hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
15th National Geographic Bee
The 15th National Geographic Bee was held in Washington, D.C., on May 21, 2003, sponsored by the National Geographic Society and ING. The final competition was moderated by Jeopardy! host Alex Trebek. The winner was James Williams, a homeschooled student from Vancouver, Washington, who won a $25,000 college scholarship, lifetime membership in the National Geographic Society, and a trip to a Busch Gardens/Sea World Adventure Camp. The 2nd-place winner, Dallas Simons of Martin Luther King Magnet School in Nashville, Tennessee, won a $15,000 scholarship. The 3rd-place winner, Sean Rao of St. Gabriel School in Hubertus, Wisconsin, won a $10,000 scholarship.

United Parks & Resorts
United Parks & Resorts Inc. (formerly SeaWorld Entertainment Inc., SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment, and Busch Entertainment Corporation) is an American entertainment company headquartered in Orlando, Florida. The company owns and operates 12 recreational destinations in the United States, including eight theme parks and four water parks. Notable brands within its portfolio include SeaWorld and Busch Gardens. In 2024, United Parks & Resorts properties hosted 22.9 million guests, ranking it as the eighth-highest in attendance among amusement parks.
Murray's law
In biophysical fluid dynamics, Murray's law is a potential relationship between radii at junctions in a network of fluid-carrying tubular pipes.  Its simplest version proposes that whenever a branch of radius  splits into two branches of radii  and , then the three radii should obey the equation If network flow is smooth and leak-free, then systems that obey Murray's law minimize the resistance to flow through the network.  For turbulent networks, the law takes the same form but with a different characteristic exponent α.

Murray's law is observed in the vascular and respiratory systems of animals, xylem in plants, and the respiratory system of insects.  In principle, Murray's law also applies to biomimetic engineering, but human designs rarely exploit the law.

Murray's law is named after Cecil D. Murray, a physiologist at Bryn Mawr College, who first argued that efficient transport might determine the structure of the human vascular system.

Blood vessel
Blood vessels  are the tubular structures of a circulatory system transporting blood in animal bodies. Blood vessels transport blood cells, nutrients, and oxygen to most of the tissues of a body, and also transport waste products and carbon dioxide away from the tissues. Some tissues – such as cartilage, epithelium, and the lens and cornea of the eye – are not supplied with blood vessels, so are termed avascular.

There are five types of blood vessels: the arteries, which carry the blood away from the heart; the arterioles; the capillaries, where the exchange of water and chemicals between the blood and tissues occurs; the venules; and the veins, which carry blood from the capillaries back towards the heart.

The word, vascular, is derived from the Latin vas, meaning vessel, and is used in reference to blood vessels.
Jack Edwards Airport
Gulf Shores International Airport/Jack Edwards Field (IATA: GUF, ICAO: KJKA, FAA LID: JKA) is a public use airport in Baldwin County, Alabama, United States. It is owned by Gulf Shores Airport Authority and located two nautical miles (4 km) north of the City of Gulf Shores. Also known as Jack Edwards National Airport, it is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a general aviation facility.

This airport is assigned a three-letter location identifier of JKA by the Federal Aviation Administration, but the International Air Transport Association (IATA) airport code is GUF. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) airport code is KJKA.

Allegiant Air
Allegiant Air, styled as allegiant, is an American low-cost airline headquartered in Las Vegas, Nevada. The airline focuses on serving leisure traffic from small and medium-sized cities which it considers to be underserved, using an ultra low-cost business model with minimal inclusions in fares and a greater number of add-on fees.

Allegiant was founded in 1997 and is wholly owned by Allegiant Travel Company, a publicly traded company with 5,600 employees and over US$2.6 billion market capitalization in 2016. The airline is the fourteenth largest in North America.
Severo Melgarejo
Severo Melgarejo Rojas (10 January 1842 - 3 March 1905) was a Bolivian military officer, business man and guano magnate. He was the son of the President of Bolivia, Mariano Melgarejo, and woman from the city of Tarija, Simona Cuenca. He was considered a traitor by most Bolivians of his day on account of his taking Chilean citizenship.

President of Bolivia
The president of Bolivia (Spanish: Presidente de Bolivia), officially known as the president of the Plurinational State of Bolivia (Spanish: Presidente del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia), is head of state and head of government of Bolivia and the captain general of the Armed Forces of Bolivia.

According to the Bolivian Constitution, the president is elected by popular vote to a five-year term and may serve a maximum of two terms. A strict and inviolable two-term limit is enshrined in the Bolivian Constitution. If no candidate wins a majority (defined as either more than 50%, or alternatively at least 40% and at least 10% more than the second-place candidate), the top two candidates advance to a runoff election.

Rodrigo Paz is the 68th and current president of Bolivia, having assumed office on 8 November 2025.
Kate Vargas
Kate Vargas is a singer and songwriter whose lyrical themes extend from folk to supernatural. Her gravely voice, reminiscent of Tom Waits, has reached audiences across the United States as well as at the Ireland’s Westport Folk and Bluegrass Festival

She has released a number of solo albums including For The Wolfish & Wandering and Rumpumpo.

She was born in Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States, and is based in New York. Currently, she is working on a project called Sgt. Splendor with Eric McFadden. Their first album Occasions for Self Congratulations was released in 2022.

Bluegrass music in Europe
Bluegrass music was conceived in the Appalachian region of the United States, drawing its roots from other countries in which it has since become a notable art form. Participants in European bluegrass scenes have mixed local musical elements with specifically American elements to create their own takes on the genre. Over the past 90 years Bluegrass music has spread from the hills of Appalachia in the United States to create small communities of musicians and listeners in over 62 countries in Europe.
Mynydd Mallaen
Mynydd Mallaen (Welsh: [ˈmənɨð ˈmaɬai̯n]) is an expansive plateau to the northwest of Cilycwm in northeast Carmarthenshire, Wales. It forms part of the Cambrian Mountains massif, and is north-west of the Black Mountain (range) in the Brecon Beacons. It takes the form of an undulating plateau with steep slopes dropping away to the Towy valley to the east and those of the Gwenffrwd, Nant Melyn and Afon Cothi to the north and west. Its highest point of 1516 feet or 462m at OS grid reference SN 723455 is surmounted by two Bronze Age cairns known as Crugiau Merched (which translates from Welsh as ladies' barrows). Caeo Forest covers much of the southern flanks of the hill and smaller forests also cover its eastern slopes. Much of the native woodland consists of sessile oak groves, especially on the valley sides. The human population is very low, being restricted to hill farms engaged in sheep farming, and some holiday cottages.

Hill farming
Hill farming or terrace farming is an extensive farming in upland areas, primarily rearing sheep, although historically cattle were often reared extensively in upland areas. Fell farming is the farming of fells, a fell being an area of uncultivated high ground used as common grazing. It is a term commonly used in Northern England, especially in the Lake District and the Pennine Dales.  Elsewhere, the terms hill farming or pastoral farming are more commonly used.

Cattle farming in the hills is usually restricted by a scarcity of winter fodder, and hill sheep, grazing at about two hectares per head, are often taken to lowland areas for fattening.

Modern hill farming is often heavily dependent on state subsidy, for example in the United Kingdom it received support from the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy. Improved, sown pasture and drained moorland can be stocked more heavily, at approximately one sheep per 0.26 hectares.
Robert Chichele
Sir Robert Chichele (sometimes shown as Chichley or other variations) was a 15th-century English merchant and Lord Mayor of London.

He was the son of Thomas Chichele of Higham Ferrers and Agnes Pyncheon, and the brother of Henry Chichele, the Archbishop of Canterbury and founder of All Souls, Oxford. Another brother, William, also served as Sheriff of London in 1409.

Robert served as an Alderman for Aldgate Ward from 1402, when he also served as Sheriff of London before being elected twice as Lord Mayor of London, in 1411 and again in 1421. He received letters patent ordering him (along with then-mayor Richard Whittington) to seek out and imprison any Lollards within the city. In 1414 and 1415 he was Member of Parliament for the City of London as one of the two aldermanic representatives.

Robert was buried in the church of St Mary Bothaw. Through his daughter, Phillippa, he was an ancestor of Sir Andrew Judde, a later Lord Mayor of London.

All Souls College, Oxford
All Souls College (official name: The College of All Souls of the Faithful Departed, of Oxford) is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in England. Unique to All Souls, all of its members automatically become fellows (i.e., full members of the college's governing body). It has no student members, but each year, recent graduates are eligible to apply for a small number of examination fellowships through a competitive examination (once described as "the hardest exam in the world") and, for those shortlisted after the examinations, an interview.

The college entrance is on the north side of High Street, whilst it has a long frontage onto Radcliffe Square. To its east is The Queen's College, whilst Hertford College is to the north of All Souls.

The current warden (head of the college) is Sir John Vickers, a graduate of Oriel College, Oxford.
Deaths in October 2025
The following is a list of notable deaths in October 2025.

Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence:

Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent country of citizenship (if applicable), reason for notability, cause of death (if known), and reference.

Rajasthan Legislative Assembly
The Rajasthan Legislative Assembly (ISO: Rājāsthān Vidhān Sabhā), is the unicameral legislature of the state of Rajasthan. It is a vital part of the state government, responsible for making and implementing laws.

The assembly meets at Vidhan Bhavan situated in Jaipur, the capital of Rajasthan.
Bourla-papey
Bourla-Papey was the name given to a popular revolt that took place between February and May 1802 in the Canton of Léman, in Switzerland, during the days of the Helvetic Republic. The uprising was in response to the restoration of feudal rights and taxes that had been abolished following the French invasion of 1798. The Bourla-papey seized archives from castles in the area now known as the Canton de Vaud, which they burned in an attempt to destroy records of what was owned by whom, making it impossible to collect taxes.

The leaders of the revolt were condemned to death by a special tribunal convened by the government of the Helvetic Republic in summer 1802, but were shortly afterwards given an amnesty. At the same time, all feudal rights were abolished in the canton, a few months before the Act of Mediation abolished them for the entire country.

Morges
Morges (French pronunciation: [mɔʁʒ]; Latin: Morgiis, plural, probably ablative, else dative; Arpitan: Môrges) is a municipality in the Swiss canton of Vaud and the seat of the district of Morges. It is located on Lake Geneva, west of Lausanne.
James Beveridge (American football)
James Beveridge (February 8, 1868 – December 27, 1932) was an American college football player and coach. Beveridge was raised in Schenectady, New York and played football at Princeton University in 1892, before graduating in 1893. He was the head football coach of Western Reserve University, now Case Western Reserve University, during the 1893 college football season, earning a 5–3–1 record. Beveridge graduated from New York Law School in 1895.

Beveridge married Anna Preston Lamb in 1900. He died on December 27, 1932, at Jamaica Hospital in Queens, New York, a week after having an operation for appendicitis. Beveridge is buried with his wife, Anna, at Evergreen Cemetery in New Haven, Connecticut.

Evergreen Cemetery (New Haven, Connecticut)
Evergreen Cemetery is located in the West River neighborhood of New Haven, Connecticut. It was founded by some of New Haven's most prominent citizens in 1848. Evergreen Cemetery is a non-sectarian, non-profit organization that is managed by the association's board of trustees.
Nzanga Mobutu
Nzanga Mobutu (born 24 March 1970) is a Congolese politician and the son of the long-time President Mobutu Sese Seko. He served in the government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 2007 to 2011, initially as Minister of State for Agriculture and subsequently as Deputy Prime Minister for Basic Social Needs and Deputy Prime Minister for Labor, Employment and Social Security. He received the fourth-highest number of votes in the 2006 presidential election. In 2007, Nzanga founded the Union of Mobutist Democrats as the successor to his father's Popular Movement of the Revolution and has led the party since.

Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
The Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, also known as the Cabinet, is the junior institution in the executive branch of the central authority governing the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the senior institution being the President of the Republic. The President is the head of state whereas the Prime Minister is the head of government.
Choristoma
Choristomas, a form of heterotopia, are masses of normal tissues found in abnormal locations. In contrast to a neoplasm or tumor, the growth of a choristoma is normally regulated.

It is different from a hamartoma. The two can be differentiated as follows: a hamartoma is disorganized overgrowth of tissues in their normal location (e.g., Peutz–Jeghers polyps), while a choristoma is normal tissue growth in an abnormal location (e.g., osseous choristoma, gastric tissue located in distal ileum in Meckel diverticulum).

Meckel's diverticulum
A Meckel's diverticulum, a true congenital diverticulum, is a slight bulge in the small intestine present at birth and a vestigial remnant of the vitelline duct. It is the most common malformation of the gastrointestinal tract and is present in approximately 2% of the population, with males more frequently experiencing symptoms.

Meckel's diverticulum was first explained by Fabricius Hildanus in the sixteenth century and later named after Johann Friedrich Meckel, who described the embryological origin of this type of diverticulum in 1809.
Ninth Chief Directorate (KGB)
The Ninth Chief Directorate (also nicknamed Devyatka (Russian: девятка) of the KGB was the organization responsible for providing bodyguard services to the principal Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) leaders (and their families) and major Soviet government facilities (including nuclear-weapons stocks).  The directorate consisted of 40,000 uniformed troops. It operated the Moscow VIP subway system, and the secure government telephone system linking high-level government and CPSU officers.

In mid-1992 the KGB's Ninth Directorate became the Main Guard Directorate (Glavnoye upravleniye okhraneniya, GUO) and in 1996 it was re-organized to the Federal Protective Service of Russia.

Vertushka
The Vertushka (Russian: Вертушка) also known as Kremlyovka (Russian: Кремлёвка) or Spetssvyaz (Russian: Спецсвязь) is a colloquial name for a closed system of party and government telephone communications in the Soviet Union and Russia. It received the unofficial (slang) name Vertushka because, unlike the regular telephone network, where at that time the connection was made through an operator, subscribers connected to each other using an automatic telephone exchange and a rotary dials called in Russian Vertushka. The existence of the system was a novelty in an era dominated by manual switchboards. The telephone is dial-less and certain sub-systems of it directly link to the Kremlin. Especially in Soviet period, connected the leader to key subordinates, like regional party secretaries, high ranking military officials or important state-owned factory chiefs. The regularly modernized system of government ATS continues to operate to this day.
Hugh Burns (musician)
Hugh Burns is a London-based Scottish guitarist and prolific recording artist. His guitar playing can be heard on many famous recordings, including Gerry Rafferty's "Baker Street" (1978) and "Careless Whisper" (1984) by George Michael/Wham!.

Burns has played on albums by:

Joan Armatrading

Teresa Brewer

Jack Bruce

Mutya Buena

Tony Coe

Randy Crawford

Doris Day

Anne Dudley

Albert Hammond

Roy Harper

Mick Karn

Ute Lemper

Paul McCartney

Alison Moyet

Oliver Nelson

Mike Oldfield

Elaine Paige

Pet Shop Boys

Gerry Rafferty

Scott Walker

Stealers Wheel

Wham!

Ute Lemper
Ute Gertrud Lemper (German pronunciation: [ˈuːtə ˈlɛmpɐ] ⓘ; born 4 July 1963) is a German singer and actress. Her roles in musicals include playing Sally Bowles in the original Paris production of Cabaret, for which she won the 1987 Molière Award for Best Newcomer, and Velma Kelly in the revival of Chicago in both London and New York, which won her the 1998 Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical.
Wanted (2005 TV series)
Wanted is an American primetime police drama television series broadcast on the TNT network which was aired from July 31 to December 26, 2005. The series was created by Louis St. Clair and Jorge Zamacona, and executive produced by Aaron Spelling, E. Duke Vincent and Jorge Zamacona. This series was the last produced by Spelling and Vincent before their death in 2006 and 2024.

Aaron Spelling
Aaron Spelling (April 22, 1923 – June 23, 2006) was an American film and television producer and occasional actor. His productions included the television series Family (1976–1980); Charlie's Angels (1976–1981); The Love Boat (1977–1986); Hart to Hart (1979–1984); Dynasty (1981–1989); Beverly Hills, 90210 (1990–2000); Melrose Place (1992–1999); 7th Heaven (1996–2007); and Charmed (1998–2006). He also served as producer of The Mod Squad (1968–1973), The Rookies (1972–1976) and Sunset Beach (1997–1999).

Through his production company Spelling Television, Spelling holds the record as the most prolific television producer in American television history, with 218 producer and executive producer credits. Forbes ranked him the 11th-highest-earning deceased celebrity in 2009.
KGOR
KGOR (99.9 FM) is a commercial radio station in Omaha, Nebraska, broadcasting a classic hits radio format.  It is owned by iHeartMedia, Inc., and licensed as iHM Licenses, LLC.  The radio studios and offices are at North 50th Street and Underwood Avenue in Midtown Omaha.

KGOR has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 115,000 watts, the most powerful FM station in Omaha. The transmitter is at the Omaha master antenna farm on North 72nd Street near Crown Point Avenue.  KGOR is licensed by the Federal Communications Commission to broadcast using HD Radio technology. The HD3 digital subchannel airs contemporary worship music from "Air1," feeding FM translator K285GP at 104.9 MHz in Millard, Nebraska.

Digital subchannel
In broadcasting, digital subchannels are a method of transmitting more than one independent program stream simultaneously from the same digital radio or television station on the same radio frequency channel. This is done by using data compression techniques to reduce the size of each individual program stream, and multiplexing to combine them into a single signal. The practice is sometimes called "multicasting".
Dave Stengel
Dave Stengel (born 1946) is an American politician from Kentucky who was a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives from 1993 to 1996. Stengel was first elected in 1992 after incumbent representative Lindy Casebier ran for the Kentucky Senate. He did not seek reelection in 1996, instead running for Commonwealth's Attorney for Jefferson County, a position he held until 2012. Stengel unsuccessfully ran for the 29th district again in 2014 and 2016.

Kentucky House of Representatives
The Kentucky House of Representatives is the lower house of the Kentucky General Assembly. It is composed of 100 Representatives elected from single-member districts throughout the Commonwealth. Not more than two counties can be joined to form a House district, except when necessary to preserve the principle of equal representation. Representatives are elected to two-year terms with no term limits. The Kentucky House of Representatives convenes at the State Capitol in Frankfort.
Centre for Research on Computer Supported Learning and Cognition
The Centre for Research on Computer Supported Learning and Cognition (CRLI) is an education research centre within the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences of The University of Sydney that carries out research into the sciences and technologies of learning. Established on 1 January 2016, the Centre was formed through the amalgamation of the University's Computer Supported Learning and Cognition Centre (CoCo) and the Sciences and Technologies of Learning (STL) research network.

The Centre is located in the Education Building (A35), adjacent to Manning Road, that houses the Sydney School of Education and Social Work on the University's Camperdown campus, New South Wales, Australia. The Co-Directors of the Centre are Professor Peter Reimann and Associate Professor Lina Markauskaite.

The Centre leads a graduate program in Learning Science and Technology.

University of Sydney Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences
The Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences is the largest of the six faculties that constitute the University of Sydney. The Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences comprises six Schools and approximately 40 departments and programs, and a diverse curriculum at undergraduate and postgraduate levels.
Fazle Rabbi Miah
Md. Fazle Rabbi Miah (16 April 1946 – 22 July 2022) was a Bangladesh Awami League politician, who served as the  deputy speaker of the Jatiya Sangsad and also a member representing the Gaibandha-5 constituency for seven terms. He was a member of the Awami League Central Committee. Before joining Awami League, he won four times as member of parliament from Jatiya Party (Ershad).

Central committee
A central committee is a political-executive organ designated as the highest organ of a communist party between two congresses. Per the principles of democratic centralism, a central committee is empowered to deal with any issue that falls under the party's purview. While formally retaining this role in socialist states, commonly referred to as communist states by outside observers, in practice, it delegates this authority to numerous smaller internal organs due to the infrequency of its meetings.

The term of a central committee of a ruling communist party is usually five years. The party congress elects individuals to the central committee and holds it accountable. At the first central committee session held immediately after a congress, it elects the party leader, an office usually titled general secretary of the central committee, a political organ, commonly known as the politburo, and an executive organ, customarily named the secretariat.