hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hall v. Decuir
Hall v. Decuir, 95 U.S. 485 (1878), was a decision of the Supreme Court of the United States. In Hall, Josephine Decuir, a wealthy woman designated a Creole, sued for racial discrimination she experienced on a steamboat. She was traveling from New Orleans to Pointe Coupee Parish, where she owned a sugar plantation.

The Supreme Court held that the Louisiana statute authorizing a damages award to Decuir unconstitutionally interfered with interstate commerce. The majority opinion, by Morrison Waite, sought to avoid conflicting state laws with regard to interstate transit. Joseph W. Singer argues that Hall marked the beginning of a phase in Supreme Court jurisprudence that led to Plessy v. Ferguson.

Damages
At common law, damages are a remedy in the form of a monetary award to be paid to a claimant as compensation for loss or injury. To warrant the award, the claimant must show that a breach of duty has caused foreseeable loss. To be recognized at law, the loss must involve damage to property, or mental or physical injury; pure economic loss is rarely recognized for the award of damages.

Compensatory damages are further categorized into special damages, which are economic losses such as loss of earnings, property damage and medical expenses, and general damages, which are non-economic damages such as pain and suffering and emotional distress. Rather than being compensatory, at common law damages may instead be nominal, contemptuous or exemplary.
Park Circle Water Tower, Arlington, Massachusetts
The Park Circle Water Tower is a large water storage tank located on Park Circle in Arlington, Massachusetts. It was constructed by the Metropolitan Water Works (now MWRA) between 1921 and 1924 in the Classical Revival style, to provide water storage for Northern Extra-High Service area, consisting of Lexington and the higher elevations of Belmont and Arlington.
It stands at 377 feet (114.9 meters) above sea level.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985 under its historical name Arlington Reservoir, now coincidentally shared with the recreational area a mile to the tower's northwest.

Lexington, Massachusetts
Lexington is a suburban town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States, located 10 miles (16 km) from Downtown Boston. The population was 34,454 as of the 2020 census.  The area was originally inhabited by Native Americans, and was first settled by Europeans c. 1642 as a farming community. Lexington is well known as the site of the first shots of the American Revolutionary War, in the Battle of Lexington on April 19, 1775, where the "Shot heard 'round the world" took place. It is home to Minute Man National Historical Park.
1982 SWAC men's basketball tournament
The 1982 SWAC men's basketball tournament was held March 4–6, 1982. The quarterfinal round was held at the home arena of the higher-seeded team, while the semifinal and championship rounds were held at the Mississippi Coliseum in Jackson, Mississippi. Alcorn State defeated Jackson State, 87–77 in the championship game. The Braves received the conference's automatic bid to the 1982 NCAA tournament as No. 11 seed in the Midwest Region.

Jackson State Tigers basketball
The Jackson State Tigers basketball team is the men's basketball team that represents Jackson State University in Jackson, Mississippi, United States. The team competes in the Southwestern Athletic Conference. The team last played in the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament in 2007. The Tigers are coached by Mo Williams.
Waghrul
Waghrul is a village in Jalna Subdivision of Jalna district, Maharashtra, India. There was a small military base during the time of Shivaji Maharaj. There is a nearly 300-year-old Jagdamba Mata Devi temple with Barav (well) in the village. The Marathwada Mukti Sangram began from Waghrul.

Schools and colleges in Waghrul include Z.P High School, Rangnath Maharaj High School, and Rajkunwar High School and College.

Marathi is the official language of the village, and the most commonly spoken.

Waghrul is connected to major towns of the state by state highways. There are roads to Jalna, Deulgaon Raja, Jafrabad, Deulgaon Mahi, Chikhli, Sambhaji Nagar, Nagpur, and Mumbai having been widened to four-lane highways. The new Mumbai-Nagpur Expressway (Samruddhi Mahamarg) passes through Jalna. The proposed Jalna-Nanded Expressway is also an important corridor that connects the rest of the Marathwada cities like Parbhani and Nanded to the Samruddhi Mahamarg.

Jalna, Maharashtra
Jalna pronunciationⓘ is a city in Jalna district, in the Aurangabad Division, or Marathwada region, of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It was part of Hyderabad State as a tehsil of Aurangabad district, before Jalna district was formed effective 1 May 1981. Jalna became Maharashtra's 29th Municipal Corporation.
Les Varendes High School
Les Varendes High School is a non-selective, state-funded secondary school in Saint Andrew, Guernsey. It takes in students from Amherst, Notre Dame, St Mary and St Michael, and Vauvert primary schools.

It was formerly known as the Guernsey Grammar School and Sixth Form Centre, which was a co-educational state-funded grammar school. The school was renamed to its current name in 2023 following the removal of the eleven-plus and a merger with La Mare de Carteret High School.

Saint Andrew, Guernsey
Saint Andrew (Guernésiais: Saint Andri; French: Saint-André-de-la-Pommeraye) is located in the centre of Guernsey and as such is the only parish on the island to be landlocked.

As it is customary to list the parishes round the coast, either clockwise or anti-clockwise, starting with St Peter Port, St Andrew is usually the last parish to be mentioned in such a list. This gave rise to the traditional nickname in Dgèrnésiais of the inhabitants of the parish: les croinchaons (the siftings, what is left behind in the sieve).
Computer History Museum
The Computer History Museum (CHM) is a computer museum in Mountain View, California. The museum presents stories and artifacts of Silicon Valley and the Information Age, and explores the computing revolution and its impact on society.

Mountain View, California
Mountain View is a city in Santa Clara County, California, United States, part of the San Francisco Bay Area. Named for its views of the Santa Cruz Mountains, the population was 82,376 at the 2020 census.

Mountain View was integral to the early history and growth of Silicon Valley, and is the location of many high technology companies. In 1956, William Shockley established Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory in Mountain View, the first company to develop silicon semiconductor devices in Silicon Valley. Mountain View houses the headquarters of many of the world's largest technology companies, including Google and Alphabet Inc., Intuit, NASA Ames Research Center, and former or existing headquarters for Symantec, 23andMe, LinkedIn, Samsung, Quora and Synopsys.
Local invariant cycle theorem
In mathematics, the local invariant cycle theorem was originally a conjecture of Griffiths which states that, given a surjective proper map  from a Kähler manifold  to the unit disk that has maximal rank everywhere except over 0, each cohomology class on  is the restriction of some cohomology class on the entire  if the cohomology class is invariant under a circle action (monodromy action); in short,

is surjective. The conjecture was first proved by Clemens. The theorem is also a consequence of the BBD decomposition.

Deligne also proved the following. Given a proper morphism  over the spectrum  of the henselization of ,  an algebraically closed field, if  is essentially smooth over  and  smooth over , then the homomorphism on -cohomology:

is surjective, where  are the special and generic points and the homomorphism is the composition

Kähler manifold
In mathematics and especially differential geometry, a Kähler manifold is a manifold with three mutually compatible structures: a complex structure, a Riemannian structure, and a symplectic structure. The concept was first studied by Jan Arnoldus Schouten and David van Dantzig in 1930, and then introduced by Erich Kähler in 1933. The terminology has been fixed by André Weil. Kähler geometry refers to the study of Kähler manifolds, their geometry and topology, as well as the study of structures and constructions that can be performed on Kähler manifolds, such as the existence of special connections like Hermitian Yang–Mills connections, or special metrics such as Kähler–Einstein metrics.

Every smooth complex projective variety is a Kähler manifold. Hodge theory is a central part of algebraic geometry, proved using Kähler metrics.
Bob McIntyre (motorcyclist)
Robert MacGregor McIntyre (28 November 1928 – 15 August 1962) was a Scottish motorcycle racer. The first rider to achieve an average speed of 100 mph (160 km/h) for one lap of the Snaefell Mountain Course in 1957, McIntyre is also remembered for his five motorcycle Grand Prix wins which included three wins at the Isle of Man TT races, and four victories in the North West 200. He died nine days after injuries sustained racing at Oulton Park, Cheshire, England in August 1962.

Oulton Park
Oulton Park is a hard surfaced track used for motor racing, close to the village of Little Budworth, Cheshire, England, 5-mile (8.0 km) from Winsford, 13-mile (21 km) from Chester city centre, 8-mile (13 km) from Northwich and 17-mile (27 km) from Warrington, with a nearby rail connection along the Mid-Cheshire Line. It occupies much of the area which was previously known as the Oulton Estate. The racing circuit is owned and operated by Jonathan Palmer's MotorSport Vision organisation.
TOSS (operating system)
The Tri-Lab Operating System Stack (TOSS) is a Linux distribution based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) that was created to provide a software stack for high performance computing (HPC) clusters for laboratories within the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA). The operating system allows multiple smaller systems to emulate a high-performance computing (HPC) platform.

National Nuclear Security Administration
The National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) is a United States federal agency responsible for safeguarding national security through the military application of nuclear science. NNSA maintains and enhances the safety, security, and effectiveness of the U.S. nuclear weapons stockpile; works to reduce the global danger from weapons of mass destruction; provides the United States Navy with safe and effective nuclear propulsion; and responds to nuclear and radiological emergencies in the United States and abroad.

Established by the United States Congress in 2000, NNSA is a semiautonomous agency within the United States Department of Energy.
Mathieu Martinez
Mathieu Martinez (born May 26, 1982) is a French Nordic combined skier who has competed since 2002. He finished sixth in the 4 x 5 km team event at the 2007 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Sapporo and earned his best individual finish of 18th in the 7.5 km sprint at the 2003 in Val di Fiemme.

Martinez has a total of seven individual victories from 2001 to 2005, all in various World Cup B events. His best individual World Cup finish was eighth in a 7.5 km sprint event in Finland in 2002.

FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2007
The FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2007 took place 22 February – 4 March 2007 in Sapporo, Japan. It was the second time this city has hosted these championships, having previously done so in the 1972 Winter Olympics.  Sapporo was selected as venue by vote at the 43rd FIS World Congress in Portorož, Slovenia, on 6 June 2002. It also marked the third time the championships were hosted outside Europe in a year that did not coincide with the Winter Olympics; it was the first championship held in Asia. The ski jumping team normal hill event was not held, as it had been in 2005.
Edward "Ned" Kendall
Edward "Ned" Kendall (March 1, 1808 in Fort Wolcott, Goat Island, Rhode Island – October 26, 1861 in Boston) was a bandleader and musician who played the keyed bugle. He was known for his Boston Brass Band, itself a pioneer in all-brass bands, and for a trumpet-playing showdown with the former leader of the Boston Brigade Band, Patrick Gilmore. He was also known for his silver bugle, a gift from Queen Victoria.

Kendall formed or took leadership of the Boston Brass Band in 1835, at a time when band instruments were changing. He played the keyed bugle, an instrument first made by Nathan Adams of Lowell, Massachusetts, c. 1825. The instruments had become popular with bands very soon, and were common by 1830. Ned was considered among the best on his chosen instrument, and his death seen as the "end of an era" for the instrument, as the valved cornet took over in the bands.

One of Kendall's instruments, a keyed bugle made H. Sibley, Boston, was given to the Library of Congress.

Boston Brigade Band
The Boston Brigade Band (1821 – c. 1863) was a brass and reed band that performed in Boston, Massachusetts, and elsewhere in New England. Some of the musical pieces played by the band were subsequently published as sheet music, including "The Mammoth Cod Quickstep" of 1839. The band received acclaim in its day, particularly for its combination of both brass and woodwind instruments.
Nunligran
Nunligran (Russian: Нунлигран; Chukot: Нунлыгран, Nunlygran) is a village (selo) in Providensky Municipal District of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, in the Far Eastern Federal District of Russia. Population:  360 (2010 Census);  Municipally, Nunligran is subordinated to Chukotsky Municipal District and incorporated as Nunligran Rural Settlement.

Far Eastern Federal District
The Far Eastern Federal District (Russian: Дальневосточный федеральный округ, IPA: [dəlʲnʲɪvɐˈstot͡ɕnɨj fʲɪdʲɪˈralʲnɨj ˈokrʊk]) is the largest and the least populated federal district of Russia, with a population of around 7.9 million and an area of 6,952,555 square kilometres (2,684,396 square miles). The federal district is within North Asia as per the UN geoscheme and it is coextensive with the Russian Far East.
Vice-President of the Comoros
The vice-president of the Comoros was a political position in the Comoros. Vice-presidents are appointed by the president. From 2002 to 2011, the presidency and the positions of the two vice-presidents were rotated between the three Comoro Islands – Grande Comore, Anjouan and Mohéli. From 2011 to 2019, there were three vice-presidents, one from each of the islands in the Union of the Comoros. The positions of vice-presidents were abolished as part of the implementation of constitutional referendum held in 2018 in May 2019, instead designating a "main minister" and the governors of the islands as successors to become acting president.

Grande Comore
Grande Comore (French pronunciation: [ɡʁɑ̃d kɔmɔʁ]; Swahili: Ngazidja) is an island in Comoros off the coast of Africa. It is the largest island in the Comoros nation. Most of its population is of the Comorian ethnic group. Its population as of 2006 is about 316,600. The island's capital is Moroni, which is also the national capital. The island is made up of two shield volcanoes, with Mount Karthala being the country's highest point at 2,361 m (7,746 ft) above sea level. Inl line with the 2009 revision of the constitution of 2002, it is governed by an elected governor, as are the other islands, with the federal government being much reduced in power. The name Ngazidja is sometimes seen in the now nonstandard form Njazidja.
Sunland Estates, Washington
Sunland Estates is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Grant County, Washington, United States. As of the 2020 census, it had a population of 179.

The CDP is on the western edge of the county, on the east bank of the Columbia River. It is 12 miles (19 km) west of Interstate 90 at George and 20 miles (32 km) southwest of Quincy.

Quincy, Washington
Quincy is a city in Grant County, Washington, United States. It is situated east of the Columbia River on State Route 28 and north of Interstate 90. The population was 7,543 at the 2020 census. Quincy is one of the closest cities to The Gorge Amphitheatre.
Rutter (nautical)
A rutter is a mariner's handbook of written sailing directions. Before the advent of nautical charts, rutters were the primary store of geographic information for maritime navigation.

It was known as a periplus ("sailing-around" book) in classical antiquity and a portolano ("port book") to medieval Italian sailors in the Mediterranean Sea. Portuguese navigators of the 16th century called it a roteiro, the French a routier, from which the English word "rutter" is derived. In Dutch, it was called a leeskaart ("reading chart"), in German a Seebuch ("sea book"), and in Spanish a derrotero.

Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (Koine Greek: Περίπλους τῆς Ἐρυθρᾶς Θαλάσσης, romanized: Períplous tē̂s Erythrâs Thalássēs), also known by its Latin name as the Periplus Maris Erythraei, is a Greco-Roman periplus written in Koine Greek that describes navigation and trading opportunities from Roman Egyptian ports like Berenice Troglodytica along the coast of the Red Sea and others along the Horn of Africa, the Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean, including the modern-day Sindh region of Pakistan and southwestern regions of India.

The text has been ascribed to different dates between the first and third centuries, but a mid-first-century date is now the most commonly accepted. While the author is unknown, it is a first-hand description by someone familiar with the area and is nearly unique in providing accurate insights into what the ancient Hellenic world knew about the lands around the Indian Ocean.
Melanoplus payettei
Melanoplus payettei, or Payette's short-wing grasshopper, is a species of spur-throated grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It is found in North America.

Wolves of the species Canis lupis have been known to consume these grasshoppers. One wolf was even known to have eaten 181 in a single sitting.

Acrididae
Acrididae are the predominant family of grasshoppers, comprising some 10,000 of the 11,000 species of the entire suborder Caelifera. The Acrididae are best known because all locusts (swarming grasshoppers) are of the Acrididae. The subfamily Oedipodinae is sometimes classified as a distinct family Oedipodidae in the superfamily Acridoidea. Acrididae grasshoppers are characterized by relatively short and stout antennae (so they may be called "short-horned grasshoppers"), and tympana on the side of the first abdominal segment.
Eric Thake
Eric Prentice Anchor Thake (8 June 1904 – 3 November 1982) was an Australian artist, designer, painter, printmaker and war artist.

His 1972 Christmas card An Opera House in Every Home, a humorous take on Jørn Utzon's World Heritage-listed building is a well-known work.

Ada May Plante
Ada May Plante (4 October 1875 – 3 July 1950) was an Australian Post-Impressionist artist who was one of the founding exhibitors in the Post-Impressionist Melbourne Contemporary Group. She was a member of the Melbourne Society of Women Painters and Sculptors.
Arturo Herviz Reyes
Arturo Herviz Reyes (born 12 July 1954) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the PRD. As of 2013 he served as Senator of the LX and LXI Legislatures of the Mexican Congress representing Veracruz. He also served as Deputy during the LVIII Legislature, as well as a local deputy in the LVII Legislature en el Congress of Veracruz.

LXI Legislature of the Mexican Congress
The LXI Legislature of the Congress of the Union, the 61st session of the Congress of Mexico, met from 1 September 2009 to 31 August 2012. Members of the upper house of the Congress were selected in the elections of July 2006 while members of the lower house of the Congress were selected in the elections of July 2009.
Tellurate
In chemistry, tellurate is a compound containing an oxyanion of tellurium where tellurium has an oxidation number of +6. In the naming of inorganic compounds it is a suffix that indicates a polyatomic anion with a  central tellurium atom.

Sulfate
The sulfate or sulphate ion is a polyatomic anion with the empirical formula SO42−. Salts, acid derivatives, and peroxides of sulfate are widely used in industry. Sulfates occur widely in everyday life. Sulfates are salts of sulfuric acid and many are prepared from that acid.
Yushan County
Yushan (Chinese: 玉山; pinyin: Yùshān; lit. 'Jade Mountain') is a county in the northeast of Jiangxi province, China. The county is Jiangxi's gateway to bordering Zhejiang province. It covers 1,731 km2 (668 sq mi) and the population now reaches 560,000.

The climate is temperate there with abundant rainfall in the monsoon season, and has clearly differentiated summers and winters.

County (China)
Counties (县) are found in the third level of the administrative hierarchy in provinces and autonomous regions and the second level in municipalities and Hainan, a level that is known as "county level" and also contains autonomous counties, county-level cities, banners, autonomous banners and city districts. There are 1,355 counties in mainland China out of a total of 2,851 county-level divisions.

The term xian is sometimes translated as "district" or "prefecture" when put in the context of Chinese history.
Richard A. Nichols
Richard Alan Nichols FLS is a British evolutionary biologist and Professor of Evolutionary Genetics at Queen Mary University of London. He is known for the Balding–Nichols model and the Beaumont and Nichols method for detecting natural selection. He developed statistical methods to allow the accurate use of DNA fingerprinting in criminal justice. He co-led a ground-breaking study that detected natural selection acting on ash dieback resistance, a highly polygenic trait.

Richard Nichols was Editor-in-Chief of Heredity (journal) from 2004 to 2009. He was succeeded by Roger Butlin.

He graduated with a first-class degree in zoology from University College London in 1981 and completed his PhD at the University of East Anglia in 1984 under the supervision of Godfrey Hewitt.

Roger Butlin
Roger Kenneth Butlin is a British evolutionary biologist and professor at the University of Sheffield. He is known for his work on speciation. He served as Editor of Heredity from 2009 to 2012, and President of the European Society for Evolutionary Biology from 2013 to 2015. In 2015 he received the Darwin Wallace Medal.
Charles H. Hibbard House
The Charles H. Hibbard House, in the McHenry County city of Marengo, Illinois, has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1979. The home, also known as the Cupola House, stood unoccupied on Grant Highway as of January 2007. In recent years the home had been classified by the Landmarks Preservation Council of Illinois (LPCI) as one of the state's threatened landmarks. In 2003 the property was listed on LPCI's "top ten most endangered" list. Some time after its 2003 the home underwent some renovation and no longer appears dilapidated on its exterior, as it did in a 2003 photo featured by the LPCI. In 2003 the house was listed as a landmark by the city of Marengo.

Landmark
A landmark is a recognizable natural or artificial feature used for navigation, a feature that stands out from its near environment and is often visible from long distances.

In modern-day use, the term can also be applied to smaller structures or features that have become local or national symbols.
Einion Frenin
Saint Einion Frenin (Welsh: old Enniaun, mod. Sant Einion or Engan Frenin, lit. "Saint Einion the King"; Latin: Ennianus or Anianus) was a late 5th and early 6th century Welsh confessor and saint of the Celtic Church. His feast day was originally given as 9 February, although this had moved to the 10th or 12th by the 16th century and is no longer observed by either the Anglican or Catholic church in Wales.

Old Welsh
Old Welsh (Welsh: Hen Gymraeg) is the stage of the Welsh language from about 800 AD until the early 12th century when it developed into Middle Welsh. The preceding period, from the time Welsh became distinct from Common Brittonic around 550, has been called "Primitive" or "Archaic Welsh".