hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bare nouns
A  bare noun is a noun that is used without a surface determiner. In natural languages, the distribution of bare nouns is subject to various language-specific constraints. Under the DP hypothesis a noun in an argument position must have a determiner or quantifier that introduces the noun, warranting special treatment of the bare nouns that seemingly contradict this. As a result, bare nouns have attracted extensive study in the fields of both semantics and syntax.

In English, vocatives and mass nouns are felicitous in any position in which they semantically make sense. Bare plurals are usually restricted to outside predicate positions, though exceptions to this do arise ("the reason is uncommon sentences").

Syntax
In linguistics, syntax (/ˈsɪntæks/ SIN-taks) is the study of how words and morphemes well-formed combine to form larger units such as phrases and sentences. Central concerns with syntax include word order, grammatical relations, hierarchical sentence structure (constituency), agreement, the nature of crosslinguistic variation, and the relationship between form and meaning (semantics). Diverse approaches, such as generative grammar and functional grammar, offer unique perspectives on syntax, reflecting its complexity and centrality to understanding human language.
Paola Flocchini
Paola Flocchini is a Canadian computer scientist known for her research in distributed computing, pattern formation, self-organizing systems, swarm behavior, and cellular automata. She is University Research Chair on Intruder Agents and the Decontamination of Communication Networks at the University of Ottawa.

Flocchini obtained her Ph.D. in 1995 from the University of Milan.

With Giuseppe Prencipe and Nicola Santoro, Flocchini is the author of the book Distributed Computing by Oblivious Mobile Robots: Synthesis Lectures on Distributed Computing Theory (Morgan & Claypool, 2012).
Flocchini, Prencipe, and Santoro are also the editors of Distributed Computing by Mobile Entities: Current Research in Moving and Computing (Springer, 2019).

Flocchini is the winner of the 2019 Prize for Innovation in Distributed Computing, presented as part of the 26th International Colloquium on Structural Information and Communication Complexity (Sirocco 2019).

International Colloquium on Structural Information and Communication Complexity
The International Colloquium on Structural Information and Communication Complexity (SIROCCO) is an annual academic conference with refereed presentations, in the field of Distributed Computing with a special focus on the interplay between structural knowledge and communication complexity in distributed/decentralized systems. The Colloquium was started in 1994 with the idea of promoting new and unconventional ideas in distributed computing; one of the aims of the organizers is to provide a venue for informal discussions in a relaxed environment.

The Prize for Innovation in Distributed Computing is presented annually at SIROCCO "to recognize individuals whose research contributions expanded the
collective investigative horizon" in the areas of interest to the conference.

Since 2013, SIROCCO also awards a Best Student Paper Award and/or a Best Paper Award to recognize the best publication among (student-authored or all) accepted articles each year.
Thetharke
Thetharke is a village in Dera Baba Nanak in Gurdaspur district of Punjab State, India. It is located 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from sub district headquarter and 44 kilometres (27 mi) from district headquarter. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village.

Gurdaspur district
Gurdaspur district is a district in the Majha region of the state of Punjab, India. Gurdaspur is the district headquarters. It internationally borders Narowal District of Pakistani Punjab, and the districts of Amritsar, Pathankot, Kapurthala and Hoshiarpur. Two main rivers Beas and Ravi passes through the district. The Mughal emperor Akbar is said to have been enthroned in a garden near Kalanaur, a historically important town in the district. The district is at the foothills of the Himalayas.

As of 2011 it is the third most populous district of Punjab (out of 22), after Ludhiana and Amritsar. Batala, with 31% of the district's population, is its largest city.
Andrey Titenko
Andrey Lavrentievich Titenko (Russian: Андрей Лаврентьевич Титенко; 15 December 1918 – 2 November 2022) was a Soviet soldier who served during World War II and recipient of the title Hero of the Soviet Union.

Soviet people
The Soviet people (Russian: сове́тский наро́д, romanized: sovetsky narod) were the citizens and nationals of the Soviet Union. This demonym was presented in the ideology of the country as the "new historical unity of peoples of different nationalities" (новая историческая общность людей различных национальностей).
M4M (band)
M4M (Mystical Formula), is a Mandopop boy band formed in 2013 by South Korea's Cube Entertainment and China's Xing Tian Media. The group consists of four members; Alen, Jimmy, Vinson, and Yu Bin. The group debuted on March 13, 2013 on M! Countdown with the Korean version of Sadness. In March 2014, M4M announced that they are going to terminate their contracts with Chinese company Xing Tian Media, due to a lack of activity.

Cube Entertainment
Cube Entertainment Inc. (Korean: 큐브엔터테인먼트) is a South Korean entertainment company. The company operates as a record label, talent agency, music production company, event management and concert production company, and music publishing house. Cube are known for having "self-composing and self-producing" idols. In April 2020, the founder of Cube, Hong Seung-sung, resigned from the company due to an ownership dispute.

The label currently manages several artists, namely Kwon Eun-bin, Pentagon, I-dle, Lightsum, and Nowz. It also manages several entertainers and actors, including Heo Kyung-hwan, Park Mi-sun, Kim Jin-woo, and Park Sun-young.

It was formerly home to K-pop artists such as 4Minute, Beast, G.NA, Roh Ji-hoon, Hyuna, Rain, E'Dawn, A Train To Autumn, Lai Kuan-lin, Jang Hyun-seung, Elkie, Sorn, Yujin, Soojin, Yeeun, CLC, BtoB, Lee Hwi-jae, Na In-woo, and Yoo Seon-ho.
Magnús Ketilsson
Magnús Ketilsson (29 January 1732 – 18 July 1803), was an Icelandic publisher and author. He ran Hrappsey Press, an Icelandic publishing company focused on non-religious publications. He published Islandske Maaneds Tidender (1773–1776), a periodical in the Danish language. He had an influence on the development of Icelandic spelling and grammar. He has been described as a leader of the neo-classic enlightenment movement in Iceland.

He studied at the University of Copenhagen. He became sýslumaður (district commander) of Dalasýsla in 1754.

Spelling
Spelling is a set of conventions for written language regarding how graphemes should correspond to the sounds of spoken language. Spelling is one of the elements of orthography, and highly standardized spelling is a prescriptive element.

Spellings originated as transcriptions of the sounds of speech according to the alphabetic principle. Fully phonemic orthography is usually only approximated, due to factors including changes in pronunciation over time, and the borrowing of vocabulary from other languages without adapting its spelling. Homophones may be spelled differently on purpose in order to disambiguate words that would otherwise have identical spellings.
Mid-Maryland Celtic Festival
The Mid-Maryland Celtic Festival (formerly the Frederick Celtic Festival) is a one-day festival celebrating all things Scottish, held annually in Mt. Airy, Maryland, United States.

The festival features kilted professional and amateur Highland Games athletes competing for victory tossing cabers and throwing heavy weights. Other activities include Celtic music, competitions, bagpipe playing, crafts, vendors, Scottish and Irish dancing, and free genealogy services.

Historically held in Urbana and Frederick (MD), starting in 2012 the festival is held annually on the second Saturday each May at the Mt. Airy Fire Department Fairgrounds which are located at 1003 Twin Arch Road, Mt. Airy, MD 21771. Festival hours are 9 am to 6 pm and now have been expanded to include a British car show co-sponsored by the Clustered Spires British Car Club of Frederick, MD and expanded dog/herding events.

There was no festival in 2020.

Mount Airy, Maryland
Mount Airy is a town in Carroll and Frederick counties in the U.S. state of Maryland. It is part of both the Washington Metropolitan Area and Baltimore Metropolitan Area. As of the 2020 census, the population was 9,654.
Arthur Thibault
Arthur Joseph Thibault (February 21, 1914 – February 22, 1983) was a farmer and political figure in Saskatchewan. He represented Kinistino from 1959 to 1971 Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) member and from 1975 to 1978 as a New Democratic Party (NDP) member and Melfort-Kinistino from 1971 to 1975 as an NDP member in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan.

He was born in Bonne Madone, Saskatchewan, the son of Eugene Thibault and Emma McGary, and went on to farm in the Tarnopol district. He served as reeve of Invergordon, as a member of the local school board and as a member of the Saskatchewan Farmers' Union. In 1941, he married Doris Lepine. Thibault was first elected to the Saskatchewan assembly in a 1959 by-election held following the death of Henry Begrand. From 1978 to 1981, he worked at the St. Louis Alcoholism Rehabilitation Centre in Prince Albert.

Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan
The Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (French: Assemblée législative de la Saskatchewan) is the legislative chamber of the Saskatchewan Legislature in the province of Saskatchewan, Canada. Bills passed by the assembly are given royal assent by the lieutenant governor of Saskatchewan, in the name of the King of Canada. The assembly meets at the Saskatchewan Legislative Building in Regina.

There are 61 constituencies in the province, which elect members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs). All are single-member districts, though the cities of Regina, Saskatoon and Moose Jaw were in the past represented through multi-member districts, with members elected through block voting.

The legislature has been unicameral since its establishment; there has never been a provincial upper house.

The 30th Saskatchewan Legislature was elected at the 2024 Saskatchewan general election.
Theodore A. Switzler
Theodore A. Switzler (March 3, 1828 – January 21, 1879) was an American Union brevet brigadier general during the period of the American Civil War.  He received his appointment as brevet brigadier general dated to March 13, 1865.

Switzler began his military career by organizing a company of the Dade County Home Guards and serving as their captain.  He participated in the Battle of Wilson's Creek on August 10, 1861.  After this battle, his company was combined with other units to form the 6th Missouri Volunteer Cavalry.  On March 6, 1862, he was wounded in the neck by a small bullet at Sugar Creek, Arkansas, just before fighting in the Battle of Pea Ridge.  Immediately afterward, on March 9, 1862, Switzler was promoted to the rank of major.  On August 13, 1862, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel.  Switzler also fought in the Battle of Prairie Grove, the Vicksburg campaign, and the Red River campaign.  His profession was bookkeeper and merchant.

6th Missouri Cavalry Regiment
The 6th Missouri Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The regiment was organized in February 1862 by merging three independent cavalry battalions.
47th Ariel Awards
The XLVII Award of the Premio Ariel (2005) of the Academia Mexicana de Artes y Ciencias Cinematográficas took place on March 29 of 2005 at the Palacio de Bellas Artes. The Premio Ariel for the best movie was awarded to Temporada de patos.

Ariel Award
The Ariel Award (Spanish: Premio Ariel) is an award that recognizes the best of Mexican cinema. Given annually, since 1946, by the Mexican Academy of Cinematographic Arts and Sciences (AMACC), the award recognizes artistical and technical excellence in the Mexican film industry. The purpose of the Ariel recognition is to stimulate and increase the excellence of Mexican cinema, favor the growth of the industry, and promote the meeting and strengthening of the national film community. It is regarded as the most prestigious award in the Mexican film industry and considered Mexico's equivalent to the Oscars of the United States.
Moszna, Opole Voivodeship
Moszna ([ˈmɔʂna], additional name in German: Moschen) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Strzeleczki, within Krapkowice County, Opole Voivodeship, southern Poland. It is situated in the historical region of Prudnik Land. It lies approximately 20 km (12 mi) north-east of Prudnik, and 30 km (19 mi) south of the regional capital, Opole.

As of 31 December 2021, the village's population numbered 349 inhabitants. A significant portion of them belongs to the German minority in Poland.

Landrat
The Landrat (German pronunciation: [ˈlantˌʁaːt] ⓘ) is the chief administrative officer of a German Landkreis or Kreis and thus the highest municipal official. In most states they are also the lower state administrative authority (so-called "dual position" of the Landrat). They represent the Kreis externally and are elected in most States of Germany directly.
Telmatobufo venustus
Telmatobufo venustus is a species of frog in the family Calyptocephalellidae. It is endemic to Chile and occurs on the western slopes of the Andes in Maule and Bío Bío Regions. Its natural habitats are streams in temperate Nothofagus forests where it is found under rocks along the streams. The only stable population is in the Altos de Lircay National Reserve in Maule. The only other localities, both in the Bío Bío Region, are its type locality in Chillan, where it was not found in 2014, and Ralco where it was last observed in 1981. It is threatened by habitat loss caused by fires, conversion of native habitat to pine and eucalyptus plantations, and in Ralco, hydropower dams. Trout in Altos de Lircay are also a threat.

Nothofagus
Nothofagus, also known as the southern beeches, is a genus of 43 species of trees and shrubs native to the Southern Hemisphere, found across southern South America (Chile, Argentina) and eastern and southeast Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea, and New Caledonia. The species are ecological dominants in many temperate forests in these regions. Some species are reportedly naturalised in Germany and Great Britain. The genus has a rich fossil record of leaves, cupules, and pollen, with fossils extending into the late Cretaceous period and occurring in Australia, New Zealand, Antarctica, and South America.
1986 Vaucluse state by-election
A by-election for the seat of Vaucluse in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly was held on 31 May 1986. The by-election was triggered by the resignation of Liberal MP and deputy leader Rosemary Foot.

The by-election for the seats of Pittwater was held on the same day.

Electoral district of Vaucluse
Vaucluse is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales, located east of the Sydney central business district in the affluent Eastern Suburbs. It is named after the suburb of Vaucluse.

Vaucluse is one of two original (post-1927 redistribution) electorates to have never been held by the opposing Labor party and always by the Liberal Party or its predecessors, the other district being Hornsby. It has been represented in the past by former Leaders of the Opposition Murray Robson and Peter Debnam, and current Leader of the Opposition Kellie Sloane (as of 2025), all of the Liberal Party
Sri Lanka at the Cricket World Cup
The Sri Lanka cricket team has reached the World Cup final three times. Winning in 1996 under the leadership of Arjuna Ranatunga and finishing as runners-up in the 2007 and 2011. Sri Lanka has also reached the semi-final at the 2003 World Cup and the quarter-final at the 2015 World Cup.

Roshan Mahanama
Deshabandu Roshan Siriwardene Mahanama (Sinhala: රොෂාන් මහානාම, [roʃa:n maɦa:na:mə]; born 31 May 1966) is a former Sri Lankan cricketer and a former ICC match referee. He was a key member for 1996 Cricket World Cup winning team for Sri Lanka. He is the first man to have stood as a match referee in a day-night test match in Test history.

In September 2015, Mahanama said that he would step down from the ICC match referee panel at the end of the year, citing his desire to spend more time with his family and attend to his businesses. He was regarded as one of the finest match referees at international cricket and was also deemed one of the finest fielders during his playing days. He was popularly nicknamed as the Jonty Rhodes of Sri Lanka. In 2021, he was appointed as one of the members in the selection committee and technical advisory committee panel of Sri Lanka Cricket led by Aravinda de Silva.
Highland County, Ohio
Highland County is a county located in the U.S. state of Ohio. As of the 2020 census, the population was 43,317. Its county seat is Hillsboro. The county is named for the topography which is hilly and divides the watersheds of the Little Miami and Scioto Rivers.  Highland County was created on May 1, 1805, from land taken from Ross, Adams, and Clermont counties.

Scioto River
The Scioto River (/saɪˈoʊtə/ sy-OH-tə) is a river in central and southern Ohio more than 231 miles (372 km) in length. It rises in Hardin County just north of Roundhead, flows through Columbus, where it collects its largest tributary, the Olentangy River, flows south into Appalachian Ohio, and meets the Ohio River at Portsmouth. Early settlers and Native Americans used the river for shipping, but it is too small for modern commercial craft. The primary economic importance for the river now is for recreation and drinking water. It is the longest river that is entirely within Ohio.

The Scioto River is represented on the Ohio state seal and coat of arms.
Bolibar
Bolibar is a 1928 British silent drama film directed by Walter Summers and starring Elissa Landi, Michael Hogan, and Carl Harbord. It was based on the 1920 novel The Marquis of Bolibar by Leo Perutz. It was made by British Instructional Films at Cricklewood Studios. Also outside scenes shot on the island of Malta with hundreds of Maltese extras.

Cricklewood Studios
Cricklewood Studios, also known as the Stoll Film Studios, were British film studios located in Cricklewood, London which operated from 1920 to 1938. Run by Sir Oswald Stoll as the principal base for his newly formed Stoll Pictures, which also operated Surbiton Studios, the studio was the largest in the British Isles at that time. It was later used for the production of "quota quickies" (to meet the requirements of the Cinematograph Films Act 1927). In 1938, the studios were sold off for non-film use.
Maireana appressa
Maireana appressa, commonly known as grey bluebush, is a species of flowering plant in the family Amaranthaceae and is endemic to Australia. It is an intricately branched, spreading or erect shrub covered with woolly, white hairs with narrowly triangular to narrowly oblong leaves, bisexual flowers arranged singly, and a top-shaped fruiting perianth with horizontal wings.

Amaranthaceae
Amaranthaceae (/ˌæmərænˈθeɪsi.iː, -ˌaɪ/ AM-ər-an-THAY-see-ee, -⁠eye) is a family of flowering plants commonly known as the amaranth family, in reference to its type genus Amaranthus. It includes the former goosefoot family Chenopodiaceae and contains about 165 genera and 2,040 species, making it the most species-rich lineage within its parent order, Caryophyllales.
Dr. Enoch T. and Amy Zewicki House
The Dr. Enoch T. and Amy Zewicki House, also known as the Osage County Historical Society Museum, is a historic home located at Linn, Osage County, Missouri.  It was built about 1895, as a typical vernacular Queen Anne frame residence, and it was "updated" with an American Craftsman style front porch in the late 1930s.  Also on the property are the contributing frame washhouse and pump and a large frame woodshed.: 5

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.

Osage County, Missouri
Osage County is a county in the central part of the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 census, the population was 13,274. Its county seat is Linn. The county was organized January 29, 1841, and named from the Osage River.

Osage County is part of the Jefferson City, MO Metropolitan Statistical Area. Its geography and the founding of Westphalia Vineyards links it to the Missouri Rhineland, extending along the Missouri River valley to the western edges of the St. Louis Metropolitan Area.

According to data from the 2010 census, Osage County is the whitest county in Missouri, with 98.85 percent of residents being white.
Die shrink
The term die shrink (sometimes optical shrink or process shrink) refers to the scaling of metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) devices.  The act of shrinking a die creates a somewhat identical circuit using a more advanced fabrication process, usually involving an advance of lithographic nodes. This reduces overall costs for a chip company, as the absence of major architectural changes to the processor lowers research and development costs while at the same time allowing more processor dies to be manufactured on the same piece of silicon wafer, resulting in less cost per product sold.

Die shrinks are the key to lower prices and higher performance at semiconductor companies such as Samsung, Intel, TSMC, and SK Hynix, and fabless manufacturers such as AMD (including the former ATI), NVIDIA and MediaTek.

Fabless manufacturing
Fabless manufacturing is the design and sale of hardware devices and semiconductor chips while outsourcing their fabrication (or fab) to a specialized manufacturer called a semiconductor foundry. These foundries are typically, but not exclusively, located in mainland China and Taiwan. Fabless companies can benefit from lower capital costs while concentrating their research and development resources on the end market. Some fabless companies and pure play foundries (like TSMC) may offer integrated-circuit design services to third parties.
Consulate General of France, New York City
The French Consulate General is a consular representation of the French Republic to the United States, located in New York City, New York. The consulate general is housed in the Charles E. Mitchell House, at 934 Fifth Avenue, between East 74th and 75th Streets on the Upper East Side of Manhattan.

The consulate’s mission is to provide protection and administrative services to French citizens living or traveling in the district. Under the authority of the French Embassy in the United States, its consular district extends across three states (New York, Connecticut, and New Jersey), as well as the British Overseas Territory of Bermuda.

Currently housing the consulate general of France, 934 Fifth Avenue was the residence of Charles E. Mitchell, President of the National City Bank (now Citibank). Anne-Claire Legendre has been the consul general since August 2016.

Citibank
Citibank, N.A. ("N. A." stands for "National Association"; stylized as citibank) is the primary U.S. banking subsidiary of Citigroup, a financial services multinational corporation. Citibank was founded in 1812 as City Bank of New York, and later became First National City Bank of New York. The bank has branches in 19 countries. The U.S. branches are concentrated in six metropolitan areas: New York City, Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Washington, D.C., and Miami.

As of 2023, Citibank is the third-largest bank in the United States in terms of assets.