hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Jus patronatus
The right of patronage (in Latin jus patronatus or ius patronatus) in Catholic canon law is a set of rights and obligations of someone, known as the patron in connection with a gift of land (benefice). It is a grant made by the church out of gratitude towards a benefactor.

Its counterpart in English law and in the Church of England is called an advowson.

The right of patronage is designated in papal letters as "ius spirituali annexum" and is therefore subject to ecclesiastical legislation and jurisdiction as well as civil laws relating to the ownership of property.

English law
English law is the common law legal system of England and Wales, comprising mainly criminal law and civil law, each branch having its own courts and procedures. The judiciary is independent, and legal principles like fairness, equality before the law, and the right to a fair trial are foundational to the system.
Steglich esterification
The Steglich esterification is a variation of an esterification with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide as a coupling reagent and 4-dimethylaminopyridine as a catalyst. The reaction was first described by Wolfgang Steglich in 1978. It is an adaptation of an older method for the formation of amides by means of DCC (dicyclohexylcarbodiimide) and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBT).

Steglich overview

This reaction generally takes place at room temperature. A variety of polar aprotic solvents can be used. Because the reaction is mild, esters can be obtained that are inaccessible through other methods for instance esters of the sensitive 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid. A characteristic is the formal uptake of water generated in the reaction by DCC, forming the urea compound dicyclohexylurea (DCU).

Room temperature
Room temperature, colloquially, denotes the range of air temperatures most people find comfortable indoors while dressed in typical clothing. Comfortable temperatures can be extended beyond this range depending on humidity, air circulation, and other factors.

In certain fields, like science and engineering, and within a particular context, room temperature can mean different agreed-upon ranges. In contrast, ambient temperature is the actual temperature, as measured by a thermometer, of the air (or other medium and surroundings) in any particular place. The ambient temperature (e.g. an unheated room in winter) may be very different from an ideal room temperature.

Food and beverages may be served at "room temperature", meaning neither heated nor cooled.
The Dancer (1943 film)
The Dancer (Czech: Tanečnice) is a 1943 Czech historical romantic drama film directed by František Čáp and starring Marie Glázrová, Jiřina Štěpničková and Růžena Nasková. It was shot at the Barrandov and Hostivař Studios in Prague. The film's sets were designed by the art director Jan Zázvorka.

Barrandov Studios
Barrandov Studios is a set of film studios in Prague, Czech Republic. It is the largest film studio in the country and one of the largest in Europe. Barrandov has made several major Hollywood productions, including Mission Impossible, The Bourne Identity, Casino Royale, G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra, The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, The Zookeeper's Wife, Nosferatu, among others.
Key Stage 1
Key Stage 1 is the legal term for the two years of schooling in maintained schools in England normally known as Year 1 and Year 2, when pupils are aged between 5 and 7. This Key Stage normally covers pupils during infant school, although in some cases this might form part of a first or primary school. It is also the label used for the third and fourth years of primary education in Northern Ireland. In Hong Kong, it is used to describe Primary One to Primary Three.

Education in Hong Kong
Education in Hong Kong used to be largely modelled on that of the United Kingdom, particularly the English system. Since 2012, the overhaul of secondary school diploma has introduced changes to the number of school years as well as the two-tier general examinations. The DSE has replaced the old HKCEE (similar to the UK's GCSE) and the A-levels. Education policy in Hong Kong is overseen by the Education Bureau and the Social Welfare Department.

The academic year begins mid-year, usually starting in September.
Ifugao State University
Ifugao State University (IFSU) is a government owned and funded university in the Philippines. It was originally established in 1920 as 'Nayon Settlement Farm School' by American educators. It gained its university status under Republic Act 9720 passed by the Philippine Congress and the Senate of the Philippines and duly approved in 2009 by Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, then President of the Republic. With the main campus in Lamut, Ifugao, it is mandated to offer course specializations on Agriculture, Forestry, Nursing, Social Sciences, Criminology, Teacher Education, Business Administration, Public Administration, Information Technology, Food Science, among others at undergraduate and graduate levels.

Teacher education
Teacher education or teacher training refers to programs, policies, procedures, and provision designed to equip (prospective) teachers with the knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, approaches, methodologies and skills they require to perform their tasks effectively in the classroom, school, and wider community. The professionals who engage in training the prospective teachers are called teacher educators (or, in some contexts, teacher trainers).

There is a longstanding and ongoing debate about the most appropriate term to describe these activities. The term 'teacher training' (which may give the impression that the activity involves training staff to undertake relatively routine tasks) seems to be losing ground, at least in the U.S., to 'teacher education' (with its connotation of preparing staff for a professional role as a reflective practitioner). The two major components of teacher education are in-service teacher education and pre-service teacher education.
The Circus of Horrors
The Circus of Horrors was a British-based contemporary circus created by John 'Doktor' Haze and Gerry Cottle. They were first seen performing at the Glastonbury Festival in 1995. Blending horror, black comedy and rock music with circus acts, it used goth and steampunk imagery, and referenced Victorian freak shows and burlesque. They were semi-finalists on Britain's Got Talent in 2011.

Following the death of ringmaster and founder Doktor Haze, The Circus of Horrors announced it had closed in September 2024, after a tribute show toured in Haze's honour.

Contemporary circus
Contemporary circus (or cirque contemporain in French-speaking countries) is a contested term in circus studies. In this article, it is used in contrast to the term 'traditional circus', combining with the genre elsewhere disambiguated as new circus or nouveau cirque. Many circus scholars prefer to separate these styles, as elaborated in circus. Contemporary circus, by this definition, is a genre of performing arts developed in the late 20th century in which a story, theme, mood or question is conveyed through traditional circus skills. Traditional circus skills are blended with more choreographic, character-driven or mechanical approaches. Animals are rarely used, akin to variety shows.

Contemporary circus —encompassing the New Circus movement—originated in the late 1960s, and has spurred the creation of unique schools to teach the format, as well as books for the contemporary circus performer, assisting them with their careers.
FilmQuest
FilmQuest is an international film festival for genre films held annually in Provo, Utah, United States. It premieres and awards both feature and short films, and hosts celebrities, artists, filmmakers, industry reps and press from the fantastic, sci-fi and horror genres.

It is often cited as one of the most important genre festivals in the United States, being named twice as one of MovieMaker Magazine's 25 Coolest Film Festivals in the World in 2024 and 2023, 50 Bloody Best Genre Fests in the World in 2021 and 2019, and six times named one of their 50 Film Festivals Worth the Entry Fee in 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021, 2017, 2015, as well as one of Dread Central's Best Horror Festivals in the World in both 2022 and 2021.

I'm Not a Robot (film)
I'm Not a Robot (Dutch: Ik ben geen robot) is a 2023 Dutch-language short science fiction drama film written and directed by Victoria Warmerdam. It stars Ellen Parren as a woman who plunges into a strange new reality after she fails a series of CAPTCHA tests.

An international co-production between Belgium and the Netherlands, I'm Not a Robot had its world premiere at the Netherlands Film Festival on 23 September 2023, and was made available for streaming via the YouTube channel of The New Yorker on 15 November 2024. It won the Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film in 2025, becoming the first Dutch short film to do so.
2003–04 Swiss 1. Liga
The 2003–04 Swiss 1. Liga was the 72nd season of this league since its creation in 1931 and, at this time, it was the third tier of the Swiss football league system. The 1. Liga was also the highest level of amateur football, even though there was an ever-increasing number of clubs in this league that played with professional or semi-professional players in their ranks, not just the U-21 teams of the professional clubs.

1. Liga Classic
1. Liga Classic (1st League Classic in English) is the fourth tier of the Swiss football league system. At its creation in 1931, the fourth tier of Swiss football was called 3. Liga. The league is operated by a subdivision of the Swiss Football Association called Erste Liga. It is split into 3 groups of 16 teams, by geographical region.
Player preferences among new and old violins
"Player preferences among new and old violins" is a scholarly paper published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in January 2012. It describes a double-blind study in which researcher Claudia Fritz of the Pierre and Marie Curie University and violinmaker Joseph Curtin asked judges and participants at the 2010 International Violin Competition of Indianapolis to choose the violin they preferred from a pool of three modern violins, two Stradivariuses, and one Guarneri 'del Gesu'. Fritz and Curtin found that participants most frequently chose a new rather than old violin. This result—which contradicts widespread belief among violinists that the best 16th and 17th century Golden Age violins are superior to the best modern ones—attracted significant media attention.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (often abbreviated PNAS or PNAS USA) is a peer-reviewed multidisciplinary scientific journal. It is the official journal of the National Academy of Sciences, published since 1915, and publishes original research, scientific reviews, commentaries, and letters. According to Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2024 impact factor of 8.9. PNAS is the second most cited scientific journal, with more than 1.9 million cumulative citations from 2008 to 2018. In the past, PNAS has been described by US local newspapers as "prestigious", "renowned" and "high impact".

PNAS is a delayed open-access journal, with an embargo period of six months that can be bypassed for an author fee (hybrid open access). Since September 2017, open access articles are published under a Creative Commons license. Since January 2019, PNAS has been online-only, although print issues are available on demand.
Bibliography of Shibli Nomani
This bibliography of Shibli Nomani is a selected list of generally available scholarly resources related to Shibli Nomani, a poet, philosopher, historian, educational thinker, author, orator, reformer, critic of orientalists and Islamic scholar from the Indian subcontinent during the British Raj, regarded as the father of Urdu historiography. His disciple Sulaiman Nadvi wrote his biography, Hayat-e-Shibli, in 1943. This list will include his biographies, theses written on him and articles published about him in various journals, newspapers, encyclopedias, seminars, websites, etcetera in APA style.

Seminar
A seminar is a form of academic instruction, either at an academic institution or offered by a commercial or professional organization. It has the function of bringing together small groups for recurring meetings, focusing each time on some particular subject, in which everyone present is requested to participate. This is often accomplished through an ongoing Socratic dialogue with a seminar leader or instructor, or through a more formal presentation of research. It is essentially a place where assigned readings are discussed, questions can be raised and debates can be conducted.
Kennaway Henderson
Andrew Kennaway Henderson (25 May 1879 – 17 January 1960) was a New Zealand clerk, illustrator, cartoonist, editor and pacifist. He was born in London,  England, and emigrated to New Zealand as a child. He was imprisoned twice as a conscientious objector in World War I and drew numerous cartoons from a socialist point of view.

He edited and published the left-wing literary magazine Tomorrow in Christchurch, New Zealand from 1934 to 1940. In later life he published some books of drawings and cartoons, and died in Christchurch in 1960.

Conscientious objector
A conscientious objector is an "individual who has claimed the right to refuse to perform military service" on the grounds of freedom of conscience or religion. The term has also been extended to objecting to working for the military–industrial complex due to a crisis of conscience. In some countries, conscientious objectors are assigned to an alternative civilian service as a substitute for conscription or military service.

A number of organizations around the world celebrate the principle on May 15 as International Conscientious Objection Day.

On March 8, 1995, the United Nations Commission on Human Rights resolution 1995/83 stated that "persons performing military service should not be excluded from the right to have conscientious objections to military service". This was re-affirmed on April 22, 1998, when resolution 1998/77 recognized that "persons [already] performing military service may develop conscientious objections".
Little Chief Service Station
The  Little Chief Service Station (built in 1929) is a designated Municipal Heritage Property located in the Riversdale, neighborhood of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. It was originally built as a gas service station for Texaco Oil Company of Canada.  Cars and farm vehicles were often serviced at the station while owners shopped in the Riversdale area.  The restored building design makes use of white stucco walls, rounded roof tiles, decorative brick, heavy tiled cornices, roof parapets, iron windows and copper gutters.

After renovations, the Saskatoon Police Service started using the building as a community policing station on April 29, 2003. In 2011 closing the community policing station was identified as a cost-saving measure, with a focus on having police officers on patrols in the neighborhood. The Riversdale Business Improvement District has been located there since May 2008.

Saskatoon Police Service
Saskatoon Police Service (SPS) is the municipal police service in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. It holds both municipal and provincial jurisdiction.  Police Chief Cam McBride is the head of the service. The deputy chiefs are Dave Haye (Support Services) and Darren Pringle (Operations). The SPS operates in partnership and cooperation with the Corman Park Police Service and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.
Bernard Giluk Dompok
Bernard Giluk Dompok (born 7 October 1949) is a Malaysian politician who served as Ambassador of Malaysia to the Holy See from March 2016 to June 2018, Minister of Plantation Industries and Commodities from April 2009 to May 2013, Minister in the Prime Minister's Department from December 1999 to April 2009, 11th Chief Minister of Sabah briefly from May 1998 to March 1999, Member of Parliament (MP) for Penampang from August 1986 to April 1995 and again from March 2008 to May 2013 and Ranau from November 1999 to March 2004 as well as President of the United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation (UPKO) from 1994 to 2014.

Ranau (federal constituency)
Ranau is a federal constituency in  West Coast Division (Ranau District), Sabah, Malaysia, that has been represented in the Dewan Rakyat since 2004.

The federal constituency was created in the 2003 redistribution and is mandated to return a single member to the Dewan Rakyat under the first past the post voting system.
Robert Duff
Robert Duff is the name of:

Robert Duff (Royal Navy officer) (died 1787), admiral and governor for Newfoundland in 1775

Robert Duff (Newfoundland politician) (1868–1928), Newfoundland businessman and politician

Sir Robert Duff (British politician) (1835–1895), Scottish Liberal politician, governor for New South Wales between 1893 and 1895

Robert Duff (British politician)
Sir Robert William Duff GCMG PC (8 May 1835 – 15 March 1895), known as Robert William Duff Abercromby until 1862, was a Scottish Liberal Party politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1861 to 1893 and was Governor of New South Wales from 1893 to 1895.
Galearieae
Galearieae is a no-longer-recognized tribe of plant of the family Euphorbiaceae. It comprised 3 genera, Galearia, Microdesmis, and Panda. Molecular data show that although these three genera are related to each other, they do not belong to the subfamily Acalyphoideae of the Euphorbiaceae, and therefore they are generally now classified as the family Pandaceae.

Galearia
Galearia is a genus of plant of the family Pandaceae. It is native to Indochina, insular Southeast Asia, New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. They are large trees or shrubs which exude a white liquid.

Accepted species:

Galearia aristifera Miq. - Borneo, Malaysia, Sumatra

Galearia celebica Koord. - Sulawesi, New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, Solomon Islands

Galearia filiformis (Blume) Boerl. - Java, Sumatra

Galearia fulva (Tul.) Miq. - Indochina, Borneo, Malaysia, Sumatra, Philippines

Galearia maingayi Hook.f. - Thailand, Borneo, Malaysia, Sumatra
Quadratic field
In algebraic number theory, a quadratic field is an algebraic number field of degree two over , the rational numbers.

Every such quadratic field is some  where  is a (uniquely defined) square-free integer different from  and . If , the corresponding quadratic field is called a real quadratic field, and, if , it is called an imaginary quadratic field or a complex quadratic field, corresponding to whether or not it is a subfield of the field of the real numbers.

Quadratic fields have been studied in great depth, initially as part of the theory of binary quadratic forms. There remain some unsolved problems. The class number problem is particularly important.

Degree of a field extension
In mathematics, more specifically field theory, the degree of a field extension is a rough measure of the "size" of the field extension. The concept plays an important role in many parts of mathematics, including algebra and number theory—indeed in any area where fields appear prominently.
Ditzel
Ditzel is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Filip Ditzel (born 1985), Czech track cyclist

Liz Ditzel, professor of nursing in New Zealand

Meta Ditzel (1910-199), Danish politician

Nanna Ditzel (1923–2005), Danish furniture designer

Nanna Ditzel
Nanna Ditzel (October 6, 1923 - June 17, 2005) was a Danish designer.

She was educated as a carpenter at Richards Skole and studied at the Danish School of Arts and Crafts  where she graduated in 1946.  Here she met her first husband, the architect Jørgen Ditzel with whom she collaborated closely until his death in 1961. Her works include furniture, jewelry, tableware and textiles. She also made jewelry designs for Georg Jensen and furniture for Frederica. Nanna Ditzel was known for designing furniture suitable for lying down, she used bright colours and she was very much inspired by nature.
Anti-Imperialist Action Ireland
Anti-Imperialist Action Ireland or AIA Ireland is an Irish socialist-republican organisation that advocates for the establishment of a socialist state in Ireland through a socialist revolution. The group was founded in 2017. Since then, it has undertaken a number of protest actions across Ireland. The organisation has described itself as "a broad front" opposed to what it calls "British, EU and US imperialism" in Ireland.

Socialist state
A socialist state, socialist republic, or socialist country is a sovereign state constitutionally dedicated to the establishment of socialism. This article is about states that refer to themselves as socialist states, and not specifically about communist states that refer to themselves as socialist states. It includes information on liberal democratic states with constitutional references to socialism as well as other state formations that have referred to themselves as socialist.
All Saints' Church (Taganrog)
All Saints' Church (Russian: Церковь Всех Святых) is a Russian Orthodox church in the city of Taganrog, Rostov Oblast, Russia. It belongs to the Diocese of Rostov and Novocherkassk of Moscow Patriarchate and was built in 1824.

Rostov Oblast
Rostov Oblast (Russian: Росто́вская о́бласть, romanized: Rostovskaya oblastʹ, IPA: [rɐˈstofskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ]) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast), located in the Southern Federal District. The oblast has an area of 100,967 square kilometers (38,984 sq mi) and a population of 4,200,729 (2021 Census), making it the sixth most populous federal subject in Russia. Its administrative center is the city of Rostov-on-Don, which also became the administrative center of the Southern Federal District in 2002.
Macro social work
Macro social work  is the use of social work skills training and perspective to produce large scale  social change or social justice of some kind. Unlike micro or mezzo social work, which deals with individual and small group issues, macro social work aims to address societal problems at their roots; however, it has recently not received the same level of importance.

Social change
Social change is the alteration of the social order of a society which may include changes in social institutions, social behaviours or social relations. Sustained at a larger scale, it may lead to social transformation or societal transformation.
Ghetto Freaks
Ghetto Freaks is a 1970 American independent hippie exploitation film directed by Robert J. Emery and written by John Pappas and Robert J. Emery. It was filmed entirely in Cleveland, Ohio, and originally opened in Cleveland under the title Sign of Aquarius, alternately titled Love Commune.

Shortly after that, the film was retitled Ghetto Freaks and edited to include two additional minutes of footage showing a young, handsome black man performing a blood ceremony with a group of robed young women. The Ghetto Freaks version was marketed as a blaxploitation film, despite almost all the film's actors, including the male and female leads, being white.

The film has also been distributed under the titles Wages of Sin and The Aquarians (not to be confused with the 1970 television film The Aquarians starring Ricardo Montalbán).

Hippie exploitation films
Hippie exploitation films are late 1960s-early-to-late 1970s exploitation films about the hippie counterculture with situations associated with the movement such as marijuana and LSD use, sex and wild psychedelic parties.