hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Permafrost and Periglacial Processes
Permafrost and Periglacial Processes is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on permafrost and periglacial geomorphology. It covers the subject from various points of views including engineering, hydrology, process geomorphology, and quaternary geology. It is the official journal of the International Permafrost Association and is published by John Wiley & Sons. The editor-in-chief is Mauro Guglielmin (Insubria University, Italy). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 4.368.

Periglaciation
Periglaciation (adjective: "periglacial", referring to places at the edges of glacial areas) describes geomorphic processes that result from seasonal thawing and freezing, very often in areas of permafrost. The meltwater may refreeze in ice wedges and other structures. "Periglacial" originally suggested an environment located on the margin of past glaciers. However, freeze and thaw cycles influence landscapes also outside areas of past glaciation. Therefore, periglacial environments are anywhere when freezing and thawing modify the landscape in a significant manner.
Farukh Ruzimatov
Farukh Sadullayevich Ruzimatov (Russian: Фару́х Садулла́евич Рузима́тов; born 26 June 1963) is an Uzbek-Russian ballet dancer. Since 2018, Ruzimatov has been artistic director of the ballet company at Navoi Theatre in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. In a dancing career spanning more than three decades, Ruzimatov was mostly associated with the Mariinsky Theatre, where he was the principal dancer and assistant artistic director of the company.

Mariinsky Theatre
The Mariinsky Theatre (Russian: Мариинский театр, romanized: Mariinskiy teatr, also transcribed as Maryinsky or Mariyinsky) is a historic opera house in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Opened in 1860, it became the preeminent music theatre of late 19th-century Russia, where many of the stage masterpieces of Tchaikovsky, Mussorgsky, and Rimsky-Korsakov received their premieres. Through most of the Soviet era, it was known as the Kirov Theatre.  Today, the Mariinsky Theatre is home to the Mariinsky Ballet, Mariinsky Opera and Mariinsky Orchestra. Since Yuri Temirkanov's retirement in 1988, the conductor Valery Gergiev has served as the theatre's general director.
Rubicon Technology
Rubicon Technology, Inc. is an American company specializing in sapphire crystal growth and large-diameter sapphire technology. Their improvement to the Kyropoulos technology is known as "ES2", and was developed in their Illinois-based crystal growth facilities. Rubicon Technology has been producing the industry's first 12-inch sapphire wafer since 2010, and has shipped millions of wafers and core products in sizes from 2" to 12" since 2001. The company's products have been used in the LED industry and for the production of silicon on sapphire wafers for integrated circuits (RFICs), as well as on high-quality optical and industrial applications for high-performance sapphire.

Wafer (electronics)
In electronics, a wafer (also called a slice or substrate) is a thin slice of semiconductor, such as a crystalline silicon (c-Si, silicium), used for the fabrication of integrated circuits and, in photovoltaics, to manufacture solar cells.

The wafer serves as the substrate for microelectronic devices built in and upon the wafer. It undergoes many microfabrication processes, such as doping, ion implantation, etching, thin-film deposition of various materials, and photolithographic patterning. Finally, the individual microcircuits are separated by wafer dicing and packaged as an integrated circuit.
Charley Barnes
Charles Edward Barnes (born October 5, 1939) is a former football end in the American Football League (AFL) for the Dallas Texans.  He played college football at the University of Arkansas and University of Louisiana at Monroe. Charlie was drafted in the eighth round of the 1961 NFL draft by the Washington Redskins. Barnes was also selected in the nineteenth round of the 1961 AFL draft by the Buffalo Bills. He was traded to the Texans in exchange for a draft pick.

End (gridiron football)
In gridiron football, an end is a player who lines up at either end of the line of scrimmage, usually beside the tackles.  Rules state that a legal offensive formation must always consist of seven players on the line of scrimmage and that the player on each end of the line is an eligible receiver who can catch forward passes.  There are two types on offense: the split end, or wide out, and the tight end. On defense, the position name survives in the name of the defensive end; in function, this position no longer corresponds to its offensive counterparts, which are defended more commonly by the edge rusher (which is sometimes a defensive end depending on formation) against the tight end and the cornerback against the split end.

It is also used in terminology such as an end run.
John Loxley
John Loxley (1942—28 July 2020) was a Canadian economist.

Loxley obtained a doctorate in economics at the University of Leeds, completing his doctoral dissertation, The development of the monetary and financial system of the East African currency area 1950 to 1964 in 1966. He began teaching at the University of Manitoba in 1977. Over the course of his career, Loxley was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, received the Distinguished Academic Award from the Canadian Association of University Teachers in 2008, followed by the Progressive Economists' Forum's 2008 Galbraith Prize in Economics and Social Justice. In 2019, the Errol Black Chair in Labour Issues at the Manitoba office of the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives honoured Loxley at the eighth Errol Black Chair Fund Raiser. Loxley died on 28 July 2020, aged 77.

Canadian Association of University Teachers
The Canadian Association of University Teachers (CAUT; French: Association canadienne des professeures et professeurs d'université, ACPPU) is a federation of independent associations and trade unions representing approximately 75,000 teachers, librarians, researchers, and other academic staff at over 130 colleges and universities across Canada.
Stubbs–Ballah House
The Stubbs–Ballah House in Norfolk in Madison County, Nebraska, USA, was built in 1917. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.

It was designed by the architect James C. Stitt.

Congressman Mike and Mandi Flood lived in the house from 2006 to 2012. Congressman Flood served as Speaker of the Nebraska Unicameral Legislature from 2007 to 2013.

Norfolk, Nebraska
Norfolk is a city in Madison County, Nebraska, United States, 113 miles (182 km) northwest of Omaha and 76 miles southwest of Sioux City, Iowa, at the intersection of U.S. Routes 81 and 275. The population was 24,955 at the 2020 census, making it the seventh-most populous city in Nebraska. It is the principal city of the Norfolk Micropolitan Statistical Area.
Gaius Fabius Hadrianus
Gaius Fabius Hadrianus was praetor in 84 BC and governor of the Roman province of Africa in 83–82. He is known primarily for the sensational circumstances of his death: during an uprising, the governor's residence was set on fire and Hadrianus was burned alive.

Praetor
Praetor (/ˈpriːtər/ PREE-tər, Classical Latin: [ˈprae̯tɔr]), also pretor, was the title granted by the government of ancient Rome to a man acting in one of two official capacities: (i) the commander of an army, and (ii) as an elected magistratus (magistrate), assigned to discharge various duties. The functions of the magistracy, the praetura (praetorship), are described by the adjective itself: the praetoria potestas (praetorian power), the praetorium imperium (praetorian authority), and the praetorium ius (praetorian law), the legal precedents established by the praetores (praetors). Praetorium, as a substantive, denoted the location from which the praetor exercised his authority, either the headquarters of his castra, the courthouse (tribunal) of his judiciary, or the city hall of his provincial governorship. The minimum age for holding the praetorship was 39 during the Roman Republic, but it was later changed to 30 in the early Empire.
Deacetylvindoline
Deacetylvindoline is a terpene indole alkaloid produced by Catharanthus roseus.  Deacetylvindoline is the product of a hydroxylation of desacetoxyvindoline by deacetoxyvindoline 4-hydroxylase (D4H).  It is a substrate for deacetylvindoline O-acetyltransferase (DAT) which acetylates a hydroxy group to form vindoline, one of the two immediate precursors for the formation of the pharmacetucially valuable bisindole alkaloid vinblastine.

Acetylation
Salicylic acid is acetylated with acetic anhydride to form aspirin and acetic acid as a byproduct

In chemistry, acetylation  is an organic esterification reaction with acetic acid. It introduces an acetyl group into a chemical compound. Such compounds are termed acetate esters or simply acetates. Deacetylation is the opposite reaction, the removal of an acetyl group from a chemical compound.
1946 Swedish school commission
The 1946 School Commission (Swedish: 1946 års skolkommission) was appointed in 1945 by the government of Per Albin Hansson in Sweden, and included members such as Alva Myrdal, Elsa Skäringer-Larsson, and Ester Hermansson. It replaced the 1940 School Inquiry. The commission focused on democratic development, proposing a school system divided into lower, middle, and upper secondary stages. Education was to be unified for the first six school years, with certain optional subjects introduced in the seventh and eighth years, and tracking introduced in the ninth year. This was in line with Fridtjuv Berg's idea of a bottenskola (bottom school). In 1948, the commission presented its report, SOU 1948:27.

The School Commission was based on and promoted the influence of pragmatism, John Dewey, and progressive pedagogy in Sweden.

Three-tier education
Three-tier education refers to those structures of schooling, which exist in some parts of England, where pupils are taught in three distinct school types as they progress through the education system.
1920 Nova Scotia general election
The 1920 Nova Scotia general election was held on 27 July 1920 to elect members of the 37th House of Assembly of the province of Nova Scotia, Canada. The Liberal party won a majority of seats in the Legislaure with only 44 percent of the vote.

This was the first general election in which women could vote and run for office.

Members were elected in multi-member districts electing from two to five members each, through plurality block voting.

37th General Assembly of Nova Scotia
The 37th General Assembly of Nova Scotia represented Nova Scotia between 1920 and 1925.

The Liberal Party led by George Henry Murray formed the government. Ernest Howard Armstrong succeeded Murray as premier in 1923.

Robert Irwin served as speaker for the assembly.

The assembly was dissolved on June 2, 1925.
WNRS (AM)
WNRS (1420 kHz) is an AM radio station broadcasting a Spanish language tropical music format. Licensed to Herkimer, New York, United States, the station serves the Utica area. Owned by Arjuna Broadcasting Corp., the station also simulcasts on translator station W252DO at 98.3 FM.

Since WNRS must greatly reduce power at sunset, the station also simulcasts in Rome on WKAL (1450 AM) and translator W277DR (103.3 FM) to serve the entire Utica-Rome market, hence its branding as El Zorro 98.3 FM y 103.3 FM.

Herkimer, New York
Herkimer is a town in Herkimer County, New York, United States, southeast of Utica. It is named after Nicholas Herkimer. The population was 9,566 at the 2020 census, down from 10,175 in 2010.

The town contains a village also called Herkimer. Herkimer County Community College is located in Herkimer village.
Elaeophora poeli
Elaeophora poeli is a parasitic nematode found in the aorta, and sometimes the heart, of various cattle throughout Asia, and in parts of Africa.  It is a large nematode, with males measuring 45–70 mm long and 200-260 μm wide, and females 40–300 mm long and 350 μm wide. Microfilariae are 340-346 μm long and 7.0-7.5 μm wide.  Despite the fact that it lives in nodules (aneurysms) in the walls of the aorta and heart, apparent clinical symptoms of E. poeli infestation are seldom reported.

Zebu
The zebu (/ˈziːb(j)uː, ˈzeɪbuː/; Bos indicus), also known as indicine cattle and humped cattle, is a species or subspecies of domestic cattle originating in South Asia. Zebu, like many Sanga cattle breeds, differ from taurine cattle in the fatty hump on their shoulders, their large dewlap, and their sometimes-drooping ears. They are well adapted to high temperatures and are raised throughout the tropics.

The zebu is used as a draught and riding animal, as dairy cattle and beef cattle, and as a source of byproducts such as hides and dung for fuel and manure. Some small breeds such as Nadudana (also known as the miniature zebu) are also kept as pets.

In some regions, zebu have significant religious meaning.
Niklas Gudmundsson
Niklas Lars Roger Gudmundsson (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈnɪkˌlas ˈɡʉːdˌmɵndˌsɔn]; born 29 February 1972) is a Swedish former professional footballer who played as a midfielder or forward. Starting off his career with Halmstads BK in the early 1980s, he went on to represent Blackburn Rovers, Ipswich Town, Malmö FF, and IF Elfsborg before retiring at Ängelholms FF in 2007. A full international between 1991 and 1995, he won seven caps for the Sweden national team. He represented the Sweden Olympic team at the 1992 Summer Olympics.

Football at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament
The 1996 Men's Olympic Football Tournament, played as part of the 1996 Summer Olympics, was hosted in Birmingham, Alabama, Washington, D.C., Orlando, Florida, Miami, Florida and Athens, Georgia. From 1992 onwards, male competitors should be under 23 years old and starting from this tournament, a maximum of three over-23 players are allowed per squad. The tournament featured 16 national teams from the six continental confederations. The 16 teams were drawn into four groups of four and each group played a round-robin tournament. At the end of the group stage, the top two teams advanced to the knockout stage, beginning with the quarter-finals and culminating with the gold medal match at Sanford Stadium on August 3, 1996.
Wushu at the 2002 Asian Games – Men's sanshou 65 kg
The men's sanshou 65 kilograms at the 2002 Asian Games in Busan, South Korea was held from 10 to 13 October at the Dongseo University Minseok Sports Center.

A total of ten competitors from ten countries competed in this event, limited to fighters whose body weight was less than 65 kilograms in competition.

Angkhan Chomphuphuang from Thailand won the gold medal after beating Mohammad Aghaei of Iran in gold medal bout 2–0, The bronze medal was shared by Yu Dawei and Eduard Folayang.

Eduard Folayang
Eduard Ayangwa Folayang (born November 22, 1983) is a Filipino professional mixed martial artist and wushu practitioner who competes in the Lightweight division of ONE Championship, where he is a two-time ONE Lightweight World Champion. He also competed for Universal Reality Combat Championship, where he is a former URCC Welterweight Champion.

Folayang was a member of Team Lakay Wushu in Baguio from 2007 until he left the gym on March 10, 2023, which has produced numerous Filipino champions in URCC and ONE Championship. The Baguio native made his first Martial Combat debut on June 17, 2010, defeating Slovak fighter Egon Racz via guillotine choke early in the first round.

Folayang has won several international Wushu tournaments, including a gold medal at the 2011 Southeast Asian Games which he won with a spinning back kick KO in the final, a silver medal in the 2006 Doha Asian Games, and bronze medals in both the 2005 World Wushu Championship and the 2002 Busan Asian Games.
Kurt Swaim
Kurt Swaim (born 1950) is the Iowa State Representative from the 94th District. He has served in the Iowa House of Representatives since 2003.

As of October 2011, Swaim serves on several committees in the Iowa House - the Agriculture, Commerce, and Public Safety committees.  He also serves as the ranking member of the Judiciary committee and as a member of the Child Support Advisory Committee.

Ranking member
In United States politics, a ranking member is the most senior member of a congressional or state legislative committee from the minority party.  On many committees the ranking minority member, along with the Chair, serve as ex officio members of all of the committee's subcommittees.

Both the United States Senate and United States House of Representatives use ranking members as part of their legislative structure.

When party control of a legislative chamber changes, a committee's ranking minority member is generally ensured to become the next chairman of the committee, and vice versa.
Raasamahan
Raasamahan (transl. Son of Raasa) is a 1994 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film written and directed by Manivannan from a story by Seeman. The film stars Prashanth and Sivaranjani. It was released on 8 April 1994, and became a box office failure.

Ooha
Uma Maheswari, known by her stage names Sivaranjani (in Tamil and Malayalam film industries) and Ooha (in Telugu film industry), is a former Indian actress. She worked primarily in Tamil and Telugu films, in addition to Malayalam films in the 1990s. She received Nandi Award for Best Actress for Aame (1994).
Ōmiya (surname)
Ōmiya, Omiya, Oomiya or Ohmiya (written: 大宮, 近江谷 or おおみや in hiragana) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Anna Ohmiya (近江谷 杏菜, born 1989), Japanese curler

Masashi Omiya (大宮 政志, born 1938), Japanese cyclist

Teiji Ōmiya (大宮 悌二, 1918–1994), Japanese voice actor and actor

Yoshiyuki Ohmiya (近江谷 好幸, born 1959), Japanese curler and curling coach

Oumiya (written: 近江屋 or おうみや in hiragana) is a separate surname, though it can be romanized the same way. Notable people with the surname include:

Nobuhiro Omiya (近江屋 信広, born 1949), Japanese politician

Nobuhiro Omiya
Nobuhiro Omiya (近江屋 信広, Ōmiya Nobuhiro; born October 15, 1949) is a Japanese politician of the Liberal Democratic Party, a member of the House of Representatives in the Diet (national legislature). A native of Kitaakita District, Akita and graduate of Chuo University, he was elected to the House of Representatives for the first time in 2005.
Sandrananta River
The Sandrananta River is a river on the east coast of Madagascar.  Its mouth is located on the Matitanana river near the town of Andemaka in the Fitovinany region.

The river is vulnerable to flooding after extreme weather events. In 2023, the river overflowed its banks after tropical storm "Freddy", flooding nearby agricultural fields. The following year, the river again flooded, after being impacted by tropical cyclone ALVARO‑24.

Fitovinany
Fitovinany is a region located in southeast Madagascar. Its capital is Manakara. It is inhabited by the Antemoro people. The region border is based on the historical region of Matatana or Matitana.

It formerly belonged to the region Vatovavy-Fitovinany that was split on 16 June 2021 to become the regions Vatovavy and Fitovinany.

The region extends along the southern part of the east coast of Madagascar. It is bordered by Vatovavy (North), Haute Matsiatra (West) and Atsimo-Atsinanana (South).
Perdita Stevens
Perdita Emma Stevens (born 1966) is a British mathematician, theoretical computer scientist, and software engineer who holds a personal chair in the mathematics of software engineering as part of the School of Informatics at the University of Edinburgh. Her research includes work on model-driven engineering, including model transformation, model checking, and the Unified Modeling Language.

Model checking
In computer science, model checking or property checking is a method for checking whether a finite-state model of a system meets a given specification (also known as correctness). This is typically associated with hardware or software systems, where the specification contains liveness requirements (such as avoidance of livelock) as well as safety requirements (such as avoidance of states representing a system crash).

In order to solve such a problem algorithmically, both the model of the system and its specification are formulated in some precise mathematical language. To this end, the problem is formulated as a task in logic, namely to check whether a structure satisfies a given logical formula. This general concept applies to many kinds of logic and many kinds of structures. A simple model-checking problem consists of verifying whether a formula in the propositional logic is satisfied by a given structure.
Angami Naga Sign Language
Naga Hills Sign Language was a village sign language of Nagaland. Early in the 20th century, a high incidence of deafness was observed among communities of the Naga hills. A sign language was used by both deaf and hearing members of the community.

Ethnologist and political officer John Henry Hutton wrote:

"As one might expect ... of men without the art of writing, the language of signs has reached a high state of development... To judge how highly developed is this power of communicating by signs, etc., it is necessary only to experience a Naga interpreter's translation of a story or a request told to him in sign language by a dumb man. ... Indeed the writer has known a dumb man make a long and detailed complaint of an assault in which nothing was missing except proper names, and even these were eventually identified by means of the dumb man's description of his assailants' dress and personal appearance."

Naga Hills
The Naga Hills, reaching a height of around 3,826 metres (12,552 ft), lie prominently on the border of India and Myanmar. They are part of a complex mountain system, and the parts of the mountain ranges inside the Indian states of Nagaland, Manipur and the Burmese Naga Self-Administered Zone are called the Naga Hills. The highest point of the Naga hills is Mount Saramati (3,826 m (12,552 ft)).
Caihong Bridge station
Caihong Bridge Station (simplified Chinese: 彩虹桥站; traditional Chinese: 彩虹橋站; pinyin: Cǎihóngqiáo Zhàn; Cantonese Yale: Chóihùhngkìuh Jaahm; lit. 'Rainbow Bridge') is an interchange station between Line 8 and Line 11 of the Guangzhou Metro. It is situated underground near the Southwest gate of the Liuhua Lake Park.

Due to construction delays, the station could not open with the rest of the northern extension of Line 8 in 2020 and was hence delayed to open on 28 September 2 years later. Line 11 opened at this station on 28 December 2024.

The Caihong Bridge main substation of Lines 11 and 13 is located at the east end structure of the Lines 11 and 13 stations, and this station has also become the first station of Guangzhou Metro to have a main substation embedded on the line.

Yale romanization of Cantonese
The Yale romanization of Cantonese was developed by Yale scholar Gerard P. Kok for his and Parker Po-fei Huang's textbook Speak Cantonese initially circulated in looseleaf form in 1952 but later published in 1958. Unlike the Yale romanization of Mandarin, it is still widely used in books and dictionaries, especially for foreign learners of Cantonese. It shares some similarities with Hanyu Pinyin in that unvoiced, unaspirated consonants are represented by letters traditionally used in English and most other European languages to represent voiced sounds. For example, [p] is represented as b in Yale, whereas its aspirated counterpart, [pʰ] is represented as p. Students attending the Chinese University of Hong Kong's New-Asia Yale-in-China Chinese Language Center are taught using Yale romanization.

Some enthusiasts employ Yale romanisation to explore writing Cantonese as an alphabetic language.