hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Charlotte Street
Charlotte Street is a street in Fitzrovia, historically part of the parish and borough of St Pancras, in central London. It has been described, together with its northern and southern extensions (Fitzroy Street and Rathbone Place), as the spine of Fitzrovia.

The southern half of the street has many restaurants and cafes, and a lively nightlife; the northern part is more mixed in character, and includes the large office building of the advertising agency Saatchi & Saatchi, and a University College London student hall of residence, Astor College. The street has a significant residential population living above the ground floor. It gives its name to two architectural Conservation Areas: Charlotte Street conservation area (Camden) and Charlotte Street West conservation area (City of Westminster)

Central London
Central London is the innermost part of London, in England, spanning the City of London and several boroughs. Over time, a number of definitions have been used to define the scope of Central London for statistics, urban planning and local government. Its characteristics are understood to include a high-density built environment, high land values, an elevated daytime population and a concentration of regionally, nationally and internationally significant organisations and facilities.

Road distances to London are traditionally measured from a central point at Charing Cross (in the City of Westminster), which is marked by the statue of King Charles I at the junction of the Strand, Whitehall and Cockspur Street, just south of Trafalgar Square.
Alibhai (horse)
Alibhai (1938–1960) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse who was purchased by Hollywood movie mogul Louis B. Mayer for 3,200 guineas and brought to the United States. He was sired by Epsom Derby winner Hyperion who was a six-time leading sire in Great Britain and Ireland. Grandsire Gainsborough was the 1918 English Triple Crown champion. Alibhai's dam Teresina was the daughter of Tracery whose major wins included the 1912 St. Leger Stakes and 1913 Champion Stakes.

Leading sire in Great Britain and Ireland
The title of champion, or leading, sire of racehorses in Great Britain and Ireland is awarded to the stallion whose offspring have won the most prize money in Britain and Ireland during the flat racing season. The current (2023) champion is Frankel, who earned his first title in 2021.

Unlike the similar title for leading sire in North America, the stallion in question does not need to have resided in Great Britain or Ireland during his stud career, although the vast majority have done so. Northern Dancer is the most notable example of a North American-based stallion who won this title. The Northern Dancer sire line has dominated the list for the last several decades, mostly through his son Sadler's Wells (14 titles) and grandson Galileo (12 titles).

The 2016 novel Mount! by Jilly Cooper describes the process to gain the fictional title for global leading sire.
Sahul sunbird
The Sahul sunbird (Cinnyris frenatus) is a species of bird in the sunbird family Nectariniidae that is endemic to Sulawesi eastwards to New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. It is also found in northeast Australia. It was formerly considered to be a subspecies of the olive-backed sunbird, now renamed the garden sunbird (Cinnyris jugularis).

Aru Islands Regency
The Aru Islands Regency (Indonesian: Kabupaten Kepulauan Aru) is a group of about 95 low-lying islands in the Maluku Islands of eastern Indonesia. It also forms a regency of Maluku Province, with a land area of 6,426.77 km2 (2,481.39 sq mi). At the 2011 Census the Regency had a population of 84,138; the 2020 Census produced a total of 102,237, and the official estimate as at mid 2024 was 112,531 (comprising 57,767 males and 54,764 females). Some sources regard the archipelago as part of Asia, while others regard it as part of Melanesia.
Mu Tauri
μ Tauri, Latinized as Mu Tauri, is a single star in the equatorial constellation of Taurus. It has a blue-white hue and is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.27. The star is located approximately 490 light years distant from the Sun based on parallax, and is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +16 km/s.

This object has a stellar classification of B3IV, matching a B-type subgiant star. In the past this star was thought to have a variable radial velocity, but is now considered constant. It is 252 million years old and is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 89 km/s. The star has 6.7 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 462 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 16,980 K. It is emitting an infrared excess at a wavelength of 18 μm, making it a candidate host of a faint warm debris disk.

Infrared excess
An infrared excess is a measurement of an astronomical source, typically a star, that in their spectral energy distribution has a greater measured infrared flux than expected by assuming the star is a blackbody radiator.  Infrared excesses are often the result of circumstellar dust heated by starlight and reemitted at longer wavelengths. They are common in young stellar objects and evolved stars on the asymptotic giant branch or older.

In addition, monitoring for infrared excess emission from stellar systems is one possible method that could enable a search for large-scale stellar engineering projects of a hypothetical extraterrestrial civilization; for example a Dyson sphere or Dyson swarm. This infrared excess would be the outcome of the waste heat emitted by the aforementioned structures if they are considered blackbodies at temperatures close to 300 K.
Vaidyeswaran Rajaraman
Vaidyeswaran Rajaraman (8 September 1933 – 8 November 2025) was an Indian computer scientist, academic and writer known for his pioneering efforts in the field of Computer Science Education in India. He is credited with the establishment of the first academic program in computer science in India, which he helped initiate at the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur in 1965. An elected fellow of all the Indian science academies, he was a recipient of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize, the highest Indian award in Science and Technology category for young scientists and several other honors including Om Prakash Bhasin Award and Homi Bhabha Prize. The Government of India awarded him the third highest civilian honor of the Padma Bhushan, in 1998, for his contributions to science.

Decision table
Decision tables are a concise visual representation for specifying which actions to perform depending on given conditions. Decision table is the term used for a Control table or State-transition table in the field of Business process modeling; they are usually formatted as the transpose of the way they are formatted in Software engineering.
Hanegraaff
Hanegraaff is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Hank Hanegraaff (born 1950), American Christian author and radio talk-show host

Wouter Hanegraaff (born 1961), Dutch academic, expert on Western esotericism

Wouter Hanegraaff
Wouter Jacobus Hanegraaff (born 10 April 1961) is professor of History of Hermetic Philosophy and related currents at the University of Amsterdam, Netherlands. He is a member of the Royal Dutch Academy of Arts and Science (KNAW) and an honorary member of the European Society for the Study of Western Esotericism (ESSWE), having served as its first president from 2005 to 2013.
County Observer and Monmouthshire Central Advertiser
The County Observer and Monmouthshire Central Advertiser was a weekly English language newspaper with conservative editorial leanings that was published in Wales.

It was distributed in the Abergavenny, Raglan, Monmouth, Caerleon, Newport, Chepstow, Pontypool, and Usk regions, and mineral and agricultural districts. It contained articles covering local and district news, with an emphasis on agricultural issues.

Welsh Newspapers Online has digitised 1,095 issues of the County Observer and Monmouthshire Central Advertiser (1867-1908) from the newspaper holdings of the National Library of Wales.

Caerleon
Caerleon (/kərˈliːən/ kər-LEE-ən; Welsh: Caerllion) is a town and community in Newport, Wales. Situated on the River Usk, it lies 5 miles (8 km) northeast of Newport city centre, and 5.5 miles (9 km) southeast of Cwmbran. Caerleon is of archaeological importance, being the site of a notable Roman legionary fortress, Isca Augusta, and an Iron Age hillfort. Close to the remains of Isca Augusta are the National Roman Legion Museum and the Roman Baths Museum. The town also has strong historical and literary associations: Geoffrey of Monmouth elevated the significance of Caerleon as a major centre of British history in his Historia Regum Britanniae (c. 1136), and Alfred Lord Tennyson wrote Idylls of the King (1859–1885) while staying in Caerleon.
Gaius Canuleius
Gaius Canuleius, according to Livy book 4, was a tribune of the plebs in 445 BC. He introduced a bill proposing that intermarriage between patricians and plebeians be allowed. As well, with his fellow tribunes he proposed another bill allowing one of the two annually elected consuls to be a plebeian.

Despite fierce opposition from the patricians, his laws were eventually passed when the plebeians went on a military strike, refusing to defend the city against its attacking neighbors. That law, the Lex Canuleia, bears his name.

The accuracy of Livy's description of Canuleius' tribunate and the Struggle of the Orders in which his laws played a major part is doubted by some modern scholars.

Consul
Consul (abbrev. cos.; Latin plural consules) was the title of one of the two chief magistrates of the Roman Republic, and subsequently also an important title under the Roman Empire. The title was used in other European city-states through antiquity and the Middle Ages, in particular in the Republics of Genoa and Pisa, then revived in modern states, notably in the First French Republic. The related adjective is consular, from the Latin consularis.

This usage contrasts with modern terminology, where a consul is a type of diplomat.
Longreach Airport
Longreach Airport (IATA: LRE, ICAO: YLRE) is situated in Longreach, Queensland, Australia. The airport is 1.5 nautical miles (2.8 km; 1.7 mi) northeast of the city.

The Royal Flying Doctor Service has one of its nine Queensland bases at Longreach Airport.

Royal Flying Doctor Service
The Royal Flying Doctor Service (RFDS), commonly known as the Flying Doctor, is an aeromedical retrieval service in Australia. It is a non-profit organisation that provides urgent and emergency medical transport for patients in rural and remote areas of Australia who require transfer to a higher level of care (such as a tertiary referral hospital). RFDS also provides primary health care services such as general practice, mental health and allied health to remote communities who would otherwise have limited access. The RFDS comprises six autonomous regional organisations (such as the RFDS Queensland Section) and a federation office in Canberra.
Bruce Donaldson (politician)
Bruce Kirwan Donaldson (born 22 July 1938 in Armadale, Western Australia) was an Australian politician. He was a member of the Western Australian Legislative Council representing the Agricultural region. Elected to Parliament in the 1993 state election, he was a member of the Liberal Party and served until his retirement at the 2008 state election.

He completed his primary education at Gosnells Primary school, then his secondary education at Hale School and finally his tertiary education at Narrogin Agricultural College, where he graduated with honours.

1993 Western Australian state election
Elections were held in the state of Western Australia on 6 February 1993 to elect all 57 members to the Legislative Assembly and all 34 members to the Legislative Council. The three-term Labor government, led by Premier Dr Carmen Lawrence since 12 February 1990, was defeated by the Liberal–National coalition, led by Opposition Leader Richard Court since 12 May 1992.
Belágua
Belágua is a municipality in the state of Maranhão in the Northeast region of Brazil.

The municipality contains part of the 1,535,310-hectare (3,793,800-acre) Upaon-Açu/Miritiba/Alto Preguiças Environmental Protection Area, created in 1992.

Maranhão
Maranhão (/ˌmɑːrəˈnjaʊn/, MAH-rə-NYOWN; Brazilian Portuguese pronunciation: [maɾɐˈɲɐ̃w] ⓘ) is a state in Brazil. Located in the country's Northeast Region, it has a population of about 7 million and an area of 332,000 km2 (128,000 sq mi) and it is divided into 217 municipalities. Clockwise from north, it borders on the Atlantic Ocean for 2,243 km and the states of Piauí, Tocantins and Pará. The people of Maranhão have a distinctive accent within the common Northeastern Brazilian dialect. Maranhão is described in literary works such as Exile Song by Gonçalves Dias and Casa de Pensão by Aluísio Azevedo.

The dunes of Lençóis are an important area of environmental preservation. Also of interest is the state capital of São Luís, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Another important conservation area is the Parnaíba River delta, between the states of Maranhão and Piauí, with its lagoons, desert dunes and deserted beaches or islands, such as Caju island, which shelters rare birds.
Donald McLeod (footballer)
Donald McLeod (28 May 1882 – 6 October 1917) was a Scottish professional footballer who made over 260 appearances in the English and Scottish Leagues for Middlesbrough and Celtic respectively. A right back, he was capped by Scotland and represented the Scottish League XI. McLeod was nicknamed 'Slasher'.

Scottish Football League XI
The Scottish League XI was a representative side of the Scottish Football League. The team regularly played against the (English) Football League and other national league select teams between 1892 and 1980. For a long period the annual fixture between the English and Scottish leagues was only second in importance to the matches between the two national teams. The fixture declined in importance after regular European club competition was instituted in the 1950s; matches in the 1960s and 1970s were played irregularly and poorly attended. A match involving a Scottish League XI was last played in 1990, to mark the centenary of the League.
WB Games New York
Warner Bros. Games New York (formerly Agora Games, Inc.), is a video game development company based in Troy, New York that works with game developers to build online features and web-based communities for video games. Warner Bros. Games New York was founded by Michael DelPrete as Agora Studios Inc. and grew out of an RPI project. Their software game-play statistics for games including Call of Duty: World at War, Guitar Hero, and numerous other franchises.

Major League Gaming acquired Agora Games on August 18, 2009. The studio was later sold to become a development studio within Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment (now Warner Bros. Games) in 2017, expanding its team, also rebranding to Warner Bros. Games New York within the following year.

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (/rɛnsəˈlɪər/ ren-sə-LEER; RPI) is a private research university in Troy, New York, United States. It is the oldest technological university in the English-speaking world and the Western Hemisphere. It was established in 1824 by Stephen Van Rensselaer and Amos Eaton for the "application of science to the common purposes of life".

Built on a hillside, RPI's 265-acre (107 ha) campus overlooks the city of Troy and the Hudson River. The institute operates an on‑campus business incubator and the 1,250-acre (510 ha) Rensselaer Technology Park.

RPI is organized into six main schools which contain 37 departments, with emphasis on science and technology. It is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities: Very High Research Activity".
Shivaji Patil
Shivaji Shattupa Patil (born 1969) is an Indian politician from Maharashtra. He is a member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly from Chandgad Assembly constituency in Kolhapur district representing as an independent politician. He won the 2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election.

Kolhapur district
Kolhapur district (Marathi pronunciation: [kolʱaːpuɾ]) is a district in the Maharashtra state of India. The city of Kolhapur is its district headquarter. It is situated near Panchaganga river.

It is bordered by the Sangli district to the north, by Ratnagiri district, Sindhudurg to the west and by Karnataka state to the east.

Kolhapur was a princely state during British rule in India. Shahu Maharaj ruled the state from 1894 to 1922 and worked toward its social and educational development. Kolhapur was a major hub of the Marathi film industry and was known as Chitranagari. It is now known as Bhalji Pendharkar Chitranagari.
Michael Schutzler
Michael Schutzler (born 1962) is the CEO of the Washington Technology Industry Association and former CEO of Livemocha, an online language learning community. He is also an author and business coach.

Schutzler's tertiary education began at Pennsylvania State University. There, he earned a Bachelor of Science, in Electrical Engineering.

Since 2000, he has been CEO and senior executive in several Internet industry firms and services including Classmates.com, Monster Worldwide and RealNetworks.

In 2007, Schutzler founded the business-coaching firm, CEOsherpa.com.

On 8 June 2010, Schutzler was announced as the new CEO of Livemocha.

Classmates.com
classmates.com is an American social networking service. It was founded on November 17, 1995 by Randy Conrads as Classmates Online, Inc. and headquartered in Bellevue, Washington. It bills itself as the leading online social network service in the United States for bringing high school alumni together, with over 90 million members.

Classmates.com has an archive of over 470,000 old high school yearbooks that have been digitized. Members can also purchase yearbook reprints. Other features of the site include private messaging, conversations, class lists and reunion planning.
Maximum-entropy Markov model
In statistics, a maximum-entropy Markov model (MEMM), or conditional Markov model (CMM), is a graphical model for sequence labeling that combines features of hidden Markov models (HMMs) and maximum entropy (MaxEnt) models. An MEMM is a discriminative model that extends a standard maximum entropy classifier by assuming that the unknown values to be learnt are connected in a Markov chain rather than being conditionally independent of each other. MEMMs find applications in natural language processing, specifically in part-of-speech tagging and information extraction.

Natural language processing
Natural language processing (NLP) is the processing of natural language information by a computer. NLP is a subfield of computer science and is closely associated with artificial intelligence. NLP is also related to information retrieval, knowledge representation, computational linguistics, and linguistics more broadly.

Major processing tasks in an NLP system include: speech recognition, text classification, natural language understanding, and natural language generation.
Era Bernard
Era Bernard was an Indian politician and former Member of the Legislative Assembly. He was elected to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly as Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam candidate from Colachel constituency in Kanyakumari district in 1996 election.

1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election
The eleventh legislative assembly election of Tamil Nadu was held on 2 May 1996 to elect members from 234 constituencies for the state legislature. The Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) led front won the election securing 221 seats in the 234 seat Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, and its leader M. Karunanidhi, became the chief minister.

In the tenth Tamil Nadu assembly, All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) held the majority with its leader J. Jayalalithaa as the chief minister. The elections resulted in a landslide defeat for the incumbent government, with the AIADMK winning only four seats. Outgoing chief minister Jayalalithaa lost the election from the Bargur, and became the first incumbent chief minister since M. Bakthavatsalam in 1967 to lose the elections.
Malaysia to Amnesia
Malaysia to Amnesia is a 2021 Indian Tamil-language comedy film written and directed by Radha Mohan. The film stars Vaibhav and Vani Bhojan in the lead roles, while Karunakaran, M. S. Bhaskar and Riya Suman play supporting roles. The music was composed by Premgi Amaren with editing by Praveen K. L. and cinematography by Mahesh Muthuswami.

The film was produced during the COVID-19 pandemic in India. It was streamed via ZEE5 on 28 May 2021 and received mixed to positive reviews praising actor M. S. Bhaskar's comedy performance.

Radha Mohan
Radha Mohan is an Indian film director and screenwriter of the South Indian film industry. He is known for films such as Mozhi (2007) and Kaatrin Mozhi (2018) starring Jyothika, Abhiyum Naanum (2008) with Prakash Raj, and Payanam(2011) with Nagarjuna.
Diana Coole
Diana Hilary Coole (born 1952)  is Professor of Political and Social Theory in the School of Politics and Sociology, Birkbeck, University of London. Her main field of research covers, broadly, contemporary continental philosophy with special interests in poststructuralism (especially Foucault), and feminism and gender in political thought. Coole also sits on the editorial boards of several journals including Contemporary Political Theory and the European Journal of Political Theory.

European Journal of Political Theory
The European Journal of Political Theory is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal that covers the field of political theory and philosophy. The editors-in-chief are Enzo Rossi (University of Amsterdam) and Robin Douglass (King's College London). It was established in 2002 and is published by SAGE Publications.
Zipfel
Zipfel is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Bud Zipfel (born 1938), American baseball player

Patrick Zipfel (born 1967), American basketball coach and college athletics director

Paul Albert Zipfel (1935–2019), American Roman Catholic bishop

Peter Zipfel (born 1956), German skier

Bud Zipfel
Marion Sylvester "Bud" Zipfel (born November 18, 1938) is an American former professional baseball player who appeared in 118 games over two seasons in Major League Baseball for the 1961–1962 Washington Senators. Born  in Belleville, Illinois, he was a first baseman and left fielder who batted left-handed, threw right-handed, stood 6 feet 3 inches (1.91 m) tall and weighed 200 pounds (91 kg).
Sugano
Sugano (written: 菅野) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Kenichi Sugano (菅野 賢一, born 1971), Japanese footballer

Sugano no Mamichi (菅野 真道, 741–814), Japanese noble

Matsuo Sugano (菅野 松男, born 1939), Japanese astronomer

Seiichi Sugano (菅野 誠一, 1939–2010), Japanese aikidoka

Takuma Sugano (菅野 拓真, born 1980), Japanese footballer

Tomoyuki Sugano (菅野 智之, born 1989), Japanese baseball player

Yuji Sugano (菅野 裕二, born 1961), Japanese footballer

Matsuo Sugano
Matsuo Sugano (Japanese: 菅野 松男, Hepburn: Sugano Matsuo, born 1939) is a Japanese astronomer.

He has discovered a number of asteroids, including 5881 Akashi (with T. Nomura), 6559 Nomura (with K. Kawanishi), and 8892 Kakogawa (with T. Nomura). He was also a co-discoverer of Comet Sugano-Saigusa-Fujikawa (C/1983 J1).

The asteroid 5872 Sugano is named after him. Asteroid 6155 Yokosugano was named for his wife, Yoko.

A long-time employee of Akashi Municipal Planetarium in Akashi, Hyōgo, Sugano worked to develop amateur astronomy in Japan.