hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Goniophotometer
A goniophotometer is a photometer for measuring the directional light distribution characteristics of light sources, luminaires, optical media, and surfaces. A goniophotometer typically incorporates a goniometer that measures direction using spherical coordinates to capture the angular distribution of the transmitted, emitted, or reflected light. A gonioradiometer differs only in that it is a radiometer (i.e., is not specific to human vision), rather than a photometer.

The directional distribution of light is of high importance to architectural lighting, automotive lighting, and other applications. A goniophotometer enables characterization of emitted light that is not isotropic.

Spherical coordinate system
In mathematics, a spherical coordinate system specifies a given point in three-dimensional space by using a distance and two angles as its three coordinates. These are

the radial distance r along the line connecting the point to a fixed point called the origin;

the polar angle θ between this radial line and a given polar axis; and

the azimuthal angle φ, which is the angle of rotation of the radial line around the polar axis.

(See graphic regarding the "physics convention".)

Once the radius is fixed, the three coordinates (r, θ, φ), known as a 3-tuple, provide a coordinate system on a sphere, typically called the spherical polar coordinates.
The plane passing through the origin and perpendicular to the polar axis (where the polar angle is a right angle) is called the reference plane (sometimes fundamental plane).
Toby's Room
Toby's Room (2012) is English novelist Pat Barker's follow up novel to Life Class (2007). It continues to follow the fortunes of a group of students and teachers of the Slade School of Fine Art during the First World War.

Slade School of Fine Art
The UCL Slade School of Fine Art (informally The Slade) is the art school of University College London (UCL) and is based in London, England. It has been ranked as the UK's top art and design educational institution. The school is organised as a department of UCL's Faculty of Arts and Humanities.
Naresh Chander Chaturvedi
Naresh Chandra Chaturvedi (30 April 1928 – 29 November 1999) was an Indian writer, politician and poet, predominantly writing in Hindi language. He was born in Farrukhabad, Uttar Pradesh. He completed his M. A. in Hindi from the Jabalpur University.

Chaturvedi was the member of Indian National Congress, and was elected to the 8th Lok Sabha from the Kanpur constituency. He was the general secretary of All India Congress Committee. In 1999, he was the member of National Commission for SC and ST. Chaturvedi died in Kanpur on 29 November 1999, at the age of 71.

Farrukhabad
Farrukhabad is a city in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is the administrative headquarters of the Farrukhabad tehsil. This city is on the banks of river Ganges is 295 kilometres (183 mi) from the national capital Delhi and 210 kilometres (130 mi) from the state capital Lucknow.
Phạm Ngũ Lão Street
Phạm Ngũ Lão street is located in District 1 of Ho Chi Minh City, formerly Saigon, Vietnam. It was named after Phạm Ngũ Lão, the national hero. The street together with Bùi Viện, Đề Thám and Đỗ Quang Đẩu streets create a quarter known as the "Backpacker District" of Saigon which is "phố Tây Ba lô" in Vietnamese, as there are so many bars and cafes in this district are conveniently located around Saigon's city centre that attracted affordable foreign tourists who enjoy traveling the city by walking the whole day with backpacks on their back.

The Phạm Ngũ Lão quarter is also known for its affordable guest houses and mini-hotels as well as the availability of tourist agencies which primarily cater to budget tourists, similar to Khao San Road in Bangkok, Thailand.

Khaosan Road
Khaosan Road or Khao San Road (Thai: ถนนข้าวสาร, RTGS: Thanon Khao San, pronounced [tʰā.nǒn kʰâ(ː)w sǎːn]) is a short street in central Bangkok, Thailand. It is 410 metres (1,350 ft) in length and was constructed in 1892 during the reign of Rama V. It is in the Bang Lamphu area of Phra Nakhon District about 1 km (0.62 mi) north of the Grand Palace and Wat Phra Kaew.
Yale, Washington
Yale is an unincorporated community in Cowlitz County, Washington, northeast of the city of Woodland. Yale is located 22.4 miles (36.0 km) northeast of Woodland along Washington State Route 503 and situated between Yale Lake and Lake Merwin, both reservoirs on the Lewis River. The rock-fill hydro-electric Yale Dam is nearby. Named for Yale University, the only school teaching forestry in the 19th century, the Yale community is part of the Woodland School District, a K-12 school district of about 2,200 students.

Yale is second nearest community, after Cougar, to Mount St. Helens, which lies 16.2 miles (26.1 km) to its northeast. The eruption of Mount St. Helens on May 18, 1980 was the deadliest and most economically destructive volcanic event in the history of the United States. For many years climbers attempting to scale Mount St. Helens registered at Jack's Store until it burned down in December 2007. Yale has several view locations for Mount St. Helens.

Yale Dam
Yale Dam is a 323-foot high earth-type hydroelectric dam on the Lewis River, in the U.S. state of Washington, owned by PacifiCorp. It is located on the border between Cowlitz County and Clark County. Its reservoir is called Yale Lake. The dam's power plant capacity is 134 megawatts.

In January 2020, PacifiCorp, the dam owner, lowered the reservoir level 10 feet below normal operating level in order to reduce the probability of an accidental release due to an earthquake.
Novell Vibe
Novell Vibe is a web-based team collaboration platform developed by Novell. It was initially released by Novell in June 2008 under the name of Novell Teaming. Novell Vibe is a collaboration platform that can serve as a knowledge repository, document management system, project collaboration hub, process automation machine, corporate intranet or extranet. Users can upload, manage, comment on, and edit content securely.

Document management functionality allows for document versions, approvals, and document life cycle tracking. Users can download and modify pre-built custom web pages and workflows free of charge from the Vibe Resource Library.

As of 2022, Novell Vibe is now known as Micro Focus Vibe following the Novell acquisition.

Novell is now a part of OpenText.

Extranet
An extranet is a controlled private computer network that allows communication with business partners, vendors and suppliers or an authorized set of customers. It extends intranet to trusted outsiders. It provides access to needed services for authorized parties, without granting access to an organization's entire network.
It can be implemented securely, either with dedicated links or as a VPN.
Nalin Kulatilaka
Professor Nalin Kulatilaka is a Sri Lankan born American academic and researcher. Currently, Nalin Kulatilaka is The Wing Tat Lee Family Professor of Finance in the Questrom School of Business at Boston University and Director of the Impact Measurement and Allocation Program.

He has also held the Bertil Danielsson Professorship at the Stockholm School of Economics and University of Gothenburg and the Tamkang Chair at the Tamkang University.

Educated at the Royal College, Colombo, he went on to gain his BSc from the Imperial College London, SM from Harvard University and a PhD from the MIT Sloan School of Management. Prof Kulatilaka received the Association for Investment Management and Research's Graham and Dodd Award

He is a co-founder of Nine Dot Energy where he is the Chief Strategy Officer. Nalin also co-founded FirstFuel Software Inc. (2009), Glaze Creek Partners (2001), and Lanka Internet ServicesLtd (1994). He sits on the Board of Directors of Assette LLC and NineDot Energy.

Stockholm School of Economics
The Stockholm School of Economics (SSE; Swedish: Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, HHS) is a private business school located in Vasastan's city district in the central part of Stockholm, Sweden. SSE offers BSc, MSc and MBA programs, along with PhD- and Executive education programs.

SSE is accredited by EQUIS and is a member of CEMS. SSE has founded sister organizations: SSE Riga in Riga, Latvia, and SSE Russia in St Petersburg and Moscow, Russia. It also operates the European Institute of Japanese Studies (Japanese, kanji: 欧州日本研究所, Japanese, romaji: Ōshū Nihon kenkyūjo), a research institute in Tokyo, Japan.
Peterborough Senior Cup
The Senior Cup is the prominent knockout competition for the Peterborough & District Football Association (PDFA). According to the current rules of the competition, it is open to all clubs whose affiliation is with the PDFA and those affiliated to the Northamptonshire County Football Association that lie within 10 miles of Peterborough. The current holders are Oakham United who defeated Warboys Town 4-3 on penalties after the match ended 0–0 at London Road Stadium in Peterborough.

London Road Stadium
London Road, currently known as the Weston Homes Stadium for sponsorship reasons, is a multi-purpose stadium in Peterborough, England. The stadium is in Fletton, south of the River Nene. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Peterborough United. The stadium holds 13,511 and was built pre 1891, though the present ground bears no resemblance to the original following several periods of redevelopment.
Godshem
Godshem, also spelled Godshe, is a pudding or sweet porridge prepared in Goa, India. The dish has several variations, and its name means "sweetness" in Konkani, where it is sometimes used as a general term for dessert. Godshem may be prepared using ingredients such as rice, lentils, mung beans, milk, coconut, nuts, ghee, jaggery, and sugar. Some versions also incorporate fruits or gourds.

Godshem is commonly prepared and served during local festivals and community celebrations across Goa, including church feasts, Dussehra, and harvest festivals. It is also served at village celebrations such as the Vangodd festival in Saligão, the pre-Lenten Potekar festival in Divar Island, and Intruz in Dongrim village. In addition to religious and seasonal festivals, the dish is frequently prepared for community gatherings and cultural events, including those organised by Goan diaspora communities outside the region.

Pre-Lent
Pre-Lent begins the Christian time of preparation for Easter, in the three weeks before Lent. This period launches a campaign of catechesis, reflected in the liturgical readings. Its best-known feature is its concluding three-day festival, Carnival or Shrovetide.
Charles Sennott
Charles M. Sennott is a journalist and author who helped found The GroundTruth Project and serves as its editor-in-chief. He has held various positions at the Boston Globe including European Bureau Chief. He wrote a book about the disappearance of Christian communities in the Middle East. He co-founded and has helped lead GlobalPost. His book on Bruce Ritter, Broken Covenant, was published in 1992.

He graduated from the University of Massachusetts.

He has appeared on C-Span. He was interviewed by Terry Gross on Fresh Air.

In 2024 he received a press freedom award. He has spoken about the Boston Marathon bombing. He produced a program on Christian Zionists.

In 2009 he wrote about his career.

University of Massachusetts
The University of Massachusetts (UMass) is the public university system of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The university system includes six campuses (Amherst, Boston, Dartmouth, Lowell, a medical school in Worcester and a law school in Dartmouth), a satellite campus in Springfield and 25 smaller campuses throughout California and Washington with the University of Massachusetts Global. The system enrolled 73,593 students in fall 2023.

The University of Massachusetts system is governed by a president and a 22-member board of trustees. The system administration is in Boston and Shrewsbury. Each of the institutions in the system is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education.
Suharso
Suharso, (1912–1971) also spelled Soeharso, was an Indonesian medical doctor known for his work with disabled people and in the rehabilitation of people injured during the Indonesian National Revolution. He was declared to be a National Hero of Indonesia in 1973.

Surakarta
Surakarta (Javanese: ꦯꦸꦫꦏꦂꦠ, Pegon: سوراكارتا), known colloquially as Solo (Javanese: ꦱꦭ; Sålå), is a major city in Central Java, Indonesia. The 46.72 km2 (18.04 sq mi) city adjoins Karanganyar Regency and Boyolali Regency to the north, Karanganyar Regency and Sukoharjo Regency to the east and west, and Sukoharjo Regency to the south. On the eastern side of Solo lies Solo River (Bengawan Solo). Its metropolitan area, consisting of Surakarta City and the surrounding six regencies ("Greater Solo Area", formerly Special Region of Surakarta), was home to 6,837,753 inhabitants according to the official estimates for mid 2023, 526,870 of whom reside in the city proper.

Surakarta is the birthplace of the President of Indonesia from 2014 to 2024, Joko Widodo, as well as his son and current Vice President of Indonesia, Gibran Rakabuming Raka. The former served as Mayor of Surakarta from 2005 to 2012, as did the latter from 2021 to 2024.
Ernie Wingard
Ernest James Wingard (October 17, 1900 – January 17, 1977), nicknamed "Jim", was an American professional baseball pitcher. He played four seasons in Major League Baseball for the St. Louis Browns. He started 77 games and relieved in 68 from 1924 to 1927. Wingard's best season was his first, his 3.51 ERA was 10th best in the American League and his 5.1 WAR ranked 9th in the AL, according to Baseball Reference.

He was a good hitting pitcher in his major league career, posting a .232 batting average (57-for-246) with 30 runs, 7 home runs and 38 RBI in 156 games.

Wingard's baseball career would continue in the minor leagues through 1941, including a few seasons as a manager between 1936 and 1941.

Baseball Reference
Baseball Reference is a baseball statistics database maintained by Sports Reference. The site provides career statistics for Major League Baseball (MLB) players and teams as well as records, MLB draft history, and sabermetrics.
Isabel Mesa Delgado
Isabel Mesa Delgado (Ronda, 30 December 1913 - Huerta, 25 February 2002) was a Spanish trade unionist, anarchist and Spanish anarcha-feminist worker. While in hiding, she used the pseudonym Carmen Delgado Palomares.

Horta of Valencia
The Horta of Valencia (Valencian: Horta de València; Spanish: Huerta de Valencia) is a historical comarca of the Valencian Community, in Spain. Currently, Horta of Valencia is the common name and refers to the urban and metro area covered by Valencia (València) and three neighbouring comarques: Horta Nord, Horta Sud, Horta Oest.
Tour Michelet
Tour Michelet (formerly known as Tour Total or PB17) is an office skyscraper in the Puteaux commune of the La Défense district in Paris. Built in 1985, the tower stands at 127 m (417 ft) tall with 34 floors and is the 34th tallest building in Paris.

Puteaux
Puteaux (French pronunciation: [pyto] ⓘ) is a commune in the western suburbs of Paris, France. It is located in the heart of the Hauts-de-Seine department, 8.7 kilometres (5.4 mi) from the centre of Paris.

La Défense, Paris's business district hosting the tallest buildings in the metropolitan area, extends over the northern part of Puteaux and parts of the neighbouring communes Courbevoie and Nanterre. The inhabitants of Puteaux are called Putéoliens in French.
Logie Awards of 1968
The 10th Annual TV Week Logie Awards were presented on Friday 22 March 1968 at the Southern Cross Hotel in Melbourne and broadcast on the Nine Network. Bert Newton from the Nine Network was the Master of Ceremonies. British television actress Violet Carson and American television actors Christopher George, Peter Breck and Cheryl Miller appeared as guests. This article lists the winners of Logie Awards (Australian television) for 1968:

Christopher George
Christopher John George (February 25, 1931 – November 28, 1983) was an American television and film actor who starred in the 1960s television series The Rat Patrol. He was nominated for a Golden Globe Award in 1967 as Best TV Star for his performance in the series. He was also the recipient of a New York Film Festival award as the Best Actor in a Television Commercial. George was married to actress Lynda Day George.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Kiribati
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Kiribati refers to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and its members in Kiribati. In 1976 the first branch (small congregation) was organized in Tarawa. As at the 2020 Census, there were 6,720 people declaring as LDS members. According to LDS church, as of year-end 2024, there were 23,046 members in 43 congregations, making it the largest body of LDS Church members in Micronesia. Kiribati also has the most LDS Church members per capita in Micronesia, and the third most members per capita of any country in the world, behind Tonga and Samoa.

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Tonga
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) (Tongan: Siasi ʻo Sīsū Kalaisi ʻo e Kau Māʻoniʻoni ʻi he Ngaahi ʻAho Kimui Ní or Siasi Māmonga) has had a presence in Tonga since 1891. The Tongan Mission was organized in 1916. However, due to anti-Mormon sentiment and government policies, the LDS Church did not grow steadily in Tonga until 1924. Between 1946 and 1956, church leaders published Tongan translations of the scriptures and built a church-sponsored school known as the Liahona School. In 1968, Tonga's first LDS stake was organized and the Nuku'alofa Tonga Temple was dedicated in 1983.
Reactionless drive
In the field of spacecraft propulsion, a reactionless drive is a hypothetical device producing motion without the exhaust of a propellant. A propellantless drive is not necessarily reactionless when it constitutes an open system interacting with external fields; but a reactionless drive is a particular case of a propellantless drive that is a closed system, presumably in contradiction with the law of conservation of momentum. Reactionless drives are often considered similar to a perpetual motion machine. The name comes from Newton's third law, often expressed as: "For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction."

Many infeasible reactionless drives are a staple of science fiction for space propulsion.

Closed system
A closed system is a natural physical system that does not allow transfer of matter in or out of the system, although the transfer of energy is allowed in the contexts of certain fields (e.g. physics, chemistry, engineering, etc).
Valentina Petrenko
Valentina Aleksandrovna Petrenko (Russian: Валентина Александровна Петренко; born 23 August 1955 in Kazakh SSR) is a Russian politician, who served as a Russian Federation Senator from Khakassia from 2001 to 2011. She served on the Committee on Social Policy and has a PhD in Education

Born in Kazakh SSR (now Kazakhstan), she is fluent in Russian, Polish, English, and Spanish. In 1977, she graduated from the Rostov State Pedagogical Institute, majoring in teacher of biology and chemistry.

She is famous for negotiating for the release of several child hostages in 1993, for which she earned the Order “For Personal Courage”. She is also known for her iconic hairstyle.

She is married and has one daughter.

She was awarded the Order of Honour.

Southern Federal University
Southern Federal University (Russian: Южный федеральный университет), abbreviated as SFedU (Russian: ЮФУ) and formerly known as Rostov State University (1957–2006), is a public university in Rostov Oblast, Russia with campuses in Rostov-on-Don and Taganrog. In 2023 US News & World Report ranked it # 1,647 in the world.
Faxonius wrighti
Faxonius wrighti, the Hardin crayfish, is a species of crayfish in the family Cambaridae. It is endemic to the United States. The common name refers to Hardin County, Tennessee, where the original specimens were found.

Crayfish
Crayfish are freshwater crustaceans belonging to the infraorder Astacidea, which also contains lobsters. Taxonomically, they are members of the superfamilies Astacoidea and Parastacoidea. They breathe through feather-like gills. Some species are found in brooks and streams, where  fresh water is running, while others thrive in swamps, ditches, and paddy fields. Most crayfish cannot tolerate polluted water, although some species, such as Procambarus clarkii, are hardier. Crayfish feed on animals and plants, either living or decomposing, and detritus.

The term "crayfish" is applied to saltwater species in some countries.
Decima
Decima can refer to:

Decima gallery, a London-based arts organisation

Decima (game engine), a proprietary game engine by Guerrilla Games

Decima (mythology), a goddess in Roman mythology and one of the Parcae (Fates)

Decima Research, a Canadian polling company

Decima, the Roman equivalent of Lachesis, one of the Fates

Décima, a type of poetry with ten stanzas, rooted in Spanish literature

Décima, the one-tenth tithe in Spain that is traditionally donated to a religious institution, the tithe itself called diezmo in Spanish

Dejima, a foreign trading post off the coast of Nagasaki, Japan, during the 16th to 19th century

SB Decima, a Thames barge built in 1899

The Decimas, a race of fictional creatures in the British science-fiction television series Blake's 7

Decima Flottiglia MAS, an Italian flotilla, with commando frogman unit, of the Regia Marina (Italian Royal Navy) created during the Fascist regime

Decima Research
Decima Research is a public opinion and market research company in Canada. In 2007, it became a subsidiary of Harris Insights & Analytics. The Roper Center at Cornell University recognizes it as a "Historically Contributing Data Provider".
Fox River Trail (Illinois)
The Fox River Trail is a multi-use path in Illinois along the Fox River. Largely in Kane County, the trail connects the communities of (North to South) Algonquin, Carpentersville, Dundee, Elgin, South Elgin, St. Charles, Geneva, Batavia, North Aurora, Aurora, Montgomery, and Oswego.

Algonquin, Illinois
Algonquin is a village in McHenry and Kane counties, Illinois, in the United States. It is a suburb of Chicago, located approximately 40 miles (64 km) northwest of the Loop. As of the 2020 census, the village's population was 29,700.

The village is known as "The Gem of the Fox River Valley", referring to the location of its downtown.
Roter Knopf
The Rote Knopf (3,281 m (AA)) is the second highest mountain in the Schober Group within the High Tauern in the Austrian Alps. It is only two metres short of the Petzeck, the highest summit in the Schober. Nevertheless, this peak is far less well known that the Hochschober or the Glödis. This is probably because the mountain is not visible from the valleys of the Kalser Tal or the anterior Debanttal.

The easiest ascent runs from the Elberfelder Hut following the waymarking southwards before turning west and running along the southeastern arête to the summit. This climb not only requires sure-footedness, but also exposed, albeit not difficult, climbing at grade I. From the summit, Austria's highest mountain, the Großglockner, may be seen prominently to the north.

Debantbach
The Debantbach is a stream in East Tyrol, Austria. Its source is west of the Hochschober and north of the Leibnitztörl, below the Debantgrat. At the end of the Debanttal Valley, the Debantbach joins the Gößnitzbach and then flows through the Debanttal and into the Drava at Dölsach. The Debantbach descends a total of 1,890 m (6,200 ft) from its source to its mouth, and it has a total length of 22.3 km (13.9 mi). Its drainage basin is 83.3 km2 (32.2 sq mi). It takes in a total of 48 bodies of water (including tributaries and their tributaries).