hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Surface science
Surface science is the study of physical and chemical phenomena that occur at the interface of two phases, including solid–liquid interfaces, solid–gas interfaces, solid–vacuum interfaces, and liquid–gas interfaces. It includes the fields of surface chemistry and surface physics. Some related practical applications are classed as surface engineering. The science encompasses concepts such as heterogeneous catalysis, semiconductor device fabrication, fuel cells, self-assembled monolayers, and adhesives. Surface science is closely related to interface and colloid science. Interfacial chemistry and physics are common subjects for both. The methods are different. In addition, interface and colloid science studies macroscopic phenomena that occur in heterogeneous systems due to peculiarities of interfaces.

Phase (matter)
In the physical sciences, a phase is a region of material that is chemically uniform, physically distinct, and (often) mechanically separable. In a system consisting of ice and water in a glass jar, the ice cubes are one phase, the water is a second phase, and the humid air is a third phase over the ice and water. The glass of the jar is a different material, in its own separate phase. (See state of matter § Glass.)

More precisely, a phase is a region of space (a thermodynamic system), throughout which all physical properties of a material are essentially uniform.: 86 : 3  Examples of physical properties include density, index of refraction, magnetization and chemical composition.

The term phase is sometimes used as a synonym for state of matter, but there can be several immiscible phases of the same state of matter (as where oil and water separate into distinct phases, both in the liquid state).
Kulkwitzer See
The Kulkwitzer See (Lake Kulkwitz), colloquially called Kulki, is a lake in the western part of Saxony, Germany. The lake is a part of the Central German Lake District.

Kulkwitzer See emerged from two former lignite opencast mining areas southwest of Leipzig. Coal was mined here from 1864, first underground and from 1937 in opencast mining. The two remaining opencast mines were flooded from 1963 and opened in 1973 as a local recreation area.

Open-pit mining
Open-pit mining, also known as open-cast or open-cut mining and in larger contexts mega-mining, is a surface mining technique that extracts rock or minerals from the earth.

Open-pit mines are used when deposits of commercially useful ore or rocks are found near the surface where the overburden is relatively thin. In contrast, deeper mineral deposits can be reached using underground mining.

This form of mining carries several risks to the health and safety of miners, and can have a significant negative impact on the environment.
Arne Haukvik
Arne Haukvik (12 February 1926 – 21 August 2002) was a Norwegian sports official for IL i BUL and politician for the Centre Party and the Pensioners Party. He is best known for founding the Bislett Games. As a politician, he was a four-term member of Oslo city council and a one-term member of the Parliament of Norway.

1993 Norwegian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Norway on 12 and 13 September 1993. It was the first European election where the two largest parties fielded a female leadership candidate, and the first election in history where all the largest three parties fielded female leadership candidates. The Labour Party remained the largest party in the Storting, winning 67 of the 165 seats.

Voter turnout was 76% , the lowest in a national election since the 1927 elections. The prospect of European Union membership was a key issue in the election campaign.
2007 CAA men's basketball tournament
The 2007 CAA men's basketball tournament was an NCAA Division 1 College Basketball Conference tournament that was held at the Richmond Coliseum on March 2–5, 2007, to decide the Colonial Athletic Association conference champion. The winner advanced to the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship tournament, a 65-team tournament to decide a national champion of college basketball.

Richmond Coliseum
Richmond Coliseum is a defunct arena located in downtown Richmond, Virginia, with a capacity of 13,500 that was most often used for various large concerts. The arena opened in 1971 and the region is looking to replace the aging facility with a larger one. The arena was quietly shuttered in February 2019 while new proposed replacements are in development.
Anna Deavere Smith
Anna Deavere Smith (born September 18, 1950) is an American actress, playwright, and professor. She is known for her roles as National Security Advisor Dr. Nancy McNally in The West Wing (2000–06), hospital administrator Gloria Akalitus in the Showtime series Nurse Jackie (2009–15), and U.S. District Court Clerk  Tina Krissman on the ABC show For the People (2018–19).

Smith is a recipient of The Dorothy and Lillian Gish Prize (2013). In 2015 she was selected as the Jefferson Lecturer by the National Endowment for the Humanities. In 2016, she received a Guggenheim Fellowship in Theatre Arts. She is the founding director of the Institute on the Arts and Civic Dialogue at New York University.

Finding Your Roots
Finding Your Roots with Henry Louis Gates, Jr. is an American documentary television series hosted by Henry Louis Gates Jr. that premiered on March 25, 2012, on PBS. In each episode, celebrities are presented with a "book of life" that is compiled with information researched by professional genealogists that allows them to view their ancestral histories, learn about familial connections and discover secrets about their lineage.

All episodes to date for the show have aired on Tuesdays since it first began in March 2012. The eleventh season began airing on January 7, 2025, and ended on April 8, 2025. The twelfth season premiered on January 6, 2026.
Georges Mareschal
Georges Mareschal (8 April 1658, Calais, Province of Picardy – 13 December 1736, Château de Bièvres) was a French surgeon. In 1707 he was ennobled, and was known as Georges Mareschal, seigneur de Bièvre.

He was the son of John Marshall, an Irish gentleman who was knighted in 1643 for his service during the Battle of Rocroi. In 1677, Mareschal moved to Paris, where he worked as a surgical assistant. From 1684 onward, he worked at the Hôpital de la Charité, where in 1688, he became master surgeon, later earning the title of chief surgeon (1692).

He was first surgeon to Louis XIV, even caring for him on his deathbed, and then to Louis XV. In 1723 he was awarded the Ordre de Saint-Michel for successfully treating the Infanta of Spain. In 1731, with François Gigot de la Peyronie (1678–1747), he founded the Académie Royale de Chirurgie. He is credited with making improvements in lithotomical surgery.

Battle of Rocroi
49°55′10″N 4°31′40″E﻿ / ﻿49.91944°N 4.52778°E﻿ / 49.91944; 4.52778

The Battle of Rocroi, fought on 19 May 1643, was a major engagement of the Thirty Years' War between a French army, led by the 21-year-old Duke of Enghien (later known as the Great Condé) and Spanish forces under General Francisco de Melo only five days after the accession of Louis XIV to the throne of France after his father's death. Rocroi shattered the myth of invincibility of the Spanish tercios, the pike and shot infantry units that had dominated European battlefields for the previous 120 years. The battle is therefore often considered to mark the end of Spanish military greatness and the beginning of French hegemony in Europe during the 17th century. After Rocroi, the Spanish progressively transformed the tercio system incorporating more of the line infantry doctrine used by the French over time.
29th PMPC Star Awards for Television
The 29th PMPC Star Awards for Television (organized by Philippine Movie Press Club headed by current president and over-all awards chairman Joe Barrameda and produced by Airtime Marketing Philippines, Inc. headed by Tessie Celestino-Howard) awarding ceremony was held on December 3, 2015, at the Kia Theatre, Araneta Center, Cubao, Quezon City and will be broadcast on ABS-CBN Channel 2 on December 6, 2015 ("Sunday's Best", 11:15pm). The awards night is hosted by Boy Abunda, Gelli de Belen, Maja Salvador, Enchong Dee, Christian Bautista and Toni Gonzaga, with opening number performed by Grae Fernandez, Ataska Mercado, Bailey May, Ylona Garcia, and  additional musical performances from  Christian Bautista, Klarisse de Guzman, Darren Espanto, Sofia Andres, Rodjun Cruz, Ella Cruz, and a tribute number for the Lifetime Achievement Awardees will be performed by Mark Mabasa, Lucky Robles, Lilibeth Garcia and JV Decena. The awards night will be under the direction of Mr. Bert de Leon.

Toni Gonzaga
Celestine "Toni" Cruz Gonzaga-Soriano (born January 20, 1984) is a Filipino media personality, host, actress, businesswoman, singer, and vlogger. Gonzaga was the former lead host of ABS-CBN's long-running reality show Pinoy Big Brother (2005–2022). Her own YouTube channel, Toni Gonzaga Studio (TGS), has over 8 million subscribers. Tatler magazine named her one of the most influential people in Asia in 2021 and 2022.
Yugoslavia at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Athletes from the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia competed at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy. 116 competitors, 107 men and 9 women, took part in 64 events in 14 sports.

Yugoslavia had won silver medals in Men's Football (Soccer) for the past 3 Summer Games and finally won gold in Rome.

Ivan Levačić
Ivan Levačić (25 August 1931 – 7 July 2023) was a Yugoslav cyclist. He competed in the individual road race and team time trial events at the 1960 Summer Olympics. Levacic was born in Karlovac, his profession was a repairman.

Levačić died on 7 July 2023, at the age of 91.
Eric Singer (graphologist)
Eric Singer, LL.D. (Vienna) (1896-1969) was an Austrian poet and writer, as well as one of the foremost UK graphologists of the 20th century. He originally studied handwriting analysis and psychology in Austria and Switzerland under Ludwig Klages and went on to specialise in English handwriting. His research focussed on ego symbols and in particular the personal pronoun "I". He also taught graphology and his most notable student was Francis Hilliger who went on to found the British Institute of Graphologists (B.I.G.) After his death his wife and the B.I.G. felt his contribution to be so important that they republished a number of his works.

Graphology
Graphology is the analysis of handwriting in an attempt to determine the writer's personality traits. Its methods and conclusions are not supported by scientific evidence, and as such it is considered to be a pseudoscience.

Graphology has been controversial for more than a century. Although proponents point to positive testimonials as anecdotal evidence of its utility for personality evaluation, these claims have not been supported by scientific studies. It has been rated as among the most discredited methods of psychological analysis by a survey of mental health professionals.
Volvo AW70 series transmissions
The AW70 series is a group of 4-speed automatic transmissions built by Aisin-Warner, a Japanese-American joint venture company, for the Volvo 240, 740 and 940. Three models constitute the series, all based on the AW70, which was first used in 1981 Volvo models.

Volvo 900 Series
The Volvo 900 Series is a range of executive cars produced by the Swedish manufacturer Volvo Cars from 1990 to 1998. The 900 Series was introduced in 1990 to replace the 700 Series from which it derived. Prior to the end of its production, the 960 was renamed as the Volvo S90 (saloon) and Volvo V90 (estate), and the 940 was renamed 940 Classic, becoming the last rear-wheel-drive cars from Volvo, until the 2023 Volvo XC40 Recharge Pure Electric.

Visible differences between the 700 and the 900 Series included redesigned rear styling of the saloon models (late 700 estates and early 900 estates are visually identical). The 960 was introduced in 1991 along with a new family of modular engines, and then was substantially revised for the 1995 model year, improving the handling. The range was augmented by the new Volvo 850 in 1991. The last of the 900s was sold in 1998. Some 900 Series were built as chassis for ambulances and hearses after the main production run had been completed.
Gentofte Hospital
Gentofte Hospital (Copenhagen University Hospital Gentofte) is located in Gentofte within Copenhagen in Denmark. Administratively, it is part of the hospital service of Region Hovedstaden. The hospital primarily serves the municipalities of Gentofte, Lyngby-Taarbæk, and Rudersdal, with a population of about 175,000.

Lyngby-Taarbæk Municipality
Lyngby-Taarbæk Municipality (occasionally spelled Lyngby-Tårbæk, Danish: Lyngby-Taarbæk Kommune) is a municipality (Danish: kommune) in the Capital Region of Denmark near Copenhagen on the eastern coast of the island of Zealand (Danish: Sjælland). It is part of the Greater Copenhagen area. The municipality borders Rudersdal Municipality to the north, Furesø Municipality to the west and Gladsaxe and Gentofte Municipality to the south. It borders the Øresund to the east.

The municipality covers an area of 39 km2, and has a population of 58,713 (2025). Its mayor is Sofia Osmani, a member of the Conservative People's Party. The main town and the site of its municipal council is the town of Kongens Lyngby.

Lyngby-Taarbæk Municipality was not merged with any other municipality in the municipal reform of 2007.
Szidi Rákosi
Szidi Rákosi (born Szidónia Kremsner; 28 May 1852, Ötvös, Kingdom of Hungary – 20 October 1935, Budapest, Hungary) was a Hungarian actress and acting teacher. Her relatives included Béla Rákosi, Jenő Rákosi, Viktor Rákosi and Ida Rákosi, the wife of Lajos Evva.

Magyar Theatre
The Magyar Theatre is a theatre operating in Budapest, Hungary. Its company started on August 22, 1837 as the first major Hungarian-language theatrical company in the city. They operated under this label until August 8, 1840, when the name was changed to National Theatre of Hungary. Switching homes two times, the company moved to its current building in 1966. The name Magyar Theatre was restored on September 1, 2000, with the opening of the new National Theatre.
Teklehaimanot
Teklehaimanot is a surname of Ethiopian origin. It is derived from the name of an Ethiopian monk and saint, Tekle Haymanot (c. 1215 – c. 1313). People with that name include:

Abraham Teklehaimanot (born before 2008), Ethiopian football player and coach.

Daniel Teklehaimanot (born 1988), Eritrean professional road racing cyclist

Fitsum Teklehaimanot (born 1987), Ethiopian international football player

Hailu Tekle Haymanot (AKA Hailu II of Gojjam, 1868–1950), Ethiopian nobleman and military commander

Kidane-Mariam Teklehaimanot (1933-2009), bishop of the Ethiopian Catholic Church

Tekle Haymanot
Abune Tekle Haymanot (Ge'ez: አቡነ ተክለ ሃይማኖት; known in the Coptic Church as Saint Takla Haymanot of Ethiopia; 1215–1313) was an Ethiopian saint and monk mostly venerated as a hermit. He was the Abuna of Ethiopia who founded a major monastery in his native province of Shewa. He is significant for being the only Ethiopian saint popular both amongst Ethiopians and outside that country. Tekle Haymanot "is the only Ethiopian saint celebrated officially in foreign churches such as Rome and Egypt." His feast day is 30 August (Nehasə 24 in Ethiopian calendar), and the 24th day of every month in the Ethiopian calendar is dedicated to Tekle Haymanot.
Sundown Jim
Sundown Jim is a 1942 American Western film directed by James Tinling, written by William Bruckner and Robert F. Metzler, and starring John Kimbrough, Virginia Gilmore, Arleen Whelan, Joe Sawyer, Paul Hurst and Moroni Olsen. It was released on March 27, 1942, by 20th Century Fox.

Kimbrough was a star player for the undefeated 1939 Texas A&M Aggies football team who made two Western movies, then returned to Texas to become a member of the state legislature.

James Tinling
James Tinling (May 8, 1889, in Seattle – May 14, 1967, in Los Angeles) was an American film director. He worked during the silent period as a prop boy and stuntman, and directed primarily for 20th Century Fox in the 1930s and 1940s. He has been cited as one of the best B-film directors for Fox, known for directing numerous westerns and lighthearted films, including Charlie Chan in Shanghai (1935).
Allen Coliban
Allen Coliban is a Romanian curler, politician and member of the Chamber of Deputies since 2024. He is a member of the Save Romania Union (USR). He served as the mayor of Brașov between 2020 and 2024. Prior to becoming mayor, he was a senator from 2016 to 2020. He is also vice-president of Save Romania Union (USR).

Chamber of Deputies (Romania)
The Chamber of Deputies (Romanian: Camera Deputaților) is the lower house in Romania's bicameral parliament. It has 312 regular seats to which deputies are elected by direct popular vote using party-list proportional representation to serve four-year terms.

Additionally, the organisation of each national ethnic minority is entitled to a seat in the Chamber (under the limitation that a national minority is to be represented by one organisation only). As of the 2024 election, there are 19 such additional seats.
Nataliya Feklisova
Nataliya Feklisova (Ukrainian: Наталія Феклісова; born 10 October 1974) is a Ukrainian sprint canoeist who competed from the mid-1990s to the early 2000s (decade). She won a bronze medal in the K-4 1000 m event at the 2001 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in Poznań.

Feklisova also competed in two Summer Olympics, earning her best finish of fifth in the K-4 500 m event at Sydney in 2000.

2001 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships
The 2001 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships were held in Poznań, Poland at Lake Malta. The Polish city had hosted the event previously in 1990.

The men's competition consisted of nine Canadian (single paddle, open boat) and nine kayak events. Women competed in nine events, all kayak. The women's K-4 1000 m event was added at these championships, the last change to the program until a new program was approved for the 2009 event at the 2008 ICF Congress in Rome.

This was the 31st championships in canoe sprint.
Pissarrachampsa
Pissarrachampsa (meaning "piçarra [the local name for the sandstones it was recovered from] crocodile") is an extinct genus of baurusuchid mesoeucrocodylian from the Late Cretaceous of Brazil. It is based on a nearly complete skull and a referred partial skull and lower jaw from the ?Campanian - ?Maastrichtian-age Vale do Rio do Peixe Formation of the Bauru Group, found in the vicinity of Gurinhatã, Brazil.

Bauru Group
The Bauru Group is a geological group of the Bauru Sub-basin, Paraná Basin in Minas Gerais, São Paulo, General Salgado, Itapecuru-Mirim, Mato Grosso, Brazil whose strata date back to the Late Cretaceous. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation.
Smolęcin, Gryfice County
Smolęcin [smɔˈlɛnt͡ɕin] (German: Schmalentin) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gryfice, within Gryfice County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 6 km (4 mi) south-east of Gryfice and 67 km (42 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin.

Before 1637 the area was part of Duchy of Pomerania. For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania and History of Gryfice.

Gryfice County
Gryfice County (Polish: powiat gryficki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, north-western Poland, on the Baltic coast. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Gryfice, which lies 69 kilometres (43 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin. The county also contains the towns of Trzebiatów, lying 17 km (11 mi) north of Gryfice, and Płoty, 13 km (8 mi) south of Gryfice.

The county covers an area of 1,018.19 square kilometres (393.1 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 60,773, out of which the population of Gryfice is 16,702, that of Trzebiatów is 10,113, that of Płoty is 4,142, and the rural population is 29,816.
Transcriber
Transcriber is an open-source software tool for the transcription and annotation of speech signals for linguistic research. It supports multiple hierarchical layers of segmentation, named entity annotation, speaker lists, topic lists, and overlapping speakers. Two views of the sound pressure waveform at different resolutions may be viewed simultaneously. Various character encodings, including Unicode, are supported.

Annotations from Transcriber may be exported in XML.  OASIS' Cover Pages publishes the open DTD used by Transcriber.

Transcriber is written in Tcl/Tk with the Snack audio library and is therefore available on most major platforms. It is distributed under the GNU General Public License. Transcriber has been superseded by TranscriberAG.

Document type definition
A document type definition (DTD) is a specification file that contains a set of markup declarations that define a document type for an SGML-family markup language (GML, SGML, XML, HTML). The DTD specification file can be used to validate documents.

A DTD defines the valid building blocks of an XML document. It defines the document structure with a list of validated elements and attributes. A DTD can be declared inline inside an XML document, or as an external reference.

A namespace-aware version of DTDs is being developed as Part 9 of ISO DSDL. DTDs persist in applications that need special publishing characters, such as the XML and HTML Character Entity References, which derive from larger sets defined as part of the ISO SGML standard effort. XML uses a subset of SGML DTD.

As of 2009, newer XML namespace-aware schema languages (such as W3C XML Schema and ISO RELAX NG) have largely superseded DTDs as a better way to validate XML structure.
Vices (Paradime album)
Vices is the second studio album by American rapper Paradime. It was released on October 23, 2001 via Beats At Will Records. Recording sessions took place at Nation Studios in Detroit and Audio Magic in Eastpointe. It featured guest appearances by the likes of Kon Artis and Swifty McVay of D12, Shi Dog and Guilty Simpson of the Almighty Dreadnaughtz, Cansa and Hush, among cameo appearances by Proof, Uncle Kracker and Hex Murda.

Following the release of Vices, Paradime won three Detroit Music Awards in 2002 for Outstanding Hip-Hop Recording, Outstanding Hip-Hop Artist, and Outstanding Hip-Hop MC.

Eastpointe, Michigan
Eastpointe (formerly East Detroit) is a city in Macomb County in the U.S. state of Michigan. An inner-ring suburb of Detroit, Eastpointe borders Detroit to the south, roughly 11 miles (17.7 km) northeast of Downtown Detroit. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 34,318.
Georgi Milanov (footballer)
Georgi Ventsislavov Milanov (Bulgarian: Георги Венциславов Миланов; born 19 February 1992) is a Bulgarian professional footballer who plays as a central midfielder for Liga I club Dinamo București and the Bulgaria national team.

Magyar Kupa
The Hungarian Cup (Hungarian: Magyar Kupa, pronounced [ˈmɒɟɒr ˈkupɒ]), officially known as MOL Magyar Kupa for sponsorship reasons, is the Hungarian cup competition for football clubs. It was started by the Hungarian Football Association, in 1909, eight years after the commencement of the Hungarian League.

Besides all of the professional clubs of Hungary numerous amateur sides take part every year. These have to qualify through local cup competitions.

The most successful participant in the Magyar Kupa has been Ferencváros with 24 wins, followed by local rivals MTK with 12 cups. The current holder is Paks, having won their 1st title in 2024.