hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ben Laurie
Ben Laurie is an English software engineer.
Laurie wrote Apache-SSL, the basis of most SSL-enabled versions of the Apache HTTP Server. He developed the MUD Gods, which was innovative in including online creation in its endgame.

Laurie also has written several articles, papers and books, and is interested in ideal knots and their applications.

Laurie was a member of WikiLeaks' Advisory Board. According to Laurie, he had little involvement with WikiLeaks, and didn't know who ran the site other than Julian Assange. In 2009, he also said he wouldn't trust WikiLeaks to protect him if he were a whistleblower because "the things that Wikileaks relies on are not sufficiently strong to defend against" a government's resources.

In 2024, Ben Laurie together with Al Cutter, Emilia Käsper and Adam Langley received the Levchin Prize ""for creating and deploying Certificate Transparency at scale".

Levchin Prize
The Levchin Prize for real-world cryptography is a prize given to people or organizations who are recognized for contributions to cryptography that have a significant impact on its practical use. The recipients are selected by the steering committee of the Real World Crypto (RWC) academic conference run by the International Association for Cryptologic Research (IACR) and announced at the RWC conference.

The award was established in 2015 by Max Levchin, a software engineer and businessman who co-founded the financial technology company PayPal, and first awarded in January 2016.

Two awards are presented every year, each on its own topic. While there is no formal rule, as of 2024 one of the two awards has recognized one or more individuals for theoretical advancements to cryptographic methods with a practical impact, while the other has recognized one or more individuals or an organization for either the construction of practical systems or practical advancements in cryptanalysis.
Negros Occidental's 4th congressional district
Negros Occidental's 4th congressional district is one of the six congressional districts of the Philippines in the province of Negros Occidental. It has been represented in the House of Representatives since 1987. The district consists of the area in north-central Negros Occidental immediately to the south of the capital city of Bacolod. It contains the cities of Bago and La Carlota, and the municipalities of Pontevedra, Pulupandan, San Enrique and Valladolid. It is currently represented in the 18th Congress by Jeffrey P. Ferrer of the National Unity Party (NUP).

San Enrique, Negros Occidental
San Enrique, officially the Municipality of San Enrique,  is a municipality in the province of Negros Occidental, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 24,424 people.

The town's former name is called "Candaguit", named after the Candaguit River that runs through the town. The town is also notable for its signature delicacy buko pie. Notable tourism destinations include the Wisik Fishing Lagoon Resort, the South Midway Resort, and the Sitio Pasil beach front.
Vexillum exasperatum
Vexillum exasperatum, common name: the roughened mitre, is a species of small sea snail, marine gastropod mollusk in the family Costellariidae, the ribbed miters.

This species is sometimes spelled as Vexillum exasperata.

Costellariidae
Costellariidae sometimes called the "ribbed miters" is a taxonomic family of minute to medium-sized predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks. 
This family of snails is also sometimes referred to as Vexillum miters. The main family of miter shells however is Mitridae, a closely related group.

The monophyly of this family has been confirmed.
National Day of Oman
National Day (Arabic: اليوم الوطني العماني, alyawm alwataniu aleumaniu) is an official holiday in the Sultanate of Oman and the main one in the country. The holiday celebrates the date of the founding of the Al Bu Said dynasty, which has ruled Oman since 1744.

Sultan's Armed Forces
The Sultan's Armed Forces (SAF; Arabic: القوات المسلحة السلطانية) are the armed forces of Oman. They constitute the Royal Army of Oman, Royal Navy of Oman, Royal Air Force of Oman, Sultan's Special Force and other defense forces of the Sultanate of Oman.
Mountaineering in India
Mountaineering is quite popular in India, since the entire northern and north-eastern borders are the Himalayas, the highest mountain range in the world. The apex body in India is the Indian Mountaineering Foundation, which is affiliated to the UIAA.

India has several premier mountaineering institutes. The four National Institutes are:

Himalayan Mountaineering Institute, Darjeeling

Nehru Institute of Mountaineering, Uttarkashi

Jawahar Institute of Mountaineering and Winter Sports, Pahalgam

National Institute of Mountaineering and Adventure Sports (NIMAS), Dirang, Arunachal Pradesh

Sonam Gyatso Mountaineering Institute, Gangtok

The other institutes are:

Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Mountaineering and Allied Sports (ABVIMAS), Manali

Indian Institute of Skiing and Mountaineering, Gulmarg

Swami Vivekanand Institute of Mountaineering, Mount Abu

Guardian Giripremi Institute of Mountaineering (GGIM), Pune, Maharashtra

Giripremi, Pune

Nehru Institute of Mountaineering
The Nehru Institute of Mountaineering (NIM India) in Uttarkashi in Uttarakhand is an institute that was established on November 14, 1965. The institute was formed to honor the great desire of Jawahar Lal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India.
79th Street (Manhattan)
79th Street is a major two-way street on the Upper East Side and Upper West Side of the New York City borough of Manhattan. It runs in two major sections: between East End and Fifth Avenues on the Upper East Side, and between Columbus Avenue and Henry Hudson Parkway on the Upper West Side. The two segments are connected by the 79th Street transverse across Central Park, as well as one block of 81st Street.

On the West Side, the street is entirely within the boundaries of ZIP Code 10024; on the East Side, the street is part of ZIP Code 10075.

Two-way street
A two-way street is a street that allows vehicles to travel in both directions. On most two-way streets, especially main streets, a line is painted down the middle of the road to remind drivers to stay on their side of the road. Sometimes one portion of a street is two-way and the other portion is one-way. If there is no line, a car must stay on the appropriate side and watch for cars coming in the opposite direction and prepare to pull over to let them pass.
8.2-kiloyear event
In climatology, the 8.2 kiloyear event was a rapid drop in global temperatures that occurred around 8,200 years ago, lasting between two and four centuries. This event marks the beginning of the Northgrippian Age within the Holocene epoch. While this cooling phase was not as intense as the earlier Younger Dryas period that occurred just before the Holocene began, it was still significant. During the 8.2-kiloyear event, atmospheric methane levels dropped by 80 parts per billion, a 15% reduction, suggesting a broad cooling and drying trend across the Northern Hemisphere.

Atmospheric methane
Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (around 1750), the methane concentration in the atmosphere has increased by about 160%, and human activities almost entirely caused this increase. Since 1750 methane has contributed 3% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in terms of mass but is responsible for approximately 23% of radiative or climate forcing. By 2019, global methane concentrations had risen from 722 parts per billion (ppb) in pre-industrial times to 1866 ppb. This is an increase by a factor of 2.6 and the highest value in at least 800,000 years.: 4

Methane increases the amount of ozone (O3) in the troposphere (4 miles (6 km) to 12 miles (19 km) from the Earth's surface) and also in the stratosphere (from the troposphere to 31 miles (50 km) above the Earth's surface). Both water vapour and ozone are GHGs, which in turn add to climate warming.: 2
Jason Pulman
Jason Pulman was an English transgender boy from East Sussex who died by suicide at the age of 15. The inquest into his death found that systemic failures by multiple organisations involved in his care, including the police, potentially contributed to his death. His death led to media attention, an inquest, a prevention of future deaths report, and legal action against Sussex Police in the High Court.

Drug overdose
A drug overdose (overdose or OD) is the ingestion or application of a drug or other substance in quantities much greater than are recommended. Typically the term is applied for cases when a risk to health is a potential result. An overdose may result in a toxic state or death.
HSV De Zuidvogels
Huizen Sport Vereniging De Zuidvogels is a football club from Huizen, Netherlands. Its first squad plays in the Eerste Klasse since 2001, with the exception of the 2017–18 and 2024–25 which were spent in the Hoofdklasse/Vierde Divisie.

2024–25 Vierde Divisie
The 2024–25 Vierde Divisie is a Dutch football league season played in four sections. The champions of each Vierde Divisie section will be directly promoted to the Derde Divisie; other teams can get promoted through play-offs.
Since '93
Since '93 is an English entertainment company. It encompasses a record label, music publishing firm and talent agency.

Founded by serial entrepreneur Riki Bleau in 2012, the company (formally known as Avant Garde Music) is predominantly known for its music business - in recent years its record label joint venture Since '93, with Sony Music Entertainment and music executive Glyn Aikins, have broken multiple artists  including: Aitch, Cat Burns, Fredo, Loski, Tems and Tyla.

In 2020, Forbes noted Bleau and Aikins as executives who have significantly contributed to the rise of UK rap in recent decades. In 2024, the two – plus colleague Joe Iddison – were recognised at the Music Business UK Awards as winners of ‘A&R Of The Year – Adult Contemporary’.

Bleau is an alumnus of the Powerful Media Powerlist, featuring Britain's most influential people of African and African Caribbean heritage.

Music publisher
A music publisher is a type of publisher that specializes in distributing music. Music publishers originally published sheet music. When copyright became legally protected, music publishers began to play a significant role in the management of composers' intellectual property. Today, music publishers license compositions, collect royalties, and make sure songwriters and composers are paid when their work is used.
Peter Fish (lawyer)
Peter James Reginald Fish CB is a former senior British government lawyer, who served from April 2014 to 2021 as the Director-General for Legal affairs at the Home Office. In each of his most recent three postings since 2009 he has immediately followed Jonathan Guy Jones, who now serves as HM Procurator General and Treasury Solicitor; first as the Director-General of the Attorney General's Office, then as Deputy Treasury Solicitor, and now at the Home Office.

Fish was appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in the 2017 New Year Honours.

2017 New Year Honours
The 2017 New Year Honours are appointments by some of the 16 Commonwealth realms to various orders and honours to recognise and reward good works by citizens of those countries. The New Year Honours were awarded as part of the New Year celebrations at the start of January and were announced on 30 December 2016.

The honours list reflected the United Kingdom's success at the 2016 Summer Olympics and Paralympic Games in Rio de Janeiro, with sports stars dominating the list.

The recipients of honours are displayed as they were styled before their new honour and arranged by the country (in order of precedence) whose ministers advised The Queen on the appointments, then by honour with grades (i.e. Knight/Dame Grand Cross, Knight/Dame Commander, etc.), and then by divisions (i.e. Civil, Diplomatic, and Military, as appropriate).
Hermann Warmbold
Hermann Warmbold (21 April 1876 - 11 March 1976) — was a German independent politician and academic who served as Reich Minister of Economics during the Weimar Republic from 1931 to 1933, with a brief break in 1932.

Initially a farmer, he eventually entered academia, specializing in agricultural economics. He initially entered politics for the Prussian state government as Minister of Agriculture. He was appointed Reich Minister of Economics in Heinrich Brüning's cabinet in 1931 upon pressure from I.G. Farben. During his time as minister, his primary focus was combatting the financial crisis in the republic as part of the Great Depression worldwide. After leaving the ministerial role, he served as provisional Reich Minister of Labour for 5 days. Warmbold then spent the rest of his career in obscurity, moving to Chile in 1945 to help the government led by Juan Antonio Ríos with agricultural affairs.

Juan Antonio Ríos
Juan Antonio Ríos Morales (Latin American Spanish: [xwan anˈtonjo ˈri.os]; November 10, 1888 – June 27, 1946) was a Chilean political figure who served as president of Chile from 1942 to 1946, during the height of World War II. He died in office.
Iksa (river)
The Iksa (Russian: Икса) is a river in Novosibirsk Oblast and Tomsk Oblast, Russia. It is the longest tributary of the Chaya, with a length of 430 kilometres (270 mi) and a drainage basin area of 6,130 square kilometres (2,370 sq mi).

The basin of the river is located in the Chainsky, Bakcharsky and Kolyvansky districts. There are a number of rural settlements near its banks, such as Plotnikovo, Borodinsk, Kopanoye Ozero, Vostochnoye and Ermilovka. A stretch of its lower course is navigable.

Tomsk Oblast
Tomsk Oblast (Russian: То́мская о́бласть, romanized: Tomskaya oblastʹ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). It lies in the southeastern West Siberian Plain, in the southwest of the Siberian Federal District. Its administrative center is the city of Tomsk. Population: 1,047,394 (2010 Census).

The development of the territory which now constitutes the oblast began in the early 17th century. Tomsk itself was founded in 1604. Some of the oblast's 316,900 square kilometers (122,400 sq mi) territory is inaccessible because it is covered with taiga woods and swamps. Tomsk oblast contains Vasyugan Swamp, the biggest swamp in the northern hemisphere. The oblast borders with Krasnoyarsk Krai and Tyumen, Omsk, Novosibirsk, and Kemerovo Oblasts.
Vartdalsfjorden
Vartdalsfjorden is a fjord (more technically, a strait) in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. It begins at the Storfjorden and Sulafjorden in the northeast and flows through Hareid Municipality and Ulstein Municipality on the northern shore of the fjord and through Ørsta Municipality and Volda Municipality on the southern shore.

The 20-kilometre (12 mi) long fjord has one road crossing, the Eiksund Tunnel. The deepest part of the fjord reaches 365 metres (1,198 ft) below sea level. The village of Vartdal lies on the southern shore of the fjord in Ørsta Municipality.

Strait
A strait is a water body connecting two seas or water basins. The surface water is, for the most part, at the same elevation on both sides and can flow through the strait in either direction, although the topography generally constricts the flow somewhat. In some straits, there is a dominant directional current. Most commonly, the strait is a narrow channel that lies between two land masses. Straits are loci for sediment accumulation, with sand-sized deposits usually occurring on the two strait exits, forming subaqueous fans or deltas. Some straits are not navigable because they are too narrow, too shallow, or due to the presence of a reef or archipelago.
Hina Altaf
Hina Altaf (Urdu: حنا الطاف خان; born 2 January 1992), is a Pakistani television actress, presenter and former video jockey. Altaf briefly hosted ARY Musik's teen show Girl's Republic. She is best known for her role as Zebo in Udaari, Eshal in Dil-e-Jaanam, Asma in Aatish, Zara in Dil-e-Gumshuda and Zoya in Rabba Mainu Maaf Kareen.

ARY Musik
ARY Musik HD (Urdu: اے آر وائے میوزک, formerly The Musik) is a Pakistani pay television music channel, first launched in August 2003 as "The Musik" in Dubai by Salman Iqbal. It is part of the ARY Digital Network. In 2009 its name was changed to "ARY Musik". It features music genres including pop, rock, rap, bhangra, classical, and folk. It also airs interactive shows, celebrity interviews, comic fillers, theme shows, animations and live concerts.

The channel's longest-running international music based show was Music Hour with Wiqar Ali Khan, hosted in English and Pashto. ARY Musik is one of the first satellite channels to have live link-ups between its studios based in London, UK, USA, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan and Dubai, Cologne and Slovenia.
Alexander Zaïd
Alexander Zaïd (Hebrew: אלכסנדר זייד; Russian: Александр Зайд; 1886 – 10 July 1938) was a prominent Russian Zionist. He was most known for co-founding several Jewish defense organizations, including Bar Giora and Hashomer.

History of the Jews in Russia
The history of the Jews in Russia goes back to the beginnings of the Russian state. At one time, the Russian Empire hosted the largest population of Jews in the world. Within these territories, the primarily Ashkenazi Jewish communities of many different areas flourished and developed many of modern Judaism's most distinctive theological and cultural traditions, and they also faced periods of antisemitic discriminatory policies and persecution, including violent pogroms.

Many analysts have documented a "renaissance" in the Jewish community inside Russia since the beginning of the 21st century; however, the Russian Jewish population has experienced precipitous decline since the dissolution of the USSR which continues to this day, although it is still among the largest in Europe.
USS Chickadee
USS Chickadee (AM-59) was an Auk-class minesweeper of the United States Navy, named after the Chickadee, a family of small passerine birds which appear in North America and Africa.

Chickadee was launched on 20 July 1942 at the Defoe Shipbuilding Company in Bay City, Michigan; sponsored by Mrs. George Buchanan Coale  (Mary Woolfolk Rule Coale).  She was commissioned on 9 November 1942 and reported to the Atlantic Fleet.

Bay City, Michigan
Bay City is a city in Bay County, Michigan, United States, and its county seat. The population was 32,661 at the 2020 census. The city is located just upriver from the Saginaw Bay on the Saginaw River. It is the principal city of the Bay City metropolitan area, which is coterminous with Bay County as part of the larger Greater Tri-Cities region of Central Michigan. Several historic bridges cross the Saginaw River in Bay City, including Liberty Bridge, Veterans Memorial Bridge, Independence Bridge, and Lafayette Avenue Bridge.
West Marshall Community School District
West Marshall Community School District is a rural public school district in central Iowa, United States. West Marshall spans the western side of Marshall County, with a small area in Story County, and includes the small towns of State Center, Melbourne, St. Anthony, Clemons, Rhodes, and LaMoille.

Marshall County, Iowa
Marshall County is a county located in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 40,105, and was estimated to be 40,392 in 2024. The county seat and largest city is Marshalltown. The county was formed on January 13, 1846, and named after John Marshall, Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court. Marshall County comprises the Marshalltown, Iowa Micropolitan Statistical Area. In 2010, the center of population of Iowa was located in Marshall County, near Melbourne.
Oprzężów
Oprzężów [ɔˈpʂɛ̃ʐuf] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wola Krzysztoporska, within Piotrków County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 7 km (4 mi) north of Wola Krzysztoporska, 7 km (4 mi) west of Piotrków Trybunalski, and 44 km (27 mi) south of the regional capital Łódź.

Piotrków Trybunalski
Piotrków Trybunalski ([ˈpʲɔtrkuf trɨbuˈnalskʲi] ⓘ; also known by alternative names), often simplified to Piotrków, is a city in central Poland with 71,252 inhabitants (2021). It is the capital of Piotrków County and the second-largest city in the Łódź Voivodeship.

Founded in the late Middle Ages, Piotrków was once a royal city and holds an important place in Polish history; the first parliament sitting was held here in the 15th century. It then became the seat of a Crown Tribunal, the highest court of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The city also hosted one of Poland's oldest Jewish communities, which was entirely destroyed by the Holocaust. The old town in Piotrków features many historical and architectural monuments, including tenements, churches, synagogues and the medieval Royal Castle.
Ivan Michurin (biologist)
Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin (Russian: Иван Владимирович Мичурин; October 27 [O.S. October 15] 1855 – June 7, 1935) was a Russian practitioner of selection to produce new types of crop plants, Honorable Member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, and academician of the Lenin All-Union Academy of Agriculture.

Throughout all his life, Michurin worked to create new sorts of fruit plants. He introduced over 300 new varieties. He was awarded the Order of Lenin and Order of the Red Banner of Labour for his achievements. The town of Michurinsk is named in his honor, as was the Bulgarian town of Tsarevo between 1950 and 1991.

VASKhNIL
VASKhNIL (Russian: ВАСХНИЛ), the acronym for the Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences or the V.I. Lenin Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Всесоюзная академия сельскохозяйственных наук имени В. И. Ленина), was the Soviet Union's academy dedicated to agricultural sciences, operating from 1929 to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1992.

Built upon the model of the Academy of Sciences of USSR, VASKhNIL included not only a body of academicians but also a vast network of research institutions scattered all over the Union, with thousands of researchers and plant and cattle breeders.
Rhoda Southgate
Rhoda May Southgate (born 28 December 1960) is a South African politician who represented the African Christian Democratic Party (ACDP) in the National Assembly from 1999 to 2004, serving the Western Cape constituency. After leaving Parliament, she co-founded the short-lived Federation of Democrats (FD) with Louis Green and her husband, Kevin Southgate.

African Christian Democratic Party
The African Christian Democratic Party (ACDP) is a South African political party founded in 1993. It is a conservative Christian party based on Biblical principles. The leader of the party is Kenneth Meshoe.

Following the 2016 municipal elections, the ACDP joined with the much larger Democratic Alliance (DA) and several other smaller parties to form coalition governments in Nelson Mandela Bay, Johannesburg and Tshwane.

As of 2024, the ACDP has three members in the South African Parliament, and one member each in the provincial legislatures of Western Cape, and Gauteng.  It also has 22 municipal councillors across the country.

In June 2024, ACDP was offered  an opportunity to be part of Government of National Unity (GNU), but the party decided to stay out of the new government.
Triple Agent
Triple Agent is a 2004 spy thriller film written and directed by Éric Rohmer and starring Katerina Didaskalou and Serge Renko. The film is based on the true story of White Russian general (and secret Soviet agent) Nikolai Skoblin and his involvement in the disappearance and murder of fellow White Russian general Evgenii Miller.

Soviet people
The Soviet people (Russian: сове́тский наро́д, romanized: sovetsky narod) were the citizens and nationals of the Soviet Union. This demonym was presented in the ideology of the country as the "new historical unity of peoples of different nationalities" (новая историческая общность людей различных национальностей).