hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
World Institute for Development Economics Research
The United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER) is part of the United Nations University (UNU). UNU-WIDER, the first research and training centre to be established by the UNU, is an international academic organization set up with the aim of promoting peace and progress by bringing together leading scholars from around the world to tackle pressing global problems.

Douglass North
Douglass Cecil North (November 5, 1920 – November 23, 2015) was an American economist known for his work in economic history. Along with Robert Fogel, he received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1993. In the words of the Nobel Committee, North and Fogel "renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change."

North was an influential figure in New Institutional Economics, which emphasizes the impact of institutions on economic behaviors and outcomes. North argued, "Institutions provide the incentive structure of an economy; as that structure evolves, it shapes the direction of economic change towards growth, stagnation, or decline." Rational and wealth-maximizing individuals lack complete information and have difficulties monitoring and enforcing agreements. Institutions can provide information and reduce transaction costs, thus encouraging economic activity.
Gilles Lehouillier
Gilles Lehouillier is a Canadian politician and former civil servant. He served as mayor of Lévis, Quebec, from 2013 to 2025. Lehouiller was previously the MNA for the riding of Lévis in the National Assembly of Quebec from 2008 to 2012. He is a member of the Quebec Liberal Party.

Lehouiller has a bachelor in communications and journalism from the Université Laval. He was involved in municipal politics particularly in the City of Lévis. He was a member of the executive council, member of various committees, vice-president of the Réseau Trans-Sud transit corporation and member of the executive committee for the economic promotion of the Quebec City metropolitan area. He also worked as a provincial public servant including as regional director for the Ministry of Municipal and Regional Affairs and had various duties related to communications agent.

He was elected mayor of Lévis in the 2013 Quebec Municipal elections on November 3, 2013, for his party, Lévis Force 10.

Quebec Liberal Party
The Quebec Liberal Party (QLP; French: Parti libéral du Québec [paʁti libeʁal dy kebɛk], PLQ) is a provincial political party in Quebec. It has been independent of the federal Liberal Party of Canada since 1955.

The QLP has traditionally supported a form of Quebec federalist ideology with nuanced Canadian nationalist tones that supports Quebec remaining within the Canadian federation, while also supporting reforms that would allow substantial autonomism in Quebec. In the context of federal Canadian politics, it is a more centrist party when compared to Conservative and Liberal parties in other provinces, such as the former British Columbia Liberal Party.
ARM Neoverse
The ARM Neoverse is a group of 64-bit ARM processor cores licensed by Arm Holdings. The cores are intended for datacenter, edge computing, and high-performance computing use. The group consists of ARM Neoverse V-Series, ARM Neoverse N-Series, and ARM Neoverse E-Series.

Glossary of computer hardware terms
This glossary of computer hardware terms is a list of definitions of terms and concepts related to computer hardware, i.e. the physical and structural components of computers, architectural issues, and peripheral devices.
Indochinese fulvetta
The Indochinese fulvetta (Fulvetta danisi) is a bird species in the family Paradoxornithidae. Like the other typical fulvettas, it was long included in the Timaliidae genus Alcippe or in the Sylviidae. It was previously considered a subspecies of the spectacled fulvetta, F. ruficapilla.

It is found in Laos and Vietnam. Its natural habitat is temperate forests.

Sylviidae
Sylviidae is a family of passerine birds that includes the typical warblers Sylvia, and the closely related genus Curruca, formerly included in Sylvia. They are found in Eurasia and Africa, with the greatest diversity in the Mediterranean region.
Samal Church
Saint Catherine of Siena Parish Church, commonly known as Samal Church, is a Roman Catholic church located in Samal, Bataan, Philippines. The church is dedicated to the Italian saint Catherine of Siena. The Dominicans constructed the first church in 1596. It is under the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Balanga.

The parish has a Catholic population of 11,581, under Titular of St. Catherine of Siena, with Feast day on April 30. Its former Parish Priest is Monsignor Edilfredo Cruz of the Vicariate of St. Dominic de Guzman. From June 5, 2023 to December 26, 2025, Fr. Josue V. Enero was assigned as Rector and Parish Priest of the church until his death. Due to his death, Rufino Sescon, Bishop of Balanga, appointed Alwin B. Bobis as parish administrator on January 19, 2026.

Diocese of Balanga
The Diocese of Balanga is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church in the Philippines, established on March 17, 1975, by Pope Paul VI. The diocese has jurisdiction over the whole province of Bataan, with 38 parishes, 6 diocesan shrines, one minor basilica, chaplaincy, quasi-parish, national shrine and chapel, and 4 vicariates. The Cathedral-Shrine Parish of St. Joseph, Husband of Mary in Aguire Street, serves as the seat of the diocese and office of the Bishop of Balanga, while the bishop's residence is at 41 Paterno Street, Poblacion, Balanga. It is part of the Ecclesiastical Province of San Fernando, Pampanga. The titular patron of the diocese is Saint Joseph, whose feast day falls on March 19. The city's fiesta is celebrated on April 28.

Since March 1, 2025, Rufino Sescon, the former rector of Quiapo Church in Manila, is the fifth and current bishop of the diocese.
James Pitia Morgan
James Pitia Morgan is a South Sudanese politician and diplomat who served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of South Sudan from 31 August 2023 until 25 April 2024, when he was appointed by President Salva Kiir Mayardit as envoy to the African Great Lakes countries. He previously served as Ambassador to Ethiopia and Permanent Representative to the African Union.

Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (South Sudan)
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation is a cabinet-level government ministry responsible for the implementation and management of South Sudan's foreign policy and international activity. The incumbent minister is Monday Simaya Kumba since 2025.
Scottish Fire and Rescue Service National Training Centre
The Scottish Fire and Rescue Service National Training Centre is a purpose-built training facility in Cambuslang, South Lanarkshire. Also known as the Uaill Training Centre, it has mock buildings and areas suitable for training to use specialist fire and rescue equipment. It opened in January 2013 and is operated by the Scottish Fire and Rescue Service (SFRS).

South Lanarkshire
South Lanarkshire (Scots: Sooth Lanrikshire; Scottish Gaelic: Siorrachd Lannraig a Deas) is one of 32 unitary authorities of Scotland. It borders the south-east of the Glasgow City council area and contains some of Greater Glasgow's suburban towns, as well as many rural towns and villages. It also shares borders with Dumfries and Galloway, East Ayrshire, East Renfrewshire, North Lanarkshire, the Scottish Borders and West Lothian. It includes most of the historic county of Lanarkshire.

The administrative centre of South Lanarkshire is Hamilton, with the seat of the local authority, South Lanarkshire Council, located at Lanark County Buildings.
Dry Cottonwood Creek (Deer Lodge County, Montana)
Dry Cottonwood Creek is a creek in Deer Lodge County, Montana.  Approximately 10 miles (16 km) long, it flows northwest out of the southern reaches of the Boulder Mountains into the Clark Fork river near Deer Lodge, Montana. Sapphires are found along this creek.

Boulder Mountains (Montana)
The Boulder Mountains are a mountain range running roughly north to south located west of Boulder between Helena and Butte in the U.S. state of Montana. Parts of the range are in four different counties: Deer Lodge, Jefferson, Lewis and Clark, and Silver Bow.

Haystack Mountain, which reaches 8,819 feet (2,688 m), is the tallest peak in the range. The three other highest peaks are Jack Mountain at 8,752 feet (2,668 m), Bull Mountain at 8,609 feet (2,624 m), and Thunderbolt Mountain at 8,597 feet (2,620 m). All four peaks are in Jefferson County.
Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception (Wichita, Kansas)
The Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, also known as St. Mary's Cathedral, is a Catholic cathedral in Wichita, Kansas, United States.  It is the seat of the Diocese of Wichita.

The first Catholic church was constructed in Wichita in 1872. The cathedral parish was founded in 1887. The present cathedral church was begun in 1906 and it was consecrated on September 19, 1912. It was designed by Emmanuel Louis Masqueray. Cardinal James Gibbons of Baltimore dedicated the church in the presence of 30 other Catholic bishops. Archbishop John J. Glennon of St. Louis delivered the sermon. The cathedral was built at a cost of $500,000.  The building was constructed of Bedford stone. It measures 169 feet (52 m) long and 100 feet (30 m) wide at the transepts. The dome is 135 feet (41 m) feet from the ground. The bronze doors, which were designed and created by Domus Dei of Italy, were installed in 1997.

James Gibbons
James Gibbons (July 23, 1834 – March 24, 1921) was an American Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Baltimore for more than forty years, from 1877 until his death in 1921. Created a cardinal in 1886, he was the second American cardinal, after John McCloskey.

Ordained a bishop at age 34, Gibbons previously served as Apostolic Vicar of North Carolina (1868–1872) and Bishop of Richmond (1872–1877). In 1876, he published the apologetic book The Faith of Our Fathers, which became a best-selling work. During his time as Baltimore's archbishop, Gibbons became one of the most recognizable Catholic figures in the country. He defended the rights of organized labor and advocated for Americanism as a means of assimilation.
Table tennis at the 2012 Summer Paralympics – Women's individual – Class 4
The Women's individual table tennis – Class 4 tournament at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London took place from 30 August to 2 September 2012 at ExCeL Exhibition Centre. Classes 1-5 are for athletes with a physical impairment that affects their legs, and who compete in a sitting position. The lower the number, the greater the impact the impairment has on an athlete’s ability to compete.

In the preliminary stage, athletes competed in four groups of three. Winners of each group qualified for the semi-finals.

Excel London
Excel London (formerly styled as ExCeL, an abbreviation for Exhibition Centre London) is an international exhibition and convention centre in the Custom House area of Newham, East London. The facility is situated on a 100-acre (0.40 km2) site on the northern quay of the Royal Victoria Dock in London Docklands, located between Canary Wharf and London City Airport.
New Orleans, Opelousas and Great Western Railroad
The New Orleans, Opelousas and Great Western Railroad (NOO&GW) was chartered in 1852. Construction began at Algiers, across the Mississippi River from New Orleans, in late 1852. By 1857, the track had reached Brashear (now Morgan City) on Berwick Bay, and this remained the end of the line for over 20 years. The 83 miles (134 km) NOO&GW was built to the "Texas gauge" of 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm), the only such railroad in the New Orleans area to use that gauge; the line was converted to 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge in 1872.

In 1869, steamship operator Charles Morgan bought the NOO&GW and began operating it as owner. In 1878 he organized his railroad property as Morgan's Louisiana and Texas Railroad and Steamship Company, and it eventually became part of the Southern Pacific Company's main line. The line is currently owned and operated by BNSF.

Morgan City, Louisiana
Morgan City is a small city in St. Mary Parish, Louisiana, United States, located in the Acadiana region. The population was 10,813 in the 2024 census. Known for being "right in the middle of everywhere" , Morgan City is located 68 miles (109 km) southeast of Lafayette, 64 miles (103 km) south of Baton Rouge, and 86 miles (138 km) west of New Orleans.

Morgan City sits on the banks of the Atchafalaya River near its intersection with the Intracoastal Waterway. The town was originally named "Tiger Island" by surveyors appointed by U.S. Secretary of War John Calhoun, because of a particular type of wild cat seen in the area. It was later changed for a time to "Brashear City", named after Walter Brashear, a prominent Kentucky physician who had purchased large tracts of land and acquired numerous sugar mills in the area.  It was incorporated in 1860.

Morgan City, and all of St. Mary Parish, is included in the Lafayette-Opelousas-Morgan City CSA.
2-hydroxy-3-oxoadipate synthase
In enzymology, a 2-hydroxy-3-oxoadipate synthase (EC 2.2.1.5) is an enzyme that catalyzes the following chemical reaction:

2-oxoglutarate + glyoxylate  2-hydroxy-3-oxoadipate + CO2

The two substrates of this enzyme are 2-oxoglutarate and glyoxylate, whereas its two products are 2-hydroxy-3-oxoadipate and CO2.

This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring aldehyde or ketonic groups (transaldolases and transketolases, respectively).  Other names in common use include 2-hydroxy-3-oxoadipate glyoxylate-lyase (carboxylating), alpha-ketoglutaric-glyoxylic carboligase, and oxoglutarate: glyoxylate carboligase.  This enzyme participates in glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism.  It employs one cofactor, thiamin diphosphate.

Glyoxylic acid
Glyoxylic acid or oxoacetic acid is an organic compound. Together with acetic acid, glycolic acid, and oxalic acid, glyoxylic acid is one of the C2 carboxylic acids.  It is a colourless solid that occurs naturally and is useful industrially.
Harness racing in Australia
Harness racing, also colloquially known as trotting or the trots, is a spectator sport in Australia, with significant amounts of money wagered annually with bookmakers and the Totalisator Agency Board (TAB).  In Australia there are 90 harness racing tracks, which hold over 1,900 meetings annually. There are approximately 2,900 drivers and 4,000 trainers with about 5,000 Standardbred horses foaled and registered each year.

Standardbred
The Standardbred is an American horse breed best known for its ability in harness racing where they compete at either a trot or pace. Developed in North America, the Standardbred is recognized worldwide, and the breed can trace its bloodlines to 18th-century England. They are solid, well-built horses with good dispositions.
Hundred of Whyte
The Hundred of Whyte is a cadastral unit of hundred located in the Mid North of South Australia in the approach to the lower Flinders Ranges. It is one of the  hundreds of the County of Victoria.

It is named for John Whyte (pastoralist).

John Whyte (pastoralist)
John Whyte (1826 – 16 February 1902) was a pastoralist and businessman in the early years of South Australia. He was born in Kinross, Scotland. He was a partner with James Counsell in the grocery wholesaler and Murray paddle steamer firm Whyte, Counsell & Co. (until 1884) as well as owner of significant sheep runs. He married the widow Louisa Heath, a sister of James Counsell, on 18 May 1854.
Pallas's grasshopper warbler
Pallas's grasshopper warbler (Helopsaltes certhiola), also known as the rusty-rumped warbler, is an Old World warbler in the genus Helopsaltes. It breeds in the eastern Palearctic: from the Altai Mountains, Mongolia and Transbaikalia to northeastern China, the Korean Peninsula, and islands in the Sea of Okhotsk (Sakhalin and Kuril Islands). It is migratory, wintering from India eastward to Indonesia. It is a rare migrant in Sri Lanka.

Old World warbler
The Old World warblers are a large group of birds formerly grouped together in the bird family Sylviidae. They are not closely related to the New World warblers. The family held over 400 species in over 70 genera, and were the source of much taxonomic confusion. Two families were split out initially, the cisticolas into Cisticolidae and the kinglets into Regulidae. In the past 20–30 years they have been the subject of much research and many species are now placed into other families, including the Acrocephalidae, Cettiidae, Phylloscopidae, and Megaluridae. In addition some species have been moved into existing families or have not yet had their placement fully resolved. Only a small number of warblers, in just two genera, are now retained in the family Sylviidae.
France–Ivory Coast relations
France–Ivory Coast relations are the diplomatic relations between the French Republic and the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire. Both nations are members of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie and the United Nations.

French West Africa
French West Africa (French: Afrique-Occidentale française, AOF) was a federation of eight French colonial territories in West Africa: Mauritania, Senegal, French Sudan (now Mali), French Guinea (now Guinea), Ivory Coast, Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso), Dahomey (now Benin) and Niger. The federation existed from 1895 until 1958. Its capital was Saint-Louis in Senegal until 1902, and then Dakar until the federation's collapse in 1960.

With an area of 4,689,000 km2, French West Africa was eight times the size of Metropolitan France. French Equatorial Africa had an additional area of 2,500,000 km2.
Mike Misuraca
Michael William Misuraca (born August 21, 1968) is a retired Major League Baseball pitcher. He played during one season at the major league level for the Milwaukee Brewers. He was signed by the Minnesota Twins as an amateur free agent in 1988. Misuraca played his first professional season with their Rookie League Elizabethton Twins and Class A Kenosha Twins in 1989, and his last with the Brewers' Triple-A Tucson Toros in 1997.

Tucson Toros
The Tucson Toros were a professional baseball team based in Tucson, Arizona, in the United States.

The original Toros were a Triple-A minor league baseball team in the Pacific Coast League from 1969 to 1997, where they won the PCL Championship in 1991 and 1993. They were affiliated with several Major League Baseball teams over the years, most notably with the Houston Astros. The team rebranded as the Tucson Sidewinders in 1998, a name under which they played until relocating to Reno following the 2008 season. During the Sidewinders era, the team won both the PCL and Triple-A championships for the 2006 season.

A new iteration of the Toros played in the independent Golden Baseball League for the 2009 and 2010 seasons. The team went on hiatus for the 2011 season but folded later that year.
Jacob Aall
Jacob Aall (27 July 1773 – 4 August 1844) was a Norwegian politician, historian, landowner and government economist.

He was born the son of Nicolai Benjamin Aall (1739-1798), who was a merchant in Porsgrunn, Norway and owner of Ulefos Manor. He was also the nephew of merchant Jacob Aall (1754-1826).

Porsgrunn
Porsgrunnⓘ is a municipality in Telemark county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Grenland. The administrative centre of the municipality is the city of Porsgrunn. Some other notable settlements in Porsgrunn include the town of Brevik and the villages of Langangen and Heistad.

The 164-square-kilometre (63 sq mi) municipality is the 315th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Porsgrunn is the 29th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 37,056. The municipality's population density is 230.5 inhabitants per square kilometre (597/sq mi) and its population has increased by 4.7% over the previous 10-year period. The conurbation of the cities of Porsgrunn and Skien is called Porsgrunn/Skien by Statistics Norway and it is considered to be the seventh-largest urban area in Norway.
Island Club
The Island Club is one of the oldest multinational clubs in  Nigeria. Established on Friday, October 29, 1943, in Lagos Island, the club began as a cosmopolitan club comprising members of different nationalities, races, religions and political orientations. Adeyemo Alakija was the first president. The Island Club started with 50 Nigerians and foreign gentlemen, one of whom included the British Governor-General of Nigeria, Sir Arthur Richards. In its early stages of development, the club included such members of the Lagosian elite as politicians, lawyers, captains of industry, soldiers and other professionals.

Arthur Richards, 1st Baron Milverton
Arthur Frederick Richards, 1st Baron Milverton GCMG (21 February 1885 – 27 October 1978), was a British colonial administrator who over his career served as Governor of North Borneo, Gambia, Fiji, Jamaica, and Nigeria.
DASAN Networks
DASAN Networks (Korean: 다산네트웍스) develops and manufactures network equipment for fixed and mobile broadband services. DASAN Networks was established as DASAN Engineering Co., Ltd in 1993, listed in KOSDAQ in 2000, and changed its company name to DASAN Networks Inc. in 2002.

DASAN Network Solutions as a subsidiary company to specialize in network products development, production and sales. They include FTTx (Fiber-to-the-x), Ethernet Switch, xDSL, Mobile Backhaul, Wireless LAN.

Wireless LAN
A wireless LAN (WLAN) is a wireless computer network that links two or more devices using wireless communication to form a local area network (LAN) within a limited area such as a home, school, computer laboratory, campus, or office building. This gives users the ability to move around within the area and remain connected to the network. Through a gateway, a WLAN can also provide a connection to the wider Internet.

Wireless LANs based on the IEEE 802.11 standards are the most widely used computer networks in the world. These are commonly called Wi-Fi, which is a trademark belonging to the Wi-Fi Alliance. They are used for home and small office networks that link together laptop computers, printers, smartphones, Web TVs and gaming devices through a wireless network router, which in turn may link them to the Internet. Hotspots provided by routers at restaurants, coffee shops, hotels, libraries, and airports allow consumers to access the internet with portable wireless devices.
Kelvin Grade massacre
The Kelvin Grade massacre was an incident that occurred on November 2, 1889 when a group of nine imprisoned Apache escaped from police custody during a prisoner transfer near the town of Globe, Arizona. The escape resulted in the deaths of two sheriffs and triggered one of the largest manhunts in Arizona history. Veterans of the Apache Wars scoured the Arizona frontier for nearly a year in search of the fugitives, by the end of which all were caught or killed except for the famous Indian scout known as the Apache Kid.

United States Army Indian Scouts
Native Americans have made up an integral part of American military conflicts since the Colonial period. Colonists recruited Indian allies during conflicts such as the Pequot War, the French and Indian Wars, the Revolutionary War, as well as in War of 1812. Native Americans also fought on both sides during the American Civil War, as well as military missions abroad including the most notable, the Codetalkers who served in World War II. The Scouts were active in the American West in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Including those who accompanied General John J. Pershing in 1916 on his expedition to Mexico in pursuit of Pancho Villa. Indian Scouts were officially deactivated in 1947 when their last member retired from the Army at Fort Huachuca, Arizona. For many Indians it was an important form of interaction with European-American culture and their first major encounter with the Whites' way of thinking and doing things.