hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Imperial Russian Air Service
The Imperial Russian Air Service (Russian (pre-reform): Императорскій военно-воздушный флотъ, romanized: Imperatorskiy voyenno-vozdushnyy flot", lit. 'Emperor's Military Air Fleet') was an air force founded in 1912 for Imperial Russia. The Air Service operated for five years and only saw combat in World War I before being reorganized and renamed in 1917 following the Russian Revolution.

With the onset of the Russian Civil War, some former IRAS pilots joined Alexander Kolchak on the White Russian side, but the White movement never created an official air force. Most of what remained of the former Imperial Russian Air Service was reformed into the subsequent Soviet Air Forces.

Reforms of Russian orthography
Russian orthography has been reformed officially and unofficially by changing the Russian alphabet and spelling rules over the course of the history of the Russian language. Several important reforms happened in the 18th–20th centuries.
Rumina
In ancient Roman religion, Rumīna, Rumilia or Rumia, also known as Dīva Rumīna, was a goddess who protected breastfeeding mothers, and possibly nursing infants. Her domain extended to protecting animal mothers, not just human ones. As one of the indigitamenta, Rumina lacked the elaborate mythology and personality of later Roman deities, and was instead a more abstract, numinous entity.

Rumina's temple was near the Ficus Ruminalis, the fig tree at the foot of the Palatine Hill where Romulus and Remus were raised by a she-wolf. Milk, rather than the typical wine, was offered as a sacrifice at this temple. In AD 58, the tree started to die, which was interpreted as a bad omen.

Romulus and Remus
In Roman mythology, Romulus and Remus (Latin: [ˈroːmʊlʊs], [ˈrɛmʊs]) are twin brothers whose story tells of the events that led to the founding of the city of Rome and the Roman Kingdom by Romulus, following his fratricide of Remus. The image of a she-wolf suckling the twins in their infancy has been a symbol of the city of Rome and the ancient Romans since at least the 3rd century BC. Although the tale takes place before the founding of Rome in 753 BC, the earliest known written account of the myth is from the late 3rd century BC. Possible historical bases for the story, and interpretations of its local variants, are subjects of ongoing debate.
Hebei delegation to the National People's Congress
The Hebei delegation to the National People's Congress is a delegation composed of deputies representing Hebei Province within the National People's Congress (NPC), the supreme organ of state power of the People's Republic of China. NPC deputies from the Hebei Province are officially elected by the Hebei Provincial People's Congress.

Delegations to the National People's Congress
The National People's Congress (NPC), the supreme organ of state power of the People's Republic of China (PRC), is elected by the people's congresses of each province-level division, except for Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, and the People's Liberation Army and People's Armed Police, whose delegations are elected according to specific procedures. The delegations are formed according to their respective constituencies. During formal or preparatory meetings of the NPC, discussions are conducted in groups according to the delegations. There are currently 35 delegations, including 31 delegations from mainland province-level administrative units, 2 delegations from special administrative regions, a delegation from the PRC's claimed Taiwan Province, and a joint delegation from the People's Liberation Army and the People's Armed Police.
War Music (composition)
War Music is a composition for choir and orchestra by the Australian composer James Ledger.  The work was commissioned by the Sydney Symphony Orchestra to commemorate the centenary of the ANZAC landing at Gallipoli during World War I.  The text was written by the Australian musician Paul Kelly.  It was given its world premiere on April 22, 2015, at the Sydney Opera House by the Gondwana Chorale and the Sydney Symphony Orchestra under the conductor Richard Gill.

Richard Gill (conductor)
Richard James Gill AO (4 November 1941 – 28 October 2018) was an Australian conductor of choral, orchestral and operatic works. He was particularly known as a music educator and for his advocacy for music education of children.
Conduit (software)
Free and open-source software portal

Conduit is an open-source synchronization program for GNOME. It allows the user to synchronize information to and from various destinations. For instance, it can be used to synchronise photos on the users computer with various websites (such as Flickr, Picasa and SmugMug). Other types of information may be synchronized, such as files, folders, RSS feeds, emails, notes, contacts, calendars, and tasks. The program uses a drag-and-drop interface to give a visual representation of what is going to be done.

It was archived on May 29, 2018

SmugMug
SmugMug is a paid image sharing, image hosting service, and online video platform on which users can upload photos and videos. The company also facilitates the sale of digital and print media for amateur and professional photographers. In 2018, SmugMug purchased Flickr.
Vladimír Oppl
Vladimír Oppl (born January 19, 1953, in Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic) is a Czech academic sculptor and medalist. His best-known designs include the Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk Order, the Czech circulating fifty-heller and the Czech circulating twenty-crown. He is also the author of the commemorative coin Nové Město Pražské (Prague's New Town) from the set of Charles IV, which was awarded the Most Beautiful Gold Coin of the World (2001) at the turn of the millennium.

Coin of the Year
The Coin of the Year (COTY) is an awards program founded and annually conducted by the American publisher Krause Publications of Iola, Wisconsin, and directed at the coin producing industry. Awards are given for numismatic design, artistic vision and craftsmanship. A panel of international judges chooses the coins from those issued two years prior to the year of the award.
Axinella badungensis
Axinella badungensis is a species of sponge in the family, Axinellidae, which was first described by Belinda Alvarez, Nicole de Voogd & Rob van Soest in 2016, found in the coastal waters of Badung Strait, Indonesia, (from which it takes its epithet, badungensis).

Rob van Soest
Robertus Wilhelmus Maria van Soest, born in 1946, is a Dutch marine biologist.  He works at the  Naturalis Biodiversity Center and is also affiliated with the University of Amsterdam. He co-authored with John N. A. Hooper Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges, a standard reference for sponge classification.

He was editor in chief of the World Porifera Database (WPD) from 2004 to 2021, and is currently (March 2022) one of its taxonomic editors.

He has contributed to the systematics, the phylogeny and the taxonomy of sponges, to their chemistry and biological properties (and the pharmacological use thereof)

His zoological abbreviation is van Soest.
Yalga, Russia
Yalga (Russian: Ялга) is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia.

Urban localities

Yalga, Republic of Mordovia, a work settlement under the administrative jurisdiction of Oktyabrsky City District of the city of republic significance of Saransk in the Republic of Mordovia

Rural localities

Yalga, Irkutsk Oblast, a village in Olkhonsky District of Irkutsk Oblast

Mordovia
Mordovia (/mɔːrˈdoʊvɪə/ mor-DOH-vee-ə), officially the Republic of Mordovia, is a republic of Russia, situated in Eastern Europe. Its capital is the city of Saransk. As of the 2010 Census, the population of the republic was 834,755. Ethnic Russians (53.1%) and Mordvins (39.8%) account for the majority of the population.
John Tooze
John Tooze FRS (16 May 1938 – 19 May 2021) was a British research scientist,  research administrator, author, science journalist, former executive director of EMBO/EMBC, director of research services at the Cancer Research UK London Research Institute and a vice president at The Rockefeller University.

London Research Institute
The Cancer Research UK London Research Institute (LRI) was a biological research facility which conducted research into the basic biology of cancer.

The LRI officially became a part of the Francis Crick Institute ("the Crick") in April 2015, research transferred to the new Crick building in Somers Town throughout 2015 and 2016, and LRI fully closed in 2017, after 115 years of research.
Espen Udjus Frorud
Espen Udjus Frorud (born 10 April 1991) is a Norwegian cross-country skier.

He made his World Cup debut in March 2016 in the Holmenkollen 50 km race, also collecting his first World Cup points with a 21st place. His next World Cup outing was the 2017 edition of the same race where he finished 23rd.

He represents the sports club Skiptvet IL.

Holmenkollen 50 km
The Holmenkollen 50 km is an annual cross-country skiing race held at Holmenkollen National Arena in Oslo, Norway. The competition is part of the Holmenkollen Ski Festival. Previous to 2023 The 50 km distance is raced by men only as the women's equivalent is a 30 km race. Starting in 2023 both men and women will race 50k.
Ariab
Ariab (Arabic: أرياب) is a region of Sudan, located in the Nubian Desert. It is inhabited by the Beja people, and is home to the country's only commercial gold mine, run by French giant Areva. Gold mining has historically been crucially important for the desert region since Pharonic times.

The Canadian company LaMancha Resources (TSX:LMA) operates the Hassai open pit mine, and from May, 2011, plans to expand operations, once additional electrical and water resources are in place.

Wadi Ariab is oriented E-W.  Gold mineralization is associated with a zone of massive sulphide mineralization in a marine rhyolite environment.  According to Klemm and Klemm, the gold would have been "undetectable to ancient prospectors" due to its "extremely fine grain" nature.  Furthermore, "no traces from ancient mining are known", and the 7 current opencast mines were discovered with modern geophysical prospecting methods.

Sulfide mineral
The sulfide minerals are a class of minerals containing sulfide (S2−) or disulfide (S2−2) as the major anion. Some sulfide minerals are economically important as metal ores. The sulfide class also includes the selenides, the tellurides, the arsenides, the antimonides, the bismuthinides, the sulfarsenides and the sulfosalts.  Sulfide minerals are inorganic compounds.
Józef Bem Street
General Józef Bem Street (formerly German: Augustastraße) is a street in the Nowe Zagrody district of Racibórz, Poland. It begins at the intersection with Stanisław Staszic Street and Henryk Sienkiewicz Street and ends at the intersection with Waryński Street and Eichendorff Street. The street is named after General Józef Bem. It features several tenement houses and residential buildings, the former municipal hospital, City of Roth Park, and Kindergarten No. 12.

Avant-corps
An avant-corps (Italian: avancorpo or risalto, plural risalti, German: Risalit, Polish: ryzalit), a French term literally meaning "fore-body", is a part of a building, such as a porch or pavilion, that juts out from the corps de logis, often taller than other parts of the building. It is common in façades in French Baroque architecture.

Particularly in German architecture, a corner Risalit is where two wings meet at right angles. Baroque three-winged constructions often incorporate a median Risalit in a main hall or a stairwell, such as in Weißenstein Palace and the Roßleben Convent School.
British West Africa
British West Africa was the collective name for British settlements in West Africa during the colonial period, either in the general geographical sense or the formal colonial administrative entity. British West Africa as a colonial entity was originally officially known as Colony of Sierra Leone and its Dependencies, then British West African Territories and finally British West African Settlements.

The United Kingdom held varying parts of these territories or the whole throughout the 19th century. From west to east, the colonies became the independent countries of The Gambia, Sierra Leone, Ghana and Nigeria. Until independence, Ghana was referred to as the Gold Coast.

Gold Coast (region)
5°27′N 0°58′W﻿ / ﻿5.450°N 0.967°W﻿ / 5.450; -0.967

The Gold Coast was the name for a region on the Gulf of Guinea in West Africa that was rich in gold, petroleum, sweet crude oil and natural gas. This former region is now known as the country Ghana.
Callum Crawford
Callum Crawford (born November 7, 1984) is a retired Canadian lacrosse player who played in the National Lacrosse League. He has played for the Buffalo Bandits, Edmonton Rush, Calgary Roughnecks, Philadelphia Wings, San Jose Stealth, Chicago Shamrox, Panther City Lacrosse Club, and Albany FireWolves during his career. He was drafted 18th overall in the 2005 NLL Entry Draft by the Calgary Roughnecks, and was later drafted 25th overall in the 2024 NLL Dispersal Draft by the San Diego Seals, however, as an unrestricted free-agent, he instead signed with the Philadelphia Wings, before playing any games with the Seals.

He is also the founder of the Ottawa Capitals Lacrosse club.

Heading into the 2023 NLL season, Inside Lacrosse ranked Crawford the #6 best forward in the NLL.

Inside Lacrosse
Inside Lacrosse is a lacrosse media entity and ESPN affiliate. It includes many parts including a news website, an 11 times annual magazine, online video streaming, internet forums and an ESPN television show.  The company is currently headquartered in Baltimore, Maryland.
Nicole Hosp
Nicole Hosp (German pronunciation: [niːkɔl hɔsp]; born 6 November 1983) is an Austrian former World Cup alpine ski racer. She competed in all five disciplines and was a world champion, three-time Olympic medalist, and an overall World Cup champion.

FIS Alpine Ski World Cup
The FIS Alpine Ski World Cup is the top international circuit of alpine skiing competitions, launched in 1966 by a group of ski racing friends and experts that included French journalist Serge Lang and the alpine ski team directors from France (Honore Bonnet) and the USA (Bob Beattie). It was soon backed by International Ski Federation president Marc Hodler during the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 1966 at Portillo, Chile, and became an official FIS event in the spring of 1967 after the FIS Congress at Beirut, Lebanon.

The inaugural World Cup race was held on 5 January 1967 in Berchtesgaden, West Germany, a slalom won by Heinrich Messner of Austria. Jean-Claude Killy of France and Nancy Greene of Canada were the overall winners for the first two seasons.
Pittsburgh Gifted Center
Pittsburgh Gifted Center (PGC) is a special school that provides gifted education, to students in Pittsburgh.

Until May 2006, the Pittsburgh Gifted Center was located at the McKelvy building in the Pittsburgh Hill District.

In September 2006, the Pittsburgh Gifted Center was made part of a school in Pittsburgh's West End called Greenway. The move to Greenway was made with the understanding that it was only a one-year shift of location. The location for 2007-08 was cancelled and instead moving to 2016.

The early draft of the Rightsizing Plan of Superintendent Mark Roosevelt called for the Pittsburgh Gifted Center to move to Pittsburgh's North Side on Ridge Avenue. That plan was nixed as the facility was not well suited to accommodate the programs. A shift to Greenway was accomplished after some political wrangling by school officials.

The Ridge Avenue facility owned by the Pittsburgh Public Schools was put up for sale from 2006 until 2008.

Hill District
The Hill District is a grouping of historically African American neighborhoods in the City of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Beginning in the years leading up to World War I, "the Hill" was the cultural center of black life in the city and a major center of jazz. Despite its cultural and economic vibrancy, in the mid-1950s a substantial area was slated for redevelopment, displacing about 8,000 individuals.
LGBTQ people in Guatemala
Today, LGBTQ individuals are victimized and very little has been done to resolve this issue in Guatemala, and Latin America for that matter. Guatemalans who identify as queer are consistently ostracized for struggling to conform to a heteronormative society that Guatemala has instituted. Sexual minorities are denied essential services such as education and healthcare, and the Guatemalan State has done very little to provide aid to LGBTQ individuals, insinuating that Guatemala is an anti-LGBT country. The State is portrayed as not providing enough aid to protect the well-being of the LGBT community from discriminatory rhetoric and violence.

The age of consent in Guatemala, both heterosexual and homosexual, is 18.

Violence
Violence is characterized as the use of physical force by humans to cause harm to other living beings, such as pain, injury, disablement, death, damage and destruction. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines violence as "the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, which either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment, or deprivation"; it recognizes the need to include violence not resulting in injury or death.
Crimes of War
Crimes of War: What the Public Should Know is a 1999 reference book edited by Roy Gutman and David Rieff. The 352-page book contains more than 150 entries, and was published by W.W. Norton.

The book collects reporters' accounts of war crimes with essays by lawyers on international humanitarian law to examine war crimes and the laws of war. Contributors include Sydney Schanberg, William Shawcross, Christiane Amanpour, and Justice Richard Goldstone, the UN Tribunal's first prosecutor, who provides a foreword. Photographers featured include Gilles Peress and Annie Leibovitz.

The book is part of a comprehensive project started by Gutman, photojournalist Gilles Peress, and UN Messenger for Peace Anna Cataldi which includes educational initiatives and additional articles. It has been published in 11 languages, including Arabic, Spanish, Italian, Hungarian, Serbo-Croatian and Chinese. A revised edition (2.0) with updated articles was published in October 2007 by W.W. Norton.

Sydney Schanberg
Sydney Hillel Schanberg (January 17, 1934 –  July 9, 2016) was an American journalist who was best known for his coverage of the war in Cambodia. He was the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize,  two George Polk awards, two Overseas Press Club awards, and the Sigma Delta Chi prize for distinguished journalism. Schanberg was portrayed by Sam Waterston in the 1984 film The Killing Fields based on the experiences of Schanberg and the Cambodian journalist Dith Pran in Cambodia.
Battle of Stanwick
The Battle of Stanwick was a conflict that took place in AD 71, near Stanwick in northern England, between the Roman army and the Brigantes, in which the Romans defeated the Brigantes.

Doubt has been expressed about this battle, and there is no evidence of any battle of significance having been fought at this site despite several archaeological investigations.

Roman army
The Roman Army (Latin: Exercitus Romanus) served ancient Rome and the Roman people enduring through the Roman Kingdom (753–509 BC), the Roman Republic (509–27 BC), and the Roman Empire (27 BC – AD 476/1453), including the Western Roman Empire (collapsed AD 476/480) and the Eastern Roman Empire (collapsed AD 1453). It is thus a term that broadly spans approximately 2,206 years, during which the force underwent numerous permutations in size, composition, organization, equipment and tactics, while conserving a core of lasting traditions.
Mickiewicz Battalion
The Mickiewicz Battalion was a volunteer battalion of the International Brigades during the Spanish Civil War. It formed part of the XIII International Brigade from 27 October 1937 until 23 September 1938, when the International Brigades were disbanded. It was named after Adam Mickiewicz (1798–1855), a Polish poet and patriot.

In July 1938 The Battalion took part in the Battle of the Ebro crossing the river and initially advancing quickly attacking and capturing many Nationalist troops at La Venta de Camposines, before moving on to near Gandesa. By September 1938 they were dug in defending a difficult position on the road from Corbera d'Ebre under constant bombardment and machine gun fire, the only respite being at night. They continued to dig trenches and lay barbed wire. After an artillery bombardment, the Battalion continued a heroic defence against tanks and cavalry which saw many of their best men killed, before the order for withdrawal came.

Battle of the Ebro
The Battle of the Ebro (Spanish: Batalla del Ebro, Catalan: Batalla de l'Ebre) was the longest and largest battle of the Spanish Civil War and the greatest, in terms of manpower, logistics and material ever fought on Spanish soil. It took place between July and November 1938, with fighting mainly concentrated in two areas on the lower course of the Ebro River, the Terra Alta comarca of Catalonia, and the Auts area close to Fayón (Faió) in the lower Matarranya, Eastern Lower Aragon. These sparsely populated areas saw the largest array of armies in the war. The battle was disastrous for the Second Spanish Republic, with tens of thousands left dead or wounded and little effect on the advance of the Nationalists.
Dongjun 434-class dredger
Dongjun 434 class dredger is a class of little known naval auxiliary ship currently in service with the People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN).  The name of this class is after the first unit commissioned, with the exact type still remains unknown, and only a single unit of this class have been confirmed in active service as of mid-2010s. Dongjun 434 is one of the few Chinese naval ships made by western countries, and it is built by DEMAG.

Dongjun 434 class series ships in PLAN service are designated by a combination of two Chinese characters followed by three-digit number. The second Chinese character is Jun (浚), meaning dredge in Chinese, because these ships are classified as dredgers. The first Chinese character denotes which fleet the ship is service with, with East (Dong, 东) for East Sea Fleet, North (Bei, 北) for North Sea Fleet, and South (Nan, 南) for South Sea Fleet. However, the pennant numbers may have changed due to the change of Chinese naval ships naming convention.

North Sea Fleet
The North Sea Fleet (NSF; 北海舰队), concurrently the Northern Theater Command Navy (北部战区海军), is one of the three fleets of China's People's Liberation Army Navy. Headquartered in Qingdao, Shandong, the fleet provides naval forces to the Northern Theater Command.

In September 1950, the Qingdao Army Base was redesignated as a naval base. Following the departure of the Soviet Navy from Lüshunkou (Port Arthur), the North Sea Fleet was established in 1960 with naval bases in Qingdao and Lüshunkou.

The fleet currently includes China's first aircraft carrier, Liaoning, as well as nuclear-powered attack and missile submarines.

The North Sea Fleet was historically the most capable of the Navy's three fleets, being the first in China to operate destroyers, shore-based missiles and nuclear submarines. In recent years however, the shift in strengthening of importance and strategic capabilities of the East and South Sea Fleets are more prioritised.