hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Civitas stipendaria
A civitas stipendaria or stipendiaria, meaning "tributary state/community", was the lowest and most common type of towns and local communities under Roman rule.

Each Roman province comprised a number of communities of different status. Alongside Roman colonies or municipia, whose residents held the Roman citizenship or Latin citizenship, a province was largely formed by self-governing communities of natives (peregrini), which were distinguished according to the level of autonomy they had: the civitates stipendariae were the lowest grade, after the civitates foederatae ("allied states") which were bound to Rome by formal treaty (foedus), and the civitates liberae ("free states"), which were granted specific privileges. The civitates stipendariae were by far the most common of the three—for example, in 70 BC in Sicily there were 65 such cities, as opposed to only five civitates liberae and two foederatae—and furnished the bulk of a province's revenue.

Free city (classical antiquity)
A free city (Latin: civitas libera, urbs liberae condicionis; Greek: ἐλευθέρα καὶ αὐτόνομος πόλις) was a self-governed city during the Hellenistic and Roman Imperial eras. The status was given by the king or emperor, who nevertheless supervised the city's affairs through his epistates or curator (Greek: epimeletes) respectively. Several autonomous cities had also the right to issue civic coinage bearing the name of the city.
Andrew Chen Kah Eng
Andrew Chen Kah Eng (Chinese: 曾笳恩; pinyin: Zēng Jiā'ēn) is a Malaysian politician from the Democratic Action Party (DAP), a component party of the Pakatan Harapan (PH) and formerly Pakatan Rakyat (PR) coalitions who has served as Leader of the Balancing Force of Johor since March 2023 and Member of the Johor State Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Stulang since May 2013. He served as State Leader of the Opposition of Johor from December 2022 to March 2023 and Chairman of Special Task Force on the Issue of Traffic Congestion in the Sultan Iskandar Building and Immigration and Quarantine Complex from July 2018 to January 2019. He has also served as State Secretary of DAP of Johor since May 2021.

Johor State Legislative Assembly
The Johor State Legislative Assembly (Malay: Dewan Negeri Johor) is the unicameral legislature of the Malaysian state of Johor. It is composed of 56 members who are elected from single-member constituencies throughout the state. Elections are held no more than five years apart. Prior to the 2022 state election, elections are always held concurrently with the federal parliament and other state assemblies elections (except Sarawak).

The State Assembly convenes at Sultan Ismail Building in Kota Iskandar, Iskandar Puteri, Johor Bahru.
Skutskär
Skutskär is a bimunicipal locality and the seat of Älvkarleby Municipality in Uppsala County, Sweden with 6,075 inhabitants in 2010. According to the census of 2000 6,003 people lived in Skutskär, most of them in Älvkarleby Municipality, but a minor part in Gävle Municipality in Gävleborg County.

Gävle Municipality
Gävle Municipality (Swedish: Gävle kommun) is a municipality in east central Sweden. The municipal seat is located in the Stad (city) of  Gävle.

Geographically the municipality is situated north of the mouth of the river Dalälven and is the southernmost municipality of the historical land of Norrland.

The present municipality was created in 1971, when the City of Gävle was amalgamated with four surrounding rural municipalities. All of them were original entities, instituted as municipalities by the local government acts of 1862. The area had not been affected by the national subdivision reform in 1952.
Bee Network
The Bee Network is an integrated transport network for Greater Manchester, England. It comprises bus, tram, cycling and walking routes. Transport for Greater Manchester (TfGM) is expected to have commuter rail services joining the network in 2028. Initially unveiled in 2018, the project is aiming to create a London-style transport system, to encourage more people to take public transport instead of cars.

Integrated transport network
An integrated transport network is a transport system that allows travellers to have a seamless, rapid public transport experience. Journeys are optimised to have as little interchange as possible, services are scheduled to minimise waiting times, and ticketing or other administrative tasks are reduced to the minimum. The concept may be applied to single transport modes or to combinations.
Teewinot Mountain
Teewinot Mountain (12,330 feet (3,758 m)) is the sixth highest peak in the Teton Range, Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming. The name, originally spelled Tee-Win-At, is an Indian word meaning "pinnacles", which is appropriate since the summit is actually a large monolith with several sharp summit spires, the highest of which is quite exposed and big enough for only one or two people. The most common route to the summit is via the ramps and gullies of the East Face, which rises 5,600 ft directly above Lupine Meadows. The 40 miles (64 km) long Teton Range is the youngest mountain chain in the Rocky Mountains, and began their uplift 9 million years ago, during the Miocene. Several periods of glaciation have carved Teewinot Mountain and the other peaks of the range into their current shapes.  Broken Falls is one of the tallest cascades in Grand Teton National Park and descends 300 feet (91 m) down the eastern slopes of Teewinot Mountain.

Glacial period
A glacial period (alternatively glacial or glaciation) is an interval of time (thousands of years) within an ice age that is marked by colder temperatures and glacier advances. Interglacials, on the other hand, are periods of warmer climate between glacial periods. The Last Glacial Period ended about 15,000 years ago. The Holocene is the current interglacial. A time with no glaciers on Earth is considered a greenhouse climate state.
Crown Firecoach
Crown Firecoach is a nameplate used for various types of firefighting apparatus manufactured and marketed by Crown Coach Corporation in Los Angeles, California, from 1951 to 1985.  Although sold primarily in the West Coast region of the United States (California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Arizona, and Nevada), other examples of the Firecoach were sold to fire departments in Hawaii, Illinois, and New Jersey, as well as in Mexico and Kuwait.

Using the mid-engine chassis of the Crown Supercoach school bus as a basis, the Firecoach was produced in several configurations for fire departments.  In addition, Crown Coach served as a second-stage manufacturer, producing fire apparatus bodies for a variety of customer-supplied chassis upon request.

Shortly after the sale of Crown Coach in 1979, the Firecoach line was discontinued in favor of bus manufacturing.  In 1991, Crown ended operations altogether.

Second stage manufacturer
A second stage manufacturer, known in the industry as "bodybuilder," builds such products as bus and truck bodies, ambulances, motor homes, and other specialized vehicles. Such a manufacturer usually takes an incomplete structure from a first-stage manufacturer, and installs additional equipment to render it suitable for delivery to a buyer for use.

Neither their product, nor the first stage portion, called an incomplete motor vehicle, are fully compliant with all of the requirements for a complete motor vehicle without the other .

Cutaway van chassis are one of the more popular incomplete motor vehicles for second stage manufacturers to use as a platform for their products. A large portion of small school buses, minibuses, and recreational vehicles are based upon cutaway van chassis.
Erich Pasch
Erich Pasch (sometimes listed as Hans-Erich Pasch, born 8 November 1946) is a West German sprint canoeist who competed in the 1970s. He won silver medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships (K-1 10000 m: 1975, K-4 1000 m: 1971, K-4 10000 m: 1973).

Pasch competed in two Summer Olympics, earning his best finish of fifth in the K-4 1000 m event at Munich in 1972.

1975 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships
The 1975 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships were held in Belgrade, Yugoslavia for the second time, having hosted them in 1971. This also equaled the most times a city had done so with Copenhagen, Denmark (1950, 1970).

The men's competition consisted of six Canadian (single paddle, open boat) and nine kayak events. Three events were held for the women, all in kayak.

This was the twelfth championships in canoe sprint. It marked the first time in the championships' history in which there was tie for a medal and that happened to be for the gold in the men's K-1 1000 m event between Italy's Oreste Perri and Poland's Grzegorz Śledziewski. The second would occur thirty-five years later in the C-1 200 m (debuted 1994) for the bronze between Canada's Richard Dalton and Ukraine's Yuriy Cheban, neither of who were born in 1975.
Charles Potier
Charles Joseph Édouard Potier, called Charles (Bordeaux, 1806 – Asnières-sur-Seine, 28 April 1870) was a 19th-century French actor and playwright.

A son of Charles-Gabriel Potier, Charles was an actor at the Théâtre des Variétés (1826), the Théâtre du Palais-Royal, then at the Théâtre des Folies-Dramatiques. His plays were presented on the most significant Parisian stages of his time including the Théâtre des Délassements-Comiques, the Théâtre des Folies-Dramatiques, and the Théâtre Déjazet.

Asnières-sur-Seine
Asnières-sur-Seine (French pronunciation: [ɑnjɛʁ syʁ sɛn] ⓘ; lit. 'Asnières-on-Seine') is a commune in the Hauts-de-Seine department in the Île-de-France region of northern France. It lies on the left bank of the river Seine, eight kilometres from the centre of Paris in the northwestern suburbs of the French capital. The area should be reached by Line 15 of the Paris Métro by 2030. The inhabitants are called the Asniérois (masculine) and Asniéroises (feminine) in French.
Calamosaurus
Calamosaurus (meaning "reed lizard") is a genus of small theropod dinosaur, from the Early Cretaceous of the Isle of Wight, England. It is based on two cervical vertebrae (NHMUK PV R 901), collected by Reverend William Fox. These fossils come from sedimentary rocks of the Wessex Formation and are Barremian in age. The type species of Calamosaurus, named Calamospondylus foxi by Richard Lydekker, was named in honour of Fox. Calamospondylus, however, was a preoccupied name, forcing Lydekker to change the genus name to Calamosaurus. This has subsequently led to immense confusion, with some authors believing the two genera to be synonymous. The systematic position of Calamosaurus within theropods has been controversial, and placements within Compsognathidae and Ornithomimosauria have been suggested. More recently, researchers have suggested affinities with the Tyrannosauroidea and Alvarezsauroidea.

Barremian
The Barremian is an age in the geologic timescale (or a chronostratigraphic stage) between 125.77 Ma (million years ago) and 121.4 ± 0.6 Ma (Historically, this stage was placed at 129.4 million to approximately 125 million years ago). It is a subdivision of the Early Cretaceous Epoch (or Lower Cretaceous Series). It is preceded by the Hauterivian and followed by the Aptian Stage.
Burr's Ferry Bridge
Burr's Ferry Bridge is a bridge on the Sabine River, where Louisiana State Highway 8 (LA 8) meets Texas State Highway 63 (SH 63) at the Louisiana/Texas state border between Burkeville, Texas, and Burr Ferry, Louisiana.

The bridge includes three Parker through truss spans and 34 concrete girder spans. The center span is a 250-foot (76 m) riveted Parker through truss;  the other two main spans are 120 feet (37 m) in length.

Currently, the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) and Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development (LaDOTD) are working to replace the two-lane Burr's Ferry Bridge with a new bridge that will be built to interstate-highway standards bridge about a quarter mile to the south of the existing bridge. The new bridge will be for the Interstate 14 extension. The construction of the replacement bridge is expected to start in summer 2025.

Burkeville, Texas
Burkeville is an unincorporated community in northern Newton County, Texas, United States.  It sits at the intersection of State Highways 63 and 87, 10 miles west of the Sabine River. The Burkeville Independent School District serves the resident students.
Compact Pro
Compact Pro is a software data compression utility for archiving and compressing files on the Apple Macintosh platform. It was a major competitor to StuffIt in the early 1990s, producing smaller archives in less time, able to create self-extracting archives without the use of an external program, as well as being distributed via shareware which greatly helped its popularity. A PC version was also available, ExtractorPC. Neither program is actively supported.

Self-extracting archive
A self-extracting archive (SFX or SEA) is a computer executable program which combines compressed data in an archive file with machine-executable code to extract the information. Running on a compatible operating system, it does not need a suitable extractor in the target computer to extract the data.  The executable part of the file is known as a decompressor stub.

Self-extracting files are used to share compressed files with a party that may not have the software needed to decompress a regular archive. Users can also use self-extracting archives to distribute their own software. For example, the WinRAR installation program is made using the graphical GUI RAR self-extracting module Default.sfx.
Carl Christian von Weizsäcker
Carl Christian von Weizsäcker (born in Berlin on January 28, 1938) is a German economist who currently works as a senior research fellow at the Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods (MPI-EG), having emerited from the University of Cologne in 2003. Throughout his career, von Weizsäcker has worked at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the universities of Heidelberg, Bielefeld, Bonn, Bern and Cologne. His research focuses on welfare economics, the theory of capital, the history of economics, the Eurozone crisis, climate policy, and the social market economy. Within his profession, he is notably a founding member and fellow of the European Economic Association. In 2014, von Weizsäcker was awarded the Gustav Stolper Prize in recognition for his contributions to economic debate in Germany. He is also a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

European Economic Association
The European Economic Association (EEA) is a professional academic body which links European economists. It was founded in the mid-1980s. Its first annual congress was in 1986 in Vienna and its first president was Jacques Drèze. The current president is Hélène Rey. The Association currently has around 4000 members. Its objectives are:

". . . to contribute to the development and application of economics as a science in Europe; to improve communication and exchange between teachers, researchers and students in economics in the different European countries; and to develop and sponsor co-operation between teaching institutions of university level and research institutions in Europe "

It publishes the Journal of the European Economic Association. In August of each year the Association, in collaboration with the Econometric Society organises a congress in a European city. The congress attracts around 1500 participants.
Cuisine of Odesa
The cuisine of Odesa in Ukraine is influenced by cultures of various regions, including Ukrainian, Russian, Jewish, Crimean Tatar, Armenian, Bulgarian, Moldovan, Greek, Georgian, French, German, Italian, and Uzbek cultures. However, many recipes are indigenous to Odesa, with fusion cuisine being common.

Culture of Armenia
The culture of Armenia encompasses many elements that are based on the geography, literature, architecture, dance, and music of the Armenian people. Armenia is a majority  Christian country in the Caucasus.
Villosa trabalis
Villosa trabalis, the Cumberland bean pearly mussel, Cumberland bean, or purple bean, is a species of freshwater mussel, an aquatic bivalve mollusk in the family Unionidae.

This species is endemic to the United States. It can be found in Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee, is likely extirpated from Alabama, and possibly extirpated from North Carolina and Georgia. Its natural habitat is riffles in streams or rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss.

It is a federally listed endangered species, having received the designation from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in 1976.: 24064   It is also protected under Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.: 59

Local extinction
Local extinction, also extirpation, is the termination of a species (or other taxon) in a chosen geographic area of study, though it still exists elsewhere. Local extinctions are contrasted with global extinctions.

Local extinctions mark a change in the ecology of an area. It has sometimes been followed by a replacement of the species taken from other locations, such as with wolf reintroduction.
Guindo
Guindo is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Aboubacar Guindo (born 1981), Malian football player

Brahima Guindo (born 1977), Malian judoka

Daouda Guindo (born 2002), Malian footballer

Housseini Amion Guindo (born 1970), Malian politician

Modibo Tounty Guindo, Malian judge

Moussa Guindo (born 1991),  Ivorian-Malian football player

Modibo Tounty Guindo
Modibo Tounty Guindo is a magistrate who serves the Malian Ministry of Justice and sits on the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights.

He has acted as technical counsel to the Ministry of Justice and served as a member of the Malian delegation to the 2003 Conference of Governmental Structures responsible for Human Rights in the French-speaking zone.
Man Tracks
Man Tracks, with the mounted police in the Australian Wilds is a 1935 book by Australian author Ion Idriess about the mounted police in north west Western Australia.

It includes profiles on Aboriginal outlaws and leaders such as Joe Flick, Nemarluk and Minmara; the murder of Traynor and Fagan off Woodah Island; the spearing of Constable McColl; the ambushing of Hemming's patrol; the killing of the Japanese of the luggers' Ouida, The Myrtle, The Olga and the Raff; the spearing of Stephens and Cobb.

Idriess later wrote a follow-up, Nemarluk: King of the Wilds (1941).

Nemarluk
Nemarluk (c. 1911 – August 1940) was an Murrinh-patha man, Aboriginal warrior and resistance leader who lived around present-day Darwin in the Northern Territory of Australia. He fought strongly against both British and Japanese intruders who had come into his people's tribal lands.
Singapennae
Singapennae (transl.  The Woman Brave as a Lion) is an Indian Tamil television drama, starring Maneesha Mahesh, Darshak Gowda and Amaljith . It was directed by Dhanush Krishna.The series premiered on 9 October 2023 on Sun TV from Monday to Saturday. It is also available on the digital platform Sun NXT. This series became one of the most watched television shows in Tamil Nadu.

Rama (actress)
Rama is an Indian actress who appeared in the Tamil film industry in 1990. After her marriage in 1991, she stopped acting in movies and settled with her husband Venkatesh and two sons. However she made a film comeback in the 2010 movie Aval Peyar Thamizharasi in mother roles and also acting with other supporting roles and TV serials.
Ivan Obradović
Ivan Obradović (Serbian Cyrillic: Иван Обрадовић, pronounced [ǐʋan obrǎːdoʋitɕ]; born 25 July 1988) is a Serbian retired professional footballer who played as a left-back.

At international level, Obradović represented Serbia at the 2010 FIFA World Cup.

Belgian Super Cup
The Belgian Super Cup (Dutch: Belgische Supercup [ˈbɛlɣisə ˈsʏpərˌkʏp]; French: Supercoupe de Belgique [sypɛʁkup də bɛlʒik]; German: Belgischer Fußball-Super Cup), Pro League Supercup, is a Belgian club competition played as a single match between the Belgian Pro League champions (also received the Super Cup host) and the Belgian Cup winners. If both teams are the same, the Belgian Cup runners-up participates as the second club.

The most successful Super Cup club is Club Brugge with 18 titles, followed by Anderlecht (13), Standard Liège (4), Genk (2), Beveren (2) and Lierse (2).  It was created in 1979 and held every year since, with the only exception 1989 and 2020.

The current holders are Club Brugge, who defeated Union SG in the 2025 Belgian Super Cup.
Breaking Bad season 3
The third season of the American television drama series Breaking Bad premiered on March 21, 2010, and concluded on June 13, 2010. It consisted of 13 episodes, each running about 47 minutes. AMC broadcast the third season on Sundays at 10:00 pm in the United States. The complete third season was released on Region 1 DVD and Region A Blu-ray on June 7, 2011.

Season 3 saw actors Bob Odenkirk, Giancarlo Esposito and Jonathan Banks, who play Saul, Gus and Mike respectively, upgraded to main cast status after guest starring the previous season, although they are not credited for every episode until season 4.

Skip Macdonald
Skip Macdonald is an American film and television editor known for his work on Breaking Bad (2008–2013), its spin-off series Better Call Saul (2015–2022), and the 2019 sequel film El Camino. He also edited several episodes for Fargo. In 2014, he won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Picture Editing for a Drama Series for the series finale of Breaking Bad.
Snowland (Leipsic, Delaware)
Snowland is a historic home located near Leipsic, Kent County, Delaware.  It was built about 1790, and consists of a two-story, five-bay, brick main house with a lower wing that extends the main axis.  It was originally built as a three-bay dwelling, but later expanded to five bays and a center-hall Georgian-style structure.  It was the birthplace of U.S. Senator Arnold Naudain. (1790-1872)

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.

Kent County, Delaware
Kent County is a county located in the central part of the U.S. state of Delaware. As of the 2020 census, the population was 181,851, making it the least populous county in Delaware, but the most populous county in the United States to be the least populous in its state. The county seat is Dover, the state capital of Delaware. It is named for Kent, an English county.

Kent County comprises the Dover metropolitan area, which is included in the Philadelphia-Reading-Camden, PA-NJ-DE-MD combined statistical area.
Mariam Koné
Mariam Koné (born April 1987 in Kati, Mali) is a Malian singer and music teacher and a member of the supergroup Les Amazones d'Afrique.

Koné has studied law, but she was swept away by music. In her teens, she joined the hip hop group Pacifique in her home town, releasing two albums with them. Later she studied music in the Bamako Conservatory, from which she graduated in 2011. She now teaches herself in this school.

Koné's first solo album Dakan was released in 2013. Its style is soft flowing traditional African pop, with dub influences and electric instrumentation. It was produced by the Irishman Liam Farrell a.k.a. Doctor L.

Koné was invited to Les Amazones d'Afrique by Pamela Badjoko, originally from Gabon but now residing in Mali. Koné was drawn to the group by the fact that it tries to further the cause of local women, opposing all kinds of violence against women, and especially female genital mutilation.

Kati, Mali
Kati is an urban commune and the largest town in Mali's Koulikoro Region. The town is situated 15 km northwest of Bamako, Mali's capital, on the Dakar-Niger Railway. In the 2009 census, the commune had a population of 114,983.