hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Every Student Succeeds Act
The Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) is a US law passed in December 2015 that governs the United States K–12 public education policy. The law replaced its predecessor, the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB), and modified but did not eliminate provisions relating to the periodic standardized tests given to students.

Like the No Child Left Behind Act, ESSA is a reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, which established the federal government's expanded role in public education. The Every Student Succeeds Act passed both chambers of Congress with bipartisan support.

California Assessment of Student Performance and Progress
The California Assessment of Student Performance and Progress (CAASPP), known until February 2014 as the Measurement of Academic Performance and Progress (MAPP), measures the performance of students undergoing primary and secondary education in California. In October 2013, it replaced the Standardized Testing and Reporting (STAR) Program.
Sony Ericsson Z800i
Sony Ericsson Z800i is a 3G mobile phone developed by Sony Ericsson and released in 2005. The Z800i is a phone that is identical to the Vodafone branded Sony Ericsson V800 (or 802SE in Japan).

It is a 3G and Tri-band phone weighing 128 grams. It has a 1.3-megapixel rotating camera (that can rotate 180 degrees, called the MotionEye camera), that lets you take photos, video and use it during Video Calls.

It is a quite well featured, for its time, 3G phone that supports WAP 2.0, UMTS (or the slower GPRS), polyphonic ringtones in MIDI up to 72 tones, and Java applications. You can store multimedia files in its internal memory (5 MBs) or in a Memory Stick PRO Duo card.

Megabyte
The megabyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information. Its recommended unit symbol is MB.  The unit prefix mega is a multiplier of 1000000 (106) in the International System of Units (SI). Therefore, one megabyte is one million bytes of information. This definition has been incorporated into the International System of Quantities.

In the computer and information technology fields, other definitions have been used that arose for historical reasons of convenience. A common usage has been to designate one megabyte as 1048576bytes (220 B), a quantity that conveniently expresses the binary architecture of digital computer memory. Standards bodies have deprecated this binary usage of the mega- prefix in favor of a new set of binary prefixes, by means of which the quantity 220 B is named mebibyte (symbol MiB).
Gawhar Khatun
Gawhar Khatun (Persian: گوهر خاتون, also spelled Gowhar, Govhar, Gevher, Cevher, Jauhar, and Jawhar), known in other sources as Mahd-i Iraq (“the bride from Iraq”), was a Seljuq princess who during an unknown date married the Ghaznavid Sultan Mas'ud III of Ghazni (r. 1099–1115), thus becoming his second wife.

Seljuk dynasty
The Seljuk dynasty, or Seljukids (/ˈsɛldʒʊk/ SEL-juuk; Turkish: Selçuklular, Persian: سلجوقیان Saljuqian,) alternatively spelled as Saljuqids or Seljuk Turks, was an Oghuz Turkic, Sunni Muslim dynasty that culturally became Persianate and contributed to Turco-Persian culture.

The founder of the Seljuk dynasty, Seljuk Beg, was a descendant of a royal Khazar chief Tuqaq who served as advisor to the King of the Khazars, in West Asia and Central Asia. The Seljuks established the Seljuk Empire (1037–1194), the Sultanate of Kermân (1041–1186) and the Sultanate of Rum (1074–1308), which stretched from Iran to Anatolia and were the prime targets of the First Crusade.
Cahn–Hilliard equation
The Cahn–Hilliard equation (after John W. Cahn and John E. Hilliard) is an equation of mathematical physics which describes the process of phase separation, spinodal decomposition, by which the two components of a binary fluid spontaneously separate and form domains pure in each component. If  is the concentration of the fluid, with  indicating both domains, then the equation is written aswhere  is a diffusion coefficient with units of ,  gives the length of the transition regions between the domains,  is the partial time derivative and  is the Laplacian in  dimensions (typically three). Additionally, the quantity  is sometimes identified as a chemical potential.

It is related to the Allen–Cahn equation, as well as the stochastic Allen–Cahn and the stochastic Cahn–Hilliard equations.

Phase (matter)
In the physical sciences, a phase is a region of material that is chemically uniform, physically distinct, and (often) mechanically separable. In a system consisting of ice and water in a glass jar, the ice cubes are one phase, the water is a second phase, and the humid air is a third phase over the ice and water. The glass of the jar is a different material, in its own separate phase. (See state of matter § Glass.)

More precisely, a phase is a region of space (a thermodynamic system), throughout which all physical properties of a material are essentially uniform.: 86 : 3  Examples of physical properties include density, index of refraction, magnetization and chemical composition.

The term phase is sometimes used as a synonym for state of matter, but there can be several immiscible phases of the same state of matter (as where oil and water separate into distinct phases, both in the liquid state).
Wren House
Wren House is a house in the grounds of Kensington Palace in London, England.  Wren House has been occupied since 1978 by Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, one of Queen Elizabeth II's cousins.

When Kensington Palace was made the Royal Residence, architect Christopher Wren was tasked to expand the existing structure.  He added a cluster of cottages that included: Wren House; Ivy Cottage, the home of Princess Eugenie of York; and Nottingham Cottage, the former home of Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex.

Princess Eugenie
Princess Eugenie, Mrs Jack Brooksbank (/ˈjuːʒəni/ YOO-zhə-nee; Eugenie Victoria Helena; born 23 March 1990), is a member of the British royal family. She is the younger daughter of Andrew Mountbatten-Windsor and Sarah Ferguson, and a niece of King Charles III. At birth, Eugenie was sixth in the line of succession to the British throne and is 12th as of 2026.

Eugenie was born at the Portland Hospital in London. She was educated at St George's School and Marlborough College before studying English Literature and History of Art at Newcastle University, graduating with a bachelor's degree. She joined the auction house Paddle8 before taking a directing position at the art gallery Hauser & Wirth. Eugenie also works privately with a number of charitable organisations, including the Anti-Slavery Collective and Anti-Slavery International.

In 2018, Eugenie married Jack Brooksbank, a British marketing executive. They have two sons named August and Ernest Brooksbank.
Venezuela women's national rugby sevens team
The Venezuela women's national rugby sevens team is Venezuela's representative team in rugby sevens for women. They competed at the 2015 CONSUR Women's Sevens, they placed third and qualified for the Olympic Repechage Tournament in Dublin. They also competed in the South American Women's Rugby Sevens Championship in Brazil in 2016.

2016 Rugby World Women's Sevens Olympic Repechage Tournament
The 2016 Rugby World Women's Sevens Olympic Repechage Tournament was a qualification tournament for the women's rugby sevens 2016 Summer Olympics which was held on 25–26 June 2016. The tournament used a round-robin format, with the top team qualifying directly to the Olympics.

The tournament took place at the UCD Bowl in Dublin, Ireland.
Operating authority
An operating authority is a body empowered under the Land Drainage Act 1991 or Water Resources Act 1991 to undertake land drainage or flood protection work in England and Wales. Operating authorities include internal drainage boards, the Environment Agency and local authorities.

Water Resources Act 1991
The Water Resources Act 1991 (c. 57) (WRA) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that regulates water resources, water quality and pollution, and flood defence. Part II of the Act provides the general structure for the management of water resources. Part III explains the standards expected for controlled waters; and what is considered to be water pollution. Part IV provides information on mitigation through flood defence.
Hi-Point Firearms
Hi-Point Firearms, also known as Strassell's Machine, Inc (distributed by MKS Supply), is an American firearms manufacturer based in Mansfield, Ohio. All of their firearms are manufactured in several locations in Ohio.

5.56×45mm NATO
The 5.56×45mm NATO (official NATO nomenclature 5.56 NATO, commonly pronounced "five-five-six") is a rimless bottlenecked centerfire intermediate cartridge family developed in the late 1970s in Belgium by FN Herstal. It consists of the SS109, L110, and SS111 cartridges. On 28 October 1980, under STANAG 4172, it was standardized as the second standard service rifle cartridge for NATO forces as well as many non-NATO countries. Though they are not identical, the 5.56×45mm NATO cartridge family was derived from the .223 Remington cartridge designed by Remington Arms in the early 1960s, which has a near-identical case. However, firing chamber dimensions differ slightly between rifles manufactured for the designated cartridges. The differences may cause unsafe chamber pressures when firing 5.56 NATO in rifles designed for .223 Remington. Therefore, this combination is not recommended.
Nobu (given name)
Nobu is a unisex given name. Notable people with this name include:

Nobu Adilman, Canadian television personality

Nobu Hayashi (born 1978), Japanese karateka and kickboxer

Nobu Jo (1872–1959), Japanese Christian philanthropist

Nobu Kōda (1870–1946), Japanese composer, violinist, and music teacher

Nobu Matsuhisa (born 1949), Japanese celebrity chef

Nobu McCarthy (1934–2002), Japanese-Canadian actress, fashion model, and stage director

Nobu Naruse (born 1984), Japanese cross-country skier

Nobu Shirase (1861–1946), Japanese army officer and explorer

Nobuyuki Siraisi (1934–2016), artist and designer

Nobu Su, Chinese businessman

Nobu Tamura, French-born Japanese-American paleoartist and physicist

Nobu Naruse
Nobu Naruse (成瀬 野生, Naruse Nobu) (born July 8, 1984) is a Japanese cross-country skier. He competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin. He represented Japan at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver.

Naruse's best finish at the Winter Olympics was 13th in the team sprint at Vancouver in 2010 while his best individual finish was 35th in the 50 km event.

He finished 52nd in the 15 km event at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2007 in Sapporo.

His best World Cup finish was 13th at a 4 x 10 km relay at France in 2006 while his best individual finish was 26th in a 15 km event at Estonia in 2010.
Big Branch, Louisiana
Big Branch is an unincorporated community in St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, United States. The community is located on U. S. Route 190 5 mi (8.0 km) southeast of Mandeville and 3.5 miles northwest of Lacombe.

The Big Branch Marsh National Wildlife Refuge lies along the coast of Lake Pontchartrain south of the community between Mandeville and Slidell.

Slidell, Louisiana
Slidell /slaɪˈdɛl/ is a city on the northeast shore of Lake Pontchartrain in St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, United States. The population was 28,781 at the 2020 census, making it the sixteenth-most populous city in Louisiana. It is part of the New Orleans−Metairie−Kenner metropolitan statistical area.
Wifi Society
Wifi Society (Thai: Wifi Society – ไวไฟ โซไซตี้; Wifi Society – Wai-fai So-sai-ti) is a 2015 Thai television anthology series directed by Nuttapong Mongkolsawas and produced by GMMTV.

Based on famous topics from Pantip.com, the series premiered on One HD and Bang Channel on 1 March 2015, airing on Sundays at 10:00 ICT and 20:00 ICT, respectively. The series concluded on 27 September 2015.

ONE31
ONE31 (Thai: สถานีโทรทัศน์ช่องวัน 31) and branded as ONE HD 31, is a Thai digital terrestrial television channel owned by GMM Grammy under The One Enterprise. The network offers a variety of content such as drama, variety programs, competition, news and entertainment programs.

ONE31 first aired on December 1, 2011 with the name 1-Sky One (วัน-สกาย วัน) with content and television programs produced by companies under GMM Grammy. On April 1, 2012, it changed its name into GMM Z Hitz (จีเอ็มเอ็มแซต ฮิตส์).

On November 1, 2012, the channel changed its name to GMM One. Its current name, ONE31 was adopted on December 2, 2015.
Rivière du Petit Portage
The rivière du Petit Portage (in English: Little Portage River) is a tributary of the west bank of the Chaudière River which flows northward to empty onto the south shore of the St. Lawrence River.

The Petit Portage river flows in the municipalities of Saint-Hilaire-de-Dorset and Saint-Gédéon-de-Beauce, in the Beauce-Sartigan Regional County Municipality (MRC), in the administrative region of Chaudière-Appalaches, in Quebec, in Canada.

Saint-Gédéon-de-Beauce
Saint-Gédéon-de-Beauce (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ ʒedeɔ̃ də bos], lit. 'Saint Gédéon of Beauce') is a municipality in the Beauce-Sartigan Regional County Municipality in Quebec, Canada. It is part of the Chaudière-Appalaches region, and its population was 2,093 as of 2021. It is named after biblical judge Gideon.

The municipality was created in February 2003 after the merging of the parish municipality of Saint-Gédéon and the municipality of Saint-Gédéon-de-Beauce. The two had split in 1950.

Saint-Gédéon-de-Beauce is a site of Canam, one of the largest steel joist factories in Canada.
Andreas of Samosata
Andreas was a bishop of Samosata about 430 CE. He took part in the Nestorian controversy against Cyril, Patriarch of Alexandria, in answer to whose anathemas he wrote two books, of the first of which a large part is quoted by Cyril, in his Apol. adv. Orientales, and of the second some fragments are contained in the Hodegus of Anastasius Sinaita. Though prevented by illness from being present at the Council of Ephesus (around 431), he joined Theodoret in his opposition to the agreement between Cyril and John of Antioch, and, like Theodoret, he changed his course, but at a much earlier period. Modern scholars credit him with the being the most active mediator between the two sides of the conflict, having an essentially centrist stance but ultimately flip-flopping in his position considerably.

About 436 he yielded to the persuasions of John, and joined in the condemnation of Nestorius. Eight letters by him are extant in Latin in the Epistolae of Lupus Servatus.

Lupus Servatus
Lupus Servatus, also Servatus Lupus (c. 805 – c. 862), in French Loup, was a Benedictine monk and Abbot of Ferrières Abbey during the Carolingian dynasty, who was also a member of Charles the Bald's court and a noted theological author of the 9th century. He is sometimes regarded as the first humanist of the Early Middle Ages because of the quality of his literary style, his love of learning, and his work as a scribe and textual critic.
Anxi County
Anxi Countyⓘ (simplified Chinese: 安溪县; traditional Chinese: 安溪縣; pinyin: Ānxī Xiàn; Tâi-lô: An-khue-kuīnn) is a county of the prefecture-level city of Quanzhou, in southern Fujian province, People's Republic of China with 1,003,599 inhabitants (2020 census). It lies adjacent to and directly north of Xiamen city.

Anxi is well known for a number of varieties of Oolong tea, the best-known of which is Tieguanyin (铁观音, "Iron Boddhisatva of Mercy"). Anxi Tieguanyin (安溪铁观音) is classified as one of the Top 10 Chinese Tea.

In recent years, Anxi is known as the "scam town" of China, due to the considerable number of scammers originating from here in the 2023 Singapore money laundering case.

Minnan region
Minnan, Banlam, or Minnan Golden Triangle (simplified Chinese: 闽南金三角; traditional Chinese: 閩南金三角; pinyin: Mǐnnán jīnsānjiǎo; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Bân-lâm kim-saⁿ-kak; lit. 'South Fujian Golden Triangle'), refers to the coastal region in South Fujian Province, China, which includes the prefecture-level cities of Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou. The region accounts for 40 percent of the GDP of Fujian Province. It is the native homeland of the Hokkien people who speak the Hokkien language or Minnan language, a variety of Southern Min.

Other terms used in the Minnan region include the one sinologist G. William Skinner used, which was the term Zhang-Quan (simplified Chinese: 漳泉分区; traditional Chinese: 漳泉分區; pinyin: Zhāng quán fēnqū; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Chiuⁿ chôaⁿ pun-khu) to describe the region in his guide to the physiographic macroregions of China.
Fränsta
Fränsta (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈfrɛ̌nːsta]) is a locality situated in Ånge Municipality, Västernorrland County, Sweden with 2,002 (2023)  inhabitants, an area of 6.11  square kilometers and a population density of 328  inhabitants per km2.

Urban areas in Sweden
An urban area or tätort (lit. 'dense locality') in Sweden has a minimum of 200 inhabitants and may be a city, town or larger village. It is a purely statistical concept, not defined by any municipal or county boundaries. Larger urban areas synonymous with cities or towns (Swedish: stad for both terms) for statistical purposes have a minimum of 10,000 inhabitants. The same statistical definition is also used for urban areas in the other Nordic countries.

In 2018, there were nearly two thousand urban areas in Sweden, which were inhabited by 87% of the Swedish population.

Urban area is a common English translation of the Swedish term tätort. The official term in English used by Statistics Sweden is, however, "locality" (Swedish: ort). It could be compared with "census-designated places" in the United States.
Yuri Kondratiev
Yuri Kondratiev (Ukrainian: Кондратьєв Юрій Григорович; 23 October 1953 – 5 September 2023) was a Ukrainian mathematician and a professor at the Bielefeld University in Germany.

Kondratiev died on 5 September 2023, at the age of 69.

His research interests included functional analysis, mathematical physics and stochastic calculus.

Kondratiev was a member of the Kyiv school of functional analysis founded by M. Krein and led, for many years, by Y. Berezansky.

His interests in mathematical physics were inspired by cooperation with the Moscow seminar in statistical Physics (R. Dobrushin, R. Minlos, Y. Sinai). Yuri's collaboration with A. Skorokhod has influenced most of his subsequent papers on stochastics.

Robert Minlos
Robert Adol'fovich Minlos (Russian: Роберт Адольфович Минлос; 28 February 1931  – 9 January 2018) was a Soviet and Russian mathematician who has made important contributions to probability theory and mathematical physics. His theorem on the extension of cylindrical measures to Radon measures on the continuous dual of a nuclear space is of fundamental importance in the theory of generalized random processes.

He died on 9 January 2018 at the age of 86.
Best in the World (2017)
Best in the World (2017) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view event produced by Ring of Honor (ROH). It took place at the Lowell Memorial Auditorium in Lowell, Massachusetts on June 23, 2017. It was the eighth annual ROH Best in the World event.

Lowell Memorial Auditorium
The Lowell Memorial Auditorium is an indoor auditorium in downtown Lowell, Massachusetts, in the United States.  It  is dedicated to local veterans of war.

The 2,800-seat venue was built in 1922 by the architectural firm of Blackall, Clapp & Whittemore.  The exterior walls bear the names of famous generals and battles, with monuments to newer wars on the auditorium's small lawn.

Common events include concerts, comedy acts, large plays, and boxing.  Attached to the auditorium is the smaller theatre of the Merrimack Repertory Theatre.

In February 2014, an American flag from the Civil War was discovered in the basement.  The flag had been carried by Solon Perkins, a lieutenant in the 2nd Massachusetts Cavalry Regiment, who was killed in the Battle of Clinton, Louisiana, on June 3, 1863.  It was given to the Lowell Memorial Auditorium in 1929 by Mary Sawyer Knapp, and now hangs there in the Hall of Flags.
The Toy Castle
The Toy Castle (French: Le Château magique) is a Canadian children's television show that aired on Treehouse TV, SCN, Access, Knowledge Network, TVOntario and TFO. It was aired from September 4, 2000 to December 26, 2003 and produced by Sound Venture Productions. It was inspired by Sound Venture's 1992 Christmas ballet special The Steadfast Tin Soldier, which starred Frank Augustyn and was based on Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tale. It is now shown during the Christmas season on Treehouse, TFO and Noovo. Told through ballet and narration, the stories are about a group of toys in a toy castle that magically come to life when the children are asleep.  This series won a Gemini Award in 2003 for "Best Preschool Series."

The series also aired on public television stations in the United States, JimJam in Italy, TF1, France 3, M6 and Piwi+ in France and was rerun in French on TQS. It was distributed worldwide by France Télévisions.

TVO
TVO (stylized in all lowercase as tvo), formerly known as TVOntario, is a Canadian publicly funded English-language educational television network and media organization serving the Canadian province of Ontario. It operates flagship station CICA-DT (channel 19) in Toronto, which also relays programming across portions of Ontario through eight rebroadcast stations. All pay television (cable, satellite, IPTV) providers throughout Ontario are required to carry TVO on their basic tier, and programming can be streamed for free online within Canada.

TVO is operated by the Ontario Educational Communications Authority (OECA), a Crown corporation owned by the Government of Ontario, which since 2022 has done business as the TVO Media Education Group (or TVO.me). TVO.me also operates TVO Today, TVO ILC, TVO Learn, and TVOKids.
Algutsboda
Algutsboda is a community in Algutsboda District, Kalmar County, Sweden. Author Vilhelm Moberg (1898–1973) was born and grew up in Algutsboda, which is in the region called Småland.

In the mid-20th century, Algutsboda had a shop, bank, post office, telephone and telegraph station, school and municipal office.
Today in the 21st century, in addition to private housing, only the church, the parish house, the retirement home and the local history museum remain.
In the local history museum, old artifacts from the farming community have been preserved. Visitors can also see a collection of clothes and sewing.

Småland
Småland (Swedish: [ˈsmǒːland] ⓘ) is a historical province (landskap) in southern Sweden.
Småland borders Blekinge, Scania, Halland, Västergötland, Östergötland and the island Öland in the Baltic Sea. The name Småland literally means "small lands", referring to many small historic provinces from which it was composed. The Latinized form Smolandia has been used in other languages. The highest point in Småland is Tomtabacken, at 377 metres (1,237 ft). In terms of total area, Småland is similar in size to Belgium.
2025 SM Town: The Culture, the Future
2025 SM Town: The Culture, the Future (stylized as 2025 SMTOWN : THE CULTURE, THE FUTURE) is the tenth special album and sixteenth overall by SM Town. It was released by SM Entertainment on February 14, 2025, as part of the label's 30th anniversary celebration. The album contains seventeen tracks, including the new song "Thank You" and various SM Entertainment cover songs performed by different artists from the label.

Haechan
Lee Dong-hyeok (Korean: 이동혁; born June 6, 2000), known professionally as Haechan (해찬), is a South Korean singer. He is a member of South Korean boy band NCT and its subunit NCT U alongside its fixed subunits NCT 127 and NCT Dream. On September 8, 2025, Haechan began his solo debut with the release of his first studio album Taste.