hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Kate Betts
Katherine Hadley Betts (born March 8, 1964) is an American fashion journalist. Currently she is a contributing editor at Time and The Daily Beast, among other freelance writing positions, and reporting on fashion for CNN. She lives in New York with her family.

She began her career at Fairchild Publications' European office in Paris. During the 1990s, she became a senior editor at American Vogue, where she was considered the likely successor to Anna Wintour as editor-in-chief. She later became the editor of Harper's Bazaar instead, one of the youngest editors of a fashion magazine ever, for two years. In 2011, her book Everyday Icon: Michelle Obama and the Power of Style was published by Clarkson Potter.

The Daily Beast
The Daily Beast is an American news website focused on politics, media, and pop culture. Founded in 2008, the website is owned by IAC Inc. It has been characterized as a "high-end tabloid" by Noah Shachtman, the site's editor-in-chief from 2018 to 2021. In a 2015 interview, former editor-in-chief John Avlon described the Beast's editorial approach: "We seek out scoops, scandals, and stories about secret worlds; we love confronting bullies, bigots, and hypocrites." In 2018, Avlon described the Beast's "strike zone" as "politics, pop culture, and power".
Kazhdan's property (T)
In mathematics, a locally compact topological group G has property (T) if the trivial representation is an isolated point in its unitary dual equipped with the Fell topology. Informally, this means that if G acts unitarily on a Hilbert space and has "almost invariant vectors", then it has a nonzero invariant vector. The formal definition, introduced by David Kazhdan (1967), gives this a precise, quantitative meaning.

Although originally defined in terms of irreducible representations, property (T) can often be checked even when there is little or no explicit knowledge of the unitary dual. Property (T) has important applications to group representation theory, lattices in algebraic groups over local fields, ergodic theory, geometric group theory, expanders, operator algebras and the theory of networks.

Invariant subspace
In mathematics, an invariant subspace of a linear mapping T : V → V  i.e. from some vector space V to itself, is a subspace W of V that is preserved by T.  More generally, an invariant subspace for a collection of linear mappings is a subspace preserved by each mapping individually.
Mark Noonan
Mark Noonan (born 1965) is an American sports executive who was commissioner of the Canadian Premier League (CPL) and CEO of Canada Soccer Business. Previously Noonan held marketing executive positions with the United States Soccer Federation and Major League Soccer as well as CEO of Accra Hearts of Oak, a Ghanaian soccer club. Noonan attended Duke University and was a member of the Blue Devils' 1986 national championship winning soccer team.

1986 NCAA Division I men's soccer tournament
The 1986 NCAA Division I men's soccer tournament was the 28th annual tournament organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association to determine the national champion of men's collegiate soccer among its Division I members in the United States.

Duke won their first national title, defeating Akron in the championship game, 1–0.

The final match was played on December 13 at the Tacoma Dome in Tacoma, Washington.
Smoke Run, Pennsylvania
Smoke Run (also spelled as Smokerun) is an unincorporated community in Clearfield County, Pennsylvania, United States. The community is located along Pennsylvania Route 453, 1.6 miles (2.6 km) west of Ramey. Smoke Run has a post office with ZIP code 16681.
The town is a rather small town, with a population in the hundreds, a large amount of the people residing within are of Croatian Descent. In honor of the Croatian settlers that had founded the town, a bar/restaurant named "The Croatian Club" was constructed.

Clearfield County, Pennsylvania
Clearfield County is a county in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. As of the 2020 census, the population was 80,562. The county seat is Clearfield, and the largest city is DuBois. The county was created in 1804 and later organized in 1822.

Clearfield County comprises the DuBois, PA Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the State College–DuBois, PA Combined Statistical Area. The county is part of the North Central region of the commonwealth.
Mdzimba
Mdzimba is a mountain and hill range in northwestern Eswatini. Mount Mdimba flanks the eastern side of the Ezulwini Valley. This valley is the residence of the Swazi royal family and is shrouded in legends and mysteries. The Mdzimba hills historically have had strategical importance and contain many caves in which locals would hide during raids.The mountain is named after a tribe who lived in the mountains led by a chief by the name of “Dzimba”. It is said that as a token of gratitude, the then King Sobhuza married the Chief’s first daughter. In 1826, the Swazi people retreated into the hills during an attack by the Zulus.  The Boers met with the locals of Mdzimba on 16 December 1889.

Zulu people
Zulu people (/ˈzuːluː/; Zulu: amaZulu) are a native people of Southern Africa of the Nguni. The Zulu people are the largest ethnic group and nation in South Africa, living mainly in the province of KwaZulu-Natal.

They originated from Nguni communities who took part in the Bantu migrations over millennia. As the clans integrated, the rulership of Shaka brought success to the Zulu nation due to his improved military tactics and organization.

Zulus take pride in their ceremonies such as the Umhlanga, or Reed Dance, and their various forms of beadwork.

The art and skill of beadwork take part in the identification of Zulu people and act as a form of communication and dedication to the nation and specific traditions. Today, the Zulu people are predominantly Christian, but have created a syncretic religion that is combined with the Zulu's prior belief systems.
Centrotoma lucifuga
Centrotoma lucifuga is a species of ant-loving beetle in the tribe Ctenistini of the family Staphylinidae.

The species was first described in 1849 by Carl von Heyden.

It is listed as critically endangered by the Czech Republic.

Carl von Heyden
Carl Heinrich Georg(es) von Heyden (20 January 1793 Frankfurt – 7 July 1866) was a German senator and entomologist. He collected insects in all orders but was especially interested in Coleoptera, Microlepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera and fossil insects. His collections are divided between the German Entomological Institute and the Senckenberg Museum.

He studied forestry under Johann Matthäus Bechstein at the Dreißigacker Forest Academy near Meiningen, then continued his education at the University of Heidelberg. With his son, Lukas von Heyden, he conducted studies of fossil insects found in lignite. In addition to his entomological research, he performed investigations of reptile specimens collected by Eduard Rüppell in North Africa.

In 1817, he was co-founder of the Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft.
2009 UCI Cyclo-cross World Championships – Men's elite race
This event was held on Sunday February 1, 2009 as part of the 2009 UCI Cyclo-cross World Championships in Hoogerheide, Netherlands. It was Niels Albert's first appearance in the Men's Elite World Championship and he immediately managed to get the most out of it.

Niels Albert
Niels Albert (born 5 February 1986 in Bonheiden, near Antwerp, Belgium) is a former professional cyclo-cross racing cyclist who currently resides in Tremelo. He became World Champion twice, in 2009 and 2012.
New Directions in Sex Therapy
New Directions in Sex Therapy: Innovations and Alternatives is a 2001 book by the Canadian sexologist Peggy J. Kleinplatz. It provides alternatives to the then conventional clinical strategies of treating sexual problems with medical and drug interventions.

Sexology
Sexology is the scientific study of human sexuality, including human sexual interests, behaviors, and functions. The term sexology does not generally refer to the non-scientific study of sexuality, such as social criticism.

Sexologists apply tools from several academic fields, such as anthropology, biology, medicine, psychology, epidemiology, sociology, and criminology. Topics of study include sexual development (puberty), sexual orientation, gender identity, sexual relationships, sexual activities, paraphilias, and atypical sexual interests. It also includes the study of sexuality across the lifespan, including child sexuality, puberty, adolescent sexuality, and sexuality among the elderly. The field of sexology also encompasses the study of sexuality among individuals with mental or physical disabilities. The sexological study of sexual dysfunctions and disorders, including erectile dysfunction and anorgasmia, are also mainstays.
Mahjong school
A mahjong school is a licensed venue in Hong Kong where people over the age of 18 can play mahjong.

Since 1871, privately run gambling businesses have been banned in Hong Kong; however, mahjong-hosting venues have been tolerated by the Hong Kong government. After World War II, the government has required such venues to obtain Mahjong/Tin Kau Licences with the constraint that such businesses must be known, in Legal English, as Mahjong Schools—a white lie to get around the ban on privately run gambling businesses. Although technically "schools", these Mahjong/Tin Kau Licences are issued by the Television and Entertainment Licensing Authority.

As of 2009, there were licensed mahjong schools in Hong Kong, mostly in densely populated areas, such as Mong Kok, Yau Ma Tei, Wan Chai and Sham Shui Po.

Starting in 2024, at least one of these mahjong schools began offering actual mahjong classes aimed at beginners and tourists.

Legal English
Legal English, also known as legalese, is a register of English used in legal writing. It differs from day-to-day spoken English in a variety of ways including the use of specialized vocabulary, syntactic constructions, and set phrases such as legal doublets.

Legal English has traditionally been the preserve of lawyers from English-speaking countries. However, due to the spread of Legal English as the predominant language of international business, as well as its role as a legal language within the European Union (EU), Legal English is now a global phenomenon even in non-English speaking countries.
1906 Carlisle vs. Vanderbilt football game
The 1906 Carlisle vs. Vanderbilt football game, played November 22, 1906, was a college football game between the Carlisle Indians and Vanderbilt Commodores.  Vanderbilt defeated the northern school by a single, 17-yard Bob Blake field goal, Vanderbilt coach Dan McGugin described the win as "the crowning feat of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association season." The 1906 Vanderbilt team had one of the greatest seasons in school history, once rated by Innis Brown as the best the South ever had.

Dan McGugin
Daniel Earle McGugin (July 29, 1879 – January 23, 1936) was an American college football player and coach, as well as a lawyer. He served as the head football coach at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee from 1904 to 1917 and again from 1919 to 1934, compiling a record of 197–55–19. He is the winningest head coach in the history of the university. McGugin was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1951 as part of its inaugural class. The Vanderbilt athletics office building, the McGugin Center, bears his name.

McGugin played football for Drake and for the  "Point-a-Minute" Michigan teams. He was the brother-in-law of University of Michigan coach Fielding H. Yost.
Uwe Raab
Uwe Raab (born 26 July 1962) is a German former professional cyclist born in Wittenberg, East Germany. He is most known for winning the Points classification in the 1990 and 1991  Vuelta a Españas. He also competed in the road race at the 1988 Summer Olympics.

Points classification in the Vuelta a España
The points classification in the Vuelta a España is a secondary classification in the Vuelta a España, in which the cyclists are ranked in a points classification, based on the finish of each rider every stage.
Bishop of Ipswich
The Bishop of Ipswich was an episcopal title used by a suffragan bishop of the Church of England Diocese of Norwich, in the Province of Canterbury, England.

The first Bishop of Ipswich was created under the Suffragan Bishops Act 1534, and the title took its name after the county town of Ipswich in Suffolk. After the first suffragan bishop, the position fell into abeyance. It was revived in 1899, with two more suffragan bishops, but eventually, through reorganisation within the Church of England in 1914, Ipswich became part of the Diocese of St Edmundsbury and Ipswich.

Diocese of St Edmundsbury and Ipswich
The Diocese of St Edmundsbury and Ipswich is a Church of England diocese based in Ipswich, covering Suffolk (excluding Lowestoft). The cathedral is St Edmundsbury Cathedral, and the bishop is the Bishop of St Edmundsbury and Ipswich.  It is part of the Province of Canterbury.

The diocese was formed on 23 January 1914 from parts of the Diocese of Norwich and the Diocese of Ely.

Though the diocesan offices, the bishops' offices and residences are all in Ipswich – only the cathedral (and its offices) are in Bury St Edmunds – the diocese is nonetheless often referred to as St Edmundsbury diocese. Both the diocese and the diocesan bishop are commonly called "(St) Eds and Ips."
24th Minesweeping Flotilla (Australia)
The 24th Minesweeping Flotilla was a minesweeping flotilla of the Royal Australian Navy. It was based at Darwin, Northern Territory during the Second World War and consisted of HMAS Deloraine, Katoomba, Lithgow and later Armidale.

HMAS Lithgow
HMAS Lithgow (J206/M206), named for the city of Lithgow, New South Wales, Australia was one of 60 Bathurst-class corvettes constructed during World War II, and one of 36 initially manned and commissioned solely by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN).
God Bless
God Bless is an Indonesian rock band founded in Jakarta in 1973 by Ahmad Albar, Jockie Soerjoprajogo, Fuad Hassan, Donny Fattah, and Ludwig Lemans. It continues to be active and has received several awards from the Indonesian music industry.

Hard Rock Cafe
Hard Rock Cafe, Inc. is a chain of theme bar-restaurants, memorabilia shops, casinos, hotels and museums founded in 1971 by Isaac Tigrett and Peter Morton in London. In 1979, the cafe began covering its walls with rock and roll memorabilia, a tradition which expanded to others in the chain. In 2007, Hard Rock Cafe International (USA), Inc. was sold to the Seminole Tribe of Florida and was headquartered in Orlando, Florida, until April 2018, when the corporate offices were relocated to Davie, Florida.  The Hard Rock Cafe chain continues to be owned by Hard Rock International.
Submarine sandwich
A submarine sandwich, commonly known as a sub, is a type of American cold or hot sandwich made from a submarine roll (an elongated bread roll) that is split lengthwise and filled with meats, cheeses, vegetables, and condiments.

Although "submarine" or just "sub" is the general term for both the bread roll and sandwiches made with it in both the US and other English speaking nations, there are many local nicknames, especially in the northeastern United States, such as hoagie (Philadelphia English and Western Pennsylvania English), hero (New York City English), Maine Italian (Maine English), grinder (New England English, Fulton County, NY), wedge (Westchester, NY) or spuckie (Boston English).

Fulton County, New York
Fulton County is a county in the U.S. state of New York. It forms part of the state's Mohawk Valley region. Its county seat is Johnstown. At the 2020 U.S. census, the county had a population of 53,324. The county is named in honor of Robert Fulton, who is widely credited with developing the first commercially successful steamboat. The county is part of the Mohawk Valley region of the state.
Justicia wynaadensis
Justicia wynaadensis is a small shrub or climber belonging to the family Acanthaceae, native to the Western Ghats region of South India, found in places such as Wayanad, Kodagu, Nilgiris, and Malabar Hills at elevations up to 3000 feet.

Nilgiri Mountains
The Nilgiri Mountains (Tamil: [n̪iːlɐɡiɾi], English: /ˈniːlgɪri/) form a part of the Western Ghats in northwestern Tamil Nadu, southern Karnataka and eastern Kerala in South India. They are located at the trijunction of the three states and connect the Western Ghats to the Eastern Ghats. The range consists of at least 24 peaks above 2,000 m (6,600 ft), with Doddabetta being the highest at 2,637 m (8,652 ft).
Miss Ecuador 2011
Miss Ecuador 2011 was the 61st edition of the Miss Ecuador pageant, held at the Recinto Ferial Alfonso Torres Ordoñez in Santo Domingo, Ecuador, on March 17, 2011.

Lady Mina of Guayas crowned Claudia Schiess of Galápagos as her successor at the end of the event. Schiess represented Ecuador at Miss Universe 2011, held in Brazil.

Santo Domingo, Ecuador
Santo Domingo de los Colorados, often simply referred to as Santo Domingo (Quechua: Tsachila), is an Ecuadorian city and seat of the canton that bears its name and the Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas Province. It is the fourth most populous city in Ecuador, with a population of 334,826, and is an important commercial and industrial center.
Isaac de Pinto
Isaac de Pinto (10 April 1717 – 13 August 1787) was a Dutch merchant and banker of Portuguese Sephardic Jewish origin who was one of the main investors in the Dutch East India Company, as well as a scholar and philosophe who concentrated on Jewish emancipation and national debt. Pinto published mainly in French and once in Portuguese. According to historian Richard Popkin, Pinto "was one of the very few Jews of the eighteenth century, before Moses Mendelssohn, able to operate and express himself in the mainstreams of European culture."

Philosophes
The philosophes (French for 'philosophers') were the intellectuals of the 18th-century European Enlightenment. Few were primarily philosophers; rather, philosophes were public intellectuals who applied reason to the study of many areas of learning, including philosophy, history, science, politics, economics, and social issues. They had a critical eye and looked for weaknesses and failures that needed improvement. They promoted a "Republic of Letters" that crossed national boundaries and allowed intellectuals to freely exchange books and ideas. Most philosophes were men, but some were women.

They strongly endorsed progress and tolerance, as they distrusted organized religion (most were deists) and feudal institutions. Many contributed to Diderot's Encyclopédie. They faded away after the French Revolution reached a violent stage in 1793.
CAF Talent 3
The CAF Talent 3 is a family of railcars designed by Bombardier Transportation and produced by CAF. The first generation Talent (Talbot leichter Nahverkehrs-Triebwagen) was built in 1996 by Waggonfabrik Talbot in Aachen, Germany. In contrast to the Bombardier Talent 2, the multiple unit is not a new development, but a further development of Talent 2, to which Talent 3 is visually similar. In contrast to the second generation, the Talent 3 complies not only with German but also with European standards.

The first unit was planned to enter service in 2019, but the first runs with passengers did not start until November 2020. In November 2021, Alstom sold the design rights to the Talent 3 to CAF to comply with a European Commission directive when it took over Bombardier.

Waggonfabrik Talbot
Waggonfabrik Talbot was a rolling stock manufacturer founded in Aachen, Germany, in 1838. The company was an early pioneer of self discharging freight wagons, and in the latter part of the twentieth century a major supplier to the Dutch State Railways (Nederlandse Spoorwegen).

In the 1990s the company developed the Talent passenger train, and was acquired by Bombardier Inc. As of 2011, the company is part of Bombardier GmbH., and manufactures passenger rolling stock. Since takeover it is also referred to as Bombardier Talbot.

Bombardier announced the closure of the factory in 2012. The factory has been acquired by management and local investors and operates as the independent company Talbot Services, providing rail vehicle maintenance and overhaul services since 2013. It has also branched out into other activities, such as the assembly of the StreetScooter.
Stephen Kiprotich
Stephen Kiprotich ("KIP-roh-tich", born 27 February 1989) is a Ugandan long-distance runner. He is an Olympic marathon champion, having won the gold medal at the 2012 London Olympics. Kiprotich also won a gold at the 2013 World Championships in Athletics. After Ethiopia's Gezahegne Abera, he is the second person to follow an Olympic marathon title with a world championship gold medal for the same event.

Kiprotich became 2012 Olympic champion with a winning time of 2:08:01 in hot, sunny, and humid conditions. This was the first Olympic medal for Uganda since 1996, the first Olympic gold medal for the country since 1972, and the country's first-ever medal in the marathon. He won the Moscow IAAF Championship marathon on 17 August 2013.

Tokyo Marathon
The Tokyo Marathon (東京マラソン, Tōkyō Marason) is an annual marathon sporting event in Tokyo, Japan. It is a World Athletics Platinum Label marathon and one of the seven World Marathon Majors. The latest edition of the race took place on 2 March 2025. It is sponsored by Tokyo Metro.
Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc.
Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, 523 U.S. 75 (1998), is a landmark decision of the US Supreme Court. The case arose out of a suit for sex discrimination by a male oil-rig worker, who claimed that he was repeatedly subjected to sexual harassment by his male co-workers with the acquiescence of his employer. The Court held that the protection of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 against workplace discrimination "because of... sex" applied to harassment in the workplace between members of the same sex.

Workplace harassment
Workplace harassment is belittling or threatening behavior directed at an individual worker or a group of workers.

Workplace harassment has gained interest among practitioners and researchers as it is becoming one of the most sensitive areas of effective workplace management. A significant source of work stress is associated with aggressive behaviors at workplace. In Asian countries, workplace harassment is one of the poorly attended issues by managers in organizations. However, it attracted much attention from researchers and governments since the 1980s. Under occupational health and safety laws around the world, workplace harassment and workplace bullying are identified as being core psychosocial hazards. Overbearing supervision, constant criticism, and blocking promotions are all considered workplace harassment.