hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Orthodoxy (book)
Orthodoxy is a 1908 book by G. K. Chesterton which he described as a "spiritual autobiography". It has become a classic of Christian apologetics.

Chesterton considered this book a companion to his other work, Heretics, which was a collection of essays aimed at refuting prevalent secular views of his time and defending the Christian orthodoxy. Orthodoxy was written expressly in response to G. S. Street's criticism of Heretics. In it, Chesterton states that "[Street] was not going to bother about his theology until I had really stated mine".  In the preface, Chesterton states the purpose is to "attempt an explanation, not of whether the Christian faith can be believed, but of how he personally has come to believe it." In Orthodoxy, Chesterton presents an original view of Christian religion. He sees it as the answer to natural human needs – the "answer to a riddle" in his own words – and not simply as an arbitrary truth received from somewhere outside the boundaries of human experience.

Christian apologetics
Christian apologetics (Ancient Greek: ἀπολογία, "verbal defense, speech in defense") is a branch of Christian theology that defends Christianity.

Christian apologetics have taken many forms over the centuries, starting with Paul the Apostle in the early church and Patristic writers such as Origen, Augustine of Hippo, Justin Martyr and Tertullian, then continuing with writers such as Thomas Aquinas, Duns Scotus, William of Ockham and Anselm of Canterbury during Scholasticism.

Blaise Pascal was an active Christian apologist during the 17th century. In the modern period, Christianity was defended through the efforts of many authors such as John Henry Newman, G. K. Chesterton and C. S. Lewis, as well as G. E. M. Anscombe.
Bodleian Plate
The Bodleian Plate is a copperplate depicting several colonial buildings of 18th-century Williamsburg, Virginia, as well as several types of native flora, fauna, and American Indians. Following its 1929 rediscovery in the archives of the Bodleian Library, it was used extensively in John D. Rockefeller Jr.'s reconstruction of Colonial Williamsburg. The plate has been tied to the Williamsburg resident William Byrd II and may have been produced by the English illustrator Eleazar Albin and the engraver John Carwitham. It is dated to the 1730s.

Eleazar Albin
Eleazar Albin (c. 1680 – 1741/1742) was an English naturalist and watercolourist illustrator who wrote and illustrated a number of books including A Natural History of English Insects (1720), A Natural History of Birds (1731–38) and A Natural History of Spiders and other Curious Insects (1736). He has been described as one of the "great entomological book illustrators of the 18th century".
Petra Hule
Petra Hule (born 5 March 1999) is an Australian tennis player.

Hule has a career-high singles ranking by the WTA of 287, which she reached on 18 November 2024. She also has a career-high WTA doubles ranking of 121, achieved on 26 May 2025.

Hule made her Grand Slam tournament main-draw debut at the 2023 Australian Open in the doubles tournament, partnering Arina Rodionova. She played college tennis at Florida State University.

Partnering Jaimee Fourlis, Hule won her first WTA 125 doubles title at the Canberra Tennis International, defeating Darja Semeņistaja and Nina Stojanović in the final.

WTA 125 tournaments
WTA 125 tournaments are an international series of professional women's tennis tournaments organized by the Women's Tennis Association since 2012.
Also called the WTA Challengers (analogous to the trademarked men's ATP Challenger Tour), the WTA 125 is the second highest level of women's competition, below the top-tier WTA Tour, and above the ITF Women's World Tennis Tour tournaments.

Players who succeed in the WTA 125 tournaments earn sufficient overall WTA ranking points to become eligible for the main draw or qualifying draw entry of WTA Tour tournaments. Results such as titles won at a WTA 125 event are separately counted from the same player's achievements at WTA Tour level tournaments. However match results from WTA 125 events are counted and added into WTA players' overall head-to-head win/loss statistics.
Church of St. Wenceslaus (New Prague, Minnesota)
The Church of St. Wenceslaus is a Catholic church in New Prague, Minnesota, United States, constructed in 1907.  The church is flanked by a 1908 rectory and a 1914 parochial school, and the three-building complex is listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its association with the Czech American settlement of south-central Minnesota.

Parochial school
A parochial school is a private primary or secondary school affiliated with a religious organization, and whose curriculum includes general religious education in addition to secular subjects, such as science, mathematics and language arts. The word parochial comes from the same root as "parish", and parochial schools were originally the educational wing of the local parish church. Christian parochial schools are called "church schools" or "Christian schools."

In addition to schools run by Christian organizations, there are also religious schools affiliated with Jewish, Muslim, and other groups; however, these are not usually called "parochial" because of the term's historical association with Christian parishes.
Oksana Esipchuk
Oksana Aleksandrovna Esipchuk (Russian: Оксана Александровна Есипчук; born 13 December 1976 in Bryansk) is a female discus thrower from Russia. Her personal best throw is 63.68 metres, achieved in June 2000 in Tula.

She finished ninth at the 2001 Summer Universiade. In addition she competed at the Olympic Games in 2000 and 2004 as well as the 2005 World Championships without qualifying for the final round.

Bryansk
Bryansk (Russian: Брянск, IPA: [brʲansk] Audio file "Ru-Bryansk.wav" not found) is a city and the administrative center of Bryansk Oblast, Russia, situated on the Desna River, 379 kilometers (235 mi) southwest of Moscow. It has a population of 379,152 at the 2021 census.

Bryansk is one of the oldest cities in the oblast, with 985 regarded as the year of foundation. It was part of the Kievan Rus', Mongol Empire and Lithuania during the medieval period, then was contested by Moscow and Poland–Lithuania in the early modern period, before ultimately passing to Russia, within which it was a major regional trading center.
Naval air station
A naval air station (NAS) or navy airbase is a military air base under the command of a navy, dedicated to the use of aircraft for naval operations. These bases are typically populated by squadrons, groups or wings of navalised aircraft, their various support facilities, and other tenant commands.

The term "naval air station" is used by many countries' navies, such as the United States Navy, the Royal Australian Navy, the Royal Navy, and the Indian Navy. In the case of the U.S. Navy, similar facilities in the U.S. Marine Corps are known as Marine Corps Air Stations and facilities in the U.S. Coast Guard are known as Coast Guard Air Stations.

Naval Station Norfolk
Naval Station Norfolk is a United States Navy base in Norfolk, Virginia, that is the headquarters and home port of the U.S. Navy's Fleet Forces Command. The installation occupies about 4 miles (6.4 km) of waterfront space and 11 miles (18 km) of pier and wharf space of the Hampton Roads peninsula known as Sewell's Point.  It is the world's largest naval station, with the largest concentration of U.S. Navy forces through 75 ships alongside 14 piers and with 134 aircraft and 11 aircraft hangars at the adjacently operated Chambers Field. Port Services controls more than 3,100 ships' movements annually as they arrive and depart their berths.

Air Operations conducts over 100,000 flight operations each year, an average of 275 flights per day or one every six minutes. Over 150,000 passengers and 264,000 tons of mail and cargo depart annually on Air Mobility Command (AMC) aircraft and other AMC-chartered flights from the airfield's AMC Terminal.
Tower Grove East, St. Louis
Tower Grove East is a neighborhood of St. Louis, Missouri. The Tower Grove East neighborhood is bordered by Shenandoah Avenue to the north, Nebraska Avenue to the east, Gravois Avenue to the south, and south Grand Boulevard to the west.

The neighborhood is so named because it partially borders (across Grand Boulevard) the east entrance of Tower Grove Park. The land of Tower Grove Park was deeded to the city in 1868 as a gift by Henry Shaw, the owner of much of the surrounding land, including what is now the Missouri Botanical Gardens. The park also lends its name to the near neighborhood of Tower Grove South. Tower Grove Park lends much culture and activity to the neighborhood, with its annual festivals, farmers' markets, and activities.

The neighborhood also includes many businesses on South Grand Avenue, a popular area of restaurants, nightlife, and shopping. Within the neighborhood itself are many restaurants, a community garden, churches, schools, and the Stray Dog Theatre.

Henry Shaw (philanthropist)
Henry Shaw (July 24, 1800 – August 25, 1889) was an American businessman, amateur botanist, and slave owner in St. Louis, Missouri when it was a gateway city to the West. His businesses supplied residents, pioneers and others. Having made his fortune, he was able to retire at age 40, pursue his interest in botany, and used much of his fortune in philanthropy. He is best known as the founder of the Missouri Botanical Garden, but he also donated the land to the city for Tower Grove Park and oversaw its development. He donated funds to several other city institutions as well.
2-Oxoadipic acid
2-Oxoadipic acid, also known as α-ketoadipic acid, is an intermediate in the metabolism of lysine and tryptophan. The conjugate base and carboxylate is 2-oxoadipate or α-ketoadipate, which is the biochemically relevant form.  Glutaric acid is naturally produced  by chain extension of α-ketoglutarate to 2-oxoadipic acid.

Carboxylate
In organic chemistry, a carboxylate is the conjugate base of a carboxylic acid, RCOO− (or RCO−2). It is an  anion, an ion with negative charge.

Carboxylate salts are salts that have the general formula M(RCOO)n, where M is a metal and n is 1, 2,.... Carboxylate esters have the general formula RCOOR′ (also written as RCO2R′), where R and R′ are organic groups.
Brenz (river)
The Brenz (German pronunciation: [bʁɛnts] ⓘ) is a river in Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria, Germany. It is a left tributary of the Danube. Its source is at a spring in the town of Königsbronn and it flows for 52 kilometers before meeting the Danube at Lauingen, a few kilometers west of Dillingen. It flows through the towns of Königsbronn, Heidenheim an der Brenz, Giengen and Lauingen.

Dillingen an der Donau
Dillingen an der Donau (German pronunciation: [ˈdɪlɪŋən ʔan deːɐ̯ ˈdoːnaʊ] ⓘ; officially Dillingen a.d.Donau; lit. 'Dillingen on the Danube') is a town in Swabia, Bavaria, Germany. It is the administrative center of the district of Dillingen.

Besides the town of Dillingen proper, the municipality encompasses the villages of Donaualtheim, Fristingen, Hausen, Kicklingen, Schretzheim and Steinheim.

Schretzheim is notable for its 6th to 7th century Alemannic cemetery, 630 row graves in an area of 100 by 140 metres.
2022 European Athletics Championships – Women's 400 metres hurdles
The women's 400 metres hurdles at the 2022 European Athletics Championships was held over three rounds at the Olympiastadion in Munich, Germany, from 17 to 19 August 2022. It was the fourteenth time that the event was contested at the European Athletics Championships. Thirty-six athletes from twenty-one nations competed.

In round 1 on 17 August, twelve out of twenty-four athletes qualified for the semi-finals, where they were joined by the twelve highest-ranking athletes who had a bye in the first round. In the semi-finals on 18 August, eight out of twenty-four athletes qualified for the final and Viivi Lehikoinen set a Finnish record of 54.50 seconds. In the final on 19 August, Femke Bol of the Netherlands won in a new championship record of 52.67 s, followed by Viktoriya Tkachuk of Ukraine in 54.30 s and Anna Ryzhykova of Ukraine in 54.86 s.

Natalya Antyukh
Natalya Nikolayevna Antyukh (Russian: Наталья Николаевна Антюх, born 26 June 1981) is a Russian sprinter who specializes in the 400 metres and 400 metres hurdles. She won the bronze medal in the 400 metres and a silver for the 4 × 400 m relay at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens.

She is currently serving a four-year suspension from 2021 to 2025 for anti-doping rule violations. Her results from 15 July 2012 onwards had been disqualified, including her 2012 Olympic gold medal in the 400 metres hurdles.

According to World Athletics, prior to her ban, Antyukh had last competed in 2016, aged 35. She was 40 years old at the outset of the ban, and will be 44 years old when it concludes.
Bhotiya
Bhotiya or Bhot (Nepali: भोटिया, Bhotiyā), Bhotiyā) is an Indian and Nepali exonym used to refer to various ethnic groups speaking Tibetic languages, as well as some groups speaking other Tibeto-Burman languages  living in the Transhimalayan region that divides India from Tibet. The word Bhotiya comes from the classical Tibetan local name for Tibet, བོད, bod. The Bhotiya speak numerous languages including Ladakhi, Drejongke, Yolmo and Sherpa. The Indian recognition of such language is Bhoti / Bhotia having Tibetan scripts and it lies in the Parliament of India to become one of the official languages through Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution.

Ladakhi language
The Ladakhi language is a Tibetic language spoken in the Indian union territory of Ladakh. It is the predominant language in the Buddhist-dominated district of Leh, and a minority language in the district of Kargil.

Ladakhi has several dialects: Lehskat, named after Leh where it is spoken, Shamskat, spoken northwest of Leh, Stotskat, spoken in the Indus valley and which unlike the others is tonal, Nubra, spoken north of Leh, the Changthang language, spoken in the Changtang region by the Changpa people, and the Zangskari language, spoken in the Zanskar region of Ladakh.
Frank B. Colton
Frank Benjamin Colton (March 3, 1923 – November 25, 2003), American chemist who first synthesized noretynodrel, the progestin used in Enovid, the first oral contraceptive, at G. D. Searle & Company in Skokie, Illinois in 1952.

Mestranol/noretynodrel
Mestranol/norethynodrel was the first combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP) being mestranol and norethynodrel. It sold as Enovid in the United States and as Enavid in the United Kingdom. Developed by Gregory Pincus at G. D. Searle & Company, it was first approved on June 10, 1957, by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for treatment of menstrual disorders. The FDA approved an additional indication for use as a contraceptive on June 23, 1960, though it only became legally prescribable nationwide and regardless of the woman's marital status after Eisenstadt v. Baird in 1972.
In 1961, it was approved as a contraceptive in the UK and in Canada.
Home Sweet Home (Dennis Robbins song)
"Home Sweet Home" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music singer-songwriter Dennis Robbins, his first solo single release since 1987. It was released in April 1992 as the lead single from his second studio album Man with a Plan. It was also Robbins' only solo Top 40 hit, peaking at No. 34 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. Robbins wrote the song, along with Bob DiPiero and John Scott Sherrill.

John Scott Sherrill
John Scott Sherrill is an American songwriter whose work is primarily in the field of country music. His brother, Donn Sherrill, was a student at Vanderbilt, where he introduced John Scott to his fraternity brother, Scott Siman, who recorded demos of his music.  He pitched the music to Bob Beckham at Combine Music, and Beckham signed him to a worldwide publishing deal. He also got a record deal with Portrait Records in the early 1980s and released a few solo singles of his own.

He has written songs for such artists as John Anderson, Brooks & Dunn, Jimmy Buffett, Johnny Lee, George Strait, Steve Wariner, Patty Loveless, Josh Turner, Waylon Jennings, Alison Krauss, Peter Wolf, Mick Jagger, Michael McDonald and Willie Nelson and Kris Kristofferson.  He is the son of Christian writers John and Elizabeth Sherrill. In the 1980s, Sherrill recorded on Reprise Records with Bob DiPiero and Dennis Robbins as the band Billy Hill.
Byurakan Conference
The Byurakan Conference was held at the Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory in Armenia in 1964, at the initiative of the young scientist Nikolai Kardashev. It brought together a large number of Soviet astronomers and astrophysicists to take stock of knowledge and results in the search for traces of extraterrestrial life. The possibility of detecting extraterrestrial civilizations with the instruments available at the time was also discussed, as well as the criteria for communication with extraterrestrial intelligence.

Nikolai Kardashev
Nikolai Semyonovich Kardashev (Russian: Никола́й Семёнович Кардашёв, romanized: Nikolay Semyonovich Kardashyov, IPA: [nʲɪkɐˈlaj sʲɪˈmʲɵnəvʲɪtɕ kərdɐˈʂof]; April 25, 1932 – August 3, 2019) was a Soviet and Russian astrophysicist best known for the Kardashev scale, which measures a civilization's status in technological evolution based on the amount of energy it is capable of harnessing and using. He was also the deputy director of the Astro Space Center of the Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Penistone Rural District
53°31′34″N 1°37′52″W﻿ / ﻿53.526°N 1.631°W﻿ / 53.526; -1.631
Penistone Rural District was a rural district in the West Riding of Yorkshire. It was named after but did not contain Penistone. The town itself was contained within the Penistone Urban District.

The district was abolished in 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972 and went on to be part of the newly formed Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley in the, also newly formed, metropolitan county of South Yorkshire.

Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley
The Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley is a metropolitan borough in South Yorkshire, England; the main settlement is Barnsley and other notable towns include Wombwell, Worsbrough, Penistone, Hoyland and the Dearne Towns.

The borough is bisected by the M1 motorway; it is rural to the west, and largely urban/industrial to the east. It is estimated that around 16% of the borough is classed as urban overall, with this area being home to the vast majority of its residents. Additionally, 68% of Barnsley's 32,863 hectares is green belt and 9% is national park land, the majority of which is west of the M1. In 2007, it was estimated that Barnsley had 224,600 residents, measured at the 2011 census as 231,221.

The neighbouring districts are Doncaster, Rotherham, Sheffield, High Peak, Kirklees and Wakefield.
2015 Kwara State gubernatorial election
The 2015 Kwara State gubernatorial election occurred in Nigeria on April 12, 2015. Incumbent APC Governor Abdulfatah Ahmed won re-election for a second term, defeating PDP Simon Ajibola and 15 other party candidates.

Abdulfatah Ahmed won the primary election after he was returned as the sole candidate. He picked Kayode Alabi as his running mate. Simon Ajibola was the PDP candidate with Alhaji Yinka Aluko as his running mate. 16 candidates contested in the election.

Kayode Alabi
Kayode Alabi  (born 1 August 1963) is a Nigerian politician, who is deputy governor of Kwara State. He was born in Oro-Ago, Kwara State, Nigeria into the family of late Yahaya Samuel Alabi (1925–2007) Oro-Ago in Kwara State, he is the third child of his parents. He has two elder brothers and a younger sister. Alabi's mother, who was 93 years old, died in the early hours of Friday, 5 April 2024. He ran on the same ticket with Governor AbdulRahman AbdulRazaq on the platform of All Progressives Congress (APC) in the 2019 General elections. Few months after he swore into office, he was appointed by Governor AbdulRahman AbdulRazaq of Kwara State as the head of COVID-19 Technical Committee in Kwara State.
Buxtehude Bull
The Buxtehude Bull (German: Buxtehuder Bulle) is an award for youth literature, established in 1971 by Winfried Ziemann, a local book merchant from Buxtehude, a Hanseatic City located in the Hamburg Metropolitan Region. The town council took over the sponsorship of the award in 1981. The award is given annually to the best children's or young-adults' book published in German (either native language or translated) in the preceding year. The writer is presented with a small steel statue of the bull (German: Bulle) Ferdinand, from the popular work The Story of Ferdinand by Munro Leaf, and also receives a monetary prize  of €5,000.

Hamburg Metropolitan Region
The Hamburg Metropolitan Region (German: Metropolregion Hamburg) is a metropolitan region centred around the city of Hamburg in northern Germany, consisting of eight districts (Landkreise) in the federal state of Lower Saxony, six districts (Kreise) in the state of Schleswig-Holstein and two districts in the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern along with the city-state of Hamburg itself. It covers an area of roughly 26,000 square kilometres (10,000 sq mi) and is home to more than 5.1 million inhabitants.
Vittoriale degli italiani
The Vittoriale degli italiani (English translation: The shrine of victories of the Italians) is a hillside estate in the town of Gardone Riviera overlooking Lake Garda in province of Brescia, in Lombardy. It is where the Italian poet and novelist Gabriele D'Annunzio lived from 1922 until his death in 1938. The estate consists of the residence of D'Annunzio called the Prioria (priory), an amphitheatre, the protected cruiser Puglia set into a hillside, a boathouse containing the MAS vessel used by D'Annunzio in 1918 and a circular mausoleum. Its grounds are a member in the association Grandi Giardini Italiani.

References to the Vittoriale range from a "monumental citadel" to a "fascist lunapark", the site inevitably inheriting the controversy surrounding its creator.

Amphitheatre
An amphitheatre  (American English: amphitheater) is an open-air venue used for entertainment, performances, and sports. The term derives from the ancient Greek ἀμφιθέατρον (amphitheatron), from ἀμφί (amphi), meaning "on both sides" or "around" and θέατρον (théātron), meaning "place for viewing".

Ancient Greek theatres were typically built on hillsides and semi-circular in design. The first amphitheatre may have been built at Pompeii around 70 BC. Ancient Roman amphitheatres were oval or circular in plan, with seating tiers that surrounded the central performance area, like a modern open-air stadium. In contrast, both ancient Greek and ancient Roman theatres were built in a semicircle, with tiered seating rising on one side of the performance area.

Modern English parlance uses "amphitheatre" for any structure with sloping seating, including theatre-style stages with spectator seating on only one side, theatres in the round, and stadia. They can be indoor or outdoor.
Abteiberg Museum
Museum Abteiberg is a municipal museum for contemporary art in the German city Mönchengladbach.

Since the 1970s, the museum has been known for its experimental and avant-garde exhibitions, starting with director Johannes Cladders (1967–1985), and also its museum architecture, designed by Austrian architect Hans Hollein – a highpoint of postmodern design.

Yves Klein
Yves Klein (French: [iv klɛ̃]; 28 April 1928 – 6 June 1962) was a French artist and an important figure in post-war European art. He was a leading member of the French artistic movement of Nouveau réalisme, founded in 1960 by art critic Pierre Restany. Klein was a pioneer in the development of performance art, and is seen as an inspiration to and as a forerunner of minimal art, as well as pop art. He developed and used International Klein Blue.