hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Diffraction efficiency
In optics, diffraction efficiency is the performance of diffractive optical elements – especially diffraction gratings – in terms of power throughput. It's a measure of how much optical power is diffracted into a designated direction compared to the power incident onto the diffractive element of grating.

If the diffracted power is designated with P and the incident power with P0, the efficiency η reads

Power (physics)
Power is the amount of energy transferred or converted per unit time. In the International System of Units, the unit of power is the watt (symbol W), equal to one joule per second (J/s). Power is a scalar quantity.

The output power of a motor is the product of the torque that the motor generates and the angular velocity of its output shaft.  Likewise, the power dissipated in an electrical element of a circuit is the product of the current flowing through the element and of the voltage across the element.
Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars
The Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) was a visible-infrared spectrometer aboard the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter searching for mineralogic indications of past and present water on Mars.  The CRISM instrument team comprised scientists from over ten universities and was led by principal investigator Scott Murchie.  CRISM was designed, built, and tested by the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory.

Mars Orbiter Camera
The Mars Orbiter Camera and Mars Observer Camera (MOC) were scientific instruments on board the Mars Observer and Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft. The camera was built by Malin Space Science Systems (MSSS) for NASA and the cost of the whole MOC scientific investigation project was about US$44 million, higher than anticipated in the budget.
Fowey River Academy
Fowey River Academy is a co-educational secondary school with academy status (Learning Edge Academies Partnership), serving a large and diverse catchment area including Fowey, the nearby towns of St Blazey and Lostwithiel and surrounding villages.

St Blazey
St Blazey or St Blaise (Cornish: Lanndreth) is a town and civil parish in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. The parish has a short section of coastline onto St Austell Bay and includes western parts of Par within its boundaries, including Par Harbour. The parish also includes rural areas to the north-west of the built up area, including the hamlet of Bodelva and the Eden Project, which is located in a former quarry. The western part of the St Blazey built up area is known as St Blazey Gate. At the 2021 census the population of the parish was 6,932 and the population of the built up area as defined by the Office for National Statistics was 6,575.

Once an important engineering centre for the local mine and railway industries, the parish is now dominated by the Eden Project.

St Blazey is situated 3 miles (4.8 km) east of St Austell, 1 mile (1.6 km) west of Tywardreath and 1 mile (1.6 km) north of Par.
Joseph-Cherrington House
The Joseph-Cherrington House is a historic house in Columbus, Ohio, United States. The house was built in 1863 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. The Joseph-Cherrington House was built at a time when East Broad Street was a tree-lined avenue featuring the most ornate houses in Columbus; the house reflects the character of the area at the time.

The Joseph-Cherrington House was built in 1863, and is the second-oldest in the area of East Broad Street. The house is significant as the residence of the family of Wilden E. Joseph, part of the Patton Manufacturing Co. Subsequent residents included Harold Cherrington, from 1930 to 1964. Cherrington was a journalist and dramatic editor for the Columbus Dispatch.

The Columbus Dispatch
The Columbus Dispatch is a daily newspaper based in Columbus, Ohio. Its first issue was published on July 1, 1871, and it has been the only mainstream daily newspaper in the city since The Columbus Citizen-Journal ceased publication in 1985.

As of November 2019, Alan D. Miller is the newspaper's interim general manager.
Utah Governor's Medal for Science and Technology
The Utah Governor's Medal for Science and Technology is the highest civilian award bestowed by the U.S. state of Utah in those fields. It is awarded in the five categories of academia, science education, industry, government, and a special category. The award was initiated in 1987 and is sponsored by the Utah Science and Technology Research Initiative and the Governor’s Office of Economic Development. Nominations are reviewed by the Utah State Science Advisory Council before being presented to the governor.

Evans & Sutherland
Evans & Sutherland is an American computer graphics firm founded in 1968 by David Evans and Ivan Sutherland. Its current products are used in digital projection environments like planetariums. Its simulation business, which it sold to Rockwell Collins, sold products that were used primarily by the military and large industrial firms for training and simulation.
Gadhinglaj taluka
Gadhinglaj is a taluka in Maharashtra. The city of Gadhinglaj is the taluka headquarters and Gadhinglaj subdivision headquarters as well. As of 2011, the taluka had a population of 874,015, of which 35% were urban. Languages spoken in this area are Marathi, Kannada, Hindi and English also. But the most-spoken language is Marathi, as Marathi is a state language.

Kolhapur district
Kolhapur district (Marathi pronunciation: [kolʱaːpuɾ]) is a district in the Maharashtra state of India. The city of Kolhapur is its district headquarter. It is situated near Panchaganga river.

It is bordered by the Sangli district to the north, by Ratnagiri district, Sindhudurg to the west and by Karnataka state to the east.

Kolhapur was a princely state during British rule in India. Shahu Maharaj ruled the state from 1894 to 1922 and worked toward its social and educational development. Kolhapur was a major hub of the Marathi film industry and was known as Chitranagari. It is now known as Bhalji Pendharkar Chitranagari.
Vita Craft Corporation
Vita Craft Corporation is a manufacturer of multi-ply stainless steel cookware and other cookware products. The cookware is manufactured and sold in the United States, but the majority of sales are from the Asian and European markets.  Japan alone accounts for about 80% of Vita Craft's revenue.  In Asia and Europe, Vita Craft is sold in department stores. In the United States, Vita Craft is sold door-to-door, at food-related events and conventions using a direct selling model. Imura International USA Inc. is the parent company of Vita.

Cookware and bakeware
Cookware and bakeware is food preparation equipment, such as cooking pots, pans, baking sheets etc. used in kitchens. Cookware is used on a stove or range cooktop, while bakeware is used in an oven. Some utensils are considered both cookware and bakeware.

There is a great variety of cookware and bakeware in shape, material, and inside surface. Some materials conduct heat well; some retain heat well. Some surfaces are non-stick; some require seasoning.

Some pots and their lids have handles or knobs made of low thermal conductance materials such as bakelite, plastic or wood, which make them easy to pick up without oven gloves.

A good cooking pot design has an "overcook edge" which is what the lid lies on. The lid has a dripping edge that prevents condensation fluid from dripping off when handling the lid (taking it off and holding it 45°) or putting it down.
2019 St. Petersburg Open – Singles
Dominic Thiem was the defending champion, but chose to compete in the Laver Cup instead.

Daniil Medvedev won the title, defeating Borna Ćorić in the final, 6–3, 6–1. Medvedev became the first active player outside the Big Four to reach the final in five consecutive tournaments.

Ilya Ivashka
Ilya Uladzimiravich Ivashka (Belarusian: Ілья Уладзіміравіч Івашка; Russian: Илья Владимирович Ивашко, romanized: Ilya Vladimirovich Ivashko; born 24 February 1994) is a Belarusian professional tennis player.
Ivashka has a career-high singles ranking by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) of No. 40, achieved on 20 June 2022. He also has a career-high doubles ranking of world No. 317, reached on 12 June 2023. Ivashka has won five ITF singles titles and three ITF doubles titles. He has represented Belarus in Davis Cup, and has a win-loss record of 9–10.
June 2049 lunar eclipse
A penumbral lunar eclipse will occur at the Moon’s ascending node of orbit on Tuesday, June 15, 2049, with an umbral magnitude of −0.6970. A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon moves into the Earth's shadow, causing the Moon to be darkened. A penumbral lunar eclipse occurs when part or all of the Moon's near side passes into the Earth's penumbra. Unlike a solar eclipse, which can only be viewed from a relatively small area of the world, a lunar eclipse may be viewed from anywhere on the night side of Earth. Occurring only about 23.5 hours before perigee (on June 16, 2049, at 18:40 UTC), the Moon's apparent diameter will be larger.

Lunar eclipse
A lunar eclipse, also called a blood moon, is an astronomical event that occurs when the Moon orbits through Earth's shadow.‍‍ Lunar eclipses occur during eclipse season, when the Moon's orbital plane is approximately in line with Earth and the Sun. The type and length of a lunar eclipse depend on the Moon's proximity to the lunar node.‍‍ In contrast with illusive and short-lasting solar eclipses, lunar eclipses can be observed from anywhere on the night side of Earth and often last for an hour or longer. Lunar eclipses are safe to observe without eye protection.

Lunar eclipses are notable for causing the Moon to appear orange or red. This occurs when the Moon passes through the Earth's umbra, necessitating any sunlight that reaches the Moon to first pass through the Earth's atmosphere. The resulting Rayleigh scattering removes high-wavelength colors such as violet and blue from the incoming light before it reflects off the lunar surface and is observed on Earth.
Sibley Trail
The Sibley Trail was a military road utilized by the Union Army during the aftermath of the Dakota War of 1862 and the Sioux Wars. The trail runs roughly 45 miles from Fargo and western Minnesota into the central region of Dakota Territory, now the state of North Dakota. The trail was later incorporated into several communities in North Dakota including Sibley Trail Township and other communities of Barnes County, Kidder County, and Cass County among others.

Cass County, North Dakota
Cass County is a county in the U.S. state of North Dakota. As of the 2020 census, the population was 184,525, making it the most populous county in North Dakota, and was estimated to be 200,945 in 2024, almost twice the population of Burleigh County, the second most populated county in the state. It contains over 25.23% of the state's population. The county seat is Fargo, the state's most populous city. The county is named for George Washington Cass, president of the Northern Pacific Railway from 1872 to 1875. It is the only Cass County in the United States that is not named after Lewis Cass.

Cass County is part of the Fargo, ND-Moorhead, MN Metropolitan Statistical Area.
John McNeill (British Army officer)
Major General Sir John Carstairs McNeill VC, GCVO, KCB, KCMG (28 March 1831 – 25 May 1904) was a senior British Army officer and Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

107th Regiment of Foot (Bengal Light Infantry)
The 107th (Bengal Infantry) Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army, raised by the East India Company in 1765. Under the Childers Reforms, it amalgamated with the 35th (Royal Sussex) Regiment of Foot to form the Royal Sussex Regiment.
Henry Evans (English cricketer)
Henry Evans (8 July 1857 – 30 July 1920) was an English cricketer who played for Derbyshire between 1878 and 1882.

Evans was born in Stoneyford (near Heanor), Derbyshire the son of Thomas Evans, a farmer. He became a clerk with the Midland Railway.

Evans made his first-class debut for Derbyshire in the 1878 season against Yorkshire. He next played three matches during the 1881 season. In the 1882 season he played one further first-class match, against the touring Australian team.

Evans was a right-arm medium-fast bowler and took 19 wickets at an average of 13.26 and had a best performance of 7-47. He was a right-handed middle order batsman and played 10 innings in 5 matches. His top score was 10 and his average 4.10.

In 1888 Evans moved to Glasgow, as an assistant traffic manager for a railway company. He died in Spondon.

His brother Thomas Evans, played for Derbyshire during the 1883 season.

Heanor
Heanor (/ˈhiːnə/) is a town in the Amber Valley district of Derbyshire, England. It lies 8 miles (13 km) north-east of Derby and forms, with the adjacent village of Loscoe, the civil parish and town council-administered area of Heanor and Loscoe, which had a population of 17,251 in the 2011 census.
Inauguration of Joseph Estrada
The inauguration of Joseph Estrada as the thirteenth president of the Philippines took place on Tuesday, June 30, 1998, at the Barasoain Church in Malolos, Bulacan. The oath of office was administered by Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines Andres Narvasa. Afterwards, Estrada delivered his inaugural speech at the Quirino Grandstand in Manila. The inauguration was held during the Centennial of Philippine Independence. The Inauguration was organized jointly by the Presidential Transition Cooperation Team of outgoing President Fidel V. Ramos and the Transition Team of incoming President Estrada. This was the last presidential oath administered by Narvasa.

Estrada resigned amidst the Second EDSA Revolution on January 20, 2001, two years, six months, and twenty-one days into his term. The then Vice President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo assumed the office of President.

Vice President of the Philippines
Vice President of the Philippines (Filipino: Pangalawang Pangulo ng Pilipinas, also referred to as Bise Presidente ng Pilipinas) is the title of the second-highest official in the executive branch of the Philippine government and is first in the presidential line of succession. The vice president is directly elected by the citizens of the Philippines and is one of only two nationally elected executive officials, the other being the president.

The current office of the vice president was re-established under the 1987 Constitution, bearing similarities with the office as created in the 1935 Constitution that was abolished by the Marcos regime. The vice president may be elected to two consecutive six-year terms. The 15th and incumbent vice president Sara Duterte was inaugurated on June 19, 2022, but her term officially began 11 days later on June 30, as per the constitution.
Neferu I
Neferu I ("the beauty"; fl. c. 2135 BC) was the first queen consort of the 11th Dynasty of Egypt. She may have been a wife of the King Mentuhotep I.

Her sons were Intef I and Intef II and she was a grandmother of Intef III and Queen Iah, his wife. She was also a great-grandmother of Neferu II.

She is mentioned on one stela.

It is possible that she is the same as the Queen Neferukayet, who is thought to be the wife of Intef II. Her titles would be then: "King's wife, his beloved", "King's daughter" and "Royal Ornament".

Intef III
Intef III was the third pharaoh of the Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt during the late First Intermediate Period in the 21st century BC, at a time when Egypt was divided in two kingdoms. The son of his predecessor Intef II and father of his successor Mentuhotep II, Intef III reigned for 8 years over Upper Egypt and extended his domain North against the 10th Dynasty state, perhaps as far north as the 17th nome. He undertook some building activity on Elephantine. Intef III is buried in a large saff tomb at El-Tarif known as Saff el-Barqa.
Isidro Ancheta
Isidro Ancheta (October 15, 1882 – 1946) was a Filipino landscape painter. He finished his Elementary, Secondary and Bachelor of Arts Degree (1904) at the Ateneo de Manila. He also studied at the Liceo de Manila, Escuela de Pintura, Escultura y Grabado and the Academia de Dibujo y Pintura run by Teodoro Buenaventura in the early 1900s. He was represented with 8 paintings in the Philippine Section at the St. Louis Exposition of 1904, where his painting titled  A Victim of War received an Honorable Mention. He taught at the Philippine Normal School from 1918 to 1926. Before World War II, his landscapes were found in classrooms all over the Philippines. In 1941 his Tienda del Barrio won Second Honorable Mention in the Filipiniana Category at the National Art Competition sponsored by the University of Santo Tomas.

Manila Central University
Manila Central University (MCU), formerly known as the Escuela de Farmacia del Liceo de Manila, is a private, non-sectarian, stock basic and higher education institution located on EDSA, Caloocan, Philippines. It was founded in 1904 by Alejandro M. Albert, who also was its first director.

MCU is the first pharmacy school run by Filipinos, and the first nursing school that offered the four-year Bachelor of Science in Nursing program in the Philippines. The patron of the university is Minerva. MCU was a member university of the University Athletic Association of the Philippines from 1952 to 1962.
Robert Saundby
Air Marshal Sir Robert Henry Magnus Spencer Saundby, KCB, KBE, MC, DFC, AFC, FRAeS, FRES, DL (26 April 1896 – 26 September 1971) was a senior Royal Air Force officer whose career spanned both the First and Second World Wars. He distinguished himself by gaining five victories during the First World War, and was present during the air battle when Lanoe Hawker was shot down and killed by Manfred von Richthofen, the "Red Baron". He is chiefly remembered for his role as Deputy Air Officer Commanding-on-Chief Bomber Command under Sir Arthur Harris during the latter part of the Second World War.

Air officer commanding
Air Officer Commanding (AOC) is a title given in the air forces of Commonwealth (and some other) nations to an air officer who holds a command appointment which typically comprises a large, organized collection of air force assets. Thus, an air vice marshal might be the AOC 38 Group. The equivalent term for army officers is general officer commanding (GOC), from where the air force term was derived.

An air officer heading a particularly large or important command may be called an air officer commanding-in-chief (AOC-in-C).
1944 Guatemalan parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Guatemala on 3–5 November 1944 to elect members of the Congress. The result was a victory for the United Front of Political Parties and Civic Associations (FUPP), which won all 76 seats. The FUPP was an alliance of the National Democratic Front, the Popular Liberation Front,  the Central Democratic Party, the Social Democratic Party, the National Renovation Party and the National Vanguard Party.

Congress of the Republic of Guatemala
The Congress of the Republic (Spanish: Congreso de la República) is the unicameral legislature of the Republic of Guatemala. The Guatemalan Congress is made up of 160 deputies who are elected by direct universal suffrage to serve four-year terms. The electoral system is closed party list proportional representation. 31 of the deputies are elected on a nationwide list, whilst the remaining 127 deputies are elected in 22 multi-member constituencies. Each of Guatemala's 22 departments serves as a district, with the exception of the department of Guatemala containing the capital, which on account of its size is divided into two (distrito central and distrito Guatemala). Departments are allocated seats based on their population size and they are shown in the table below.
Champagne (2014 film)
Champagne is a 2014 Nigerian romantic thriller film, produced and directed by Emem Isong. It stars Majid Michel, Alexx Ekubo, Mbong Amata, Susan Peters, Tana Adelana, Koketso Motlhabane Charlotte, and introduces Rosemary Zimu as Champagne. This is Emem Isong's first film as a director.

The film tells the story of a young couple (Alex Ekubo and Rosemary Zimu), who are in an "open marriage"; To meet their financial needs as a family, they often date unsuspecting people, scam them, and run away. They eventually meet Mr. Douglas (Majid Michel), who takes them on an unexpected ride.

Tana Adelana
Christiana Nkemdilim Adelana (listenⓘ; born 24 December 1984), popularly known as Tana Adelana, is a Nigerian actress. She won the Best Supporting Actress Category of CITY People's Movie Awards 2017 and was the 2011 winner of the On Air personality of the year (TV) at the future Awards and the 2005 Grind Awards winner. She is of Igbo descent, her family name is Egbo.
Máire Nic an Bhaird
Máire Nic an Bhaird (Irish pronunciation: [ˈmˠaːɾʲə n̠ʲəc ə ˈwaːɾˠdʲ]; English: Moira Ward; born 1982) is a secondary school teacher and Irish language activist from Dunmurry, County Antrim in Northern Ireland.

On 26 February 2007 she was found guilty of disorderly conduct and fined £100, arising from an incident in May 2006 in south Belfast. She maintained she was arrested for speaking in Irish to an officer of the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI), and was acquitted on appeal in September 2007.

Disorderly conduct
Disorderly conduct is a crime in most jurisdictions, such as the United States and China. Typically, "disorderly conduct" is a term used to refer to any behavior that is considered unacceptable in a formal, civilized or controlled environment. Many types of unruly conduct may fit the definition of disorderly conduct, as such statutes are often used as "catch-all" crimes. Police may use a disorderly conduct charge to keep the peace when people are behaving in a disruptive manner, but otherwise present no danger.

Disorderly conduct is typically classified as an infraction or misdemeanor in the United States. However, in certain circumstances (e.g., when committed in an airport, a park, a government office building, or near a funeral) it may be a felony in some US states.
Malacodea
Malacodea is a monotypic genus in the family Geometridae. Its only species, Malacodea regelaria, is found from Fennoscandia and Estonia to northern Siberia. Both the genus and species were first described by Johan Martin Jakob von Tengström in 1869.

The wingspan is 25–31 mm for males. Females are wingless. Adults are on wing from April to May in one generation per year.

The larvae feed on Picea abies. Larvae can be found in July. The species overwinters as a pupa.

Johan Martin Jakob von Tengström
Johan Martin Jakob von Tengström (1821 in Åbo (Turku) – 1890) was a Finnish entomologist.

Tengström specialised in Lepidoptera. Tengström visited Java in 1849 where he discovered several new species of Lepidoptera. He made shorter trips within Europe.
His collection is held by the Natural History Museum of Helsinki.
The Menhir
The Menhir (60°39′S 45°12′W﻿ / ﻿60.650°S 45.200°W﻿ / -60.650; -45.200) is an isolated pinnacle rock, 395 metres (1,300 ft) high, overlooking the west side of Gibbon Bay in eastern Coronation Island, in the South Orkney Islands off Antarctica. It was surveyed by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey in 1956–58 and named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1959; a menhir is an upright monumental stone.

Coronation Island
Coronation Island is the largest of the South Orkney Islands, 25 nautical miles (46 km) long and from 3 to 8 nautical miles (5.6 to 14.8 km) wide. The island extends in a general east–west direction, is mainly ice-covered and comprises numerous bays, glaciers and peaks, the highest rising to 1,265 metres (4,150 ft).