hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Militia Act 1786
The Militia Act 1786 (26 Geo. 3. c. 107) was an act of the Parliament of Great Britain that consolidated acts relating to the Militia of Great Britain.

The act was noted by William Blackstone as going further than previous militia acts by providing the power of the Sovereign to shorten the prorogation of Parliament in case of certain emergencies.

Militia (England)
The English Militia was the principal military reserve force of the Kingdom of England. Militia units were repeatedly raised in England from the Anglo-Saxon period onwards for internal security duties and to defend against external invasions. One of the first militia units in England were the fyrd, which were raised from freemen to defend the estate of their local Shire's lord or accompany the housecarls on offensive expeditions. During the Middle Ages, English militia units continued to be raised for service in various conflicts such as the Wars of Scottish Independence, the Hundred Years' War and the Wars of the Roses. Militia troops continued to see service in Tudor and Stuart periods, most prominently in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. Following the Acts of Union 1707, the English Militia was transformed into the British Militia.
À la Table de Spanghero
À la Table de Spanghero, commonly known as Spanghero, is a French meat processing company based in Castelnaudary, Aude. Products include sausages, cassoulet, minced meat, and ready meals. The Lur Berri cooperative owns 99% of the company through its holding Poujol.

Aude
Aude (/oʊd/ OHD; French: [od] ⓘ; Occitan: [ˈawðe]) is a department in southern France, located in Occitania and named after the river Aude. The departmental council also calls it "Cathar Country" (French: Pays cathare) after a group of religious dissidents active in the 12th to 14th centuries.

Its prefecture is Carcassonne and its subprefectures are Limoux and Narbonne. As of 2019, it had a population of 374,070. Aude is a frequent feminine French given name in Francophone countries, deriving initially from Aude or Oda, a wife of Bertrand, Duke of Aquitaine, and mother of Eudo, brother of Saint Hubertus. Aude was the name of Roland's fiancée in the chansons de geste.
Moruga kimberleyi
Moruga kimberleyi is a species of mygalomorph spider in the Barychelidae family. It is endemic to Australia. It was described in 1994 by Australian arachnologist Robert Raven. The specific epithet kimberleyi refers to the region of the type locality.

Mygalomorphae
The Mygalomorphae, or mygalomorphs, are an infraorder of spiders, and comprise one of three major groups of living spiders with over 3,000 species, found on all continents except Antarctica. Many members are known as trapdoor spiders due to their creation of trapdoors over their burrows. Other prominent groups include Australian funnel web spiders and tarantulas, with the latter accounting for around one third of all mygalomorphs.
Litany of the Saints
The Litany of the Saints (Latin: Litaniae Sanctorum) is a formal prayer of the Roman Catholic Church as well as the Old Catholic Church, Lutheran congregations of Evangelical Catholic churchmanship, Anglican congregations of Anglo-Catholic churchmanship, and Western Rite Orthodox communities. It is a prayer to the Triune God, which also includes invocations for the intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary, the Angels and all the martyrs and saints upon whom Christianity was founded, and those recognised as saints through the subsequent history of the church. Following the invocation of the saints, the Litany concludes with a series of supplications to God to hear the prayers of the worshippers. It is most prominently sung during the Easter Vigil, All Saints' Day, and in the liturgy for conferring Holy Orders, the Consecration of a Virgin and reception of the perpetual vows of a religious or a diocesane hermit.

Andrew the Apostle
Andrew the Apostle (Koine Greek: Ἀνδρέας, romanized: Andréas [anˈdre.aːs̠]; Latin: Andreas [än̪ˈd̪reː.äːs]; Aramaic: אַנדּרֵאוָס; Classical Syriac: ܐܰܢܕ݁ܪܶܐܘܳܣ, romanized: ʾAnd'raʾwās) was an apostle of Jesus. According to the New Testament, he was a fisherman and one of the Twelve Apostles chosen by Jesus.

The title First-Called (Πρωτόκλητος, Prōtoklētos) used by the Eastern Orthodox Church stems from the Gospel of John, where Andrew, initially a disciple of John the Baptist, follows Jesus and, recognising him as the Messiah, introduces his brother Peter to him.

According to Eastern Orthodox tradition, the apostolic successor to Andrew is the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople.
James O'Shaughnessy (investor)
James Patrick O'Shaughnessy (born May 24, 1960) is an American investor and venture capitalist, who is the CEO of O'Shaughnessy Ventures. He is the founder of O'Shaughnessy Asset Management, LLC, an asset management firm that Franklin Templeton later acquired.

O'Shaughnessy's areas of expertise include quantitative equity analysis, portfolio management, research decisions, and investment models. He has authored several books that use Standard & Poor's Compustat database to provide extensive quantitative analysis of stock market performance. O'Shaughnessy has been awarded several U.S. patents for his investment strategies and was recognized as a legendary investor by Forbes.com.

Stock market
A stock market, equity market, or share market is the aggregation of buyers and sellers of stocks (also called shares), which represent ownership claims on businesses; these may include securities listed on a public stock exchange as well as stock that is only traded privately, such as shares of private companies that are sold to investors through equity crowdfunding platforms. Investments are usually made with an investment strategy in mind.
Electric Light dress
The Electric Light dress was a masquerade gown made of gold and silver thread that was designed by Charles Frederick Worth for Alice Claypoole Vanderbilt. It was made for a masquerade ball that was held in New York City on March 26, 1883. The ball was hosted by Alice Vanderbilt's sister-in-law, Alva Vanderbilt, as a housewarming party for Alva and William K. Vanderbilt's new mansion at 660 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan.

The dress was made of yellow satin, decorated with glass pearls and beads in a lightning-bolt pattern. A built-in battery lit a light bulb she carried, which she could raise over her head like the Statue of Liberty.

This dress was one of several spectacular gowns that served to make the event the official start of Alva Vanderbilt's role as a leading socialite in New York. The dress is preserved at the Museum of the City of New York, having been donated in 1951 by Vanderbilt's youngest daughter Gladys, Countess Gladys Szechenyi.

Museum of the City of New York
The Museum of the City of New York (MCNY) is a history and art museum in Manhattan, New York City. It was founded by Henry Collins Brown in 1923 to preserve and present the history of New York City and its people. It is located at 1220–1227 Fifth Avenue between East 103rd to 104th Streets, across from Central Park on Manhattan's Upper East Side, at the northern end of the Museum Mile section of Fifth Avenue.

The red brick with marble trim museum was built in 1929–30 and was designed by Joseph H. Freedlander in the neo-Georgian style, with statues of Alexander Hamilton and DeWitt Clinton by sculptor Adolph Alexander Weinman facing Central Park from niches in the facade.

The museum is a private non-profit organization which receives government support as a member of New York City's Cultural Institutions Group. Its other sources of income are endowments, admission fees, and contributions.
Portrait of a Woman (Sebastiano del Piombo)
Portrait of a Woman is a 1512 oil painting on panel by the Italian painter Sebastiano del Piombo, dated by the artist and now in the Uffizi in Florence.

A 1589 inventory misattributed it to Raphael and another to Giorgione, with the latter misattribution lasting until 1784. The gallery's director Tommaso Puccini reverted to Raphael in 1793 and – exhibiting it in the Tribuna of the Uffizi – claimed it was Raphael's portrait of La Fornarina mentioned by Vasari.

Missirini argued its subject was Vittoria Colonna and reattributed its underdrawing to Michelangelo and painting to Sebastiano. Passavant and Garas continued to support the attribution to Raphael, but more recent studies such as those by Morelli, Berenson, Venturi and Lucco have conclusively attributed it to Sebastiano del Piombo. Lucco also mentions a possibly autograph copy of the painting in the Museo nazionale del Palazzo di Venezia in Rome.

Uffizi
The Uffizi Gallery (UK: /juːˈfɪtsi, ʊˈfiːtsi/ yoo-FIT-see, uu-FEET-see; Italian: Galleria degli Uffizi, pronounced [ɡalleˈriːa deʎʎ ufˈfittsi]) is a prominent art museum adjacent to the Piazza della Signoria in the Historic Centre of Florence in the region of Tuscany, Italy. One of the most important Italian museums and the most visited, it is also one of the largest and best-known in the world and holds a collection of priceless works, particularly from the period of the Italian Renaissance.

After the ruling House of Medici died out, their art collections were given to the city of Florence under the famous Patto di famiglia ("family pact") negotiated by Anna Maria Luisa, the last Medici heiress. The Uffizi is one of the first modern museums. The gallery had been open to visitors by request since the sixteenth century, and in 1769 it was officially opened to the public, formally becoming a museum in 1865.
Gloria Asumnu
Gloria Asumnu (born 22 May 1985) is a Nigerian sprinter.  As she was born in the United States, she previously represented them in international competitions, before switching to represent Nigeria.  She changed nationality in 2011, on her second application, the first having been denied by the IAAF.

She was born in Houston, Texas, ran for Alief Elsik High School and Tulane University.

Alief Elsik High School
Alief Elsik High School is a  high school in the Alief region of Houston, Texas, United States.

Elsik is divided into two campuses: the main campus (12601 High Star in Houston, zip code 77072), and the Alief Elsik Ninth Grade Center (located at 6767 South Dairy Ashford, city of Houston, 77072), which serves ninth graders. Both campuses, which are in the Alief Independent School District, serve grades 9 through 12. The ninth grade campus is located in the International District although the main high school building is outside of it.

In the 2021–2022 school year, Elsik received a score of 68 out of 100 from the Texas Education Agency.
Indianism (arts)
Indianism (Portuguese: Indianismo) was a Brazilian literary and artistic movement that reached its peak during the first stages of Romanticism in the country, though it had been present in Brazilian literature since the Baroque period.

In Romantic contexts, it is called "the first generation of Brazilian Romanticism", being succeeded by the "Ultra-Romanticism" and the "Condorism".

Gonçalves de Magalhães, Viscount of Araguaia
Domingos José Gonçalves de Magalhães, Viscount of Araguaia (August 13, 1811 – July 10, 1882), was a Brazilian poet, playwright, physician and diplomat. He is considered the founder of Romanticism in Brazilian literature, and was a pioneer of Brazilian theatre.

He is the patron of the 9th chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters.
Aleutite
Aleutite is both a vanadate and arsenate mineral but it can also be considered as a natural salt-inclusion phase. It was first discovered at Second scoria cone of the Great Fissure Tolbachik eruption in the summer of 2015 in  Kamchatka, Russia. Aleutite is a fumarolic mineral found with many other newly discovered minerals at this location. It gained the name from the Aleuts, the ethnic group who are the original inhabitants living on the Commander Islands, Aleutsky District, Kamchatka Krai. This mineral is very brittle and has a dark red color. Aleutite is a new structure type, the structure was refined as a 2-component twin, the twin ratio equals (0.955:0.045).

Aleuts
Aleuts (/ˌæ.liːˈuːt/ ⓘ AL-ee-OOT; Aleut: Unangan (west) or Unangas (east) Russian: Алеуты, romanized: Aleuty) are the Indigenous people of the Aleutian Islands, which are located between the North Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea. Both the Aleuts and the islands are politically divided between the U.S. state of Alaska and the Russian administrative division of Kamchatka Krai. This group is also known as the Unangax̂ in Unangam Tunuu, the Aleut language. There are 13 federally recognized Aleut tribes in the Aleut Region of Alaska. In 2000, Aleuts in Russia were recognized by government decree as a small-numbered Indigenous people.
Snipes–Fox House
Snipes–Fox House is a historic home located at Siler City, Chatham County, North Carolina.  It was built about 1900, and is a two-story, three bay Late Victorian style frame dwelling.  It features an expansive wrap-around porch and unique interior woodwork.  Also on the property is a contributing frame front-gabled smokehouse.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.

Chatham County, North Carolina
Chatham County (locally /ˈtʃætəm/ CHAT-əm) is a county located in the Piedmont area of the U.S. state of North Carolina. It is also the location of the geographic center of North Carolina, northwest of Sanford. As of the 2020 census, the population was 76,285. Its county seat is Pittsboro.

Chatham County is part of the Durham-Chapel Hill, NC Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Raleigh-Durham-Cary, NC Combined Statistical Area, which had an estimated population of 2,368,947 in 2023.
Golenkinia
Golenkinia is a genus of green algae first described in 1894 by Robert Chodat. The genus is named for the Russian phycologist Mikhail Iljitsch Golenkin. Golenkinia species live in fresh water (including bodies of black water such as Winyah Bay) and are found around the world.

Phycology
Phycology (from Ancient Greek  φῦκος (phûkos) 'seaweed' and  -λογία (-logía) 'study of') is the scientific study of algae.  Also known as algology, phycology is a branch of life science.

Algae are important as primary producers in aquatic ecosystems. Most algae are eukaryotic, photosynthetic organisms that live in a wet environment. They are distinguished from the higher plants by a lack of true roots, stems or leaves. They do not produce flowers. Many species are single-celled and microscopic (including phytoplankton and other microalgae); many others are multicellular to one degree or another, some of these growing to large size (for example, seaweeds such as kelp and Sargassum).

A number of microscopic algae also occur as symbionts in lichens.

Phycologists typically focus on either freshwater or ocean algae, and further within those areas, either diatoms or soft algae.
Reinaldo Conrad
Reinaldo Conrad (born 31 May 1942) is a Brazilian sailor. He won a bronze medal in the Flying Dutchman Class at the 1968 Summer Olympics and the 1976 Summer Olympics.

Reinaldo Conrad was also champion of the 1959 Pan American Games (with Antonio Barros) and of the 1963 Pan American Games (with his brother Ralph Conrad) in Snipe, as well as champion of the 1975 Pan American Games and 2nd of the 1967 Pan American Games (with Burkhard Cordes) in Flying Dutchman. He also won the Snipe Western Hemisphere & Orient Championship with his brother, Ralph Conrad, in 1962 and 1964, and was second at the Worlds in 1969 with Mário Buckup as his crew.

Snipe (dinghy)
The Snipe is an American sailing dinghy that was designed by William F. Crosby as a one design racer and first built in 1931.

The boat is a World Sailing recognized international class.

Sailboatdata.com summarizes the design as "one of the most popular sailing dinghies ever. (In its heyday, the largest sailboat racing class). Origins in the US. Built, sailed and raced around the world to this day."
NICI AG
NICI or NICI GmbH is the name of a German toy factory based in Altenkunstadt in the north Bavarian region of Upper Franconia. The company was founded in 1986, and produces plush toys, stationery, figurines, greeting cards, pillows, water bottles, magnets, and other merchandise. Lots of their products are collectibles for children, with series of matching plush characters and school accessories. NICI produced Goleo, the mascot of the 2006 FIFA World Cup.

The company filed for bankruptcy in May 2006. In December of that year the firm was taken over by a fund controlled by the Strategic Value Partners Group. The company changed its legal base back from Aktiengesellschaft to Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung.

Altenkunstadt
Altenkunstadt (German pronunciation: [altn̩ˈkʊnʃtat]) is a municipality in the district of Lichtenfels in Bavaria, Germany. It lies on the left or south bank of the river Main across the valley from Burgkunstadt which sits on the hillside to the north.
Madhav Vinayak Kibe
Sardar Madhavrao Vinayak Kibe (1877–Unknown) was a scholar from Indore State, India. He was from the Karhade Brahmin Kibe family founded by Vithalrao Mahadeo Kibe, known as Tantya Jog, the Prime Minister to Maharaja Malhar Rao Holkar.

Indore State
Indore State was a kingdom within the Maratha Empire ruled by the Maratha Holkar dynasty. After 1857, Indore became a 19-gun salute princely state within the Central India Agency of the Indian Empire under British protection.

Indore State was located in the present-day Indian state of Madhya Pradesh, with its capital at the city of Indore. The state had an area of 24,605 km2 and a population of 1,325,089 in 1931. Other important towns besides Indore were Rampura, Khargone, Maheshwar, Mehidpur, Barwaha, and Bhanpura; there were a total of 3,368 villages.
Maurice Beeli
Maurice Philippe Gaspard Beeli (21 October 1879, St-Gilles-lez-Bruxelles – 17 March 1957) was a Belgian mycologist.

For more than thirty years, being encouraged by Émile De Wildeman and Walter Robyns, successive directors of the National Botanic Garden of Belgium, he collaborated on collections of fungi native to Belgium and the Belgian Congo. Although regarded as a pioneer of Congolese mycology, he never travelled to Africa.

Between 1920 and 1940, he published nearly 30 works about African mushrooms that were kept at the botanical garden, with 11 of the articles being printed in the journal "Fungi Goossensiani". He initiated work on the "Flore iconographique des champignons du Congo", precursor to the "Flore illustrée des champignons d’Afrique centrale", a major regional work.

As a taxonomist, he circumscribed the genus Meliolinopsis (synonym Meliolaster).

Meliolaster
Meliolaster is a genus of fungi in the Asterinaceae family. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis), and it has not yet been placed with certainty into any order.

As accepted by Species Fungorum;

Meliolaster aporusae Hosag., Harish & Archana (2009)

Meliolaster clavisporus (Pat.) Höhn. (1918)
Børge Bastholm Larsen
Børge Bastholm Larsen (3 January 1931 – 16 July 1960) was a Danish footballer who played as a defender for Køge Boldklub. He made eleven appearances for the Denmark national team from 1954 to 1959.

Bastholm Larsen was one of eight Danish footballers killed in a 1960 air disaster where the plane that was to transport the players to a national team training camp in Herning crashed into the sea in Øresund, just after takeoff from Copenhagen Airport.

1960 Danish football air crash
On 16 July 1960, after taking off from Copenhagen Airport at 15.38 local time, a de Havilland Dragon Rapide plane, (registration OY-DZY) chartered to the Danish Football Association, crashed into the Øresund about 50 metres (160 ft) from shore after the pilot lost control of the aircraft in severe weather. All eight passengers died; the pilot survived but required a leg to be amputated.
Bellanagare Bog
The Bellanagare Bog (Irish: Portach Baile an Turlaigh) Special Area of Conservation (or SAC) is a Natura 2000 site in County Roscommon, Ireland. The qualifying interests by which it is protected as an SAC are the presence of three habitat types: the presence of active raised bog (priority habitat), the presence of degraded raised bogs still capable of natural regeneration, and the presence of depressions on peat substrates of Rhynchosporion vegetation.

National Parks and Wildlife Service (Ireland)
The National Parks and Wildlife Service (Irish: An tSeirbhís Páirceanna Náisiúnta agus Fiadhúlra) manages the Irish State's nature conservation responsibilities. As well as managing the national parks, the activities of the NPWS include the designation and protection of Natural Heritage Areas, Special Areas of Conservation and Special Protection Areas.
Nokia N810
The Nokia N810 Internet tablet is an Internet appliance from Nokia, announced on 17 October 2007 at the Web 2.0 Summit in San Francisco.  Despite Nokia's strong association with cellular products, the N810, like preceding tablets produced by Nokia, was not a phone, but instead allowed the user to browse the Internet and communicate using Wi-Fi networks or with a mobile phone via Bluetooth.  It built on the hardware and software of the Nokia N800 with some features added and some removed.

The Nokia N810 featured the Maemo Linux distribution operating system based on Maemo 4.0, which featured MicroB (a Mozilla-based mobile browser), a GPS navigation application, new media player, and a refreshed interface.

Mobile browser
A mobile browser is a web browser designed for use on a mobile device such as a mobile phone, PDA, smartphone, or tablet. Mobile browsers are optimized to display web content most effectively on small screens on portable devices. Some mobile browsers, especially older versions, are designed to be small and efficient to accommodate the low memory capacity and low bandwidth of certain wireless handheld devices. Traditional smaller feature phones use stripped-down mobile web browsers; however, most current smartphones have full-fledged browsers that can handle the latest web technologies, such as CSS 3, JavaScript, and Ajax.

Websites designed to be usable in mobile browsers may be collectively referred to as the mobile web. Today, over 75% of websites are "mobile friendly", by detecting when a request comes from a mobile device and automatically creating a "mobile" version of the page, designed to fit the device's screen and be usable with a touch interface.
Maxwell National Wildlife Refuge
The Maxwell National Wildlife Refuge, located in the high central plains of northeastern New Mexico,  was established in 1965 as a feeding and resting area for migratory birds. Over 350 acres (1.4 km2) of the refuge are planted with wheat, corn, barley, and alfalfa to provide food for resident and migratory wildlife. Visitors may see bald and golden eagles, falcons, hawks, sandhill cranes, ducks, white pelicans, burrowing owls, great horned owls, black-tailed prairie dogs, raccoons, coyotes, skunks, cougars, muskrats, badgers, bobcats, mule deer, white-tailed deer, and the occasional elk.

Interpretive sign

Elk herd

American badger
The American badger (Taxidea taxus) is a North American badger  similar in appearance to the European badger, although not closely related. It is found in the western, central, and northeastern United States, northern Mexico, and south-central Canada to certain areas of southwestern British Columbia.

The American badger's habitat is typified by open grasslands with available prey (such as mice, squirrels, and groundhogs). The species prefers areas such as prairie regions with sandy loam soils where it can dig more easily for its prey.