hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bishopric of Dorpat
The Bishopric of Dorpat was a medieval prince-bishopric, i.e. both a diocese of the Catholic Church and a temporal principality ruled by the bishop of the diocese. It existed from 1211 until 1558, generally encompassing the area that now comprises Tartu County, Põlva County, Võru County, and Jõgeva County in Estonia. The prince-bishopric was a sovereign member of the Holy Roman Empire (formally from 6 Nov 1225) and part of the Livonian Confederation until its dissolution in 1561.

The state was originally established as the Bishopric of Leal in 1211, based in Leal, modern Lihula. When the Sword Brothers in 1224 captured Yuryev (modern Tartu), they renamed it Dorpat. Prince-bishop Hermann Buxhövden of Leal took up residence there and ordered the construction of the Dorpat Cathedral. Around 1235, the bishopric was finally renamed from Leal to Dorpat.

Jõgeva County
Jõgeva County (Estonian: Jõgeva maakond or Jõgevamaa) is one of 15 counties of Estonia. It is located in the eastern part of the country, and it borders Ida-Viru County to the northeast, Lake Peipus to the east, Tartu County to the south, Viljandi County to the southwest, Järva County to the northwest, and Lääne-Viru County to the north.
Arthur Hornbui Bell
Arthur Hornbui Bell (February 14, 1891 – March 1, 1973) was an attorney and the Grand Dragon of the Ku Klux Klan in New Jersey.

After holding a joint rally with the pro-Nazi German American Bund in hopes of forming an alliance, Bell and Imperial Kaliff Alton Milford Young were both expelled from the Klan. The meeting was  reported to the federal government for further investigation.

Alma Bridwell White
Alma Bridwell White (June 16, 1862 – June 26, 1946) was the founder and a bishop of the Pillar of Fire Church. In 1918, she became the first woman bishop of Pillar of Fire in the United States. She was a proponent of feminism. She also associated herself with the Ku Klux Klan and was involved in anti-Catholicism, antisemitism, anti-Pentecostalism, racism, and nativism. By the time of her death at age 84, she had expanded the sect to "4,000 followers, 61 churches, seven schools, ten periodicals and two broadcasting stations."
Lawrence John Cannon
Lawrence John Cannon (November 18, 1852 – January 30, 1921) was a Canadian lawyer and judge.

Born in Quebec City, Canada East, the son of Lawrence Ambrose Cannon and Mary Jane Cary, his godfather was Augustin-Norbert Morin. Cannon studied at the Séminaire de Québec and the Séminaire de Nicolet before receiving a law degree from the Université Laval. He was called to the Quebec Bar in 1874 and practiced law in Arthabaskaville (Victoriaville) in partnership with Édouard-Louis Pacaud. In 1882, he ran unsuccessfully as the Liberal candidate for the House of Commons of Canada in the riding of Drummond—Arthabaska losing to Désiré Olivier Bourbeau. In 1891, he was appointed deputy attorney general and law clerk for the province of Quebec. He was appointed a judge of the Superior Court for the district of Trois-Rivières in 1905 and served as a judge until his death in 1921.

Canada East
Canada East (French: Canada-Est) was the northeastern portion of the Province of Canada. Lord Durham's Report investigating the causes of the Upper and Lower Canada Rebellions recommended merging those two colonies. The new colony, known as the Province of Canada, was created by the Act of Union 1840 passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, having effect in 1841. For administrative purposes, the new Province was subdivided into Canada West and Canada East.  The former name of "Lower Canada" came back into official use in 1849, and as of Canadian Confederation of 1867 it formed the newly created province of Quebec.

An estimated 890,000 people lived in Canada East in 1851.
Robert Barry (musician)
Robert Barry (December 4, 1932 – January 8, 2018) was an American jazz musician. He was a percussionist who played with Miles Davis, Gene Ammons, Fred Anderson and Johnny Griffin but was best known for his work with Sun Ra and  The Sun Ra Arkestra.

The Sun Ra Arkestra
The Sun Ra Arkestra is an American jazz group formed in the mid-1950s and originally led by keyboardist/composer Sun Ra until his death in 1993. Sun Ra, and the Arkestra, are considered pioneers of Afrofuturism. Since 1995 the Arkestra has been led by saxophonist Marshall Allen, a member since 1958. Most recent lineups consist of more than one dozen members. They were nominated for a Grammy Award in 2026.

The Arkestra draws from a range of musical genres: swing, rock 'n' roll, Chicago blues, improvisation, and electronic. When the Arkestra performs, the band members wear Afrofuturist-inspired outfits dominated by colorful capes and headdresses.
Clock Tower, Crewe
The Clock Tower stands near the north entrance to Queen's Park, Crewe, in Cheshire, England.  The park was given to the residents of the town by the London and North Western Railway Company, and the clock tower was paid for by its employees.  It was unveiled on the same day the park was officially opened in 1888.  The tower is built in sandstone and brick, and contains medallions with the heads of Queen Victoria and officials of the company.  It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building.

Crewe
Crewe (/kruː/ ⓘ) is a railway town and civil parish in the unitary authority of Cheshire East, in Cheshire, England. At the 2021 census, the parish had a population of 55,318 and the built-up area had 76,437. The town is best known as a large railway junction and home to Crewe Works; for many years, it was a major railway engineering facility for manufacturing and overhauling locomotives, but is now much reduced in size. From 1946 until 2002, it was also the home of Rolls-Royce motor car production. The Pyms Lane factory on the west of the town now exclusively produces Bentley motor cars. Crewe is 158 miles (254 km) north-west of London, 28 miles (45 km) south of Manchester city centre and 31 miles (50 km) south-east of Liverpool city centre.
Arpiar Arpiarian
Arpiar Arpiarian (Armenian: Արփիար Արփիարեան; December 21, 1851 – February 12, 1908) was a writer  and a political activist from the Ottoman Empire. He was the pioneer of realism in Armenian literature.

Political movement
A political movement is a collective attempt by a group of people to change government policy or social values. Political movements are usually in opposition to an element of the status quo, and are often associated with a certain ideology. Some theories of political movements are the political opportunity theory, which states that political movements stem from mere circumstances, and the resource mobilization theory which states that political movements result from strategic organization and relevant resources. Political movements are also related to political parties in the sense that they both aim to make an impact on the government and that several political parties have emerged from initial political movements. While political parties are engaged with a multitude of issues, political movements tend to focus on only one major issue.
JA Ranch
The JA Ranch is a historic cattle ranch in the Palo Duro Canyon in Armstrong County, Texas.  Founded in 1876 by Charles Goodnight and John George Adair, it is the oldest cattle ranching operation in the Texas Panhandle.  Its headquarters area was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960 for its association with Goodnight, one of the most influential cattle barons of the late 19th century.  The ranch is an ongoing business, operated by Adair's descendants.

Armstrong County, Texas
Armstrong County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, the population of Armstrong County was 1,848. It is in the Texas Panhandle and its county seat is Claude.

As of the 2020 census, its population was 1,848. Armstrong County is included in the Amarillo metropolitan area.

The county was formed in 1876 and later organized in 1890. It was named for one of several Texas pioneer families named Armstrong.
Brush Hollow State Wildlife Area
Brush Hollow State Wildlife Area is located west of Penrose, Colorado and north of Fremont County Road 123, the highway that connects Penrose and Cañon City, Colorado. It is centered on Brush Hollow Reservoir.

The Brush Hollow State Wildlife Area occupies an area of approximately 400 acres (160 hectares). It ranges in elevation from 5,448 feet (1,661 meters) above sea level to 5,608 feet (1,709 meters). Hunting is prohibited in the area, although permits for fishing are issued. The lake in the area has rainbow trout, largemouth bass, walleye, bluegill and channel catfish. The area is a popular place for birdwatching and wildlife viewing.

Fremont County, Colorado
Fremont County is a county located in the U.S. state of Colorado. As of the 2020 census, the population was 48,939. The county seat is Cañon City. The county is named for 19th-century explorer and presidential candidate John C. Frémont.

Fremont County comprises the Cañon City, CO Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Pueblo-Cañon City, CO Combined Statistical Area.

Rural Fremont County is the location of 15 prisons; most of these are operated by the state. ADX Florence, the only federal Supermax prison in the United States, is in an unincorporated area in Fremont County, south of Florence, and is part of the Federal Correctional Complex, Florence.  As of March 2015, Fremont County leads the nation among all counties as the one with the largest proportion of persons incarcerated. Prisoners are counted as part of the county population in the census, and 20% of residents are held in the prisons in the county.
Ziarat-e Malang
Ziarat-e Malang (Persian: زيارت ملنگ, also Romanized as Zīārat-e Malang) is a village in Jazmurian Rural District, Jazmurian District, Rudbar-e Jonubi County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 225, in 49 families.

Jazmurian Rural District
Jazmurian Rural District (Persian: دهستان جازموريان) is in the Central District of Jazmurian County, Kerman province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Miyandaran. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Zeh-e Kalut, now a city.
Thomas Lloyd (bishop)
Christianity portal

Thomas Lloyd (1857 – 14 March 1935) was a Welsh bishop in the Anglican Church.

He was educated at Ystrad Meurig School and St David's College, Lampeter, and ordained in 1882. He began his career as a curate in Denbigh. He held incumbencies at Bala, Abergele and Rhyl.

He was Archdeacon of St Asaph from 1910 and the only Bishop of Maenan (a suffragan bishop to A. G. Edwards, Bishop of St Asaph and Archbishop of Wales) from 1928, holding both posts until his death on 14 March 1935. He was ordained and consecrated a bishop on St Andrew's day (30 November) 1928 at St Asaph Cathedral, by Edwards as Archbishop of Wales.

St Asaph Cathedral
The Cathedral Church of Saints Asaph and Cyndeyrn, commonly called St Asaph Cathedral (Welsh: Eglwys Gadeiriol Llanelwy), is a cathedral in St Asaph, Denbighshire, north Wales. It is the episcopal seat of the Bishop of St Asaph. The cathedral dates back 1,400 years, while the current building dates from the 13th century. The cathedral is part of the Church in Wales and part of the Anglican Communion of Wales.
Matthew Shear
Matthew Louis Shear (born October 10, 1984) is an American actor. He is known for playing the role of Tony in Noah Baumbach's Mistress America, opposite Greta Gerwig and Lola Kirke.

He played Detective Lucius Isaacson on TNT's The Alienist, based on the novel of the same name by Caleb Carr. The historical drama premiered January 22, 2018 and was nominated for Outstanding Limited Series at the 70th Primetime Emmy Awards and Best Action-Thriller Television Series at the 44th Saturn Awards.

Caleb Carr
Caleb Carr (August 2, 1955 – May 23, 2024) was an American military historian and author. Carr was the second of three sons born to Lucien Carr and Francesca Von Hartz.

Carr authored The Alienist, The Angel of Darkness, Casing the Promised Land, The Lessons of Terror, Killing Time, The Devil Soldier, The Italian Secretary, and The Legend of Broken, as well as 'My Beloved Monster', a memoir about his relationship with Masha, his half-wild Siberian Forest Cat. He previously taught military history at Bard College, and worked extensively in film, television, and the theater. His military and political writings appeared in numerous magazines and periodicals, among them The Washington Post, The New York Times, and The Wall Street Journal. He lived in upstate New York.
Wolrad I, Count of Waldeck
Count Wolrad I of Waldeck (c. 1399 – after 1 February 1475) was a son of Count Henry VII of Waldeck and his wife Margaret of Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein. He was named after his maternal grandfather, and was the first Wolrad in the House of Waldeck. He succeeded his father as the reigning Count of Waldeck-Waldeck in 1442 – whether this was before or after his father's death is still unclear. The House Waldeck had been split since 1397 into the senior Waldeck-Landau line and the junior Waldeck-Waldeck line.

Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont
The County of Waldeck (later the Principality of Waldeck and Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont) was a state of the Holy Roman Empire and its successors from the late 12th century until 1929. In 1349 the county gained Imperial immediacy and in 1712 was raised to the rank of principality. After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 it was a constituent state of its successors: the Confederation of the Rhine, the German Confederation, the North German Confederation, and the German Empire. After the abolition of the monarchy in 1918, the renamed Free State of Waldeck-Pyrmont became a component of the Weimar Republic until divided between Hannover and other Prussian provinces in 1929. It comprised territories in present-day Hesse and Lower Saxony (Germany).
Bettina Cass
Bettina Cass AO FASSA (born 1940) is an Australian sociologist and social policy adviser. As of 2020, she is emeritus professor at both the University of New South Wales and the University of Sydney. After retirement, she continued to coordinate the Higher Research Degree programme at the Social Policy Research Centre, UNSW.

Bettina Cass was born in Waverley, New South Wales, Australia, in 1940.

Cass was elected Fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia in 1989. She was appointed Officer of the Order of Australia in the 1990 Australia Day Honours for "service to social security policy and women's affairs".

Cass was married to Dr Cecil Cass, with whom she had four children. Her daughter, Gina Cass-Gottlieb, was appointed chair of the Australian Competition & Consumer Commission in March 2022.

Waverley, New South Wales
Waverley is a suburb in the Eastern suburbs of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Waverley is located seven kilometres east of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of Waverley Council.

Waverley Council takes its name from the suburb but its administrative centre is located in the adjacent suburb of Bondi Junction, which is also a major commercial centre. Waverley is the highest point of altitude in Sydney's Eastern Suburbs.
Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) order of battle
This is the order of battle for the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present). It should not be considered complete, up-to-date, nor fully accurate, being based on open-source press reporting.

An updated order of battle estimate for 23 April 2023, by the Institute for the Study of War is accessible at:

Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, 23 April

Another ISW-relevant publication, published in October 2023:

Russian Regular Ground Forces Order of Battle: Russian Military 101

Mil Mi-24
The Mil Mi-24 (Russian: Миль Ми-24; NATO reporting name: Hind) is a large helicopter gunship, attack helicopter and low-capacity troop transport with room for eight passengers. It is produced by Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant and was introduced by the Soviet Air Force in 1972. As of 2025, the helicopter is in use with 52 countries.

In NATO circles, the export versions, Mi-25 and Mi-35, are denoted with a letter suffix as "Hind D" and "Hind E". Soviet pilots called the Mi-24 the "flying tank" (Russian: летающий танк, romanized: letayushchiy tank), a term used historically with the famous World War II Soviet Il-2 Shturmovik armored ground attack aircraft. Other common unofficial nicknames were "Galina" (or "Galya"), "Crocodile" (Russian: Крокодил, romanized: Krokodil), due to the helicopter's camouflage scheme, and "Drinking Glass" (Russian: Стакан, romanized: Stakan), because of the flat glass plates that surround earlier Mi-24 variants' cockpits.
Rahel la Fermosa
Rahel la Fermosa (Ladino for "Rachel the Beautiful"; originally Rahel Esra; c. 1165, Toledo – 1195, Toledo) was a Jewish woman who lived in Toledo, Spain in the twelfth century. She was the paramour of King Alfonso VIII of Castile, a Catholic Christian and husband of Eleanor of England, for almost seven years. Under her influence, a number of Spanish Jews were appointed to positions within the royal court. This led to discontent among the clergy and nobility. Rahel received the death penalty, together with her fellow Jews in the court, in the presence of the king himself.

Spanish and Portuguese Jews
Spanish and Portuguese Jews, also called Western Sephardim, Iberian Jews, or Peninsular Jews, are a distinctive sub-group of Sephardic Jews who are largely descended from Jews who lived as New Christians in the Iberian Peninsula during the few centuries following the forced expulsion of unconverted Jews from Spain in 1492 and from Portugal in 1497. They should therefore be distinguished both from the descendants of those expelled in 1492 and from the present-day Jewish communities of Spain and Portugal.

The main present-day communities of Spanish and Portuguese Jews exist in the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada, and several other Jewish communities in the Americas have Spanish and Portuguese Jewish roots though they no longer follow the distinctive customs of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews.
Africa and the Victorians
Africa and the Victorians: The Official Mind of Imperialism is a 1961 book by Ronald Robinson and John Andrew Gallagher, with contributions from Robinson's wife, Alice Denny. The book argues that British involvement in the Scramble for Africa occurred largely to secure its empire, specifically routes to India and was a strategic decision. It was well received upon publication and is considered an influential work.

The Economic History Review
The Economic History Review is a peer-reviewed history journal published quarterly by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the Economic History Society. It was established in 1927 by Eileen Power and is currently edited by Sara Horrell, Jaime Reis and Patrick Wallis. Its first editors were E. Lipson and R. H. Tawney and other previous editors include M. M. Postan, H. J. Habbakuk, Max Hartwell (1960–1968), Christopher Dyer, Nicholas Crafts, John Hatcher, Richard Smith, Jane Humphries, Steve Hindle and Phillipp Schofield.
European folklore
European folklore or Western folklore refers to the folklore of the Western world, especially when discussed comparatively.
The history of Christendom during the Early Modern period has resulted in a number of traditions that are shared in many European ethnic and regional cultures.

This concerns notably common traditions based on Christian mythology, i.e. certain commonalities in celebrating Christmas, such as the various Christmas gift-bringers, or customs associated with All Souls' Day.

In addition, there are certain apotropaic gestures or practices found in large parts of the Western world, such as the knocking on wood or the fingers crossed gesture.

Apotropaic magic
Apotropaic magic (From Ancient Greek: ἀποτρέπω, romanized: apotrépō, lit. 'to ward off') or protective magic is a type of magic intended to turn away harm or evil influences, as in deflecting misfortune or averting the evil eye. Apotropaic observances may also be practiced out of superstition or out of tradition, as in good luck charms (perhaps some token on a charm bracelet), amulets, or gestures such as crossed fingers or knocking on wood, or as part of complex rituals of social transformation such as migration. Many different objects and charms are used for protection by many peoples throughout history.
Rossari Biotech
Rossari Biotech is an Indian chemical manufacturing company with a focus on specialty chemicals. It is also engaged in production of specialty enzymes and chemicals in India that is used in the pharmaceuticals, paper, construction, textiles, nutrition and animal health industries. The company was started in 2003 as a partnership firm titled Rossari Labtech and was incorporated into a company in 2009 and was renamed as Rossari Biotech.

It has two R&D facilities, one at Silvassa manufacturing facility and the second in Dahej.

Chemical industry
The chemical industry comprises the companies and other organizations that develop and produce industrial, specialty and other chemicals. Central to the modern world economy, the chemical industry converts raw materials (oil, natural gas, air, water, metals, and minerals) into commodity chemicals for industrial and consumer products. It includes industries for petrochemicals such as polymers for plastics and synthetic fibers; inorganic chemicals such as acids and alkalis; agricultural chemicals such as fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides; and other categories such as industrial gases, speciality chemicals and pharmaceuticals.

Various professionals are involved in the chemical industry including chemical engineers, chemists and lab technicians.
Jesse C. Bickle House
The Jesse C. Bickle House, also known as The Maples, is a historic house in Crete, Nebraska. It was built by homesteader Jesse C. Bickle as a one-story log house in 1864, and a second story was added in the 1870s. Bickle owned a brickyard in Crete and a store in Pleasant Hill. The house was designed in the Carpenter Gothic architectural style. It was purchased by Milton O. Smith in 1923, and renamed The Maples. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since November 23, 1977.

Carpenter Gothic
Carpenter Gothic, also sometimes called Carpenter's Gothic or Rural Gothic, is a North American architectural style-designation for an application of Gothic Revival architectural detailing and picturesque massing applied to wooden structures built by house-carpenters. The abundance of North American timber and the carpenter-built vernacular architectures based upon it made a picturesque improvisation upon Gothic a natural evolution. Carpenter Gothic improvises upon features that were carved in stone in authentic Gothic architecture, whether original or in more scholarly revival styles; however, in the absence of the restraining influence of genuine Gothic structures, the style was freed to improvise and emphasize charm and quaintness rather than fidelity to received models. The genre received its impetus from the publication by Alexander Jackson Davis of Rural Residences and from detailed plans and elevations in publications by Andrew Jackson Downing.