hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hellmann–Feynman theorem
In quantum mechanics, the Hellmann–Feynman theorem relates the derivative of the total energy with respect to a parameter to the expectation value of the derivative of the Hamiltonian with respect to that same parameter. According to the theorem, once the spatial distribution of the electrons has been determined by solving the Schrödinger equation, all the forces in the system can be calculated using classical electrostatics.

The theorem has been proven independently by many authors, including Paul Güttinger (1932), Wolfgang Pauli (1933), Hans Hellmann (1937) and Richard Feynman (1939).

The theorem states

where

is a Hermitian operator depending upon a continuous parameter

, is an eigenstate (eigenfunction) of the Hamiltonian, depending implicitly upon

is the energy (eigenvalue) of the state , i.e.

Note that for systems with degenerate states, a refined version of the Hellmann–Feynman theorem is needed.

Classical electromagnetism
Classical electromagnetism or classical electrodynamics is a branch of physics focused on the study of interactions between electric charges and currents using an extension of the classical Newtonian model. It is, therefore, a classical field theory. The theory provides a description of electromagnetic phenomena whenever the relevant length scales and field strengths are large enough that quantum mechanical effects are negligible. For small distances and low field strengths, such interactions are better described by quantum electrodynamics which is a quantum field theory.
Louise Arnold Tanger Arboretum
Louise Arnold Tanger Arboretum is a 5 acres (2.0 ha) arboretum located on the grounds of the Lancaster County Historical Society at 230 North President Avenue, Lancaster, Pennsylvania. The arboretum is open to the public daily.

The arboretum was established in 1959 after botanist Louise Arnold Tanger offered to plant trees on the grounds. The arboretum was designed by Gustav Malmborg and was named in honor of its instigator Mrs Tanger. It now contains 104 varieties of trees including American chestnuts, beeches, firs, and three Franklinia trees.

Franklinia
Franklinia is a monotypic genus in the tea family, Theaceae. The sole species in this genus is a flowering tree, Franklinia alatamaha,  commonly called Franklinias or the Franklin tree, and native to the Altamaha River valley in Georgia in the southeastern United States. It has been extinct in the wild since the early 19th century, but survives as a cultivated ornamental tree.

In the past, some botanists have included Franklinia within the related genus Gordonia. The southeastern North American species Gordonia lasianthus differs in having evergreen foliage, flowers with longer stems, winged seeds, and conical seed capsules. Franklinia was often known as Gordonia pubescens until the middle of the 20th century.
2023 Champions Trophy (real tennis)
The 2023 Champions Trophy was the 5th edition of the Champions Trophy. It was held at the Royal Tennis Court from 18 to 23 July It was a qualifying event for the 2025 Real Tennis World Championship.

Defending champion Robert Fahey did not participate, having announced his retirement from singles tennis at the conclusion of the 2022 British Open (although he would make a comeback at the 2024 US Open). Incumbent World Champion Camden Riviere also did not attend. The event was won by John Lumley for the first time, having been runner-up in 2019. Ben Taylor-Matthews was the runner-up for the second consecutive year, and for the third time overall.

Champions Trophy (real tennis)
The Champions Trophy is an annual real tennis tournament held at the Royal Tennis Court at Hampton Court Palace, London, England. It is a ranking point tournament for the purposes of qualifying for the Real Tennis World Championship. The event is the only professional real tennis tournament to feature a repechage system for the top four seeds after the first round.

The event was conceived as a season-end meeting of the top real tennis players in the world, bringing regular, high-quality tennis to oldest existing court in the world. The inaugural event was won by incumbent World Champion Camden Riviere. Both Riviere and Robert Fahey have won the event on two occasions. Ben Taylor-Matthews has been a finalist on four occasions.
In 2024, the event expanded from 4 qualifiers to 8 qualifiers, and reduced the match format from best-of-5 sets to best-of-3 sets.
John Fox (Newfoundland politician)
John Fox (1818 – March 17, 1871) was a merchant and political figure in Newfoundland. He represented St. John's West in the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly from 1855 to 1857.

He was born in Harbour Grace. Fox operated a fishery supply business in St. John's in partnership with his brother James. He served as a member of the Legislative Council from 1857 to 1860. Fox left Newfoundland for London, England in 1860, where he died in 1871.

His son Sir Charles Edmund Fox was Chief Judge of the Chief Court of Lower Burma from 1906 to 1917.

Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly
The Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly (French: Chambre d'assemblée de Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador) is the unicameral deliberative assembly of the General Assembly of Newfoundland and Labrador of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. It meets in the Confederation Building in St. John's. Bills passed by the assembly are given royal assent by the lieutenant governor of Newfoundland and Labrador, in the name of the Sovereign.

The governing party sits on the left side of the speaker of the House of Assembly as opposed to the traditional right side of the speaker. This tradition dates back to the 1850s as the heaters in the Colonial Building were located on the left side. Thus, the government chose to sit near the heat, and leave the opposition sitting in the cold.
Green Henry
Green Henry (German: Der grüne Heinrich) is a partially autobiographical novel by the Swiss author Gottfried Keller, first published in 1855, and extensively revised in 1879. Truth is freely mingled with fiction, and there is a generalizing purpose to exhibit the psychic disease that affected the whole generation of the transition from romanticism to realism in life and art. The work stands with Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship and Adalbert Stifter's Der Nachsommer as one of the most important examples of Bildungsromane, novels of self-development.

Adalbert Stifter
Adalbert Stifter (German: [ˈʃtɪftɐ]; 23 October 1805 – 28 January 1868) was a Bohemian-Austrian writer, poet, painter, and pedagogue. He was notable for the vivid natural landscapes depicted in his writing and has long been popular in the German-speaking world.
Kumbungu
Kumbungu is the capital town in the Kumbungu District of the Northern Region of Ghana. Kumbungu is the capital of Kumbungu district. As of 2010, fertility rate in Kumbungu stood at 3.6 (above the national average of 3.5) and had a total population of 39,341 with an almost equal ratio of females to males. Kumbungu has a market center that comes off every sixth day.

Northern Region (Ghana)
The Northern Region is one of the sixteen regions of Ghana. It is situated in the northern part of the country and ranks as the second largest of the sixteen regions. Before its division, it covered an area of 25,000 square kilometres, representing 10 percent of Ghana's area. In December 2018, the Savannah Region and North East Region were created from it.  The Northern Region is divided into 16 districts. The region's capital is Tamale,  Ghana's third-largest city.
Flavin group
Flavins (from Latin flavus, "yellow") refers generally to the class of organic compounds generally derived from isoalloxazine by varying the R group shown:

Flavins have extensive reduction-oxidation chemistry, and are named for the characteristic yellow color they exhibit in certain oxidation states.  Their importance derives from biology: flavins are ubiquitous cofactors for biochemical redox reactions, particularly the electron transport chain.

Despite the lexicographic similarity, flavins are chemically and biologically distinct from the flavanoids and flavonols.

Chemical equilibrium
In a chemical reaction, chemical equilibrium is the state in which both the reactants and products are present in concentrations which have no further tendency to change with time, so that there is no observable change in the properties of the system. This state results when the forward reaction proceeds at the same rate as the reverse reaction. The reaction rates of the forward and backward reactions are generally not zero, but they are equal. Thus, there are no net changes in the concentrations of the reactants and products. Such a state is known as dynamic equilibrium.
It is the subject of study of equilibrium chemistry.
National Education Day
National Education Day can refer to:

Education and Sharing Day

National Education Day (India)

National Education Day (Indonesia)

National Education Day (Nepal)

MasterCard Money Matters National Education Day, part of National Payroll Week

National Payroll Week
National Payroll Week (NPW) is a national awareness campaign held annually during the week of Labor Day, hosted by the American Payroll Association (APA) in the United States, the Chartered Institute of Payroll Professionals (CIPP) in the UK, and the Canadian Payroll Association in Canada.
Danny Duggan
Daniel Warren (born March 23, 1987) is a Canadian professional wrestler and business entrepreneur who works for independent promotions all over Canada and United States under the name "Hotshot" Danny Duggan.  He has worked for such promotions as High Impact Wrestling, Canadian Wrestling's Elite, Steel Domain Wrestling, NWA Wildside, among others. He has worked matches and been a prospect for Ring of Honor, Total Nonstop Action Wrestling, and WWE.

NWA Wildside
NWA Wildside was an American independent professional wrestling promotion based in Cornelia, Georgia, with an office in Atlanta, Georgia, operating between September 1999 and April 2005. It was originally formed when National Championship Wrestling merged with NWA Georgia. While in operation, NWA Wildside was one of the main affiliates of the National Wrestling Alliance, a group that dates back to 1948. It also served as a developmental territory for World Championship Wrestling.
Coelum Stellatum Christianum
The Coelum Stellatum Christianum is a star atlas published in 1627 by Julius Schiller (c. 1580–1627), with the collaboration of Johann Bayer (1572–1625). In the treatise, which was published by Andreas Aperger at Augsburg during the same year as Schiller's death, pagan constellations were replaced with biblical figures and Christian motifs. Schiller replaced the zodiac constellations with the Twelve Apostles, the northern constellations with New Testament figures, and the southern constellations with Old Testament figures.

The planets, the Sun, and the Moon were also replaced by biblical figures:

The Sun is replaced by Jesus Christ.

The Moon is replaced by Mary.

Mercury is replaced by Elijah.

Venus is replaced by John the Baptist.

Mars is replaced by Joshua.

Jupiter is replaced by Moses.

Saturn is replaced by Adam.

The engravings in the atlas were by Lucas Kilian.

Lucas Kilian
Lucas Kilian (Lucas Kilianus Augustanus; 1579–1637) was a German engraver and etcher from the Kilian family of engravers in Augsburg. He became renowned as an engraver in the city of Augsburg working for the Custos workshop founded by his step father. He produced portraits, mythological drawings as well as anatomical illustrations.
Herero Day
Herero Day (also known as Red Flag Day and Red Flag Heroes' Day, Otjiherero: Otjiserandu) is a gathering of the Herero people of Namibia to commemorate their deceased chieftains. It is held in Okahandja in central Namibia annually on August 26, the day and place Herero chief Samuel Maharero's body was reburied alongside his ancestors in 1923. Accordingly, the celebrations last three days long, although they usually begin on the Sunday nearest August 23.

Okahandja
Okahandja is a city of 45,159 inhabitants in Otjozondjupa Region, central Namibia, and the district capital of the Okahandja electoral constituency. It is known as the Garden Town of Namibia. It is located 70 km north of Windhoek on the B1 road. It was founded around 1800, by two local groups, the Herero and the Nama.
Jason Dunham
Jason Lee Dunham (November 10, 1981 – April 22, 2004) was a corporal in the United States Marine Corps who was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions while serving with 3rd Battalion 7th Marines during the Iraq War. While on a patrol in Husaybah, his unit was attacked. In the course of the fighting, Dunham deliberately used his helmet and body to cover a live grenade and save nearby Marines. When it exploded Dunham was gravely injured and died eight days later.

Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay
Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay is a base of the United States Navy located adjacent to the city of St. Marys in Camden County, Georgia, on the East River in southeastern Georgia, and 38 miles (61 km) from Jacksonville, Florida. The Submarine Base is the U.S. Atlantic Fleet's home port for U.S. Navy Fleet ballistic missile nuclear submarines capable of being armed with Trident missile nuclear weapons. This submarine base covers about 16,000 acres (6,500 hectares) of land, of which 4,000 acres (1,600 hectares) are protected wetlands.
USS Jarvis (DD-799)
USS Jarvis (DD-799) was a Fletcher-class destroyer of the United States Navy, the third Navy ship named for Midshipman James C. Jarvis (1787–1800), who was killed at the age of 13 during the historic engagement between the famed frigate Constellation and the French frigate La Vengeance.

Jarvis was laid down by the Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding Corp., Seattle, Washington; 7 June 1943; launched 14 February 1944; sponsored by Mrs. Harold Burkit, daughter of  Rufus C. Holman, U.S. Senator from Oregon; and commissioned 3 June 1944.

HMS Vengeance (1800)
HMS Vengeance was originally the 48-gun French Navy frigate Vengeance and lead ship of her class. She engaged USS Constellation during the Quasi-War, in an inconclusive engagement that left both ships heavily damaged. During the French Revolutionary Wars, HMS Seine hunted Vengeance down and captured her after a sharp action. She was recommissioned in the Royal Navy as the 38-gun fifth rate HMS Vengeance, but the British apparently never returned her to seagoing service. Accounts are divided as to her eventual fate. She may have been broken up in 1803 after grounding in 1801, or continued as a prison ship until 1814.
Trevor Crothers
Trevor Crothers (20 May 1938 – 9 July 2002) was a South Australian politician. Crothers entered the South Australian Legislative Council in 1987 to fill a Labor Party vacancy, and then was re-elected as a Labor candidate in 1993. However he resigned from the party in order to support the Olsen Liberal government's legislation to privatise ETSA in 1999.

South Australian Legislative Council
The Legislative Council is the upper house of the bicameral Parliament of South Australia, the lower house being the House of Assembly.

Its central purpose is to act as a house of review for legislation passed through the House of Assembly. It sits in Parliament House in the state capital, Adelaide. The upper house has 22 members elected for staggered eight-year terms by proportional representation, with half of the members facing re-election every four years. It is elected in a similar manner to its federal counterpart, the Senate. Casual vacancies—where a member resigns or dies—are filled by a joint sitting of both houses, who then elect a replacement.
Großdrebnitz
Großdrebnitz, in Sorbian language Drjewnica, is part of the city of Bischofswerda in the district of Bautzen, in Saxony, Germany. It stretches along 4 km from the river Wesenitz in the north to the foothills of Lausitzer Bergland in the south.

Today's Großdrebnitz consists of the two parts Großdrebnitz and Kleindrebnitz, which were unified 1936 and became part of Bischofswerda in 1996. In both parts farmland dominates. Moreover, Kleindrebnitz has a centuries-long tradition in fish farming.

Augustus, Elector of Saxony
Augustus (German: August; 31 July 1526 – 11 February 1586), who called himself Augustus and was popularly known as "Father August" in reference to his paternal rule, was Elector of Saxony from 1553 until his death. He belonged to the Albertine branch of the House of Wettin, succeeding his brother Maurice, who had fallen in the Battle of Sievershausen without leaving a male heir.
Mesbahiyya Madrasa
Mesbahiyya Madrasa (Arabic: المدرسة المصباحية) is a madrasa in Fes el Bali, the old medina quarter in the city of Fez, Morocco. Its construction is dated to 1346, during the Marinid period. It is located next to the University of al-Qarawiyyin.

Medina quarter
A medina (from Arabic: مدينة, romanized: madīnah, lit. 'city') is a historical district in a number of North African cities, often corresponding to an old walled city. The term comes from the Arabic word simply meaning "city" or "town".
Munchhausen, Bas-Rhin
Munchhausen (French pronunciation: [mynʃauzən] or [mynçauzən]; German: Münchhausen) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France. It lies at the outflow of the Sauer into the Rhine.

Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin (French pronunciation: [bɑ ʁɛ̃] ⓘ) is a department in Alsace which is a part of the Grand Est region of France. The name means 'Lower Rhine', referring to its lower altitude among the two French Rhine departments: it is downstream of the Haut-Rhin (Upper Rhine) department. Both belong to the European Upper Rhine region. It is, with the Haut-Rhin (Upper Rhine), one of the two departments of the traditional Alsace region which until 1871, also included the area now known as the Territoire de Belfort. The more populous and densely populated of the pair, it had 1,152,662 inhabitants in 2021. The prefecture is based in Strasbourg. The INSEE and Post Code is 67.

On 1 January 2021, the departemental councils of Bas-Rhin and Haut-Rhin merged into the European Collectivity of Alsace.

The inhabitants of the department are known as Bas-Rhinois or Bas-Rhinoises.
Navid Mohammadzadeh
Navid Mohammadzadeh (Persian: نوید محمدزاده, born April 6, 1986) is an Iranian actor. He has received various accolades, including two Crystal Simorghs, four Hafez Awards, three Iran Cinema Celebration Awards and four Iran's Film Critics and Writers Association Awards. In 2017, he won the Orizzonti Award for Best Actor at the 74th Venice International Film Festival for his performance in No Date, No Signature (2017).

Orizzonti
Orizzonti (lit. 'Horizons') is a section of the Venice Film Festival's official selection. Inspired by Cannes sidebar Un Certain Regard, it features a competition of upcoming filmmakers, usually first or second works, with focus on global independent cinema.

Among the now well established filmmakers who have been part of section are: Luca Guadagnino, Josh Safdie and Ben Safdie, Hong Sang-soo, Karim Aïnouz, Frederick Wiseman, Catherine Breillat, Mohsen Makhmalbaf, Quentin Dupieux, Lav Diaz, Wang Bing, Robin Campillo, Jia Zhangke, Gianfranco Rosi, Franco Maresco, Brady Corbet, Pietro Marcello, Kaouther Ben Hania, Saeed Roustayi, Rodrigo Sorogoyen, Oliver Hermanus, Andrea Pallaoro, Gia Coppola, Ti West, Haifaa al-Mansour and Paul Morrissey.

The section usually features awards for Best Film, Best Director, Best Screenplay, Jury Prizes and acting prizes. Alongside the Best Short Film prize for the parallel Orizzonti Short Films Competition.
Ralph Whitehead
Ralph Whitehead (16 October 1883 – 23 August 1956) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Lancashire from 1908 to 1914. He appeared in 108 first-class matches as a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium fast. He scored 2,578 runs with a highest score of 131 not out among four centuries and took 300 wickets with a best performance of eight for 77.

Whitehead had an eventful first-class debut against Nottinghamshire in 1908. Going to the wicket when Lancashire's score was 117 for 6 in reply to Nottinghamshire's first innings total of 177, he scored 131 not out, adding 188 in two and a quarter hours for the seventh wicket with his captain, A. N. Hornby. When Nottinghamshire went in again, 175 in arrears, Whitehead was no-balled for throwing four times and was taken out of the attack. Whitehead and Hornby were together at the end of the match, making the winning runs.

Seam bowling
Seam bowling is a bowling technique in cricket, in which the ball is deliberately bowled to hit the ground on its seam, to cause a random deviation when it bounces. A bowler who uses this technique is called a seam bowler or seamer.

Seam bowling is a form of fast bowling, although seam can also be a factor in medium-pace bowling. Although there are specialist seamers that make deliberate use of off cutter and leg cutter at the expense of bowling slower than regular fast bowlers, most bowlers employ the seam to some effect and so the terms "seamer" and "fast bowler" are largely synonymous. This was far less the case in the past, even the recent past. Bowlers such as Tom Cartwright and Derek Shackleton bowled seamers at a pace in the low 70mphs and were very successful due to their mastery of control and variation.
Tiana, Catalonia
Tiana (Catalan pronunciation: [tiˈanə]) is a town situated in the east of the Province of Barcelona (Catalonia) in northeastern Spain, near the Mediterranean Sea. Its people are called tianencs in Catalan, and tianenses in Spanish. The population in 2014 was 8,314.

Its total surface is 7.96 km2, with a total population density of 1024 habs/km2. Its coordinates are 41° 28' N, 2° 16' E. It is 136 m above sea level and 15 km from the capital of the province, Barcelona. It is mainly a suburb of Barcelona, with some wine and cava production and, also, an alternative music festival that took place in the town in 2007, known as Tiana Winter Fest, specially dedicated to Hardcore and Metal Music.

Province of Barcelona
Barcelona (Catalan: [bəɾsəˈlonə] ⓘ; Spanish: [baɾθeˈlona]) is a province in northeastern Spain, in the center of the autonomous community of Catalonia. The province is bordered by the provinces of Tarragona, Lleida, and Girona, and by the Mediterranean Sea. The area of the province is 7,726.37 km2 (2,983.17 sq mi), and the population is 5,877,672, of which 28.7% is in the city of Barcelona itself, which itself is contained in the Barcelona metropolitan area. It is both the 2nd most populous and 2nd most densely populated province in the country.
Pavilion of Harmony
The Pavilion of Harmony (Chinese: 合一亭) is an architectural feature on the New Asia College campus of The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), located between the student dormitories Xuesi Hall and Chih Hsing Hall. It was constructed as a tribute to the founder of New Asia College, Chien Mu, and his 1996 philosophical work, The Theory of the Union of Man and Nature.

The pavilion was officially opened on 12 December 2003. It was donated by Dora Ng Tsung-lin, and designed by Freeman Chan Wai-kei from the CUHK Department of Architecture.

The pavilion is featured on lists of Hong Kong's top Instagram spots and attracts many photo-takers, including tourists from mainland China, leading to complaints of disturbance from students living nearby.

Dormitory
A dormitory (originated from the Latin word dormitorium, often abbreviated to dorm,) is a room that sleeps multiple people. It may also refer (in the US) to a building primarily providing sleeping and residential quarters for large numbers of people such as student accommodation for university or college students,  or, with reference to military personnel, a barracks.

A building providing sleeping and residential quarters for large numbers of people may also be called a house (members of a religious community or pupils at a boarding school), or a hostel (students, workers or travelers).