hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gudiyatham Assembly constituency
Gudiyatham or 'Gudiyattam' is a state assembly constituency in Tamil Nadu, India. Its State Assembly Constituency number is 46. It comprises portions of the Gudiyattam and Vaniyambadi taluks and is a part of Vellore Lok Sabha constituency for national elections. The seat is reserved for candidates from the Scheduled Castes. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu in India.

Reservation in India
Reservation is a system of affirmative action in India that was established during the British Raj. Based on provisions in the Indian constitution, it allows the union government and the states and union territories of India to allocate a specific percentage of reserved quotas or seats, in higher education admissions, employment, political bodies, etc., for "socially and economically backward citizens". Since its implementation, reservation has been a subject of massive debates and controversies over its impact, execution and effectiveness, significantly shaping the agendas of political parties and the actions of social groups.
Wolfhart Hauser
Wolfhart Gunnar Hauser (born 5 December 1949) is a German businessman, a former executive chairman of FirstGroup, and a former chief executive of Intertek, a British multinational inspection, product testing and certification company, from 2005 to 2015.

Hauser has a master's degree in medicine from Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich and a doctorate from Technical University Munich.

Hauser wrote his dissertation on the prevention of ski injuries, and went on to develop a ski binding that was certified by international quality organisations - his ski binding remains an ISO standard.
Hauser was the chief executive of Intertek from March 2005 to 16 May 2015, and a non-executive director at Logica since 1 January 2007.

In July 2015, Hauser became the chairman of FirstGroup. In July 2019, Hauser did not stand for reelection at the AGM and stepped down from the board.

Technical University of Munich
The Technical University of Munich (TUM or TU Munich; German: Technische Universität München) is a public research university in Munich, Bavaria, Germany. It specializes in engineering, technology, medicine, and applied and natural sciences.

Established in 1868 by King Ludwig II of Bavaria, the university now has additional campuses in Garching, Freising, Heilbronn, Straubing, Ottobrunn, and Singapore, with the Garching campus being its largest. The university is organized into seven schools, and is supported by numerous research centers. It is one of the largest universities in Germany, with 51,954 students and an annual budget of €2,171.0 million including the university hospital.

A University of Excellence under the German Universities Excellence Initiative, TUM is among the leading universities in the European Union. Its researchers and alumni include 19 Nobel laureates and 26 Leibniz Prize winners.
Danel Castro
Danel Castro Muñagorri (born July 2, 1976) is a Cuban baseball player. He won a silver medal in the 2000 Summer Olympics playing for Cub. He also won a gold medal in the 1999 Pan American Games, the 1998 Baseball World Cup, and 2003 Baseball World Cup. In 2022, he bit the record for the most hits in Cuban baseball, exceeding 2,400 hits.

He was born on July 2, 1976 in Las Tunas, Cuba.

1998 Baseball World Cup
The 1998 Baseball World Cup (BWC) was the 33rd international Men's amateur baseball tournament. The tournament was sanctioned by the International Baseball Federation, which titled it the Amateur World Series from the 1938 tournament through the 1986 AWS. The tournament was held, for the third time, in Italy, from July 21 to August 2. The final was a repeat of the previous BWC tournament, with Cuba again defeating South Korea in the final, winning its 22nd title.

There were 16 participating countries, split into two groups, with the first four of each group qualifying for the finals.

This was the first edition of the tournament that allowed professional players to take part in the competition.

The next six competitions were also held as the BWC tournament, which was replaced in 2015 by the quadrennial WBSC Premier12.
William Dean Howells House (Cambridge, Massachusetts)
The William Dean Howells House is a house built and occupied by American author William Dean Howells and family. It is located at 37 Concord Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts. The house was designed by Howell's wife, Elinor Mead, and occupied by the family from 1873 to 1878. Authors including Mark Twain, Henry James, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and Thomas Bailey Aldrich visited the Howells in this house, as did U.S. President James Garfield, and Helen Keller lived there afterwards while attending school.

Thomas Bailey Aldrich
Thomas Bailey Aldrich (/ˈɔːldrɪtʃ/ AWL-dritch; November 11, 1836 – March 19, 1907) was an American writer, poet, critic, and editor. He is notable for his long editorship of The Atlantic Monthly, during which he published writers including Charles W. Chesnutt. He was also known for his semi-autobiographical book The Story of a Bad Boy, which established the "bad boy's book" subgenre in nineteenth-century American literature, and for his poetry.
Mike Hunter (politician)
Mike Hunter (born May 7, 1947) was a Liberal member of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia for the riding of Nanaimo, he served in that capacity from 2001 to 2005. He was the first non-New Democrat elected in the riding since the 1969 provincial election. As of May 2024, he is the last non-New Democrat to be elected in the riding.

Prior to becoming a politician, Hunter was the head of the British Columbia Fisheries Council, an industry association of companies active in the west coast fishery of Canada.  He was also involved with the British Columbia Seafood Sector Council, a joint business-labour organization that promoted collaborative solutions to problems in the British Columbia seafood processing industry.

In the 2005 provincial election, Hunter lost his seat to former NDP leadership candidate Leonard Krog.

Legislative Assembly of British Columbia
The Legislative Assembly of British Columbia (French: Assemblée législative de la Colombie-Britannique) is the deliberative assembly of the Legislature of British Columbia, in the province of British Columbia, Canada. The legislature also includes the lieutenant governor of British Columbia. The assembly has 93 elected members and meets in Victoria. Members are elected from provincial ridings and are referred to as members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs). Bills passed by the assembly are given royal assent by the lieutenant governor in the name of the King of Canada.

The current legislature is the 43rd Parliament. The most recent general election was held on October 19, 2024. Proceedings of the Legislative Assembly are broadcast by Hansard Broadcasting Services.
Vovan and Lexus
Vladimir Aleksandrovich Kuznetsov (Russian: Владимир Александрович Кузнецов, or Krasnov, nicknamed Vovan222, born 11 November 1986) and Aleksei Vladimirovich Stolyarov (born 16 September 1987), jointly known as Vovan and Lexus (Russian: Вован и Лексус, romanized: Vovan i Leksus), are Russian comedians noted for their prank telephone calls to prominent individuals.

The duo often prank those who are critical of the Russian government or Russian foreign policy, particularly non-Russians; they have been called state actors for the Russian government or the Federal Security Service (FSB), Russia's principal security agency, a claim the comedians deny.

State action
In United States constitutional law, state action is an action by a person who is acting on behalf of a governmental body, and is therefore subject to limitations imposed on government by the United States Constitution, including the First, Fifth, and Fourteenth Amendments, which prohibit the federal and state governments from violating certain rights and freedoms.
2023 Nyingchi avalanche
An avalanche struck a road in Nyingchi at around 7:50 PM China Standard Time on 17 January 2023. Twenty-eight people were killed and 53 others were rescued, five of whom were seriously injured.

Local reports attributed the avalanche to high winds and warming temperatures, and identified most of the victims as travelers during the spring travel rush prior to the Chinese New Year. The affected road was between Pei, Tibet, and the exit of the Doxong La tunnel, in Medog County. Victims were trapped inside the tunnel and in their vehicles under snow and ice.

At least 1,348 rescuers and 236 pieces of equipment were deployed, digging a 7.5 kilometres (4.7 mi) path through waist-deep snow in rough terrain. Rescue operations concluded at 5:30 PM on 20 January 2023.

Chunyun
Chunyun (traditional Chinese: 春運; simplified Chinese: 春运; pinyin: Chūnyùn; literally translated as “Spring transportation”), also referred to as the Spring Festival travel rush or the Chunyun period, is a period of travel in China with extremely high traffic load around the time of the Chinese New Year. The travel season in China usually begins 15 days before New Year's Day and lasts for around 40 days. In 2016 it was predicted that there would be 2.9 billion passenger journeys during that year's Chunyun season. It has been called the largest annual human migration in the world. Rail transport experiences the biggest challenge during the period, and several problems have emerged. This phenomenon is also seen in parts of Asia such as Japan, Vietnam and South Korea.
S3 (Berlin)
S3 is a line on the Berlin S-Bahn. It operates from Erkner to Spandau. For most of its existence since becoming a numbered route in 1984, the S3's line has been coloured blue.

S3 originally was shortened to Ostbahnhof from 2003 to 2009 while awaiting renovation works. To compensate for the diminished throughput on the Stadtbahn, the S3 (formerly Erkner ↔ Ostbahnhof) was extended westwards to Spandau. Then, it was temporarily shortened again to Ostkreuz.

Berlin Ostbahnhof
Berlin Ostbahnhof (German for Berlin East railway station) is a main line railway station in Berlin, Germany. It is located in the Friedrichshain quarter, now part of Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg borough, and has undergone several name changes in its history. It was known as Berlin Hauptbahnhof from 1987 to 1998, a name now applied to Berlin's new central station at the former Lehrter station. Alongside Berlin Zoologischer Garten station it was one of the city's two main stations; however, it has declined in significance since the opening of the new Hauptbahnhof on 26 May 2006, and many mainline trains have been re-routed on the North–South mainline through the new Tiergarten tunnel, bypassing Ostbahnhof. This station is open 24/7.
Minister of State (Greece)
The Minister of State (Greek: Υπουργός Επικρατείας) is a position within the Cabinet of Greece.

There are currently two Ministers of State serving in the Cabinet of Kyriakos Mitsotakis: Kostis Hatzidakis, who also serves as Deputy Prime Minister, and Akis Skertsos.

Alexandros Diomidis
Alexandros Diomidis (Greek: Αλέξανδρος Διομήδης; 3 January 1875 – 11 November 1950) was a governor of the Central Bank of Greece who became Prime Minister of Greece upon the death of Themistoklis Sofoulis.
Grace W. Root
Grace Worcester Root (25 April 1869 – 15 July 1898) was an American actress and composer who died from chloroform poisoning. She published her music under the name Grace W. Root.

Root was born in Boston to a musical family. Her mother was Mary Olive Woodman and her father was George Frederick Root, who was well known for his Civil War songs. Her older brother Frederic Woodman Root was also a composer.

Little is known about Root's education. She appeared as an actress with a company run by the Frohman Brothers, and died from chloroform poisoning in Portland, Maine, when she was 29 years old.

Root's music was published by Summy Birchard. Her songs included:

"A Sunset Song" (text by Sidney Lanier)

"For Thee"

"The Spell of the Waltz"

Warner Chappell Music
Warner Chappell Music, Inc. is an American music publishing company and a subsidiary of the Warner Music Group. Warner Chappell Music's catalog consists of over 1.4 million compositions and 150,000 composers, with offices in over 40 countries.

It was formed in 1987 when Warner Music Group acquired Chappell & Co. and combined it with its existing music publishing division. Although the company previously had sheet music publishing activities, these were sold in 2005 and the company now focuses on music licensing and related services.
Venus, Chennai
Venus (Tamil: வீனஸ்), is a small neighbourhood of Perambur and a commercial area in North Chennai, a metropolitan city in Tamil Nadu, India. The small area around erstwhile Venus Theatre is called Venus unofficially by the people around Perambur. The erstwhile Venus theatre was demolished and a new mall namely Spectrum Mall was constructed, which has a five screen PVR multiplex. The mall was developed and promoted by Ganga Foundations.

Spectrum Mall (Chennai)
Spectrum Mall (formerly known as Grand Venus Mall) is a shopping mall located in Perambur, Chennai, India. It is the first mall in North Chennai. The mall was developed at the site of erstwhile Venus theater on Paper Mills Road in Perambur. The mall is spread over an area of 160,000 square feet with two levels of retail shopping and a five screen multiplex. It has two levels of basement parking with capacity of 200 cars and 800 two wheelers. The mall is developed and promoted by Ganga Foundations. The mall has Big Bazaar as its anchor store The mall was soft launched in September 2011 as Grand Venus Mall. It was rebranded as Spectrum mall and was officially launched in September 2012 along with its PVR Cinemas multiplex.
Wave interference
In physics, interference is a phenomenon in which two coherent waves are combined by adding their intensities or displacements with due consideration for their phase difference. The resultant wave may have greater amplitude (constructive interference) or lower amplitude (destructive interference) if the two waves are in phase or out of phase, respectively.
Interference effects can be observed with all types of waves, for example, light, radio, acoustic, surface water waves, gravity waves, or matter waves as well as in loudspeakers as electrical waves.

Angular frequency
In physics, angular frequency (symbol ω), also called angular speed and angular rate, is a scalar measure of the angle rate (the angle per unit time) or the temporal rate of change of the phase argument of a sinusoidal waveform or sine function (for example, in oscillations and waves).
Angular frequency (or angular speed) is the magnitude of the pseudovector quantity angular velocity.

Angular frequency can be obtained by multiplying rotational frequency, ν (or ordinary frequency, f) by a full turn (2π radians): ω = 2π rad⋅ν.
It can also be formulated as ω = dθ/dt, the instantaneous rate of change of the angular displacement, θ, with respect to time, t.
Volodymyr Biletskyy
Volodymyr Stefanovych Biletskyy (Ukrainian: Володимир Стефанович Білецький; born 26 January 1950) is a Ukrainian mining engineer, D.Sc. scientist, and researcher in the field of coal mining, publisher and political scientist. He has published many technical articles on the subject of mining, and was the initiator and editor of the first Ukrainian Mining Encyclopedia.

Donetsk National Technical University
The Donetsk National Technical University (abbr. DonNTU, formerly Donetsk Polytechnic Institute as well as other names) is the largest and oldest higher education institution established in Donbas, founded in 1921. Since 2024, a Ukrainian-controlled campus has been operating in Drohobych, Lviv Oblast, due to the Russo-Ukrainian war. The Russian-controlled campus in Donetsk continues to function, leaving the university effectively split between the two governments.
Hell (2011 film)
Hell is a 2011 German-Swiss post-apocalyptic film directed by Tim Fehlbaum in his directorial debut. The German-language screenplay was written by Fehlbaum, Oliver Kahl and Thomas Woebke. The filmmaker Roland Emmerich acted as executive producer, with Gabriele Walther and Wöbke acting as producers.

The film is about a young woman named Marie (Hannah Herzsprung), her boyfriend Phillip (Lars Eidinger) and her younger sister Leonie (Lisa Vicari) who are driving through the blighted wasteland of Germany after a climate crisis has destroyed society. Parched by thirst, the trio scavenge for water, gas and supplies. The trio are joined by a male survivor, Tom (Stipe Erceg), who they encounter in the ruins. Later, after the group is ambushed by carjackers who abduct Leonie and take the vehicle, all of the group end up being captured by a farming family who hold survivors in the farm's former slaughterhouse to use them as a source of food.

Lars Eidinger
Lars Eidinger (German: [laʁs ˈaɪ̯dɪŋɐ] ⓘ; born 1975 or 1976) is a German actor and rapper, based in Berlin. He has appeared in German and international film and television productions, including the 2020 film My Little Sister, the German series Babylon Berlin (2017–2022), the 2023 American miniseries All the Light We Cannot See, and the 2024 film Dying.
Westmeath Provincial Park
Westmeath Provincial Park is a provincial park on the Ottawa River in Renfrew County, Ontario, Canada. Located on the section of the river known as Bellows Bay, it features a long sandy beach and an active sandspit. It is one of the most pristine sand dune and wetland complexes along the southern Ottawa River.

As a non-operating park, the park has no facilities and overnight camping is not permitted. Its primary purpose is the protection the sand dunes and wetlands and their distinctive species. Unlike most Ontario provincial parks, where hunting and possession of firearms are prohibited, waterfowl hunting is allowed within the park.

Provincial park
A provincial park (or territorial park) is a park administered by one of the provinces of a country, as opposed to a national park. They are similar to state parks in other countries. They are typically open to the public for recreation. Their environment may be more or less strictly protected.
Cutting compound
Cutting compound consists of an abrasive suspended in a paste. Like most abrasives, it comes in various grit sizes dependent upon how much matter is to be removed. It is used on automotive paintwork to cut through (abrade) oxidised paint or to polish out scratches in the paintwork. The oxidised paint is duller than fresh paint and the cutting compound is used to expose this fresher surface. Modern automotive painting often includes a thin, transparent protective coating on which cutting compound should not be used. Cutting is not something that should necessarily be done often as it will eventually strip all the paint from the surface, which both is less appealing and offers less chemical resistance. Waxing to protect the newly exposed surface is an important part of maintenance.

Polishing
Polishing is the process of creating a smooth and shiny surface by rubbing it or by applying a chemical treatment, leaving a clean surface with a significant specular reflection (still limited by the index of refraction of the material according to the Fresnel equations). In some materials (such as metals, glasses, black or transparent stones), polishing  is also able to reduce diffuse reflection to minimal values.

When an unpolished surface is  magnified thousands of times, it usually looks like a succession of mountains and valleys. By repeated abrasion, those "mountains" are worn down until they are flat or just small "hills". The process of polishing with abrasives starts with a coarse grain size and gradually proceeds to the finer ones to efficiently flatten the surface imperfections and to obtain optimal results.
Roger Nicolet
Roger Nicolet (18 December 1931 – 18 January 2020) was a Belgian engineer. He oversaw several major building projects, including Place Bonaventure, Le Village Olympique, Place Montreal Trust, Royal Bank Plaza, the CN Tower, King Abdulaziz University, the Louvre Pyramid, and the Tehran International Tower. He was an Officer of the National Order of Quebec.

Tehran International Tower
Tehran International Tower (Persian: برج بین‌المللی تهران) (Also Tehran Tower) is a 56-story residential tower in Tehran, Iran. It is It is the second tallest residential tower in Iran after the Odima Tower in Mazandaran, and the second tallest building in Iran.

It is located north of Yusef Abad and Amir Abad districts, close to Kurdistan and Qasem Soleimani Expressway.
Pod Save the People
Pod Save the People is an American political podcast produced and distributed by Crooked Media. The show was created, and is hosted by activist DeRay Mckesson with co-hosts Kaya Henderson, De'Ara Balenger and Myles E. Johnson.

Mckesson talks about culture, social justice, and politics by exploring the history, language, and people who are shaping the struggle for progress — and talking about the steps that each of us can take to make a difference. When asked about the podcast's purpose, Mckessen said: "It is about creating space for conversation about the most important issues of the week. It is also about making sure people have the information they need to be the most thoughtful activists and organizers".

Notable guests have included Edward Snowden, Senator Cory Booker, soccer player Megan Rapinoe, Reverend Al Sharpton, singer John Legend, TV host Ricki Lake and singer Katy Perry.

Earlier analysts on the show included Samuel Sinyangwe, Clint Smith, and Brittany Packnett.

Brittany Packnett Cunningham
Brittany N. Packnett Cunningham (born November 12, 1984) is an American activist and the co-founder of Campaign Zero. She served as executive director for Teach for America in St. Louis, Missouri, then as a member of President Barack Obama's Task Force on 21st Century Policing.
Enera
Enera was a Roman–Berber civitas (town) in the province of Numidia. It is believed to have been located in modern Algeria. The town was also a former Roman Catholic diocese.

The only known bishop of this bishopric was Massimino, who took part in the Council of Carthage (411). Enera is now a titular bishopric. Its current bishop is José Aparecido Gonçalves de Almeida, of Brasília.

Civitas
In Ancient Rome, a civitas (Latin pronunciation: [ˈkiːwɪtaːs]; plural civitates), sometimes translated as "city", was the social body of the cives, or citizens, united by their laws, which gave them responsibilities (Latin: munera) on the one hand, and rights on the other. The agreement (concilium) has a life of its own, creating a res publica or "public entity" (synonymous with civitas), into which individuals are born or accepted, and from which they die or are ejected. The civitas is not just the collective body of all the citizens; it is the contract binding them all together, because each of them is a civis.
1979 Plymouth City Council election
The 1979 Plymouth City Council election took place on 3 May 1979 to elect members of Plymouth City Council in Devon, England. This was on the same day as other local elections. It was the first election to be held under new ward boundaries. The Conservative Party retained control of the council, which it had held since its creation in 1973.

Plymouth City Council
Plymouth City Council is the local authority for the city of Plymouth, in the ceremonial county of Devon, England. Plymouth has had a council since 1439, which has been reformed on numerous occasions. Since 1998 the council has been a unitary authority, being a district council which also performs the functions of a county council; it is independent from Devon County Council.

The council has been under Labour majority control since 2023. It meets at the Council House in the city centre and has its main offices at Ballard House in the Millbay area of the city. The population of the unitary authority is 277,695.