hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Fermat's spiral
A Fermat's spiral or parabolic spiral is a plane curve with the property that the area between any two consecutive full turns around the spiral is invariant. As a result, the distance between turns grows in inverse proportion to their distance from the spiral center, contrasting with the Archimedean spiral (for which this distance is invariant) and the logarithmic spiral (for which the distance between turns is proportional to the distance from the center). Fermat spirals are named after Pierre de Fermat.

Their applications include curvature continuous blending of curves, modeling plant growth and the shapes of certain spiral galaxies, and the design of variable capacitors, solar power reflector arrays, and cyclotrons.

Proportionality (mathematics)
In mathematics, two sequences of numbers, often experimental data, are proportional or directly proportional if their corresponding elements have a constant ratio. The ratio is called coefficient of proportionality (or proportionality constant) and its reciprocal is known as constant of normalization (or normalizing constant). Two sequences are inversely proportional if corresponding elements have a constant product.

Two functions  and  are proportional if their ratio  is a constant function.

If several pairs of variables share the same direct proportionality constant, the equation expressing the equality of these ratios is called a proportion, e.g., ⁠a/b⁠ = ⁠x/y⁠ = ⋯ = k (for details see Ratio).
Proportionality is closely related to linearity.
Volusia County Schools
Volusia County Schools is the public school district for Volusia County, Florida, United States. The district serves the 16 cities of Daytona Beach, DeBary, DeLand, DeLeon Springs, Deltona, Edgewater, Enterprise, Holly Hill, Lake Helen, New Smyrna Beach, Oak Hill, Orange City, Ormond Beach, Osteen, Pierson, and Port Orange. It is the 57th largest school district in the United States and serves approximately 63,000 students. The district is composed of 45 elementary schools, 12 middle schools, and 9 high schools. In addition there are 8 alternative schools, 7 charter schools, 1 combination schools (6-12), and 1 district virtual instruction program. The district is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools/AdvancED.

Lake Helen, Florida
Lake Helen is a city in Volusia County, Florida, United States. It is part of the Deltona–Daytona Beach–Ormond Beach, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 2,842 at the 2020 census.
Chankom Municipality
Chankom Municipality (in the Yucatec Maya language: “little ravine”) is a municipality in the Mexican state of Yucatán containing 137.95 km2 of land and located roughly 135 km southeast of the city of Mérida.

Yucatec Maya language
Yucatec Maya (/ˈjuːkətɛk ˈmaɪə/ YOO-kə-tek MY-ə; Spanish: yucateco [ʝukaˈteko]), referred to by its speakers as mayaʼ or maayaʼ t’aan (pronounced [màːjaʔˈtʼàːn] ⓘ), is a Mayan language spoken in the Yucatán Peninsula, including part of northern Belize. There is also a significant diasporic community of Yucatec Maya speakers in San Francisco, though most Maya Americans are speakers of other Mayan languages from Guatemala and Chiapas.
Vladimirsky Municipal Okrug
Vladimirsky Municipal Okrug (Russian: Влади́мирский муниципа́льный о́круг) is a municipal okrug in Tsentralny District, one of the eighty-one low-level municipal divisions  of the federal city of St. Petersburg, Russia. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 59,065, up from 57,213 recorded during the 2002 Census.

Okrug
An okrug is a type of administrative division in some Slavic-speaking states. The word okrug is a loanword in English, alternatively translated as area, district, county, or region.

Etymologically, okrug literally means 'circuit', derived from Proto-Slavic *okrǫgъ, in turn from *ob- "around" + *krǫgъ "circle". In meaning, the word is similar to the German term Bezirk or Kreis ('district') and the French word arrondissement; all of which refer to something "encircled" or "surrounded".
A Three-Pipe Problem
A Three-Pipe Problem is a 1975 mystery detective novel by the British writer Julian Symons. A pastiche of the original Sherlock Holmes stories by Arthur Conan Doyle, it takes place in the present day. The title refers to a line spoken in The Red-Headed League, referring to a particularly tricky problem that will take Holmes the time it takes to smoke three pipes to solve. It was followed by a sequel The Kentish Manor Murders.

The Red-Headed League
"The Red-Headed League" is one of the 56 Sherlock Holmes short stories written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.  It first appeared in The Strand Magazine in August 1891, with illustrations by Sidney Paget. Doyle ranked "The Red-Headed League" second in his list of his twelve favourite Holmes stories. It is also the second of the twelve stories in The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, which was published in 1892.
Roy Thomas Severn
Roy Thomas Severn (6 September 1929 – 25 November 2012) was a British civil engineer and earthquake engineering expert.  Severn studied mathematics at Imperial College London and achieved a doctorate in civil engineering based upon his work on the design of Dukan Dam.  After completing his National Service he accepted a position as lecturer in civil engineering at the University of Bristol, where he would spend the rest of his career.  Severn specialised in earthquake engineering and established the Earthquake Engineering Research Centre at the university which became one of the foremost institutions in the world within the field.  He served as pro-vice chancellor of the university and as president of the Institution of Civil Engineers.

Earthquake engineering
Earthquake engineering is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering that designs and analyzes structures, such as buildings and bridges, with earthquakes in mind. Its overall goal is to make such structures more resistant to earthquakes. An earthquake (or seismic) engineer aims to construct structures that will not be damaged in minor shaking and will avoid serious damage or collapse in a major earthquake. 
A properly engineered structure does not necessarily have to be extremely strong or expensive. It has to be properly designed to withstand the seismic effects while sustaining an acceptable level of damage.
1914 Marshall Thundering Herd football team
The 1914 Marshall Thundering Herd football team represented Marshall College (now Marshall University) in the 1914 college football season. Marshall posted a 5–4 record, outscoring its opposition 231–133. Home games were played on a campus field called "Central Field" which is presently Campus Commons.

1914 college football season
The 1914 college football season had no clear-cut champion, with the Official NCAA Division I Football Records Book listing Army, Illinois, and Texas as having been selected national champions, all retroactively. Army and Illinois claim a national championship for the 1914 season.
Jerome Alden
Jerome Alden (March 5, 1921 – May 4, 1997) was an American playwright and screenwriter for television and documentary films. He was born in Portland, Oregon. He graduated from the University of Oregon. He wrote the one-man play Bully, about Theodore Roosevelt, and the book for the musical Teddy & Alice, which was also about the Roosevelt family. Both productions appeared on Broadway. Alden was married to a ballerina, Barbara Gaye, who danced in the original Broadway productions of Annie Get Your Gun and Our Town. They were the parents of opera directors Christopher Alden and David Alden.

Our Town
Our Town is a three-act play written by American playwright Thornton Wilder in 1938. Described by Edward Albee as "the greatest American play ever written", it presents the fictional American town of Grover's Corners between 1901 and 1913 through the everyday lives of its citizens.

Wilder uses metatheatrical devices, setting the play in the actual theatre where it is being performed. The main character is the stage manager of the theatre who directly addresses the audience, brings in guest lecturers, fields questions from the audience, and fills in playing some of the roles. The play is performed without a set on a mostly bare stage. With a few exceptions, the actors mime actions without the use of props.

The first performance of Our Town was at the McCarter Theatre in Princeton, New Jersey, on January 22, 1938. It went on to success on Broadway and received the Pulitzer Prize for Drama, and remains popular today with frequent revivals.
Periya Gounder Ponnu
Periya Gounder Ponnu (transl. Daughter of Periya Gounder) is a 1992 Indian Tamil-language drama film, directed by Manivasagam. The film stars R. Sarathkumar and Gautami, with Manorama, Goundamani, Senthil, Jai Ganesh, Vadivukkarasi, Delhi Ganesh and Vijayaraj in supporting roles. It was released on 28 February 1992.

Goundamani
Subramaniyan Karuppaiya (born 25 May 1939), known by his stage name Goundamani, is an Indian actor and comedian who works in Tamil cinema. He is known for his comic duo partnership in Tamil films with fellow actor Senthil. The pair dominated the Tamil industry as comedians in the 1980s and 90s.

He was called Goundamani as a misconception by actor/director K. Bhagyaraj which he himself stated in an interview and the pseudonym stuck with him forever. He has the ability to give counter dialogues on the spot and off the script on stage and during shooting. He was at his peak of his career as a comedian in Tamil cinema for nearly 40 years. Despite his popularity, Goundamani is known for being a social recluse.
Jim Cowrey Is Dead
Jim Cowrey is Dead (German: Jim Corwey ist tot) is a 1921 German silent drama film directed by Edmond Gottschalk Stratton and starring Hedda Vernon, Otto Flint and Loo Hardy. It premiered at the Marmorhaus in Berlin on 12 July 1921.

Cinema of Germany
The cinema of Germany can be traced back to the late 19th century. The film industry in Germany made major technical and artistic contributions to early film, broadcasting and television technology. Babelsberg became a household synonym for the early 20th century film industry in Europe, similar to Hollywood later. Early German and German-speaking filmmakers and actors heavily contributed to early Hollywood, many of whom were Jewish refugees fleeing Nazi persecution.

Germany witnessed major changes to its identity during the 20th and 21st century. Those changes determined the periodisation of national cinema into a succession of distinct eras and movements.

German movies and German artists earned 230 Oscar nominations and 54 Oscar wins.
Ward No. 64, Kolkata Municipal Corporation
Ward No. 64, Kolkata Municipal Corporation is an administrative division of Kolkata Municipal Corporation in Borough No. 7, covering parts of Park Street (Mullick Bazar), Park Circus and Beck Bagan neighbourhoods in central Kolkata, in the Indian state of West Bengal.

Kolkata Municipal Corporation
Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC) is the local government of the Indian city of Kolkata, the state capital of West Bengal. This civic administrative body administers an area of 206.08 square kilometres (79.57 sq mi). Its motto, Puroshri Bibardhan, is inscribed on its emblem in Bengali script. It is headed by a mayor, who presides over 144 councillors, each of whom represents one of the 144 wards of the city.
Anthony Mangano
Anthony J. Mangano is an American actor. He has guest starred in a number of notable television series, including Diff'rent Strokes, Who's the Boss?, 227, Charles in Charge, Step by Step, Murder, She Wrote, Party of Five, Spin City, Seinfeld and The Wire. He also appeared recurrently on NYPD Blue, Law & Order, Rescue Me, Blue Bloods, Public Morals, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit and Person of Interest.

Mangano has appeared in the films Point Break, 8 Heads in a Duffel Bag, Raising Helen, Inside Man, The Family, Lost Cat Corona, The Dictator, and Green Book, and in video games The Warriors, Grand Theft Auto IV, Manhunt 2, Need for Speed: Undercover and Grand Theft Auto: The Lost and Damned.

Spin City
Spin City is an American sitcom television series that aired from September 17, 1996, to April 30, 2002, on ABC. Created by Gary David Goldberg and Bill Lawrence and produced by Ubu Productions, Lottery Hill Entertainment and DreamWorks Television, the show is set in a fictionalized version of the New York City mayor's office, and originally starred Michael J. Fox as Mike Flaherty, the Deputy Mayor of New York. Fox departed in 2000 at the conclusion of the fourth season due to symptoms of Parkinson's disease, and Charlie Sheen became the new lead as Charlie Crawford for the final two seasons.
Your Side of the Bed
"Your Side of the Bed" is a song recorded by American country music group Little Big Town.  It was released April 8, 2013, as the third single from their fifth studio album, Tornado.  The song was written by the group alongside Lori McKenna. They debuted the song at the 2013 ACM Awards.

Lori McKenna
Lorraine McKenna (née Giroux; born December 22, 1968) is an American folk, Americana, and country music singer-songwriter. In 2016, she was nominated for the Grammy Award for Song of the Year and won Best Country Song for co-writing the hit single "Girl Crush" performed by Little Big Town. In 2017, she again won Best Country Song at the 59th Annual Grammy Awards for writing "Humble and Kind" performed by Tim McGraw. 
McKenna along with Lady Gaga, Natalie Hemby and Hillary Lindsey wrote the second single off the soundtrack to the 2018 film A Star Is Born called "Always Remember Us This Way.” McKenna performed backing vocals along with Lindsey and Hemby, and the song received a nomination for Song of the Year at the 62nd Annual Grammy Awards.
Verdesse
Verdesse (French pronunciation: [vɛʁdɛs]) is a white French wine grape variety grown primarily in the Bugey AOC of eastern France (though it is not currently permitted in the AOC wine). It is also permitted under the Vin de Savoie AOC for wines produced in the Isère department up to a maximum allowance of 10%. Ampelographers believe that the variety is likely very old and originated along the Drac and Grésivaudan valleys in Isère.

Grésivaudan
The Grésivaudan (French pronunciation: [ɡʁezivodɑ̃]; sometimes Graisivaudan) is a valley of the French Alps, situated mostly in the Isère. Etymologically, Graisivaudan comes from roots meaning "Grenoble" (Gratianopolis) and "valley". It comprises the alluvial plain of the river Isère from Grenoble to the confluence of the Arc; or, more recently, the entire valley of the Isère from Tullins to Albertville. The stretch from Tullins to Grenoble is now the Bas-Grésivaudan (Lower Grésivaudan) and that between Grenoble and Albertville is the Haut-Grésivaudan (Upper Grésivaudan).
Gladloka
Gladloka (pronounced [ˈɡlaːdlɔka]) is a small settlement on the left bank of the Kolpa River in the Municipality of Kostel in southern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.

Municipality of Kostel
The Municipality of Kostel (pronounced [ˈkɔːstɛu̯]; Slovene: Občina Kostel) is a municipality in southern Slovenia. Its seat is the settlement of Vas. It is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region. It borders Croatia.
Anastasiya Karlovich
Anastasiya Karlovich (born 29 May 1982) is a Ukrainian chess player and journalist. She achieved the FIDE titles Woman International Master in 2000 and Woman Grandmaster in 2003.

Born in Dnipropetrovsk, Karlovich started to play chess at age eight. She was the women's chess champion of the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast and the semi-finalist of the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast men's chess championship in 1998. She later moved to Kharkiv and in 2007 became a chess journalist as well, having published articles in the newspaper Ladya, magazines New in Chess and Schach 64, the ChessBase website and elsewhere. Karlovich was the press secretary of FIDE at the World Chess Championship in 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2016.

She played on the first board for the gold medal-winning Ukrainian team in the European Girls' Under-18 Team Chess Championship in 2000.

Dnipropetrovsk Oblast
Dnipropetrovsk Oblast (Ukrainian: Дніпропетровська область, romanized: Dnipropetrovska oblast), also commonly known as Dnipropetrovshchyna (Ukrainian: Дніпропетровщина), is an oblast (province) in southeastern Ukraine, the most important industrial region of the country. It was created on February 27, 1932. Dnipropetrovsk Oblast has a population of about 3,096,485 (2022 estimate), approximately 80% of whom live centering on administrative centers: Dnipro, Kryvyi Rih, Kamianske, Nikopol and Pavlohrad. The Dnieper River runs through the oblast.
Effects of economic inequality
Effects of income inequality, researchers have found, include higher rates of health and social problems, and lower rates of social goods, a lower population-wide satisfaction and happiness and even a lower level of economic growth when human capital is neglected for high-end consumption. For the top 21 industrialised countries, counting each person equally, life expectancy is lower in more unequal countries (r = -.907). A similar relationship exists among US states (r = -.620).

2013 Economics Nobel prize winner Robert J. Shiller said that rising inequality in the United States and elsewhere is the most important problem.

Robert H. Frank
Robert Harris Frank (born January 2, 1945) is the Henrietta Johnson Louis Professor of Management Emeritus and a professor of economics at the Cornell Johnson Graduate School of Management at Cornell University. He contributes to the "Economic View" column, which appears every fifth Sunday in The New York Times.
Frank has published on the topic of wealth inequality in the United States.
Totschunda Fault
The Totschunda Fault is a major active dextral (right-lateral) continental strike-slip fault in southeastern Alaska. It forms a link between the Denali Fault to the northwest and the Fairweather Fault to the southeast. The northwestern end of the fault ruptured during the 2002 Denali earthquake.

Based on radiometric dating of a dike that cuts fault rock associated with the Totschunda Fault to about 114 million years ago, the fault zone was initiated during the latter part of the Early Cretaceous, associated with the accretion of the Wrangellia Terrane.

Wrangellia terrane
59°59′02″N 140°35′17″W﻿ / ﻿59.984°N 140.588°W﻿ / 59.984; -140.588

The Wrangellia terrane (named for the Wrangell Mountains, Alaska) is a crustal fragment (terrane) extending from the south-central part of Alaska and along the Coast of British Columbia in Canada. Some geologists contend that Wrangellia extends southward to Oregon, although this is not generally accepted.
The Bad Man (1930 film)
The Bad Man is a 1930 American Pre-Code Western film directed by Clarence G. Badger and starring Walter Huston which was produced and released by First National Pictures, a subsidiary of Warner Bros. Pictures. The movie is based on Porter Emerson Browne's 1920 play of the same name and is a sound remake of the 1923 silent version of the same name. The film stars Walter Huston and features Dorothy Revier, Sidney Blackmer, and James Rennie.

First National Pictures
First National Pictures was an American motion picture production and distribution company. It was founded in 1917 as First National Exhibitors' Circuit, Inc., an association of independent theatre owners in the United States, and became the country's largest theater chain. Expanding from exhibiting movies to distributing them, the company reincorporated in 1919 as Associated First National Theatres, Inc., and Associated First National Pictures, Inc. In 1924 it expanded to become a motion picture production company as First National Pictures, Inc., and became an important studio in the film industry. In September 1928, control of First National passed to Warner Bros., into which it was completely absorbed on November 4, 1929. A number of Warner Bros. films were thereafter branded First National Pictures until July 1936, when First National Pictures, Inc., was dissolved.
2016 Internazionali Femminili di Brescia – Doubles
Laura Siegemund and Renata Voráčová were the defending champions, but both players chose not to participate.

Deborah Chiesa and Martina Colmegna won the title, defeating Cindy Burger and Stephanie Vogt in the final, 6–3, 1–6, [12–10].

Deborah Chiesa
Deborah Chiesa (born 13 June 1996) is a professional Italian tennis player.

On 11 June 2018, she achieved a career-high singles ranking of world No. 143. On 27 February 2017, she peaked at No. 307 in the WTA doubles rankings. Chiesa has won three titles in singles and fourteen in doubles on the ITF Women's Circuit.

Her biggest title to date she won at the $50k event in Brescia, partnering Martina Colmegna; in the final, they defeated Cindy Burger and Stephanie Vogt.

In 2018, she played two matches for Italy Fed Cup team, with a win-loss record of 1–1. In February 2018, Deborah Chiesa made her Fed Cup debut in the World Group II tie against Spain, held in Chieti. In the decisive fifth rubber, she defeated Lara Arruabarrena 6–4, 2–6, 7–6 after more than three hours of play. Her victory gave Italy a 3–2 win in the tie and ensured the team’s survival in World Group II.
2015 Shvut Rachel shooting
On 29 June 2015, Hamas gunmen opened fire on a civilian vehicle moving along Israeli Route 60 near Shvut Rachel in the West Bank. Four Israeli civilians in the car were wounded and rushed to hospital, where one died. The suspects were later arrested.

Shvut Rachel
Shvut Rachel (Hebrew: שבות רחל) is a former Israeli settlement in the West Bank, retroactively designated a neighborhood of the settlement of Shilo, in the West Bank. Shvut Rachel sits between the Palestinian villages of Turmus Ayya, Qaryut and Jalud, part of whose lands were expropriated for building Shvut Rachel. Nearby Israeli settlements include Shilo, Giv'at Har'el, Esh Kodesh, Keeda, and Adei Ad. The village, administrated by the Matte Binyamin Regional Council, has a population of 100 families. The international community considers Israeli settlements in the West Bank illegal under international law, but the Israeli government disputes this. The Sasson Report in 2005 noted that the settlement extends over Palestinian land, part of which is owned by Fawzi Haj Ibrahim Mohammad from Jalud, turned over to the settlement after the Israeli authorities declared it state land.
Latvian Association of Regions
The Latvian Association of Regions or Latvian Regional Alliance (Latvian: Latvijas Reģionu apvienība, LRA) is a centrist political party in Latvia.

It was founded as an alliance on 13 March 2014 and is headed by former Unity MP Edvards Smiltēns.

Unity (Latvia)
Unity (Latvian: Vienotība, V) is a liberal-conservative political party in Latvia. It is a member of the New Unity alliance and is positioned on the centre-right on the political spectrum. Since 2025, its chairman of the Main Board has been Edmunds Jurēvics, who succeeded the former Arvils Ašeradens,.

It was formed in 2010 as an electoral alliance and in 2011, it was registered as a political party. It was the leading party in Valdis Dombrovskis and Laimdota Straujuma's cabinets from its inception in 2010 until February 2016. Since its foundation, the party has taken part in all of the country's coalition governments, and has been a member of the incumbent coalition government since January 2019, with its member Evika Siliņa as Prime Minister of Latvia. Unity is a member of the European People's Party (EPP).