hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Apriorism
Apriorism (sometimes a priorism or a-priorism) in modern times, refers to epistemological positions that assume that certain knowledge can be justified without reference to experience, or, in a narrower sense, that knowledge is entirely possible without any experience. The truth of statements is to be proven by logical deduction from true premises. Only those presuppositions come into question that can be regarded as necessities of reason independent of any experience. Critics accuse apriorism of committing a “petitio principii”, i.e. proving something that is already assumed to be true. Johann August Heinrich Ulrich – a contemporary of Immanuel Kant and professor of philosophy in Jena – criticized Kant's a priorism in this sense. Kant maintained that his philosophy was firmly based on a priori categories and concepts.

Hans Albert
Hans Albert (German: [ˈalbɛʁt]; 8 February 1921 – 24 October 2023) was a German philosopher. He was professor of social sciences at the University of Mannheim from 1963, and remained at the university until 1989. His fields of research were social sciences and general studies of methods. He was a critical rationalist, paying special attention to rational heuristics. Albert was a strong critic of the continental hermeneutic tradition coming from Heidegger and Gadamer.
León metropolitan area
The metropolitan area of León is the seventh most populated metropolitan area in Mexico, with nearly 1,609,717 inhabitants. It includes the core city of León, Guanajuato, with a population of 1,436,733. The metropolitan area also includes the municipality of Silao, all situated in the state of Guanajuato, Mexico.

Silao, Guanajuato
Silao is a municipality in the west-central part of the state of Guanajuato in Mexico. Its seat is the city of the same name.

This municipality lies adjacent to the west side of the municipality of Guanajuato, the state capital. This municipality has an area of 531.41 km² (205.18 sq mi) and a population of 147,123, and includes numerous small outlying communities, the largest of which are Colonias Nuevo México and La Aldea.

The municipal president Is Carlos garcia villaseñor of Morena Party

Silao is home to the Guanajuato Inland Port transshipment facility.

General Motors and Volkswagen have production plants in this city. Also the Bajío International Airport is located in Silao.
Graham Cooke
Graham Cooke is a clinician scientist and  NIHR Professor of Infectious Diseases at the Wright-Fleming Institute of Imperial College London. He is best known for his work on viral hepatitis, particularly hepatitis C.

Viral hepatitis
Viral hepatitis is liver inflammation due to a viral infection. It may present in acute form as a recent infection with relatively rapid onset, or in chronic form, typically progressing from a long-lasting asymptomatic condition up to a decompensated hepatic disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

The most common causes of viral hepatitis are the five unrelated hepatotropic viruses hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Other viruses can also cause liver inflammation, including cytomegalovirus, Epstein–Barr virus, and yellow fever. There also have been scores of recorded cases of viral hepatitis caused by herpes simplex virus.
Alfred Valenzuela
Alfred A. Valenzuela is a retired United States Army major general who commanded United States Army South (USARSO) at Fort Buchanan, Puerto Rico and San Antonio, Texas. He also served as Deputy Commanding General (DCINC) of U.S. Southern Command.

Valenzuela was deployed as part of 3rd Infantry Division as part of Operation Desert Storm.

Defense Meritorious Service Medal
The Defense Meritorious Service Medal (DMSM) is an award bestowed upon members of the United States military by the United States Department of Defense. In the order of precedence of the United States Armed Forces, it is worn between the Purple Heart and the Meritorious Service Medal. The medal is awarded in the name of the Secretary of Defense to members of the Armed Forces who, while serving in a joint activity, distinguish themselves by meritorious service, but not of a degree to warrant award of the Defense Superior Service Medal.

The medal is not the same as the Meritorious Service Medal, which is a separate federal military decoration. Both have virtually identical award criteria, but the DMSM is awarded to service members assigned to joint, multi-service organizations, while the MSM is awarded to service members in traditional military units within their respective individual services.
Beloyarsky, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Beloyarsky (Russian: Белоя́рский; Khanty: Нуви сӑңхум, Nuvi săŋhum) is a town and the administrative center of Beloyarsky District in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Russia, located on the Kazim River (Ob's tributary), northwest of Khanty-Mansiysk, the administrative center of the autonomous okrug. Population:  20,283 (2010 Census); 18,721 (2002 Census); 20,534 (1989 Soviet census).

Autonomous okrugs of Russia
Autonomous okrugs, (Russian: автономный округ, romanized: avtonomnyy okrug) which are also referred to as "autonomous districts" or "autonomous areas" are a type of federal subject of the Russian Federation and simultaneously an administrative division type of some federal subjects. As of 2024, Russia has four autonomous okrugs of its 83 federal subjects. The Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is the only okrug which is not subordinate to an oblast. The Nenets Autonomous Okrug is a part of Arkhangelsk Oblast, the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug are parts of Tyumen Oblast.

According to the Constitution of the Soviet Union, in case of a union republic voting on leaving the Soviet Union, autonomous republics, autonomous oblasts, and autonomous okrugs had the right, by means of a referendum, to independently resolve whether they will stay in the USSR or leave with the seceding union republic, as well as to raise the issue of their state-legal status.
Zebulon Aiton Lash
Zebulon Aiton Lash, KC (September 29, 1846 – January 24, 1920) was a Canadian lawyer, civil servant, and businessman.

Born in St. John's, Newfoundland son of William Lash and Margaret Fannon, Lash was called to the Ontario bar in 1868. He practiced law in Toronto. In 1872, he became a lecturer at Osgoode Hall Law School. In 1876, he started working in the Department of Justice in Ottawa as chief clerk. From September 1, 1876, to May 22, 1882, he was Deputy Minister, succeeding Hewitt Bernard. He was created a Queen's Counsel in 1879 and was elected a bencher of the Law Society of Upper Canada in 1886.

In 1882, he joined Edward Blake's law firm in Toronto best known as Blake, Lash, Anglin, and Cassels.

Newfoundland Colony
Newfoundland was an English, and later British, colony established in 1610 on the island of Newfoundland. That followed decades of sporadic English settlement on the island, which was at first only seasonal. Newfoundland was made a Crown colony in 1824 and a dominion in 1907. Its economy collapsed during the Great Depression. On 16 February 1934, the Newfoundland legislature agreed to the creation of a six-member Commission of Government to govern the country. In 1949, the country voted to join Canada as the province of Newfoundland.
Refbase
refbase is a web-based institutional repository and reference management software written in PHP and using MySQL as a back-end database. It is available under the terms of the GPL license and its packages are featured in the official repositories of Gentoo Linux and Mandriva Linux.

refbase can be used to collect and share digital copies of publications such as an academic institution's research output. refbase has also been used as a publication archive, for example, the Washington State University did use refbase to provide access to its collection of the Pullman Herald newspaper.

refbase has been cited as one of the first web-based open-source tools to facilitate collaborative reference management.

Mandriva Linux
Mandriva Linux, a fusion of the French distribution Mandrake Linux and the Brazilian distribution Conectiva Linux, is a discontinued Linux distribution developed by Mandriva S.A.

Each release lifetime was 18 months for base updates (Linux, system software, etc.) and 12 months for desktop updates (window managers, desktop environments, web browsers, etc.). Server products received full updates for at least five years after their release.

The last release of Mandriva Linux was in August 2011. Most developers who were laid off went to Mageia. Later on, the remaining developers teamed up with community members and formed OpenMandriva, a continuation of Mandriva.
2012 Caloundra International – Doubles
Matthew Ebden and Samuel Groth were the defending champions but Ebden decided not to participate.
Groth partners up with Adam Feeney, but lost in the first round to John Peers and John-Patrick Smith.
Peers and Smith then went on to win the title, defeating John Paul Fruttero and Raven Klaasen in the final, 7–6(7–5), 6–4.

John-Patrick Smith
John-Patrick Tracey "JP" Smith (born 24 January 1989) is an Australian professional tennis player who specializes in doubles. He reached his highest ATP singles ranking of world No. 108 on 28 September 2015 and his highest doubles ranking of No. 39 on 2 February 2026.

Smith reached the finals of the 2019 Australian Open mixed doubles alongside fellow Australian Astra Sharma and of the 2025 Australian Open mixed doubles alongside another compatriot Kimberly Birrell.
A Treasury of Science Fiction
A Treasury of Science Fiction is an American anthology of science fiction short stories edited by Groff Conklin. It was first published in hardcover by Crown Publishers in 1948, and reprinted in March 1951. A later edition was issued by Bonanza Books/Crown Publishers in March 1980. An abridged paperback version including eight of its thirty stories was published by Berkley Books in July 1957 and reprinted in January 1958 and January 1965.

The book and Adventures in Time and Space were among the only science fiction hardcovers from large, mainstream publishers before about 1950. It collects thirty novellas, novelettes and short stories by various science fiction authors, together with an introduction by the editor. The stories were previously published from 1929-1947 in various science fiction and other magazines. Conklin did not know how to contact Martin Pearson, and used an advertisement in Astounding Science Fiction to find him to pay the royalty.

Crown Publishing Group
The Crown Publishing Group is a subsidiary of Penguin Random House that publishes across several fiction and non-fiction categories. Originally founded in 1933 as a remaindered books wholesaler called Outlet Book Company, the firm expanded into publishing original content in 1936 under the Crown name, and was acquired by Random House in 1988. Under Random House's ownership, the Crown Publishing Group was operated as an independent division until 2018, when it was merged with the rest of Random House's adult programs.
Linda Lizotte-MacPherson
Linda Lizotte-MacPherson; Canadian public servant. She was the president of the Canada Border Services Agency from July 6, 2015, to December 2, 2016.

Lizotte-MacPherson is a graduate of Carleton University, where she earned a Bachelor of Commerce (honours) degree, and from Queen's University's Digital's Executive Development Program and finished the Board of Directors Program through the Institute of Corporate Directors. She was president of the Canada School of Public Service from October 2012 to July 2015. From October 2009 to October 2012, she was commissioner and chief executive officer of the Canada Revenue Agency. She was senior associate deputy minister of Human Resources and Skills Development Canada and chief operating officer for Service Canada. She was associate secretary of the Treasury Board from 2005 to 2008. She was also the first chief executive officer of the Canada Health Infoway Inc and chief information officer for the federal government from 1998 to 2000.

Canada School of Public Service
45°25′48″N 75°41′50″W﻿ / ﻿45.4301052°N 75.6972469°W﻿ / 45.4301052; -75.6972469

The Canada School of Public Service was created on April 1, 2004. The School is the main educational institution for the Government of Canada, and is part of the Treasury Board portfolio. It was created from an amalgamation of the following three organizations: the Canadian Centre for Management Development, Training and Development Canada and Language Training Canada.
Gaszowice, Silesian Voivodeship
Gaszowice [ɡaʂɔˈvit͡sɛ] is a village in southern Poland located in the Silesian Voivodeship in Rybnik County (Gmina Gaszowice). From 1975 to 1998, the village belonged to and was administered by the Katowice Voivodeship.

Rybnik County
Rybnik County (Polish: powiat rybnicki) is a suburban county in Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland, created in 1999 as a result of Polish local government reforms. Its administrative seat is the city of Rybnik, although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county). The county consists of three disjoint parts, separated by the city of Rybnik. In the past decade, Rybnik country experienced significant population growth, due to urban sprawl of adjacent cities.

At the 2002 census, the population was 72,926. As of 2019, the population was 78,148.
Hauter
Hauter is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

François Hauter (born 1951), French reporter

Rolf Hauter, South African Navy officer

Wenonah Hauter (born 1954), American environmentalist

François Hauter
François Hauter (born 1951) is a French senior reporter, a former chief editor for Le Figaro and correspondent in Africa, China and the United-States. He won the Albert Londres Prize in 1986 and the Louis Hachette prize in 2008.

He was born in France, in Alsace where he spent his childhood. Very early, he went to America. He was a war reporter in Lebanon, Chad, Cambodia and Afghanistan. He has been a member of the Albert London Prize jury since 1988 and is now a writer.
1943 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships
The 1943 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships were organized by the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) and served as the national championships in outdoor track and field for the United States.

The men's edition was held at Downing Stadium in New York City, New York, and it took place 19–20 June. The women's meet was held separately at Lakewood High School in Lakewood, Ohio, on 15 August.

It was the first time in men's championships history that no meeting records were set (mostly due to World War II). In the women's competition, Stella Walsh led her Polish Olympic Women's Athletic Club to the team title by winning three events.

Downing Stadium
Downing Stadium, previously known as Triborough Stadium and Randall's Island Stadium, was a 22,000-seat stadium on Randalls Island in New York City. It was renamed Downing Stadium in 1955 after John J. Downing, a director at the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. It was demolished in 2002 and the current Icahn Stadium was built on the site.
Huilong Township, Henan
Huilong Township (simplified Chinese: 回龙乡; traditional Chinese: 回龍鄉; pinyin: Huílóng Xiāng) is a township of Tongbai County in southern Henan province, China, located near the trisection of the prefecture-level cities of Nanyang, Zhumadian, and Xinyang. It is situated 119 kilometres (74 mi) southeast of Nanyang, 48 km (30 mi) southwest of Zhumadian and 62 km (39 mi)  northwest of Xinyang. As of 2011, it has 10 villages under its administration.

Zhumadian
Zhumadian (simplified Chinese: 驻马店; traditional Chinese: 駐馬店; pinyin: Zhùmǎdiàn; postal: Chumatien) is a prefecture-level city in southern Henan province, China. It borders Xinyang to the south, Nanyang to the west, Pingdingshan to the northwest, Luohe to the north, Zhoukou to the northeast, and the province of Anhui to the east.

As of the 2020 Chinese census, its total population was 7,008,427 inhabitants whom 1,466,913 lived in the built-up (or metro) area made of Yicheng District and Suiping County now conurbated.

It was once the center of the Cai state during the Eastern Zhou era. The state leaves its name in several of the subdivisions including Shangcai County and Xincai County.
Communauté d'agglomération Arche Agglo
Communauté d'agglomération Arche Agglo is the communauté d'agglomération, an intercommunal structure, centred on the town of Tournon-sur-Rhône. It is located in the Ardèche and Drôme departments, in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, southeastern France. Created in 2017, its seat is in Mauves. Its area is 498.0 km2. Its population was 57,897 in 2019, of which 10,622 in Tournon-sur-Rhône proper.

Ardèche
Ardèche (French pronunciation: [aʁdɛʃ] ⓘ; Occitan: Ardecha, pronounced [aɾˈdet͡ʃɔ]; Arpitan: Ardecha) is a department in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Southeastern France. It is named after the river Ardèche and had a population of 328,278 as of 2019. Its prefecture is in Privas, but its largest city is Annonay.
Kim Thorson
Kim Thorson (March 2, 1932 – January 7, 2026) was a Canadian lawyer and politician in Saskatchewan. He represented Souris-Estevan from 1956 to 1960 as a Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) member and from 1971 to 1975 as a New Democratic Party (NDP) member in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan.

Souris-Estevan
Souris-Estevan is a former provincial electoral district for the Legislative Assembly of the province of Saskatchewan, Canada. This district was created for the 7th Saskatchewan general election in 1934 by combining the districts of Souris and Estevan.

The constituency was dissolved and divided between the districts of Estevan and Cannington (as "Souris-Cannington") before the 18th Saskatchewan general election in 1975.
Solkieniki
Solkieniki [sɔlkʲɛˈniki] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Barciany, within Kętrzyn County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately 12 km (7 mi) north-west of Barciany, 25 km (16 mi) north-west of Kętrzyn, and 73 km (45 mi) north-east of the regional capital Olsztyn.

Kętrzyn
Kętrzyn ([ˈkɛntʂɨn] ⓘ, until 1946 Rastembork; German: Rastenburg [ˈʁastn̩bʊʁk] ⓘ) is a town in northeastern Poland with 27,478 inhabitants (2019). It is the capital of Kętrzyn County in the Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship.

The town is known for the surrounding Masurian Lakeland and numerous monuments of historical value such as the Wolf's Lair in nearby Gierłoż, which was Adolf Hitler's primary headquarters over the course of Nazi Germany's military campaign on the Eastern Front during World War II. The town is also known for its 14th century Teutonic Kętrzyn Castle.
Winsley Mines
Winsley Mines (grid reference ST795607) is a 1.48 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest, near the village of Winsley in Wiltshire, England, notified in 1989.

The site is a hibernation roost for the Greater Horseshoe bat, and forms part of the Bath and Bradford-on-Avon Bats Special Area of Conservation.

Greater horseshoe bat
The greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum) is an insectivorous bat of the genus Rhinolophus. Its distribution covers Europe, Northern Africa, Central Asia and Eastern Asia. It is the largest of the horseshoe bats in Europe and is thus easily distinguished from other species. The species is sedentary, typically travelling up to 30 kilometres (19 mi) between the winter and summer roosts, with the longest recorded movement being 180 km (110 mi). The frequencies used by this bat species for echolocation lie between 69–83 kHz, have most energy at 81 kHz and have an average duration of 37.4 ms.
Methanohalophilus
Methanohalophilus is a genus of archaeans in the family Methanosarcinaceae.

The species are strictly anaerobic and live solely through the production of methane, using methyl compounds as substrates. The genus Methanohalophilus contains four moderately halophilic species, Methanohalophilus mahii and Methanohalophilus hillemani cultured from Utah's Great Salt Lake in the United States, Methanohalophilus halophilus isolated from Shark Bay in Australia, and Methanohalophilus portucalensis isolated from a salt pan in Portugal. It also contains Methanohalophilus oregonese, which is alkaliphilic.

Halophile
A halophile (from the Greek word for 'salt-loving') is an extremophile that thrives in high salt concentrations. In chemical terms, halophile refers to a Lewis acidic species that has some ability to extract halides from other chemical species.

While most halophiles are classified into the domain Archaea, there are also bacterial halophiles and some eukaryotic species, such as the alga Dunaliella salina and fungus Wallemia ichthyophaga. Some well-known species give off a red color from carotenoid compounds, notably bacteriorhodopsin.

Halophiles can be found in water bodies with salt concentration more than five times greater than that of the ocean, such as the Great Salt Lake in Utah, Owens Lake in California, the Lake Urmia in Iran, the Dead Sea, and in evaporation ponds. They are theorized to be a possible analogues for modeling extremophiles that might live in the salty subsurface water ocean of Jupiter's Europa and similar moons.
2013 WAFF Championship
The 2013 West Asian Football Federation Championship (marketed as Qatar 2013) was the 8th WAFF Championship, an international tournament for member nations of the West Asian Football Federation. The tournament was hosted by Qatar from 25 December 2013 to 7 January 2014 and the host country won the tournament for the first time.  The 2012 champions, Syria, did not defend their title.

WAFF Championship
The West Asian Football Federation Championship (Arabic: بطولة اتحاد غرب آسيا لكرة القدم), or simply WAFF Championship, is an international association football competition contested by the senior men's national teams of the members of the West Asian Football Federation (WAFF), the governing body of football in West Asia. The championship has been held nine times since the first edition in 2000.

The defending champions are Bahrain, having defeated hosts Iraq in the 2019 final. The most successful team is Iran, with four titles; however, they do not compete in the competition anymore as they are no longer members of the WAFF.
Currier v. Virginia
Currier v. Virginia, 585 U.S. 493 (2018), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the court held that if a criminal defendant consents to sever their case into multiple trials, they waive issue preclusion in the subsequent trials. Thus, the government may relitigate their allegations in the subsequent trial even if the defendant was acquitted in the first, and the second trial does not violate double jeopardy.

Double jeopardy
In jurisprudence, double jeopardy is a procedural defence (primarily in common law jurisdictions) that prevents an accused person from being tried again on the same or similar charges following an acquittal or conviction. Double jeopardy is a common concept in criminal law – in civil law, a similar concept is that of res judicata.

A variation in common law countries is the peremptory plea, which may take the specific forms of autrefois acquit ('previously acquitted') or autrefois convict ('previously convicted'). These doctrines appear to have originated in ancient Roman law, in the broader principle non bis in idem ('not twice against the same').