hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
McGeorge School of Law
University of the Pacific McGeorge School of Law is a private, American Bar Association (ABA)-approved law school in the Oak Park neighborhood of the city of Sacramento, California. It is part of the University of the Pacific and is located on the University's Sacramento campus.

Because of its location in California’s capital city, the law school has developed close ties with state government. California legislators, judges, and high-ranking government officials have taught as adjunct professors at the school, and many McGeorge alumni have served in leadership positions in state government.

United States District Court for the Eastern District of California
The United States District Court for the Eastern District of California (in case citations, E.D. Cal.) is a federal court in the Ninth Circuit (except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act, which are appealed to the Federal Circuit).

The District was created on March 18, 1966, with the division of the Northern and Southern districts, leading to the creation of the Central and Eastern districts.

The United States Attorney's Office for the Eastern District of California represents the United States in civil and criminal litigation in the court. As of December 4, 2025 the United States attorney is Eric Grant.
Philip Sidney
Sir Philip Sidney (30 November 1554 – 17 October 1586) was an English poet, courtier, scholar and soldier who is remembered as one of the most prominent figures of the Elizabethan age.

His works include a sonnet sequence, Astrophil and Stella, a treatise, The Defence of Poesy (also known as The Defence of Poesie or An Apology for Poetrie) and a pastoral romance, The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia. He died fighting the Spanish in the Netherlands, age 31, and his funeral procession in London was one of the most lavish ever seen.

Treatise
A treatise is a formal and systematic written discourse on some subjects concerned with investigating or exposing the main principles of the subject and its conclusions. A monograph is a treatise on a specialized topic.
HMS Wivern
Two ships of the British Royal Navy have been named HMS Wivern after the wivern of legend:

HMS Wivern (1863), launched in 1863, was an early turret ship originally constructed for the Confederate States of America, taken into the Royal Navy after her launch. She served until 1898.

HMS Wivern (1919),  launched in 1919, was a W-class destroyer. She served as a convoy escort in World War II and was broken up in 1948.

HMS Wivern (1863)
The first HMS Wivern was an ironclad turret ship built at Birkenhead, England. She was one of two sister ships secretly ordered from the John Laird Sons & Company shipyard in 1862 by the Confederate States of America.

Her true ownership was concealed by the fiction that she was being built as the Egyptian warship El Monassir. She was to have been named CSS Mississippi upon delivery to the Confederacy. Her sister was built under the false name El Tousson and was to have been renamed CSS North Carolina. In October 1863, a few months after their launch and before they could be completed, the UK Government seized the two ironclads.

In 1864, the Admiralty bought them and commissioned them into the Royal Navy: El Monassir as HMS Wivern and El Tousson as HMS Scorpion. Wivern had a long Royal Navy career, until she was scrapped in Hong Kong in 1922.
2004 Elite League speedway season
The 2004 Elite League speedway season was the 70th season of the top division of speedway in the United Kingdom and governed by the Speedway Control Bureau (SCB), in conjunction with the British Speedway Promoters' Association (BSPA). Poole Pirates completed the double (league and cup winners) for the second year running. They were the first team to achieve this since Oxford Cheetahs in 1986.

Knockout Cup (speedway)
Knockout Cup (sometimes referred to as the KO Cup) is a type of British motorcycle speedway competition, examples of which have run annually since 1929.

Each tier of British Speedway has its own respective Knockout Cup. The current Knockout Cup competitions are the SGB Premiership Knockout Cup (tier one), the SGB Championship Knockout Cup (tier two) and the National League Knockout Cup (tier three).

The cups were run in the past under the associated name of the League at the time. For example Elite League Knockout Cup when tier one was the Elite League, a Premier League Knockout Cup when tier two was the Premier League and so on.
Serbian Football Coach of the Year
Serbian Football Coach of the Year (Serbian: Српски тренер године, Srpski trener godine) is an annual award given from Football Association of Serbia to the best football coach of the year. Originally it has been awarded the Football Association of Serbia and Montenegro. On the same occasion is also given an award for Serbian Player of the Year.

Football Association of Serbia
The Football Association of Serbia (Serbian: Фудбалски савез Србије, ФСС / Fudbalski savez Srbije, FSS) is the governing body of football in Serbia, based in Belgrade. It organizes Serbian football leagues, namely the Serbian Superliga, the Serbia national football team, as well as the Second Leagues.

FSS was part of the Football Association of Yugoslavia, which was founded in April 13, 1919 in Zagreb then the new Football Association of Serbia and Montenegro in 2003. It was established as Football Association of Serbia in 2006 after the split of Montenegro and Serbia as two different independent countries. Javier Clemente was appointed the first coach of the Serbia national football team. The current head coach is Dragan Stojković.
Niklaus von Scharnachtal
Niklaus von Scharnachtal (c. 1419–1489) was a Bernese politician and military commander who served as Schultheiss (chief magistrate) of Bern from 1463 to 1472. He held significant seigneurial properties in the Bernese Oberland and participated in key diplomatic missions and military campaigns during the Burgundian Wars.

Avoyer
An avoyer (German: Schultheiss; Italian: scoltetto; Latin: scultetus) was a medieval official in Switzerland representing a lord and tasked, in their name, with administering high justice or low justice. The office derives from a Frankish-era judicial functionary and corresponds to the Swiss urban development of the office known in Germany as Schultheiß.

Probably initially linked to landed lordship, the avoyer subsequently became the representative of the lord, both in cities and in the countryside, in judicial and administrative matters. The position largely overlapped with that of the Ammann, Meier, Landvogt, or Reichsvogt.
Showa-ike Dam (Yamaguchi)
Showa-ike is an earthfill dam located in Yamaguchi prefecture in Japan. The dam is used for irrigation. The catchment area of the dam is 91 km2. The dam impounds about 2  ha of land when full and can store 120 thousand cubic meters of water. The construction of the dam was started on 1939 and completed in 1945.

Yamaguchi Prefecture
Yamaguchi Prefecture (山口県, Yamaguchi-ken) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūgoku region of Honshu. Yamaguchi Prefecture has a population of 1,377,631 (1 February 2018) and has a geographic area of 6,112 km2 (2,359 sq mi). Yamaguchi Prefecture borders Shimane Prefecture to the north and Hiroshima Prefecture to the northeast.

Yamaguchi is the capital and Shimonoseki is the largest city of Yamaguchi Prefecture, with other major cities including Ube, Shūnan, and Iwakuni. Yamaguchi Prefecture is located at the western tip of Honshu with coastlines on the Sea of Japan and Seto Inland Sea, and separated from the island of Kyushu by the Kanmon Straits.
Luis Silva Irarrázaval
Luis Alejandro Silva Irarrázaval (born 24 March 1978) is a Chilean conservative politician who served in the Constitutional Council. Currently he is one of the six vice-presidents of Chile's Republican Party.

In 2023, Silva emerged as the politician with the most votes to draft a new constitution in his country. However, that constitutional project was rejected, being the second to be rejected in a row after the left-leaning Constitutional Convention. During the process, he has declared himself an admirer of the Augusto Pinochet dictatorship reforms.

In 2024, he returned to teaching at the university, becoming a professor at the Universidad San Sebastián (USS).

Constitutional Council (Chile)
The Constitutional Council in Chile was tasked to draft a new constitution in 2023, submitted to referendum on 17 December 2023. The Constitutional Council was selected by the citizens in an election on 7 May 2023. Councillor Beatriz Hevia was elected President of the Council by her peers on June 7.
Cumin
Cumin (/ˈkʌmɪn/ ⓘ, /ˈkjuːmɪn/ ⓘ; US also /ˈkuːmɪn/ ⓘ; Cuminum cyminum) is a flowering plant in the family Apiaceae, native to the Irano-Turanian Region. Its seeds – each one contained within a fruit, which is dried – are used in the cuisines of many cultures in both whole and ground form. Although cumin is used in traditional medicine, there is no high-quality evidence that it is safe or effective as a therapeutic agent.

Prescription drug
A prescription drug (also prescription medication, prescription medicine or prescription-only medication) is a pharmaceutical drug that is permitted to be dispensed only to those with a medical prescription. In contrast, over-the-counter drugs can be obtained without a prescription. The reason for this difference in substance control is the potential scope of misuse, from drug abuse to practising medicine without a license and without sufficient education. Different jurisdictions have different definitions of what constitutes a prescription drug.

In North America, ℞, usually printed as "Rx", is used as an abbreviation of the word "prescription". It is a contraction of the Latin word "recipe" (an imperative form of "recipere") meaning "take". Prescription drugs are often dispensed together with a monograph (in Europe, a Patient Information Leaflet or PIL) that gives detailed information about the drug.

The use of prescription drugs has been increasing since the 1960s.
Lakinsk
Lakinsk (Russian: Ла́кинск) is a town in Sobinsky District of Vladimir Oblast, Russia, located on the left bank of the Klyazma River, 32 kilometers (20 mi) southwest of Vladimir, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 12,861 (2021 Census); 15,715 (2010 Census); 17,086 (2002 Census); 18,918 (1989 Soviet census).

Klyazma
The Klyazma (Russian: Клязьма, IPA: [ˈklʲæzʲmə], Klyaz'ma or Kliazma), a river in the Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Ivanovo and Vladimir Oblasts in Russia, and a left tributary of the Oka.

The 686 kilometres (426 mi) long river's drainage basin is 42,500 square kilometres (16,400 sq mi). The Klyazma usually freezes up in November and stays under the ice until mid-April, although in faster-moving stretches ice-free water occurs until the air temperature drops below −10 °C (14 °F).

The largest tributaries of the Klyazma include (from source to mouth):

The Klyazma is navigable within 120 kilometres (75 mi) from its estuary and in the area of the Klyazminskoye Reservoir. The cities of  Gorokhovets,  Mendeleyevo, Pavlovsky Posad,  Vladimir, Kovrov, Shchyolkovo, Losino-Petrovsky, Noginsk, Orekhovo-Zuyevo, Sobinka and Vyazniki stand on the shores of the Klyazma River.

The basin of the Klyazma formed the center of the  Vladimir-Suzdal principality in the 12th to 14th centuries CE.
62 Erato
62 Erato (/ˈɛrətoʊ/) is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 95 kilometers (59 miles) in diameter. It is a member of the Themis family of asteroids that share similar properties and orbital characteristics. Photometric measurements during 2004–2005 showed a rotation period of 9.2213±0.0007 h with an amplitude of 0.116±0.005 in magnitude. It is orbiting the Sun with a period of 5.52 yr, a semimajor axis of 3.122 AU, and eccentricity of 0.178. The orbital plane is inclined by an angle of 2.22° to the plane of the ecliptic.

Erato is the first asteroid to have been credited with co-discoverers, Oskar Lesser and Wilhelm Forster, who discovered it on 14 September 1860, from the Berlin Observatory. It was their first and only asteroid discovery. The name was chosen by Johann Franz Encke, director of the observatory, and refers to Erato, the Muse of lyric poetry in Greek mythology. It has also been classified as a member of the Eos family.

Erato
In Greek mythology, Erato (/ˈɛrətoʊ/; Ancient Greek: Ἐρατώ) is one of the Muses, associated with erotic lyric poetry. The name would mean "desired" or "lovely", if derived from the same root as Eros, as Apollonius of Rhodes playfully suggested in the invocation to Erato that begins Book III of his Argonautica.
Rotary Rocket
Rotary Rocket Company was a rocketry company that developed the Roton helicopter-rocket hybrid concept in the late 1990s as a fully reusable single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) crewed spacecraft. The design was initially conceived by Bevin McKinney, who shared it with Gary Hudson. In 1996, Rotary Rocket Company was formed to commercialize the concept. The Roton was intended to reduce costs of launching payloads into low Earth orbit by a factor of ten.

The company gathered considerable venture capital from angel investors and opened a factory headquartered in a 45,000-square-foot (4,200 m2) facility at Mojave Air and Space Port in Mojave, California. The fuselage for their vehicles was made by Scaled Composites, at the same airport, while the company developed the novel engine design and helicopter-like landing system. A full-scale test vehicle made three hover flights in 1999, but the company exhausted its funds and closed in early 2001.

Iridium Communications
Iridium Communications Inc. (formerly Iridium Satellite LLC) is a publicly traded American company headquartered in McLean, Virginia, United States. Iridium operates the Iridium satellite constellation, a system of 80 satellites: 66 are active satellites and the remaining fourteen function as in-orbit spares. Iridium Satellites are used for worldwide voice and data communication from handheld satellite phones, satellite messenger communication devices and integrated transceivers, as well as for two-way satellite messaging service from supported conventional mobile phones. The nearly polar orbit and communication between satellites via inter-satellite links provide global service availability.
Bernard Jordan
Bernard Jordan (21 June 1924 – 30 December 2014) was a British Royal Navy veteran of the Second World War. He gained widespread public and media attention in June 2014 when, at the age of 89, he left his care home in Hove without permission to attend the 70th-anniversary commemorations of the D-Day landings in France. His journey, undertaken independently after official veteran trips were full, was widely reported in national and international news, earning him the nickname "The Great Escaper". His story was later the inspiration for two feature films.

Hove
Hove (/hoʊv/ HOHV) is a seaside town in East Sussex, England. Alongside Brighton, it is one of the two main parts of the city of Brighton and Hove.

Originally a fishing village surrounded by open farmland, it grew rapidly in the 19th century in response to the development of its eastern neighbour Brighton; by the Victorian era it was a fully developed town with borough status. Neighbouring parishes such as Aldrington and Hangleton were annexed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The neighbouring urban district of Portslade was merged with Hove in 1974. In 1997, as part of local government reform, the borough merged with Brighton to form the Borough of Brighton and Hove; this unitary authority was granted city status in 2000.
Falcon 9 B1056
Falcon 9 booster B1056 was a reusable Falcon 9 Block 5 first-stage booster manufactured by SpaceX. The booster was the fourth Falcon 9 to fly four times and broke a turnaround record for an orbital class booster on its fourth flight. The booster's service came to an end on its fourth flight following a landing failure on a Starlink flight.

Booster (rocketry)
A booster is a rocket (or rocket engine) used either in the first stage of a multistage launch vehicle or in parallel with longer-burning sustainer rockets to augment the space vehicle's takeoff thrust and payload capability. Boosters are traditionally necessary to launch spacecraft into low Earth orbit (absent a single-stage-to-orbit design), and are especially important for a space vehicle to go beyond Earth orbit. The booster is dropped to fall back to Earth once its fuel is expended, a point known as booster engine cut-off (BECO).

Following booster separation, the rest of the launch vehicle continues flight with its core or upper-stage engines. The booster may be recovered, refurbished and reused, as was the case of the steel casings used for the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters.
Ronnie Morris (rugby union)
Ronald Rhys Morris (13 June 1913 – February 1983) was a Welsh rugby player. He was a member of the Bristol Rugby Football Club from 1933 to 1937 and played for Swansea and Wales.

Morris was born in Carmarthen. He played outside-half and was capped twice, both times against Scotland, making his debut in the 1933 Home Nations Championship loss to the Scots and concluding his international career with a second loss in the corresponding fixture of the 1937 Home Nations Championship. He died in Westbury-on-Trym, England.

Carmarthen
Carmarthen (UK: /kərˈmɑːrðən/ kər-MAR-dhən, locally /kɑːrˈ-/ kar-; Welsh: Caerfyrddin [kaːɨrˈvərðɪn], 'Merlin's fort' or possibly 'Sea-town fort') is the county town of Carmarthenshire and a community in Wales, lying on the River Towy 8 miles (13 km) north of its estuary in Carmarthen Bay. At the 2021 census the community had a population of 14,636, and the built up area had a population of 16,455. It stands on the site of a Roman town, and has a claim to be the oldest town in Wales. In the middle ages it comprised twin settlements: Old Carmarthen around Carmarthen Priory and New Carmarthen around Carmarthen Castle. The two were merged into one borough in 1546. It was the most populous borough in Wales in the 16th–18th centuries, described by William Camden as "chief citie of the country". It was overtaken in size by the mid-19th century, following the growth of settlements in the South Wales Coalfield.
MIKE 11
MIKE 11 is a computer program that simulates flow and water level, water quality and sediment transport in rivers, flood plains, irrigation canals, reservoirs and other inland water bodies. MIKE 11 is a 1-dimensional river model. It was developed by DHI.

MIKE 11 has long been known as a software tool with advanced interface facilities.

The new generation of MIKE 11 combines the features and experiences from the mike11
MIKE 11 ‘Classic’ period, with the powerful Windows based user interface including graphical editing facilities and improved computational speed gained by the full utilization of 32-bit technology.

ArcMap
ArcMap is the former main component of Esri's ArcGIS suite of geospatial processing programs, used primarily to view, edit, create, and analyze geospatial data. ArcMap allows the user to explore data within a data set, symbolize features accordingly, and create maps. This is done through two distinct sections of the program, the table of contents and the data frame. In October 2020, it was announced that there are no plans to release 10.9 in 2021, and that ArcMap would no longer be supported after March 1, 2026. Esri is encouraging their users to transition to ArcGIS Pro.
Aeroport, Oymyakonsky District, Sakha Republic
Aeroport (Russian: Аэропорт) is a rural locality (a selo), and one of four settlements in Borogonsky 2-y Rural Okrug of Oymyakonsky District in the Sakha Republic, Russia, in addition to Tomtor, the administrative center of the Rural Okrug, Agayakan and Kuydusun. It is located 572 kilometers (355 mi) from Ust-Nera, the administrative center of the district and 2 kilometers (1.2 mi) from Tomtor. Its population as of the 2002 Census was 61.

The Oymyakon Airport, that gives the village its name, was built during the Second World War as part of the ALSIB route for transferring Lend-Lease aircraft from the United States to the Soviet Union. It has an unpaved runway of 1900 metres length. In 1961, a cargo flight from Yakutsk to Oymyakon crashed en route, with no survivors. In the 1990s, Oymyakon had scheduled flights operated by Sakha Avia but these no longer operate. The disused terminal building was still standing as of 2018, however.

Ust-Nera
Ust-Nera (Russian: Усть-Нера; Yakut: Уус Ньара, romanized: Uus Ņara) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) and the administrative center of Oymyakonsky District in Yakutia, Russia. Located in one of the coldest permanently inhabited regions on Earth, Ust-Nera is approximately 870 kilometers (540 mi) northeast of the republic's capital, Yakutsk. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 6,463.

From 1949 to 1957 a branch of the Indigir camp was located near Ust-Nera. In 2001 a monument was erected in memory of its prisoners.
Freeways in Iran
The history of Freeways in Iran goes back to 55 years ago. The first freeway in Iran, Freeway 2 was built before the Iranian Revolution, between Tehran and Karaj. The construction of Tehran-Qom Freeway was started and the studies of many freeways today started before the revolution. Today, Iran has about 2,400 kilometres (1,500 mi) of freeway. The total AADT of the system is 144 Million vehicles.

Karaj
Karaj (Persian: کرج; pronounced [kæˈɾædʒ] ⓘ) is a city in the Central District of Karaj County, Alborz province, Iran, serving as capital  of the province, the county, and the district. Earliest evidence of inhabitation in Karaj can be dated to the Bronze Age at Tepe Khurvin. The city was developed under the rule of the Safavid and Qajar Empire and is home to historical buildings and memorials from those eras. This city has a unique climate due to access to natural resources such as many trees, rivers, and green plains. After Tehran, Karaj is the largest immigrant-friendly city in Iran, so it has been nicknamed "Little Iran."

Although the county hosts a population around 1.97 million, as recorded in the 2016 census, most of the 1,419 km2 (548 sq mi) county is rugged mountain. The urban area is the fourth-largest in Iran, after Tehran, Mashhad, and Isfahan. Eshtehard County and Fardis County were split off from Karaj County since the previous census.
Lex Acilia de Intercalando
The Lex Acilia de intercalando (Latin for "The Acilian Law on Intercalating") was a Roman law introduced by the consul M'. Acilius Glabrio and enacted in 191 BC. Its content is unclear, but it dealt with intercalation in the Roman calendar.

Manius Acilius Glabrio (consul 191 BC)
Manius Acilius Glabrio was a plebeian Roman politician and general during the Republic. He served as consul in 191 BC while Rome was at war with the Seleucid Empire. He defeated Emperor Antiochus the Great at Thermopylae, helping establish Roman unipolar control over the Mediterranean, and was awarded a triumph. Credible accusations that he had embezzled spoils from his conquests in Greece while consul caused him to withdraw from his attempt to run for censor, after which he largely retired from public life.

He and his son—who later served as suffect consul—were responsible for the construction of Rome's Temple of Piety beside the Forum Olitorium. One of its decorations was a gilt statue of Acilius Glabrio, the first such golden statue of a citizen in Rome.
Lim Yu-jin
Lim Yu-Jin (born 24 November 1983) is a South Korean female volleyball player. She was part of the South Korea women's national volleyball team.

She participated in the 2003 FIVB World Grand Prix, and the 2006 FIVB Volleyball World Grand Prix.
On club level she played for Korea Highway Corp. in 2006.

2003 FIVB Volleyball World Grand Prix
The FIVB World Grand Prix 2003 was the eleventh edition of the annual women's volleyball tournament, which is the female equivalent of the Men's Volleyball World League. The 2003 edition was played by twelve countries from July 21 to August 3, 2003 with the final round held in Andria, Italy. Hosts Italy and the top five ranked teams after the preliminary rounds qualified for the last round.