hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Plastic Surgery (journal)
Plastic Surgery (formerly Canadian Journal of Plastic Surgery) is a peer-reviewed medical journal dealing with plastic surgery. It is the official journal of several national Canadian societies: the Canadian Society of Plastic Surgeons, the Canadian Society for Aesthetic (Cosmetic) Plastic Surgery, the  Groupe pour l'Avancement de la Microchirurgie Canada, and the Canadian Society for Surgery of the Hand (Manus Canada). The journal covers both research and material dealing with continuing medical education and society guidelines. It was published by the Pulsus Group, which was placed on Jeffrey Beall's list of "Potential, possible, or probable" predatory open-access publishers following its sale to OMICS Publishing Group. The journal subsequently switched publishers and is now published by SAGE Publications.

Jeffrey Beall
Jeffrey Beall is an American librarian and library scientist who drew attention to "predatory open access publishing", a term he coined, and
created Beall's list, a list of potentially predatory open-access publishers.

He is a critic of the open access publishing movement and particularly how predatory publishers use the open access concept, and is known for his blog Scholarly Open Access. He has also written on this topic in The Charleston Advisor, in Nature, in Learned Publishing, and elsewhere.

When Beall created his list, he was employed as a librarian and associate professor at the University of Colorado Denver. More recently, he was a librarian at Auraria Library in Denver. He retired in 2018.
Jesse Koochin
Jesse Steven Koochin (April 15, 1998 – November 19, 2004) was a 6-year-old American boy who became the center of a legal battle between his parents, Steve and Gayle Koochin, and Primary Children's Medical Center in Salt Lake City.

Primary Children's Hospital
Intermountain Primary Children's Hospital (PCH) (formerly Primary Children's Medical Center) is a nationally ranked pediatric acute care children's teaching hospital located in Salt Lake City, Utah.

The hospital has 289 pediatric beds and is affiliated with the University of Utah School of Medicine. The hospital is a member of Intermountain Health and is the only children's hospital in the network.

The hospital provides comprehensive pediatric specialties and subspecialties to infants, children, teens, and young adults aged 0–21 throughout the Salt Lake City and outer region. PCH also sometimes treats adults that require pediatric care.

PCH is a ACS verified Level 1 Pediatric Trauma Center and is the largest providers of pediatric health services in the state. The hospital serves the states of Utah, Nevada, Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming, yielding a geographic catchment area of approximately 400,000 square miles. The hospital is one of the only pediatric hospitals in the region.
Oedera squarrosa
Oedera squarrosa ("Vierkant-perdekaroo") is a prickly shrublet belonging to the family Asteraceae.

It is an abundant and common species in the southwestern Cape Provinces of South Africa (Namaqualand to Port Elizabeth). It is most commonly found in close proximity to the main mountain ranges, especially in rocky loamy or clayey soils.

Namaqualand
Namaqualand (Khoikhoi: "Nama-kwa" meaning Nama Khoi people's land) is an arid region of Namibia and South Africa, extending along the west coast over 1,000 km (600 mi) and covering a total area of 440,000 km2 (170,000 sq mi). It is divided by the lower course of the Orange River into two portions – Little Namaqualand to the south and Great Namaqualand to the north.

Little Namaqualand is within the Namakwa District Municipality, forming part of Northern Cape Province, South Africa. It is geographically the largest district in the country, spanning over 26,836 km2. A typical municipality is Kamiesberg Local Municipality. The semidesert Succulent Karoo region experiences hot summers, sparse rainfall, and cold winters.

Great Namaqualand, in the Karas Region of Namibia, is sparsely populated by the Nama, a Khoikhoi people who have traditionally inhabited the Namaqualand region.
Live at Somerset House
Live at Somerset House (also known as Mums & Dads of the World Be Patient With Your Children) is a concert film by Northern Irish–Scottish alternative rock band Snow Patrol. Recorded on 8 August 2004 at the Somerset House in London, England, United Kingdom, the video was released on 23 November 2004 on DVD.

The film features the songs "One Night Is Not Enough", "An Olive Grove Facing The Sea" and "Black & Blue" from their second album, When It's All Over We Still Have to Clear Up (2001),  "You Are My Joy" (by The Reindeer Section, a side project spearheaded by Gary Lightbody), and the B-Side "Post Punk Progression". The remaining tracks are from the band's third album, Final Straw (2003).

Also released was another edition of the DVD with bonus features. Bonus features on the DVD are a Japanese tour diary, music videos, and a U.S. tour film.

Final Straw
Final Straw is the third studio album and major-label debut by Northern Irish–Scottish alternative rock band Snow Patrol, released on  4 August 2003 in the United Kingdom and in 2004 in the United States. The album is notable for bringing the band their first mainstream success outside of their native countries of Northern Ireland and Scotland. In the 14 months following its release, a total of 5 singles were drawn from it. It is their first album to feature lead guitarist Nathan Connolly and their last with bassist Mark McClelland.

The album was re-released in the UK in 2004 with two extra tracks, before being exported to the US (without the bonus tracks). The album was also released on SACD and DualDisc with 5.1 Surround mixes.

A 20th anniversary edition was released on 4 August 2023, 20 years after the album's original release.
Fremont Elementary School
There are several elementary schools in the United States named Fremont Elementary School:

Fremont Elementary School, Santa Ana, California

Fremont Elementary School (Mundelein, Illinois)

Fremont Elementary School, Sunset, Utah

Fremont Elementary School, Alhambra, California

Fremont Elementary School (Battle Creek, Michigan)

Davis School District
Davis School District is a school district serving Davis County, Utah, United States. Headquartered in the county seat of Farmington, it is the 61st largest school district in the United States and the 2nd largest school district in Utah with 72,987 students attending Davis schools as of 2019.: 72  It is located almost entirely within Davis County. Students attend elementary school from kindergarten to 6th grade, junior high from 7th grade-9th grade, and high school from 10th grade-12th grade.
Walter Henderson (politician)
Walter Clarence Henderson (28 February 1891 – 20 September 1968) was a Progressive Conservative party member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was born in Carberry, Manitoba and became a farmer by career.

He was elected at the Cariboo riding in the 1958 general election, defeating Social Credit incumbent Bert Leboe. Henderson served only one term, the 24th Canadian Parliament, before Leboe retook the riding in the 1962 election.

Social Credit Party of Canada
The Social Credit Party of Canada (French: Parti Crédit social du Canada), colloquially known as the Socreds, was a populist political party in Canada that promoted social credit theories of monetary reform. It was the federal wing of the Canadian social credit movement.
Cryin' Again
"Cryin' Again" is a song written by Rafe Van Hoy and Don Cook, and recorded by The Oak Ridge Boys.  It was released in September 1978 as the second single from Room Service.  The song reached number 3 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.

The Oak Ridge Boys
The Oak Ridge Boys are an American vocal quartet. The group consists of Duane Allen (lead), William Lee Golden (baritone), Richard Sterban (bass), and Ben James, who replaced Joe Bonsall as tenor in December of 2023. Allen, Bonsall, Golden, and Sterban comprised the group's longest-lasting lineup, from 1973 until 2023, except for the period between 1987 and 1995 when Golden was replaced by Steve Sanders.

The act was founded in 1943 as Wally Fowler and the Georgia Clodhoppers, but were soon known as The Oak Ridge Quartet. They became popular in Southern gospel in the 1950s and their name was changed to Oak Ridge Boys in the 1960s. They moved from traditional southern gospel to contemporary gospel before going into popular music in the mid-1970s.

The Oak Ridge Boys finally broke through in the late 1970s, including their appearance on "Slip Slidin' Away" with Paul Simon, and reached their commercial peak in 1981 with their cover of "Elvira", a Top 5 hit on the Billboard Hot 100.
Oregon City, California
Oregon City, formerly Bloomingdale and Hengy, is a ghost town located between Oroville and Cherokee in Butte County, California. One of the first mining camps in the county, it was established in the autumn of 1848 by a party of Oregonians, who came to California over the Applegate and Lassen trails. Little more than a year later their captain, Peter H. Burnett, became the first civil Governor of California. For a time, Oregon City prospered as a gold mining and supply center, then it declined into virtual oblivion. It lies 1,184 feet (361 m) above mean sea level.

The Hengy post office operated from 1894 to 1900 and from 1901 to 1902; it was named after the first postmaster, Jessie Hengy. The Bloomingdale post office operated from 1902 to 1905.

The site of the camp is now a California Historical Landmark.

The Oregon City Covered Bridge, also known as the Castleberry Covered Bridge, is located near Oregon City.

Applegate Trail
The Applegate Trail was an emigrant trail through the present-day U.S. states of Idaho, Nevada, California, and Oregon used in the mid-19th century by emigrants on the American frontier. It was originally intended as a less dangerous alternative to the Oregon Trail by which to reach the Oregon Territory. Much of the route was coterminous with the California Trail.
A Song for St. Cecilia's Day
"A Song for St. Cecilia's Day" (1687) is the first of two odes written by the English Poet Laureate John Dryden for the annual festival of Saint Cecilia's Day observed in London every 22 November from 1683 to 1703. The ode was sponsored by the Musical Society of London and twice set to music.

Musical Society of London
A Musical Society of London was formed in 1683, and commissioned works from Henry Purcell. However, the term usually refers to an organisation which existed in the middle of the 19th century. It was founded in April 1858 by Charles Kensington Salaman (Honorary Secretary until 1865).
1940 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1940.

Residue (chemistry)
In chemistry, residue is whatever remains or acts as a contaminant after a given class of events. Residue may be the material remaining after a process of preparation, separation, or purification, such as distillation, evaporation, or filtration. It may also denote the undesired by-products of a chemical reaction.

Residues as an undesired by-product are a concern in agricultural and food industries.
James Michael Lyngdoh
James Michael Lyngdoh (born 8 February 1939) is an Indian civil servant and was Chief Election Commissioner of India from 14 June 2001 to 7 February 2004. He was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Government Service in 2003.

Ramon Magsaysay Award
The Ramon Magsaysay Award (Filipino: Gawad Ramon Magsaysay) is an annual award established to perpetuate former Philippine President Ramon Magsaysay's example of integrity in governance, courageous service to the people, and pragmatic idealism within a democratic society. The prize was established in April 1957 by the trustees of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund based in New York City with the concurrence of the Philippine government. It is often called the "Nobel Prize of Asia".
Civil Procedure Rule Committee
The Civil Procedure Rule Committee is an advisory non-departmental public body within the Government of the United Kingdom which makes rules for the Civil Division of the Court of Appeal, High Court and County Court.

Non-departmental public body
In the United Kingdom, non-departmental public body (NDPB) is a classification applied by the Cabinet Office, Treasury, the Scottish Government, and the Northern Ireland Executive to public sector organisations that have a role in the process of national government but are not part of a government department. NDPBs carry out their work largely independently from ministers and are accountable to the public through Parliament; however, ministers are responsible for the independence, effectiveness, and efficiency of non-departmental public bodies in their portfolio.

The term includes the four types of NDPB (executive, advisory, tribunal, and independent monitoring boards) but excludes public corporations and public broadcasters (BBC, Channel 4, and S4C).
Wentworth Street
Wentworth Street is a Lower City arterial road in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. It starts off at the base of the Niagara Escarpment (mountain) on Charlton Avenue East just south of the CP lines and runs right through the city's North End industrial neighbourhood and ends north of Burlington Street East at Pier 14, which one time was used by International Harvester (1902–1992).

From 1971 to 2016 it was a one-way street southbound-only from just north of Delaware Avenue to Barton Street East.  It was decided to revert it back to two-way traffic in an effort to make it less of a "freeway" and more pedestrian friendly.

Bruce Trail
The Bruce Trail is a hiking trail in southern Ontario, Canada, from the Niagara River to the tip of Tobermory, Ontario. The main trail is more than 890 km (550 mi) long and there are over 400 km (250 mi) of associated side trails. The trail mostly follows the edge of the Niagara Escarpment, one of the nineteen UNESCO World Biosphere Reserves in Canada. The land the trail traverses is owned by the Government of Ontario, local municipalities, local conservation authorities, private landowners, and the Bruce Trail Conservancy (BTC). The Bruce Trail is the oldest and longest marked hiking trail in Canada. Its name is linked to the Bruce Peninsula and Bruce County, through which the trail runs. The trail is named after the county, which was named after James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin who was the Governor General of the Province of Canada from 1847 to 1854.
2009 AFC Champions League group stage
The 2009 AFC Champions League group stage was played from 10 March to 20 May 2009. A total of 32 teams competed in the group stage to decide the 16 places in the knock-out stage of the 2009 AFC Champions League.

Sharjah FC
Sharjah Football Club (Arabic: نادي الشارقة لكرة القدم) is an Emirati professional football club based in Sharjah that competes in the UAE Pro League. Their home stadium is the Sharjah Stadium.

Founded in 1966, Sharjah is considered one of the pioneers of UAE football since its inception. Achieving success through the years has made Sharjah one of the most prestigious clubs in the country. Sharjah FC is also the most successful team in the Emirate of Sharjah, winning 6 Pro League titles, 10 Presidents Cups, 1 League Cup, 3 Super Cups, and 1 AFC Champions League Two title. The club was also the first official UAE league champion since its establishment in 1974.
Nigeria Institute for Oil Palm Research
Nigeria Institute for Oil Palm Research (NIFOR) is a research center into genetic improvement, production and processing of oil palm, Raphia, date, coconut, Shea and ornamental palms. The Executive Director of the institute is Dr. Celestine Ebehiremhe Ikuenobe.

Executive director
Executive director is commonly the title of the chief executive officer (CEO) of a company, a non-profit organization, government agency or international organization.

It generally has the same meaning as CEO or managing director.

The title may also be used by a member of a board of directors for a corporation, such as a company, cooperative or nongovernmental organization, who usually holds a specific managerial position with the corporation. In this context the role is usually contrasted with a non-executive director who usually holds no executive, managerial role with the corporation, but purely an advisory role.

There is much national and cultural variation in the exact definition of an executive director.
Kentucky's 33rd House of Representatives district
Kentucky's 33rd Representative district is one of 100 districts in the Kentucky House of Representatives. It comprises parts of Jefferson, Oldham, and Shelby Counties. It has been represented by Jason Nemes (R–Middletown) since 2017. As of 2023, the district had a population of 43,056.

Middletown, Kentucky
Middletown is an independent, home rule-class city in Jefferson County, Kentucky, United States, and a suburb of Louisville. As of the 2020 census, Middletown had a population of 9,706. The city is home to the main campus of the largest church in the state (and one of the country's largest Protestant churches), the Southeast Christian Church.
Zorich
Zorich is a family name of Slavic origin.  The following people share this name:

Alexander Zorich, a collective pen name

Anton Zorich (born 1962), Russian mathematician teaching in Paris, son of Vladimir

Chris Zorich (born 1969), American football player

Louis Zorich (1924–2018), American actor

Semyon Zorich (1745–1799), Serbian noble

Vladimir A. Zorich (1937–2023), Russian mathematician, father of Anton

Chris Zorich
Christopher Robert Zorich (born March 13, 1969) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL) for the Chicago Bears and Washington Redskins. He played college football for the Notre Dame Fighting Irish. Zorich was the athletic director at Chicago State University from May 2018 to July 2019.
Festival of International Virtual & Augmented Reality Stories
Festival of International Virtual & Augmented Reality Stories (FIVARS) is a media festival that showcases stories or narrative forms from around the world using immersive technology that includes virtual reality, augmented reality, live VR performance theater and dance, projection mapping and spatialized audio. It is considered to be Canada's first dedicated virtual or augmented reality stories festival, and was the world's first virtual reality festival dedicated completely and exclusively to narrative pieces. FIVARS is operated by Constant Change Media Group, Inc. and VRTO (Virtual Reality, Toronto - a conference and Meetup group).

Spatial music
Spatial music is composed music that intentionally exploits sound localization. Though present in Western music from biblical times in the form of the antiphon, as a component specific to new musical techniques the concept of spatial music (Raummusik, usually translated as "space music") was introduced as early as 1928 in Germany.

The term spatialisation is connected especially with electroacoustic music to denote the projection and localization of sound sources in physical or virtual space or sound's spatial movement in space.
Bastille Day solar storm
The Bastille Day solar storm was a powerful solar storm on 14–16 July 2000 during the solar maximum of solar cycle 23. The storm began on the national day of France, Bastille Day. It involved a solar flare, a solar particle event, and a coronal mass ejection which caused a severe geomagnetic storm.

Solar storm
A solar storm is a disturbance on the Sun, which can emanate outward across the heliosphere, affecting the entire Solar System, including Earth and its magnetosphere, and is the cause of space weather in the short-term with long-term patterns comprising space climate.
Geology and geological history of California
The geology of California is highly complex, with numerous mountain ranges, substantial faulting and tectonic activity, rich natural resources and a history of both ancient and comparatively recent intense geological activity. The area formed as a series of small island arcs, deep-ocean sediments and mafic oceanic crust accreted to the western edge of North America, producing a series of deep basins and high mountain ranges.

One of the most important events was the advent of the San Andreas Fault around 29 million years ago in the Oligocene, when the region subducted a spreading center in the East Pacific Rise. This produced major crustal stretching, volcanism and displacement of up to 125 miles (201 km).

Basin and range topography
Basin and range topography is characterized by alternating parallel mountain ranges and valleys. It is a result of crustal extension due to mantle upwelling, gravitational collapse, crustal thickening, or relaxation of confining stresses. The extension results in the thinning and deformation of the upper crust, causing it to fracture and create a series of long parallel normal faults. This results in block faulting, where the blocks of rock between the normal faults either subside, uplift, or tilt. The movement of these blocks results in the alternating valleys and mountains. As the crust thins, it also allows heat from the mantle to more easily melt rock and form magma, resulting in increased volcanic activity.
2024 Singapore Open (badminton)
The 2024 Singapore Open (officially known as the KFF Singapore Badminton Open 2024 for sponsorship reasons) was a badminton tournament which took place at Singapore Indoor Stadium in Singapore from 28 May to 2 June 2024 and had a total purse of $850,000.

Seo Seung-jae
Seo Seung-jae (Korean: 서승재; born 4 September 1997) is a South Korean badminton player. A three-time World champion, he is the first South Korean player in 24 years to have won two gold medals in a single edition of the BWF World Championships, by winning the mixed and men's doubles event at the 2023 BWF World Championships, partnering with Chae Yoo-jung and Kang Min-hyuk respectively. He competed at the 2017 Sudirman Cup and helped the Korean national team to its fourth trophy. He retained his Men's Doubles Title in the  2025 BWF World Championships with his partner Kim Won-ho, having only competed in the Men's Doubles Category.
Henk ten Cate
Hendrik Willem ten Cate (born 9 December 1954) is a Dutch football coach and former player who is head coach of the Suriname national team.

During the 2005–06 season, he was assistant to Frank Rijkaard at Barcelona as the club won the UEFA Champions League and La Liga. He later managed Ajax until October 2007, winning three trophies with the Dutch club.

Ten Cate joined Chelsea on 11 October 2007 as assistant manager, but stepped down after the 2008 UEFA Champions League Final defeat on 29 May 2008, five days after manager Avram Grant left the club.

Sparta Rotterdam
Sparta Rotterdam (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈspɑrtaː ˌrɔtərˈdɑm]) is a Dutch professional football club based in Rotterdam. Established on 1 April 1888, Sparta Rotterdam is the oldest professional football team in the Netherlands.

Sparta currently competes in the Eredivisie, the top flight of Dutch professional football, which they have won six times, having earned promotion from the Eerste Divisie in 2018–19. The club is one of three professional football clubs from Rotterdam, the others being Excelsior (est. 1902) and Feyenoord (est. 1908).