hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
HMS Growler (1804)
HMS Growler was an Archer-class gun-brig built for the British Royal Navy and launched in 1804. She captured several French privateers and one Danish privateer, and took part in two actions that earned her crew the Naval General Service Medal (NGSM). She was sold in 1815.

Naval General Service Medal (1847)
The Naval General Service Medal (NGSM) was a campaign medal approved in 1847, and issued to officers and men of the Royal Navy in 1849. The final date for submitting claims was 1 May 1851. Admiral Thomas Bladen Capel was one of the members of the board that authorised the medal.

The NGSM was awarded retrospectively for various naval actions during the period 1793–1840, a period that included the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars and the Anglo-American War of 1812. Each battle or campaign covered by the medal was represented by a clasp on the ribbon. The medal was never issued without a clasp, 231 of which were sanctioned. The clasps covered a variety of actions, from boat service, ship to ship skirmishes, to major fleet actions such as the Battle of Trafalgar.

This medal and its army counterpart, the Military General Service Medal, were amongst the first real British campaign medals, issued to all ranks for serving in combat actions.
Carbon Plaza Mall
Carbon Plaza Mall is an indoor and outdoor shopping mall on the south side of Route 443 in Mahoning Township, Carbon County, Pennsylvania, just outside Lehighton. It is anchored by a Giant Supermarket, a Big Lots, and a Marshalls. Other major stores include Dollar Tree, Rent-A-Center, and a Shoe Show Shoe Dept. There are several fast food outlets in the parking lot.

Shoe Show
Shoe Show, Inc. is an American footwear retailer based in Concord, North Carolina. It operates shoe stores throughout the United States under the brands Shoe Show, Shoe Dept., Shoe Dept. Encore, Shoebilee!, Burlington Shoes, and Shoe Show Mega.

The company was founded in 1960 by Robert B. Tucker and has more than 1150 locations. It acquired Burlington Shoes in 1986, Altier Shoes in 1993, and Shoebilee! in 2002. In the early 2000s, the company began opening Shoe Dept. Encore stores, which are larger than regular Shoe Dept. stores.
Run, Simon, Run
Run, Simon, Run (also known as The Tradition of Simon Zuniga) is a 1970 American made-for-television thriller film from Aaron Spelling starring Burt Reynolds.

It featured the last performance of Inger Stevens.

Aaron Spelling
Aaron Spelling (April 22, 1923 – June 23, 2006) was an American film and television producer and occasional actor. His productions included the television series Family (1976–1980); Charlie's Angels (1976–1981); The Love Boat (1977–1986); Hart to Hart (1979–1984); Dynasty (1981–1989); Beverly Hills, 90210 (1990–2000); Melrose Place (1992–1999); 7th Heaven (1996–2007); and Charmed (1998–2006). He also served as producer of The Mod Squad (1968–1973), The Rookies (1972–1976) and Sunset Beach (1997–1999).

Through his production company Spelling Television, Spelling holds the record as the most prolific television producer in American television history, with 218 producer and executive producer credits. Forbes ranked him the 11th-highest-earning deceased celebrity in 2009.
Stephen D. Gutiérrez
Stephen D. Gutiérrez (born Montebello, California) is an American short story writer, professor at California State University, East Bay, and winner of a 2010 American Book Award. He won the 2010 Maxim Mazumdar New Play Competition.

He graduated from California State University, Chico with a BA in English in 1981, and from Cornell University with an MFA in 1987. He is married to the writer Jacqueline Doyle; they have one son.

California State University, East Bay
California State University, East Bay (Cal State East Bay, CSU East Bay, or CSUEB) is a public university in Hayward, California. The university is part of the California State University system and offers 136 undergraduate and 60 post-baccalaureate areas of study. Founded in 1957, California State University, East Bay had a student body of approximately 11,544 as of Spring 2025.  As of Fall 2024, it had 760 faculty. The university's largest and oldest college campus is located in Hayward, with additional centers in the nearby cities of Oakland and Concord.
Tom McCollum
Thomas McCollum (born December 7, 1989) is an American professional ice hockey goaltender currently playing for the Belfast Giants of the Elite Ice Hockey League. McCollum was drafted 30th overall by the Detroit Red Wings in the 2008 NHL Entry Draft. McCollum was born in Amherst, New York, but grew up in Sanborn, New York.

Amherst, New York
Amherst (/ˈæmhərst/ ⓘ) is a town in Erie County, New York, United States. It is a suburb of Buffalo. As of 2020, the town had a total population of 129,595. This represents an increase from 122,366 as reported in the 2010 census. It is the 14th most populated municipality in New York.

The second-largest in area and the most populous suburb of Buffalo, the town of Amherst encompasses the village of Williamsville as well as the hamlets of Eggertsville, Getzville, Snyder, Swormville, and East Amherst. The town is in the northern part of Erie County and borders a section of the Erie Canal.

Amherst is home to the north campus of the University at Buffalo, a campus of Erie Community College, a satellite campus of Bryant & Stratton College, and Daemen University.
Aleksander Albert Krajewski
Aleksander Albert Krajewski (1818-1903) was a Polish publicist and translator. For activity in Polish nationalist organizations sentenced to katorga by Russian Empire in 1838; returned after the amnesty of 1858. His translations include Goethe's Faust, works of Roman poet Horace and British poet George Gordon Byron.

Katorga
Katorga (Russian: ка́торга, romanized: kátorga, IPA: [ˈkatərɡə] ⓘ; from medieval and modern Greek: κάτεργον, romanized: kátergon, lit. 'galley'; and Ottoman Turkish: کادیرغا, kadırga) was a system of penal labor in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union (see Katorga labor in the Soviet Union).

Prisoners were sent to remote penal colonies in vast uninhabited areas of Siberia and the Russian Far East where voluntary settlers and workers were never available in sufficient numbers. The prisoners had to perform forced labor under harsh conditions.
Ryan Nyquist
Ryan Nyquist (born March 6, 1979) is an American professional BMX rider with 16 X Games medals, 39 X Games competition starts and 60 Dew Tour finals appearances (most all-time). Nyquist is considered one of the greatest and diversely skilled BMX riders ever. Nyquist has won numerous gold medals in the X Games Dirt Jumping & Bike Park events. Recently Nyquist has had an interest in freeride mountain biking and has been training in mountain biking as well as BMX. He currently rides for Haro Bikes, Vans Shoes, Rockstar Energy Drink, and The Jiffy Market of Los Gatos.

Dirt jumping
Dirt jumping or dirt jump is the practice of riding bikes over jumps made of dirt or soil and becoming airborne. Dirt jumping evolved alongside BMX racing and is similar to BMX or mountain bike racing in that the rider jumps off of mounds of dirt, usually performing a midair trick in between. It differs in that the jumps are usually much larger and designed to lift the rider higher into the air. Additionally, the goal is not to complete the course with the fastest time, but rather to perform the tricks with the style. Dirt jumping can be performed on BMX bikes or specialized mountain bikes known simply as "dirt jumpers".
Arrondissement of Senlis
The arrondissement of Senlis is an arrondissement of France in the Oise department in the Hauts-de-France region. It has 132 communes. Its population is 285,086 (2021), and its area is 1,344.2 km2 (519.0 sq mi).

Oise
Oise (/wɑːz/ WAHZ; French: [waz] ⓘ; Picard: Oése) is a department in the north of France. It is named after the river Oise. Inhabitants of the department are called Oisiens (French: [wazjɛ̃]) or Isariens, after the Latin name for the river, Isara. It had a population of 829,419 in 2019.
Mario Haggan
Mario Marcell Haggan (born March 3, 1980) is an American former professional football player who was a linebacker in the National Football League (NFL) for the Buffalo Bills, Denver Broncos, and St. Louis Rams. He was selected by the Bills in the seventh round of the 2003 NFL draft after playing college football for the Mississippi State Bulldogs.

Mississippi State Bulldogs football
The Mississippi State Bulldogs football program represents Mississippi State University in the sport of American football. The Bulldogs compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) as well as the Southeastern Conference (SEC). They also have won one SEC championship in 1941 and a division championship in 1998. The Bulldogs have 27 postseason bowl appearances. The program has produced 38 All-Americans (three consensus), 171 All-SEC selections, and 124 NFL players (11 first-round draft picks). The Bulldogs’ home stadium, Davis Wade Stadium at Scott Field, is the second oldest in the NCAA Division I FBS.
Alien vs. Predator (arcade game)
Alien vs. Predator (エイリアンVSプレデター) is a 1994 beat 'em up video game developed and released by Capcom for the CPS-2 arcade game system. It is based on the science fiction franchise of the same name. Introducing an original fighter to the game: Lt. Kurosawa, the players take control of up to three from the selection of four cyborgs and Predator characters in a battle against the Xenomorph hordes and rogue human soldiers.

The game was very well received by the public and media publications, but was never ported to any home systems.

Katana
A katana (刀, かたな; lit. 'one-sided blade') is a Japanese sword characterized by a curved, single-edged blade with a circular or squared guard and long grip to accommodate two hands. Developed later than the tachi, it was used by samurai in feudal Japan and worn with the edge facing upward. Since the Muromachi period, many old tachi were cut from the root and shortened, and the blade at the root was crushed and converted into a katana. The specific term for katana in Japan is uchigatana (打刀, うちがたな; lit. 'striking sword') and the term katana (刀) often refers to single-edged swords from around the world.
The Star Maker (1939 film)
The Star Maker is a 1939 American musical film directed by Roy Del Ruth, written by Frank Butler, Don Hartman and Arthur Caesar, and starring Bing Crosby, Louise Campbell, Linda Ware, Ned Sparks, Laura Hope Crews, Janet Waldo and Walter Damrosch. Filming started in Hollywood on April 17, 1939 and was finished in June. The film was released on August 25, 1939, by Paramount Pictures, and had its New York premiere on August 30, 1939. It was the only film in which Crosby played a happily married man.

Frank Butler (writer)
Frank Russell Butler (December 28, 1889 – June 10, 1967) was an American film and theatre actor and screenwriter, born in Oxford, Oxfordshire, England to parents Frederick Butler and Sarah Ann Hedges. He won an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for Going My Way. His son, Hugo Butler, also became a Hollywood screenwriter.
Shō Shoku
Shō Shoku (尚 稷, ? – 1434) was the father of King Shō En, the founder of the Second Shō dynasty of the Ryukyu Kingdom.

Shō Shoku was born into a family of peasant farmers on Izena Island, a small island which lies off the northwestern coast of Okinawa Island. He married Zuiun (瑞雲), and had a daughter and two sons: Abu-ganashi (阿武加那志), Shō En, and Shō Sen'i.

Shō Shoku and his wife died when their offsprings were young. He was posthumously honored as king in 1699, and his spirit tablet was placed in Sōgen-ji. His title was stripped in 1719, and his spirit tablet was moved to Tennō-ji.

Tennō-ji (Okinawa)
Tennō-ji (天王寺) was a Rinzai Buddhist temple and royal bodaiji of the Ryūkyū Kingdom, located in Naha, Okinawa.

Tennō-ji was the house of Shō En before he ascended the throne. Shō Shin was born here. The house changed in usage and became a Buddhist temple during the reign of King Shō Shin (r. 1477–1526). It also used as bodaiji of Ryukyuan queens. Ryukyuan king should visit Enkaku-ji, Tennō-ji and Tenkai-ji after his genpuku and investiture.

Ryukyu was annexed by Japan in 1879, and Tennō-ji was closed in the same year and buddharupa, spirit tablets and bonshō were moved to Enkaku-ji. The main hall (本殿, Honden) was used as a classroom of a school; the western part of the temple was bought by Methodists who built a church on it. It was destroyed in the 1945 battle of Okinawa.
Cache Creek terrane
The Cache Creek terrane (alternately known as Cache Creek Melange) is a geologic terrane in British Columbia and southern Yukon, Canada.

The Cache Creek terrane consists of Carboniferous to Lower Jurassic volcanic rocks, carbonate rocks, coarse clastic rocks and small amounts of ultramafic rock, chert and argillite.

Three geological formations comprise the Cache Creek Terrane: the Sitlika Assemblage, the Tezzeron succession and the Cache Creek Complex.

This terrane is mentioned in the video Where terranes collide (done in conjunction with Canada's geologic survey).

Volcanic rock
Volcanic rocks (often shortened to volcanics in scientific contexts) are rocks formed from lava erupted from a volcano. Like all rock types, the concept of volcanic rock is artificial, and in nature volcanic rocks grade into hypabyssal and metamorphic rocks and constitute an important element of some sediments and sedimentary rocks. For these reasons, in geology, volcanics and shallow hypabyssal rocks are not always treated as distinct. In the context of Precambrian shield geology, the term "volcanic" is often applied to what are strictly metavolcanic rocks. Volcanic rocks and sediment that form from magma erupted into the air are called "pyroclastics," and these are also technically sedimentary rocks.

Volcanic rocks are among the most common rock types on Earth's surface, particularly in the oceans. On land, they are very common at plate boundaries and in flood basalt provinces. It has been estimated that volcanic rocks cover about 8% of the Earth's current land surface.
Cultana
Cultana refers to various entities in an area of northeastern Eyre Peninsula in South Australia. These include:

Hundred of Cultana cadastral area

Cultana, South Australia bounded locality

Cultana Training Area used by the Australian Army

Cultana Training Area
The Cultana Training Area is an Australian Army training area on northeastern Eyre Peninsula in South Australia between Port Augusta, Whyalla and Iron Knob. It includes the former Baxter Detention Centre located at the range head of El Alamein. The training area was enlarged in 2014 to accommodate training needs of 1st Brigade and 7th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment. The lease of the land (from the Government of South Australia) includes provisions for mining access. It also has an Indigenous land use agreement with the Barngarla people.
Morling College
Morling College is a Baptist college in Macquarie Park, New South Wales. It is affiliated with the Australian Baptist Ministries. It is an approved teaching institution of the Australian University of Theology, and is a member of the South Pacific Association of Bible Colleges. The principal is Rev Dr Tim MacBride (since July 2023).

Macquarie Park, New South Wales
Macquarie Park (/məˈkwɒri/) is a suburb in the Northern Sydney region of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Macquarie Park is located 13 kilometres north-west of the Sydney central business district in the local government area of the City of Ryde.

Macquarie Park was part of the suburb of North Ryde until it was gazetted as a suburb in its own right on 5 February 1999, and many businesses still use North Ryde as the address. Both suburbs share the 2113 postcode, but Macquarie University, which is located at the northern part of the suburb, has its own postcode of 2109.
Environmental issues in Brevard County
Environmental issues in Brevard County in Florida United States are highlighted by the amount of waterline, the amount of wetlands, the quantity of residents and visitors to the area, as well as the usual threat to air quality from commuters. Assisting in this is the Florida Space Coast Clean Cities Coalition which is headquartered in Brevard.

Satellite Beach, Florida
Satellite Beach is a coastal city in Brevard County, Florida, U.S. The population was 11,226 at the 2020 United States census, up from 10,109 at the 2010 census, and it is located with the Atlantic Ocean to the east and the Banana River to the west. Satellite Beach is part of the Palm Bay–Melbourne–Titusville, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Michael Gruber (skier)
Michael Gruber (born 5 December 1979 in Schwarzach im Pongau) is an Austrian nordic combined skier who competed from 1997 to 2008. He won a gold medal in the 4 x 5 km team event at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin.

Gruber won two 4 x 5 km team event medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with a gold in 2003 and a bronze in 2005. He has two individual career victories (1998: 7.5 km sprint, 2004: 15 km individual).

He retired after the 2007-08 season.

Nordic combined
Nordic combined is a winter sport in which athletes compete in cross-country skiing and ski jumping. The Nordic combined at the Winter Olympics has been held since the first Winter Olympics in 1924, while the FIS Nordic Combined World Cup has been held since 1983. Many Nordic combined competitions use the Gundersen method, where placement in the ski jumping segment results in time (dis)advantages added to the contestant's total in the cross-country skiing segment (e.g. the ski jumping winner starts the cross-country skiing race at 00:00:00 while the one with the lowest jumping score starts with the longest time penalty).
Sunapati Rural Municipality
Sunapati is a Rural municipality located within the Ramechhap District of the Bagmati Province of Nepal.
The municipality spans 86.98 square kilometres (33.58 sq mi) of area, with a total population of 18,141 according to a 2011 Nepal census.

On March 10, 2017, the Government of Nepal restructured the local level bodies into 753 new local level structures.
The previous Dimipokhari, Hiledevi, Bethan, Khaniyapani and small portion of Gunsi Bhadaure VDCs were merged to form Sunapati Rural Municipality.
Sunapati is divided into 5 wards, with Hiledevi declared the administrative center of the rural municipality.

Dimipokhari
Dimipokhari  is a 2 no. Ward of Sunapati Rural Municipality in Ramechhap District which falls under 3 no. province of Nepal.It is located at north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2,997 people living in 626 individual households.
Shimonoseki Fortress
Shimonoseki Fortress (下関要塞, Shimonoseki yōsai) was the name of a group of coastal fortifications built in the Meiji period to guard the entrance to Kanmon Straits separating Honshu and Kyushu, two of Japan's four main islands. These gun batteries and fortifications ceased to be used after the end of World War II.

Kanmon Straits
The Kanmon Straits (関門海峡, Kanmon-kaikyō) or the Straits of Shimonoseki is the stretch of water separating Honshu and Kyushu, two of Japan's four main islands. On the Honshu side of the strait is Shimonoseki (下関, which contributed "Kan" (関) to the name of the strait) and on the Kyushu side is Kitakyushu, whose former city and present ward, Moji (門司), gave the strait its "mon" (門). The straits silt up at the rate of about 15 centimetres per annum, and dredging has made it possible to build the Kitakyushu Airport at low cost.

Western maps from the 19th century also refer to this waterway as the Straits of Van der Capellen.
Afternoon Tea (Bracquemond)
Afternoon Tea (French: Le goûter) is an 1880 oil-on-canvas painting by French artist Marie Bracquemond. It is a portrait of the artist's half-sister Louise Quivoron, who often served as a model for her paintings, reading in a garden at Bracquemond's home in the Parisian suburb of Sèvres. The work was shown during an exhibition in 1919 and purchased by the French government from Bracquemond's son Pierre. It is now in the collection of the Petit Palais, Musée des Beaux-Arts de la Ville de Paris.  It is one of her few works held in a public collection. The theme of the work reflects the intellectual activities of the lives of women, and can be compared to related works such as Mary Cassatt’s The Reader (1877) and Harriet Backer’s Evening (1890).

Sèvres
Sèvres (/ˈsɛvrə/, French: [sɛvʁ(ə)] ⓘ) is a French commune in the southwestern suburbs of Paris. It is located 9.9 kilometres (6.2 miles) from the centre of Paris, in the Hauts-de-Seine department in the Île-de-France region. As of 2023, the population of the commune was 22,303. The commune is known for its famous porcelain production at the Manufacture nationale de Sèvres, which was also where the Treaty of Sèvres (1920) was signed.
Pyrrocoma clementis
Pyrrocoma clementis is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common name tranquil goldenweed. It is native to Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming in the United States.

This perennial herb produces one or more hairy stems up to 40 centimeters long. The leaves have fleshy, linear or lance-shaped blades. The lower leaves are borne on petioles and the upper ones clasp the stem at their bases. The lower leaves can reach 14 centimeters long. The inflorescence is usually a solitary flower head with a bell-shaped base up to 1.5 centimeters wide. It is lined with green or yellowish phyllaries with white edges. It contains several yellow ray florets and many disc florets. The fruit is an achene at least a centimeter long including its pappus.

In Colorado, this plant grows on alpine tundra.

There are two varieties of this plant. The rare var. villosa is endemic to Wyoming, where it grows in the Big Horn Mountains.

Bighorn Mountains
The Bighorn Mountains (Crow: Basawaxaawúua, lit. 'our mountains' or Iisaxpúatahchee Isawaxaawúua, 'bighorn sheep's mountains') are a mountain range in northern Wyoming and southern Montana in the United States, forming a northwest-trending spur from the Rocky Mountains extending approximately 200 mi (320 km) northward on the Great Plains. They are separated from the Absaroka Range, which lie on the main branch of the Rockies to the west, by the Bighorn Basin. Much of the land is contained within the Bighorn National Forest.
Diffused junction transistor
A diffused junction transistor is a transistor formed by diffusing dopants into a semiconductor substrate. The diffusion process was developed later than the alloy-junction and grown junction processes for making bipolar junction transistors (BJTs).

Bell Labs developed the first prototype diffused junction bipolar transistors in 1954.

Dopant
A dopant (also called a doping agent) is a small amount of a substance added to a material to alter its physical properties, such as electrical or optical properties. The amount of dopant is typically very low compared to the material being doped.

When doped into crystalline substances, the dopant's atoms get incorporated into the crystal lattice of the substance. The crystalline materials are frequently either crystals of a semiconductor such as silicon and germanium for use in solid-state electronics, or transparent crystals for use in the production of various laser types; however, in some cases of the latter, noncrystalline substances such as glass can also be doped with impurities.

In solid-state electronics using the proper types and amounts of dopants in semiconductors is what produces the p-type semiconductors and n-type semiconductors that are essential for making transistors and diodes.