hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Don Ringe (linguist)
Donald A. Ringe Jr. (/ˈrɪndʒ/ RINJ; born 1954) is an American linguist and Indo-Europeanist.

He has been described as a historical linguist and as a mathematical linguist. He is multi-lingual. He employs mathematics in his work on language family trees and the Proto-Indo-European language.

Ringe graduated from University of Kentucky and received a Master of Philosophy in linguistics as a Marshall Scholar from the University of Oxford. He received a Ph.D. in linguistics at Yale University in 1984, under the supervision of Warren Cowgill. He taught Classics at Bard College from 1983 to 1985. Since 1985, he has been on the Faculty in Linguistics at the University of Pennsylvania, where he has been a full professor since 1996.

He is the author of numerous articles and books, chiefly on historical Indo-European linguistics, especially Ancient Greek, Tocharian and the Germanic languages.

Indo-European studies
Indo-European studies (German: Indogermanistik) is an interdisciplinary field that examines the Indo-European languages and related cultural history through historical linguistics, comparative philology, archaeology, and genetics.

The discipline coalesced in late eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Europe as comparative linguists including Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn, Franz Bopp, and August Schleicher refined methods for reconstructing a shared ancestry among the languages. Research centers on rebuilding the Proto-Indo-European language, homeland, and society by combining comparative analysis with archaeological, mythological, and genetic evidence to test models such as the Kurgan hypothesis. Dedicated programs, research centers, journals, and book series sustain Indo-European studies across Europe and North America.
Arthur Hopkins
Arthur Hopkins (October 4, 1878 – March 22, 1950) was an American Broadway theatre producer in the early twentieth century. Between 1912 and 1948, he produced and staged more than 80 plays – an average of more than two per year – occasionally writing and directing as well. His repertoire included plays by playwrights in American Expressionist theater, including Elmer Rice, Sophie Treadwell, and Eugene O'Neill.

Sophie Treadwell
Sophie Anita Treadwell (October 3, 1885 – February 20, 1970) was an American playwright and journalist of the first half of the 20th century. She is best known for her play Machinal which is often included in drama anthologies as an example of an expressionist or modernist play. Treadwell wrote dozens of plays, several novels, as well as serial stories and countless articles that appeared in newspapers. In addition to writing plays for the theatre, Treadwell also produced, directed and acted in some of her productions. The styles and subjects of Treadwell's writings are vast, but many present women's issues of her time, subjects of current media coverage, or aspects of Treadwell's Mexican heritage.
Kizito Osore Wangalwa
Kizito Osore Wangalwa is the Deputy Governor of Busia County, Kenya. He holds a Bachelor of Arts in Economics from the University of Nairobi and a Masters of Business Administration (MBA) from Moi University, Nairobi. He is a member of the Orange Democratic Movement.

Orange Democratic Movement
The Orange Democratic Movement (ODM) is a centre-left political party in Kenya. It is the successor of a grassroots people's movement that was formed during the 2005 Kenyan constitutional referendum campaign. This movement separated in August 2007 into the Orange Democratic Movement Party of Kenya and the Wiper Democratic Movement – Kenya (formerly the Orange Democratic Movement – Kenya, known as ODM–Kenya).

The name "orange" originates from the ballot cards in the referendum, in which the banana represented a "yes" vote, and the orange represented a "no" vote. Thus, the parties demonstrates that it supported a no vote in the 2005 referendum. The original linchpins of the ODM were Uhuru Kenyatta's KANU party and the late Raila Odinga's LDP. While Kenyatta left KANU, Odinga remained and led ODM until his death in 2025. The party tends to be more popular among the Kenyan Luo people.
Suryakanth
Suryakanth (born 7 July  1960) is a Tamil film actor known for his works predominantly in Tamil films. He has acted more than 300 films so far, and has made his mark as a villain, comedian, in many characters. Suriyakanth has acted in many films, such as Indru Poi Naalai Vaa, Thooral Ninnu pochu, Mann Vasanai, Kizhakku Cheemayile. He made his debut film M. A. Kaja's Vasantha Kaalam released in 1981.

Kizhakku Cheemayile
Kizhakku Cheemayile (pronounced [kiɻakku tɕiːmajileː] transl. In the east border) is a 1993 Indian Tamil-language drama film directed by Bharathiraja. It stars Vijayakumar, Radhika and Napoleon in the lead roles, while Vignesh, Pandiyan and Vadivelu play supporting roles. The film involves a touching sentimental story between a brother and a sister. The music was scored by A. R. Rahman, marking his first of several collaborations with Bharathiraja.

Kizhakku Cheemayile was released on 13 November 1993, during Diwali, and became a commercial success. The film was remade in Telugu as Palnati Pourusham (1994) and unofficially in Kannada as Gowdru (2004).
September 10 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
Sep. 9 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - Sep. 11

All fixed commemorations below celebrated on September 23 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.

For September 10th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on August 28.

Nicomedia
Nicomedia (/ˌnɪkəˈmiːdiə/; Greek: Νικομήδεια, Nikomedeia; modern İzmit) was an ancient Greek city located in what is now Turkey. In 286 AD, Nicomedia became the eastern and most senior capital city of the Roman Empire (chosen by the emperor Diocletian who ruled in the east), a status which the city maintained during the Tetrarchy system (293–324 AD).

The Tetrarchy ended with the Battle of Chrysopolis (Üsküdar) in 324 AD, when the western Roman emperor Constantine the Great defeated Licinius and became the sole emperor. In 330 AD, Constantine chose for himself the nearby Byzantium (which was renamed Constantinople, modern Istanbul) as the new capital of the Roman Empire.

The city was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire with the victory of Sultan Orhan Gazi against the Byzantine Empire. The Byzantines managed to retake it in the aftermath of the Battle of Ankara, but it fell definitively to the Ottomans in 1419 AD.
Neumayer (crater)
Neumayer is a lunar impact crater that lies near the southern limb of the Moon. At this location the crater appears much foreshortened and can only be observed during favorable librations. It is attached to the southeastern rim of the slightly larger crater Helmholtz. To the south-southwest is the crater Demonax, and east-southeast is Hale.

This is a worn crater formation with features that have been softened and rounded by a history of minor impacts. But the rim remains intact and has not been significantly reshaped or indented by notable craters. The only crater of note within the rim is a small craterlet on the floor near the northern rim. There are much smaller craters scattered across the nearly flat and level floor, but no significant ridges or a central peak. In short, this crater appears as just an old depression in the surface.

Libration
In lunar astronomy, libration is the cyclic variation in the apparent position of the Moon that is perceived by observers on the Earth and caused by changes between the orbital and rotational planes of the moon. It causes an observer to see slightly different hemispheres of the surface at different times. It is similar in both cause and effect to the changes in the Moon's apparent size because of changes in distance. It is caused by three mechanisms detailed below, two of which cause a relatively tiny physical libration via tidal forces exerted by the Earth. Such true librations are known as well for other moons with locked rotation.

The quite different phenomenon of a trojan asteroid's movement has been called Trojan libration, and Trojan libration point means Lagrangian point.
Triyuginarayan Temple
Triyuginarayan Temple (Sanskrit: त्रियुगी-नारायण) is a Hindu temple located in the Triyuginarayan village in Rudraprayag district, Uttarakhand, India. The ancient temple is dedicated to god Vishnu. Its fame is credited to the legend of god Shiva’s marriage to goddess Parvati witnessed by Vishnu at this venue and is thus a popular Hindu pilgrimage sites and part of Abhimana Kshethram temples. A special feature of this temple is a perpetual fire, that burns in front of the temple. The flame is believed to burn from the times of the divine marriage. Since ancient times this fire used to be self-igniting but in Kaliyug it is kept burning continuously by the Jamloki Brahmins of Kedarghati. Jamloki brahmins are also the chief worshipper of the Triyuginarayan temple. Thus, the temple is also known as Akhand Dhuni temple.

Satya Yuga
Satya Yuga (a.k.a. Krita Yuga, IAST: Kṛta-yuga), in Hinduism, is the first and best of the four yugas (world ages) in a Yuga Cycle, preceded by Kali Yuga of the previous cycle and followed by Treta Yuga. Satya Yuga lasts for 1,728,000 years (4,800 divine years).

Satya Yuga is known as the age of truth, when humanity is governed by gods, and every manifestation or work is close to the purest ideal and humanity will allow intrinsic goodness to rule supreme. It is sometimes referred to as the "Golden Age". Dharma (depicted in the form of a bull) symbolizes morality and stood on all four legs during this period; the legs of Dharma reduce by one in each yuga that follows. As per Bhagavata Purana, the four legs of Dharma are Tapas lit. 'austerity', Śauca lit. 'cleanliness' (or Dāna lit. 'charity'), Dayā lit. 'compassion' and Satya lit. 'truth'.
Denis George
Denis George (c.1751 – 1821) was an Irish barrister and judge who held office as Recorder of Dublin, and then as Baron of the Court of Exchequer (Ireland). He enjoyed a high reputation among his contemporaries for integrity and benevolence.

Court of Exchequer (Ireland)
The Court of Exchequer (Ireland), or the Irish Exchequer of Pleas, was one of the senior courts of common law in Ireland. It was the mirror image of the equivalent court in England. The Court of Exchequer was one of the four royal courts of justice which gave their name to the building in Dublin in which they were located, which is still called the Four Courts, and is in use as a courthouse.
1973 Samita border skirmish
Following the deterring effect of Operation Vantage and a coup in Iraq, Kuwait and Iraq signed a recognition draft in 1963, however the agreement, never ratified, remained non-binding and was eventually dismissed by the revolutionary council. Both countries had ongoing border disputes throughout most of the 1960s, although often restrained within the climate of Arab solidarity.

Since 1967 and during 1973, despite the unstable history between the Kuwaiti and the leadership of Iraq back then, the Kuwaiti military acted in alliance with the Iraqi military during the Six-Day War and participated with a token force during the 1973 October War of the same year.

Pan-Arabism
Pan-Arabism (Arabic: الوحدة العربية, romanized: al-waḥda al-ʿarabiyyah, lit. 'Arab unity') is a pan-nationalist ideology that espouses the unification of all Arab people in a single nation-state, consisting of all Arab countries of West Asia and North Africa from the Atlantic Ocean to the Arabian Sea, which is referred to as the Arab world. It is closely connected to Arab nationalism, which asserts the view that the Arabs constitute a single nation. It originated in the late 19th century among the Arab regions of the Ottoman Empire, and its popularity reached its height during the peak of Nasserism and Ba'athism in the 1950s and 1960s. Advocates of pan-Arabism have often espoused Arab socialist principles and strongly opposed the political involvement of the Western world in the Arab world. It also sought to empower Arab states against outside forces by forming alliances such as the Arab League.
Gaudry
Gaudry is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Bryce Gaudry (1942–2019), Australian politician

Jean Albert Gaudry

Neil Gaudry, Canadian politician

Roger Gaudry, chemist and businessman

Tracey Gaudry, Australian sport administrator

Jean Albert Gaudry
Jean Albert Gaudry (16 September 1827 – 27 November 1908) was a French geologist and palaeontologist. He was born at St Germain-en-Laye, and was educated at the Catholic Collège Stanislas de Paris. He was a notable proponent of theistic evolution.
Smallcombe Cemetery
Smallcombe Cemetery is on the edge of Bath, Somerset, England, in a valley between Widcombe Hill and Bathwick Hill. It has two distinct parts, the Anglican section known as St Mary's Churchyard and the nonconformist section known as Smallcombe Vale cemetery; they are sometimes known together as Smallcombe Garden cemetery. The two cemeteries have been closed to new burials since 1988 and are maintained by Bath and North East Somerset Council. The Bath Corporation had assumed responsibility for both cemeteries in 1947.

Bath and North East Somerset Council
Bath and North East Somerset Council is the local authority for Bath and North East Somerset, a local government district in the ceremonial county of Somerset, England. The council is a unitary authority, being a district council which also performs the functions of a county council. Since 2017 the council has been a member of the West of England Combined Authority.

The council has been under Liberal Democrat majority control since 2019. It meets at the Guildhall in Bath, and has offices in Bath, Keynsham and Midsomer Norton.
Tableland
A tableland is an area containing elevated landforms characterized by a distinct, flat, nearly level, or gently undulating surface. They often exhibit steep, cliff-like edges, known as escarpments, that separate them from surrounding lowlands. Depending on either their size, other physical characteristics, or geographic location, the landforms comprising a tableland are individually referred to by a number of names including butte, mesa, plateau, potrero, tepui, or tuya. A homologous landform under the sea is called either a tablemount or guyot.

Tuya
A tuya is a flat-topped, steep-sided volcano formed when lava erupts through a thick glacier or ice sheet. They are rare worldwide, being confined to regions which were covered by glaciers and had active volcanism during the same period.

As lava that erupts under a glacier cools very quickly and cannot travel far, it piles up into a steep-sided hill. If the eruption continues long enough, it either melts all the ice or emerges through the top of the ice and then creates normal-looking lava flows that make a flat cap on top of the hill. Discovering and dating the lava flows in a tuya has proven useful in reconstructing past glacial ice extents and thicknesses.
1962–63 Oberliga
The 1962–63 Oberliga  was the eighteenth Oberliga season, the first tier of the football league system in West Germany. The league operated in five regional divisions, Berlin, North, South, Southwest and West. The five league champions and the runners-up from the west, south, southwest and north then entered the 1963 German football championship which was won by Borussia Dortmund. It was Borussia Dortmund's third national championship, having previously won it in 1956 and 1957.

It was the last season of the Oberliga as a tier one league as, following the 1962–63 season, the Bundesliga was introduced which the best Oberliga teams qualified for. Qualification for the new Bundesliga was determined by taking the previous ten seasons into account.

A similar league, the DDR-Oberliga, existed in East Germany, set at the first tier of the East German football league system. The 1962–63 DDR-Oberliga was won by SC Motor Jena.

1956 German football championship
The 1956 German football championship was the culmination of the football season in West Germany in 1955-56. Borussia Dortmund were crowned champions for the first time in their second final appearance, having previously lost the 1949 German football championship final to VfR Mannheim.

On the strength of this title, the club participated in the 1956–57 European Cup, where it went out to Manchester United 3–2 on aggregate in the quarter-finals.
Nathan Godfrey
Nathan Godfrey (born 13 September 1977) is an Australian sports executive best known as former CEO of the Canterbury Rugby Union in New Zealand and former General Manager of the Australian Championship at Football Australia. He is also a member of the 7 Continents Club and founder of the Kangaroo Island Marathon.

Australian Championship
The Australian Championship is a men's soccer competition organised by Football Australia. Held annually at the end of the National Premier Leagues (NPL) season, it pits the competition's eight permanent members – known as "foundation clubs" – against the eight NPL premiers in a tournament consisting of a sixteen-team group stage and an eight-team knockout stage. Its first edition took place in 2025.

The winner will also be awarded a direct qualification spot for the Australia Cup.
William R. Collins
William Robert Collins (February 5, 1913 – October 16, 1991) was a highly decorated officer of United States Marine Corps with the rank of major general. As lieutenant colonel, Collins distinguished himself as Tank Battalion Commander during Iwo Jima battle, but he is most noted for his service as commanding general of III Marine Expeditionary Force at the beginning of Vietnam War.

2nd Marine Division
The 2nd Marine Division (2nd MARDIV) is a division of the United States Marine Corps, which forms the ground combat element of the II Marine Expeditionary Force (II MEF). The division is based at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina and headquartered at Julian C. Smith Hall.

The 2nd Marine Division earned renown in World War II, distinguishing itself at Guadalcanal, Tarawa, Saipan, Tinian, and Okinawa.
Brzezinki, Kielce County
Brzezinki [bʐɛˈʑinki] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Masłów, within Kielce County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 4 km (2 mi) north-east of Masłów and 12 km (7 mi) north-east of the regional capital Kielce.

Kielce County
Kielce County (Polish: powiat kielecki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, south-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of Kielce, although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county). The county contains five towns: Chęciny, 14 km (9 mi) south-west of Kielce, Chmielnik, 32 km (20 mi) south of Kielce, Daleszyce, 17 km (11 mi) south-east of Kielce, Bodzentyn, 25 km (16 mi) east of Kielce, Morawica, 13,7 km (8,5 mi) south of Kielce.

The county covers an area of 2,247.45 square kilometres (867.7 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 206,856, out of which the population of Chęciny is 4,444, that of Chmielnik is 3,681, that of Daleszyce is 2,896, that of Bodzentyn is 2,233, that of Morawica is 1,711, and the rural population is 191,891.
Loka (song)
"Loka" is a song that served as a duet between Brazilian sertanejo duo Simone & Simaria and Brazilian singer-songwriter Anitta. "Loka" was released on January 6, 2017, through the Universal Music label.

Simone & Simaria
Simone & Simaria (sometimes written as Simone e Simaria) was  a Brazilian musical duo consisting of sisters Simone Mendes Rocha Diniz (born 24 May 1984 in Uibaí) and Simaria Mendes Rocha Escrig (born 16 June 1982 in Uibaí). In 2017, the duo's album competed in the category Latin Grammy Award for Best Sertaneja Music Album.

The duo released "Paga de Solteiro Feliz" (transl. "He Pretends He's Happy Single") on January 5, 2018, a song featuring the Brazilian DJ Alok. It was produced by Alok exploring the mix of sertanejo, principal genre of Simone & Simaria, with electronic music, genre of Alok. It peaked in Billboard Brasil Hot 100 at number 12.
Jengu
A jengu (pl. miengu, also called bisima) is a water spirit in the traditional beliefs of the Sawabantu groups of Cameroon, like the Duala, Bakweri, Malimba, Subu, Bakoko, and Oroko people. Among the Bakweri, the term used is liengu (plural: maengu). Miengu are similar to bisimbi (singular: simbi) in the Bakongo spirituality and Mamba Muntu, who is present in many West and Central African cultures.

Described as mermaid-like spirits, they live in rivers and the sea, bringing good fortune to those who worship them. They can also cure disease and act as intermediaries between worshippers and the world of spirits. For this reason, a jengu cult has long enjoyed popularity among the Duala peoples. Among the Bakweri, this cult is also an important part of a young girl's rite of passage into womanhood.

Rite of passage
A rite of passage is a ceremony or ritual of the passage which occurs when an individual leaves one group to enter another. It involves a significant change of status in society. In cultural anthropology, the term is the anglicisation of rite de passage, a French term innovated by the ethnographer Arnold van Gennep in his work Les rites de passage, The Rites of Passage. The term is now fully adopted into anthropology as well as into the literature and popular cultures of many modern languages.
Lisa Gasteen National Opera School
The Lisa Gasteen National Opera School is a four-week program of study for young-professional or advanced-student opera singers and repetiteurs, founded by Lisa Gasteen, the Australian opera singer. It takes place in late-Spring and early-Summer in Brisbane, Queensland at venues provided by Queensland Conservatorium Griffith University. The summer school features a faculty of both Australian and international coaches and teachers. Endorsed by Lyndon Terracini, artistic director of Opera Australia, the summer school program will be held annually, subject to fundraising.

Opera Queensland
Opera Queensland is an opera company based in Brisbane, Queensland. The company was founded with funding from the Queensland State Government in 1981 under the name Lyric Opera of Queensland after the Queensland Opera Company was closed in December 1980.

Opera Queensland is the state’s major creator of opera and music theatre, and delivers opera productions and related projects including three mainstage productions annually at the Queensland Performing Arts Centre (QPAC).

Based in Brisbane the company presents works throughout the state.
Hatteras Histories and Mysteries Museum
The Hatteras Histories and Mysteries Museum focuses on the possible fate of the inhabitants of the Roanoke Colony, who disappeared around 1587. Located in Buxton, North Carolina, the privately owned museum was opened in April 2010 by Scott Dawson, a historian and author of the 2009 book Croatoan: Birthplace of America.

The museum displays 16th century artifacts discovered in 2010 archaeological digs conducted on Hatteras Island, where Dawson theorizes the colonists may have resettled. The museum also displays artifacts from the American Civil War battles at nearby Hatteras Village and Rodanthe in 1861.

Hatteras, North Carolina
Hatteras is an unincorporated village and census-designated place (CDP) in Dare County, North Carolina, United States, on the Outer Banks island of Hatteras, at its extreme southwestern tip. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 504. Immediately to the west of the village of Hatteras is Hatteras Inlet which separates Hatteras Island from the neighboring Ocracoke Island. North Carolina Highway 12 passes through the community linking it to Frisco to the east and Ocracoke to the west (via a ferry across Hatteras Inlet).

The residents of Hatteras are governed by the Dare County Board of Commissioners.  Hatteras is part of District 4, along with Avon, Buxton, Frisco, Rodanthe, Waves and Salvo.