hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Tāwhirirangi
In Māori tradition, Tāwhirirangi was one of the great ocean-going, voyaging canoes that was used in the migrations that settled New Zealand. Tāwhirirangi was captained by Ngāhue, and originally landed in the Hokianga before heading to the South Island. Ngāhue is said to have then discovered pounamu.

Friedrich Ratzel in The History of Mankind, when discussing legend preserved in song, reported in 1896 that a chief by the name of Ngahue was driven to flight by a civil war which devastated Hawaiki. After a long journey, he reached New Zealand and returned to Hawaiki with pieces of greenstone and the bones of a giant bird.

Friedrich Ratzel
Friedrich Ratzel (German pronunciation: [ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈʁatsl̩]; 30 August 1844 – 9 August 1904) was a German geographer and ethnographer, notable for first using the term Lebensraum ("living space") in the sense that the National Socialists later would.
Fortified granaries of Aures
The Fortified granaries of Aures known as "taq'liath" in Shawiya, are a multi-storied defensible structures used for storing crops as well as a refuge during times of conflict. They were described in ancient times by Roman and Arab sources alike. 11th century Andalusian historian, Al-Bakri, specified that Aures had a large number of fortresses surrounded by water streams, These were dwellings of the Miknasa and Houara Berber tribes. in 1878, the fortresses were rediscovered by French anthropologist Émile Masqueray who produced a picturesque description of these "Eagle nests".

Shawiya language
Shawiya, or Shawiya Berber, also spelt Chaouïa (native form: Tacawit [θæʃæwiθ]), is a Zenati Berber language spoken in Algeria by the Shawiya people. The language's primary speech area is the Awras Mountains and in the surrounding regions in eastern Algeria, including Batna, Khenchela, Sétif, Oum El Bouaghi, Souk Ahras, Tébessa, Biskra, Guelma, Mila and Constantine.
It is closely related to the Shenwa language of Central Algeria.
Maria Ahm
Maria Ahm (born 23 June 1998) is a Danish long-distance runner. In 2019, she competed in the senior women's race at the 2019 IAAF World Cross Country Championships held in Aarhus, Denmark. She finished in 97th place.

2019 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior women's race
The Senior women's race at the 2019 IAAF World Cross Country Championships was held at the Aarhus in Denmark, on March 30, 2019. Hellen Obiri from Kenya won the gold medal by two seconds over Ethiopians Dera Dida and Letesenbet Gidey.
Karl Hampe
Karl Ludwig Hampe (3 February 1869 – 14 February 1936) was a German historian of the Middle Ages, particularly the history of the Holy Roman Empire in the High Middle Ages.

Hampe was born in Bremen and graduated from Berlin in 1893. Following graduation, he spent five years as an employee of the Monumenta Historica Germaniae. In Bonn Hampe met his later wife Charlotte Rauff, daughter of Heidelberg geologist Hermann Rauff. On 2 March 1903 he married at the age of 34, Rauff (19 years old). They had four sons and three daughters. Among them architect Hermann Hampe and archaeologist Roland Hampe. In 1903 he was appointed to a professorship in medieval history and historical auxiliary sciences at Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg. In 1924/25 he served as university rector. Hampe remained at Heidelberg until 1933 when he refused to cooperate with the increasing pressure put on universities by the new Nazi-led government of Germany and resigned his professorship. He died in Heidelberg.

Auxiliary sciences of history
Auxiliary (or ancillary) sciences of history are scholarly disciplines which help evaluate and use historical sources and are seen as auxiliary for historical research. Many of these areas of study, classification and analysis were originally developed between the 16th and 19th centuries by antiquaries, and would then have been regarded as falling under the broad heading of antiquarianism. "History" was at that time regarded as a largely literary skill. However, with the spread of the principles of empirical source-based history championed by the Göttingen school of history in the late 18th century and later by Leopold von Ranke from the mid-19th century onwards, they have been increasingly regarded as falling within the skill-set of the trained historian.
Class district
Class districts (German: Gattungsbezirke) were a classification system for railway goods wagons used by the  Deutsche Reichsbahn (1920–1945) in Germany between the wars.

After the Deutsche Reichsbahn had been founded in 1920, in 1921 all goods wagons types with the same or similar roles were grouped into so-called class districts. These were named after cities that were the headquarters of a Reichsbahn division or, later, other cities too. Work on re-lettering and renaming the wagons began in 1922 and was largely completed by 1924.

Legende:

S = State railways

V = Verbandsbauart

A = Austauschbauart

W = Welded

Deutsche Reichsbahn
The Deutsche Reichsbahn (German pronunciation: [ˈdɔʏtʃə ˈʁaɪçsˌbaːn]), also known as the German National Railway, the German State Railway, German Reich Railway, and the German Imperial Railway, was the German national railway system created after the end of World War I from the regional railways of the individual states of the German Empire. The Deutsche Reichsbahn has been described as "the largest enterprise in the capitalist world in the years between 1920 and 1932"; nevertheless, its importance "arises primarily from the fact that the Reichsbahn was at the center of events in a period of great turmoil in German history".
Page 99 test
The Page 99 test is a method of evaluating a work of fiction suggested by literary critic Ford Madox Ford.  
Ford suggested that prospective readers open a book and read page 99 to gain a sense of how well written the work is while avoiding any back-cover synopsis or the first few pages, as these are typically given extra attention during editing and may not reflect the quality of the book as a whole.

Ford Madox Ford
Ford Madox Ford (né Joseph Leopold Ford Hermann Madox Hueffer (/ˈhɛfər/ HEF-ər); 17 December 1873 – 26 June 1939) was an English novelist, poet, critic and editor whose journals The English Review and The Transatlantic Review were important in the development of early 20th-century English and American literature.

Ford is now remembered for his novels The Good Soldier (1915), the Parade's End tetralogy (1924–1928) and The Fifth Queen trilogy (1906–1908). The Good Soldier is frequently included among the great literature of the 20th century, including the Modern Library's 100 Best Novels, The Observer's "100 Greatest Novels of All Time", and The Guardian's "1,000 novels everyone must read".
Pua Mau Place Arboretum and Botanical Garden
Pua Mau Place Arboretum and Botanical Garden (45 acres) is an early-stage, nonprofit arboretum and botanical garden located off Highway 270 at 10 Ala Kahua, Kawaihae, on the dry slopes of the Kohala Mountain Range on Hawaii (island), Hawaii. It is open daily with an admission fee.

The garden was established in 1974 by Dr. Virgil Place and friends to specialize in ever-blooming (pua mau) woody plants. Its stated mission is to promote awareness of, and conduct research on, the uses of flowering plants in a Hawaiian arid environment for ornamental, agricultural, and bio-regional purposes.

The garden currently features a maze planted with over 200 varieties of hibiscus, outdoor sculpture, and an aviary with about 150 peafowl and guineafowl. Plants are marked and an information booklet is available.

Hibiscus
Hibiscus is a genus of flowering plants in the mallow family, Malvaceae. The genus is quite large, comprising several hundred species that are native to warm temperate, subtropical and tropical regions throughout the world. Member species are renowned for their large, showy flowers and those species are commonly known simply as "hibiscus", or less widely known as rose mallow. The genus includes both annual and perennial herbaceous plants, as well as woody shrubs and small trees.

Several species are widely cultivated as ornamental plants, notably Hibiscus syriacus and Hibiscus × rosa-sinensis.
WHHY-FM
WHHY-FM (101.9 MHz, "Y102") is a radio station licensed to serve Montgomery, Alabama, United States.  The station is owned by Cumulus Media.

Y102 broadcasts a top 40 (CHR) music format. The WHHY-FM studios are located on the 3rd floor of The Colonial Financial Center in downtown Montgomery. The broadcast signal, based from a transmitter in Montgomery's northeast side, can be heard as far away as Birmingham, Alabama, and is generally clear south of there along Interstate 65.

Interstate 65
Interstate 65 (I-65) is a major north–south interstate highway in the central United States. As with most primary interstates ending in 5, it is a major crosscountry, north–south route, connecting between the Great Lakes and the Gulf of Mexico. Its southern terminus is located at an interchange with I-10 in Mobile, Alabama, and its northern terminus is at an interchange with US 12 (US 12) and US 20 (the Dunes Highway) in Gary, Indiana, just southeast of Chicago. I-65 connects several major metropolitan areas in the Midwest and Southern US. It connects the four largest cities in Alabama: Mobile, Montgomery, Birmingham, and Huntsville. It also serves as one of the main north–south routes through Nashville, Tennessee; Louisville, Kentucky; and Indianapolis, Indiana, each the largest metropolitan area in their respective state.
WFTK
WFTK (96.5 MHz, "96 Rock") is a commercial FM radio station licensed to Lebanon, Ohio, and serving the Cincinnati metropolitan area.  It is owned by Cumulus Media and broadcasts an active rock radio format, known as "Cincinnati's Pure Rock."  The studios and offices are on Montgomery Road in North Cincinnati.

WFTK has an effective radiated power of 19,500 watts.  The transmitter site is off Tylersville Road near U.S. Route 42 in Mason, Ohio.

Cincinnati metropolitan area
The Cincinnati metropolitan area (also known as the Cincinnati Tri-State area or Greater Cincinnati) is a metropolitan area with its core in Ohio and Kentucky. Its largest city is Cincinnati and includes surrounding counties in the U.S. states of Ohio, Kentucky, and Indiana.

The United States Census Bureau's formal name for the area is the Cincinnati, OH–KY–IN Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2020 U.S. census, the metro area had a population of 2,256,884, making Greater Cincinnati the 30th-most populous metropolitan area in the United States, and the largest metro area in Ohio, followed by Columbus and Cleveland. The Cincinnati–Wilmington, OH–KY–IN Combined Statistical Area, adds Clinton County, Ohio (defined as the Wilmington, OH micropolitan area) and, until 2023, Mason County, Kentucky (defined as the Maysville, KY micropolitan area), was part of the CSA. The Cincinnati metropolitan area is considered part of the Great Lakes megalopolis.
Dry Creek (Jefferson County, Missouri)
Dry Creek is a stream located in Jefferson County, Missouri, United States. Its source is about 4.4 miles (7.1 km) west of De Soto, at 38°08′00″N 90°38′14″W﻿ / ﻿38.1332°N 90.6373°W﻿ / 38.1332; -90.6373, and it empties into the Big River at 38°16′17″N 90°40′14″W﻿ / ﻿38.2715°N 90.6705°W﻿ / 38.2715; -90.6705, near Morse Mill.

A 2006 survey by the Missouri Department of Natural Resources found the creek to be shallow and clear, with numerous fish in places.

Jefferson County, Missouri
Jefferson County is located in the eastern portion of the U.S. state of Missouri. It is a part of the St. Louis Metropolitan Area. As of the 2020 census, the population was 226,739, making it the sixth-most populous county in Missouri. Its county seat is Hillsboro. The county was organized in 1818 and named in honor of former president Thomas Jefferson. In 1980, according to the U.S. census held that year, the county contained the mean center of U.S. population. Notably, this was the first census in which the center of population was west of the Mississippi River. Jefferson County is part of the St. Louis Metropolitan Statistical Area and encompasses many of the city's southern suburbs.
712 Naval Air Squadron
712 Naval Air Squadron (712 NAS) was a Fleet Air Arm (FAA) naval air squadron of the United Kingdom's Royal Navy (RN). It was initially established as a (Catapult) Flight in 1936, before being upgraded to squadron status in 1938. It was charged with operating Supermarine Walrus seaplanes for the cruisers HMS Glasgow, HMS Newcastle, HMS Sheffield and HMS Southampton, which all commissioned during 1937. Assigned to the Humber Force and the 18th Cruiser Squadron at the start of the Second World War, the group totalled nine vessels with eighteen Supermarine Walrus aircraft. However, in January 1940, it combined with 700 Naval Air Squadron. It was reformed at HMS Sparrowhawk, RNAS Hatston,  in August 1944, as a Communications Squadron, taking 'B' flight from 771 Naval Air Squadron. The aircraft used were Stinson Reliant, Supermarine Sea Otter, and Beech Traveller. The squadron was disbanded in August 1945.

HMS Neptune (20)
HMS Neptune was a Leander-class light cruiser which served with the Royal Navy during World War II. Neptune was the fourth ship of its class and was the ninth Royal Navy vessel to carry the name. Of her final crew of 765, only one survived to be picked up.
2011 Challenger Ciudad de Guayaquil – Doubles
Juan Sebastián Cabal and Robert Farah were the defending Champions, but both decided not to participate.
Júlio César Campozano and Roberto Quiroz won the title after defeating Marcel Felder and Rodrigo Grilli 6–4, 6–1 in the final.

Julio César Campozano
Julio César Campozano (Latin American Spanish: [ˈxuljo ˈsesaɾ kampoˈsano]; born 31 January 1986) is a retired Ecuadorian tennis player.

He won seven singles and five doubles Futures titles, and he won doubles title in 2009 Guayaquil Challenger, competing with his compatriot Emilio Gómez. They defeated Andreas Haider-Maurer and Lars Pörschke 6–7(2–7), 6–3, [10–8] in the final.

He is a member of the Ecuador Davis Cup team. His coaches are Alejandro Fabri and Matias Rizzo.
National Immigration Agency
The National Immigration Agency of the Ministry of the Interior (NIA; Chinese: 內政部移民署) is the statutory agency under the Ministry of Interior of the Republic of China (Taiwan) which is responsible for immigration, entry and exit security, border services and registration of foreigners. The agency is headed by the Director General. The current Director-General is Jeff Jia-Jun Yang.

The agency does not manage customs, which is managed by the Customs Administration, Ministry of Finance.

Customs
Customs is an authority or agency in a country responsible for collecting tariffs and for controlling the flow of goods, including animals, transports, personal effects, and hazardous items, into and out of a country. Traditionally, customs has been considered as the fiscal subject that charges customs duties (i.e. tariffs) and other taxes on import and export. In recent decades, the views on the functions of customs have considerably expanded and now covers three basic issues: taxation, security, and trade facilitation.

Each country has its own laws and regulations for the import and export of goods into and out of a country, enforced by their respective customs authorities; the import/export of some goods may be restricted or forbidden entirely. A wide range of penalties are faced by those who break these laws.
Gabbiadini
Gabbiadini is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Manolo Gabbiadini (born 1991), Italian footballer

Marco Gabbiadini (born 1968), English footballer

Melania Gabbiadini (born 1983), Italian women's footballer

Riccardo Gabbiadini (born 1970), Welsh footballer

Melania Gabbiadini
Melania Gabbiadini (born 28 August 1983) is an Italian former football forward. After beginning her career with Bergamo in 2000, she later joined AGSM Verona in 2004 and went on to captain the team, until her retirement in 2017. She won five Scudetti with the club.

Gabbiadini was an experienced player at international level who made over 100 caps for the Italy women's national football team. She is a veteran of Italy's 2005, 2009, 2013 and 2017 UEFA Women's Championship campaigns, being voted to the Squad of the Tournament in the 2013 edition of the tournament. She was voted the Serie A Female Footballer of the Year in 2012, 2013, 2014, and 2015, and was inducted into the Italian Football Hall of Fame in 2016.
Bonn (surname)
Bonn is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Ferdinand Bonn (1861–1933), German actor

Gisela Bonn (1909–1996), German journalist, writer, environmental activist and Indologist

Herb Bonn (1916–1943), American basketball player

John Hillric Bonn (1829–1891), American railroad executive

Skeeter Bonn (1923–1994), American country singer-songwriter and guitarist

John Hillric Bonn
John Hillric Bonn (1829 – November 15, 1891)  was the first president of the North Hudson County Railway and remained so until his death in 1891, a period of twenty-six years. He also was one of the founders of the Eldorado Amusement Park in Weehawken, New Jersey.
Administrative divisions of Metro Manila
Metro Manila, the capital region of the Philippines, is a large metropolitan area that has several levels of subdivisions. Administratively, the region is divided into seventeen primary local government units with their own separate elected mayors and councils who are coordinated by the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority, a national government agency headed by a chairperson directly appointed by the Philippine president. The cities and municipality that form the region's local government units are further divided into several barangays or villages (formerly called barrios) which are headed by an elected barangay captain and barangay council.

The region as a whole is geographically divided into four districts, of which the first district is the central capital City of Manila, the second and third districts located to the east and north of the City, respectively, and the fourth district covering the remaining areas of the region south of the City and the Pasig River.

Pasay
Pasay, officially the City of Pasay (Filipino: Lungsod ng Pasay; IPA: [ˈpaː.saɪ̯]), is a highly urbanized city in the National Capital Region of the Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 453,186 people.

Due to its location just south of Manila, Pasay quickly became an urban town during the American colonial period. It is now best known for being the site of most of Ninoy Aquino International Airport and of complexes such as Newport City and the SM Central Business Park.
WDEF-FM
WDEF-FM (92.3 MHz "Sunny 92.3") is a commercial radio station in Chattanooga, Tennessee. The station is owned by Bahakel Communications and airs an adult contemporary radio format, switching to Christmas music for much of November and December.  WDEF-FM advertises itself as the "listening at work" station.  Its studios are on Broad Street in Chattanooga.

WDEF-FM has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 100,000 watts.  Its signal can be heard around Southeast Tennessee, Northwest Georgia and Northeast Alabama.  The transmitter is on Hampton Road in Signal Mountain, Tennessee, co-located with the tower for former sister station WDEF-TV Channel 12, along Walden Ridge.

Radio masts and towers
Radio masts and towers are typically tall structures designed to support antennas for telecommunications and broadcasting, including television. There are two main types: guyed and self-supporting structures. They are among the tallest human-made structures. Masts are often named after the broadcasting organizations that originally built them or currently use them.

A mast radiator or radiating tower is one in which the metal mast or tower itself is energized and functions as the transmitting antenna.
Lord Lawson of Beamish Academy
Lord Lawson of Beamish Academy (formerly Lord Lawson of Beamish Community School) is a coeducational secondary school and sixth form located in the town of Birtley in the Gateshead area of Tyne and Wear, England. It was first opened to pupils in the early 1970s and was rebuilt in September 2007. The new building was constructed by Sir Robert McAlpine.

Previously a community school administered by Gateshead Metropolitan Borough Council, in March 2012 Lord Lawson of Beamish Community School converted to academy status and was renamed Lord Lawson of Beamish Academy.

The school's principal is Andrew Fowler who began his headship in June 2019. It was most recently inspected by Ofsted in November 2022 where it was assigned a 'Good' grading (or 4/5 stars) in all areas of the framework.

Gateshead
Gateshead (/ˈɡeɪts(h)ɛd/) is a town in the Gateshead Metropolitan Borough of Tyne and Wear, England. It is on the River Tyne's southern bank. At the 2021 census, the population was 196,151.

Historically part of County Durham, under the Local Government Act 1888 the town was made a county borough, meaning it was administered independently of the county council.

The town's attractions include the twenty-metre-tall Angel of the North sculpture on the town's southern outskirts, The Glasshouse International Centre for Music and the Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art. The town shares the Millennium Bridge, Tyne Bridge and multiple other bridges with Newcastle upon Tyne.
Kari Härkönen
Kari Härkönen (born 16 July 1959) is a Finnish former cross-country skier who competed during the early 1980s. He won two medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with a gold in the 15 km in 1985 and a bronze in the 4 × 10 km relay (1982, shared with East Germany). He was born in Ristijärvi.

Härkönen also finished 13th in the 15 km event at the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo.

FIS Nordic World Ski Championships
The FIS Nordic World Ski Championships is a biennial Nordic skiing event organized by the International Ski Federation (FIS). The World Championships was started in 1924 for men and opened for women's participation in 1954. World Championship events include Nordic skiing's three disciplines: cross-country skiing, ski jumping, and Nordic combined (the latter being a combination sport consisting of both cross-country and ski jumping). The Winter Olympics from 1924 to 1980 were also the Nordic World Ski Championships. This meant that the Olympic champions were also World champions and received an additional medal from the International Ski Federation (FIS). Since 1985, the World Championships have been held in odd-numbered years.
Erudio Student Loans
Erudio Student Loans is a consortium formed by debt collectors Arrow Global and private equity firm CarVal Investors in 2013.

The firm was the successful bidder in an auction to buy non-performing U.K. student loans in 2013, paying £160m to buy debts of £890m taken out between 1990 and 1998. Of the loans purchased, 46% of the borrowers were earning below the amount at which they were required to make payments, 14% were making payments and 40% were not making any payments.

The Independent noted that debt collectors Arrow performed very poorly during the credit crunch and that similar organisations had a reputation for unwarranted threatening letters, phone calls and visits; David Willetts had ignored the implications for former students, his prime objective was to reduce public debt. CarVal Investors, a private equity firm, provided most of the cash.

Arrow Global
Arrow Global Group is a European fund manager based in Manchester that has a focus on investing in private and public credit, and real estate. It was listed on the London Stock Exchange until it was acquired by TDR Capital in October 2021.