hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Immigration to Pakistan
Immigration to Pakistan is the legal entry and settlement of foreign nationals in Pakistan. Immigration policy is overseen by the Interior Minister of Pakistan through the Directorate General Passports. Most immigrants are not eligible for citizenship or permanent residency, unless they are married to a Pakistani citizen or a Commonwealth citizen who has invested a minimum of PKR 5 million in the local economy.

Based on the United Nations report World Population Policies 2005, the total immigrant population in Pakistan was estimated to be 3,254,000, representing 2.1% of the national population, and ranked 13th in the world. According to the United Nations report International Migration Profiles 2002, the population of immigrants in Pakistan was little over 1 million in 1990 and around 1.4 million in 2000.

Pakistani nationality law
The primary law governing nationality of Pakistan is the Pakistan Citizenship Act, 1951, which came into force on 13 April 1951.

With few exceptions, all individuals born in the country are automatically citizens at birth. Foreign nationals may naturalise as Pakistani citizens after residing in the country for at least five years and showing proficiency in at least one vernacular language of Pakistan. Commonwealth citizens who make a substantial financial investment in the state are eligible for a facilitated naturalisation process.

Pakistan was previously ruled by the British Empire and local residents were British subjects and British protected persons. Although Pakistan gained independence in 1947 and Pakistanis no longer hold British nationality, they remain Commonwealth citizens under British law. When residing in the United Kingdom, Pakistani citizens are eligible to vote in UK elections and serve in public office there.
Dimitar Marashliev
Dimitar Hristov Marashliev (Bulgarian: Димитьр Xристов Марашлиeв; 31 August 1947 – 12 July 2018) was a Bulgarian football forward who played for Bulgaria in the 1970 FIFA World Cup. He also played for CSKA Sofia.

1972 Bulgarian Cup final
The 1972 Bulgarian Cup final was the 32nd final of the Bulgarian Cup (in this period the tournament was named Cup of the Soviet Army), and was contested between CSKA Sofia and Slavia Sofia on 12 July 1972 at Vasil Levski National Stadium in Sofia. CSKA won the final 3–0.
E. Claiborne Robins Stadium
E. Claiborne Robins Stadium is an 8,217-seat stadium at the University of Richmond in Richmond, Virginia. It is home to the Richmond Spiders football, men's and women's lacrosse, and women's track and field teams.

The men's soccer team played there until 2012, when the university discontinued the program.

University of Richmond
The University of Richmond (UR or U of R) is a private liberal arts college in Richmond, Virginia, United States. It is a primarily undergraduate, residential institution with approximately 3,900 undergraduate and graduate students in five schools: the School of Arts and Sciences; the E. Claiborne Robins School of Business; the Jepson School of Leadership Studies; the University of Richmond School of Law; and the School of Professional & Continuing Studies. It is classified among "Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus".

The university's athletics teams are known as the "Richmond Spiders," after the university's distinctive mascot. A participant in the U.S. Navy's V-12 Navy College Training Program during World War II, Richmond commissions U.S. Army officers through its ROTC program, which is partnered with Hampden-Sydney College and Longwood University in Farmville, Virginia.
Naming and Necessity
Naming and Necessity is a 1980 book with the transcript of three lectures given by the philosopher Saul Kripke at Princeton University in 1970. In them, he deals with the debates over proper names in the philosophy of language and claims to refute Immanuel Kant's classical assumption that all necessary truth is known a priori.

The transcript was brought out originally in 1972 in Semantics of Natural Language, edited by Donald Davidson and Gilbert Harman. Among analytic philosophers, Naming and Necessity is widely considered one of the most important philosophical works of the 20th century. The title is a reference to Rudolf Carnap's book Meaning and Necessity, which, like Naming and Necessity, is about semantics and modal logic.

Donald Davidson (philosopher)
Donald Herbert Davidson (March 6, 1917 – August 30, 2003) was an American philosopher. He served as Slusser Professor of Philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley, from 1981 to 2003 after having also held teaching appointments at Stanford University, Rockefeller University, Princeton University, and the University of Chicago. Davidson was known for his charismatic personality and difficult writing style, as well as the systematic nature of his philosophy. His work exerted considerable influence in many areas of philosophy from the 1960s onward, particularly in philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, and action theory. While Davidson was an analytic philosopher, with most of his influence lying in that tradition, his work has attracted attention in continental philosophy as well, particularly in literary theory and related areas.
Tin(IV) iodate
Tin(IV) iodate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Sn(IO3)4. It was first obtained in 2020 through the hydrothermal reaction of tin(II) oxide and iodic acid in water at 220 °C. It is a colorless columnar crystal, crystallized in the triclinic P1 space group. It has an indirect band gap (experimental 4.0 eV; calculated 2.75 eV).

Tin(II) oxide
Tin(II) oxide (stannous oxide) is a compound with the formula SnO. It is composed of tin and oxygen where tin has the oxidation state of +2. There are two forms, a stable blue-black form and a metastable red form.
1982 in Belgian television
This is a Belgian television related events from 1982.

The year marks a radical shift in public policy regarding television as the newly-elected coalition decides to give the national network RTL-Belgique the official monopoly of advertising.

1981 Belgian general election
General elections were held in Belgium on 8 November 1981. Voter turnout was 94.5% in the Chamber election and 94.6% in the Senate election. Elections were also held for the nine provincial councils and for the Council of the German Cultural Community. They were the first elections after the voting age was lowered from 21 to 18. This contributed to the success of the socialist parties and the green parties (Agalev and Ecolo).

The traditionally largest Christian People's Party saw significant losses, with only 43 of the 212 seats in the Chamber of Representatives. The result was considered an election upset.
Women and Their Work
Women & Their Work is an American nonprofit visual and performing arts organization located in Austin, Texas that exhibits contemporary art created by women living and working in Texas and beyond. Since 1978, Women & Their Work has brought art to Austin with exhibitions, performances and programs.

The organization's mission is to foster growth of women visual and performing artists by encouraging them to take creative risks and make new adventurous work; to ensure that women from diverse backgrounds are equitably represented in all forms of art; and to educate a wide range of audiences about contemporary art. Since 1978, Women & Their Work has grown to present over 50 events a year featuring exhibitions and performances by Texas women artists and bringing artists of national and international stature to Texas.

Marcia Tucker
Marcia Tucker (née Silverman; April 11, 1940 – October 17, 2006) was an American art historian, art critic and curator. In 1977 she founded the New Museum of Contemporary Art, a museum dedicated to innovative art and artistic practice in New York City, which she ran as the director until 1999.
Yazan Al-Naimat
Yazan Abdallah Ayed Al-Naimat (Arabic: يزن عبد الله عايد النعيمات; born 4 June 1999), is a Jordanian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Qatar Stars League club Al-Arabi and the Jordan national team.

WAFF U-23 Championship
The WAFF U-23 Championship (Arabic: بطولة غرب آسيا لكرة القدم تحت 23 عام) is an annual international football competition organised by the West Asian Football Federation (WAFF) for the men's under-23 national teams of West Asia.
Manna
Manna (Hebrew: מָן, romanized: mān, Greek: μάννα; Arabic: اَلْمَنُّ), sometimes or archaically spelled mana, is described in the Bible and the Quran as an edible substance that God bestowed upon the Israelites while they were wandering the desert during the 40-year period that followed the Exodus and preceded the conquest of Canaan.

Laxative
Laxatives, purgatives, or aperients are substances that loosen stools and increase bowel movements. They are used to treat and prevent constipation.

Laxatives vary as to how they work and the side effects they may have. Certain stimulant, lubricant, and saline laxatives are used to evacuate the colon for rectal and bowel examinations, and may be supplemented by enemas under certain circumstances. Sufficiently high doses of laxatives may cause diarrhea. Some laxatives combine more than one active ingredient, and may be administered orally or rectally.
Akash Ongshoto Meghla
Akash Ongshoto Meghla (transl. The sky is partly cloudy) is a 2022 Indian Bengali-language drama film written and directed by Joydeep Mukherjee. The film stars Rudranil Ghosh, Rahul Banerjee, Basabadatta Chatterjee, Ankita Chakraborty and Devdut Ghosh, and was theatrically released on 5 August 2022.

Rahul Banerjee (actor)
Arunoday Banerjee (born 16 October 1983), better known as Rahul Banerjee, is an Indian actor who works in Bengali language films and television. He made his stage appearance at the age of three with his father's (Biswanath Banerjee) theatre troupe Bijoygarh Atmaprakash play entitled Raj Darshan. Since then, he has acted in almost 450 stage shows, with his father's troupe and with Theatron. He was married to co-actress Priyanka Sarkar. He was catapulted to stardom for his role opposite Priyanka Sarkar in Chirodini Tumi Je Amar, directed by Raj Chakraborty. The film was a massive box-office success. He has subsequently appeared in films including Love Circus, Shono Mon Boli Tomay and Poti Poromesshor. His television debut was in the series Tumi Asbe Bole. He has received a number of awards, such as the Anandalok Award for the Best Actor for his role in Chirodini Tumi Je Amar.
Brandeis Medal
The Brandeis Medal is awarded to individuals whose lives reflect United States Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis' commitment to the ideals of individual liberty, concern for the disadvantaged and public service.

The medal is awarded by the University of Louisville's Louis D. Brandeis Society, and is given in tribute to Brandeis, a former U.S. Supreme Court justice from Louisville and the namesake university's law school.

Associate justice
An associate justice or associate judge  (or simply associate) is a judge of a court other than the chief justice in some jurisdictions. The title "Associate Justice" is used for members of the Supreme Court of the United States and some state supreme courts, and for some other courts in Commonwealth of Nations countries, as well as for members of the Supreme Court of the Federated States of Micronesia, a former United States Trust Territory. In other common law jurisdictions, the equivalent position is called "Puisne Justice".

In several Canadian courts, the term "associate judge" has the same meaning as a Master (judiciary).
Trae Young
Rayford Trae Young (born September 19, 1998) is an American professional basketball player for the Washington Wizards of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Oklahoma Sooners, where in his one season in 2017–18, he tied the then NCAA Division I single-game assists record with 22 and became the only player to ever lead the NCAA in both points and assists in a single season. Nicknamed "Ice Trae", he was drafted by the Dallas Mavericks in the 2018 NBA draft with the fifth pick, and traded the same day to the Atlanta Hawks, along with a future first-round pick, for the draft rights to Luka Dončić. He joined Dončić in a unanimous selection to the NBA All-Rookie First Team in 2019. He is a four-time NBA All-Star, and led the Hawks to three playoff runs, including a trip to the conference finals in 2021.

Basketball scorekeeping
Basketball scorekeeping is the practice of tracking the statistics of a basketball game throughout the duration of play. Points serve as the measure of scorekeeping, determining the ongoing score, and are accumulated by making field goals and free throws. The team with the most points when the game ends is declared the winner.
2006 Missouri Valley Conference men's basketball tournament
The 2006 Missouri Valley Conference men's basketball tournament was played from March 2-5, 2006 at the Savvis Center in St. Louis, Missouri at the conclusion of the 2005–06 NCAA Division I men's basketball regular season. The Southern Illinois Salukis won their 5th MVC tournament title to earn an automatic bid to the 2006 NCAA tournament.

Enterprise Center
Enterprise Center is an 18,096-seat arena located in downtown St. Louis, Missouri, United States. Its primary tenant is the St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League, but it is also used for other functions, such as NCAA basketball, NCAA hockey, concerts, professional wrestling and more. In a typical year, the facility hosts about 175 events. Industry trade publication Pollstar has previously ranked Enterprise Center among the top ten arenas worldwide in tickets sold to non-team events, but the facility has since fallen into the upper sixties, as of 2017.

The arena opened in 1994 as the Kiel Center. It was known as the Savvis Center from 2000 to 2006, and Scottrade Center from 2006 to 2018. On May 21, 2018, the St. Louis Blues and representatives of Enterprise Holdings, based in St. Louis, announced that the naming rights had been acquired by Enterprise and that the facility's name, since July 1, 2018, adopted its current name.
4,294,967,295
The number 4,294,967,295 is a whole number equal to 232 − 1. It is a perfect totient number, meaning it is equal to the sum of its iterated totients. It follows 4,294,967,294 and precedes 4,294,967,296. It has a factorization of , which are the first five Fermat primes.

In computing, 4,294,967,295 is the highest unsigned (that is, not negative) 32-bit integer, which makes it the highest possible number a 32-bit system can store in memory.

Perfect totient number
In number theory, a perfect totient number is an integer that is equal to the sum of its iterated totients.  That is, one applies the totient function to a number n, apply it again to the resulting totient, and so on, until the number 1 is reached, and adds together the resulting sequence of numbers; if the sum equals n, then n is a perfect totient number.
Don Pickwick
Donald Pickwick (7 February 1925 – 2 April 2004) is a former footballer and a member of the Norwich City Hall of Fame.

Welsh-born Pickwick made 244 appearances for Norwich as a right-half between 1947 and 1956, scoring eleven times.

A contemporary of other Norwich Hall of Fame players Reg Foulkes, Ron Ashman and Roy Hollis, Pickwick was a loyal Norwich servant, to the extent that he appeared in a match versus Colchester United F.C. on his wedding day in 1951.

In 1951, Norwich recorded their greatest league victory, an 8-1 success over Shrewsbury Town F.C. Pickwick experienced mixed emotions; he broke his leg and missed the rest of the season.

Norwich City F.C. Hall of Fame
The Norwich City F.C. Hall of Fame honours Norwich City F.C. players, coaches, managers, directors and executives who have "made the greatest contribution to the club in its long history both on and off the pitch." During the club's centenary season (2002–03), a Hall of Fame was created. Initially, 100 significant figures from the club's history were honoured; 25 were nominated by the Norwich City Football Club Historical Trust and a further 75 were subsequently elected by supporters. A further 20 members were inducted in 2006 and 2009, again with some chosen by the Trust and some elected by supporters. In 2012, another eight members were selected, three by the Norwich City Football Club Historical Trust and five elected by supporters.

Six members of the Hall of Fame both played for and managed or coached at the club, most recently Gary Megson and Doug Livermore, respectively. Mike Walker is the only manager in the list to have had two spells as City manager.
1924 New York state election
The 1924 New York state election was held on November 4, 1924, to elect the governor, the lieutenant governor, the Secretary of State, the state comptroller, the attorney general, the state treasurer and the state engineer, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly and the New York State Senate.

New York State Treasurer
The New York State Treasurer was a state cabinet officer in the State of New York between 1776 and 1926. During the re-organization of the state government under Governor Al Smith, the office was abolished and its responsibilities transferred to the new Department of Audit and Control headed to the New York State Comptroller.
Canelo Álvarez vs. Alfonso Gómez
Canelo Álvarez vs. Alfonso Gómez was a professional boxing match contested on 17 September 2011, for the WBC super welterweight championship. The fight took place at Staples Center, Los Angeles, California, United States on 17 September 2011 as part of the Victor Ortiz vs. Floyd Mayweather Jr. pay-per-view broadcast. The Mayweather-Ortiz fight took place at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas, Nevada taking place on the Mexican Independence weekend. Fans at Staples Center were able to see the live feed from Las Vegas and also see Canelo Alvarez fight live that night, and the people in Las Vegas could see the live feed from the Canelo fight in the Staples Center.

Grito de Dolores
The Cry of Dolores (Spanish: Grito de Dolores) occurred in Dolores, Mexico, on 16 September 1810, when Roman Catholic priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla rang his church bell and gave the call to arms that triggered the Mexican War of Independence. The Cry of Dolores is most commonly known by the locals as El Grito de Independencia (The Independence Cry).

Every year on the eve of Independence Day, the president of Mexico re-enacts the cry from the balcony of the National Palace in Mexico City while ringing the same bell Hidalgo used in 1810. During the patriotic speech, the president calls out the names of the fallen heroes who died during the War of Independence and ends the speech by shouting "¡Viva México!" three times, followed by the Mexican National Anthem.
Kenneth Bonert
Kenneth Bonert (born 1972) is a South African-Canadian writer. His debut novel The Lion Seeker won both the 2013 National Jewish Book Award for Outstanding Debut Fiction and the 2013 Edward Lewis Wallant Award. The Lion Seeker was also a shortlisted nominee for the 2013 Governor General's Award for English-language Fiction, and the 2013 Amazon.ca First Novel Award. Bonert's second novel, The Mandela Plot, was released in 2018.

Bonert has previously published short stories, including the Journey Prize nominee "Packers and Movers", as well as a novella, Peacekeepers, 1995, which appeared in McSweeney's.

Jewish Book Council
The Jewish Book Council (Hebrew: המועצה למען הספר היהודי באמריקה‎), founded in 1943, is an American organization encouraging and contributing to Jewish literature. The goal of the council, as stated on its website, is "to promote the reading, writing and publishing of quality English language books of Jewish content in North America". The council sponsors the National Jewish Book Awards, the JBC Network, JBC Book Clubs, the Visiting Scribe series, and Jewish Book Month. It previously sponsored the Sami Rohr Prize for Jewish Literature. It publishes an annual literary journal called Paper Brigade.
Wilczkowice Dolne, Łódź Voivodeship
Wilczkowice Dolne [vilt͡ʂkɔˈvit͡sɛ ˈdɔlnɛ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łęczyca, within Łęczyca County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 4 km (2 mi) west of Łęczyca and 38 km (24 mi) north-west of the regional capital Łódź.

Łęczyca County
Łęczyca County (Polish: powiat łęczycki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Łódź Voivodeship, central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms in 1998. Its administrative seat and only town is Łęczyca, which lies 35 kilometres (22 mi) north-west of the regional capital Łódź.

The county covers an area of 774 square kilometres (298.8 sq mi). As of 2006, its total population was 53,435, out of which the population of Łęczyca was 15,423 and the rural population was 38,012.
The Rolling Stones 1966 tours
The Rolling Stones had four concert tours in 1966. Ike & Tina Turner supported them on the UK leg in the fall. "I didn't know who the Stones were," Tina recalled. "They were just these white boys and Mick was the one who was always standing in the wings watching us. He was a little shy of me, but finally we started having fun and I tried to teach him some dances, because he'd just stand still onstage with the tambourine. He'd try things like the Pony or some hip movements backstage and we'd all just laugh." Tina later appeared solo with the Stones on their 1981 tour. In April, the band released the album Aftermath to critical success; they promoted it during their American tour in June and July.

Pony Time
"Pony Time" is a song written by Don Covay and John Berry (a member of Covay's earlier vocal group, "the Rainbows"), and originally recorded in 1960 by Covay with his group "the Goodtimers".

It achieved greater success when it was recorded by Chubby Checker the following year, becoming his second US No.1 (after his 1960 single "The Twist"). Chubby Checker's recording of "Pony Time" was also a No.1 hit on the R&B charts. In Canada it reached No. 5.

The "Boogety Shoe" phrase was used in Barry Mann's hit song "Who Put the Bomp (in the Bomp, Bomp, Bomp)" (1961).

The lyrics reverse the Gee and Haw commands. In use by horsemen for centuries, gee was right and haw was left. Beside being used to command horse teams, Gee and Haw was used a lot in naming geographic features, like stream branches.
Alexander Majors
Alexander Majors (October 4, 1814 – January 13, 1900) was an American businessman, who along with William Hepburn Russell and William B. Waddell founded the Pony Express, based in St. Joseph, Missouri. This was one of the westernmost points east of the Missouri River from its upper portion beyond that state. It was a major supply point for migrants and pioneers headed west to Oregon Country.

Even though they succeeded in making the deliveries, they did not get the contract. They went bankrupt after the Transcontinental Telegraph opened in October 1861, as its competition eliminated the need for some mail service.

Majors supplied rail ties for the crews of the Union Pacific Railroad working on the First transcontinental railroad. After the railroad was completed, he continued to haul freight to towns not yet served by the railroad.

First transcontinental telegraph
The first transcontinental telegraph (completed October 24, 1861) was a line that connected the existing telegraph network in the eastern United States to a small network in California, by means of a link between Omaha, Nebraska, and Carson City, Nevada, via Salt Lake City. It was a milestone in electrical engineering and in the formation of the United States. It served as the only method of near-instantaneous communication between the east and west coasts during the 1860s. For comparison, in 1841, it took 110 days for news of the death of President William Henry Harrison to reach Los Angeles.