and pitch).

The controller modified volume, pitch, and timbre. Thus it was one of the first electronic instruments to use a three-dimensional continuous controller to modify the sound in a live situation. Such control is still rare in electronic instruments.

Le Caine began working full-time in a new lab at the National Research Council of Canada in 1954, where he built over 20 different new instruments before his death in 1977. While he developed four models of the electronic sackbut, none ever saw commercial production.

National Research Council Canada
The National Research Council Canada (NRC; French: Conseil national de recherches Canada) is the primary national agency of the Government of Canada dedicated to science and technology research and development. It is the largest federal research and development organization in Canada.

The Minister of Industry is responsible for the NRC.
Herreria (plant)
Herreria is a genus of flowering plants native to South America. In the APG III classification system, the genus is placed in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Agavoideae (formerly the family Agavaceae).

Asparagaceae
Asparagaceae (/əsˌpærəˈɡeɪsiˌaɪ, -siːˌiː/), known as the asparagus family, is a family of flowering plants, placed in the order Asparagales of the monocots. The family name is based on the edible garden asparagus, Asparagus officinalis.  This family includes both common garden plants as well as common houseplants.  The garden plants include asparagus, yucca, bluebell, lily of the valley, and hosta, and the houseplants include snake plant, corn cane, spider plant, and plumosus fern.

The Asparagaceae is a morphologically heterogenous family with the included species varying widely in their appearance and growth form. It has a cosmopolitan distribution, with genera and species contained in the family native to all continents except Antarctica.
C. Wilhelm
William John Charles Pitcher (21 March 1858 – 2 March 1925), known as Wilhelm or C. Wilhelm, was an English artist, costume and scenery designer, best known for his designs for ballets, pantomimes, comic operas and Edwardian musical comedies.

Comic opera
Comic opera, sometimes known as light opera, is a sung dramatic work of a light or comic nature, usually with a happy ending and often including spoken dialogue.

Forms of comic opera first developed in late 17th-century Italy. By the 1730s, a new operatic genre, opera buffa, emerged as an alternative to opera seria. It quickly made its way to France, where it became opéra comique, and eventually, in the following century, French operetta, with Jacques Offenbach as its most accomplished practitioner.

The influence of Italian and French forms spread to other parts of Europe. Many countries developed their own genres of comic opera, incorporating the Italian and French models along with their own musical traditions. Examples include German singspiel, Viennese operetta, Spanish zarzuela, Russian comic opera, English ballad and Savoy opera, North American operetta and musical comedy.
Kryštofovo Údolí
Kryštofovo Údolí (German: Christofsgrund) is a municipality and village in Liberec District in the Liberec Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants. The village is well preserved and is protected as a village monument zone.

Liberec Region
Liberec Region (Czech: Liberecký kraj) is an administrative unit (Czech: kraj) of the Czech Republic, located in the northernmost part of its historical region of Bohemia. It is named after its capital Liberec. The region shares international borders with Germany and Poland. Domestically the region borders the Ústí nad Labem Region to the west, the Central Bohemian Region to the south and the Hradec Králové Region to the east.
Sandy Jacobson
Sandy Jacobson (born 23 March 1966) is a Canadian long-distance runner. In 2001, she competed in the women's marathon at the 2001 World Championships in Athletics held in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. She finished in 34th place.

In 2003, she competed in the women's marathon at the 2003 World Championships in Athletics held in Paris, France. She finished in 28th place.

2003 World Championships in Athletics
The 9th World Championships in Athletics (French: Championnats du monde d'athlétisme 2003), under the auspices of the International Association of Athletics Federations, were held from 23 August to 31 August 2003 in the streets of Paris and the Stade de France in Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis, France.
Shahid Haghani Expressway
Shahid Haghani Expressway (Highway) is an expressway in Tehran. It starts from Resalat Expressway and ends in Vanak Square.

The expressway has 4 exits with 3 irregular Partial cloverleaf interchange and 1 traffic circle. There are three lanes of traffic in either direction for most of the length of the roadway. Traffic at Resalat Expressway enters and exits from Arabali Street. At Vanak Square, traffic feeds from four different streets (Valiasr Street, Vanak Street, Molia Sadra Street, Brazil Street).

Partial cloverleaf interchange
A partial cloverleaf interchange or parclo is a modification of a cloverleaf interchange.

The design, originally invented by the Ontario Ministry of Transportation has been well received, and has since become one of the most popular freeway-to-arterial interchange designs in North America. It has also been used occasionally in some European countries, such as Germany, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom.
John Thom
John Thom is the name of:

John Thom (soldier) (1891–1941), British lieutenant-colonel, judge and politician

John Hamilton Thom (1808–1894), Irish Unitarian minister

John Nichols Thom (1799–1838), Cornish wine-merchant and maltster

John Nichols Thom
John Nichols Tom (sometimes spelt Thom; 1799 – 31 May 1838) was a Cornish merchant and maltster who re-invented himself as Sir William Courtenay, stood for parliament in Canterbury, was convicted of perjury in a smuggling case, spent three years in the Kent County Lunatic Asylum, and, following his release, gathered a small band of followers and paraded in the Kent countryside. He, along with several of his followers, was killed in a confrontation with government soldiers in Bossenden Wood, in what has sometimes been called the last battle to be fought on English soil.
Lead selenide
Lead selenide (PbSe), or lead(II) selenide, a selenide of lead, is a semiconductor material. It forms cubic crystals of the NaCl structure; it has a direct bandgap of 0.27 eV at room temperature.  (Note that incorrectly identifies PbSe and other IV–VI semiconductors as indirect gap materials.)  A grey solid, it is used for manufacture of infrared detectors for thermal imaging. 
The mineral clausthalite is a naturally occurring lead selenide.

It may be formed by direct reaction between its constituent elements, lead and selenium.

Direct and indirect band gaps
In semiconductors, the band gap of a semiconductor can be of two basic types, a direct band gap or an indirect band gap.   The minimal-energy state in the conduction band and the maximal-energy state in the valence band are each characterized by a certain crystal momentum (k-vector) in the Brillouin zone. If the k-vectors are different, the material has an "indirect gap". The band gap is called "direct" if the crystal momentum of electrons and holes is the same in both the conduction band and the valence band; an electron can directly emit a photon. In an "indirect" gap, a photon cannot be emitted because the electron must pass through an intermediate state and transfer momentum to the crystal lattice.

Examples of direct bandgap materials include hydrogenated amorphous silicon and some III–V materials such as InAs and GaAs. Indirect bandgap materials include crystalline silicon and Ge. Some III–V materials are indirect bandgap as well, for example AlSb.
Nick Courtright
Nick Courtright (born 1981) is an American poet, scholar, and publisher. He is the author of the book of literary criticism In Perfect Silence at the Stars: Walt Whitman and the Meaning of Poems, and of the poetry collections The Forgotten World, Let There Be Light, Punchline, and the chapbook Elegy for the Builder's Wife. His poetry has appeared in The Southern Review, Boston Review, Massachusetts Review, Kenyon Review Online, Gulf Coast, New Orleans Review, The Literati Quarterly and many others.

He is also the Founder and Executive Editor of Atmosphere Press.

The Massachusetts Review
The Massachusetts Review is a literary quarterly founded in 1959 by a group of professors from Amherst College, Mount Holyoke College, Smith College, and the University of Massachusetts Amherst. It receives financial support from Five Colleges, Inc., a consortium which includes Amherst College and four other educational institutions in a short geographical radius.
Arrondissement of Liège
The Arrondissement of Liège (French: Arrondissement de Liège; Dutch: Arrondissement Luik) is one of the four administrative arrondissements in the Walloon province of Liège, Belgium.

It is both an administrative and a judicial arrondissement. However, the Judicial Arrondissement of Liège also comprises the municipalities of Berloz, Crisnée, Donceel, Faimes, Fexhe-le-Haut-Clocher, Geer, Oreye, Remicourt and Waremme in the Arrondissement of Waremme. The municipality of Comblain-au-Pont, even though it is a part of the Administrative Arrondissement of Liège, is not a part of the Judicial Arrondissement of Liège, but of the Judicial Arrondissement of Huy.

Fexhe-le-Haut-Clocher
Fexhe-le-Haut-Clocher (French pronunciation: [fɛks lə o klɔʃe]; Walloon: Fexhe-å-Hôt-Clokî) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Liège, Belgium.

On January 1, 2006, Fexhe-le-Haut-Clocher had a total population of 3,019. The total area is 19.25 km2 which gives a population density of 157 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Fexhe-le-Haut-Clocher, Freloux, Noville, Roloux, and Voroux-Goreux.
Nouvelle histoire
The term new history, from the French term nouvelle histoire (French pronunciation: [nuvɛl istwaʁ]), was coined by Jacques Le Goff and Pierre Nora, leaders of the third generation of the Annales school, in the 1970s. The movement can be associated with cultural history, history of representations, and histoire des mentalités. The new history movement's inclusive definition of the proper matter of historical study has also given it the label total history. The movement was contrasted with the traditional ways of writing history which focused on politics and "great men". The new history rejected any insistence on composing historical narrative; an emphasis on administrative documents as basic source materials; concern with individuals' motivations and intentions as explanatory factors for historical events; and the old belief in objectivity.

The approach was rejected by Marxist historians because it downplayed what Marxists believed was the central role of class in shaping history.

History of mentalities
The history of mentalities, from the French term histoire des mentalités (lit. 'history of attitudes'), is an approach to cultural history which aims to describe and analyze the ways in which historical people thought about, interacted with, and classified the world around them, as opposed to the history of particular events or of economic trends. The history of mentalities has been used as a historical tool by several historians and scholars from various schools of history. Notably, the historians of the Annales School helped to develop the history of mentalities and construct a methodology from which to operate. In establishing this methodology, they sought to limit their analysis to a particular place and a particular time.: 7  This approach lends itself to the intensive study that characterizes microhistory, another field which adopted the history of mentalities as a tool of historical analysis.
2014–15 Saudi Crown Prince Cup
The 2014–15 Saudi Crown Prince Cup was the 40th season of the Saudi Crown Prince Cup since its establishment in 1957. This season's competition featured a total of 30 teams, 14 teams from the Pro League, and 16 teams from the First Division.

The holders were Al-Nassr who beat Al-Hilal 2–1 in the previous season's final on 1 February 2014. Al-Nassr were knocked out in the semi-finals by Al-Ahli.

The 2015 Crown Prince Cup Final was played between Al-Ahli and Al-Hilal at the King Fahd International Stadium in Riyadh. Al-Ahli defeated Al-Hilal 2–1 in the final to win their sixth Crown Prince Cup title and their first since 2007.

Saudi First Division League
The Saudi First Division League (FDL), also known as the Yelo League for sponsorship reasons, is a professional association football league in Saudi Arabia and serves as the second tier of the Saudi football league system. It ranks directly below the Saudi Pro League and above the Saudi Second Division League.
Solvent drag
Solvent drag, also known as bulk transport, refers to solutes in the ultrafiltrate that are transported back from the renal tubule by the flow of water rather than specifically by ion pumps or other membrane transport proteins. This is a phenomenon primarily in renal physiology, but it also occurs in gastrointestinal physiology.

It generally occurs in the paracellular, rather than transcellular, pathway between the tubular cells.

It is seen e.g. in the passive transport in renal sodium reabsorption, renal chloride reabsorption as well as renal urea handling.

Solution (chemistry)
In chemistry, a solution is defined by IUPAC as "A liquid or solid phase containing more than one substance, when for convenience one (or more) substance, which is called the solvent, is treated differently from the other substances, which are called solutes. When, as is often but not necessarily the case, the sum of the mole fractions of solutes is small compared with unity, the solution is called a dilute solution." One parameter of a solution is the concentration, which is a measure of the amount of solute in a given amount of solution or solvent. The term "aqueous solution" is used when one of the solvents is water.
Nicky Henderson (footballer)
Nicky Henderson (born 8 February 1969) is a Scottish former professional footballer, who played for Raith Rovers, Cowdenbeath, Falkirk, Partick Thistle, Hamilton Academical, Clyde, Stenhousemuir and Stirling Albion. After playing for Stirling in season 2001–02, he retired from playing football due to injury.

His sons Liam and Ewan are also professional footballers.

Cowdenbeath F.C.
Cowdenbeath Football Club (/kaʊdənˈbiːθ/ kow-dən-BEETH) is a Scottish semi-professional football team based in Cowdenbeath, Fife. They are members of the Lowland League, the fifth tier of the Scottish football league system after their relegation from Scottish League Two on 14 May 2022 following a 4–0 aggregate defeat to Bonnyrigg Rose. Formed in 1881, the club has played at Central Park since 1917. They first joined the Scottish Football League (SFL) in 1905. The club has never won any of the major honours in Scottish football, but have won lower tier divisional titles on five occasions. They competed in the top division of the SFL from 1924 to 1934, but have only completed one further top flight season since, in 1970–71.
Ahmarian
The Ahmarian culture was a Paleolithic archeological industry in the Levant dated at 46,000–42,000 years before present (BP) and thought to be related to Levantine Emiran and younger European Aurignacian cultures.

The word "Ahmarian" was adopted from the archaeological site of Erq el-Ahmar (also written Erk el Ahmar), West Bank, Palestine, a rockshelter in the Judean Desert in the northern Dead Sea Rift. It was explored and excavated by French Prehistorian René Neuville in 1951. The "Ahmarian" category had only been recognized since the 1980s, and was previously designated as "Phase II Upper Paleolithic" or "Ksar Akil Phase B".

El Wad
El Wad is an archaeological site of the Epipalaeolithic Near East in Mount Carmel, Israel. The site has two components: El Wad Cave, also known as Mughārat al-Wād (Arabic: مغارة الواد) or HaNahal Cave (Hebrew: מערת הנחל); and El Wad Terrace, located immediately outside the cave.

Together with the nearby sites of Tabun Cave, Jamal Cave, and Skhul Cave, el Wad is part of the Nahal Me'arot Nature Reserve, a national park and UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Commodore Point
Commodore Point was a Ford Motor Company manufacturing plant in Jacksonville, Florida. It was located on the banks of the St. Johns River just below the Mathews Bridge. It occupied the former Bentley Shipyards. The factory began operations in November 1924, building the Ford Model T followed later by the Ford Model A. The factory was closed in 1932, where Ford continued to use the building as a parts distribution center until 1968.

Mathews Bridge
The Mathews Bridge is a cantilever bridge in Jacksonville, Florida, which spans the St. Johns River. Constructed in 1953, the bridge brings traffic along the Arlington Expressway between downtown Jacksonville and the Arlington neighborhood. It was named after John E. Mathews, a Florida state legislator and Chief Justice of the 1955 Florida Supreme Court who helped gather funding for the bridge's construction.  Originally silver in color, the bridge was painted garnet in 1984 in celebration of Jacksonville's short-lived United States Football League franchise, the Jacksonville Bulls.
Ards Peninsula (District Electoral Area)
Ards Peninsula is one of the seven district electoral areas (DEA) in Ards and North Down, Northern Ireland. The district elects five members to Ards and North Down Borough Council and contains the wards of Ballywalter, Carrowdore, Kircubbin, Loughries, Portaferry and Portavogie. Ards Peninsula forms part of the Strangford constituencies for the Northern Ireland Assembly and UK Parliament.

It was created for the 1985 local elections, replacing Ards Area A, which had existed since 1973, and originally contained seven wards (Ballywalter, Donaghadee North, Donaghadee South, Kircubbin, Millisle, Portaferry and Portavogie). For the 1993 local elections it was reduced to five wards, gaining Carrowdore but losing Donaghadee North, Donaghadee South and Millisle to the new Ards East DEA. For the 2014 local elections, it was increased to six wards, regaining Millisle while Donaghadee moved to the new Bangor East and Donaghadee DEA.

Bangor East and Donaghadee (District Electoral Area)
Bangor East and Donaghadee is one of the seven district electoral areas (DEA) in Ards and North Down, Northern Ireland. The district elects six members to Ards and North Down Borough Council and contains the wards of Ballycrochan, Ballymagee, Donaghadee, Groomsport, Silverbirch and Warren. Bangor East and Donaghadee forms part of the North Down constituencies for the Northern Ireland Assembly and UK Parliament.

It was created for the 2014 local elections, largely replacing the Ballyholme and Groomsport DEA, and parts of the Ards East DEA, which had existed since 1985 and 1993 respectively.