hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
The Self and Others
The Self and Others is a psychological study by R. D. Laing, first published in 1961 by the Tavistock Institute.  It was re-issued in a second edition (1969), which (in Laing's words) was  “extensively revised, without being changed in any fundamental way”.

The book was presented as "a study of persona relations in situations of extremity". 
The book formed part of a series of writings by Laing in the 1960s on the relationship of madness to the self within a social context or nexus, writings which created something of a cult of Laing at the time.

Tavistock Institute
The Tavistock Institute of Human Relations is a British non-profit research and consulting organisation, specialising in the study of group behavior. There are sister organisations in China and Germany.

It was formally established in September 1947. It publishes a peer-reviewed journal Human Relations with Sage Publications and it hosts the journal Evaluation. The institute is located in Gee Street in Clerkenwell, London.
Sons of Iraq
The Sons of Iraq (Arabic: أبناء العراق Abnāʼ al-ʻIrāq), also known as al-Sahwah (Arabic: الصحوة, lit. 'the awakening'),  were a coalition in the Al Anbar governorate in Iraq between Sunni tribal leaders as well as former Saddam-era Iraqi military officers that united in 2005 to maintain stability in their communities. A moderate group, they were initially sponsored by the US military.

After arriving into power, Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki relied on sectarian policies to consolidate his power. Maliki denounced the Sons of Iraq as a national threat, actively dismantling them and refusing to integrate them into Iraqi security services. Sunnis formerly serving with the group were faced with options including becoming unemployed or joining the Islamic State. This turn of events is considered a key factor that contributed to the failure of Iraq to stabilize, ultimately leading to the War in Iraq (2013-17).

Arab tribes of Iraq
Many Iraqi Arabs identify strongly with a tribe (العشيرة 'ashira). 30 of the 150 or so identifiable tribes of Iraq are the most influential. They are grouped into federations (قبيلة qabila). Within the tribe, there is the clan (الفخذ fukhdh), the house (البيت beit) and the extended family (الخمس khams). Tribes are led by sheikhs (شيخ sheykh) who represent the tribe and deal with its domestic affairs. Due to the large sizes of Iraq's tribes, an individual may belong to the Shammar tribe, but also the Aslam branch within the same tribe, and therefore can identify with both. There are hundreds of Arab tribes across Iraq from the north to the south.

On its accession to power in the 17 July Revolution of 1968, Iraq's Ba'ath Party announced its opposition to tribalism ( القبلية ''al-qabaliyya''), although for pragmatic reasons, especially during the Iran–Iraq War, tribalism was sometimes tolerated and even encouraged.
Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology
The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MEITy) is an executive agency of the Union Government of the Republic of India. It was carved out of the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology on 19 July 2016 as a standalone ministerial agency responsible for IT policy, strategy and development of the electronics industry.
Under the sponsorship of the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, the "Northeast Heritage" Web, owned by the Government of India, publishes information on Northeast India, in 5 Indian languages, Assamese, Meitei (Manipuri), Bodo, Khasi and Mizo, in addition to Hindi and English.

Indian English
Indian English (IndE, IE) or English (India) is a group of English dialects spoken in the Republic of India and among the Indian diaspora and is native to India. English is one of the two languages used by the Government of India for communication, and is enshrined in the Constitution of India. English is also an official language in eight states and seven union territories of India, and the additional official language in five other states and one union territory. India has one of the world’s largest English-speaking communities. Furthermore, English is the sole official language of the Judiciary of India, unless the state governor or legislature mandates the use of a regional language, or if the President of India has given approval for the use of regional languages in courts.

Before the dissolution of the British Empire on the Indian subcontinent, the term Indian English broadly referred to South Asian English, also known as British Indian English.
Julius Fürst
Julius Fürst (German: [fʏʁst]; 12 May 1805, Żerków, South Prussia – 9 February 1873, Leipzig), born Joseph Alsari, was a Jewish German orientalist and the son of noted maggid, teacher, and Hebrew grammarian Jacob Alsari. Fürst was a distinguished scholar of Semitic languages and literature. During his years as professor in the department of oriental languages and literature at the University of Leipzig (1864–1873), he wrote many works on literary history and linguistics.

History of literature
The history of literature is the historical development of writings in prose or poetry that attempt to provide entertainment or education to the reader, as well as the development of the literary techniques used in the communication of these pieces. Not all writings constitute literature. Some recorded materials, such as compilations of data (e.g., a check register) are not considered literature, and this article relates only to the evolution of the works defined above.
Don Charles Gemoris Attygalle
Mudaliyar Don Charles Gemoris Attygalle (8 September 1836 - 12 December 1901) was a Ceylonese entrepreneur and mine owner. He was a successful graphite mine owner and was given the title of Mudaliyar for social service by the British Governor of Ceylon. Through the marriage of his daughters, the Senanayake family and the Jayewardene family were connected and played a major part in the Sri Lankan independence movement and in post-independence politics, due in part to the wealth he had accumulated.

Graphite
Graphite (/ˈɡræfaɪt/) is a crystalline allotrope (form) of the element carbon. It consists of many stacked layers of graphene, typically in excess of hundreds of layers. Graphite occurs naturally and is the most stable form of carbon under standard conditions.  Synthetic and natural graphite are consumed on a large scale (1.3 million metric tons per year in 2022) for uses in many critical industries including refractories (50%), lithium-ion batteries (18%), foundries (10%), and lubricants (5%), among others (17%). Graphite converts to diamond under extremely high pressure and temperature. Graphite's low cost, thermal and chemical inertness and characteristic conductivity of heat and electricity finds numerous applications in high energy and high temperature processes.
Battle of Kringen
Battle of Kringen (Norwegian: Slaget ved Kringen) involved an ambush by Norwegian peasant militia of Scottish mercenary soldiers who were on their way to enlist in the Swedish army for the Kalmar War. The battle has since become a part of folklore in Norway, giving names to local places in the Ottadalen valley.

Ottadalen
Ottadalen (English: Otta Valley) is a valley in the municipalities of Skjåk, Lom, Vågå, and Sel in Innlandet county, Norway.

The Otta River flows through the valley. The Otta River begins in the municipality of Skjåk and flows into lake Vågåvatnet. Exiting Vågåvatnet at Vågåmo, it continues its journey through the valley, leaving the municipality of Vågå to meet the Gudbrandsdalslågen river at the town of Otta in Sel Municipality.

Reinheimen National Park, which consists of much of the Tafjordfjella mountain range, includes the reindeer habitat in the northern part of the Ottadalen valley.
Music of Nicaragua
The Music of Nicaragua contains a mixture of European, Indigenous, and African influences. Occasionally, it also rarely features Asian and Arab musical influences as well as from other countries of Hispanic and Latino origin. Musical instruments include the marimba and others that are common across Central America. Pop music includes performers from all around the world including Nicaraguans, Cubans, Brazilians, Mexicans, Panamanians, as well as those from Europe and the United States.

Nicaraguans enjoy their local artist's music but also enjoy music from around the world. They enjoy the Dominican Republic's bachata and merengue, Jamaica's reggae, Puerto Rico's salsa and reggaeton and Colombia's Cumbia among other genres including pop. Among the younger crowds, heavy metal and rock have become very popular.

Afro-Nicaraguans
Afro-Nicaraguans are  Nicaraguans of Sub-Saharan African descent. Five main distinct ethnic groups exist: The Creoles who descend from Anglo-Caribbean countries and many of whom still speak Moskitian Creole, the Miskito Sambus descendants of Spanish slaves and indigenous Central Americans who still speak Miskito and/or Moskitian Creole, the Garifunas descendants of Zambos (Caribs, Arawaks, and shipwrecked maroons) expelled from St. Vincent who speak Garifuna, the Rama Cay zambos a subset of the Miskito who speak Rama Cay Creole, and the descendants of those enslaved by the Spanish.
Henry Geary
Lieutenant-General Sir Henry Le Guay Geary KCB (29 April 1837 – 31 July 1918) was a British Army officer.

Geary was the son of Frederick August Greary and Anne Soulsby. He was educated at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich and commissioned into the Royal Artillery. He served in the Crimean War and was awarded the Order of the Medjidie (5th class) for distinguished conduct in the field. He subsequently served in the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and the British Expedition to Abyssinia. He held appointments in Ireland, at the Army Headquarters and the War Office before serving as President of Ordnance Committee from 1899 to 1902. In 1900 he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath. Geary was Governor and military Commander-in-Chief of the Imperial fortress colony of Bermuda between 1902 and 1904, which included control of the large Bermuda Garrison.

Imperial fortress
Lord Salisbury described Malta, Gibraltar, Bermuda, and Halifax as Imperial fortresses at the 1887 Colonial Conference, though by that point they had  been so designated for decades. Later historians have also given the title "imperial fortress" to St. Helena and Mauritius, despite their lacking naval dockyards and not serving as home bases for station naval squadrons.

The fortresses provided safe harbours; coal stores; and dockyards to protect and supply Royal Navy warships. They had numbers of soldiers sufficient not only for local defence, but also to provide expeditionary forces to work with the Royal Navy, as well as stockpiles of military supplies.
The Beautiful Guitar
The Beautiful Guitar is a compilation album released by instrumental rock artist Joe Satriani in 1993. It was only released in Europe, and contained various softer, ballad-like songs (As opposed to more rock-oriented hits such as "Surfing with the Alien") from his six previous albums.

Joe Satriani
Joseph Satriani (born July 15, 1956) is an American rock guitarist, composer, and songwriter. Early in his career he worked as a guitar instructor, with many of his former students achieving fame, including Steve Vai, Larry LaLonde, Rick Hunolt, Kirk Hammett, Andy Timmons, Charlie Hunter, Kevin Cadogan, and Alex Skolnick. Satriani went on to have a successful solo music career, starting in the mid-1980s. He is a 15-time Grammy Award nominee and has sold over ten million albums, making him the bestselling instrumental rock guitarist of all time.

In 1988, Satriani was recruited by Mick Jagger as lead guitarist for his first solo tour. Satriani briefly toured with Deep Purple, joining shortly after the second departure of Ritchie Blackmore, in 1993. He has worked with a range of guitarists during the G3 tour, which he founded in 1995. Satriani has been the guitarist for the supergroup Chickenfoot since joining the band in 2008.
Hushabye (album)
Hushabye is the sixth international studio album by Christchurch, New Zealand soprano Hayley Westenra. The album consists of lullabies and other gentle songs, and is intended to be a calming experience for both children and adults; Westenra sang closer to the microphone than normal in order to create an appropriate atmosphere.

The fourth track on the album, "Sleep On", was composed by Paul Mealor with lyrics by Brendan Graham as a lullaby for the then-Duke and Duchess of Cambridge's baby. Westenra and her record company, Decca Records, will be giving away a copy of the album to every new parent in the UK, Australia, and New Zealand whose child was born on the same day as the royal baby.

Paul Mealor
Paul Mealor LVO CStJ FRSA FRSE CLJ FLSW (born 25 November 1975) is a Welsh composer. A large proportion of his output is for chorus, both a cappella and accompanied. He came to wider notice when his motet Ubi Caritas et Amor was performed at the wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton in 2011. He later composed the song "Wherever You Are", which became the 2011 Christmas number one in the UK Singles Chart. He has also composed two operas, four symphonies, concerti and chamber music.
William A. Wallace
William Andrew Wallace (November 28, 1827 – May 22, 1896) was an American lawyer and  politician from Pennsylvania who served as a Democratic member of the United States Senate for Pennsylvania from 1875 to 1881.  He also served as a member of the Pennsylvania State Senate for the 20th district from 1863 to 1886 including as speaker in 1871.

Pennsylvania Senate, District 20
Pennsylvania State Senate District 20 includes parts of Luzerne County and Wayne County and all of Pike County, Susquehanna County, and Wyoming County. It is currently represented by Republican Lisa Baker.
Johnny Edmond
Johnny Edmond (born 13 September 1969) is a Mauritian former international footballer who played as a striker. He won seven caps for the Mauritius national football team. Having originated from the Chagos Islands he has been capped by their national side, which is not recognised by FIFA.

Mauritians
Mauritians (singular Mauritian; French: Mauricien; Creole: Morisien) are nationals or natives of the Republic of Mauritius and their descendants. Mauritius is a melting pot of multi-ethnic, multi-cultural and multi-religious peoples. Mauritian is made up of blended groups of people who come mainly from South Asian (notably Indian), African (Mozambique, Madagascar and Zanzibar), European (White/European Mauritians), and Chinese descent, as well as those of a mixed background from any combination of the aforementioned ethnic groups. Creol-Mauritian is the blending of the different cultures; this is why it is complex to define Creol-Mauritian.
Palmers Beach
Palmers Beach is on the east coast of Great Barrier Island in New Zealand's Hauraki Gulf.

The beach is busy with swimmers and surfers during summer, but is often deserted during the rest of the year. There are several right-hand and left-hand peaks, suitable for intermediate to expert surfers.

Kaitoke Beach is south of Palmers Beach and Awana Bay is to the north.

Hauraki Gulf
The Hauraki Gulf (Māori: Tīkapa Moana) is a coastal feature of the North Island of New Zealand. It has an area of 4000 km2, and lies between, in anticlockwise order, the Auckland Region, the Hauraki Plains, the Coromandel Peninsula, and Great Barrier Island. Most of the gulf is part of the Hauraki Gulf Marine Park.

Hauraki is Māori for north wind. In 2014, the gulf was officially named Hauraki Gulf / Tīkapa Moana. The New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage gives a translation of "the mournful sea" for Tīkapa Moana.  In traditional legend, the Hauraki Gulf is protected by a taniwha named Ureia, who takes the form of a whale.
Graeme Newman
Graeme R. Newman is an American scholar of criminal justice and Distinguished Teaching Professor at University at Albany. He is a recipient of J. Francis Finnegan Memorial Prize in Criminology.

Newman is the vice president of Center for Problem Oriented Policing and pioneered the establishment of the United Nations Crime and Justice Information Network. He is known for his research on crime prevention.

University at Albany, SUNY
The State University of New York at Albany (also known as University at Albany, UAlbany, or SUNY Albany) is a public research university in Albany, New York, United States. Founded in 1844, it is one of four "university centers" of the State University of New York (SUNY) system. In 2024, the university enrolled 17,567 students in nine schools and colleges, which offer over 50 undergraduate majors and over 150 graduate degree programs. Portions of the campus extend into Guilderland, and the health sciences campus is located in neighboring Rensselaer, New York. It is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research spending and doctorate production". The research enterprise totaled expenditures of $115 million in fiscal year 2021 and was focused in four areas: social science, public law and policy, life sciences and atmospheric sciences. UAlbany is home to the New York State Writers Institute.
Datousaurus
Datousaurus (meaning "chieftain lizard" or "big-head lizard"; originally named using the Malay datu, after its Chinese nickname qiulong - literally "chieftain dragon" - but also a pun on its big head; da tou means "big head" in Chinese) is a sauropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic Lower Shaximiao Formation in Sichuan province, China. It shared the local Middle Jurassic landscape with other sauropods such as Shunosaurus, Omeisaurus, and Protognathosaurus, the neornithischian Xiaosaurus, and the early stegosaur Huayangosaurus as well as the carnivorous Gasosaurus.

Neornithischia
Neornithischia ("new ornithischians") is a clade of the dinosaur order Ornithischia.  It is the sister group of the Thyreophora within the clade Genasauria. Neornithischians are united by having a thicker layer of asymmetrical enamel on the inside of their lower teeth. The teeth wore unevenly with chewing and developed sharp ridges that allowed neornithischians to break down tougher plant food than other dinosaurs.

Neornithischians include a variety of basal forms historically known as "hypsilophodonts", including the Thescelosauridae. As these taxa do not all form a monophyletic clade, the term 'small-bodied early diverging ornithischian' (SBEDO) has been used to refer to these as a collective group. In addition, there are derived forms classified in the groups Marginocephalia and Ornithopoda. The former includes clades Pachycephalosauria and Ceratopsia, while the latter typically includes Hypsilophodon and the more derived Iguanodontia.
Luna Award for Best Actor
The Luna Award for Best Actor is an award presented annually by the Film Academy of the Philippines (FAP). It has been awarded since the 1st Luna Awards to actors who have delivered outstanding performance in a lead role.

In 1981, the Executive Order 640-A signed by President Ferdinand Marcos mandated the Film Academy of the Philippines to recognize excellence in Philippine filmmaking annually. However, due to recurring financial difficulties, the Luna Awards were not held in certain years or were sometimes postponed to a later date.

Roderick Paulate currently holds this title for his role in In His Mother's Eyes. Meanwhile, Phillip Salvador has the record for most wins in this category with seven awards.

Roderick Paulate
Roderick Mendenilla Paulate (Tagalog pronunciation: [paʊ̯ˈlaː.tɛ], born April 4, 1960) is a Filipino actor, TV host, comedian and former politician. Paulate had previously hosted TV shows like Vilma On 7, Tonight With Dick & Carmi, Magandang Tanghali Bayan, and The Singing Bee. Paulate is also a comedian in shows Abangan Ang Susunod Na Kabanata, Oki Doki Doc, Mana Mana, Ang Tanging Ina: The Comedy Series, and Tweets For My Sweets. Paulate was also a dramatic actor in the TV shows, Malayo Pa Ang Umaga, Makita Ka Lang Muli, Rosalinda, Munting Heredera and the long-running action drama series, FPJ's Ang Probinsyano, in which he plays a mayor-politician.
Normanniasaurus
Normanniasaurus (/nɔːrˈmæniəˌsɔːrəs/ Normannia lizard) is an extinct genus of basal titanosaur sauropod known from the Early Cretaceous (Albian stage) Poudingue Ferrugineux of Seine-Maritime, northwestern France.

Seine-Maritime
Seine-Maritime (French pronunciation: [sɛn maʁitim] ⓘ) is a department of France in the Normandy region of northern France. It is situated on the northern coast of France, at the mouth of the Seine, and includes the cities of Rouen and Le Havre. Until 1955 it was named Seine-Inférieure. It had a population of 1,255,633 in 2019.
2025 Australian House of Representatives election
The number of seats won by each party in the Australian House of Representatives at the 2025 federal election were: Labor 94, Coalition 43, Greens 1, Centre Alliance 1, Katter's Australian Party 1, and Independents 10.

This election was held using instant-runoff voting.

Katter's Australian Party
Katter's Australian Party (KAP) is an agrarian populist political party in Australia that advocates for agrarian socialist economic policies and conservative social policies. It was founded by politician Bob Katter, an independent and former Nationals MP for the seat of Kennedy, with a registration application lodged to the Australian Electoral Commission in 2011.

Katter has been re-elected under the party's label at the 2013, 2016, 2019, 2022 and 2025 federal elections. The party also won two seats at the 2012 Queensland state election, which it retained at the 2015 state election. The party won an additional seat at the 2017 state election which it retained at the 2020 state election and the 2024 state election.

In February 2020, Bob Katter handed the leadership of the party to his son Robbie Katter, a Queensland state MP.
Carlos Salguero
Carlos Salguero (10 June 1955 – 26 December 2006) was an Argentine professional football forward. He died aged 51 from cancer in 2006. He spent one season in the North American Soccer League, one in the United Soccer League and nearly ten in various indoor leagues. Salguero also coached the Buffalo Blizzard of the National Professional Soccer League for one season.

New York Kick
The New York Kick was a professional indoor soccer team based in Albany, New York playing at the Knickerbocker Arena and competed in the National Professional Soccer League (1984–2001).

The team was previously known as the Indiana Kick in 1989–90. The Indiana Kick played their games at the Allen County War Memorial Coliseum in Fort Wayne, Indiana. The Kick were created under the ownership of Kent Phillips after the Fort Wayne Flames folded following the 1988–89 season.
Listed buildings in Fiskerton cum Morton
Fiskerton cum Morton is a civil parish in the Newark and Sherwood district of Nottinghamshire, England.  The parish contains eight listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England.  Of these, one is at Grade II*, the middle of the three grades, and the others are at Grade II, the lowest grade.  The parish contains the villages of Fiskerton and Morton, and the surrounding area.  The listed buildings consist of houses, a cottage, a church, a pigeoncote, a farmhouse and a public house.

Fiskerton cum Morton
Fiskerton cum Morton is a civil parish in the Newark and Sherwood district, within the county of Nottinghamshire, England. The overall area had a population of 803 at the 2021 census. The parish lies in the south east of the county. It is 112 miles north of London, 12 miles north east of the city of Nottingham, 5 miles west of the town of Newark-on-Trent and 21⁄2 miles south east of the town of Southwell. The parish lies along the bank of the River Trent and is primarily a commuter residential area to both Nottingham and Newark.