hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Dominicus de Clavasio
Dominicus de Clavasio (fl. 1340–1357) was an Italian-origin scholar who taught in Paris and is known mainly from his book Practica geometriae (1346) which included commentaries on other works of the period. He is referred to variously as Dominicus de Calvisio, Dominicus de Clavaxio, Dominicus de Clivaxo, or Dominique de Chivasso.

De Clavasio's birth date is unknown but he was born in Chivasso near Turin and taught in Paris during 1349–1350 at the Collège de Constantinople. He wrote Practica geometriae (1346) which is made of three parts with Book I being a commentary on contemporary measurement, arithmetic and geometry; Book II on geometrical constructions and III on three-dimensional figures. He extensively commented on Aristotle's works, cited Ptolemy, and Campanus of Novara. The work went into several manuscript versions. He may have died while serving as court astrologer to King John II.

Chivasso
Chivasso (pronounced [kiˈvasso]; Piedmontese: Civass) is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Turin, in the Italian region of Piedmont, located about 20 kilometres (12 mi) northeast of Turin. Chivasso has a population of about 27,000. It is situated on the left bank of the Po river, near the influx of the Orco river.

The municipality of Chivasso contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Montegiove, Betlemme, Torassi, Castelrosso, Pogliani, Borghetto, Mosche, Mandria, Boschetto, and Pratoregio.

Chivasso borders the following municipalities: Mazzè, Caluso, San Benigno Canavese, Montanaro, Rondissone, Verolengo, Volpiano, Brandizzo, San Sebastiano da Po, Castagneto Po, San Raffaele Cimena.

The name probably has a Roman origin (Clavasium, which is used nowadays by local companies).
Joshua Walker (MP)
Joshua Walker (1786-1862) of Portland Place and Hendon Place, Middlesex, was a Member of Parliament for Aldeburgh in Suffolk, a pocket borough owned by his cousin Samuel Walker (1779–1851), MP, a notable ironmaster from Yorkshire.

Rotten and pocket boroughs
A rotten or pocket borough, also known as a nomination borough or proprietorial borough, was a parliamentary borough or constituency in England, Great Britain, or the United Kingdom before the Reform Act of 1832 which had very few voters. They could be used by a patron to gain disproportionate influence within the House of Commons. The Reform Act of 1832 abolished the majority of these rotten and pocket boroughs.

The same terms were used for similar boroughs represented in the 18th-century Parliament of Ireland.
Big Brother VIP (Israeli TV series) season 2
HaAh HaGadol VIP 2 (Hebrew: האח הגדול VIP 2; lit. The Big Brother VIP 2) started on May 10, 2015. This is the second VIP season of the Israeli version of the Big Brother series, after a first one back in 2009. The show follows the main Big Brother rules, but with some changes. For example, in Big Brother VIP the show's duration is shorter and the housemates were Israeli celebrities.

Big Brother (Israeli TV series)
Big Brother (Hebrew: האח הגדול, Transliteration: HaAh HaGadol, lit. 'The Big Brother') is the Israeli version of the international reality television franchise Big Brother created by producer John de Mol Jr. in 1997. The show began broadcasting in 2008, following the premise of other versions of the format, the show features a group of contestants, known as "Housemates," who live together in a specially constructed house that is isolated from the outside world. The housemates are continuously monitored during their stay in the house by live television cameras as well as personal audio microphones. Throughout the competition, housemates are evicted from the house. The last remaining Housemate wins the competition and is awarded a cash prize.
Mount Jukes mine sites
The Mount Jukes mine sites were a series of short-lived, small mine workings high on the upper regions of Mount Jukes in the West Coast Range on the West Coast of Tasmania.

Upper Lake Jukes and Lake Jukes had short lived mining companies incorporating the names of the lakes.

These mine sites (including Jukes Proprietary on the northern edge of Mount Jukes above the King River Gorge) are examples of early twentieth century ingenuity where all equipment was transported with difficulty up small tracks from locations such as Crotty.

Access to parts of the slopes of Mount Jukes have been assisted by the construction of the Mount Jukes road by the HEC following their construction of the King River Dam and the impoundment of Lake Burbury.

West Coast, Tasmania
The West Coast of Tasmania is one of the regions of Tasmania in Australia. It is mainly isolated rough country and is associated with wilderness, mining and tourism. It served as the location of a convict settlement in the early history of Van Diemen's Land, and contrasts sharply with the more developed and populous northern and eastern parts of the island state.
Scouting in displaced persons camps
Scouting has been active in displaced persons camps (DP camps) and in the lives of refugees since World War I. During and after World War II, until the early 1950s, Scouting and Guiding flourished in these camps. These Scout and Girl Guide groups often provided postal delivery and other basic services in displaced persons camps. This working system was duplicated dozens of times around the world. In the present, Scouting and Guiding once again provide services and relief in camps throughout war-torn Africa.

World Scout Jamboree
The World Scout Jamboree is a Scouting jamboree of the World Organization of the Scout Movement, typically attended by several tens of thousands of Scouts from around the world, aged 14 to 17. At the jamboree, many scouts swap badges or neckerchiefs.

The first World Scout Jamboree was organized by The Scout Association in London. With exceptions for the World War years and the Iranian Revolution, it has been organized approximately every four years, and in the more recent years has been organised by the World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM), in different locations over the world. The 25th World Scout Jamboree was held in South Korea in 2023.

In lexicography, "Jamboree" is considered an Americanism that traces back to 1860–65 and refers to a joyful, noisy gathering. The term is believed to originate from the words jabber (rapid, indistinct talk) and shivaree (noisy celebration), with "m" from jam (crowd).
Waveform Records
Waveform Records is an American record label founded in 1994 in Sedona, Arizona with subsequent relocations in the San Francisco Bay Area in Mill Valley, Austin, San Diego and is currently now based in Maui. Waveform specializes in a "sensual and stimulating genre of chill and ambient music" that the label calls "exotic electronica".

They are perhaps best known for a widely influential series of ambient dub compilations in the mid-1990s: One A.D., Two A.D., Three A.D., and Four A.D.

Sedona, Arizona
Sedona (/sɪˈdoʊnə/ si-DOH-nə) is a city that straddles the county line between Coconino and Yavapai counties in the northern Verde Valley region of the U.S. state of Arizona. As of the 2020 census, Sedona had a population of 9,684. The city is within the Coconino National Forest.

Sedona's main attraction is its array of pink sandstone formations. The formations appear to glow in pink when illuminated by the rising or setting sun. The pink rocks form a popular backdrop for many activities, ranging from spiritual pursuits to the hundreds of hiking and mountain biking trails.

Sedona was named after Sedona Schnebly, whose husband, Theodore Carlton Schnebly, was the city's first postmaster. She was celebrated for her hospitality and industriousness. Her mother, Amanda Miller, claimed to have made the name up because "it sounded pretty".
Janel Jacobson
Janel Jacobson  (born 1950 in Minneapolis, Minnesota) is an American artist known for ceramics and woodcarving. She started her career carving porcelain and has since changed her medium to wood, most often boxwood. Her work is in the Philadelphia Museum of Art the Racine Art Museum, the Smithsonian American Art Museum (SAAM), and the Yale University Art Gallery. Several of her works were acquired by the SAAM as part of the Renwick Gallery's 50th Anniversary Campaign.

Yale University Art Gallery
The Yale University Art Gallery (YUAG) is an  art museum in New Haven, Connecticut. It houses a major encyclopedic collection of art in several interconnected buildings on the campus of Yale University. Although it embraces all cultures and periods, the gallery emphasizes early Italian Renaissance painting, African sculpture, and modern art. It is the oldest university art museum in the Western Hemisphere.
Lakes College
Lakes College is a further education institute located at Lillyhall, Cumberland, England, between the towns of Workington and Whitehaven.

The college offers courses to students from Allerdale, Copeland and the surrounding areas. These courses include NVQs, BTECs, Diplomas and Access courses, as well as HNCs, HNDs and Foundation Degrees.

The college is a sponsor of Energy Coast UTC in Workington.

In 2018 the northern hub of the National College for Nuclear was launched at the college, funded by £7.5 million from the Department for Education. The college is expected to service the building and operation of new build nuclear power plants, for example the nearby proposed Moorside Nuclear Power Station.

Department for Education
The Department for Education (DfE) is a ministerial department of the Government of the United Kingdom. It is responsible for child protection, child services, education (compulsory, further, and higher education), apprenticeships, and wider skills in England.

A Department for Education previously existed between 1992, when the Department of Education and Science was renamed, and 1995, when it was merged with the Department for Employment to become the Department for Education and Employment.

The current holder of Secretary of State for Education is the Rt Hon Bridget Phillipson MP and Susan Acland-Hood is the permanent secretary.

The expenditure, administration, and policy of the Department of Education are scrutinised by the Education Select Committee.
Weissenhof chair
The Weissenhof chair (also called MR 10 or MR 20) is a chair designed by the German architect and designer Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, in 1927. This first, springy cantilever chair was shown at the Weissenhofsiedlung Exhibition in 1927. It was made of a 25 mm steel tube and had a wicker framework proposed by Lilly Reich. The MR20 version has forearms.

Lilly Reich
Lilly Reich (16 June 1885 – 14 December 1947) was a German designer specializing in textiles, furniture, interiors, and exhibition spaces. She was a close collaborator with Ludwig Mies van der Rohe for more than ten years during the Weimar period from 1925 until his emigration to the U.S. in 1938. Reich was an important figure in the early Modern Movement in architecture and design. Her fame was posthumous, as the significance of her contribution to the work of Mies van der Rohe and others with whom she collaborated only became clear through the research of later historians of the field.
2010 La Manga Cup
The 2010 La Manga Cup was an exhibition international club football (soccer) competition featuring football club teams from Europe and North America, which was held in February 2010. All matches were played in La Manga Stadium in La Manga Club, Spain. This was the thirteenth La Manga Cup. The tournament was won by Molde, who beat FC Nordsjælland 2–1 in the final.

La Manga Club Football Stadium
La Manga Club Football Stadium is a stadium in La Manga Club, located in southern Spain. It is a resort stadium and is used for friendly matches, as well as a resting and training place for Spain's national football team, FC Cartagena and other teams.
Na Ah-reum
Na Ah-reum (Korean: 나아름, born 24 March 1990) is a South Korean track and road bicycle racer, born in Naju, who last rode for UCI Women's Team Alé–Cipollini. She competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the Women's road race, finishing 13th place. She also competed in the road race at the 2016 Olympics. In 2018 Na won the South Korea National Championships road race and individual time trial.

Cycling at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's individual road race
The women's road race, one of the cycling events at the 2012 Olympic Games in London, took place on 29 July over a course starting and ending on The Mall and heading out of London into Surrey. Nicole Cooke of Great Britain was the defending champion.

In heavy rain, the race and gold medal was won by Marianne Vos of the Netherlands. Great Britain's Lizzie Armitstead was second, collecting silver, and Russia's rider Olga Zabelinskaya won the bronze in third place.
Metallic bonding
Metallic bonding is a type of chemical bonding that arises from the electrostatic attractive force between conduction electrons (in the form of an electron cloud of delocalized electrons) and positively charged metal ions. It may be described as the sharing of free electrons among a structure of positively charged ions (cations). Metallic bonding accounts for many physical properties of metals, such as strength, ductility, thermal and electrical resistivity and conductivity, opacity, and lustre.

Metallic bonding is not the only type of chemical bonding a metal can exhibit, even as a pure substance. For example, elemental gallium consists of covalently-bound pairs of atoms in both liquid and solid-state—these pairs form a crystal structure with metallic bonding between them. Another example of a metal–metal covalent bond is the mercurous ion (Hg2+2).

Mercury polycations
Mercury polycations are polyatomic cations that contain only mercury atoms. The best known example is the Hg2+2 ion, found in mercury(I) (mercurous) compounds. The existence of the metal–metal bond in Hg(I) compounds was established using X-ray studies in 1927 and Raman spectroscopy in 1934 making it one of the earliest, if not the first, metal–metal covalent bonds to be characterised.

Other mercury polycations are the linear Hg2+3 and Hg2+4 ions, and the triangular Hg4+3 ion   and a number of chain and layer polycations.
Noor Hospital
Noor Hospital Qadian is the oldest multidisciplinary hospital at city of Qadian in Punjab state of India. The hospital was established in 1917 to cater to the needs of local residents. The hospital traces its history back to the period of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, the founder of the worldwide Ahmadiyya Muslim Community who was born in Qadian in 1835. A time when there was no hospital in Qadian he used to provide free medical assistance with great sympathy to the people of Qadian and outskirts. Noor Hospital has been named after the first khalifa (caliph) of Ahmadiyya Muslim Community Hakeem Noor-ud-Din, he was a renowned physician of that time. Before settling in Qadian, in 1876 he was employed as the royal physician to Maharaja Ranbir Singh the ruler of Jammu and Kashmir.

Ranbir Singh of Jammu and Kashmir
Ranbir Singh GCIE (August 1830 – 12 September 1885) was Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir belonging to the Dogra dynasty from 1856 until his death in 1885.

Ranbir Singh was the third son of Gulab Singh, the founder of the Jammu and Kashmir state. Ranbir Singh ascended the throne in 1856 after Gulab Singh's abdication due to his poor health. Unlike European women and children, Indian mutineers were not allowed to take refuge in his state. He also sent his troops to help the British to besiege Delhi. He was subsequently rewarded for his behaviour during the mutiny. He went on to annex Gilgit which had previously witnessed a rebellion against the state. The princely states of Hunza and Nagar started paying tributes to Jammu and Kashmir during his reign. He also established a modern judicial system. Civil and criminal laws were compiled into the Ranbir Penal Code during his reign. Ranbir Singh was a scholar of Sanskrit and Persian languages and had many books translated.
Bifurca
Bifurca is a monotypic moth genus in the subfamily Lymantriinae. Its only species, Bifurca longinasus, is found in Vietnam. Both the genus and the species were first described by Joseph de Joannis in 1929.

Joseph de Joannis
Joseph de Joannis (6 June 1864 La Meignanne, Maine-et-Loire, Pays de la Loire – 27 October 1932 Paris) was a French clergyman and lepidopterist. De Joannis was the president of the Société entomologique de France from 1908 to 1916. His father Léon-Daniel de Joannis (1803–1868) was an entomologist and an ichthyologist.

He was most notable for his discovery of Glyphodes mascarenalis and his two books on entomology: Descriptions de Lépidoptères nouveaux de l'ile Maurice in 1906 and Lépidoptères Hétérocères des Mascareigns et des Seychelles in 1915.
2024 Rio Grande do Sul floods
The 2024 Rio Grande do Sul floods were severe floods caused by heavy rains and storms that hit the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul, and the adjacent Uruguayan cities of Treinta y Tres, Paysandú, Cerro Largo, and Salto. From 29 April through to May, it resulted in 181 fatalities (as of 7 July 2024), widespread landslides, and a dam collapse. It is considered the country's worst flooding in over 80 years.

The floods marked the fourth such environmental disaster in Brazil within the past 12 months, following similar calamities that killed 75 people in July, September, and November 2023.

Salto, Uruguay
Salto (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈsalto]) is the capital city of the Salto Department in northwestern Uruguay. As of the 2023 census it had a population of 114,084 and is the second most populated city in Uruguay, after Montevideo.
Hemihypesthesia
Hemihypesthesia is a reduction in sensitivity on one side of the body.  A person with this condition may not be able to perceive being lightly touched on one side, but has normal function on the other side of the body.

It can occur from damage to the thalamocortical fibers in the posterior limb of the internal capsule. It is one of the deficits produced by anterior choroidal artery syndrome. The anterior choroidal artery is in the brain, off of the internal carotid in the "circle of Willis".

Anterior choroidal artery
The anterior choroidal artery is a bilaterally paired artery of the brain. It is typically a branch of the internal carotid artery which supplies the choroid plexus of lateral ventricle and third ventricle as well as numerous structures of the brain.

Occlusion of the artery can result in loss of sensation, loss of part of the visual field, and impaired movement, all on the opposite side of the body as the occlusion.
Udston mining disaster
55°46′19″N 4°05′13″W﻿ / ﻿55.772°N 4.087°W﻿ / 55.772; -4.087

The  Udston mining disaster occurred in Hamilton, Scotland on Saturday, 28 May 1887 when 73 miners died in a firedamp explosion at Udston Colliery. Caused, it is thought, by unauthorised shot firing the explosion is said to be Scotland's second worst coal mining disaster.

Keir Hardie, then Secretary of the Scottish Miners' Federation, denounced the deaths as murder a few days later.

National Union of Mineworkers (Great Britain)
The National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) is a trade union for coal workers in Great Britain, formed in 1945 out of the Miners' Federation of Great Britain (MFGB). The NUM took part in three national miners' strikes, in 1972, 1974 and 1984–85. Following the 1984–85 strike, and the subsequent closure of most of Britain's coal mines, it became a much smaller union. It had around 170,000 members when Arthur Scargill became leader in 1981, a figure which had fallen in 2023 to an active membership of 196.
Morris B. Payne
Morris B. Payne (1885–1961) was an American architect from New London, Connecticut. He also reached the rank of major general in the Connecticut National Guard, commanding the 43rd Infantry Division at the beginning of World War II.

Waterford, Connecticut
Waterford is a town in New London County, Connecticut, United States. It is named after Waterford, Ireland. The town is part of the Southeastern Connecticut Planning Region. The population was 19,571 at the 2020 census. The town center is listed as a census-designated place (CDP) and had a population of 3,074 at the 2020 census.
JJ Smuts
Jon-Jon Trevor Smuts (born 21 September 1988) is a South African–born Italian cricketer who plays for Italy and has previously represented South Africa in international cricket. He plays for the Warriors in the South African domestic competitions.

He is a right-handed opening batsman and a slow left-arm bowler. In 2010 he was selected for the South African Emerging Players' squad to tour Australia. In the 2018 South African Cricket Annual, he was named as one of the five Cricketers of the Year. He is the brother of cricket player Kelly Smuts.

European T20 Premier League
The European T20 Premier League (ETPL) is an upcoming professional twenty20 cricket league in Europe. It will be organised by Cricket Scotland, Cricket Ireland, and Royal Dutch Cricket Association, and will be played during summer each year from 2026. The League will comprise six teams across Scotland, Ireland, Northern Ireland, and the Netherlands.
Katrin Saarsalu-Layachi
Katrin Saarsalu-Layachi (born 10 January 1967 in Tallinn) is an Estonian diplomat.

In 1990 she graduated from University of Tartu with a degree in law. Since 1991 she has worked at Estonian Foreign Ministry.

1996-1999 she was a counsellor at the Permanent Representation of Estonia to the European Union. 1999-2003 she was General Director of the Estonian Foreign Ministry's European Integration Department.

2003-2009 she was Ambassador of Estonia to Austria, Slovenia, Slovakia and Switzerland.

Awards:

2004: Order of the White Star, III class.

Order of the White Star
The Order of the White Star (Estonian: Valgetähe teenetemärk; French: Ordre de l'Etoile blanche) was instituted in 1936. The Order of the White Star is bestowed on Estonian citizens and foreigners to give recognition for services rendered to the Estonian state.
Alethic
The adjective alethic refers to the various modalities of truth, such as necessity, possibility or impossibility, as in:

Alethic modality, a modality in linguistics

Subjunctive or alethic possibility, a form of modality studied in modal logic

Subjunctive possibility
Subjunctive possibility (also called alethic possibility) is a form of modality studied in modal logic. Subjunctive possibilities are the sorts of possibilities considered when conceiving counterfactual situations; subjunctive modalities are modalities that bear on whether a statement might have been or could be true—such as might, could, must, possibly, necessarily, contingently, essentially, accidentally, and so on. Subjunctive possibilities include logical possibility, metaphysical possibility, nomological possibility, and temporal possibility.
Alabern bridge disaster
The Alabern bridge disaster, also known as the Hostalric rail accident, was a bridge collapse that occurred on the evening of 7 October 1863 near Hostalric, in the Province of Girona, Spain. A steam locomotive, tender and 10 carriages that travelled from Girona to Barcelona, crashed as the Pont del Torrent de Cal Abert bridge collapsed after it was weakened by torrential rain. 21 people were killed and 11 others seriously injured.

It was at the time the deadliest rail accident in Spain, until the Alcudia bridge disaster in 1884.

After the accident it became clear that wooden bridges are sensitive to bad weather. The bridge was rebuilt with a steel structure.

Alcudia bridge disaster
The Alcudia bridge disaster (Spanish: Catástrofe del Puente de Alcudia) was a train incident in the province of Ciudad Real, Spain, on 27 April 1884. With 59 reported deaths, it became by far the largest train disaster in the country up to that date.