hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Somak Raychaudhury
Somak Raychaudhury (Bengali: সোমক রায়চৌধুরী) is an Indian astrophysicist. He is the Vice-Chancellor at Ashoka University and was the Director of the Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA), Pune. He is on leave from Presidency University, Kolkata, India, where he is a Professor of Physics, and is also affiliated to the University of Birmingham, United Kingdom. He is  known for his work on stellar mass black holes and supermassive black holes. His significant contributions include those in the fields of gravitational lensing, galaxy dynamics and large-scale motions in the Universe, including the Great Attractor.

Gravitational lens
A gravitational lens is matter, such as a cluster of galaxies or a point particle, that bends light from a distant source as it travels toward an observer. The amount of gravitational lensing is described by Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity. If light is treated as corpuscles travelling at the speed of light, Newtonian physics also predicts the bending of light, but only half of that predicted by general relativity.

Orest Khvolson (1924) and Frantisek Link (1936) are generally credited with being the first to discuss the effect in print, but it is more commonly associated with Einstein, who made unpublished calculations on it in 1912 and published an article on the subject in 1936.

In 1937, Fritz Zwicky posited that galaxy clusters could act as gravitational lenses, a claim confirmed in 1979 by observation of the Twin QSO SBS 0957+561.
Zhukovsky District, Kaluga Oblast
Zhukovsky District (Russian: Жуковский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Kaluga Oblast, Russia. It is located in the northeast of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,360 square kilometers (530 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Zhukov.  Population: 62,370 (2021 census); 48,999 (2010 census); 46,180 (2002 Census); 45,940 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Zhukov accounts for 26.0% of the district's total population.

Kaluga Oblast
Kaluga Oblast (Russian: Калу́жская о́бласть, romanized: Kaluzhskaya oblastʹ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Kaluga. The 2021 Russian Census found a population of 1,069,904.
Damphousse
Damphousse is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Jean Damphousse (born 1952), Canadian politician

Jean-François Damphousse (born 1979), Canadian ice hockey player

Vincent Damphousse (born 1967), Canadian ice hockey player

Vincent Damphousse
Vincent François Damphousse (born December 17, 1967) is a Canadian former professional hockey player who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for eighteen seasons. He played centre for the Toronto Maple Leafs, Edmonton Oilers, Montreal Canadiens, and San Jose Sharks, winning a Stanley Cup championship with Montreal in 1993.

Damphousse is a hockey analyst with the French language television network RDS in his native Quebec.
Ray marching
Ray marching is a class of rendering methods for 3D computer graphics where rays are traversed iteratively, effectively dividing each ray into smaller ray segments, sampling some function at each step. For example, in volume ray casting the function would access data points from a 3D scan. In Sphere tracing, the function estimates a distance to step next. Ray marching is also used in physics simulations as an alternative to ray tracing where analytic solutions of the trajectories of light or sound waves are solved. Ray marching for computer graphics often takes advantage of SDFs to determine a maximum safe step-size, while this is less common in physics simulations a similar adaptive step method can be achieved using adaptive Runge-Kutta methods.

The technique dates back to at least the 1980s; the 1989 paper "Hypertexture" by Ken Perlin contains an early example of a ray marching method.

Runge–Kutta methods
In numerical analysis, the Runge–Kutta methods (English: /ˈrʊŋəˈkʊtɑː/ ⓘ RUUNG-ə-KUUT-tah) are a family of implicit and explicit iterative methods, which include the Euler method, used in temporal discretization for the approximate solutions of simultaneous nonlinear equations. These methods were developed around 1900 by the German mathematicians Carl Runge and Wilhelm Kutta.
Deusdedit
Deusdedit or Deodatus (literally "God has given" and "Given by God" respectively) is the name of several ecclesiastical figures of the Middle Ages:

Pope Deusdedit or Pope Adeodatus I (died 618)

Deusdedit of Canterbury (died 664)

Deodatus of Nevers or Deodatus of Jointures (died c. 679)

Deusdedit of San Pietro in Vincoli (fl. 11th century), cardinal and canon lawyer

Deusdedit of San Lorenzo in Damaso (fl. 12th century), cardinal and papal legate

Teodato Ipato or Deusdedit, Doge of Venice 742–751

Deodatus of Nola, a saint in the 5th century

Deodatus of Blois, a saint in the 6th century

Thiddag (Deodatus) (998–1017), a bishop of Prague

Deusdedit of San Pietro in Vincoli
Deusdedit (died between 1097 and 1100) was the cardinal-priest of San Pietro in Vincoli (Sanctus Petrus ad Vincula).

Born at Todi, he was a friend of Pope Gregory VII and defender of his reformation measures. Deusdedit joined the Benedictine Order and became a zealous promoter of ecclesiastical reforms in the latter half of the eleventh century.
Somethin' 'Bout You Baby I Like
"Somethin' 'Bout You Baby I Like" is a popular song written by guitarist Richard Supa in the early 1970s. The version by Tom Jones reached No. 36 in the UK in 1974. Glen Campbell and Rita Coolidge reached No. 42 in the US with their recording of the song in 1980.

Rita Coolidge
Rita Coolidge (born May 1, 1945) is an American recording artist. During the 1970s and 1980s, her songs were on Billboard magazine's pop, country, adult contemporary, and jazz charts, and she won two Grammy Awards with fellow musician and then-husband Kris Kristofferson. Her recordings include "(Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher", "We're All Alone", "I'd Rather Leave While I'm in Love" and the theme song for the 1983 James Bond film Octopussy: "All Time High".
Grace and Robert Miller Ranch
The Grace and Robert Miller Ranch represents an expansion of the previously existing Miller Cabin listing on the National Register of Historic Places. The ranch was the home of Robert E. Miller, first superintendent of Jackson Hole National Monument. The property was transferred to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as part of the National Elk Refuge.

National Elk Refuge
The National Elk Refuge is a Wildlife Refuge located in Jackson Hole in the U.S. state of Wyoming. It was created in 1912 to protect habitat and provide sanctuary for one of the largest elk (also known as wapiti) herds. With a total of 24,700 acres (10,000 ha), the refuge borders the town of Jackson, Wyoming, on the southwest, Bridger-Teton National Forest on the east and Grand Teton National Park on the north. It is home to an average of 7,500 elk each winter. The refuge is managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, an agency of the U.S. Department of the Interior.
Postfuhramt
Postfuhramt (English: Mail Delivery Office), formally known as Kaiserliche Postfuhramt (English: Imperial Mail Delivery Office) is a historic building built in 1881 and located on Oranienburger Straße (English: Oranienburger Street) at the corner of Tucholskystraße (English: Tucholsky Street), in the Spandauer Vorstadt area of Mitte, Berlin. Since 1975, it has been a listed as a protected building (via Denkmalschutz).

At the Postfuhramt Ottomar Anschütz held the first showing of life sized pictures in motion on 25 November 1894.
From 2006 until 2012, the space hosted an art gallery and exhibitions. In 2012, the building was sold to Biotronik, a medical manufacturing company specializing in medical technology.

Deutsche Stiftung Denkmalschutz
The Deutsche Stiftung Denkmalschutz ("German Foundation for Monument Protection") is a German private initiative founded in 1985 that works for the preservation of cultural heritage in Germany and to promote the idea of cultural heritage management.
Bill Madden (musician)
Bill Madden is an American singer-songwriter, also regarded as an indie musician and an activist. Madden is best known for his environmental song and music video Gone which was in rotation on television networks, MTVU in America and MuchMusic in Canada. As a short film and music video, Gone also won multiple film festival awards and commendations. Madden's music is typically labeled as alternative folk rock or neofolk. Vocally, Madden's voice has been described as a "deep breathy voice [that] serenades listeners," full of range, melodic, and "reminiscent of Jeff Buckley." In his lyrics he often uses metaphor, verse and poetry, to articulate his socio/political and spiritual themes.

Neofolk
Neofolk (originally known as apocalyptic folk) is a music genre that originally emerged during the 1980s through the British post-punk and industrial music scene. It is primarily characterized by acoustic instrumentation and draws influences from dark wave and post-industrial styles such as dark ambient.
1904 Florida State College football team
The 1904 Florida State College football team represented Florida State College (FSC) in the sport of American football during the 1904 college football season. The team, led by head coach Jack Forsythe, posted a 2–3 record and won the State Championship with victories over Stetson and the University of Florida at Lake City With no formal nickname or mascot, the Florida State College football team was known simply as the "Florida State College Eleven".

This would be the last football squad fielded by Florida State College, which was converted into the Florida State College for Women when the state's system of higher education was reorganized by the Buckman Act. Jack Forsythe became the first football coach for the new University of the State of Florida when it opened in Gainesville in 1906. After World War 2, Florida State College became the co-educational Florida State University, which traces the roots of its football program back to the teams of Florida State College.

1904 college football season
The 1904 college football season had no clear-cut champion, with the Official NCAA Division I Football Records Book listing Michigan, Minnesota, and Penn as having been selected national champions.

1904 was a big year for the South. It was the first year for: Dan McGugin at Vanderbilt, Mike Donahue at Auburn, and John Heisman at Georgia Tech.
Giuseppe Valdengo
Giuseppe Valdengo (May 24, 1914, Turin – October 3, 2007, Aosta) was an Italian operatic baritone. Opera News said that, "Although his timbre lacked the innate beauty of some of his baritone contemporaries, Valdengo's performances were invariably satisfying — bold and assured in attack but scrupulously musical."

Aosta
Aosta (official French: Aoste; Valdôtain: Aoûta) is the principal city of the Aosta Valley, a bilingual region in the Alps, 110 km (68 mi) north-northwest of Turin, Italy. It is situated near the Italian entrance of the Mont Blanc Tunnel and the Great St Bernard Tunnel, at the confluence of the Buthier and the Dora Baltea, and at the junction of the Great and Little St Bernard Pass routes.
Lanka Dahan
Lanka Dahan (English: Lanka Aflame) is a 1917 Indian silent film directed by Dadasaheb Phalke. Phalke also wrote the film based on an episode of the Hindu epic Ramayana, credited to Valmiki. The film was Phalke's second feature film after the 1913 Raja Harishchandra, which was the first Indian full-length feature film. Phalke also directed various short films in between.

Anna Salunke, who had previously played the role of Rani Taramati in Phalke's Raja Harishchandra played two roles in this film. As women were prohibited from taking part in commercial performing arts, men also played the female characters. Salunke played the male character of  Rama as well as the female character of his wife Sita. He is thus credited with playing the first double role in Indian cinema.

Dual role
A dual role (also known as a double role) is an instance of one actor playing two roles in a single production. Dual roles (or a larger number of roles for an actor) may be deliberately written into a script, or may instead be a choice made during production, often due to a low budget. In film and television, dual roles are often used for comic effect, or to depict identical twins or other relatives. In a theatrical production where more than one actor plays multiple characters, it is sometimes referred to as an "Ironman" cast.
Shipshewana, Indiana
Shipshewana is a town in Newbury Township, LaGrange County, Indiana, United States. As of the 2020 census, Shipshewana had a population of 839. It is the location of the Menno-Hof Amish & Mennonite Museum, which showcases the history of the Amish and Mennonite peoples.

Newbury Township, LaGrange County, Indiana
Newbury Township is one of eleven townships in LaGrange County, Indiana. As of the 2020 census, its population was 5,792, up from 5,219 at the previous census.

According to the 2020 "ACS 5-Year Estimates Data Profiles", 36.5% of the township's population spoke only English, while 63.4 spoke an "other [than Spanish] Indo-European language" (basically Pennsylvania German/German).
Devlin (given name)
Devlin is a given name.

People with name include:

Devlin DeFrancesco (born 2000), Canadian-Italian auto racing driver

Devlin Hodges (born 1996), American football quarterback

Devlin Hope (born 1990), South African rugby union player

Devlin MacKay (born 1997), Scottish football goalkeeper

Devlin Robinson (fl. 2010s–2020s), Pennsylvania State Senate member

Devlin Hodges
Devlin Patrick Hodges (born April 12, 1996), nicknamed "Duck", is an American former professional football player who was a quarterback in the National Football League (NFL) and Canadian Football League (CFL). He played college football for the Samford Bulldogs, after playing at Mortimer Jordan High School. He was signed by the Pittsburgh Steelers as an undrafted free agent in 2019. He was also a member of the Los Angeles Rams and Ottawa Redblacks.
Pedro Zambrano Ortiz
Pedro Zambrano Ortiz, O.F.M., (born c. 1586) was a Spanish Franciscan friar who was guardian of the Mission Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles de Porciúncula de los Pecos in the settlement of Pecos, in the Province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México of New Spain, from no later than 1619 until the fall of 1621.
He then served at Galisteo Pueblo, and was still in charge of the mission in 1632

Pecos, New Mexico
Pecos is a village in San Miguel County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 1,392 at the 2010 census, shrinking slower than other parts of San Miguel County, partly because Pecos is within commuting distance of Santa Fe. The village is built along the Pecos River, which flows from the north out of the Santa Fe National Forest. Notable locations nearby include Pecos National Historical Park, Glorieta Pass, and Pecos Benedictine Monastery. It is also an entry point for hunting, fishing, hiking and camping in the Pecos Wilderness. The closest metropolitan area is the Santa Fe metropolitan area, approximately 26 miles (42 km) to the west.
Przyszowice massacre
The Przyszowice massacre (Polish: Zbrodnia przyszowicka or tragedia przyszowicka) was a massacre perpetrated by the Red Army against civilian inhabitants of the Polish village of Przyszowice in Upper Silesia during the period January 26 to January 28, 1945. Sources vary on the number of victims, which range from 54 to over 60 – and possibly as many as 69.  The Institute of National Remembrance, a Polish organization that carried out research into these events, has declared that the Przyszowice massacre was a crime against humanity.

Massacre
A massacre is an event of killing defenseless human beings or other animals. It is generally used to describe a targeted mass killing of civilians by an armed group. It can also be used figuratively to refer to a one-sided exchange between armed groups. The word is a loan of a French term for "butchery" or "carnage". Other terms with overlapping scope include war crime, pogrom, mass killing, mass murder, and extrajudicial killing.
Van Dyke brown (printing)
Van Dyke brown is a printing process named after Anthony van Dyck.

It involves coating a canvas with ferric ammonium citrate, tartaric acid, and silver nitrate, then exposing it to ultraviolet light. The canvas can be washed with water, and hypo to keep the solutions in place.  The image created has a Van Dyke brown color when it's completed, and unlike other printing methods, does not require a darkroom.

The Van Dyke brown process was patented in Germany in 1895 by Arndt and Troost. It was originally called many different names, such as sepia print or brown print. It has even been called kallitype, however that process uses ferric oxalate instead of ferric ammonium citrate.

Concerns have been voiced about the archival qualities of the Van Dyke brown print due to the fact that many early Van Dyke brown prints did not last long. However, if properly processed, Van Dyke brown prints should last as long as any other silver process.

Tartaric acid
Tartaric acid is a white, crystalline organic acid that occurs naturally in many fruits, most notably in grapes but also in tamarinds, bananas, avocados,  and citrus. Its salt, potassium bitartrate, commonly known as cream of tartar, develops naturally in the process of fermentation. Potassium bitartrate is commonly mixed with sodium bicarbonate and is sold as baking powder used as a leavening agent in food preparation. The acid itself is added to foods as an antioxidant E334 and to impart its distinctive sour taste. Naturally occurring tartaric acid is a useful raw material in organic synthesis. Tartaric acid, an alpha-hydroxy-carboxylic acid, is diprotic and aldaric in acid characteristics and is a dihydroxyl derivative of succinic acid.
Kosaburo Hashiguchi
Kosaburo Hashiguchi (橋口 攻三郎, Hashiguchi Kōsaburō) is a Japanese mathematician and computer scientist at the Toyohashi University of Technology and Okayama University, known for his research in formal language theory.

In 1988, he found the first algorithm to determine the star height of a regular language, a problem that had been open since 1963 when Lawrence Eggan solved the related star height problem, showing that there is no finite bound on the star height.
Hashiguchi's algorithm for star height is extremely complex, and impractical on all but the smallest examples.[H88] A simpler method, showing also that the problem is PSPACE-complete, was provided in 2005 by Kirsten.

Earlier, in 1979, Hashiguchi had also solved another open problem on regular languages, of deciding whether, for a given language , there exists a finite number  such that .[H79]

Hashiguchi is the uncle of Japanese-born American pianist Grace Nikae.

Star height
In theoretical computer science, more precisely in the theory of formal languages, the star height is a measure for the structural complexity 
of regular expressions and regular languages. The star height of a regular expression equals the maximum nesting depth of stars appearing in that expression. The star height of a regular language is the least star height of any regular expression for that language.
The concept of star height was first defined and studied by Eggan (1963).
Battle of Luchana
The Battle of Luchana (Lutxana in Basque) occurred at Bilbao and its vicinities during the night of December 23, 1836 and went on until December 24, 1836.  The Carlists were besieging Bilbao and controlled the water and land routes towards the city.  The battle of Luchana took place in the district belonging to the parish of Deusto and the municipality of Erandio, on the banks of the Asúa River, which empties into the Nervión at the spot known as Luchana.  The Carlists were defeated and the siege of Bilbao was lifted.

Nervión
Nervión (Spanish pronunciation: [neɾˈβjon]; Basque: Nerbioi) is a river that runs through the town of Bilbao, Spain into the Cantabrian Sea (Bay of Biscay). Its lowermost course, downstream of its confluence with the Ibaizabal River, is known as the Estuary of Bilbao.
Cy Twombly (baseball)
Edwin Parker "Cy" Twombly Sr. (June 15, 1897 – December 3, 1974) was an American right-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball who appeared in seven games for the 1921 Chicago White Sox. Born in Groveland, Massachusetts, he attended Lehigh University and Springfield College. He was a swim coach and later Athletic Director of Washington & Lee University in Lexington, Virginia in the late 1950s and early 1960s. His namesake son was a major American artist. He died at age 77 in Savannah, Georgia.

Washington and Lee University
Washington and Lee University (Washington and Lee or W&L) is a private liberal arts college in Lexington, Virginia, United States. Established in 1749 as Augusta Academy, it is among the oldest institutions of higher learning in the US.

Washington and Lee's 325-acre campus sits at the edge of Lexington and abuts the campus of the Virginia Military Institute in the Shenandoah Valley region between the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Allegheny Mountains. The institution consists of three academic units: the college itself; the Williams School of Commerce, Economics, and Politics; and the School of Law. It hosts 24 intercollegiate varsity athletic teams which compete as part of the Old Dominion Athletic Conference of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA Division III).
Dreher Island State Park
Dreher Island State Park is in central South Carolina roughly 30 miles (48 km) from the state's capital of Columbia.  It occupies all of the largest island in 50,000-acre (202 km2) Lake Murray, a reservoir of the Saluda River.

The park offers boating, hiking, camping, fishing for largemouth bass and other fish, picnic areas and spaces for large group meetings.  The park also contains several lodging options, including villas and cabins.

It was first leased from SCE&G (now SCANA) in 1970, who built the Dreher Shoals Dam, creating Lake Murray.  Today it is a largely heavily wooded island with the only access being a bridge on its Northern side.

The park is named after the former owner of island, Billy Dreher.

Boating
Boating is the leisurely activity of travelling by boat, or the recreational use of a boat whether powerboats, sailboats, or man-powered vessels (such as rowing and paddle boats), focused on the travel itself, as well as sports activities, such as fishing or waterskiing. It is a popular activity, and there are millions of boaters worldwide.
Grete Csaki-Copony
Grete Csaki-Copony (12 October 1893—4 December 1990) was a Transylvanian Saxon painter.

She was born in Zărnești and studied in Dresden, Berlin, Munich and Budapest, where she met and married Richard Csaki (later director of the Deutsches Ausland-Institut in Stuttgart). She spent a lot of time in Berlin from 1911 and was greatly influenced by the art scene in the city. The first solo exhibition of her works was in 1918, in what is today Brukenthal National Museum in Sibiu. Her modernistic art was negatively reviewed in the conservative environment. After an exhibition in Berlin in 1935, the Nazi Germans condemned her art as "Degenerate".

From 1954, she continuously spent part of the year in Greece, where she had an atelier. In 1962, she settled permanently in Berlin.

Brukenthal National Museum
The Brukenthal National Museum (Romanian: Muzeul Național Brukenthal; German: Brukenthalmuseum) is a museum in Sibiu, Transylvania, Romania, established in the late 18th century by Samuel von Brukenthal (1721-1803) in his city palace. Baron Brukenthal, governor of the Grand Principality of Transylvania established his first collections around 1790. The collections were officially opened to the public in 1817, making the museum the oldest institution of its kind on the territory of modern-day Romania.

Today, in its extended form, it is a complex comprising six museums, which, without being separate administrative entities, are situated in different locations around the city and have their own distinct cultural programmes.