hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Existential generalization
In predicate logic, existential generalization (also known as existential introduction, ∃I) is a valid rule of inference that allows one to move from a specific statement, or one instance, to a quantified generalized statement, or existential proposition. In first-order logic, it is often used as a rule for the existential quantifier () in formal proofs.

Example: "Rover loves to wag his tail. Therefore, something loves to wag its tail."

Example: "Alice made herself a cup of tea. Therefore, Alice made someone a cup of tea."

Example: "Alice made herself a cup of tea. Therefore, someone made someone a cup of tea."

In the Fitch-style calculus:

where  is obtained from  by replacing all its free occurrences of  (or some of them) by .

Validity (logic)
In logic, specifically in deductive reasoning, an argument is valid if and only if it takes a form that makes it impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion nevertheless to be false. It is not required for a valid argument to have premises that are actually true, but to have premises that, if they were true, would guarantee the truth of the argument's conclusion. Valid arguments must be clearly expressed by means of sentences called well-formed formulas (also called wffs or simply formulas).

The validity of an argument can be tested, proved or disproved, and depends on its logical form.
No Vacancy (2022 film)
No Vacancy is a 2022 American drama film directed by Kyle Saylors and starring T.C. Stallings, Dean Cain, and Sean Young.

The film is based on the true story of the First Baptist Church of Leesburg, Florida which purchased the Big Bass Motel in 2009 and transformed it into a residence for the homeless.

Dean Cain
Dean George Tanaka (born July 31, 1966), known professionally as Dean Cain, is an American actor best known for portraying Superman in the 1990s television series Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman. Cain was also the host of Ripley's Believe It or Not! and appeared in the sports drama series Hit the Floor.
Thompson v. Johnson County Community College
Thompson v. Johnson County Community College, 108 F.3d 1388 (10th Cir. 1997) is a decision by the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit, involving the Johnson County Community College and its practice of giving workers no right to privacy in bathrooms or changing rooms. The college had used video to monitor the changing rooms, and since changing is a public function, there should be no expectation of privacy.

Its importance includes rulings on the lack of expectation of privacy in public areas.

United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit
The United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit (in case citations, 10th Cir.) is a federal court with appellate jurisdiction over the district courts in the following districts:

District of Colorado

District of Kansas

District of New Mexico

Eastern District of Oklahoma

Northern District of Oklahoma

Western District of Oklahoma

District of Utah

District of Wyoming

Although the 37th United States Congress passed the Tenth Circuit Act of 1863, the circuit ceased to exist after six years due to the Judiciary Act of 1869. These districts were part of the Eighth Circuit until 1929.
The court is composed of nineteen active judges and is based at the Byron White U.S. Courthouse in Denver, Colorado. It is one of thirteen United States courts of appeals and has jurisdiction over 560,625 square miles, or roughly one seventh of the country's land mass.
Gold: The Best of Spandau Ballet
Gold: The Best of Spandau Ballet is a greatest hits album by English new wave band Spandau Ballet, released on 4 September 2000 by Chrysalis Records. Two versions of the compilation were offered, each with the same 16 of their biggest hits; however, one version also included 1982's "She Loved Like Diamond" while the other featured their late 80s singles "Raw" and "Be Free with Your Love" instead. The album was re-released on 17 August 2008 with a bonus music video DVD.

Chrysalis Records
Chrysalis Records (/ˈkrɪsəlɪs/) is a British independent record label that was founded in 1968. The name is both a reference to the pupal stage of a butterfly and a combination of its founders' names, Chris Wright and Terry Ellis. It started as the Ellis-Wright Agency.
Osse, Łódź Voivodeship
Osse [ˈɔssɛ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stryków, within Zgierz County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central part of Poland. It lies approximately 6 km (4 mi) north-west of Stryków, 14 km (9 mi) north-east of Zgierz, and 18 km (11 mi) north of the regional capital Łódź.

Zgierz
Zgierz [zɡʲɛʂ] ⓘ is a city in central Poland, located just to the north of Łódź, and part of the Łódź metropolitan area. As of 2021, it had a population of 54,974. Located within the historic Łęczyca Land, it is the capital of Zgierz County in the Łódź Voivodeship.
Cololaca
Cololaca is a municipality in the Honduran department of Lempira.

Cololaca is one of the municipalities of the Lempira department. It is located more than 200 km away from Gracias. There is also an alternate way to go there, and that is taking a deviation in San Marcos de Ocotepeque. Taking this unpaved road takes about 30 minutes to Cololaca. The Government is currently working on paving the road from San Marcos de Ocotepeque to Cololaca.

Municipalities of Honduras
Honduras is administratively divided into 18 departments, which are subdivided into 298 municipalities (Spanish: municipios). Municipalities are the only administrative division in Honduras that possess local government. Each municipality has its own elected mayor as opposed to the appointed governors of departments. For statistical purposes, the municipalities are further subdivided into 3731 aldeas, and those into 27969 caserios. At the lowest level, some caserios are subdivided into 3336 barrios or colonias.
Heather Willens
Heather Willens (born October 11, 1971) is an American former professional tennis player.

Willens was raised in California and attended Palisades High School, then continued a family tradition by joining Stanford University. She is the daughter of Wimbledon quarter-finalist Jane Albert Willens and granddaughter of San Francisco 49ers quarterback Frankie Albert, both of whom played for Stanford in their respective sports.

A three-time All-American, she amassed a 91–14 record in dual singles, during her time at Stanford from 1990 to 1993.

On the professional tour, Willens reached a best singles ranking of 379 in the world while competing in the occasional tournament. She made her only WTA Tour main draw appearance at the 1993 Mazda Classic in San Diego and took part in the qualifying draw for the 1993 US Open.

Frankie Albert
Frank Cullen Albert (January 27, 1920 – September 4, 2002) was an American professional football player and coach. He played as a quarterback and punter with the San Francisco 49ers in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC) and later in National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Stanford Indians (now Cardinal), where he led the 1940 football team to an undefeated season and the 1941 Rose Bowl.

Many who saw Albert in action credit him as being the greatest left-handed quarterback ever to play the game. Albert was the first left-handed quarterback to play in the NFL.
City University of Hong Kong Law Review
The City University of Hong Kong Law Review (often CityUHK LR) is a student-edited and peer-reviewed law journal published by the School of Law of the City University of Hong Kong. It was established in October 2009. The journal features articles, notes, book reviews, and recent legal developments in Hong Kong as well as mainland China. The journal is published annually and is available on HeinOnline and Westlaw.

City University of Hong Kong
The City University of Hong Kong (CityUHK) is a public university in Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong. It was founded in 1984 as the City Polytechnic of Hong Kong and formally established as the City University of Hong Kong in 1994.

The university currently has ten main schools offering courses in business, science, engineering, liberal arts and social sciences, law, and veterinary medicine, along with the Chow Yei Ching School of Graduate Studies, CityU Shenzhen Research Institute, and Hong Kong Institute for Advanced Study.
Democrat Creek
Democrat Creek is a stream in Knox County in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is a tributary to Rock Creek. The confluence is approximately one mile south-southeast of Edina.

Democrat Creek was named for the fact a large share of the early settlers were Democrats.

Knox County, Missouri
Knox County is a county located in the northeast portion of the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 census, its population was 3,744, making it the third-least populous county in Missouri. Its county seat is Edina. The county was organized February 14, 1845, and named for U.S. Secretary of War General Henry Knox.
Andrzej Pluciński
Andrzej Pluciński (13 November 1915 in Kraków – 27 August 1963) was a Polish basketball player, who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics.

He was part of the Polish basketball team, which finished fourth in the Olympic tournament. He played in all six matches.

Basketball at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Basketball at the 1936 Summer Olympics was the first appearance of the sport of basketball as an official Olympic medal event.  The tournament was played between 7 and 14 August 1936 in Berlin, Germany.  23 nations entered the competition, making basketball the largest tournament of the team sports, but Hungary and Spain withdrew, meaning 21 competed.

The International Olympic Committee and International Basketball Federation, which is the governing body of international basketball, used the 1936 tournament to experiment with outdoor basketball.  Lawn and dirt tennis courts were used for the competition, but this caused problems when the weather was adverse, especially during the final of the tournament.

The medals were awarded by James Naismith, the inventor of basketball.  The United States won its first gold medal, while Canada and Mexico won silver and bronze, their only medals in basketball, as of 2024.
310th Air Division
The 310th Air Division is an inactive United States Air Force organization. Its last assignment was with Continental Air Command's Twelfth Air Force at Tinker Air Force Base, Oklahoma, where it was inactivated on 27 June 1949.

The division was first activated as the 310th Bombardment Wing in New Guinea during World War II.  It served as a task force headquarters, commanding advanced elements of Fifth Air Force during the New Guinea campaign and the liberation of the Philippines.  After VJ Day, it moved to Japan, serving in the occupation forces until inactivating in March 1946.  The wing was again activated in the reserves in 1947, becoming a division the following year.

Wing (military unit)
In military aviation, a wing is a unit of command. In most military aviation services, a wing is a relatively large formation of planes. In Commonwealth countries a wing usually comprises three squadrons, with several wings forming a group (around 10 squadrons). Each squadron will contain around 20 planes.
Júnior Marreca
Antônio da Cruz Filgueira Júnior, better known as Júnior Marreca (born 2 March 1970), is a Brazilian politician. From 2015 to 2019, he was a member of the Chamber of Deputies. He is the father of Marreca Filho.

Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)
The Chamber of Deputies (Portuguese: Câmara dos Deputados) is a federal legislative body and the lower house of the National Congress of Brazil. The chamber comprises 513 deputies, who are elected by proportional representation to serve four-year terms. The current president of the chamber is the Deputy Hugo Motta (Republicanos-PB), who was elected on 1 February 2025.
Nivernais horse
The Nivernais is an endangered breed of heavy draught horse from the Nièvre area of central France. It is always black. It stands about 165–175 centimetres at the withers, occasionally up to 180 cm, and weighs 800–1000 kg. The breed was created in the Nièvre in 1872 by the Comte de Bouillé by crossing black Percheron stallions with local Cheval du Morvan mares. A stud book was opened in 1880, and from that time the breed largely supplanted the Cheval du Morvan. The population declined from the 1950s following the mechanisation of agriculture, and in 1966 the stud-book was merged with that of the Percheron. Since the 1980s various efforts have been made to preserve the breed. Without official recognition in France, it is listed in DAD-IS by the FAO.

Draft horse
A draft horse (US) or draught horse (UK), also known as dray horse, carthorse, work horse or heavy horse, is a large horse bred to pull heavy loads and work agricultural tasks such as plowing. There are a number of breeds, with varying characteristics, but all share common traits of strength, patience, and a docile temperament. While indispensable to generations of pre-industrial farmers, draft horses today are used for many purposes such as driving, logging, and farming, as well as recreation and showing. Draft horses have been crossed with light riding breeds such as the Thoroughbred to create sport horse and warmblood breeds.
Ei (album)
Ei (English: No) is the third studio album by Finnish pop rock singer-songwriter Maija Vilkkumaa. Released by Warner Music in Finland on 7 March 2003, the album debuted at number one on Finnish Albums Chart, maintaining the peak position for two weeks and charted for 56 weeks altogether. Ei was the third-best-selling album of 2003 in Finland and, with sales of over 120,000 copies to date, has received a quadruple-platinum certification in the country. Ei ranks also 38th on the list of the best-selling albums of all time in Finland.

Official Finnish Charts
The Official Finnish Charts (Finnish: Suomen virallinen lista; Swedish: Finlands officiella lista) are national record charts in Finland compiled and published by Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. The name Suomen virallinen lista/Finlands officiella lista (lit. "the Official Finnish Chart"), which is singular in both Finnish and Swedish, is used generically to refer to both the albums and the singles chart, and the context (albums or songs) reveals which chart is meant.
Red Ryder (radio series)
Red Ryder was an American radio western series based on the popularity of the comic strip Red Ryder by Stephen Slesinger and Fred Harman. It debuted on February 3, 1942 on the NBC Blue Network  and was broadcast three days a week, on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays. After the sixth episode Langendorf Bread became its prime sponsor. The final episode was broadcast in 1951.

Red Ryder
Red Ryder is a Western comic strip created by Stephen Slesinger and artist Fred Harman which served as the basis for a wide array of character merchandising. Syndicated by Newspaper Enterprise Association, the strip ran from Sunday, November 6, 1938, through 1965.
Deltebre
Deltebre (Catalan pronunciation: [delˈteβɾe]) is a municipality in the comarca of the Baix Ebre in Catalonia, Spain. It was created in 1977 when the communities of Jesús i Maria and la Cava seceded from the municipality of Tortosa. It has a population of 11,951 (register office, 2024) .

The municipality occupies much of the northern half of the Ebre Delta, on the left bank of the river. The cultivation of rice and tourism are the major industries. The T-340 road links the municipality with Tortosa and the rest of the comarca, while barges cross the river to Sant Jaume d'Enveja.

Ebro Delta
The Ebro Delta (Catalan: Delta de l'Ebre, IPA: [ˈdɛltə ðə ˈleβɾə]; Spanish: Delta del Ebro, IPA: [ˈdelta ðel ˈeβɾo]) is the delta region of the Ebro River (Catalan: Ebre, Spanish: Ebro) in the southwest of the Province of Tarragona in the region of Catalonia in Spain. It is located on the Mediterranean Sea, and is the northernmost point, by some designations, of the Gulf of Valencia.  Its location per Ramsar site designation is 40°43′N 0°44′E﻿ / ﻿40.717°N 0.733°E﻿ / 40.717; 0.733.
1996 ACC Trophy
The 1996 ACC Trophy was a cricket tournament in Malaysia, which took place from 6 to 16 September 1996. It gave Associate and Affiliate members of the Asian Cricket Council experience of international one-day cricket and also helped form an essential part of regional rankings. The tournament was won by Bangladesh who defeated the UAE in the final by 108 runs.

Asian Cricket Council
The Asian Cricket Council (ACC) is the sport governing body of cricket in most countries and territories in Asia. The ACC was established in 1983, to promote and develop the sport of Cricket in Asia. Subordinate to the International Cricket Council, the council is the continent's regional administrative body, and currently consists of 30 member associations. Mohsin Naqvi is the current president of Asian Cricket Council.
Transfiguration (Savoldo)
Transfiguration is a c. 1530 oil on panel painting by Giovanni Girolamo Savoldo of the Gospel episode the Transfiguration of Jesus. It is now in the Uffizi in Florence, which also holds a preparatory drawing for the work (n. 12803). Another study for the work is in the Pontus de la Gardia collection in Switzerland, whilst a late 16th century copy of the painting by Lomazzo is now in the Pinacoteca Ambrosiana, in Milan.

Marco Boschini described the work whilst it was in cardinal Leopoldo de' Medici's collection. At that time it was attributed to an unknown Venetian artist, though it was later reattributed to Tintoretto and then back to Savoldo.

Uffizi
The Uffizi Gallery (UK: /juːˈfɪtsi, ʊˈfiːtsi/ yoo-FIT-see, uu-FEET-see; Italian: Galleria degli Uffizi, pronounced [ɡalleˈriːa deʎʎ ufˈfittsi]) is a prominent art museum adjacent to the Piazza della Signoria in the Historic Centre of Florence in the region of Tuscany, Italy. One of the most important Italian museums and the most visited, it is also one of the largest and best-known in the world and holds a collection of priceless works, particularly from the period of the Italian Renaissance.

After the ruling House of Medici died out, their art collections were given to the city of Florence under the famous Patto di famiglia ("family pact") negotiated by Anna Maria Luisa, the last Medici heiress. The Uffizi is one of the first modern museums. The gallery had been open to visitors by request since the sixteenth century, and in 1769 it was officially opened to the public, formally becoming a museum in 1865.
Anton Lechner
Anton Lechner (18 November 1907 – 14 September 1975) was an SS-Rottenführer and member of staff at Auschwitz concentration camp. He was prosecuted at the Auschwitz Trial.

Lechner was born in Buchers in the Sudetenland. He was a citizen of Czechoslovakia until 1938. He held German citizenship after the annexation of the Sudetenland by the Third Reich. After primary school he became a coach-driver. He joined the Nazi Party and the SS in December 1939. In February 1941 he was assigned to Auschwitz, where he initially served as a guard, and then as a reserve vehicle driver from 1943 to 5 December 1944.

For his cruelty to prisoners on multiple occasions, Lechner was tried by the Supreme National Tribunal at the Auschwitz Trial in Kraków and was sentenced to life imprisonment on 22 December 1947. Due to an amnesty, however, Lechner was released from prison on 19 December 1959. He died in September 1975.

Annexation
Annexation, in international law, is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state's territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory. In current international law, it is generally held to be an illegal act. It is distinct from the concepts of conquest, which describes the gaining of physical control, and cession, in which territory is given or sold through treaty.

Annexation can be legitimized if generally recognized by other states and international bodies.

The illegality of annexation means that states carrying out such acts usually avoid using the word annexation in describing their actions; in each of the unresolved annexations by Israel, Morocco and Russia, the states have avoided characterizing their actions as such.
Sarah Shantz-Smiley
Sarah Shantz-Smiley (born 24 August 1982) is a Canadian-born Icelandic ice hockey coach and former player. She was a member of the Iceland women's national team 2011, the same year she was named the Icelandic Women's Ice Hockey Player of the Year, to 2020.

Iceland women's national ice hockey team
The Icelandic women's national ice hockey team represents Iceland at the International Ice Hockey Federation's World Women's Ice Hockey Championship Division IIB.  The women's national team is controlled by Ice Hockey Iceland. As of 2011, Iceland had 71 female players. The Icelandic women's national team is ranked 29th in the world.
Communist Party of Malta
Communist Party of Malta (Maltese: Partit Komunista Malti) is a communist party in Malta. PKM was founded in 1969 at a secret congress in the town of Gwardamangia, following the departure from the Malta Labour Party of a group of left-wing militants that had been active in the struggle for national independence. Anthony Vassallo was the founding general secretary of the party. The party first contested the national general elections of 1987 when it obtained 0.1% of first preference votes and no parliamentary seats. Since then it has not stood for any other election whether at a European, national or local level.

The current general secretary of the party is Victor Degiovanni, who took over the post from Anthony Vassallo in 2004.

1987 Maltese general election
General elections were held in Malta on 9 May 1987. The Nationalist Party won a majority of votes and won a one-seat majority in the unicameral legislature. Although the Nationalist Party received the most votes, the Malta Labour Party won a majority of seats. However, in accordance with the modifications made to the electoral system following a similar outcome in the 1981 elections, the Nationalist Party was awarded an extra four seats in order to give them a parliamentary majority.

The elections ended 16 years of Labour government, with Nationalist Party leader Eddie Fenech Adami becoming Prime Minister. Adami stated that he would align the country more closely with Western governments and distance Malta from Muammar Gaddafi.
Megalichthyiformes
Megalichthyiformes is an extinct clade of basal tetrapodomorphs which first appeared during the Devonian period. It was named in 2010 by Michael I. Coates and Matt Friedman, who defined it as a stem-based taxon containing all tetrapodomorphs closer to Megalichthys than to Eusthenopteron.

Below is a cladogram showing Megalichthyiformes modified from Swartz (2012).

Phylogenetic nomenclature
Phylogenetic nomenclature (sometimes called cladistic nomenclature) is a method of nomenclature for taxa in biology that uses phylogenetic definitions for taxon names. Phylogenetic nomenclature assigns names to clades, groups consisting solely of an ancestor and all its descendants. This contrasts with the traditional method, by which taxon names are defined by a type, which can be a specimen or a taxon of lower rank, and a description in words. Phylogenetic nomenclature is regulated currently by the International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature (PhyloCode).