hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Mary Graham (writer)
Mary W. Graham (née Wissler) is an American writer, legal scholar, and public policy expert known for her work on government transparency and public information. She co-founded and co-directs the Transparency Policy Project at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government. Graham has authored four books examining the politics of public information and the balance between government openness and secrecy.

Open government
Open government is the governing doctrine which maintains that citizens have the right to access the documents and proceedings of the government to allow for effective public oversight. In its broadest construction, it opposes reason of state and other considerations which have tended to legitimize extensive state secrecy. The origins of open-government arguments can be dated to the time of the European Age of Enlightenment, when philosophers debated the proper construction of a then nascent democratic society. It is also increasingly being associated with the concept of democratic reform. The United Nations' Sustainable Development Goal 16, for example, advocates for public access to information as a criterion for ensuring accountable and inclusive institutions.
Shalom Shabazi
Shalom Shabazi (1619 – c. 1720) was the son of Yosef ben Avigad, of the family of Mashtā, also commonly known as Abba Sholem Shabazi or Saalem al-Shabazi (Hebrew: שלום שבזי; Arabic: سالم الشبزي). He was a Jewish rabbi and poet who lived in 17th century Yemen, often referred to as the arch-poet of Yemen.

Jabal Sabir
Jabal Sabir (Arabic: جَبَل صَبَر, romanized: Jabal Ṣabar), also spelled Jabal Saber, is a mountain located in the southern part of Taiz Governorate, Yemen, near the city of Taiz. At more than 3,000 meters, it is one of the highest mountains in Yemen.
2020 Oracle Challenger Series – Newport Beach – Women's doubles
Hayley Carter and Ena Shibahara were the defending champions, but Shibahara chose not to participate this year.

Carter played alongside Luisa Stefani and successfully defended the title, defeating Marie Benoît and Jessika Ponchet in the final, 6–1, 6–3.

Jessika Ponchet
Jessika Ponchet (born 26 September 1996) is a French professional tennis player. She has career-high WTA rankings of world No. 104 in singles, achieved on 9 September 2024, and No. 101 in doubles, reached on 28 November 2022.
Mallam Interchange
The Mallam Interchange is a dual carriage road system flyover in Accra in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. It is part of the six-lane, 14-kilometre (8.7 mi) George Walker Bush Highway funded by the United States' Millennium Challenge Corporation.

Overpass
An overpass, called an overbridge or flyover (for a road only) in the United Kingdom and some other Commonwealth countries, is a bridge, road, railway or similar structure that is over another road or railway. An overpass and underpass together form a grade separation. Stack interchanges are made up of several overpasses.
Christopher Davis (writer)
Christopher Davis (born 1953) is an American writer. He is best known for his HIV/AIDS-themed novels Valley of the Shadow (1988), which was a shortlisted nominee for the Lambda Literary Award for Gay Fiction at the 1st Lambda Literary Awards in 1989, and Philadelphia (1994), a novelization of the 1993 drama film Philadelphia.

Davis also published the novel Joseph and the Old Man (1986), and the short story collection The Boys in the Bars (1989).

Davis released little biographical information about himself to the media, and did not publish any further work after Philadelphia.

Lambda Literary Award for Gay Fiction
The Lambda Literary Award for Gay Fiction is an annual literary award, presented by the Lambda Literary Foundation to a work of fiction on gay male themes. As the award is presented based on themes in the work, not the sexuality or gender of the writer, women and heterosexual men may also be nominated for or win the award.
Ore's theorem
Ore's theorem is a result in graph theory proved in 1960 by Norwegian mathematician Øystein Ore. It gives a sufficient condition for a graph to be Hamiltonian, essentially stating that a graph with sufficiently many edges must contain a Hamilton cycle. Specifically, the theorem considers the sum of the degrees of pairs of non-adjacent vertices: if every such pair has a sum that at least equals the total number of vertices in the graph, then the graph is Hamiltonian.

Degree (graph theory)
In graph theory, the degree (or valency) of a vertex of a graph is the number of edges that are incident to the vertex; in a multigraph, a loop contributes 2 to a vertex's degree, for the two ends of the edge. The degree of a vertex  is denoted  or . The maximum degree of a graph  is denoted by , and is the maximum of 's vertices' degrees. The minimum degree of a graph is denoted by , and is the minimum of 's vertices' degrees. In the multigraph shown on the right, the maximum degree is 5 and the minimum degree is 0.

In a regular graph, every vertex has the same degree, and so we can speak of the degree of the graph. A complete graph (denoted , where  is the number of vertices in the graph) is a special kind of regular graph where all vertices have the maximum possible degree, .

In a signed graph, the number of positive edges connected to a vertex  is called its positive degree and the number of connected negative edges is called  negative degree.
2023 Open Castilla y León – Doubles
Nicolás Álvarez Varona and Iñaki Montes de la Torre were the defending champions but chose not to defend their title.

Dan Added and Pierre-Hugues Herbert won the title after defeating Francis Alcantara and Sun Fajing 4–6, 6–3, [12–10] in the final.

Nicolás Álvarez Varona
Nicolás Álvarez Varona (born 18 May 2001) is a Spanish tennis player.
He has a career high ATP singles ranking of world No. 219 achieved on 17 October 2022. He also has a career high ATP doubles ranking of No. 284 achieved on 10 April 2023.
Duff (dessert)
Duff is a Bahamian cuisine dessert dish made with fruit (especially guava) in a dough. Fruit is folded into the dough and boiled, then served with a sauce. Ingredients include fruit, butter, sugar, eggs, nutmeg, cinnamon, cloves, flour, rum, pepper, and baking powder.

Duff is also an English term for pudding.  Examples are Christmas duff, plum duff and suet duff.

In the 1901 short story by Henry Lawson, "The Ghosts of Many Christmases", published in Children of the Bush, plum pudding is referred to both as pudding and duff:

The storekeeper had sent them an unbroken case of canned plum pudding, and probably by this time he was wondering what had become of that blanky case of duff.

Christmas pudding
Christmas pudding is a sweet boiled or steamed pudding traditionally served as part of Christmas dinner in Britain. It has its origins in medieval England, with early recipes making use of dried fruit, suet, breadcrumbs, flour, eggs and spice, along with liquid such as milk or fortified wine. Later, recipes became more elaborate. In 1845, cookery writer Eliza Acton wrote the first recipe for a dish called "Christmas pudding".

The dish is sometimes known as plum pudding (though this can also refer to other kinds of boiled pudding involving dried fruit). The word "plum" was used then for what has been called a "raisin" since the 18th century, and the pudding does not contain plums in the modern sense of the word.
Australia national under-20 rugby union team
The Australia national under-20 rugby union team, nicknamed the Junior Wallabies, is the national under-20 rugby union team that represents Australia. The team has been competing at the annual World Rugby U20 Championship since it began in 2008, replacing the previously held under-19 and under-21 championships. The team also competes at the Oceania U20 Championship as of 2015 and the U20 Rugby Championship since 2024.

Australia's highest finish at the World Rugby U20 Championship was second-place in 2010 and 2019. The team finished third in 2011 by beating France in the third place playoff, and fourth in 2009 after losing to South Africa 32–5 in the third place playoff. The Junior Wallabies also finished second in the first four editions of the Oceania U20 Championship before being crowned champions in 2019 after defeating New Zealand 24–0.

2024 U20 Rugby Championship
The 2024 U20 Rugby Championship, also known as the 2024 TRC U20, was the first edition of the rugby union competition, the U20 Rugby Championship, the under-20 equivalent of The Rugby Championship, played by senior men's teams of Argentina, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. The first edition consisted of three rounds in which all teams played each other at a single venue (in Australia), with the table leaders New Zealand being crowned winners.
998 Bodea
998 Bodea (prov. designation: A923 PC or 1923 NU) is a dark background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 32 kilometers (20 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 6 August 1923, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany. The presumed C-type asteroid with an irregular shape has a rotation period of 8.6 hours. It was named after German astronomer Johann Elert Bode (1747–1826).

Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory
Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory (German: Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Königstuhl) is a historic astronomical observatory located near the summit of the Königstuhl hill in the city of Heidelberg in Germany. It is operated by the Center for Astronomy (ZAH) at the University of Heidelberg.

The predecessor of the current observatory was originally opened in 1774 in the nearby city of Mannheim but degradation of observational conditions there resulted in a relocation to the Königstuhl in 1898.

The Observatory facility have little value for current astronomical research of ZAH; research is done with the Gama Ray H.E.S.S in Namibia and ESO facilities in Chile.

Andreas Quirrenbach is the observatory's director since 2005.
Zamalka
Zamalka (Arabic: زملكا) is a town of Damascus in Syria, located 3.5 kilometers (2.2 mi) east-northeast of Old Damascus. It is administratively a part of the Markaz Rif Dimashq District of the Rif Dimashq Governorate. Nearby localities include Jobar and Qaboun to west and northwest, Harasta and Arbin to north and northeast, Hamouriyah and Saqba to east, Kafr Batna to southeast, Ein Tarma to the south and Al-Maamouniye to southwest. The Aleppo-Damascus Highway is the districts boundary in the west, separating Zamalka from the Jobar municipality of Damascus.

According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics, Zamalka had a population of 44,661 in the 2004 census.

Municipalities of Damascus
Administratively, Damascus Governorate, one of Syria's 14 governorates, is divided into 16 municipalities (Arabic: بلدية, romanized: baladiyah). Every municipal district is managed by an elected mayor, which in turn is divided into 95 districts (Arabic: الحي hayy), each headed by a mayor, and they all participate in the election of the Damascus city council. Yarmouk is one whole municipality, and is divided into 6 neighborhoods.
Vezey Raffety
Cairns Vezey Raffety (9 August 1906 – 28 September 1991) was an English cricketer. Raffety was a left-handed batsman who bowled slow left-arm orthodox. He was born in Orpington, Kent and educated at Cranleigh School, where he represented the school cricket team.

Raffety made his debut for Buckinghamshire in the 1924 Minor Counties Championship against the Leicestershire Second XI. Raffety played Minor counties cricket for Buckinghamshire from 1924 to 1932, making 17 appearances.

He made his only first-class appearance for the Minor Counties cricket team against the touring New Zealanders in 1931. In his only innings in the match, he was dismissed for 16 by Tom Lowry.

He died in Eastbourne, Sussex on 28 September 1991.

Orpington
Orpington is a town in Greater London, England, within the London Borough of Bromley. It is 13.4 miles (21.6 km) south east of Charing Cross.

On the south-eastern edge of the Greater London Built-up Area, it is south of St Mary Cray, southwest of Swanley, west of Ramsden, north of Goddington and Green Street Green, and east of Crofton and Broom Hill. Orpington is covered by the London BR postcode area.

It is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London.
Hinlopen Strait
The Hinlopen Strait (Norwegian: Hinlopenstretet) is the strait between Spitsbergen and Nordaustlandet in Svalbard, Norway. It is 150 kilometers (93 mi) long and 10 to 60 kilometers (6.2 to 37.3 mi) wide. The strait is difficult to pass because of pack ice. It is believed to have been named after Thijmen Jacobsz Hinlopen.

The northern part of the strait is called Nordporten, between Storsteinhalvøya and Mosselhalvøya. The southern part, called Sørporten, widens up between Bråsvellbreen and the Bastian Islands.

Strait
A strait is a water body connecting two seas or water basins. The surface water is, for the most part, at the same elevation on both sides and can flow through the strait in either direction, although the topography generally constricts the flow somewhat. In some straits, there is a dominant directional current. Most commonly, the strait is a narrow channel that lies between two land masses. Straits are loci for sediment accumulation, with sand-sized deposits usually occurring on the two strait exits, forming subaqueous fans or deltas. Some straits are not navigable because they are too narrow, too shallow, or due to the presence of a reef or archipelago.
Mr. Dig
Mr. Dig is a maze video game programmed by Rita Jay and published in 1984 by Microdeal for the Atari 8-bit computers, Commodore 64, Dragon 32/64, and TRS-80 Color Computer. The game is a direct clone of Universal's 1982 arcade game, Mr. Do!.

Universal Entertainment
Universal Entertainment Corporation, formerly known as Aruze Corporation (Japanese: アルゼ株式会社, Hepburn: Aruze Kabushiki-gaisha) and Universal, is a Japanese manufacturer of pachinko, slot machines, arcade games and other gaming products, and a publisher of video games. Aruze possesses licenses to both manufacture and distribute casino machines in the American states of Nevada, Mississippi and New Jersey. The company's corporate headquarters are in Tokyo. Aruze is also the licence holder of the video game franchise Shadow Hearts. Up until February 18, 2012, the company owned approximately 21% of Wynn Resorts. On November 1, 2009, Aruze Corporation changed its name to Universal Entertainment Corporation.
Garden writing
Writing about gardens takes a variety of literary forms, ranging from instructional manuals on horticulture and garden design, to essays on gardening, to novels. Garden writing has been published in English since at least the 16th century.

Atkinson suggests a two-part division of garden writing, at least in the 19th century. On the one hand, she notes, some garden writers produced utilitarian guides on garden maintenance and horticulture. On the other hand, garden writing also included higher-brow works on the "pleasures of landscape aesthetics".

British garden writers are just about able to cover differences in regional climates with the odd reference to "hilly" or "northern" districts, and issue general advice for the whole country; the great majority are based in Southern England. This polite fiction is not tenable for the US and Canada, and much garden writing is regional, taking into account the very different ranges of temperature and rainfall.

Garden design
Garden design is the art and process of designing and creating plans for layout and planting of gardens and landscapes. Garden design may be done by the garden owner themselves, or by professionals of varying levels of experience and expertise. Most professional garden designers have some training in horticulture and the principles of design. Some are also landscape architects, a more formal level of training that usually requires an advanced degree and often a state license. Amateur gardeners may also attain a high level of experience from extensive hours working in their own gardens, through casual study, serious study in Master gardener programs, or by joining gardening clubs.
Stanley Stair
Charles Stanley Stair (20 October 1900 – April 2008) was a soldier in the British West Indies Regiment, who was at the time of his death the last surviving veteran from the Caribbean to have served in the First World War.  He enlisted into the labour corps in 1916, and was sent from Jamaica to France and Italy as one of more than 15,000 men who volunteered for "The Coloured Regiment". At the end of the war, he was awarded the British War Medal and the Victory Medal. He lived to be 107 years old.

British War Medal
The British War Medal is a campaign medal of the United Kingdom which was awarded to officers and men and women of British and Imperial forces for service in the First World War. Two versions of the medal were produced. About 6.5 million were struck in silver and 110,000 in bronze, the latter awarded to, among others, the Chinese, Maltese and Indian Labour Corps.
Tristan Walker (entrepreneur)
Tristan Walker is an American founder and CEO, most notable for starting Walker & Company in 2013, which was later purchased by Procter & Gamble. In addition to being CEO of Walker & Company, Walker is a board member for Shake Shack and Foot Locker. He also co-founded the non-profit CODE2040, which helps connect people of color with engineering internships.

Stanford Graduate School of Business
The Stanford Graduate School of Business  is the graduate business school of Stanford University, a private research university in Stanford, California. For several years it has been the most selective business school in the United States, admitting only about 6% of applicants. It is part of the M7 group of business schools recognized as having strong MBA programs, that are often highly-ranked in US MBA rankings.

Stanford GSB offers a general management Master of Business Administration (MBA) degree, the MSx Program (MS in Management for mid-career executives), Stanford LEAD Online Business Program and a PhD program, along with joint degrees with other schools at Stanford, including Earth Sciences, Education, Engineering, Law, and Medicine.
Manchester Hospital for Consumption and Diseases of the Throat and Chest
The Manchester Hospital for Consumption and Diseases of the Throat and Chest was an English hospital founded in 1875. It initially occupied a house at 18 St John Street, Manchester, with space for 8 inpatients.  It moved to Bowdon then in Cheshire in 1885, where it was known as St. Anne's Hospital. There were 15 beds.  A clinic was still run in Hardman Street, Manchester. By 1900 there were 50 beds in Bowdon. The hospital dealt with more than 11,000 cases in 1902, mostly as outpatients in the city centre. Sir William Crossley was chairman of the hospital, and he paid £70,000 to build the Manchester Sanatorium at Delamere Forest with 90 beds designed for open-air treatment. Of these,  36 beds were for patients who paid two or three guineas a week. The other 54 were paid for by Manchester Corporation. The Hardman Street clinic joined the National Health Service as the Manchester Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital in 1948 and closed in 1951.

Manchester City Council
Manchester City Council is the local authority for the city of Manchester in Greater Manchester, England. Manchester has had an elected local authority since 1838, which has been reformed several times. Since 1974 the council has been a metropolitan borough council. It provides the majority of local government services in the city. The council has been a member of the Greater Manchester Combined Authority since 2011.

The council has been under Labour majority control since 1971. It is based at Manchester Town Hall.
Puma (motorcycle)
Puma, pumita, pumarola or pumasaki are the names given to a motorcycle created in Argentina in 1952. It became an emblem of Cordoba and a sign of the industrialization of the country's five-year plan. Made entirely by Argentine workers and with very accessible procurement plans, it quickly achieved popularity among the working classes. Its simple design and mechanical engineering made this motorcycle a symbol of the splendor of those days. Five series were presented, although the third only remained a prototype.

Julius von Sachs
Julius von Sachs (German: [zaks]; 2 October 1832 – 29 May 1897) was a German botanist from Breslau, Prussian Silesia.  He is considered the founder of experimental plant physiology and co-founder of modern water culture. Julius von Sachs and Wilhelm Knop are monumental figures in the history of botany by first demonstrating the importance of water culture for the study of plant nutrition and modern plant physiology in the 19th century.
Izhar ul-Haqq
Iẓhār al-Ḥaqq (or Izhar-ul-Haq) (Arabic: إظهار الحق) is a book by Rahmatullah Kairanawi. Kairanwi had written this book in response to the allegations made by certain Christian missionaries against Islam and especially to counter the Mizan al-Haqq of Karl Gottlieb Pfander against Islam.

The book was originally written in Arabic in 1864, this six-volume book was later translated (or summarized) into English, Turkish, Urdu and Bengali. Christine Schirrmacher describes the book:

'The Demonstration of the Truth' (izhâr al-haqq) served as a summary of all possible charges against Christianity and was therefore used after al-Kairânawî's death as a sort of encyclopaedia since al-Kairânawî extended the material of former polemicists like Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabarî, Ibn Hazm or Ibn Taymiyya to a great extent.

Karl Gottlieb Pfander
Karl Gottlieb Pfander (1803–1865), spelt also as Carl Gottlieb Pfander or C.G. Pfander, was a Lutheran Christian priest, missionary and apologist; he served as a missionary in Central Asia and Trans-Caucasus under the Basel Mission, and as a polemicist to the North-Western Provinces of India under the Church Missionary Society. He was known for converting Muslims to Christianity.

He authored Mizan al-Haqq (The Balance of Truth), an apologetic, Remarks on the nature of Muhammedanism, and more.
Caloris Planitia
Caloris Planitia /kəˈlɔːrɪs pləˈnɪʃ(i)ə/ is a plain within a large impact basin on Mercury, informally named Caloris, about 1,550 km (960 mi) in diameter. It is one of the largest impact basins in the Solar System. "Calor" is Latin for "heat" and the basin is so-named because the Sun is almost directly overhead every second time Mercury passes perihelion. The crater, discovered in 1974, is surrounded by the Caloris Montes, a ring of mountains approximately 2 km (1.2 mi) tall.

Heat
In thermodynamics, heat is defined as the form of energy crossing the boundary of a thermodynamic system by virtue of a temperature difference across the boundary. A thermodynamic system does not contain heat. Nevertheless, the term is also often used to refer to the thermal energy contained in a system as a component of its internal energy and that is reflected in the temperature of the system.

Calorimetry is measurement of heat by its effect on the states of interacting bodies, for example, by the amount of ice melted or by change in temperature of a body.

In the International System of Units (SI), the unit of measurement for heat is the joule (J).