hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Outline of the Iraq War
The following outline is provided as an overview of, and topical guide to, the Iraq War.

Iraq War – a protracted armed conflict in Iraq lasting from 2003 to 2011, which began with the invasion of Iraq by a United States-led coalition that overthrew the Iraqi government of Saddam Hussein. The conflict continued for much of the next decade as an insurgency emerged to oppose the coalition forces and the post-invasion Iraqi government. US troops were officially withdrawn in 2011. The invasion occurred as part of the George W. Bush administration's war on terror following the September 11 attacks.

Execution of Saddam Hussein
Saddam Hussein, the former president of Iraq, was executed on 30 December 2006. Saddam was sentenced to death by hanging, after being convicted of crimes against humanity by the Iraqi Special Tribunal for the Dujail massacre—the killing of 148 Iraqi Shi'ites in the town of Dujail, in 1982, in retaliation for a purported assassination attempt on Saddam.

The Iraqi government released an official video of his execution, showing him being led to the gallows, and ending after the hangman's noose was placed over his head. International public controversy arose when a mobile phone recording of the hanging showed him surrounded by a contingent of his countrymen, who jeered him in Arabic and praised the Shia cleric Muqtada al-Sadr, and his subsequent fall through the trap door of the gallows.

Saddam's body was returned to his birthplace of Al-Awja, near Tikrit, on 31 December and was buried near the graves of other family members.
Susan Stryker
Susan Stryker (born 1961) is an American professor, historian, author, filmmaker, and theorist whose work focuses on gender and human sexuality. She is a professor of Gender and Women's Studies, former director of the Institute for LGBT Studies, and founder of the Transgender Studies Initiative at the University of Arizona.
Stryker is the author of several books and a founding figure of transgender studies as well as a scholar of transgender history.

Basic Books
Basic Books is a book publisher founded in 1950 and located in New York City, now an imprint of Hachette Book Group. It publishes books in the fields of psychology, philosophy, economics, science, politics, sociology, current affairs, and history.
Paxton Whitehead
Francis Edward Paxton Whitehead (17 October 1937 – 16 June 2023) was an English actor and theatre director. He was nominated for a Tony Award and a Drama Desk Award for his performance as Pellinore in the 1980 revival of Camelot. Whitehead had many Broadway roles. He was also known for his film roles, most memorably Rodney Dangerfield's foil in Back to School, and for his many guest appearances on several U.S. television shows: he portrayed Bernard Thatch on The West Wing, and in the 1990s often appeared in recurring and guest roles on major sitcoms, such as Frasier, Caroline in the City, Ellen, 3rd Rock from the Sun, The Drew Carey Show, Mad About You, and Friends.

Misalliance (play)
Misalliance is a play written in 1909–1910 by George Bernard Shaw. The play takes place entirely on a single Saturday afternoon in the conservatory of a large country house in Hindhead, Surrey, in Edwardian era England.

Shaw subtitled his play A Debate in One Sitting, and in the program of its first presentation in 1910 inserting this note: "The debate takes place at the house of John Tarleton of Hindhead, Surrey, on 31 May 1909.  As the debate is a long one, the curtain will be lowered twice. The audience is requested to excuse these interruptions, which are made solely for its convenience."

The Irish playwright Lennox Robinson assisted Shaw when he was directing the original London production of the play.
Poincaré lemma
In mathematics, the Poincaré lemma gives a sufficient condition for a closed differential form to be exact (while an exact form is necessarily closed). Precisely, it states that every closed p-form on an open ball in Rn is exact for p with 1 ≤ p ≤ n. The lemma was introduced by Henri Poincaré in 1886.

Simply connected space
In topology, a topological space is called simply connected (or 1-connected, or 1-simply connected) if it is path-connected and every path between two points can be continuously transformed into any other such path while preserving the two endpoints in question. Intuitively, this corresponds to a space that has no disjoint parts and no holes that go completely through it, because two paths going around different sides of such a hole cannot be continuously transformed into each other. The fundamental group of a topological space is an indicator of the failure for the space to be simply connected: a path-connected topological space is simply connected if and only if its fundamental group is trivial.
S. H. Burton
Samuel Holroyd "Tim" Burton (30 November 1919 – 6 December 2005) was a British school teacher, college lecturer and prolific author of English language textbooks and books about the west of England. He also produced fiction, assembled anthologies and wrote a biography of William Shakespeare.

He was a lifelong socialist, supporter of the Labour Party, and an anti-nuclear campaigner who set up a branch of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. He was chairman of the Exmoor Society and campaigned for the preservation of its open spaces.

West Country
The West Country is a loosely defined area within South West England, usually taken to include the counties of Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, Somerset and Bristol, with some considering it to extend to all or parts of Wiltshire, Gloucestershire and Herefordshire. The West Country has a distinctive regional English dialect and accent, and is also home to the Cornish language.
Otto Adam
Otto Adam (24 November 1909 – 2 December 1977) was a German fencer. He won a bronze medal in the team foil event at the 1936 Summer Olympics.

Adam was born on 24 November 1909 in Wiesbaden. He died on 2 December 1977 in Ottweiler, at the age of 68.

Foil (fencing)
A foil is one of the three weapons used in the sport of fencing. It is a flexible weapon of total length 110 cm (43 in) or under, rectangular in cross section, weighing under 500 g (18 oz), with a blunt tip. As with the épée, points are only scored by making contact with the tip. The foil is the most commonly used weapon in fencing.
Monte Carlo Baby
Monte Carlo Baby is a 1951 comedy film co-directed by Jean Boyer and Lester Fuller. It featured an early performance by Audrey Hepburn playing a spoiled actress. Most Hepburn biographies indicate that it was during the filming of this film that Hepburn was first discovered by the playwright Colette and chosen for the lead role in the play Gigi, which would lead to Hepburn launching her acting career in Hollywood (though see Secret People (film) for an alternative account that suggests she was discovered by a film producer via that movie). In any event, this was the last movie Hepburn made before launching her Hollywood film career.

Monte Carlo Baby was produced in the English language, while a second version of the film was made in French. Since Hepburn was fluent in French, she played the same role (although the character's name was changed). This version of the film was released in 1951 as Nous irons à Monte Carlo (We're Going to Monte Carlo).

Colette
Sidonie-Gabrielle Colette (French: [sidɔni ɡabʁijɛl kɔlɛt]; 28 January 1873 – 3 August 1954), known mononymously as Colette or as Colette Willy, was a French author and woman of letters. She was also a mime, actress, and journalist. Colette is best known in the English-speaking world for her 1944 novella Gigi, which was the basis for the 1958 film and the 1973 stage production of the same name. Her short story collection The Tendrils of the Vine is also famous in France.
Janzouri
Janzouri, Janzuri, Zanzuri, Zanzouri, Ganzouri, or Ganzuri, derived from the name (Egyptian Arabic: جَنْزُور), is a label referring to a person from the Egyptian City of Ganzur in Menoufia Governorate. And also
Janzūr) (and zanzur (Arabic: زَنْزُور zanzūr) is same of janzur but in Libyan dialect the ǧīm change to zayn, and ganzur is same of Janzur but the ǧīm is Voiced velar stop), refer to people residing in a Libyan City with the same name. In Israel Italy, the families that reside there are Jews origin from the Libyan city of Janzour, rather than the Egyptian one, and they  moved from Libya to Israel at 1949 and the rest moved to Italy at 1969.

There is also a City with the same name in Palestine, in Jenin. The Arabic term Janzour is singular, meaning chain, and its plural is "Janazeer" or Chains.

Libyan Arabic
Libyan Arabic (Arabic: ليبي, romanized: Lībī), also called Sulaimitian Arabic by scholars, is a variety of Arabic spoken in Libya, and neighboring countries. It can be divided into two major dialect areas: the eastern centred in Benghazi and Bayda, and the western centred in Tripoli and Misrata. The Eastern variety extends beyond the borders to the east and share the same dialect with far Western Egypt, Western Egyptian Bedawi Arabic, with 1 million speakers in Egypt. A distinctive southern variety, centered on Sabha, also exists and is more akin to the western variety. Another Southern dialect is also shared along the borders with Niger with 14,400 speakers in Niger as of 2024.
Carl Randall
Carl Randall, born Carlo Lombardi, is a British figurative painter, whose work is based on images of modern Japan, resulting from the artist living for a decade in Tokyo. These works came to prominence after they were exhibited at the National Portrait Gallery in London, and other exhibitions in the UK and Japan. He also subsequently made a series of paintings based on contemporary London.

Desmond Morris
Desmond John Morris FLS hon. caus. (born 24 January 1928) is an English zoologist, ethologist, and surrealist painter, as well as a popular author in human sociobiology. He is known for his 1967 book The Naked Ape, and for his television programmes such as Zoo Time.
Levänluhta
Levänluhta (Finnish: [ˈleʋænˌluhtɑ]; lit. "alga's floodmeadow") or Leväluhta is a spring and prominent archaeological site in the village of Orismala in Isokyrö, Finland. It was used as an Iron Age water graveyard from the 5th to the 8th centuries, containing remains of around 100 individuals. It's one of the oldest known burial sites in Finland with preserved human bones, as the waterlogged environment had contributed to an exceptionally good preservation of the remains.

Ancient DNA of 13 individuals from Levänluhta has been further studied, revealing that most of them had some 
Siberian-derived genetic ancestry like all Fenno-Ugric peoples, with a slightly closer resemblance to Sami than Finnish people, but the difference was not considerable.

Ancient DNA
Ancient DNA (aDNA) is DNA isolated from ancient sources (typically specimens, but also environmental DNA). Due to degradation processes (including cross-linking, deamination and fragmentation) ancient DNA is more degraded in comparison with present-day genetic material. Genetic material has been recovered from paleo/archaeological and historical skeletal material, mummified tissues, archival collections of non-frozen medical specimens, preserved plant remains, ice and from permafrost cores, marine and lake sediments and excavation dirt.

Even under the best preservation conditions, there is an upper boundary of 0.4–1.5 million years for a sample to contain sufficient DNA for sequencing technologies. The oldest DNA sequenced from physical specimens are from mammoth molars in Siberia over 1 million years old. In 2022, two-million-year-old genetic material was recovered from sediments in Greenland, and is currently considered the oldest DNA discovered so far.
Stately Pleasure Dome
Stately Pleasure Dome is the unofficial name for the prominent south-southwestern portion of Polly Dome, a granite dome on the northwest side of Tenaya Lake and Tioga Road in the Yosemite high country. Stately Pleasure Dome consists of glaciated and exfoliated granite rock that rises steeply  900 feet (270 m) from the lake shore; the very steep east side of the dome is popular with rock climbers, who gave the dome its name.

The phrase "stately pleasure dome" is the poem Kubla Khan by Samuel Taylor Coleridge:

In Xanadu did Kubla Khan
A stately pleasure-dome decree:
Where Alph, the sacred river, ran
Through caverns measureless to man
Down to a sunless sea.
(emphasis added)

Granite dome
Granite domes are domical hills composed of granite with bare rock exposed over most of the surface. Generally, domical features such as these are known as bornhardts. Bornhardts can form in any type of plutonic rock but are typically composed of granite and granitic gneiss. As granitic plutons cool kilometers below the Earth's surface, minerals in the rock crystallize under uniform confining pressure. Erosion brings the rock closer to Earth's surface and the pressure from above the rock decreases; as a result the rock fractures. These fractures are known as exfoliation joints, or sheet fractures, and form in onionlike patterns that are parallel to the land surface. These sheets of rock peel off the exposed surface and in certain conditions develop domical structures. Additional theories on the origin of granite domes involve scarp-retreat and tectonic uplift.
Richard Jones (Tasmanian politician)
Richard Jones (1936 – 1986) was one of the co-founders of the United Tasmania Group (UTG), the world's first Green party and the predecessor of the Tasmanian Greens. He was the UTG's first president when it formed in March 1972, through to the middle 1970s. At the time Jones was an academic biologist working at the University of Tasmania. He helped form the Centre for Environmental Studies Unit at the University of Tasmania and was active in transforming the Australian Conservation Foundation from an apolitical to a political force.

Tasmanian Greens
The Tasmanian Greens are a political party in Australia which developed from numerous environmental campaigns in Tasmania, including the flooding of Lake Pedder and the Franklin Dam campaign. They form a part of the Australian Greens.

Following the 2025 Tasmanian election, the party holds four seats in the Tasmanian House of Assembly, and is currently led by Rosalie Woodruff. At a federal level, two Tasmanian senators – Nick McKim and Peter Whish-Wilson – are members of the Greens.

The party's current shadow ministry can be found at Woodruff Shadow Ministry.
Paolo Girolamo Besozzi
Paolo Girolamo Besozzi (17 April 1704 – 1778) was an Italian oboe virtuoso and bassoonist who devoted his life to the study of the bassoon and oboe. He was born in Parma. Together with his brothers Giuseppe and Alessandro Besozzi, he took part from June 1714 in the ducal hautboy band Guardia Irlandese, created in 1702 by Antonio Farnese, Duke of Parma, and remaining in service until his nephew Antonio Besozzi succeeded him on 30 December 1727.

Around 1730 he moved back to Turin and became a member of the chapel court orchestra along with his brother Alessandro. During his stay in Paris with Alessandro in 1735, he worked on the Sonata for Bassoon and Basso Continuo in B flat major and five other Sonatas Trio for two violins and violoncello, published around 1750 by Canavasse. According to a letter of Leopold Mozart dated 28 May 1778, he would have died in Turin in 1778.

Antonio Farnese
Antonio Farnese (29 November 1679 – 20 January 1731) was the eighth and final Farnese Duke of Parma and Piacenza. He married, in 1727, Enrichetta d'Este of Modena with the intention of begetting an heir. The marriage, however, was childless, leading to the succession of Charles of Spain, whose mother, Elisabeth Farnese, was Antonio's niece, to the ducal throne.
2003 World Allround Speed Skating Championships
The 2003 World Allround Speed Skating Championships were held in Ruddalens IP in Gothenburg, Sweden, on 8–9 February 2003. Canadian Cindy Klassen and Dutchman Gianni Romme became the world champions.

The competitions were held in a Sweden where the interest for speed skating had declined throughout the 1990s.

Gianni Romme
Gianni Petrus Cornelis Romme (born 12 February 1973) is a Dutch marathoner and a former long track speed skater. He won two gold medals at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano and was the World all-round champion in 2000 and 2003. Romme has been a coach since the 2006–07 speed skating season.
USS Macomb
USS Macomb (DD-458/DMS-23) was a Gleaves-class destroyer of the United States Navy, named for Commodore William H. Macomb (1818–1872) and Rear Admiral David B. Macomb (1827–1911).

Macomb was laid down on 3 September 1940 by the Bath Iron Works Corp., Bath, Maine and launched on 23 September 1941; cosponsored by Mrs. Ryland W. Greene and her sister, Mrs. Edward H. Chew, granddaughters of Commodore William H. Macomb. The destroyer commissioned on 26 January 1942.

Bath, Maine
Bath is a city in and county seat of Sagadahoc County, Maine, United States. Bath had a 2024 population of 8,870. Bath is  growing at a rate of 0.29% annually, and its population has increased by 1.21% since the most recent census, which recorded a population of 8,764 in 2020. The city is popular with tourists, many drawn by its 19th-century architecture. It is home to the Bath Iron Works and Heritage Days Festival, held annually during the Fourth of July weekend. It is commonly known as the "City of Ships" due to the number of sailing ships that were built in the Bath shipyards. Bath is part of the Portland-South Portland-Biddeford metropolitan statistical area.
James Francis Edward Keith
James Francis Edward Keith (in later years Jakob von Keith; 11 June 1696 – 14 October 1758) was a Scottish soldier and Generalfeldmarschall of the Royal Prussian Army. As a Jacobite he took part in a failed attempt to restore the Stuart Monarchy to Britain. When this failed, he fled to Europe, living in France, and then Spain. He joined the Spanish and eventually the Russian armies and fought in the Anglo-Spanish War and the Russo-Swedish War. In the latter he participated in the conquest of Finland and became its viceroy. Subsequently, he participated in the coup d'état that put Elizabeth of Russia on the throne.

He subsequently served in the Prussian army under Frederick the Great, where he distinguished himself in several campaigns. He died during the Seven Years' War at the Battle of Hochkirch. He received the Black Eagle Order and is memorialised on the Equestrian statue of Frederick the Great.

Anglo-Spanish War (1727–1729)
The Anglo-Spanish War of 1727–1729 was a limited war that took place between Great Britain and Spain during the late 1720s, and consisted of a failed Spanish attempt to capture Gibraltar and an unsuccessful British Blockade of Porto Bello with a high British death toll. It eventually ended with a return to the previous status quo ante bellum following the Treaty of Seville.
Joëlle Coutaz
Joëlle Coutaz is a French computer scientist, specializing in human-computer interaction (HCI). Her career includes research in the fields of operating systems and HCI, as well as being a professor at the University of Grenoble. Coutaz is considered a pioneer in HCI in France, and in 2007, she was awarded membership to SIGCHI. She was also involved in organizing CHI conferences and was a member on the editorial board of ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction.

SIGCHI
The Special Interest Group on Computer–Human Interaction (SIGCHI) is one of the Association for Computing Machinery's special interest groups which is focused on human–computer interactions (HCI).

It hosts the flagship annual international HCI conference, CHI, with over 3,000 attendees, and publishes ACM Interactions and ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI). It also sponsors over 20 specialized conferences and provides in-cooperation support to over 30 conferences.

SIGCHI has two membership publications, the ACM TechNews - SIGCHI Edition and ACM Interactions. Until 2000, the SIGCHI Bulletin was also published as a membership publication.
Planters' Protective Association
The Planters' Protective Association (1904–1908) was an agrarian organization formed in the Kentucky and Tennessee "Black Patch" dedicated to fair business and the protection of farmers' economic interests in light of the market dominance of the American Tobacco Company.

In September 1904, following the threat of economic ruin as tobacco prices fell below the cost of production, white farmers in the region formed the Planters’ Protective Association. Representatives of the American Tobacco Company refused to negotiate with the leaders of the Association, asserting they lacked any feasible legal authority. Between 1906 and 1908, then, masked bands of Night Riders adopted a policy of vandalism and terrorism. These riders dynamited factories, set fire to trust warehouses, and destroyed thousands of dollars of property belonging to the tobacco monopoly in what would be later referred to as the "Great Tobacco Strike of the Century."

Voting interest
Voting interest (or voting power) is the legal capacity of a shareholder to influence corporate governance through the exercise of voting rights. While generally based on the proportionality of capital, the specific exercise and calculation of this power are governed by national statutes.
Hetty Baynes
Henrietta Sara Louise Baynes (born 16 August 1956) is an English film, television and theatre actress. She began her career in ballet by training from the age of 10 at the Royal Ballet School and made her professional debut, at the age of 12, in Rudolf Nureyev's The Nutcracker followed by The Sleeping Beauty at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden. In her mid-teens she moved from dance to acting.

She began her acting career at 17, as an acting ASM in repertory theatre. She was married to film director Ken Russell from 1992 to 1999; they had one son.

The Sleeping Beauty (ballet)
The Sleeping Beauty (Russian: Спящая красавица, romanized: Spyashchaya krasavitsa listenⓘ) is a ballet in a prologue and three acts to music by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, his Opus 66, completed in 1889. It is the second of his three ballets and, at 160 minutes, his second-longest work in any genre. The original scenario was by Ivan Vsevolozhsky after Perrault's La belle au bois dormant, or The Beauty Sleeping in the  Forest; the first choreographer was Marius Petipa. The premiere took place at the Mariinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg on January 15, 1890, and from that year forward The Sleeping Beauty has remained one of the most famous ballets of all time.
Balder Viaduct
Balder Viaduct is a former railway bridge near to the village of Cotherstone, in County Durham, England. The viaduct was part of the Tees Valley Railway between Barnard Castle and Middleton-in-Teesdale. It was opened in 1868 and closed in 1965. When it was open as a railway, the viaduct was in the old North Riding of Yorkshire. The viaduct is now open to walkers as part of the Tees Valley Railway Walk.

North Riding of Yorkshire
The North Riding of Yorkshire was a subdivision of Yorkshire, England, alongside York, the East Riding and West Riding. The riding's highest point was at Mickle Fell at 2,585 ft (788 m).

From the Restoration it was used as a lieutenancy area, having been previously part of the Yorkshire lieutenancy. Each riding was treated as a county for many purposes, such as quarter sessions. An administrative county, based on the riding, was created with a county council in 1889 under the Local Government Act 1888. In 1974 both the administrative county and the North Riding of Yorkshire lieutenancy were abolished, replaced in most of the riding by the non-metropolitan county and lieutenancy of North Yorkshire, and in the north-west by County Durham.