hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Catuquinaru language
Catuquinaru or Catuquinarú is the extinct and unclassified language of the Catuquinaru tribe of Brazil, preserved in a few words collected by Jose Bach and published by G. E. Church in 1898. The name is a common derivative of Catuquina. Loukotka, among others, includes it among the Tupi languages, describing the people as Tupinized Catuquina. However, the little preserved vocabulary does not resemble that of the Tupi languages, Catuquinan languages, or Panoan languages (compare Panoan Catuquina).

Tupi–Guarani languages
Tupi–Guarani (/tuːˈpiː ɡwɑˈrɑːni/ /ɡwɑˈɾɑ-/; Tupi-Guarani: [tuˈpi ɡwaɾaˈni]; pronunciationⓘ) is the most widely distributed subfamily of the Tupian languages of South America. It consists of about fifty languages, including Guarani and Old Tupi. The most widely spoken in modern times by far is Guarani, which is one of the two official languages of Paraguay.
James Burnham
James Burnham (November 22, 1905 – July 28, 1987) was an American philosopher and political theorist. He chaired the New York University Department of Philosophy. Burnham was an editor and a regular contributor to William F. Buckley's conservative magazine National Review on a variety of topics. He rejected containment of the Soviet Union and called for the rollback of communism worldwide.

His first book was An Introduction to Philosophical Analysis (1931). Burnham became a prominent Trotskyist activist in the 1930s. His most famous book, The Managerial Revolution (1941), speculated on the future of an increasingly proceduralist hence sclerotic society. A year before he wrote the book, he rejected Marxism and became an influential theorist of the political right as a leader of the American conservative movement.

John Day Company
The John Day Company was a New York City-based publishing firm that specialized in illustrated fiction and current affairs books and pamphlets from 1926 to 1968. It was founded by Richard J. Walsh in 1926 and named after John Day, the Elizabethan printer. Walsh was the editor and second husband of Pearl S. Buck. The textbook company Intext acquired the John Day Company in 1968. Intext was sold to the Thomas Y. Crowell Co. in 1974.
Margo Price
Margo Rae Price (born April 15, 1983) is an American country singer-songwriter, producer, and author based in Nashville. The Fader called her "country's next star." Her debut solo album Midwest Farmer's Daughter was released on Third Man Records on March 25, 2016. The album was recorded at Sun Studio in Memphis, Tennessee, and was engineered by Matt Ross-Spang. The album was recorded in three days. On tour, she is backed by her band The Pricetags.

In December 2018, Price received a nomination for Best New Artist at the 61st Annual Grammy Awards.

The Fader
The Fader (stylised as The FADER) is a magazine established in 1999 as an outlet for Cornerstone Agency, a marketing and public relations firm established by Rob Stone and Jon Cohen. The magazine covers music, style and culture.
Aaron Sloman
Aaron Sloman (born 1936) is a philosopher and researcher on artificial intelligence and cognitive science. He held the Chair in Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science at the School of Computer Science at the University of Birmingham, and before that a chair with the same title at the University of Sussex. Since retiring he is Honorary Professor of Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science at Birmingham. He has published widely on philosophy of mathematics, epistemology, cognitive science, and artificial intelligence; he also collaborated widely, e.g. with biologist Jackie Chappell on the evolution of intelligence.

Evolution of human intelligence
The evolution of human intelligence is closely tied to the evolution of the human brain and to the origin of language. The timeline of human evolution spans approximately seven million years, from the separation of the genus Pan until the emergence of behavioral modernity by 50,000 years ago. The first three million years of this timeline concern Sahelanthropus, the following two million concern Australopithecus and the final two million span the history of the genus Homo in the Paleolithic era.

Many traits of human intelligence, such as empathy, theory of mind, mourning, ritual, and the use of symbols and tools, are somewhat apparent in other great apes, although they are observed in much less sophisticated forms than what is found in humans.
Siebenlehn
Siebenlehn is a district of the town Großschirma in Landkreis Mittelsachsen. Until 2003 it was a separate town.  Upon fusion with the neighbouring rural municipality Großschirma on 1 September 2003, the town privileges were transferred to the joint municipality.

Nossen
Nossen (German pronunciation: [ˈnɔsn̩] ⓘ; Upper Sorbian: Nosyn, pronounced [ˈnɔsɨn]) is a town in the district of Meissen, in Saxony, Germany. It is located 80 km southeast of Leipzig. The town is dominated by a large Renaissance castle. Nossen is best known for its proximity to a motorway junction where the A14 merges onto the A4.
Glossary of Italian music
Italian music terminology consists of words and phrases used in the discussion of the music of Italy.  Some Italian music terms are derived from the common Italian language.  Others come from Neapolitan, Sicilian, Sardinian or other regional languages of Italy. The terms listed here describe a genre, song form, dance, instrument, style, quality of music, technique or other important aspect of Italian music.

Sicilian language
Sicilian (sicilianu, pronounced [sɪʃɪˈljaːnʊ, sɪdʒɪˈljaːnʊ]; Italian: siciliano) is a Romance language that is spoken on the island of Sicily and its satellite islands.
It belongs to the broader Extreme Southern Italian language group (Italian: italiano meridionale estremo).

Ethnologue (see below for more detail) describes Sicilian as being "distinct enough from Standard Italian to be considered a separate language", and it is recognized as a minority language by UNESCO. It has been referred to as a language by the Sicilian Region. It has the oldest literary tradition of the Italo-Romance languages. A version of the UNESCO Courier is also available in Sicilian.
2013 in manga
The following is an overview of 2013 in manga. It includes winners of notable awards, best-sellers, title debuts and endings, deaths of notable manga-related people as well as any other relevant manga-related events. For an overview of the year in comics from other countries, see 2013 in comics.

Seisen Cerberus
Seisen Cerberus (聖戦ケルベロス, Seisen Keruberosu; lit. "Holy War Cerberus") is a Japanese role-playing mobile game released by GREE.  The series has been adapted separately into both a manga, titled Seisen Cerberus: Mō Hitori no Eiyū (聖戦ケルベロス～もう一人の英雄～, Seisen Keruberosu ～ Mō Hitori no Eiyū ～), and an anime television series, titled Seisen Cerberus: Ryūkoku no Fatalite (聖戦ケルベロス 竜刻のファタリテ, Seisen Keruberosu Ryūkoku no Fatarite; lit. Holy War Cerberus: Fatalité of Dragon Time). The manga was published by Kodansha in 2013, while the anime aired in 2016.
1919–20 Dundee F.C. season
The 1919–20 season was the twenty-fifth season in which Dundee competed at a Scottish national level, playing in Division One, and their first since 1916–17, after being asked by the Scottish Football League to leave due to travel difficulties imposed by World War I. In the interim, Dundee has competed in the Eastern Football League, before being readmitted after the war in 1919. Their return to the national level would be under a new manager in former long-time player Sandy MacFarlane, following the resignation of William Wallace in 1919 for health reasons. They would finish in 4th place, their highest finish since 1908–09. Dundee would also compete in the Scottish Cup for the first time since its restart, and were knocked out in the 2nd round by Celtic.

1908–09 Dundee F.C. season
The 1908–09 season was the sixteenth season in which Dundee competed at a Scottish national level, playing in Division One, where they would finish in 2nd place. In a very tight race which would go down to the final day, Dundee were pipped to the title by Celtic by just a single point. Dundee would also compete in the Scottish Cup, where they would lose to Rangers in the second round. Striker John "Sailor" Hunter would finish the season as Scotland's top scorer with 29 goals in the league, and 32 in all major competitions.
Pont-Scorff
Pont-Scorff (French pronunciation: [pɔ̃ skɔʁf]; Breton: Pont-Skorf) is a commune in the Morbihan department of Brittany in north-western France. It takes its name from the river Scorff, which flows through the town.

Morbihan
The Morbihan (/mɔːrbiˈɒ̃/ mor-bee-ON; French: [mɔʁbi(j)ɑ̃]; Breton: Mor-Bihan [moːrˈbiː(h)ãn]) is a department in the administrative region of Brittany, situated in the northwest of France. It is named after the Morbihan (small sea in Breton), the enclosed sea that is the principal feature of the coastline. It had a population of 759,684 in 2019. It is noted for its Carnac stones, which predate and are more extensive than the Stonehenge monument in Wiltshire, England.

Three major military educational facilities are located in Guer, including École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr, the national military academy for officers.
Amarynthus
Amarynthus (Ancient Greek: Ἀμάρυνθος) was, in Greek mythology, a hunter of Artemis, from whom the town of Amarynthus in Euboea (Stephanus of Byzantium says that it was Euboea itself) was believed to have derived its name. From this hero, or rather from the town of Amarynthus, Artemis derived the surname Amarynthia or Amarysia, under which she was worshipped there and also in Attica.

Stephanus of Byzantium
Stephanus or Stephen of Byzantium (Latin: Stephanus Byzantinus; Ancient Greek: Στέφανος Βυζάντιος, Stéphanos Byzántios; fl. 6th century AD) was an Eastern Roman grammarian and the author of an important geographical dictionary entitled Ethnica (Ἐθνικά). Only meagre fragments of the dictionary survive, but the epitome is extant, compiled by one Hermolaus, not otherwise identified.
1970 Roller Hockey World Cup
The 1970 Roller Hockey World Cup was the nineteenth roller hockey world cup, organized by the Fédération Internationale de Roller Sports. It was contested by 11 national teams (6 from Europe, 3 from South America, 1 from North America and 1 from Asia). All the games were played in the city of San Juan, in Argentina, the chosen city to host the World Cup.

San Juan, Argentina
San Juan (Spanish pronunciation: [saŋ ˈxwan]) is the capital and largest city of the Argentine province of San Juan in the Cuyo region, located in the Tulúm Valley, west of the San Juan River, at 650 m (2,133 ft) above mean sea level, with a population of around 112,000 as per the 2001 census [INDEC] (over 500,000 in the metropolitan area).

It is a modern city with wide streets and well-drawn avenues, with wide sidewalks and vegetation of different species of trees irrigated by canals, from which it derives its nickname oasis town.

It has an important accommodation infrastructure and transportation. Its highlights include modern buildings and the surroundings, the reservoir and Ullum dam, spas, museums, large plantations of vines, and various types of agriculture, with wine being the most important.
Bill Grainer
Bill Grainer is a Grammy certified American songwriter and record producer. He has written for such artists as Jai McDowall, Linda Eder, and Jennifer Hudson, with whom he co-wrote the song "Stand Up" for her Grammy Award-winning self-titled debut album.

Jai McDowall
Jai McDowall (born 24 July 1986) is a Scottish singer-songwriter, who won the fifth series of Britain's Got Talent in June 2011. As the winner, he received £100,000 and performed at the 2011 Royal Variety Performance. McDowall was signed to Syco Music, a subdivision of record label giant, Sony Music. His debut album Believe was released on 9 December 2011. The lead single "With or Without You" was released the same day.

In March 2012, he was dropped by Syco after poor sales of his debut album. It was reported that the singer claimed that Syco boss, Simon Cowell, was anti-Scottish. He later released two extended plays, Christmas With... and Cry, Home, Closer on digital download format. His 2013 single "Won't Forget", featuring the Clutha Appeal, was released following the helicopter crash at the Clutha bar in Glasgow, and reaching number seventeen on the Scottish Singles Charts.

As of 2023, he is the low tenor of the group G4, having replaced previous member Lewis Raines.
47th National Film Awards
The 47th National Film Awards, presented by Directorate of Film Festivals, the organisation set up by Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, India to felicitate the best of Indian Cinema released in the year 1999. Ceremony took place on 18 September 2000 and awards were given by then President of India, K. R. Narayanan.

National Film Awards
The National Film Awards are awards for artistic and technical merit given for excellence within the Indian film industry. Established in 1954, it has been administered, along with the International Film Festival of India and the Indian Panorama, by the Indian government's Directorate of Film Festivals from 1973 until 2020, and by the NFDC since 2021.

Every year, a national panel appointed by the government selects the winning entry, and the award ceremony is held in New Delhi, where the President of India presents the awards. This is followed by the inauguration of the National Film Festival, where award-winning films are screened for the public. Declared for films produced in the previous year across the country, they hold the distinction of awarding merit to the best of Indian cinema overall, as well as presenting awards for the best films in each region and language of the country.
John Krehbiel Jr.
John H. Krehbiel Jr. (born 1938) is the former co-chairman of the Fortune 500 company Molex Incorporated, a global supplier of electronic & fiberoptic connectors, which he sold to Koch Industries for $7.2 billion in 2013. In 2006, he made the Forbes list of billionaires. Krehbiel is a Life Trustee of Illinois Institute of Technology.

Molex
Molex LLC is a manufacturer of electronic, electrical, and fiber optic connectivity systems. Molex produces over 100,000 products for a variety of industries, including data communications, medical, industrial, automotive and consumer electronics. They are notable for pioneering their Molex connector, which has seen universal adoption in personal computing. The company is considered the second largest electronic connector company in the world.
Dadzis
Dadzis ("bur") was a Latvian satire magazine which was launched in January 1957. The magazine had its headquarters in Rīga. It frequently featured cartoons, humors, satirical articles about criticizing bureaucrats. However, it was a semi-official publication of the communist government during the Soviet occupation of Latvia.

Latvian-Israeli-American artist Māris Bišofs is among the former contributors of the magazine. It sold 76,400 copies in 1970. The original edition of Dadzis folded in 1995, however the magazine was relaunched in October 2005. The second edition of Dadzis ceased publication in February 2009.

Bur
A bur (also spelled burr) is a seed, dry fruit or infructescence that has hooks or teeth. The main function of the bur is to spread the seeds of the bur plant, often through epizoochory. The hooks of the bur are used to latch onto fur or fabric, enabling the bur – which contain seeds – to be transported to another location for dispersal. Another use for the spines and hooks are physical protection against herbivores. Their ability to stick to animals and fabrics has shaped their reputation as bothersome.

Some other forms of diaspores, such as the stems of certain species of cactus also are covered with thorns and may function as burs.

Bur-bearing plants, such as Tribulus terrestris and  Xanthium species, are often single-stemmed when growing in dense groups, but branch and spread when growing singly. The number of burs per fruit along with the size and shape can vary largely between different bur plants.
Crinine
Crinine in an alkaloid found in a variety of plants including many species in the family Amaryllidaceae.  It was first isolated and characterized in the 1950s as a constituent of several plants in the genus Crinum, from which it derives its name.

Several laboratory syntheses of crinine have been reported.

Crinum
Crinum is a genus of about 180 species of perennial plants that have large showy flowers on leafless stems, and develop from bulbs. They are found in seasonally moist areas, including marshes, swamps, depressions and along the sides of streams and lakes in tropical and subtropical areas worldwide.
Cala Salada
Cala Salada is a cove on the Spanish island of Ibiza. It is in the municipality of Sant Antoni de Portmany and is 2.9 miles (4.7 km) north of the town of Sant Antoni de Portmany. The village of Santa Agnès de Corona is 5.4 miles (8.7 km) north east of the beach.

Ibiza
Ibiza (/ɪˈbiːzə/ (US) /ɪˈbiːθə/ (UK); Spanish: [iˈβiθa]; Catalan: Eivissa [əjˈvisə]; see below) or Iviza is a Spanish island in the Mediterranean Sea off the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula. It is 150 kilometres (93 miles) from the city of Valencia. It is the third largest of the Balearic Islands in area, but the second-largest by population. Its largest settlements are Ibiza Town (Catalan: Vila d'Eivissa, or simply Vila), Santa Eulària des Riu, and Sant Antoni de Portmany. Its highest point, called Sa Talaiassa (or Sa Talaia), is 475 metres (1,558 feet) above sea level.

Ibiza is well known for its nightlife and electronic dance music club scene in  the summer, which attract large numbers of tourists. The island's government and the Spanish Tourist Office have worked toward promoting more family-oriented tourism.

Ibiza is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Ibiza and the nearby island of Formentera to its south are called the Pine Islands, or "Pityuses".
Jennifer Larmore
Jennifer Larmore (born June 21, 1958) is an American mezzo-soprano opera singer, particularly noted for her performances in coloratura and bel canto roles which she has performed in the world's major opera houses. She was a professor at the Music College of Seoul National University from March 2021 to March 2024.In 2025 she sings “The Countess” in Pique Dame of Tchaikovsky at Teatro Reggio, Torino and at Berlin Deutsche Oper.

Giulio Cesare
Giulio Cesare in Egitto (Italian: [ˈdʒuːljo ˈtʃeːzare in eˈdʒitto, - ˈtʃɛː-]; lit. 'Julius Caesar in Egypt'; HWV 17), commonly known as Giulio Cesare, is a dramma per musica (opera seria) in three acts composed by George Frideric Handel for the Royal Academy of Music in 1724. The libretto was written by Nicola Francesco Haym who used an earlier libretto by Giacomo Francesco Bussani, which had been set to music by Antonio Sartorio (1676). The opera was a success at its first performances, was frequently revived by Handel in his subsequent opera seasons and is now one of the most often performed Baroque operas.

The opera's plot is loosely based on historical events during the Roman Civil War of 49–45 BC.
Zf.Ger.38
The Zf.Ger.38 or Zielfeuergerät 38 is a blowback-operated blank-firing machine gun designed and produced by Haenel in 1938, serving the Wehrmacht for training purposes throughout World War II. Utilizing 7.92×57mm wooden bullet blanks, it has a simple yet sturdy construction reduced to the most necessary functioning parts.

Post-war examination by the Allies categorized the Zf.Ger.38 as a “spring gun” or “trip wire-activated static defense machine gun”.

7.92×57mm Mauser
The 7.92×57mm Mauser (designated as the 8mm Mauser or 8×57mm by the SAAMI and 8 × 57 IS by the C.I.P.) is a rimless bottlenecked rifle cartridge. The 7.92×57mm Mauser cartridge was adopted by the German Empire in 1903–1905, and was the German service cartridge in both World Wars. In the first half of the 20th century, the 7.92×57mm Mauser cartridge was one of the world's most popular military cartridges. In the 21st century, it is a popular civilian sport and hunting cartridge in the West.
Alioune Sarr
Alioune Sarr (September 1, 1908 – July 12, 2001 ) was a Senegalese historian, author and politician whose family gained prominence in the Serer precolonial Kingdom of Sine and Saloum around the 14th century. They also made up the "sulbalƃe" class of Futa Toro (all in present-day Senegal). Sarr was born at Foundiougne. His father (Koly Samba Sarr) was a former Chief of Foundiougne, Gandoune, former head of the constituency of Ndiaye-Ndiaye and former prime minister of Diognick in Senegal. Although Sarr was a prominent politician like his father during the colonial era, he is best known as a historian and author especially after his famous work Histoire du Sine-Saloum which was officially published in 1949 and peer reviewed by historians.

Ghana Empire
The Ghana Empire (Arabic: غانا), also known as simply Ghana, Ghanata, or Wagadu, was an ancient western-Sahelian empire based in the modern-day southeast of Mauritania and western Mali.

It is uncertain among historians when Ghana's ruling dynasty began. The first identifiable mention of the imperial dynasty in written records was made by Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī in 830. Further information about the empire was provided by the accounts of Cordoban scholar al-Bakri when he wrote about the region in the 11th century.

After centuries of prosperity, the empire began its decline in the second millennium, and would finally become a vassal state of the rising Mali Empire at some point in the 13th century. Despite its collapse, the empire's influence can be felt in the establishment of numerous urban centers throughout its former territory. In 1957, the Gold Coast, under the leadership of Kwame Nkrumah named itself Ghana upon independence.
1990 Philips Austrian Open – Doubles
Sergio Casal and Emilio Sánchez were the defending champions, but lost in the second round to Francisco Clavet and Horst Skoff.

Javier Sánchez and Éric Winogradsky won the title by defeating Clavet and Skoff 7–6, 6–2 in the final.

Emilio Sánchez
Emilio Ángel Sánchez Vicario (Spanish pronunciation: [eˈmiljo ˈaŋxel ˈsantʃeθ βiˈkaɾjo]; born 29 May 1965) is a Spanish former doubles world No. 1 tennis player. He won five Grand Slam doubles titles and the men's doubles silver medal at the 1988 Olympic Games. Sánchez is the elder brother of multiple Grand Slam winner Arantxa Sánchez Vicario, with whom he partnered to win the Hopman Cup in 1990. After retiring, he captained Spain to Davis Cup victory in 2008.
Sultan Suriansyah Mosque
The Sultan Suriansyah Mosque (Indonesian: Masjid Sultan Suriansyah) is the oldest mosque in South Kalimantan. Built in 1526 during the reign of Sultan Suriansyah, the first Banjar King to convert to Islam. The mosque is located in the village of Kuin Utara, in Banjarmasin.

The mosque is a stilt house, made out of ironwood and with a three-story roof. The mihrab has its own roof, separate from the main building. The mosque's architectural style, particularly the layered roof, was taken from the Great Mosque of Demak, which took influence from the architecture of the Hindu-Buddhist civilizations of Java and Bali.

The mosque was renovated twice, first in 1978 and again in 1999. It was named a cultural heritage site on May 23, 2008.

Stilt house
Stilt houses, (also known as pile or lake dwellings) are structures elevated on stilts above the ground or water body. They are primarily built to protect against flooding; and to keep out vermin. The shaded area beneath the house is often used for work or storage. Such dwellings are common across Southeast Asia, Oceania, Central America, the Caribbean, northern parts of South America, the Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives.