hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ramp function
The ramp function is a unary real function, whose graph is shaped like a ramp. It can be expressed by numerous definitions, for example "0 for negative inputs, output equals input for non-negative inputs". The term "ramp" can also be used for other functions obtained by scaling and shifting, and the function in this article is the unit ramp function (slope 1, starting at 0).

In mathematics, the ramp function is also known as the positive part.

In machine learning, it is commonly known as a ReLU activation function or a rectifier in analogy to half-wave rectification in electrical engineering.   In statistics (when used as a likelihood function) it is known as a tobit model.

This function has numerous applications in mathematics and engineering, and goes by various names, depending on the context. There are differentiable variants of the ramp function.

Likelihood function
A likelihood function (often simply called the likelihood) measures how well a statistical model explains observed data by calculating the probability of seeing that data under different parameter values of the model. It is constructed from the joint probability distribution of the random variable that (presumably) generated the observations. When evaluated on the actual data points, it becomes a function solely of the model parameters.

In maximum likelihood estimation, the model parameter(s) or argument that maximizes the likelihood function serves as a point estimate for the unknown parameter, while the Fisher information (often approximated by the likelihood's Hessian matrix at the maximum) gives an indication of the estimate's precision.

In contrast, in Bayesian statistics, the estimate of interest is the converse of the likelihood, the so-called posterior probability of the parameter given the observed data, which is calculated via Bayes' rule.
Rod White
Rodney E. "Rod" White (born March 1, 1977) is an American archer. He competed in the 1996 Olympic Games and the 2000 Olympic Games. In the 1996 team competition he won gold with Justin Huish and Butch Johnson. In 2000 the American team (with Johnson and Vic Wunderle) won the bronze medal. He was born in Sharon, Pennsylvania, lives in Mount Pleasant, Iowa. White is also accredited with inspiring the legendary hunter Scott Eddy to pursue bow hunting.

Mount Pleasant, Iowa
Mount Pleasant is a city in and the county seat of Henry County in the U.S. state of Iowa. The population was 9,274 in the 2020 census, an increase from 8,668 in the 2010 census. It was founded in 1835 by pioneer Presley Saunders.
Old Town Plantation
Old Town Plantation is a historic plantation house located near Battleboro, Edgecombe County, North Carolina. It was built about 1742, and is a 1+1⁄2-story, frame dwelling with a gambrel roof on a brick foundation.  It features a double-shoulder Flemish bond chimney with small brick wings, and two other brick chimneys.  The house has a hall-and-parlor plan.  Also on the property is a contributing log storage house with a pyramidal roof and a board-and-batten door. The house was moved in 1983, to a new site less than one mile west of the original site.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972, and relisted in 1983.

Flemish bond
Flemish bond is a pattern of brickwork that is a common feature in Georgian architecture. The pattern features bricks laid lengthwise (stretchers) alternating with bricks laid with their shorter ends exposed (headers) within the same courses. This decorative pattern can be accented by glazing or burning the exposed ends of the headers so that they possess a dark, glassy surface that contrasts with the stretchers.: 23  Despite the bond's name, the pattern did not originate in Flanders and can be found in European architecture dating to the late Middle Ages.

The pattern became popular among prestigious architectural projects in 17th-century England before spreading to British colonies in North America where it became closely associated with colonial Georgian architecture, especially in Virginia and Pennsylvania. With the early 20th-century restoration project at Colonial Williamsburg, the pattern experienced renewed popularity in the United States.
Seville Grove, Western Australia
Seville Grove is a suburb of Perth, Western Australia in the City of Armadale.

Seville Grove used to be part of Armadale proper but was established as a separate suburb in 2002.

It contains a public high school, Cecil Andrews College, as well as a library, a Scout Hall and Swan TAFE's Equine Training Centre. It is served by buses from Armadale and Kelmscott and is close to Sherwood train station.

Seville Grove is home to new housing estates.

City of Armadale
The City of Armadale is a local government area in the southeastern suburbs of the Western Australian capital city of Perth, about 28 kilometres (17.4 mi) southeast of Perth's central business district. The City covers an area of 560 square kilometres (216 sq mi), much of which is state forest rising into the Darling Scarp to the east, and had a population of almost 80,000 as at the 2016 Census. At the 2021 census, the population had risen to 94,184.
Kristian Asmussen
Kristian Asmussen (born 16 April 1971) is a Danish former handballer, who played as the goalkeeper. He played for the Danish Handball League side KIF Kolding København and Nordsjælland Håndbold, and he has played abroad for the Spanish club BM Altea and the Swedish club OV Helsingborg HK.

He was until 2023 the most capped player for Nordsjælland Håndbold with 181 matches. His record was overtaken by his own nephew Carl-Emil Haunstrup.

Asmussen has played 74 matches for the Danish national handball team.

OV Helsingborg HK
OV Helsingborg HK, is a handball team from Helsingborg, Sweden, which currently plays in Handbollsligan, the top level of Swedish men's handball. The club was founded in 1994 as a merger of Vikingarnas IF (founded in 1941) and HF Olympia (founded in 1963). Vikingarna have been Swedish champions three times (1961, 1967 and 1981). They last played in the top level in 1990. Olympia were less successful, but played two seasons in the top division from 1977 to 1979. OV Helsingborg reached the top division in 2007, 2009 and 2017 but were immediately relegated all three times. In 2019 and 2020 they played in the top division again for two seasons before they were relegated. They once again played the top division 2022/2023, but were relegated.
Römhild
Römhild (German: [ˈʁøːmˌhɪlt] ⓘ) is a town in the district of Hildburghausen, in Thuringia, Germany. It is situated 14 km west of Hildburghausen, and 21 km southeast of Meiningen. On 31 December 2012, it merged with the former municipalities Gleichamberg, Haina, Mendhausen, Milz and Westenfeld.

In the Stadtkirche of Römhild is the tomb of Elisabeth (a daughter of Albrecht III Achilles, Elector of Brandenburg) and Hermann VIII of Henneberg. The grave has sometimes been attributed to Herman Vischer the Younger (c.1486–1517), a member of the Vischer Family of Nuremberg.

The name is first attested in Medieval Latin in 800 AD as locus Rotmulte in the annals of Fulda Abbey.

Meiningen
Meiningen (German: [ˈmaɪnɪŋən] ⓘ) is a town in the southern part of the German state of Thuringia. It is located in the region of Franconia and has a population of around 26,000 (2024). Meiningen is the capital and the largest town of the Schmalkalden-Meiningen district. From 1680 to 1918, Meiningen was the capital of the Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen and from 1918 to 1920 of the Free State of Saxe-Meiningen.

Meiningen is considered the cultural, judicial and financial centre of southern Thuringia and thus hosts the state theatre, justice center, state archives, bank buildings and many museums. It is economically reliant on mechanical engineering, high-tech industry and tourism. The dialect and language of the inhabitants is East Franconian.
Trilepidea
Trilepidea is an extinct monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Loranthaceae. Its native range was New Zealand. The only species was Trilepidea adamsii, or Adams mistletoe. It was first described in 1880 as Loranthus adamsii and has ever only been collected from a few locations in the North Island. It has been argued that the extinction of this species, vulnerable due to restricted distribution, was caused by interaction of a number of factors, including; habitat loss, overcollection and the introduction the brushtail possum from Australia.

Brushtail possum
The brushtail possums are the members of the genus Trichosurus in the Phalangeridae, a family of marsupials. They are native to Australia (including Tasmania) and some small nearby islands. Unique among marsupials, they have shifted the hypaxial muscles from the epipubic to the pelvis, much like in placental mammals, meaning that their breathing cycle is more similar to the latter than to that of other non-eutherian mammals. In general, they are more terrestrially oriented than other possums, and in some ways might parallel primates.

The genus contains these species:

Northern brushtail possum, T. arnhemensis

Short-eared possum, T. caninus

Mountain brushtail possum, T. cunninghami

Coppery brushtail possum, T. johnstonii

Common brushtail possum, T. vulpecula
Otostegia integrifolia
Otostegia integrifolia, more commonly known as Abyssinian rose, a plant belonging to the family Lamiaceae, is endemic to Ethiopia, in the dry evergreen woodlands of the Bale Mountains, Tigray, Gondar, Wollo and Gojjam regions, North Shewa, Kaffa and Hararghe regions, as well as in the dry and moist agroclimatic zones of the district known as Dega, at altitudes of 1,300—2,800 m. above sea-level. It also grows in Yemen, northwest of Mukalla. In Ethiopia, O. integrifolia is commonly known by its Amharic vernacular of tinjute = ጥንጁት (alt. sp. Tindjut).

Kaffa Province
Kaffa (Amharic: ካፋ) was a province on the southwestern side of Ethiopia; its capital city was Bonga. Kaffa was bordered on the west by Sudan, on the northwest by Illubabor, on the north by Walega, on the northeast by Shewa, on the east by Sidamo, and on the southeast by Gamu-Gofa.

According to legend, ancestors of today's Kafficho people in southwest Ethiopia were the first to cultivate the coffee plant and recognise the energising effect of the coffee beverage.
Šimánek
Šimánek (feminine Šimánková) is a Czech surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Jana Šimánková (born 1980), Czech volleyball player

Jiří Šimánek (disambiguation), multiple people

Otto Šimánek (1925–1992), Czech actor

Robert E. Simanek (1930–2022), American marine

Jana Šimánková
Jana Šimánková (born (1980 -04-06)6 April 1980) is a retired Czech female volleyball player, who played as a setter. She was part of the Czech Republic women's national volleyball team at the 2002 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship in Germany.
The Five Man Army
The Five Man Army (Italian: Un esercito di 5 uomini) is a 1969 Italian Spaghetti Western film in which a group of five men are enlisted to rob a train of a gold shipment during the Mexican Revolution. Directed by Don Taylor, it featured a script by a young Dario Argento, later future maestro of the horror and thriller genre, and a score by Ennio Morricone. Argento also directed some sequences of the film without being credited.

Dario Argento
Dario Argento (Italian: [ˈdaːrjo arˈdʒɛnto]; born 7 September 1940) is an Italian film director, screenwriter and producer. His influential work in the horror and giallo genres during the 1970s and 1980s has led him to being referred to as the "Master of the Thrill" and the "Master of Horror".

His films as director include his "Animal Trilogy", consisting of The Bird with the Crystal Plumage (1970), The Cat o' Nine Tails (1971) and Four Flies on Grey Velvet (1971); his "Three Mothers" trilogy, consisting of Suspiria (1977), Inferno (1980) and The Mother of Tears (2007); and his stand-alone films Deep Red (1975), Tenebrae (1982), Phenomena (1985) and Opera (1987). He co-wrote the screenplay for Sergio Leone's Once Upon a Time in the West (1968) and served as George A. Romero's script consultant on Dawn of the Dead (1978), for which he also composed the soundtrack with his long-time collaborators Goblin.
Ministry of petroleum
A ministry of petroleum or ministry of oil is a kind of government ministry often found in countries that are producers and exporters of petroleum.

Examples include:

Ministry of Oil (Kuwait)

Ministry of Oil (Iraq)

Ministry of Oil Industry, Soviet Union

Ministry of Oil and Gas (Kazakhstan)

Ministry of Oil and Gas (Sudan)

Ministry of Oil and Minerals (Yemen)

Ministry of Oil and Mineral Resources (Syria)

Ministry of Oil and Mineral Resources (Turkmenistan)

Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources (Egypt)

Ministry of Petroleum (Iran)

Ministry of Petroleum Resources Development, Sri Lanka

Ministry of Petroleum and Energy, Norway

Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources, Saudi Arabia

Ministry of Petroleum and Minerals, Timor-Leste

Ministry of Petroleum and Mining, South Sudan

Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, India

Federal Ministry of Petroleum Resources (Nigeria)

Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources (Egypt)
The first independent Ministry of Petroleum was established in March 1973, to manage the political role of petroleum resources before the war of 1973. In view of the strategic significance of the Ministry's existence as a political body that sets the general petroleum strategies on new bases to go in line with the requirements of the country at this stage. On top of its priority list, is to provide the local market needs of petroleum products, petrochemicals and mineral resources, and to contribute to achieving the targeted growth rates of the national economy.
Atuhaire Ambala
Atuhaire Ogola Ambala (born 26 April 2001)is a Ugandan competitive swimmer. He represented Uganda  at multiple major internationa competitions l2019 World Aquatics Championships in Gwangju, South Korea. He competed in the men's 50 metre freestyle and men's 100 metre freestyle events. He also competed in the 4 × 100 metre mixed freestyle relay event. Atuhaire is also a Ugandan swimmer who has represented his country in major international competitions, including the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo and the 2019 World Aquatics Championships. Atuhaire was named Uganda's Best Male Swimmer in 2019 by the Uganda Swimming Federation.

2019 World Aquatics Championships
The 2019 World Aquatics Championships were the 18th FINA World Aquatics Championships, held in Gwangju, South Korea from 12 to 28 July 2019. The city had previously hosted the 2015 Summer Universiade aquatics events in the same venues.
Ulupamir
Ulupamir is a neighbourhood of the municipality and district of Erciş, Van Province, Turkey. Its population is 1,544 (2022). The village is located 132 kilometres from Van and 32 kilometres from Erciş. The village shares Turkey's continental climate zone.

Van, Turkey
Van is a city in eastern Turkey's Van Province, on the eastern shore of Lake Van. It is the capital and largest city of Van Province.

Van has a long history as a major urban area. It has been a large city since the first millennium BCE, initially as Tushpa, the capital of the kingdom of Urartu from the 9th century BCE to the 6th century BCE, and later as the center of the Armenian kingdom of Vaspurakan. Turkic presence in Van and in the rest of Anatolia started as a result of Seljuk victory at the Battle of Malazgirt (1071) against the Byzantine Empire.

Van was densely populated by Armenians until the Armenian genocide in the 1910s. Today, it is mostly inhabited by Kurds.
Boronia citrata
Boronia citrata, commonly known as lemon boronia, is a plant in the citrus family, Rutaceae and is endemic to Victoria. It is an erect, woody shrub with pinnate, strongly lemon-scented leaves and pale pink to rosy pink, four-petalled flowers arranged in groups of up to five.

Rutaceae
The Rutaceae (/ruːˈteɪsiˌaɪ, -siːˌiː/) is a family, commonly known as the rue or citrus family, of flowering plants, usually placed in the order Sapindales.

Species of the family generally have flowers that divide into four or five parts, usually with strong scents. They range in form and size from herbs to shrubs and large trees.

The most economically important genus in the family is Citrus, which includes the orange (C. × sinensis), lemon (C. × limon), grapefruit (C. × paradisi), and lime (various). Boronia is a large Australian genus, some members of which are plants with highly fragrant flowers and are used in commercial oil production. Other large genera include Zanthoxylum, several species of which are cultivated for Sichuan pepper, Melicope, and Agathosma. The family Rutaceae contains about 160 genera.
Agustín Díaz de Mera García Consuegra
Agustín Díaz De Mera García Consuegra (born 27 September 1947 in Daimiel (Ciudad Real))
is a Spanish politician who served as a Member of the European Parliament with the People's Party, part of the European People's Party, from 2004 until 2019.

Díaz de Mera was elected to the Spanish Senate in 1989 and served there from 1996 to 2004 and to the Spanish Congress of Deputies in 1993 representing Avila.

In Parliament, De Mera was a member of the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs. On the committee, he served as the Parliament's rapporteur on the reform of Europol and visa requirements for non-EU nationals. He was also a substitute for the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development and a member of the Delegation for relations with Iran.

European Parliament Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs
The Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs (LIBE) is a committee of the European Parliament that is responsible for protecting civil liberties and human rights, as listed in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.
Ma Sui
Ma Sui (Chinese: 馬燧; 726 – September 4, 795), courtesy name Xunmei (洵美), posthumous name Prince Zhuangwu of Beiping (北平莊武王), was a Chinese military general and politician of the Tang dynasty. He was known mostly for his battles against the rebel generals Li Lingyao (李靈曜), Tian Yue, Zhu Tao, and Li Huaiguang.

Jiaozuo
Jiaozuo (Chinese: 焦作; pinyin: Jiāozuò [tɕjáʊ.tswô]; postal: Tsiaotso) is a prefecture-level city in the northwest of Henan province, China. Sitting on the northern bank of the Yellow River, it borders the provincial capital of Zhengzhou to the south, Xinxiang to the east, Jiyuan to the west, Luoyang to the southwest, and the province of Shanxi to the north. Jiaozuo is one of the core cities of the Central Plains urban agglomeration and a regional central city along the Shanxi–Henan border area.

Its population was 3,590,700 as of the 2018 estimate whom 1,424,500 lived in the built-up area made of 4 urban districts (Jiefang, Shanyang, Zhongzhan and Macun) and Bo'ai County largely being urbanized.
2020 J3 League
The 2020 J3 League, referred to as the 2020 Meiji Yasuda J3 League (Japanese: 2020 明治安田生命J3リーグ, Hepburn: 2020 Meiji Yasuda Seimei J3 Rīgu) for sponsorship reasons, was the 7th season of J3 League under its current name.

Blaublitz Akita won the J3 title for the second time in their history. They were promoted to the 2021 J2 League alongside SC Sagamihara. Both teams won promotion for the J2 League for the first time.

SC Sagamihara
Sports Club Sagamihara (スポーツクラブ相模原, Supōtsukurabu Sagamihara) commonly known as SC Sagamihara (SC相模原, Esu Shī Sagamihara) is a Japanese professional football club based in Sagamihara, Kanagawa Prefecture. They currently play in the J3 League, Japanese third tier of professional football.
Svend Lund
Svend Otto Lund (born 1 April 1949) is a Danish former handball player who competed in the 1972 Summer Olympics.

He played his club handball with IF Stadion. He debuted for the Danish national team in November 1972 against Finland. In 1972 he was part of the Danish team which finished thirteenth in the Olympic tournament. He played three matches and scored one goal.

In total he would play 18 national team matches, scoring 21 goals over a 15 month period.

Handball at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Handball at the 1972 Summer Olympics was the second appearance of the sport at the Olympics, returning to the Olympic program after a 36-year absence. The competition was for men only and it was contested by sixteen teams.
The Racket (play)
The Racket is a 1927 Broadway three-act drama written by Bartlett Cormack
and produced by Alexander McKaig. It ran for 119 performances from November 22, 1927, to March 1928 at the 
Ambassador Theatre. Edward G. Robinson had a major role as a 
snarling gangster, which led to his being cast in similar film roles. It was included in Burns Mantle's 
The Best Plays of 1927-1928.

It was adapted as a silent feature film also titled The Racket in 1928 and
the 1951 film noir remake The Racket, starring Robert Mitchum.

The Racket (1951 film)
The Racket is a 1951 black-and-white drama film noir directed by John Cromwell and uncredited directors Nicholas Ray, Tay Garnett and Mel Ferrer. The film stars Robert Mitchum, Lizabeth Scott, Robert Ryan and William Conrad. Future Perry Mason regular cast members William Talman and Ray Collins appear in key roles.

The film is a remake of the 1928 film The Racket and is indirectly based on a play by Bartlett Cormack.
Jag reser mig igen
"Jag reser mig igen" is a song with lyrics by Ted Ström and music by Thomas G:son. It was performed at Melodifestivalen 2012 by Thorsten Flinck & Revolutionsorkestern, and made it further through Andra chansen to the finals inside the Stockholm Globe Arena, where it ended up eight. With 8,4% of the televotes it became the viewers 3rd favourite song. On 6 May 2012, the song entered Svensktoppen.

Svensktoppen
Svensktoppen (Swedish: [ˈsvɛ̂nːskˌtɔpːɛn]) is a weekly record chart airing on Sveriges Radio. Until January 2003, the songs had to be in the Swedish language. Svensktoppen has aired since 1962, except for the years 1982–1985. In the years leading up to the January 2003 change, the programme was strongly dominated by dansband music.

The first number-one hit song was "Midnattstango" performed by Swedish crooner Lars Lönndahl.

New rules on 17 January 2016 restricted the maximum length for a song to chart to one year.
First Russian Art Exhibition
The First Russian Art Exhibition (German: Erste Russische Kunstausstellung Berlin) was the first exhibition of Russian art held in Berlin following the Russian Revolution. It opened at the Gallery van Diemen, 21 Unter den Linden, on Sunday 15 October 1922. The exhibition was hosted by the Soviet People's Commissariat for Education, and proved controversial in relationship to the current developments in avant-garde art in Russia, most notably Constructivism.

Constructivism (art)
Constructivism is an early twentieth-century art movement founded in 1915 by Vladimir Tatlin and Alexander Rodchenko. Abstract and austere, constructivist art aimed to reflect modern industrial society and urban space. The movement rejected decorative stylization in favour of the industrial assemblage of materials. Constructivists were in favour of art for propaganda and social purposes, and were associated with Soviet socialism, the Bolsheviks, and the Russian avant-garde.

Constructivist architecture and art had a great effect on modern art movements of the 20th century, influencing major trends such as the Bauhaus and De Stijl movements. Its influence was widespread, with major effects upon architecture, sculpture, graphic design, industrial design, theatre, film, dance, fashion and, to some extent, music.