hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Alphabet of human thought
The alphabet of human thought (Latin: alphabetum cogitationum humanarum) is a concept originally proposed by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz that provides a universal way to represent and analyze ideas and relationships by breaking down their component pieces. All ideas are compounded from a very small number of simple ideas which can be represented by a unique character.

Ontology components
Contemporary ontologies share many structural similarities, regardless of the ontology language in which they are expressed. Most ontologies describe individuals (instances), classes (concepts), attributes, and relations.
Embo-Dlamini
Embo-Dlamini (also called Dlamini-Nguni, Tekela-Nguni or Emalangeni and sometimes Thonga-Nguni) refers to a historic  Nguni-speaking community in the Maputaland-Lubombo region of Southern Africa that formed the modern Swazi people. It is a branch of the  Embo-Nguni ethnic group that falls within the broader  Embo identity.

Nguni languages
The Nguni languages are a group of Bantu languages spoken in southern Africa (mainly South Africa, Zimbabwe and Eswatini) by the Nguni people. Nguni languages include Xhosa, Ndebele, Swati, and Zulu. The appellation "Nguni" derives from their ancestor called Mnguni type. Ngoni (see below) is an older, or a shifted, variant. The Nguni languages are the indigenous languages of the subtropics of southern Africa.

It is sometimes argued that the use of Nguni as a generic label suggests a historical monolithic unity of the people in question, where in fact the situation may have been more complex. The linguistic use of the label (referring to a subgrouping of Bantu) is relatively stable.

From an English editorial perspective, the articles "a" and "an" are both used with "Nguni", but "a Nguni" is more frequent and more correct especially if "Nguni" is pronounced as it is suggested (/ŋˈɡuːni/).
Bert Dahlander
Nils-Bertil Dahlander, nicknamed Bert Dahlander but also known as Bert Dale, was a Swedish Jazz percussionist. Self-taught in violin and piano, he attended Juilliard and began his career playing on Thore Ehrling's radio band. He started visiting the US in 1954, first playing at The Beehive house band in Chicago, and working with Terry Gibbs for a year. He then played with Lars Gullin, before returning to the US in 1957 to rejoin Gibbs.

He performed as a member of Teddy Wilson's group, along with Gene Ramey and Al Lucas; they recorded several Columbia LPs, and was originally nicknamed Bert by Wilson. He also worked with Ben Webster in Sweden.

He was Cannonball Adderley's drummer for a time and toured across Europe with Chet Baker during 1955–56 (recording with Baker as well). He recorded the album Skål (Bert Dahlander and His Swedish Jazz) on Verve Records.

After his touring retirement in 1964, he played for many years in the house band at the Tippler at the base of Aspen Mountain.

Ben Webster
Benjamin Francis Webster (March 27, 1909 – September 20, 1973) was an American jazz tenor saxophonist. He performed in the United States and Europe and made many recordings with Duke Ellington, Billie Holiday, Johnny Hodges, and others.
March 732
The March 732 was a British open-wheel Formula 2 racing car, built by March Engineering and introduced in 1973. It was powered by the 2 L (120 cu in) BMW M12/7 engine. Its Formula Atlantic equivalent, the March 73B, was based on the 732. Frenchman Jean-Pierre Jarier eventually won the 1973 European Formula Two Championship driving a March 732, finishing the season with 8 wins, 9 podium finishes, 4 pole positions, 4 fastest laps, and 78 points.

March Engineering
March Engineering was a Formula One constructor and manufacturer of customer racing cars from the United Kingdom. Although only moderately successful in Grand Prix competition, March racing cars enjoyed much better success in other categories of competition, including Formula Two, Formula Three, IndyCar and IMSA GTP sportscar racing.
Mirzapuri
Mirzapuri (Kaithi: 𑂧𑂱𑂩𑂹𑂔𑂺𑂰𑂣𑂳𑂩𑂲, Devanagari: मिर्ज़ापुरी, Nastaleeq: مرزاپوری) is a dialect of the Awadhi language spoken in the district of Mirzapur and adjacent regions in Uttar Pradesh.   It is a mother-tongue under Eastern Hindi of Central group and Classified into Hindi language. Thus Mirzapuri is reported as Hindi  and is the largest language spoken in Mirzapur district.

Linguistic Survey of India
The Linguistic Survey of India (LSI) is a comprehensive survey of the languages of British India, describing 364 languages and dialects. The Survey was first proposed by George Abraham Grierson, a member of the Indian Civil Service and a linguist who attended the Seventh International Oriental Congress held at Vienna in September 1886. He made a proposal of the linguistic survey and it was initially turned down by the Government of India. After persisting and demonstrating that it could be done using the existing network of government officials at a reasonable cost, it was approved in 1891. It was however formally begun only in 1894 and the survey continued for thirty years with the last of the results being published in 1928.

An on-line searchable database of the LSI is available, providing an excerpt for each word as it appeared in Grierson's original publication.  In addition, the British Library has gramophone recordings in its sound archive which document the phonology.
Gylne Gutuer
The Gylne Gutuer is a single-day road cycling race held annually in Norway since 2018. It is part of UCI Europe Tour in category 1.2.

The race is part of the Uno - X Development Weekend, which takes place in late August and early September in the provinces of Hedmark and Oppland in Norway. It includes three races: the Hafjell GP, the Lillehammer GP and Gylne Gutuer.

Oppland
Oppland [ˈɔ̂plɑn] ⓘ is a former county in Norway which existed from 1781 until its dissolution on 1 January 2020. The old Oppland county bordered the counties of Trøndelag, Møre og Romsdal, Sogn og Fjordane, Buskerud, Akershus, Oslo and Hedmark. The county administration was located in the town of Lillehammer.
Malabon
Malabon, officially the City of Malabon (Filipino: Lungsod ng Malabon), is a highly urbanized city in the National Capital Region of the Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 389,929 people. Located just north of the city of Manila, Malabon is primarily residential, industrial and one of the most densely populated cities in the metropolis, having a total land area of 15.96 square kilometers (6.16 sq mi)

Malabon is part of the sub-region of Metro Manila informally called CAMANAVA, an area which derives its name from the first syllable of its component cities: Caloocan, Malabon, Navotas, and Valenzuela. Caloocan lies to the south and east, Navotas to the west, and Valenzuela to the north. Malabon also borders the town of Obando in the province of Bulacan to the northwest.

National Artist of the Philippines
The Order of National Artists of the Philippines (Tagalog: Orden ng mga Pambansang Alagad ng Sining ng Pilipinas) is an order bestowed by the President of the Philippines on Philippine nationals who have made significant contributions to the development of Philippine art. Members of the order are known as National Artists. Originally instituted as an award, it was elevated to the status of an order in 2003.

The order is administered by the Cultural Center of the Philippines by virtue of President Ferdinand Marcos's Proclamation No. 1001 of April 27, 1972, and the National Commission for Culture and the Arts. The first award was posthumously conferred on Filipino painter Fernando Amorsolo.
François-Xavier Kalinda
François-Xavier Kalinda is a Rwandan politician who serves as President of Senate of Rwanda since 9 January 2023. He was born on 31 May 1962. He has a master's degree in law from Ottawa University. He served as Dean at School of Law of University of Rwanda.

Senate (Rwanda)
The upper house of the Parliament of Rwanda (Kinyarwanda: Inteko Ishinga Amategeko; French: Parlement) is the Senate (Sena/Sénat). The Senate has 26 members elected or appointed for eight-year terms: 12 elected by provincial councils, eight appointed by the President of the Republic to ensure the representation of historically marginalized communities, four by the National Consultative Forum of Political Organizations, and two elected by the staff of the universities (one public, one private). Additionally, former presidents can request to become a member of the Senate.

The Senate was established in 2003.
Mulberry UTC
Mulberry UTC is a university technical college in Old Ford, London, which opened in September 2017. The school is part of the Mulberry Schools Trust, a multi-academy trust operating in Tower Hamlets.

The UTC's sponsors are Goldsmiths (University of London), Bank of America Merrill Lynch, Barts Health NHS Trust, the British Film Institute and the National Theatre.

Barts Health NHS Trust
Barts Health NHS Trust is an NHS trust based in London, England. Established in 2012, it runs five hospitals throughout the City of London and East London, and is one of the largest NHS trusts in England.
Kanchinath Jha
Kanchinath Jha "Kiran" (कांचीनाथ झा ‘किरण’ Kāñcīnāth Jhā Kīraṇ; 1906–1989) was an Indian Maithili-language writer. His poetry was representative of the new modernist spirit in Maithili literature after the Second World War. In addition to essays and articles, he wrote novels (like Chandigrahan) which feature realism and treat the problems of common people.

The Kiran Memorial Educational Welfare Society was established in his name.

Literary realism
Literary realism is a movement and genre of literature that attempts to represent mundane and ordinary subject-matter in a faithful and straightforward way, avoiding grandiose or exotic subject-matter, exaggerated portrayals, and speculative elements such as supernatural events and alternative worlds. It encompasses both fiction (realistic fiction) and nonfiction writing. Literary realism is a subset of the broader realist art movement that began with mid-nineteenth-century French literature (Stendhal) and Russian literature (Alexander Pushkin). It  attempts to represent familiar things, including everyday activities and experiences, as they truly are.
Anse Mamin
Anse Mamin (Mamin Bay) is a bay on the coast with a small black sand beach in Soufrière District, Saint Lucia.

It is located near Anse Chastanet and the two beaches are linked by a rocky path below the cliffs.

Anse Mamin offers 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) of wooded trails.

Soufrière, Saint Lucia
Soufrière is a town on the West Coast of Saint Lucia, in the eastern Caribbean Sea. The town and the surrounding district has a population of 7,935. It was colonized by the French and was the original capital of the island.
2025 SBS Drama Awards
The 2025 SBS Drama Awards (Korean: 2025 SBS 연기대상), presented by Seoul Broadcasting System (SBS), was held on December 31, 2025, from 20:35 (KST) at the SBS Prism Tower in Sangam-dong, Mapo-gu, Seoul. The awards ceremonies in 2023 and 2024 were held on December 29 and December 21 respectively.

The show was hosted by Shin Dong-yup for the ninth consecutive time, together with  Chae Won-bin and Heo Nam-jun.

Mapo District
Mapo District (Korean: 마포구; RR: Mapo-gu) is one of the 25 districts of Seoul, South Korea. Mapo has a population of 381,330 (2015) and has a geographic area of 23.87 km2 (9.22 sq mi), and is divided into 24 dong (administrative neighborhoods). Mapo is located in western Seoul on the northern bank of the Han River, bordering the Gyeonggi Province city of Goyang to the northwest, and the Seoul city districts of Gangseo to the west, Yeongdeungpo to the south, Yongsan to the southeast, Jung to the east, and Seodaemun and Eunpyeong to the north.

Mapo is home to several universities and government buildings, and is well known for the Hongdae club district around Hongik University. Mapo is connected to the Seoul Metropolitan Subway's Line 2, Line 5, and Line 6, as well as the Airport Railroad, and the Korail Gyeongui-Jungang Line, which all pass through this district. The Seoul World Cup Stadium, a famous landmark in Seoul, is located in Sangam in northwest Mapo.
Ohio State Route 38
State Route 38 (SR 38) is a south–north state highway in the state of Ohio. Its southern terminus is near Bloomingburg and Washington Court House at the U.S. Route 62 / SR 3 concurrency and its northern terminus is in Marysville at the intersection of 5th Street and Main Street where the road continues north as SR 31.

On its winding route through central Ohio, State Route 38 mainly offers views of rolling or flat farmland planted with corn, soybeans, and other crops. It also passes through a variety of towns including Bloomingburg, London, and Marysville.

Washington Court House, Ohio
Washington Court House (often abbreviated as Washington C.H.) is a city in Fayette County, Ohio, United States, and its county seat. The population was 14,401 at the 2020 census. The area was initially settled by Virginia veterans of the American Revolution, who received the land from the government as payment for their service in the war.
Cacio e pepe
Cacio e pepe (Italian: [ˈkaːtʃo e pˈpeːpe]) is a pasta dish typical of the Lazio region of Italy. The dish contains grated pecorino romano and black pepper with tonnarelli or spaghetti. A common story is that shepherds from the pastoral communities of Lazio, Abruzzo, Tuscany, and Umbria created cacio e pepe in the 18th or 19th century. It is likely that black pepper was added to the dish much later, as it was expensive and not readily available to shepherds at the time. Achieving a smooth and creamy texture during preparation requires special attention, as the cheese is prone to becoming lumpy.

Umbria
Umbria (/ˈʌmbriə/ UM-bree-ə; Italian: [ˈumbrja]) is a region of central Italy. It includes Lake Trasimeno and Marmore Falls, and is crossed by the Tiber. It is the only landlocked region on the Apennine Peninsula. The capital is Perugia. The region has 851,954 inhabitants as of 2025.

The region is characterized by hills, mountains, thick forests, valleys and historical towns such as the university centre of Perugia, Assisi (a World Heritage Site associated with St. Francis of Assisi), Terni, Norcia, Città di Castello, Gubbio, Spoleto, Orvieto, Todi, Castiglione del Lago, Narni, Amelia, Spello and other small cities.
Rivercess-2
Rivercess-2 is an electoral district for the elections to the House of Representatives of Liberia. It is located in a southern portion of Rivercess County, bordering Grand Bassa, Grand Gedeh, and Sinoe counties.

House of Representatives of Liberia
The House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the bicameral legislative branch of Liberia, and together with the Senate comprises the Legislature of Liberia. The number of seats is fixed by law at 73, with each county being apportioned a number of seats based on its percentage of the national population. House members represent single-member districts within the counties drawn up by the National Elections Commission and serve six-year terms. The House meets at the Capitol Building in Monrovia.

The primary purpose of the House is to pass bills in conjunction with the Senate so that they may be sent to the president for signature or veto. The House also holds the exclusive right to introduce revenue bills into the Legislature, as well as to impeach the president, the vice president and judges upon the concurrence of two-thirds of its members. The House is led by the Speaker of the House, elected at the beginning of each new legislature from among its members only.
Latonia, Covington
Latonia is a former city, now neighborhood of Covington in Kenton County, Kentucky, United States.

Latonia, not to be confused with the neighboring community of Latonia Lakes, is located in the southern part of the city of Covington. It includes residential, commercial and manufacturing areas.

Covington, Kentucky
Covington is a home rule-class city in Kenton County, Kentucky, United States. It is located at the confluence of the Ohio and Licking rivers, across from Cincinnati, Ohio to the north and Newport to the east. It is the largest city in Northern Kentucky and the fifth-most populous city in the state with a population of 40,691 at the 2020 census. Covington is part of the Cincinnati metropolitan area and is one of Kenton County's two seats, along with Independence.
Civil Revolution
Civil Revolution (Italian: Rivoluzione Civile, RC) was a left-wing coalition of political parties in Italy.

The coalition was headed by Antonio Ingroia, a former anti-mafia prosecutor of Palermo from 1992 to 2012 and then director of a UN investigation into illegal drug trade in Guatemala in 2012.

The foundation of RC was preceded by the manifesto Io ci sto, presented by Ingroia on 21 December in Rome. Among the signatories of this appeal were Franco Battiato, Fiorella Mannoia, Luigi de Magistris, Leoluca Orlando, Milly Moratti, Massimiliano Bruno, Max Paiella, Sabina Guzzanti, Vauro and Enrico Fierro. The coalition had an anti-corruption platform.

In the 2013 general election the party obtained 2.2% of the vote, returning no seats in the Italian Parliament.

Soon after RC was dissolved on 2 April 2013, Ingroia launched a new party named Civil Action (Italian: Azione Civile).

Luigi de Magistris (politician)
Luigi de Magistris (born 20 June 1967) is an Italian politician and former prosecutor who served as mayor of Naples from 2011 to 2021. He began his prosecutor career in 1995, attracing significant media attention for his investigations, and served in this role between Naples and Catanzaro until 2009. He was also a member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 2009 to 2011. In 2021, he ran for president of Calabria in a snap election but finished third. In 2022, he founded the People's Union (UP), an electoral list and political coalition of which he was leader as its spokesperson until 2024.
Traytown
Traytown is a town in central Newfoundland, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. It is in Division No. 7 on Alexander Bay. Residents of Traytown seek services mainly in the town of Glovertown. Traytown does, however, have its own municipal council and businesses which include the Border Lounge, Whop-D-Doo Hair, K&K Ready Mix and many others. The community also has an outdoor rink and community playground which is maintained by town council as well as its volunteers.  The name Traytown came from a surveyor that visited Traytown in the late 19th century.  He thought that the landscape resembled a maze and named the town Troytown.  This eventually was changed to Traytown over the years.

Alexander Bay Station
Alexander Bay Station was a Canadian settlement in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador.

The community contained a store as well as a telegraph and express office in 1911. It was in Bonavista District and was situated on the Clarenville Branch of the Newfoundland Railway.

It was located 181 miles from St. John's, 50 miles from Clarenville, west of Glovertown. The post office began on April 1, 1949, and was closed by September 13, 1966.

The bay was previously named Bloody Bay or Bloody Reach, after a conflict between European settlers and the Beothuk, but was later renamed after local merchant William Alexander.
Josh Kaifa
Josh Kaifa (born 21 July 1992 in New Zealand) is a former professional rugby union player, who most recently played as a loose forward for Hawke's Bay in New Zealand's domestic National Provincial Championship competition. He previously played  – as an injury replacement –  for Moana Pasifika in Super Rugby and Zebre Parma in the United Rugby Championship.

Kaifa's retirement from rugby was announced in July 2025.

Auckland (National Provincial Championship)
Auckland are a New Zealand professional rugby union team based in Auckland, New Zealand. The union was originally established in 1883, with the National Provincial Championship established in 1976. They now play in the reformed National Provincial Championship competition. They play their home games at Eden Park in Auckland. The team is affiliated with the Blues Super Rugby franchise. Their home playing colours are blue and white hoops.
Toyota Mark X ZiO
The Toyota Mark X ZiO (Japanese: トヨタ・マークXジオ, Hepburn: Toyota Māku X Jio) is a mid-size MPV manufactured by Toyota from 2007 to 2013. Replacing the Mark II Blit station wagon, it was sold exclusively in Japan and was exclusive to Toyopet Store dealerships, sold alongside the Mark X sedan from September 2007.

Despite sharing the nameplate, the front-wheel-drive Mark X ZiO (with optional four-wheel drive) shares few features with the rear-wheel-drive Mark X sedan. The ZiO chassis is derived from the New MC platform which is the basis of the E150 series Auris/Blade, XA30 series RAV4, T270 series Avensis and the XW30 series Prius. The front suspension is MacPherson strut, with double wishbone in the rear.

The name "ZiO" (pronounced "geo") is an acronym to suggest its spaciousness and cargo capacity, meaning "Zones in One".

MacPherson strut
The MacPherson strut is a type of automotive suspension system that uses the top of a telescopic damper as the upper steering pivot. It is widely used in the front suspension of modern vehicles. The name comes from American automotive engineer Earle S. MacPherson, who invented and developed the design.
Arabian Gulf national rugby sevens team
The Arabian Gulf national rugby sevens team was a minor national sevens side that represented the Gulf Cooperation Council member states. The team first played in 1990, competing at the Hong Kong Sevens tournament that year  before travelling to the qualifying event for the Rugby World Cup Sevens held in Sicily. Over the next two decades the Arabian Gulf was a regular participant at the Hong Kong Sevens and in their home event, the Dubai Sevens. The Arabian Gulf team was dissolved at the end of 2010 to be replaced by single-country national teams.

1993 Rugby World Cup Sevens qualifying
Of the twenty-four nations involved in 1993 Rugby World Cup Sevens, nineteen were invited and five had to go through pre-tournament 1993 Rugby World Cup Sevens qualifying. Four of the qualification places were won by Namibia, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Spain who booked their places by reaching the semi-finals of one qualifying event in Sicily. Latvia won their place by beating Russia in the final of a mini-tournament staged in Moscow to decide who would replace the USSR, which had broken up since its invite to the world cup.

The invited participants were Argentina, Australia, Canada, England, Fiji, France, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, New Zealand, Romania, Scotland, Tonga, South Africa, South Korea, USA, Wales and Western Samoa.
Chin Timur Khan
Chin Timur Khan was a general of the Mughal Empire. He was a son of Babur's uncle Sultan Ahmad Alaq. He was in service of both Sultan Said Khan and Mansur Khan, but eventually fled to Babur's Mughal Empire in India. Timur was a commander in the service of Emperor Babur during his conquests. At the Battle of Khanwa, he commanded the center wing, which was also led by the emperor in person. Timur died of dysentery in Agra and was buried there.

Sultan Said Khan
Sultan Said Khan (Chagatai and Persian: سلطان سعید خان) ruled the Yarkent Khanate from September 1514 to July 1533. He was born in the late 15th century in Moghulistan, and he was a direct descendant of the first Moghul Khan, Tughlugh Timur, who had founded the state of Moghulistan in 1348 and ruled until 1363. The Moghuls were turkicized Mongols who had converted to Islam.

Some English sources refer to this ruler as Abusaid.