hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Durand W. Springer
Durand William Springer (August 9, 1866 – May 18, 1943) was an American educator, accountant, and football coach. He was a student-coach at Albion College in Albion, Michigan in 1884. After graduating, he took on a number of roles at the University of Michigan. Springer was named the manager of the football squad at Ann Arbor High School in 1898. He later worked as an auditor for the University of Michigan and was the first president of the American Association of Certified public accountants. Springer died on May 18, 1943, in Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Pioneer High School (Ann Arbor, Michigan)
Pioneer High School is a public high school in Ann Arbor, Michigan.  Founded in 1856, the school was previously called the Union School and Ann Arbor High School.  In 2010, Pioneer was listed as a "Silver Medal School" by the U.S. News & World Report.

For years, Pioneer and cross-town Huron High School were among the largest high schools in the state of Michigan due to overcrowding that was eased with the construction and opening of Skyline High School in 2008.
Carbon-to-nitrogen ratio
A carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio or C:N ratio) is a ratio of the mass of carbon to that of nitrogen in organic residues. It can, amongst other things, be used in analysing sediments and soil including soil organic matter and soil amendments such as compost.

Soil conditioner
A soil conditioner is a product which is added to soil to improve the soil’s physical qualities, usually its fertility (ability to provide nutrition for plants) and sometimes its mechanics. In general usage, the term "soil conditioner" is often thought of as a subset of the category soil amendments (or soil improvement, soil condition), which more often is understood to include a wide range of fertilizers and non-organic materials. In the context of construction soil conditioning is also called soil stabilization.

Soil conditioners can be used to improve poor soils, or to rebuild soils which have been damaged by improper soil management. They can make poor soils more usable, and can be used to maintain soils in peak condition.
Income inequality in China
The economy of the People's Republic of China has a high degree of income inequality. According to the Asian Development Bank Institute, "before China implemented reform and opening-up policies in 1978, its income distribution pattern was characterized as egalitarian in all aspects."

A study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS) estimated that China's Gini coefficient increased from 0.30 to 0.55 between 1980 and 2002. At this time, the Gini coefficient for rural–urban inequality was only 0.16. As of 2019, the official Gini coefficient in China was 0.465; inequality was at its highest in the 2000s, with numerous sources reporting a significant decline in the 2010s.

Economic model
An economic model is a theoretical construct representing economic processes by a set of variables and a set of logical and/or quantitative relationships between them. The economic model is a simplified, often mathematical, framework designed to illustrate complex processes. Frequently, economic models posit structural parameters. A model may have various exogenous variables, and those variables may change to create various responses by economic variables. Methodological uses of models include investigation, theorizing, and fitting theories to the world.
Gazanaler
Gazanaler (Armenian: Գազանալեռ, lit. 'beast mountain'; Azerbaijani: Qazangöldağ) is a mountain in the Zangezur Mountains range of the Armenian Highlands. The mountain rises 3,829 metres (12,562 ft) and is situated between the border of Armenian province of Syunik and the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic.

Syunik Province
Syunik (Armenian: Սյունիք, pronounced [sjuˈnikʰ] ⓘ) is the southernmost province of Armenia. It is bordered by the Vayots Dzor Province to the north, Azerbaijan's Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic exclave to the west, Azerbaijan to the east, and Iran to the south. Its capital and largest city is the town of Kapan. The Statistical Committee of Armenia reported its population was 114,488 in the 2022 census, down from 141,771 at the 2011 census and 152,684 at the 2001 census.
Bob La Masney
Bob La Masney is an American sound engineer. He is known for his work on the television programs Mom, The Big Bang Theory, B Positive, Mike & Molly, Two and a Half Men and Sister, Sister. He has won thirteen Primetime Emmy Awards and has been nominated for twenty-two more in the category Outstanding Sound Mixing.

Mike & Molly
Mike & Molly is an American television sitcom created by Mark Roberts for CBS. It aired from September 20, 2010 to May 16, 2016. The series stars Billy Gardell and Melissa McCarthy as the eponymous Mike and Molly, a couple who meet in a Chicago Overeaters Anonymous group and fall in love.
A Life of Illusion
"A Life of Illusion" is a song written by the American singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist Joe Walsh and guitarist Kenny Passarelli, which became a hit and one of Walsh's most recognizable songs. It appears as the fifth track on Walsh's fifth solo studio album, There Goes the Neighborhood (1981). The majority of the track was originally recorded in 1973 as part of The Smoker You Drink, the Player You Get sessions.

The Smoker You Drink, the Player You Get
The Smoker You Drink, the Player You Get is the second solo studio album by American rock guitarist and singer Joe Walsh, released in 1973 by ABC-Dunhill Records in the United States and the United Kingdom, and was also released in Germany. It proved to be his commercial breakthrough, largely on the strength of the Top 40 hit single, "Rocky Mountain Way", which helped propel the album into the Top 10.

On this album, Walsh shares the vocals and songwriting with the other three members of Barnstorm: drummer/multi-instrumentalist Joe Vitale, bassist Kenny Passarelli, and new member, keyboardist Rocke Grace. As a result, a variety of styles are explored on this album; there are elements of blues, jazz, folk, pop, and even Caribbean music.  However, the album is only credited to Walsh as a solo artist, not to Barnstorm, which led to the band's demise. After the success of this album, Walsh continued making albums as a solo artist.
Nanegaon, Mulshi
Nanegaon is a village in Mulshi taluka of Pune District in the state of Maharashtra, India.Talukas surrounding the village are Karjat taluka, Talegaon Dabhade Taluka, Mawal taluka and by Khalapur taluka. Districts closest to the village are Raigad district, Thane district, Mumbai City district and Mumbai Suburban district. Nearest railway stations around the village are  Vadgaon railway station, Begdewadi railway station, Lonavala railway station, Talegaon railway station and Kamshet railway station.

Kamshet railway station
Kamshet railway station or Kamshet station is a railway station of Pune Suburban Railway on Mumbai–Chennai line.

Local trains between Pune Junction–Lonavala, Shivaji Nagar–Lonavala stop here.

The only passenger train having a stop at this station is the Pune Junction–Karjat Passenger.

The station has two platforms and a foot overbridge. Nearby attractions are two hilly forts, namely Tikona Fort and Tung Fort, and the Pavna Dam and boating.
John McPherson (cartoonist)
John McPherson (born August 19, 1959) is an American cartoonist best known for Close to Home. In the 1990s John decided to leave his engineering job and focus on free-lance cartoons. Close to Home debuted in 1992 and went on to appear in over 600 papers worldwide, including The Washington Post, New York Daily News, Miami Herald and The Japan Times.

The Japan Times
The Japan Times is Japan's largest and oldest English-language daily newspaper. It is published by The Japan Times, Ltd. (株式会社ジャパンタイムズ, Kabushiki gaisha Japan Taimuzu), a subsidiary of News2u Holdings, Inc. It is headquartered in the Kioicho Building (紀尾井町ビル, Kioicho Biru) in Kioicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo (東京都千代田区紀尾井町, Tokyotochiyodaku kioicho).
Shropshire Royal Horse Artillery
The Shropshire Royal Horse Artillery was a Territorial Force Royal Horse Artillery battery that was formed in Shropshire in 1908 from the Shropshire Battery of the 1st Shropshire and Staffordshire Artillery Volunteers, Royal Garrison Artillery of the Volunteer Force. It saw active service during the First World War on the Western Front in 1917 and 1918 as part of an Army Field Artillery Brigade. A second line battery, 2/1st Shropshire RHA, also served on the Western Front in 1917 and 1918 as part of another Army Field Artillery Brigade. It was reconstituted post-war as a medium artillery battery and served as such in the Second World War.

Royal Horse Artillery
The Royal Horse Artillery (RHA) was formed in 1793 as a distinct arm of the Royal Regiment of Artillery (commonly termed Royal Artillery) to provide horse artillery support to the cavalry units of the British Army. Although the cavalry link remained part of its defining character, as early as the Battle of Waterloo the RHA was sometimes deployed more along the lines of conventional field artillery, fighting from comparatively fixed positions.

The Royal Horse Artillery, currently consists of three regiments, (1 RHA, 3 RHA and 7 RHA) and one ceremonial unit (King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery). Almost all the batteries of the Royal Horse Artillery have served continuously since the French Revolutionary Wars or Napoleonic Wars, except the King's Troop, created in 1946, and M Battery, which was 'reanimated' in 1993. Horses are still in service for ceremonial purposes but were phased out from operational deployment in the 1930s.
Fraze Pavilion
The Fraze Pavilion is a 4,300-seat outdoor amphitheater in Kettering, Ohio, that opened in 1991. The Pavilion is named after Ermal Fraze, late resident of Kettering and inventor of the pop-top beverage can.

The theater hosts many popular American and international music artists.

Drink can
A drink can (or beverage can) is a metal container with a polymer interior designed to hold a fixed portion of liquid such as carbonated soft drinks, alcoholic drinks, fruit juices, teas, herbal teas, energy drinks, etc. Drink can exteriors are made of aluminum (75% of worldwide production) or tin-plated steel (25% worldwide production) and the interiors coated with an epoxy resin or polymer. Worldwide production for all drink cans is approximately 370 billion cans per year.
Barbara Barletta
Barbara A. Barletta (August 6, 1952 in Carmel, California – February 1, 2015 in Gainesville, Florida) was a prominent American Classical archaeologist and architectural historian.

Barletta earned a B.A. in Art History at the University of California Santa Barbara and M.A. and Ph.D. degrees in Classical and Near Eastern Archaeology at Bryn Mawr College. From the American Academy in Rome Barletta received the Andrew W. Mellon Fellowship in Classical Studies in 1990. She received a series of awards from the National Endowment for the Humanities, including an award to support research on the Temple of Athena at Suonion in 2009.

Barletta's scholarship, in particular, focused on the history of the Greek architectural orders. Scholarly reviews of her work on the origin of the Greek orders praised her scholarship for making unique and important contributions. This scholarship considered regionalism and its influence in the emergence of the canonical Greek architectural orders.

Carmel-by-the-Sea, California
Carmel-by-the-Sea (/kɑːrˈmɛl/), commonly known simply as Carmel, is a city in Monterey County, California, located on the Central Coast of California. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 3,220, down from 3,722 at the 2010 census. Situated on the Monterey Peninsula, Carmel is a tourist destination, known for its natural scenery and artistic history.

The Spanish founded a settlement in 1771, when Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo was relocated by St. Junípero Serra from Monterey. Mission Carmel served as the headquarters of the Californian mission system, until the Mexican secularization act of 1833, when the area was divided into rancho grants. The settlement was largely abandoned by the U.S. Conquest of California in 1848 and stayed undeveloped until Santiago J. Duckworth built a summer colony in 1888. When the Carmel Development Company was formed in 1902, Carmel became an art colony and seaside resort, which incorporated in 1916.
Walter Stewart, 3rd High Steward of Scotland
Walter Steward of Dundonald (died 1246) was 3rd hereditary High Steward of Scotland and Justiciar of Scotia.

He was the eldest son of Alan fitz Walter, 2nd High Steward of Scotland by his second wife Alesta of Mar. He was the first member of the House of Stuart to use Stewart as a surname and was designated "of Dundonald".

He witnessed a charter by King Alexander II, under the designation of "Walterus filius Alani, Senescallus, Justiciar Scotiae" and it may be that seal which Nisbet described pertaining to Walter Hereditary High Steward of Scotland. Around the seal, it states "Sigill. Walteri filii Allani".

Alexander II of Scotland
Alexander II (Medieval Gaelic: Alaxandair mac Uilliam; Modern Gaelic: Alasdair mac Uilleim; nicknamed "the Peaceful" by modern historians; 24 August 1198 – 8 July 1249) was King of Alba (Scotland) from 1214 until his death. He concluded the Treaty of York (1237) which defined the boundary between England and Scotland, largely unchanged today.
Meier Helmbrecht (play)
Meier Helmbrecht is a 1928 play by the German writer Eugen Ortner. A historical tragedy set around 1250, it was first staged at the Munich Kammerspiele. It was subsequently staged less successfully at the Staatliches Schauspielhaus in Berlin with a cast including Veit Harlan and Friedrich Kayßler.

This 1928 play draws from the ca. 1250-1280 satirical poem of the same name by the Bavarian-Austrian author Wernher der Gartenaere.

History (theatrical genre)
History is one of the three main genres in Western theatre alongside tragedy and comedy, although it originated, in its modern form, thousands of years later than the other primary genres. For this reason, it is often treated as a subset of tragedy.  A play in this genre is known as a history play and is based on a historical narrative, often set in the medieval or early modern past. History emerged as a distinct genre from tragedy in Renaissance England. The best known examples of the genre are the history plays written by William Shakespeare, whose plays still serve to define the genre. History plays also appear elsewhere in Western literature, such as Thomas Heywood's Edward IV, Schiller's Mary Stuart or the Dutch national poet Joost van den Vondel's play Gijsbrecht van Aemstel.
World Wisdom
World Wisdom is an independent American publishing company established in 1980 in Bloomington, Indiana. World Wisdom publishes religious and philosophical texts, including the work of authors such as Frithjof Schuon, Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Titus Burckhardt, Ananda K. Coomaraswamy, Joseph Epes Brown, Charles Eastman, Paul Goble, Swami Ramdas, Samdhong Rinpoche, William Stoddart, and Martin Lings.

The company publishes The Library of Perennial Philosophy, which focuses on the beliefs underlying the diverse religions, also referred to as Sophia Perennis or "Perennial Philosophy". World Wisdom’s Library of Perennial Philosophy encompasses seven series.

Swami Ramdas
Swami Ramdas ([sʋaːmiː raːmdaːs]; Sanskrit: स्वामी रामदास, romanized: Svāmī Rāmadāsa, born Vittal Rao (10 April 1884 to 25 July 1963) was an Indian saint, philosopher, philanthropist and pilgrim.

Swami Ramdas became a wandering ascetic in his late 30s and after attaining moksha while still alive established Anandashram in Kanhangad, Kerala. He is the author of several books, of which the spiritual autobiography In Quest of God (1925) is his known work.
Cone (algebraic geometry)
In algebraic geometry, a cone is a generalization of a vector bundle. Specifically, given a scheme X, the relative Spec

of a quasi-coherent graded OX-algebra R is called the cone or affine cone of R. Similarly, the relative Proj

is called the projective cone of C or R.

Note: The cone comes with the -action due to the grading of R; this action is a part of the data of a cone (whence the terminology).

Proj construction
In algebraic geometry, Proj is a construction analogous to the spectrum-of-a-ring construction of affine schemes, which produces objects with the typical properties of projective spaces and projective varieties. The construction, while not functorial, is a fundamental tool in scheme theory.

In this article, all rings will be assumed to be commutative and with identity.
Karneid Castle
Karneid Castle (Italian: Cornedo all'Isarco) is a castle in northern Italy situated in the comune (municipality) of Karneid in the province of South Tyrol in the Italian region Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, located about 4 km east of the city of Bolzano (Bozen).

County of Tyrol
The (Princely) County of Tyrol was an estate of the Holy Roman Empire established about 1140. After 1253, it was ruled by the House of Gorizia and from 1363 by the House of Habsburg. In 1804, the County of Tyrol, unified with the secularised prince-bishoprics of Trent and Brixen, became a crown land of the Austrian Empire, then was part of Bavaria from 1805 to 1814 when it returned to Austrian rule. From 1867, it was a Cisleithanian crown land of Austria-Hungary.

Today the territory of the historic crown land is divided between the Italian autonomous region of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol and the Austrian state of Tyrol. The two parts are today associated again in the Tyrol–South Tyrol–Trentino Euroregion.
Trans-European Transport Network Executive Agency
The Trans-European Transport Network Executive Agency (TEN-T EA) was an executive agency established by the European Commission in October 2006 in order to realise the technical and financial implementation of the TEN-T programme. It ceased its activities on 31 December 2013 and was superseded by the Innovation and Networks Executive Agency (INEA).

The Agency was in charge of all open TEN-T projects under the 2000-2006 and 2007-2013 funding schemes. The projects represent all transport modes – air, rail, road, and maritime/sea – plus logistics and intelligent transport systems, and involve all EU Member States.

Its status as an executive agency meant that, although independent, the TEN-T EA was closely linked with its parent, the Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport (DG MOVE). DG MOVE dealt with all policy-making issues related to the TEN-T programme, while the Agency existed to execute the programme's specific tasks with a limited duration (31 December 2015).

Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport
The Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport (DG MOVE) is a Directorate-General of the European Commission responsible for transport within the European Union.

DG MOVE was created on 17 February 2010 when energy was split from it to form the new DG Ener. Transport and Energy had been merged (as DG TREN) since January 2000 and in June 2002 the Euratom Safeguards Office became part of DG TREN. That is now part of DG Ener.

In addition to developing EU policies in the transport sector and handling State aid dossiers, DG MOVE manages the Connecting Europe Facility funding programme for the Trans-European Transport Networks and technological development and innovation, worth €26.25 billion.
Human rights in Europe
Human rights in Europe are generally upheld. However, several human rights infringements exist, ranging from the treatment of asylum seekers to police brutality. The 2012 Amnesty International Annual Report points to problems in several European countries. One of the most accused is Belarus, the only country in Europe that, according to The Economist, has an authoritarian government. All other European countries are considered to have "some form of democratic government", having either the "full democracy", "flawed democracy", or a "hybrid regime".

Unlike its member states, the European Union itself had not yet joined the Convention on Human Rights as of 2011.

Police brutality
Police brutality is the excessive and unwarranted use of force by law enforcement against an individual or a group. It is an extreme form of police misconduct and is a civil rights violation. Police brutality includes, but is not limited to, asphyxiation, beatings, shootings, improper takedowns, racially-motivated violence and unwarranted use of tasers.
Ochoco West, Oregon
Ochoco West is a census-designated place (CDP) in Crook County, Oregon, United States. It was first listed as a CDP prior to the 2020 census. As of the 2020 census, Ochoco West had a population of 432.

The CDP is in northwestern Crook County, 3 miles (5 km) northeast of U.S. Route 26, 10 miles (16 km) northwest of Prineville, the county seat, and 23 miles (37 km) southeast of Madras. The community is on the west side of the valley of Lytle Creek at the western foot of the Ochoco Mountains. Lytle Creek is a south-flowing tributary of the Crooked River and part of the Deschutes River watershed.

Prineville, Oregon
Prineville is a city in and the county seat of Crook County, Oregon, United States. It was named for the first merchant to establish businesses in the present location, Barney Prine. The population was 10,429 at the 2020 census.
Brucebo
Brucebo is an artists' estate in Själsö, Väskinde on Gotland, Sweden, created by William Blair Bruce and his wife Carolina Benedicks-Bruce. The estate later became a nature reserve and an art museum managed by the Brucebo Foundation. The Bruce and Benedicks legacy also includes the Brucebo Fine Art Scholarship for young Canadian artists.

Anders Zorn
Anders Leonard Zorn (18 February 1860 – 22 August 1920) was a Swedish artist who attained international success as a painter, sculptor, and etching artist. His portrait subjects include King Oscar II of Sweden and three American Presidents: Grover Cleveland, William H. Taft, and Theodore Roosevelt. At the end of his life in 1920, he established the Swedish literary Bellman Prize.
Hamlet Had an Uncle
Hamlet Had an Uncle: A Comedy of Honor is a novel by James Branch Cabell, published in 1940.  It is the second book of his trilogy Heirs and Assigns. Cabell had incubated a 'true version' of the Hamlet story for decades, and based his tale on Saxo Grammaticus, whose epic saga  recounts the story of the historical Hamlet, Prince of Jutland, his murder of his father Horvendill, and his rivalry with Wiglek, the Prince of Denmark.

Amleth
Amleth (Old Norse: Amlóði; Latinized as Amlethus) is a figure in a medieval Scandinavian legend, the direct inspiration of the character of Prince Hamlet, the hero of William Shakespeare's tragedy Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. The chief authority for the legend of Amleth is Saxo Grammaticus, who devotes to it parts of the third and fourth books of his Gesta Danorum, completed at the beginning of the 13th century. Saxo's version is supplemented by Latin and  vernacular compilations from a much later date. In all versions, prince Amleth (Amblothæ) is the son of Horvendill (Orwendel), king of the Jutes. It has often been assumed that the story is ultimately derived from an Old Icelandic poem, but no such poem has been found; the extant Icelandic versions, known as the Ambales-saga or Amloda-saga, are considerably later than Saxo. Amleth's name is not mentioned in Old-Icelandic regnal lists before Saxo. Only the 15th-century Sagnkrønike from Stockholm may contain some older elements.
North Oaks Golf Club
North Oaks Golf Club (NOGC) is located in North Oaks, Minnesota, United States.  The championship golf course was originally designed by golf course architect Stanley Thompson in 1950.  The course is located just inside the private community of North Oaks. It has hosted numerous MGA Championships and a few MN section PGA Championships in 1954 and 2000.

Minnesota PGA Championship
The Minnesota PGA Championship is a golf tournament that is the championship of the Minnesota section of the PGA of America. Although the Minnesota section was formed in August 1917, there were no section championships held until 1931.