hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
1994 Ukrainian presidential election
Early presidential elections were held in Ukraine on 26 June 1994, with a second round on 10 July. They were held ahead of schedule following a compromise between President Leonid Kravchuk and the Verkhovna Rada, the Ukrainian parliament. The elections saw Kravchuk defeated by his former Prime Minister Leonid Kuchma. They were the first presidential elections in the Commonwealth of Independent States in which the incumbent was defeated.

Kuchma took office on 19 July, marking the first peaceful transfer of power in Ukraine since the fall of Communism.

Peaceful transition of power
A peaceful transition or transfer of power is a concept important to democratic governments in which the leadership of a government peacefully hands over control of government to a newly elected leadership. This may be after elections or during the transition from a different kind of political regime, such as the post-communist period after the fall of the Soviet Union.

In scholarship examining democratization and emerging democracies, study of the successful transitions of power is used to understand the transition to constitutional democracy and the relative stability of that government. A 2014 study concluded that 68 countries had never had a peaceful transition of power due to an election since 1788.
XI Fighter Command
The XI Fighter Command was a command of the United States Army Air Forces. It was assigned to Eleventh Air Force, stationed at Adak Army Airfield, Alaska.

The command controlled fighter units in Alaska during the World War II Aleutian Islands Campaign under Eleventh Air Force. It was activated in March 1942 and inactivated on 31 March 1944.

Military organization
Military organization (AE) or military organisation (BE) is the structuring of the armed forces of a state so as to offer such military capability as a national defense policy may require. Formal military organization tends to use hierarchical forms (see Modern hierarchy for terminology and approximate troop strength per hierarchical unit).

In some countries, paramilitary forces are included in a nation's armed forces, though not considered military. Armed forces that are not a part of military or paramilitary organizations, such as insurgent forces, often emulate military organizations, or use these structures.
Penrose diagram
In theoretical physics, a Penrose diagram (named after mathematical physicist Roger Penrose) is a two-dimensional diagram capturing the causal relations between different points in spacetime through a conformal treatment of infinity. It is an extension (suitable for the curved spacetimes of e.g. general relativity) of the Minkowski diagram of special relativity where the vertical dimension represents time, and the horizontal dimension represents a space dimension. Using this design, all light rays take a 45° path . Locally, the metric on a Penrose diagram is conformally equivalent to the metric of the spacetime depicted. The conformal factor is chosen such that the entire infinite spacetime is transformed into a Penrose diagram of finite size, with infinity on the boundary of the diagram. For spherically symmetric spacetimes, every point in the Penrose diagram corresponds to a 2-dimensional sphere .

Two-dimensional space
A two-dimensional space is a mathematical space with two dimensions, meaning points have two degrees of freedom: their locations can be locally described with two coordinates or they can move in two independent directions. Common two-dimensional spaces are often called planes, or, more generally, surfaces. These include analogs to physical spaces, like flat planes, and curved surfaces like spheres, cylinders, and cones, which can be infinite or finite. Some two-dimensional mathematical spaces are not used to represent physical positions, like an affine plane or complex plane.
Tsukasamachi, Tokyo
Tsukasamachi (司町), officially Kanda-Tsukasamachi (神田司町), is a district of Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. Today, it consists only of Kanda-Tsukasamachi 2-chōme. As of April 1, 2007, its population is 420. Its postal code is 101-0048.

Kanda-Tsukasamachi is located on the northern part of Chiyoda Ward. It borders Kanda-Ogawamachi and Kanda-Sudachō to the north, Kanda-Tachō to the east, (across Kanda-Keisatsu-Dōri Ave.) Uchi-Kanda to the south, and Kanda-Mitoshirochō to the west.

Districts of Japan
In Japan, a district (郡, gun) is composed of one or more rural municipalities (towns or villages) within a prefecture. Districts have no governing function, and are only used for geographic or statistical purposes such as mailing addresses. Cities are not part of districts.

Historically, districts have at times functioned as an administrative unit.  From 1878 to 1921 district governments were roughly equivalent to a county of the United States, ranking below prefecture and above town or village, on the same level as a city. District governments were entirely abolished by 1926.
Mac Hippenhammer
Mac Elijah Hippenhammer (born November 5, 1998) is an American former football wide receiver. He played college football at Penn State and Miami (OH). He was signed by the Cincinnati Bengals as an undrafted free agent in 2023.

Penn State Nittany Lions football
The Penn State Nittany Lions team represents the Pennsylvania State University in college football. The Nittany Lions compete in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) as a member of the Big Ten Conference, which they joined in 1993 after playing as an Independent from 1892 to 1992.

Established in 1887, the Nittany Lions have achieved numerous on-field successes, including two consensus national championships in 1982 and 1986; four Big Ten Conference championships in 1994, 2005, 2008 and 2016; 13 undefeated seasons in 1887, 1894, 1909, 1911, 1912, 1920, 1921, 1947, 1968, 1969, 1973, 1986 and 1994; and 53 appearances in college bowl games, with an all-time post-season bowl record of 32–20–2. The team ranks seventh among NCAA Division I college football programs in all-time total wins.

The Nittany Lions play their home games at Beaver Stadium, located on campus in University Park, Pennsylvania.
Katha Dilam
Katha Dilam is a 1991 Bengali film directed by Rajat Das and produced by N. S. S. Film Concern under the banner of N. S. S. Film Concern. It features Prosenjit Chatterjee and Ayesha Jhulka in the lead roles. Music of the film has been composed by Ajoy Das.

Kavita Krishnamurthy
Kavita Krishnamurthy (born as Sharada Krishnamurthy), is an Indian playback and classical singer. She has recorded 50,000 numerous songs in 45 various Indian languages including Hindi, Bengali, Kannada, Rajasthani, Bhojpuri, Telugu, Odia, Marathi, English, Urdu, Tamil, Malayalam, Gujarati, Nepali, Assamese, Konkani, Punjabi and other languages. She is the recipient of four Filmfare Best Female Playback Singer Awards (winning consecutively during 1995–1997), and the Padmashri which she received in 2005. She was awarded a Doctorate (Honoris Causa) for her contributions to Indian music by Bangalore-based Jain University in 2015. In 1999, she married noted violinist L. Subramaniam and resides in Bengaluru.
Bug Gard National Nature Park
The Bug Gard National Nature Park (Ukrainian: Національний природний парк «Бузький Гард», romanized: Buz'kyj Hard) covers an area along the Southern Bug River in south-central Ukraine. At this point, the Southern Bug River cuts through the southern edge of the Ukrainian Shield (a block of Archean basement rock). The national park is therefore a canyon that transitions the river from the upland plateau to the steppe region. The word 'gard' in the name refers to a type of fishing structure used in the Cossack era. The park is spread in sections over Voznesensk and Pervomaisk districts of Mykolaiv Oblast. The major portions are about 140 km upstream from the estuary of the Southern Bug at the Black Sea.

Ukrainian Shield
In geology, the Ukrainian Shield or the Ukrainian Crystalline Massif is the southwest shield of the East European craton. It has an area of about 200,000 km2 (77,000 sq mi) and is approximately 1,000 km (620 mi) long and up to 250 km (160 mi) wide.

It is a pegmatite geologic province which can be divided into the following megastructures: Middle Prydniprovia, Western Pryazovia, Eastern Pryazovia, Ingulski, Rosynsko-Tikychki, Dnistersko-Buzki and Volyn, which differ in mineralogical composition and geochemical specialization.

The Ukrainian Shield and the Voronezh Massif consist of 3.2-3.8 Ga Archean crust in the southwest and east, and 2.3-2.1 Ga Early Proterozoic orogenic belts.

The Ilyinets crater is located at the boundary of Rosynsko-Tikychki, Dnistersko-Buzki.
CHQR
CHQR is a radio station owned by Corus Entertainment operating in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Broadcasting at AM 770, it airs talk radio programming. With the exception of one show, all of CHQR's weekday programming is produced in-house. CHQR is also the exclusive radio voice of the Calgary Stampeders. CHQR is also the last AM station in the Calgary market to broadcast in C-QUAM AM stereo. CHQR is a Class B station on the clear-channel frequency of 770 kHz.

CHQR's studios are located on 17th Avenue Southwest in Calgary, while its transmitters are located just south of the Calgary city limits near De Winton.

As of Winter 2021, CHQR is the most-listened-to radio station in the Calgary market according to a PPM data report released by Numeris.

AM stereo
AM stereo is a term given to a series of mutually incompatible techniques for radio broadcasting stereo audio in the AM band in a manner that is compatible with standard AM receivers. There are two main classes of systems: independent sideband (ISB) systems, promoted principally by American broadcast engineer Leonard R. Kahn; and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) multiplexing systems (conceptually closer to FM stereo).

Initially adopted by many commercial AM broadcasters in the mid to late 1980s, AM stereo broadcasting soon began to decline due to a lack of receivers (most "AM/FM stereo" radios only receive in stereo on FM), a growing exodus of music broadcasters to FM, concentration of ownership of the few remaining stations in the hands of large corporations and the removal of music from AM stations in favor of news/talk or sports broadcasting. By 2001, most of the former AM stereo broadcasters were no longer stereo or had left the AM band entirely.
Michael Medved
Michael S. Medved (born October 3, 1948) is an American radio show host, author, political commentator, and film critic. His talk show, The Michael Medved Show, is syndicated from his home station KTTH in Seattle. It is available via Cable Radio Network’s channel CRN1. It was syndicated via Genesis Communications Network until GCN’s closure on May 5, 2024.

KTTH
KTTH (770 AM) is a commercial radio station in Seattle, Washington.  It is owned by Salt Lake City–based Bonneville International, a broadcasting company owned by of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.  It airs a conservative talk radio format.  The station's transmitter site is on Vashon Island, while its studios are located in Seattle's Eastlake district.

By day, KTTH broadcasts with 50,000 watts, the maximum for commercial AM stations.  Because 770 AM is a clear-channel frequency, KTTH must reduce power to 5,000 watts at night to avoid interfering with other stations.  Programming is also heard on FM translator K233BU at 94.5 MHz.
Norrlands Guld
Norrlands Guld (Gold of Norrland) is a lager beer introduced in 1965 by Sollefteå Bryggeri. It is now brewed by Spendrups as of 1989.

It is known for its long-running ad campaign which features a stereotyped view of Norrland. The principal character is Ingemar, a very laid back man who lives a simple life with friends.

The central message is that people from Norrland (who naturally drink Norrlands Guld) are generally more laid back and free from pretension. The Catchphrase "Varför inte vara dig själv för en stund?" (Why not be yourself for a moment?) reflects this.

Norrlands Guld is also sold outside of Sweden throughout the IKEA retail chain.

Lager
Lager is a style of beer brewed and conditioned at low temperature. Lagers can be pale, amber, or dark. Pale lager is the most widely consumed and commercially available style of beer. The term "lager" comes from the German word for "storage", as the beer was stored before drinking, traditionally in the same cool caves in which it was fermented.

As well as maturation in cold storage, most lagers are distinguished by the use of Saccharomyces pastorianus, a "bottom-fermenting" yeast that ferments at relatively cold temperatures.
SWIFT J1756.9−2508
SWIFT J1756.9−2508 is a millisecond pulsar with a rotation frequency of 182 Hz (period of 5.4945 milliseconds). It was discovered in 2007 by the Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Explorer and found to have a companion with a mass between 0.0067 and 0.030 solar masses. It is thought that the companion is the remnant of a former companion star, now stripped down to a planetary-mass core. The pulsar is accreting mass from this companion, resulting in occasional violent outbursts from the accumulated material on the neutron star.

Stellar structure
Stellar structure models describe the internal structure of a star in detail and make predictions about the luminosity, the color and the future evolution of the star.  Different classes and ages of stars have different internal structures, reflecting their elemental makeup and energy transport mechanisms.
Lesley A. Jacobs
Lesley Jacobs is a Canadian academic, legal scholar, and senior university administrator specializing in human rights, access to justice, and data science applications in social policy.  He is a professor emeritus at York University.

He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, and has served as vice president of Research and Innovation at Ontario Tech University since 2019, where he directs Canada's first International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Collaborating Centre. His interdisciplinary law and social science research combines empirical data science with policy analysis, particularly in anti-racism, policing, and equality of opportunity.

Anti-racism
Anti-racism encompasses a range of ideas and political actions which are meant to counter racial prejudice, systemic racism, and the oppression of specific racial groups. Anti-racism is usually structured around conscious efforts and deliberate actions which are intended to create equal opportunities for all people on both an individual and a systemic level. As a philosophy, it can be engaged in by the acknowledgment of personal privileges, confronting acts as well as systems of racial discrimination and/or working to change personal racial biases. Major contemporary anti-racism efforts include the Black Lives Matter movement and workplace anti-racism.
Flylab
Flylab Srl is an Italian light aircraft manufacturer based in Ischitella, Foggia.

Flylab produce a range of variants of the basic Flylab Tucano (toucan) model. Their offerings include the popular Tucano basic model, the improved Tucano V, its amphibious version Tucano HV, the budget Tucano Delta3 (Deltatre), the amphibious Tucano HD3 and HD3A and the twin-engined Tucano Delta3 TW and Delta3 VTW. With a cost of slightly less than €11,000, the Tucano Delta3 is one of the cheapest ready to fly ultralights available on the market.

Toucan
Toucans (/ˈtuːkæn/, UK: /-kən/) are Neotropical birds in the family Ramphastidae. They are most closely related to the Toucan barbets. They are brightly marked and have large, often colorful bills. The family includes five genera and over 40 different species.

Toucans are arboreal and typically lay two to four white eggs in their nests. They make their nests in tree hollows and holes excavated by other animals such as woodpeckers—the toucan bill has very limited use as an excavation tool. When the eggs hatch, the young emerge completely naked, without any down. Toucans are resident breeders and do not migrate. Toucans are usually found in pairs or small flocks. They sometimes fence with their bills and wrestle, which scientists hypothesize they do to establish dominance hierarchies. In Africa and Asia, hornbills occupy the toucans' ecological niche, an example of convergent evolution.
5th Electoral Unit of Republika Srpska (NSRS)
The fifth electoral unit of Republika Srpska is a parliamentary constituency used to elect members to the National Assembly of Republika Srpska since 2014.  It consists of the Municipalities of Stanari, Doboj,
Petrovo and
Teslić.

Doboj
Doboj (Serbian Cyrillic: Добој, pronounced [dôboj]) is a city in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is situated on the banks of the Bosna river, in the northern region of Republika Srpska. As of 2013, it has a population of 71,441 inhabitants.

Doboj is the largest national railway junction and the operational base of the Railways Corporation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is one of the oldest cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina and, aside from Banja Luka, the most important urban center in northern Republika Srpska.
Spodnja Rečica, Laško
Spodnja Rečica (pronounced [ˈspoːdnja ɾɛˈtʃiːtsa]) is a settlement in the Municipality of Laško in eastern Slovenia. It lies in the valley of a minor right tributary of the Savinja River, just north of Laško. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Savinja Statistical Region.

Municipality of Laško
The Municipality of Laško (pronounced [ˈlaːʃkɔ] ⓘ; Slovene: Občina Laško)  is a municipality in eastern Slovenia. The seat of the municipality is the town of Laško. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. The municipality is now included in the Savinja Statistical Region.
Euoplos crenatus
Euoplos crenatus is a species of mygalomorph spider in the Idiopidae family. It is endemic to Australia. It was described in 2019 by Australian arachnologists Jeremy Wilson, Michael Rix and Robert Raven.

Robert Raven
Robert John Raven is an Australian arachnologist, being the Head of Terrestrial Biodiversity and the Senior Curator (Arachnida) at the Queensland Museum. Dr Raven has described over 450 species of spider in Australia and elsewhere, and is spider bite consultant to the Royal Brisbane Hospital, leading to much work on spider toxins.
Ann Thomson
Ann Thomson (born 1933) is an Australian painter and sculptor. She is best known for her large-scale public commissions Ebb Tide (1987) for the Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre and Australia Felix (1992) for the Seville World Expo. In 1998 she won the Art Gallery of New South Wales' Wynne Prize. Her work is held in national and international collections, including: the National Gallery of Australia, Canberra; Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney, Newcastle Art Gallery, Newcastle, Thyssen-Bornemisza Collection, Madrid and Villa Haiss Museum, Germany.

Art Gallery of New South Wales
The Art Gallery of New South Wales (AGNSW), founded as the New South Wales Academy of Art in 1872 and known as the National Art Gallery of New South Wales between 1883 and 1958, is located in The Domain, Sydney, Australia. It is the most important public gallery in Sydney and one of the largest in Australia.

The gallery's first public exhibition opened in 1874. Admission is free to the general exhibition space, which displays Australian art (including Indigenous Australian art), European and Asian art. A dedicated Asian Gallery was opened in 2003.
Beau Dozier
Beau Alexandrè Dozier (November 26, 1979 – March 2025) was an American songwriter, record producer, multi-instrumentalist, and television producer who worked with chart-topping artists of many different genres including Tupac Shakur, Snoop Dogg, Priscilla Ahn, Boyz II Men, The Backstreet Boys, Sir Cliff Richard, and Jennifer Lopez. Dozier was best known for his work developing new pop and R&B talent which led to his role as a producer on American Idol.

Tiffany Evans
Tiffany Evans (born August 4, 1992) is an American singer, songwriter, and actress. Evans rose to fame in 2003 as a contestant on Star Search (hosted by Arsenio Hall), she became the first contestant in Star Search history to earn a perfect score on all of her performances. Following Evans' victory, she signed a record deal with Columbia Records in the same year. Her self-titled debut album was released in 2008 and included the singles "Promise Ring" featuring Ciara and "I'm Grown" featuring Bow Wow.
Summa honoraria
The summa honoraria (or summa legitima) was a sum that civic magistrates and priests paid upon entering their office in the cities of the Roman Empire.

In some places, like the Caesarian colony at Urso, duoviri and aediles were required to contribute 2000 sesterces towards the cost of the public games.  Inscriptions from other cities record sums that typically range from 3000 to 35,000 sesterces.  At Calama in Roman Numidia, a newly elected pontifex is recorded as having paid 600,000 sesterces as their initiation fee.

The summa honoraria was largely a phenomenon of the Latin West.  In the Greek East, the function was played by the liturgy, by which some cost was imposed on the wealthy whether holding an office or not.

Lex Ursonensis
The Lex Ursonensis is the foundation charter of the Caesarean colonia Iulia Genetiva at Urso near Osuna (province of Seville, Andalusia) in southern Spain. A copy of its text was inscribed on bronze under the Flavians, portions of which were discovered in 1870/71.   The original law spanned nine tablets with three or five columns of text each and comprised over 140 sections (rubricae).  Of these four tablets survive, including sections 61-82, 91-106 and 123-134.  Remains are kept in the National Archaeological Museum of Spain, in Madrid.

The charter was approved by the Roman assembly as a law proposed probably by Mark Antony after the assassination of Julius Caesar.
6N14P
The 6N14P (Russian: 6Н14П) is a miniature Russian-made medium gain dual-triode vacuum tube used in radio equipment. It serves as a low-noise cascode amplifier at HF through VHF frequencies.

The construction of the tube is asymmetrical, with the control grid of the first triode section (pin no. 2) being internally connected to the internal RF shielding plate, thereby making the first section more suitable for common grid operation. It is a direct equivalent of ECC84 and 6CW7 vacuum tubes.

Cascode
The cascode is a two-stage amplifier that consists of a common emitter stage feeding into a common base stage when using bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) or alternatively a common source stage feeding a common gate stage when using field-effect transistors (FETs).

Because there is no direct coupling from the output to input, the Miller effect is eliminated, contributing to a much higher bandwidth. Compared to a single amplifier stage, this combination may have one or more of the following characteristics: higher input–output isolation, higher input impedance, high output impedance, higher bandwidth.
1975 Greenough state by-election
A by-election for the seat of Greenough in the Legislative Assembly of Western Australia was held on 1 November 1975. It was triggered by the resignation of Sir David Brand (the sitting Liberal member and a former premier) on 21 August 1975. The Liberal Party retained Greenough at the by-election, with its candidate, Reg Tubby, winning 57.3 percent of the two-candidate-preferred (2CP) vote. However, the party suffered a swing of 33.6 points on first preferences, in part due to the entry of two parties that had not stood in Greenough at the 1974 state election (the National Country Party and the Workers Party). The Workers Party was in fact making its electoral debut, and surprised most observers by polling 13 percent on first preferences (only 62 votes fewer than the Labor Party).

Western Australian Labor Party
The Western Australian Labor Party, officially known as WA Labor, is the Western Australian branch of the Australian Labor Party (ALP). It is the current governing party of Western Australia since winning the 2017 state election under Mark McGowan.