hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
August 1867 North German federal election
Elections to the Reichstag of the North German Confederation were held on 31 August 1867, with run-off elections during the following weeks. The National Liberal Party continued to serve as the largest party, winning 81 seats. These were the first regular and last elections during the North German Confederation. In July 1870 the Reichstag members decided not to hold new elections during the Franco-Prussian War, in spite of the three-year period.

National Liberal Party (Germany)
The National Liberal Party (German: Nationalliberale Partei, NLP) was a liberal party of the North German Confederation and the German Empire which flourished between 1867 and 1918.

During the Prussian-led unification of Germany, the National Liberals became the dominant party in the Reichstag. While supporting the common ideals of liberalism and nationalism, the party contained two wings, which reflected the conflicting claims of its Hegelian and idealistic heritage: one emphasized the power of the state through the Nationalstaat, and the other emphasized the civil liberties of the Rechtsstaat. Although that cleavage later proved fatal for its unity, the National Liberals managed to remain the pivotal party in the decades after unification by cooperating with both the Progressives and the Free Conservatives on various issues.
Caitriona Jackman
Caitríona M. Jackman is an Irish space physicist. In 2021, she became the first female senior professor at the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies (DIAS) Dunsink Observatory. She has made important contributions to understanding the solar wind interactions with planetary magnetospheres.

Dunsink Observatory
The Dunsink Observatory is an astronomical observatory established in 1785 in the townland of Dunsink in the outskirts of the city of Dublin, Ireland.

Dunsink's most famous director was William Rowan Hamilton, who, amongst other things, discovered quaternions, the first non-commutative algebra form, while walking from the observatory to the city with his wife. The annual Hamilton Walk that commemorates this discovery begins at the observatory. He is also renowned for his Hamiltonian formulation of dynamics.
Vapeur Val-de-Travers
Vapeur Val-de-Travers is a heritage railway and railway museum based in Saint-Sulpice (Neuchâtel). The company operates historic steam trains in the Val-de-Travers, on the disused Saint-Sulpice - Fleurier line, but also on the regional line to Neuchâtel via Travers. It also collaborates with the main navigation compagny of Lake Neuchâtel and offers paddle steamer rides.

The railway notably serves the railway station of the former La Presta Asphalt Mine, now a museum.

Saint-Sulpice, Neuchâtel
Saint-Sulpice was a municipality in the district of Val-de-Travers in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland.  On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Boveresse, Buttes, Couvet, Fleurier, Les Bayards, Môtiers, Noiraigue, Saint-Sulpice and Travers merged to form Val-de-Travers.
Ita Saks
Ita Saks (3 December 1921 – 23 March 2003) was an Estonian translator and journalist. She is mainly known for her Latvian-language translations into Estonian.

Saks was born into a Jewish family in Valga. From 1950 until 1956, she studied Estonian philology at Tartu State University.

In 1980 she signed the letter of 40 intellectuals.

Valga, Estonia
Valga (German: Walk; Latvian: Valka) is a town in southern Estonia and the capital of Valga County and Valga Parish. Until their separation in 1920, Valga and the town of Valka in northern Latvia were one town. They are now twin-towns. The area of Valga is 16.5 square kilometres (6.4 square miles). The population is 12,261. On 21 December 2007 all border-crossing points were removed and roads and fences opened between the two countries with both countries joining the Schengen Agreement.
Highlights and Lowlives
Highlights and Lowlives is the eighth studio album by American rock band Blue Cheer, released in 1990 and produced by Jack Endino. The bonus track Blues Cadillac is on some versions/releases and can be hidden on some of the CDs.

Dickie Peterson
Richard Allan Peterson (September 12, 1946 – October 12, 2009) known as Dickie Peterson was an American musician, best known as the bassist, lead singer and only constant member of Blue Cheer. He also recorded two solo albums: Child of the Darkness and Tramp.
Nicholas Lowe
Nicholas J Lowe (born 10 July 1944) is an English dermatologist who has published research into skin pharmacology, botulinum toxins, injectable filler and Lasers in cutaneous and cosmetic Surgery.

He was president of the British Cosmetic Dermatology Group from 2013 to 2015. He is a clinical professor of dermatology at UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles. He is a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, American Academy of Dermatology and American Society of Laser Medicine and Surgery.

Plastic surgery
Plastic surgery is a surgical specialty involving restoration, reconstruction, or alteration of the human body. It can be divided into two main categories: reconstructive surgery and cosmetic surgery. Reconstructive surgery covers a wide range of specialties, including craniofacial surgery, oral and maxillofacial surgery, hand surgery, microsurgery, and the treatment of burns. This kind of surgery focuses on restoring a body part or improving its function. In contrast, cosmetic (or aesthetic) surgery focuses solely on improving the physical appearance of the body. A comprehensive definition of plastic surgery has never been established, because it has no distinct anatomical object and thus overlaps with practically all other surgical specialties. An essential feature of plastic surgery is that it involves the treatment of conditions that require or may require tissue relocation skills.
Trailblazers (Women's T20 Challenge)
Trailblazers was an Indian cricket team. They were founded in 2018 to compete in the Women's T20 Challenge, which they competed in until the tournament ended in 2022. They won the tournament once, beating Supernovas in the final of the 2020 Women's T20 Challenge by 16 runs.

Danielle Hazell
Danielle Hazell (born 13 May 1988) is an English cricket coach and former player. She is currently the coach of English domestic team Durham Women. As a player she was an off break bowler who batted right-handed. She represented England in all three formats of the game, playing three Test matches, 53 One Day Internationals and 85 Twenty20 Internationals.
Ziering
Ziering is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Amy Ziering (born 1962), film producer and director

Bob Ziering (born 1932), American illustrator

Ian Ziering (born 1964), American actor

Marilyn Ziering, American business executive and philanthropist

Nikki Ziering (born 1971), American model and actress

Sigi Ziering (1928–2000), German-born American business executive, playwright and philanthropist

Amy Ziering
Amy Ziering (born 1962 in Massachusetts) is an American film producer and director. Mostly known for her work in documentary films, she is a regular collaborator of director Kirby Dick; they co-directed 2002's Derrida and 2020's On the Record, with Ziering also producing several of Dick's films.

In 2013, she received an Academy Award nomination for Best Documentary Feature for producing the Dick-directed film The Invisible War.
Bob van Pareren
Bob van Pareren (born August 6, 1948) is a Dutch politician and businessman who was a member of the Senate of the Netherlands.

Van Pareren holds a degree in business administration from Nyenrode Business University. He was installed as a Senator for the Forum for Democracy party in 2019 and was the treasurer for the FvD. He was also a Member of the Provincial Council of South Holland between 2019 and 2023. In November 2020, he left the FvD and formed his own Van Pareren faction in the Senate which later became a part of JA21.

In March 2023 he was elected to the Hoogheemraadschap van Rijnland. The entire JA21 group switched to the Farmer-Citizen Movement in October 2023.

JA21
JA21 (Dutch: [ˌjaːʔeːnənˈtʋɪntəx]), statutorily known as the Conservative Liberals (Dutch: Conservatieve Liberalen), is a 
political party in the Netherlands. The party has been categorised as conservative liberal and right-wing populist in its platform by political commentators. JA21 was founded on 18 December 2020 by Joost Eerdmans and Annabel Nanninga following their departure from Forum for Democracy (FvD) on 26 November 2020 after disagreeing with the state of affairs in FvD. The party first participated in elections in the 2021 general election.
Ahmed Sabry (footballer)
Ahmed Sabry Mohamed Abdel Fatah (Arabic: أَحْمَد صَبْرِيّ مُحَمَّد عَبْد الْفَتَّاح; born 23 June 1985) is an Egyptian professional footballer who currently plays as a right midfielder for the Egyptian club El Raja SC.

Sabry previously played for El Sharkia, Haras El Hodoud, and Tala'ea El-Gaish. In July 2017, he moved to El-Entag El-Harby in a free transfer with 2-year contract, but after few days, Sabry and El-Entag reached an agreement to cancel the contract. In August 2017, he signed a 2-year contract for El Raja SC, a promoted team to 2017–18 Egyptian Premier League.

Sharkia SC
Sharkia Sporting Club, (Arabic: نادي الشرقية الرياضي, romanized: Nādī sh-Sharqiyya r-Riyāḍī, Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [eʃ.ʃæɾˈʔejjæ], locally [eʃ.ʃæɾˈɡejjæ]) is an Egyptian sports club based in Zagazig, El Sharkia, Egypt. The club was founded on 12 January 1961, and is best known for its hockey and football departments.
China Graduate School of Theology
The China Graduate School of Theology (CGST) is a theological seminary in Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong. The President is Bernard Wong, who succeeded Stephen Lee in 2021.

CGST is accredited by the Asia Theological Association to offer Doctor of Philosophy, Master of Theology, Master of Christian Studies and Master of Divinity degrees. It is also a member of the Association for Theological Education in South East Asia.

Kowloon Tong
Kowloon Tong (Chinese: 九龍塘) is an affluent area of Hong Kong located in Kowloon. The majority of the area is in the Kowloon City District. Its exact location is south of the Lion Rock, north of Boundary Street, east of the East Rail line and west of Grampian Road. It is one of the most expensive residential districts in Hong Kong.

It is popular among Hong Kong's wealthy residents because of its schools and low-density private housing. Most of the buildings there do not exceed 10 floors. In addition, this area is noted for its private schools and nursing homes. Within Kowloon West, it is administratively divided between Kowloon City District and Sham Shui Po District, bisected by the Kowloon–Canton Railway.
Charles Doswell Hodder
Charles Doswell Hodder (15 May 1832 - 12 June 1926) was an English painter, who spent most of his work life in Scotland. He became the Trustee' Academy's Master of the academy after Robert Scott Lauder retired.

Royal Scottish Academy
The Royal Scottish Academy (RSA) is the country's national academy of art. It promotes contemporary Scottish art.

The Academy was founded in 1826 by eleven artists meeting in Edinburgh. Originally named the Scottish Academy, it became the Royal Scottish Academy on being granted a royal charter in 1838.

The RSA maintains a unique position in the country as an independently funded institution led by eminent artists and architects to promote and support the creation, understanding, and enjoyment of visual arts through exhibitions and related educational events.
National Museum of Ireland, Turlough Park
The National Museum of Ireland – Country Life, officially National Museum of Ireland, Turlough Park from 2026, is a branch of the National Museum of Ireland.  Located near Turlough village, 8 km (5.0 mi) northeast of Castlebar, County Mayo, Ireland, and established in 2001, the museum is Ireland's only national museum outside Dublin. The museum exhibits the way of life of rural Irish people between 1850 and 1950, and is in the grounds of Turlough Park House. There are displays about the home, the natural environment, trades and crafts, communities, and working on the land and on water.

Mayo County Council
Mayo County Council (Irish: Comhairle Contae Mhaigh Eo) is the local authority of County Mayo, Ireland. As a county council, it is governed by the Local Government Act 2001. The council is responsible for housing and community, roads and transportation, urban planning and development, amenity and culture, and environment. The council has 30 elected members. Elections are held every five years and are by single transferable vote. The head of the council has the title of Cathaoirleach (chairperson). The county administration is headed by a chief executive, Kevin Kelly. The county town is Castlebar.
2025 AFC Challenge League final
The 2025 AFC Challenge League final was the final match of the 2024–25 AFC Challenge League, the 11th season of Asia's third-highest club football tournament organised by the Asian Football Confederation (AFC), and the first since it was rebranded as the AFC Challenge League. It was played on 10 May 2025 in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, between local club Svay Rieng and Turkmenistani side Arkadag, both of which reached a continental final for the first time.

The winners were given an indirect preliminary stage slot for the 2025–26 AFC Champions League Two, if they had not already qualified through their domestic performance.

AFC Challenge League
The AFC Challenge League (abbreviated as ACGL) is an annual third-tier continental club football competition organised by the Asian Football Confederation. The competition is played among clubs from nations that did not receive direct qualifying slots to the top-tier AFC Champions League Elite or the second-tier AFC Champions League Two, based on the AFC club competitions ranking.

The 2024–25 season marked its inaugural edition in the new format. The winner of the AFC Challenge League gets a direct spot in the group stage of the next season's AFC Champions League Two, if they have not already qualified through domestic performance.
Postage stamps and postal history of Aden
Aden is a city in southern Yemen. Aden's location made it a popular exchange port for mail passing between places around the Indian Ocean and Europe. When Captain S. B. Haines of the Indian Marine, the East India Company's navy, occupied Aden on 19 January 1839, mail services were immediately established in the settlement with a complement of two postal clerks and four letter carriers. An interim postmaster was appointed as early as June 1839. Mail is known to exist from 15 June 1839, although a regular postmaster was not appointed until 1857; one of the officials of the Political Agent or the civil surgeon performed the duties of postmaster for a small salary.

Postmaster
A postmaster is the head of an individual post office, responsible for all postal activities in a specific post office.  When a postmaster is responsible for an entire mail distribution organization (usually sponsored by a national government), the title of Postmaster General is commonly used. 
Responsibilities of a postmaster typically include management of a centralized mail distribution facility, establishment of letter carrier routes, supervision of letter carriers and clerks, and enforcement of the organization's rules and procedures. The postmaster is the representative of the Postmaster General in that post office.

In Canada, many early places are named after the first postmaster.
Don Honeyman
Donald Honeyman (29 October 1919 – 1 June 2011) was an American photographer who worked for Vogue, The Daily Telegraph and The Sunday Times, among other publications.

Honeyman was born in Iowa and attended the University of Iowa, graduating in 1940. He then served as an Army combat cameraman during the Second World War. He married Gitta Sereny in 1948 and moved to London where they raised their two children.

One of his creations was a 1968 solarized poster published by Athena (retailer) of Alberto Korda's famous photograph of Che Guevara, Guerrillero Heroico.

Sabattier effect
The Sabattier effect, also known as pseudo-solarization (or pseudo-solarisation) is a phenomenon in photography in which the image recorded on a negative or on a photographic print is wholly or partially reversed in tone. Dark areas appear light or light areas appear dark. Solarization and pseudo-solarization are quite distinct effects. Over time, the "pseudo" has been dropped in many photographic darkroom circles and discussions, but the effect that is meant is the Sabattier effect and not the solarization by extreme overexposure.
Academy of the Canyons
Academy of the Canyons (AOC) is a public middle college high school in Santa Clarita, California, United States. The school, which enrolls students from 9th to 12th grade, is part of the William S. Hart High School District. It is located on the Valencia College of the Canyons campus, where students of AOC are concurrently enrolled. Students attending Academy of the Canyons take high school classes at the University Center and college courses at the College of the Canyons campus. During grades 9–12, students can earn up to 80 college units. A significant number of students at Academy of the Canyons have received one or more associate degrees by or before their high school graduation.

The school's motto/slogan is "Your Future Today". The symbol or mascot of the school is the Golden Oak Tree. Students often refer to themselves as "AOC Oak Trees" or "Acorns."

Middle College Program
The Middle College Program is a high school alternative program first established in New York. It is a collaboration between a high school district and a community college for high school students who desire a more independent learning environment. Students take a combination of core high school courses and college courses to receive their diploma and graduate.
Laura Lederer
Laura J. Lederer (born 1951) is a pioneer in the work to stop human trafficking. She is a legal scholar and former Senior Advisor on Trafficking in Persons in the Office for Democracy and Global Affairs of the United States Department of State. She has also been an activist against human trafficking, prostitution, pornography, and hate speech. Lederer is founder of The Protection Project, a legal research institute at Johns Hopkins University devoted to combating trafficking in persons.

Feminist views on pornography
Feminist views on pornography range widely between schools of thought, from total condemnation of the medium as a form of violence against women, to an embrace of some pornography as a medium of feminist expression. Feminist debates on pornography reflect the breadth of feminist views on sexuality, relating to those on prostitution, BDSM, and other issues. Pornography has been one of the most divisive issues in feminism, particularly in Anglophone (English-speaking) countries. This division was exemplified in the feminist sex wars of the 1980s, which pitted anti-pornography activists against pro-pornography ones.
Bianca Wylie
Bianca Wylie (born 1979) is a Canadian civic tech reformer, open government and privacy advocate, and writer with a background in both technology and public engagement. Wylie was the founder of the Open Data Institute Toronto and Tech Reset Canada. She is a critic of smart cities and was a leader of the campaign against Sidewalk Toronto's Quayside project.

Open government
Open government is the governing doctrine which maintains that citizens have the right to access the documents and proceedings of the government to allow for effective public oversight. In its broadest construction, it opposes reason of state and other considerations which have tended to legitimize extensive state secrecy. The origins of open-government arguments can be dated to the time of the European Age of Enlightenment, when philosophers debated the proper construction of a then nascent democratic society. It is also increasingly being associated with the concept of democratic reform. The United Nations' Sustainable Development Goal 16, for example, advocates for public access to information as a criterion for ensuring accountable and inclusive institutions.
Roberta Cowell
Roberta Elizabeth Marshall Cowell (8 April 1918 – 11 October 2011) was a British racing driver and Second World War fighter pilot. She was the first known British trans woman to undergo gender-affirming surgery in 1951.

Fighter pilot
A fighter pilot or combat pilot is a military aviator trained to engage in air-to-air combat, air-to-ground combat and sometimes electronic warfare while in the cockpit of a fighter aircraft. Fighter pilots undergo specialized training in aerial warfare and dogfighting (close range aerial combat). A fighter pilot with at least five air-to-air kills becomes known as an ace.
Badreh Gerd-e Salimi
Badreh Gerd-e Salimi (Persian: بدره گردسليمي, also Romanized as Badreh Gerd-e Salīmī; also known as Badregerd-e Salīmī and Badreh Gerd) is a village in Homeyl Rural District, Homeyl District, Eslamabad-e Gharb County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 60, in 15 families.

Eslamabad-e Gharb County
Eslamabad-e Gharb County (Persian: شهرستان اسلام‌آباد غرب) or Shahabad- Ghrb County (Persian: شهرستان شاه‌آباد غرب) is in Kermanshah Province, Iran, part of what is unofficially referred to as Iranian Kurdistan. Its capital is the city of Eslamabad-e Gharb.
Yoshizaki-gobō
The Yoshizaki-gobō (吉崎御坊) was a Buddhist temple located in what is the Yoshizaki neighbourhood of the city of Awara, Fukui, Japan. It is known for its connection to Rennyo, the founder of the Ikkō sect of Japanese Buddhism. The ruins of the temple were designated a National Historic Site in 2012.

Buddhism in Japan
Buddhism was first established in Japan in the 6th century CE. Most of the Japanese Buddhists belong to new schools of Buddhism which were established in the Kamakura period (1185－1333). During the Edo period (1603–1868), Buddhism was controlled by the feudal Shogunate. The Meiji period (1868–1912) saw a strong response against Buddhism, with persecution and a forced separation between Buddhism and Shinto (Shinbutsu bunri).

The largest sects of Japanese Buddhism are Pure Land Buddhism with 22 million believers, followed by Nichiren Buddhism with 10 million believers, Shingon Buddhism with 5.4 million, Zen Buddhism with 5.3 million, Tendai Buddhism with 2.8 million, and only about 700,000 for the six old schools established in the Nara period (710－794).
Zaslavskii map
The Zaslavskii map is a discrete-time dynamical system introduced by George M. Zaslavsky.   It is an example of a dynamical system that exhibits chaotic behavior.  The Zaslavskii map takes a point () in the plane and maps it to a new point:

and

where mod is the modulo operator with real arguments. The map depends on four constants ν, μ, ε and r. Russel (1980) gives a Hausdorff dimension of 1.39 but Grassberger (1983) questions this value based on their difficulties measuring the correlation dimension.

Modulo
In computing and mathematics, the modulo operation returns the remainder or signed remainder of a division, after one number is divided by another, the latter being called the modulus of the operation.

Given two positive numbers a and n, a modulo n (often abbreviated as a mod n) is the remainder of the Euclidean division of a by n, where a is the dividend and n is the divisor.

For example, the expression "5 mod 2" evaluates to 1, because 5 divided by 2 has a quotient of 2 and a remainder of 1, while "9 mod 3" would evaluate to 0, because 9 divided by 3 has a quotient of 3 and a remainder of 0.

Although typically performed with a and n both being integers, many computing systems now allow other types of numeric operands. The range of values for an integer modulo operation of n is 0 to n − 1. a mod 1 is always 0.

When exactly one of a or n is negative, the basic definition breaks down, and programming languages differ in how these values are defined.