hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Mohsen Abdel Hamid
Mohsen Abdel Hamid (born 1937 Arabic: محسن عبد الحميد) is an Iraqi politician and Islamic scholar who was a member of the Interim Iraq Governing Council (president, February 2004), created following the United States's 2003 invasion of Iraq. He served as the President of the Governing Council of Iraq (42nd Prime Minister of Iraq).

Prime Minister of Iraq
The prime minister of the Republic of Iraq is the foremost executive of the Iraqi government and the commander-in-chief of the Iraqi Armed Forces. The premier is responsible for the general policy of the state and directs the Council of Ministers, with the power to dismiss and name any senior executive, including ministers and generals. In addition to the armed forces, the premier has direct authority over all of those intelligence and security agencies under the jurisdiction of the Office of the Prime Minister, such as the CTS and the INIS.

Under the informally adopted ethno-sectarian quota system known as Muhasasa, the position of prime minister is reserved for a Shia Muslim.

On 27 October 2022, Mohammed Shia' al-Sudani became the incumbent prime minister.
William Homewood
William Dennis Homewood (17 March 1920 – 13 January 1989) was a British Labour Party politician.

Homewood was Member of Parliament for Kettering from 1979 to 1983. After the boundary changes of that year, he stood in Corby, but lost to the Conservative candidate William Powell. He died in Market Harborough in 1989, at the age of 68.

Corby and East Northamptonshire
Corby and East Northamptonshire is a constituency in the English county of Northamptonshire. It is represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since July 2024 by Lee Barron, of the Labour Party.

Prior to the 2023 review of Westminster constituencies, the constituency was known as Corby. The 2024 general election was the first general election in which the 'Corby and East Northamptonshire' constituency was contested following the boundary changes of 2023.
Diurna
Diurna is a Latin & Italian word relating to 'day'. Sometimes refers to:

Acta Diurna ('Daily Acts'), the newspaper of Rome, recording legal matters & public news of the Republic & Empire

Encyclia diurna, a species of orchid

Encyclia diurna
Encyclia diurna is a species of flowering plant in the family Orchidaceae, native to Costa Rica and Panama in Central America, and to north Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname and Venezuela in South America. It was first described in 1853.
Cory Cyrenne
Cory Cyrenne (born August 25, 1977) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player.  He was named the Canadian Junior A Hockey Player of the Year in 1995 and received a hockey scholarship to Colorado College.  He was also named the CHL's Sportsmanlike player of the year in 1998.

Cyrenne played junior hockey with the Brandon Wheat Kings of the WHL.  He was drafted 191st overall by the San Jose Sharks in the 1996 NHL Entry Draft.  He attended the Sharks 1997 training camp, but was returned to Brandon, where he was the league's second-leading scorer in 1997–98.

Cyrenne played professionally in several leagues, including the IHL and AHL.

Colorado College
Colorado College is a private liberal arts college in Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States. Founded in 1874 by Thomas Nelson Haskell in his daughter's memory, the college offers over 40 majors and 30 minors, and enrolls approximately 2,000 undergraduates at its 90-acre (36 ha) campus.

Colorado College is a member of the Associated Colleges of the Midwest, and is a QuestBridge partner. Notable alumni include Diana DeGette, Liz Cheney, Dutch Clark, Thomas Hornsby Ferril, James Heckman, Steve Sabol, Ken Salazar, and Marc Webb. Most of the university's varsity sports teams compete in NCAA Division III, with the exception of Division I teams in men's hockey and women's soccer.
Miscibility
Miscibility (/ˌmɪsɪˈbɪlɪti/) is the property of two substances to mix in all proportions (that is, to fully dissolve in each other at any concentration), forming a homogeneous mixture (a solution). Such substances are said to be miscible (etymologically equivalent to the common term "mixable"). The term is most often applied to liquids, but also applies to solids and gases. An example in liquids is the miscibility of water and ethanol as they mix in all proportions.

By contrast, substances are said to be immiscible if the mixture does not form a solution for certain proportions. For one example, oil is not soluble in water, so these two solvents are immiscible. As another example, butanone (methyl ethyl ketone) is immiscible in water: it is soluble in water up to about 275 grams per liter, but will separate into two phases beyond that.

Gas
Gas is a state of matter with neither fixed volume nor fixed shape. It is a compressible form of fluid, in contrast to a liquid. A pure gas consists of individual atoms (e.g. a noble gas like neon), or molecules (e.g. oxygen (O2) or carbon dioxide). Pure gases can also be mixed together such as in the air. What distinguishes gases from liquids and solids is the vast separation of the individual gas particles. This separation can make some gases invisible to the human observer.

The gaseous state of matter occurs between the liquid and plasma states, the latter of which provides the upper-temperature boundary for gases. Bounding the lower end of the temperature scale lie degenerative quantum gases which are gaining increasing attention.
High-density atomic gases super-cooled to very low temperatures are classified by their statistical behavior as either Bose gases or Fermi gases. For a comprehensive listing of these exotic states of matter, see list of states of matter.
Siljevica
Siljevica (Serbian Cyrillic: Сиљевица) is a village in Šumadija and Western Serbia (Šumadija), in the municipality of Rekovac (Region of Levač), lying at 43°50′55″N 21°02′02″E﻿ / ﻿43.84861°N 21.03389°E﻿ / 43.84861; 21.03389, at the elevation of 470 m. According to the 2002 census, the village had 165 citizens.

Šumadija and Western Serbia
The Šumadija and Western Serbia (Serbian: Шумадија и западна Србија, romanized: Šumadija i zapadna Srbija) is one of the five statistical regions of Serbia. It is also a Level-2 statistical region according to the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS).
Adam Gerle
Adam Gerle is a Canadian politician, who was elected to the Yukon Legislative Assembly in the 2025 Yukon general election. He represents the electoral district of Porter Creek South as a member of the Yukon Party.

Gerle is a brand and marketing specialist at Northern Vision Development.

Yukon Party
The Yukon Party, formerly the Yukon Progressive Conservative Party, is a conservative political party in Yukon, Canada. It is the current governing party, with a majority in the Yukon Legislative Assembly.
Dave Chisnall (rugby league)
David Chisnall (10 April 1948 – 11 January 2013) was an English professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1970s and 1980s. He played at representative level for Great Britain and England, and at club level for Leigh (two spells), Warrington (two spells) (captain), Swinton, St. Helens and Barrow, as a prop.

Widnes Vikings
The Widnes Vikings are an English rugby league club in Widnes, Cheshire, which competes in the Championship. The club plays home matches at DCBL Stadium. Founded as Widnes Football Club, they are one of the original twenty-two rugby clubs that formed the Northern Rugby Football Union in 1895. Their historic nickname is "The Chemics" after the main industry in Widnes, but now they use their modern nickname, "The Vikings".

The club enjoyed a period of success in the 1970s, 1980s, and early 1990s, and were frequently described as "Cup Kings" reaching the Challenge Cup Final 7 times in 10 years between 1975 and 1984. In 1989, after winning their third Rugby League Premiership, Widnes became the first official World Club Champions by beating the Australian champions Canberra Raiders 30–18 at Old Trafford. They have a strong local rivalry with Warrington Wolves.
Cozy III
The Cozy III is a 3-seat, single engine, homebuilt light aircraft designed by Nat Puffer. The aircraft is built from plans using basic raw materials. It is not a kit aircraft, though many small parts are available prefabricated. The Cozy is similar in design and construction to the 2-seat Rutan Long-EZ, from which it is derived, with approval from Burt Rutan.

The Cozy utilizes foam and fiberglass sandwich construction, with foam suited to the usage, fiberglass oriented for the stresses, and epoxy to bond them together.

Nat Puffer designed the aircraft as a high speed cross-country VFR aircraft, although many builders equip their planes with IFR capabilities.

Instrument flight rules
In aviation, instrument flight rules (IFR) is one of two sets of regulations governing all aspects of civil aviation aircraft operations; the other is visual flight rules (VFR).

The U.S. Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) Instrument Flying Handbook defines IFR as: "Rules and regulations established by the FAA to govern flight under conditions in which flight by outside visual reference is not safe. IFR flight depends upon flying by reference to instruments in the flight deck, and navigation is accomplished by reference to electronic signals." It is also a term used by pilots and controllers to indicate the type of flight plan an aircraft is flying, such as an IFR or VFR flight plan.
Dia do Fico
Dia do fico (lit. Portuguese for "I Stay Day") refers, in Brazilian history, to January 9, 1822. On this day, the then prince Pedro (later Emperor Pedro I) declared that he would not comply with the orders of the Portuguese Cortes that demanded his return to Lisbon.

Constituent Cortes of 1820
The Constituent Cortes of 1820, officially the General and Extraordinary Cortes of the Portuguese Nation, also frequently known as the Sovereign Congress or the Cortes Constituintes Vintistas, was the first modern Portuguese parliament. Created after the Liberal Revolution of 1820 to prepare a constitution for Portugal and its overseas territories, it used a different system from the traditional General Cortes for choosing representatives, and the three traditional feudal estates (Clergy, Nobility, and Commoners) no longer sat separately. The Cortes sat between January 24, 1821 and November 4, 1822 at the Necessidades Palace in Lisbon. The work of the Constitutional Cortes culminated in the approval of the Portuguese Constitution of 1822.
2015–16 Andebol 1
The 2015–16 Andebol 1 (also known as Fidelidade Andebol 1 for sponsorship reasons) was the 64th season of the Portuguese Handball First Division, the premier professional handball league in Portugal. A total of twelve teams contested the league, which began on 5 September 2015 and concluded on 4 June 2016.

ABC Braga beat Benfica 3–2 in the playoff finals to win their 13th national championship title, nine years after their previous triumph. Seven-time defending champions Porto were eliminated by Benfica in the semi-finals.

Andebol 1
The Campeonato Nacional de Andebol Masculino  (English: Men's Handball National Championship), also known simply as Andebol 1 (or Campeonato Placard Andebol 1 for sponsorship reasons), is the premier handball league in Portugal and is overseen by the Portuguese Handball Federation.

The competition was created in 1951 and was formerly named Campeonato Nacional da Primeira Divisão (1951–1982 and 1985–2001), Divisão de Elite (2002–2006), and Liga Portuguesa de Andebol (2001–2009). Seven teams have won the league title since its inception.

Sporting CP are the current champions with 23 titles, followed by FC Porto with 24 titles and ABC with 13.
Termitomyces titanicus
Termitomyces titanicus (common name chi-ngulu-ngulu) is a species of edible fungus in the Lyophyllaceae family. Found in West Africa (as well as Zambia and the Katanga Province of DR Congo), it has a
cap that may reach 1 metre (3 ft) in diameter on a stipe up to 57 centimetres (22 inches) in length. Termitomyces is symbiotic with termites of the genus Macrotermes who raise the hyphae upon partially digested leaves as their primary foodstuff. T. titanicus was first described by David Pegler and G. D. Piearce in the Kew Bulletin in 1980; they described it as "incredible that such a large fungus which is popularly known and common in Zambia should have remained undescribed" until that point.: 481

Macrotermes
Macrotermes is a genus of termites belonging to the subfamily Macrotermitinae and widely distributed throughout Africa and South-East Asia. Well-studied species include Macrotermes natalensis and M. bellicosus.

Like other genera in the Macrotermitinae, they consume dead plant material indirectly by cultivating a basidiomycete fungus of the genus Termitomyces on galleries inside – often very large – termite mounds. Frequently at the beginning of the rainy season, enormous swarms of winged flying adults disperse to establish new colonies.

Spores are sown on the wood in the nest and treated with a growth hormone. The termites feed on the resulting fungus garden. The fungi produce heat in the nest, which rises towards the closed chimney. The heat is exchanged via the chimney, and its smaller tunnels that lead to the surface. Carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchanged near the surface of the nest, and workers may open or block individual tunnels to regulate temperature.
Fairground Park riot
The Fairground Park riot was a race riot that broke out on June 21, 1949, at a newly integrated public swimming pool.  The Fairground Park pool was located near Natural Bridge and Vandeventer Avenues in north St. Louis.

Ethnic conflict
An ethnic conflict is a conflict between two or more ethnic groups.  While the source of the conflict may be political, social, economic or religious, the individuals in conflict must expressly fight for their ethnic group's position within society. This criterion differentiates ethnic conflict from other forms of struggle.

Academic explanations of ethnic conflict generally fall into one of three schools of thought: primordialist, instrumentalist or constructivist. Recently, some have argued for either top-down or bottom-up explanations for ethnic conflict. Intellectual debate has also focused on whether ethnic conflict has become more prevalent since the end of the Cold War, and on devising ways of managing conflicts, through instruments such as consociationalism and federalisation.
Operator (linguistics)
In generative grammar, the technical term operator denotes a type of expression that enters into an a-bar movement dependency. One often says that the operator "binds a variable".

Operators are often determiners, such as interrogatives ('which', 'who', 'when', etc.), or quantifiers ('every', 'some', 'most', 'no'), but adverbs such as sentential negation ('not') have also been treated as operators. It is also common within generative grammar to hypothesise phonetically empty operators whenever a clause type or construction exhibits symptoms of the presence of an a-bar movement dependency, such as sensitivity to extraction islands.

Quantifier (linguistics)
In linguistics and  grammar, a quantifier is a type of determiner, such as all, some, many, few, a lot, and no, (but not specific numerals) that indicates quantity.

Quantification is also used in logic, where it is a formula constructor that produces new formulas from old ones. 
Natural languages' determiners have been argued to correspond to logical quantifiers at the semantic level.
Josef Teichmann
Josef Teichmann (* 27 August 1972 in Lienz) is an Austrian mathematician and professor at ETH Zürich working on mathematical finance, stochastic analysis and machine learning.

After studying mathematics at the University of Graz, he pursued his PhD at the University of Vienna. The title of his dissertation in 1999 under the supervision of Peter W. Michor was "The Theory of Infinite-Dimensional Lie Groups from the Point of View of Functional Analysis".

After working at the Vienna University of Technology, he obtained the Habilitation there in 2002. Since June 2009 he has been a professor at the Department of Mathematics at ETH Zürich. Since August 2023 he has been chair of the Department of Mathematics at ETH Zürich.

In 2005 he was awarded the Prize of the Austrian Mathematical Society and in 2006 the Start-Preis of the FWF.

In 2014 he was awarded the Louis Bachelier Prize by the French Academy of Sciences.

Austrian Science Fund
The Austrian Science Fund (German: Fonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung, FWF) is the most important Austrian funding organization for basic research. The FWF supports research in science, engineering, and the humanities through a large variety of grant programmes, prizes and by funding infrastructure. The self-governed organization is based in Vienna and financed by the Austrian federal government.

In September 2023 president Christof Gattringer voiced funding concerns: a three-year budget consensus previously reached with the Ministry of Education is lacking confirmation by the Ministry of Finance despite continuing high inflation in Austria.
Jahmil X. T. Qubeka
Xolani Thandikaya Qubeka (born 26 March 1979), professionally known as Jahmil X. T. Qubeka, is a South African film director, screenwriter, and producer.

He has mostly worked on action, crime, and drama films that tell the story of post-apartheid South Africa, and has received multiple accolades, including Best Director at the 15th edition of the Africa Movie Academy Awards for Sew the Winter to My Skin.

History of South Africa (1994–present)
South Africa since 1994 transitioned from the system of apartheid to one of majority rule. The election of 1994 resulted in a change in government with the African National Congress (ANC) coming to power. The ANC retained power after subsequent elections in 1999, 2004, 2009, 2014, and 2019, However, in 2024, they officially lost the National Majority and had to form a Government of National Unity with other  political parties, including the former official opposition, the Democratic Alliance (DA).
1933 Palestine Cup
The 1933 Palestine Cup (Hebrew: הגביע הארץ-ישראלי, HaGavia HaEretz-Israeli) was the fifth season of Israeli Football Association's nationwide football cup competition. The defending holders, British Police, didn't take part in the competition.

For the first time, all team participating were Jewish clubs, as British and Arab teams declined to enter. Maccabi Tel Aviv and Hapoel Tel Aviv met in the final, the former winning the cup by a single goal.

Palestine Police Force
The Palestine Police Force (Arabic: قوة بوليس فلسطين, Hebrew: משטרת פלשתינה (א"י)) was a British colonial police service established in Mandatory Palestine on 1 July 1920, when High Commissioner Sir Herbert Samuel's civil administration took over responsibility for security from General Allenby's Occupied Enemy Territory Administration (South). The police force was composed of Jewish, Arab and British officers.
Sankaty
Sankaty (a.k.a. HMCS Sankaty, a.k.a. Charles A. Dunning) was a propeller-driven steamer that served as a ferry to Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket in Massachusetts; in Rockland, Maine; Stamford, Connecticut and Oyster Bay, Long Island in the United States from 1911 to 1940. During World War II, the ship was requisitioned by the Royal Canadian Navy for service as a minelayer and maintenance vessel along the Canadian Atlantic coast. Following the war the ship returned to a ferry, working the  Wood Islands, Prince Edward Island and Caribou, Nova Scotia route in Canada from 1947 until 1964. While being towed to the breaker's yard, the ship sank off the coast of Nova Scotia on October 27, 1964.

Atlantic Canada
Atlantic Canada, also called the Atlantic provinces (French: provinces de l'Atlantique), is the region of Eastern Canada comprising four provinces: New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. As of 2021, the landmass of the four Atlantic provinces was approximately 488,000 km2 (188,000 sq mi), and had a population of over 2.4 million people. The term Atlantic Canada was popularized following the admission of Newfoundland as a Canadian province in 1949. The province of Newfoundland and Labrador is not included in the Maritimes, another significant regional term, but is included in Atlantic Canada.
South Capital Street Limited Line
The South Capital Street Limited Line, designated Route W9, was a bus route operated by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority between L'Enfant Plaza station of the Blue, Yellow, Orange, Green, and Silver lines of the Washington Metro and the Douglas A. Munro Coast Guard Headquarters Building (Coast Guard) or Livingston (AM Peak only). The line operated during the weekday peak-hours only providing service from the Coast Guard Headquarters to L'Enfant Plaza. The line was discontinued on June 24, 2018 due to low ridership and the U.S. Coast Guard ending their subsidy for the W9 on July 1, 2018.

South Capitol Street
South Capitol Street is a major street dividing the southeast and southwest quadrants of Washington, D.C., in the United States. It runs south from the United States Capitol to the D.C.–Maryland line, intersecting with Southern Avenue. After it enters Maryland, the street becomes Indian Head Highway (Maryland Route 210) at the Eastover Shopping Center, a terminal or transfer point of many bus routes.
Dennis Allen (criminal)
Dennis Bruce Allen (7 November 1951 – 13 April 1987) was a notorious Australian drug dealer and alleged serial killer based in Melbourne. He was the oldest son of Kath Pettingill, a criminal matriarch. Allen's lawyer, Andrew Fraser, helped him avoid jail time by leveraging his knowledge of corrupt Victorian police officers at the time. However, Allen died of heart disease in 1987 while in prison custody, awaiting trial for murder.

Matriarchy
Matriarchy is a social system in which positions of power and privilege are held by women. In a broader sense it can also extend to moral authority, social privilege, and control of property. While those definitions apply in general English, definitions specific to anthropology and feminism differ in some respects.

Matriarchies may also be confused with matrilineal, matrilocal, and matrifocal societies. While some may consider any non-patriarchal system to be matriarchal, most academics exclude those systems from matriarchies as strictly defined. Many societies have had matriarchal elements.
Ōsaki, Tokyo
Ōsaki (大崎) is a primarily commercial district in the northern part of Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan. The district has completed several urban renewal projects centered around the Yamanote Line's Ōsaki Station, which include Ōsaki New City in 1987, Gate City Ōsaki in 1999, Art Village Ōsaki in 2007, Oval Court Ōsaki in 2004, and ThinkPark in 2007.

Rissho University, its predecessor established in 1580 and reorganized into a university in 1924, is a private university with the main campus in Ōsaki. The 55th Prime Minister of Japan Tanzan Ishibashi served as this school's president from 1952 to 1968.

Ōsaki is now one of the seven "secondary city centers" (副都心, Fukutoshin) officially designated by the Tokyo Metropolis.

Rissho University
Rissho University (立正大学, Risshō Daigaku), one of the oldest universities in Japan, was founded in 1580, when a seminary was established as a learning center for young monks of the Nichiren shu.

The university's name came from the Rissho Ankoku Ron, a thesis written by Nichiren, a prominent Buddhist priest of the Kamakura period. Rissho University enrolls approximately 11,900 students. It has 14 undergraduate departments and 6 graduate school research departments on two separate campuses.