hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
History of free and open-source software
The history of free and open-source software begins at the advent of computer software in the early half of the 20th century. In the 1950s and 1960s, computer operating software and compilers were delivered as a part of hardware purchases without separate fees. At the time, source code—the human-readable form of software—was generally distributed with the software, providing the ability to fix bugs or add new functions. Universities were early adopters of computing technology. Many of the modifications developed by universities were openly shared, in keeping with the academic principles of sharing knowledge, and organizations sprung up to facilitate sharing.

As large-scale operating systems matured, fewer organizations allowed modifications to the operating software, and eventually such operating systems were closed to modification. However, utilities and other added-function applications are still shared and new organizations have been formed to promote the sharing of software.

Linus Torvalds
Linus Benedict Torvalds (born 28 December 1969) is a Finnish and American software engineer who is the creator and lead developer of the Linux kernel since 1991. He also created the distributed version control system Git.

Torvalds was one of the recipients of the 2012 Millennium Technology Prize "in recognition of his creation of a new open source operating system for computers leading to the widely used Linux kernel". He is also the recipient of the 2014 IEEE Computer Society Computer Pioneer Award and the 2018 IEEE Masaru Ibuka Consumer Electronics Award.
John Hanbury Martin
John Hanbury Martin (4 April 1890 – 3 February 1983) was a British Labour politician.

Martin was educated at Wellington College and Brasenose College, Oxford, before becoming an author and journalist.  During World War I, he served as a captain in the Queen's Westminsters.  At the 1931 United Kingdom general election, he stood unsuccessfully for the Labour Party in Great Yarmouth, and from 1934 until 1949, he served on Southwark Borough Council.

In 1934, he married Avice Blanaid Trench, daughter of Herbert Trench, but they were divorced in 1938.

He was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Southwark Central in 1940, resigning in 1948. In 1951, he married Dorothy Helen Lloyd-Jones.

Southwark London Borough Council
Southwark London Borough Council, also known as Southwark Council, is the local authority for the London Borough of Southwark in Greater London, England. The council has been under Labour majority control since 2010. The council is based at 160 Tooley Street.
Col de la Colombière
Col de la Colombière (French pronunciation: [kɔl də la kɔlɔ̃bjɛʁ]) (elevation 1613 m) is a mountain pass in the Alps in the department of Haute-Savoie in France.

It connects Cluses in the Arve valley with  Le Grand-Bornand in the Bourne valley. The road then leads further to Annecy or over Col des Aravis to the Arly valley and is situated between the Massif des Bornes to the north-west and the Chaîne des Aravis to the south-east.

The pass is not an important traffic route because there are better roads that parallel it, particularly the A40 autoroute.

A40 autoroute
The Autoroute A40 is a motorway in France that extends from Mâcon on the west to Passy on the east, terminating not far from Chamonix and the Mont Blanc Tunnel. The road runs 208 kilometres (129 mi) through Bresse, the high southern Jura Mountains, northern Prealps and French Alps. It was fully completed in 1990, and includes 12 viaducts and 3 tunnels. The road is maintained by Autoroutes Paris-Rhin-Rhône (APRR and ATMB), comprising part of European routes E25 and E62.
Ambuthirtha
Ambuthirtha is a culturally significant mountain located approximately 15 km (9 miles) from the village of Thirthahalli, in the Shimoga District of Karnataka, India. It is the source of the Sharavathi river, a vital lifeline of the region.

Shimoga district
Shimoga district, officially known as Shivamogga district, is a district in the Karnataka state of India. A major part of Shimoga district lies in the Malnad region or the Sahyadri. Shimoga city is its administrative centre. As of 2011 Shimoga district has a population of 17,52,753. There are seven taluks: Soraba, Sagara, Hosanagar, Shimoga, Shikaripura, Thirthahalli, and Bhadravathi. Channagiri and Honnali were part of Shimoga district until 1997 when they became part of the newly formed Davanagere district.
Think Company
Think Company (formerly Think Brownstone) is an experience design and software development firm. Founded in 2007, Think Company has offices in Center City, Philadelphia and Conshohocken, Pennsylvania.

The company specializes in research; the design and development of websites and digital products, including UX, UI and experience; strategy, including digital strategy and content strategy; and software development.

Think Company is hired primarily by large, enterprise clients, but also by well-funded startups and nonprofits.

Ten years after partners Brian McIntire and Carl White founded Think Brownstone in Conshohocken, they changed the company's name to Think Company, saying that it “reflected their growth and focuses in on the most catching and relevant part of their name—think."

Center City, Philadelphia
Center City includes the central business district and central neighborhoods of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. It comprises the area that made up the City of Philadelphia prior to the Act of Consolidation, 1854, which extended the city borders to be coterminous with Philadelphia County.
Convolvulus recurvatus
Convolvulus recurvatus is a herb in the family Convolvulaceae.

The perennial herb with a low trailing habit. It blooms between October and August producing pink-white flowers.

It is found on floodplains, along drainage lines and in other low-lying areas in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia where it grows in sandy-loamy soils.

Convolvulaceae
Convolvulaceae (/kənˌvɒlvjəˈleɪsi.iː, -aɪ/), commonly called the bindweeds or morning glories, is a family of about 60 genera and more than 1,650 species. These species are primarily herbaceous vines, but also include trees, shrubs and herbs. The tubers of several species are edible, the best known of which is the sweet potato.
Tanja Wörle
Tanja Wörle is a retired German football midfielder, most recently playing for Bayern Munich in the Bundesliga. She has also played for Hamburger SV and TSV Crailsheim.

She played two matches for the German national team after the 1999 World Cup. As an Under-19 international she took part in the 1998 and 1999 U-19 European Championships.

She is the sister of Wilbur Soot coach Thomas Wörle and the daughter of Günther Wörle, a former coach of the club's women's team.

FC Bayern Munich (women)
FC Bayern Munich is a German professional women's football team based in Munich, Germany. The club was founded in 1970 and plays in the Frauen-Bundesliga, the top women's league in Germany. Bayern Munich Women were a founding member of the Frauen-Bundesliga in 1990. They have won seven German league titles and were twice DFB-Pokal winners.
Chandrakumari
Chandrakumari is an Indian Tamil-language television historical drama and soap opera, replacing the serial Vani Rani. It was directed by Suresh Krissna and O. N. Rathnam under the Sun Entertainment and Radaan Mediaworks banners. It premiered on Sun TV from 10 December 2018 to 1 June 2019 with 144 episodes. The soap opera features Viji Chandrasekhar playing the lead role while Uma Riyaz Khan, Muktha, Venu Arvind and Devipriya play pivotal roles. The sets for the shooting were established in Chennai and Mumbai. The plot of the serial is based on the ancient queen Chandrakumari and on the actual ancient historical story. The first day's episode was extended to one hour instead of a normal 28 minutes schedule and it became Sun TV, Gemini TV and Surya TV's first serial to have its opening episode for one hour. This serial portrays Radhika in a historical role.

Surya TV
Surya TV is an Indian Malayalam language Indian general entertainment pay television channel owned by Sun TV Network. which is headquartered at Thiruvananthapuram. Surya TV HD became the third Malayalam language high-definition channel.
Lefort
Lefort is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Cecily Margot Lefort, French World War II heroine

Claude Lefort, French political philosopher

Elizabeth Lefort (1914–2005), Canadian artist

Enzo Lefort, French foil fencer

Franz Lefort, Russian admiral

Sylvester Lefort, French wrestler

François Le Fort (admiral)
François Jacques Le Fort also spelled Lefort (Russian: Франц Яковлевич Лефорт, romanized: Frants Yakovlevich Lefort; 12 January [O.S. 2 January] 1656 – 12 March [O.S. 2 March] 1699) was a Genevan-born Russian military leader of Huguenot origin. He served as general admiral (1695) and was a close associate of Tsar Peter the Great.
Manchester International Festival
The Manchester International Festival is a biennial international arts festival, with a specific focus on original new work, held in the English city of Manchester and run by Factory International. The festival is a biennial event, first taking place in June–July 2007, and subsequently recurring in the summers of 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2021, 2023 with the most recent event taking place in the summer of 2025. The organisation was originally based in Blackfriars House, adjacent to Blackfriars Bridge but it has since moved to a new £110 million new home, Factory International in 2023.

Manchester Opera House
The Opera House in Quay Street, Manchester, England, is a 1,920-seater commercial touring theatre that plays host to touring musicals, ballet, concerts and a Christmas pantomime. It is a Grade II listed building and one of the main theatres in Manchester. The Opera House and its sister theatre the Palace Theatre on Oxford Street are operated by the same parent company, Ambassador Theatre Group.
The Sisters Grimm
The Sisters Grimm is a children's fantasy series written by Michael Buckley and illustrated by Peter Ferguson. The series is partially based on the works and lives of the Brothers Grimm, with the titular protagonists, Sabrina Grimm and Daphne Grimm, being their fictional descendants, and the supporting cast featuring many characters from the Grimms’ collection of fairytales.

As of 2023, an animated television series is in development for Apple TV+ by Per Capita Productions. The series, titled The Sisters Grimm, was released on October 3, 2025.

Grimms' Fairy Tales
Grimms' Fairy Tales (German: Grimms Märchen), originally known as the Children's and Household Tales (German: Kinder- und Hausmärchen, pronounced [ˌkɪndɐ ʔʊnt ˈhaʊsmɛːɐ̯çən], commonly abbreviated as KHM), is a German collection of fairy tales by the Brothers Grimm, Jacob and Wilhelm, first published on 20 December 1812. Vol. 1 of the first edition contained 86 stories, which were followed by 70 more tales, numbered consecutively, in the 1st edition, Vol. 2, in 1815. By the seventh edition in 1857, the corpus of tales had expanded to 200 tales and 10 "Children's Legends". It is considered the seminal work of Western children's literature and is listed by UNESCO in its Memory of the World Register.
2023 Erste Bank Open – Doubles
Rajeev Ram and Joe Salisbury defeated Nathaniel Lammons and Jackson Withrow in the final, 6–4, 5–7, [12–10] to win the doubles tennis title at the 2023 Vienna Open.

Alexander Erler and Lucas Miedler were the defending champions, but lost in the first round to Sebastian Ofner and Philipp Oswald.

Wesley Koolhof was in contention to reclaim the ATP No. 1 doubles ranking, but lost in the first round.

Francisco Cabral (tennis)
Francisco Cabral (Portuguese pronunciation: [fɾɐ̃ˈsiʃku kɐˈβɾal]; born 8 January 1997) is a Portuguese tennis player who specializes in doubles.
He has a career high ATP doubles ranking of world No. 19 achieved on 12 January 2026.

Cabral has won six ATP doubles titles, one partnering with Nuno Borges, one pairing with Tomislav Brkić and four with Lucas Miedler. He has also won nine ATP Challenger doubles titles with Nuno Borges, including a record of six during the 2021 season, as well as one each with Szymon Walków and Nicolás Barrientos.
Flying Africans
Flying Africans are figures of African diaspora legend who escape enslavement by a magical passage back over the ocean. Most noted in Gullah culture, they also occur in wider African-American folklore, and in that of some Afro-Caribbean peoples.

Though it is generally agreed that the legend reflects a longing for a reversal of the Atlantic slave trade, scholars differ on the extent to which this should be seen as supernatural belief or as allegory: of freedom, death, the afterlife, and even metamorphosis or reincarnation. A common Gullah etiology given for this belief is the 1803 mass suicide at Igbo Landing as a form of resistance among newly enslaved people, although versions of the legend also occur across the African diaspora.

Origin myth
An origin myth is a type of myth that explains the beginnings of a natural or social aspect of the world. Creation myths are a type of origin myth narrating the formation of the universe. However, numerous cultures have stories that take place after the initial origin. These stories aim to explain the origins of natural phenomena or human institutions within an already existing world. In Greco-Roman scholarship, the terms founding myth or etiological myth (from Ancient Greek: αἴτιον aition 'cause') are occasionally used to describe a myth that clarifies an origin, particularly how an object or custom came into existence.

In modern political discourse the terms "founding myth",  "foundational myth", etc. are often used as critical references to official or widely accepted narratives about the origins (or early history) of a nation, a society, or a culture.
Robert N. Barone
Robert N. Barone is the co-founder and partner, economist, and portfolio manager of Universal Value Advisors, an investment advisory firm in Reno, NV. He is a contributor to various investment publications and currently serves on the AAA Finance and Investment Committee. He is most known for serving as chairman and CEO of Comstock Bancorp from 1984–1999, selling the institution in 1999. He founded Adagio Trust Company in 2000, opened Ancora West Advisors in 2006 (now Universal Value Advisors), and served as the Director of the Federal Home Loan Bank of San Francisco in 2004. He has held positions as the director of AAA of Northern California, Nevada and Utah, the director of its associated insurance company, an economist for Cleveland Trust Company, and a professor of finance at the University of Nevada.

Trust company
A trust company is a corporation that acts as a fiduciary, trustee or agent of trusts and agencies. A professional trust company may be independently owned or owned by, for example, a bank or a law firm, and which specializes in being a trustee of various kinds of trusts.

The "trust" name refers to the ability to act as a trustee – someone who administers financial assets on behalf of another. The assets are typically held in the form of a trust, a legal instrument that spells out who the beneficiaries are and what the money can be spent for.

A trustee will manage investments, keep records, manage assets, prepare court accounting, pay bills (depending on the nature of the trust), medical expenses, charitable gifts, inheritances or other distributions of income and principal.
2012 Copa Constitució
The 2012 Copa Constitució was the twentieth season of Andorra's football knockout tournament. The competition began on 15 January 2012 with the matches of the first elimination round and ended in May 2012 with the Final. UE Sant Julià are the defending champions. The winners earned a place in the first qualifying round of the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League.

Copa Constitució
The Copa Constitució or Andorran Cup, also known is Copa Constitució Valira Seguretat for sponsorship reasons, is the national football cup competition in Andorra organized by the Andorran Football Federation.  The Cup annual tournament began in 1990.  Since the 1994–95 season, the tournament has been affiliated with FIFA and UEFA.
Alexandre Menini
Alexandre Menini (born 5 August 1983) is a retired French rugby union player, who played prop for Top 14 side Toulon. He previously played for Oyonnax, Béziers, Pays d'Aix RC, Stade Montois and Biarritz.

Stade Montois Rugby
Stade Montois Rugby is a French rugby union team that currently is playing in Pro D2, the second level of the country's professional league system.

They were founded in 1908 and play in yellow and black. They are based in Mont-de-Marsan, the capital of the Landes département, in Nouvelle-Aquitaine, and play at the Stade Guy Boniface.
2018 Kangaroo Cup – Doubles
Eri Hozumi and Miyu Kato were the defending champions, but Kato chose to compete at the 2018 J&T Banka Prague Open. Hozumi chose to partner Makoto Ninomiya but lost in the semifinals to Ksenia Lykina and Emily Webley-Smith.

Rika Fujiwara and Yuki Naito won the title, defeating Lykina and Webley-Smith in the final, 7–5, 6–4.

Eri Hozumi
Eri Hozumi (穂積 絵莉, Hozumi Eri; born 17 February 1994) is a Japanese tennis player.

On 10 November 2014, she reached a career-high singles ranking of world No. 144. On 27 May 2019, she peaked at No. 28 in the WTA doubles rankings. Partnering with Makoto Ninomiya, she reached the final of the 2018 French Open.
CD Villamuriel
Club Deportivo Villamuriel is a Spanish football club based in Villamuriel de Cerrato, Palencia, in the autonomous community of Castile and León. Founded on 17 September 1976, it plays in Primera Regional – Group A, holding home games at Campo Municipal Rafael Vázquez Sedano, with a capacity of 1,000 people.

Divisiones Regionales de Fútbol in Castile and León
The Divisiones Regionales de Fútbol in the Community of Castile and León:

Primera División Regional Aficionados (Level 6)

Primera División Provincial Aficionados (Level 7)

Segunda División Provincial Aficionados (Level 8)

Tercera División Provincial Aficionados (Level 9)
Chippagiri
Chippagiri is a mandal located in the Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh, India. Chippagiri is one of the smallest villages in the Rayalaseema region. It is about 15 kilometres (9 mi) from Kasapuram, which is 5 kilometres (3 mi) from Guntakal.

Guntakal
Guntakal, natively known as Guntakallu, is a city in Anantapur district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is the headquarters of Guntakal mandal and Guntakal revenue division.It is also the headquarters of the Guntakal Railway Division in South Central Railway.
Avi Rikan
Avraham "Avi" Rikan (Hebrew: אבי ריקן; born September 10, 1988) is an Israeli professional footballer who plays as a defender or midfielder.

His previous clubs include Maccabi Herzliya, Beitar Jerusalem, FC Zürich, Maccabi Tel Aviv and Hapoel Petah Tikva. At international level, Rikan was capped at levels from under-17 to senior team.

Israel national under-17 football team
The Israel national under-17 football team represents Israel in association football at the under-17 youth level, and is controlled by the Israel Football Association.

The team is for Israeli players aged 17 or under at the start of a two-year European Under-17 Football Championship cycle, so players can be up to 17 years old.
Arroyo Tropa Vieja
Arroyo Tropa Vieja is a Uruguayan river course located in the department of Canelones.

Originating in Laguna del Cisne, in the town Marindia and passes through the towns of Salinas, Pinamar, Neptunia and flows into Pando Creek. Its approximate length is 2.07 km and near its mouth it is 2 meters above sea level. It is also known by the names of "Arroyo Piedra del Toro" or "Cañada Piedra del Toro de Pando".

It crosses the towns of Salinas to the north by Route 87 and Neptunia by Ruta Interbalnearia General Líber Seregni and Route 10.

Canelones Department
The Departament de  Canelones  (Spanish: Departamento de Canelones) is one of the 19 Uruguayan departments. With an area of 4,536 km2 (1,751 sq mi) and 608,956 inhabitants at the 2023 Census, it is located in the south of Uruguay. Its capital is Canelones. Ciudad de la Costa is the largest city by total population and Las Piedras is the largest city with an official census.
Hook echo
A hook echo is a pendant or hook-shaped weather radar signature as part of some supercell thunderstorms. It is found in the lower portions of a storm as air and precipitation flow into a mesocyclone, resulting in a curved feature of reflectivity. The echo is produced by rain, hail, or debris being wrapped around the supercell. It is one of the classic hallmarks of tornado-producing supercells. The National Weather Service may consider the presence of a hook echo coinciding with a tornado vortex signature as sufficient to justify issuing a tornado warning.

Reflectance
The reflectance of the surface of a material is its effectiveness in reflecting radiant energy. It is the fraction of incident electromagnetic power that is reflected at the boundary. Reflectance is a component of the response of the electronic structure of the material to the electromagnetic field of light, and is in general a function of the frequency, or wavelength, of the light, its polarization, and the angle of incidence. The dependence of reflectance on the wavelength is called a reflectance spectrum or spectral reflectance curve.
Roberta Flack Featuring Donny Hathaway
Roberta Flack Featuring Donny Hathaway is the ninth studio album by American singer Roberta Flack. Released via Atlantic in March 1980, the album features posthumous vocals by close friend and collaborator Donny Hathaway, who had died in 1979. At the 23rd Grammy Awards in 1981, the album was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance. The award, however, went to Stephanie Mills for "Never Knew Love Like This Before."

James Mtume
James Forman (January 3, 1946 – January 9, 2022), known professionally as Mtume or James Mtume, was an American jazz and R&B musician, songwriter, record producer, activist, and radio personality.

He came to prominence as a jazz musician, working with Miles Davis between 1971 and 1975. Mtume's R&B group, also called Mtume, is best known for the 1983 R&B hit song "Juicy Fruit", which has been repeatedly sampled, most notably by The Notorious B.I.G. on his hit "Juicy". Mtume the band also had a top-five R&B hit with the single "You, Me, and He".
Mount Mary's Higher Secondary School
Mount Mary's Higher Secondary School is a private aided co-educational higher secondary school located within Chinchinim in the Indian  coastal state of Goa. It was established in 1996 and is affiliated to Department of Education, Goa and Goa Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education. The school also serves as a sub-centre of the Navelim main centre in the HSSC exams.

Fatorda
Fatorda is a suburb of the city of Margao in Salcete, Goa.
Fatorda has been originally home to the traditional Scheduled Tribe/Scheduled Caste population. The Catholic Gawda community has a very large presence in Fatorda. However, due to the increasing number of buildings in Fatorda, the population has become more diverse.

Fatorda is also a constituency (30-Fatorda) in the Goa Legislative Assembly.