hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Leonard Digges (scientist)
Leonard Digges (c.1515 – c.1559) was a well-known English mathematician and surveyor, credited with the invention of the theodolite, and a great populariser of science through his writings in English on surveying, cartography, and military engineering. His birth date is variously suggested as c.1515 or c.1520 (but certainly by 1530).

Much of his work was expanded on, annotated, and published by his son, Thomas Digges. His son followed in his footsteps and was a pivotal player in the popularisation of Copernicus's book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium. Notes written by Thomas Digges in the publication of the book Pantometria in 1570 contain descriptions of how Leonard Digges made use of a "proportional Glass" to view distant objects and people. Some, such as astronomer and historian Colin Ronan, claim this describes a reflecting or refracting telescope built between 1540 and 1559, but its vague description and claimed performance makes it dubious.

John Sackville (died 1557)
John Sackville MP (before 17 March 1484 – 26 September 1557) was a member of parliament for East Grinstead, and a local administrator in Essex, Sussex and Surrey. His first wife was Margaret Boleyn, they had a illegitimate daughter before they were married named Gervase Sachville. Margaret is  an aunt of Henry VIII's second Queen, Anne Boleyn, and a great-aunt of Queen Elizabeth I.
Yōsuke Isozaki
Yōsuke Isozaki (礒崎 陽輔, Isozaki Yōsuke; born 9 October 1957) is a Japanese politician of the Liberal Democratic Party and a member of the House of Councillors in the Diet. A native of Ōita, Ōita, he joined the Ministry of Home Affairs after graduating from the University of Tokyo in 1982. After leaving the ministry in 2006, he was elected to the House of Councillors for the first time in 2007. He is affiliated with the revisionist lobby Nippon Kaigi.

Ministry of Home Affairs (Japan)
The Ministry of Home Affairs (自治省, Jichishō) was a ministry in the Japanese government that existed from July 1, 1960, to January 5, 2001. It is now part of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. The head of the ministry was a member of the Cabinet of Japan.
2021 Trofeo Faip–Perrel – Doubles
Zdeněk Kolář and Julian Ocleppo were the defending champions but only Kolář chose to defend his title, partnering Jiří Lehečka.

Kolář successfully defended his title, defeating Lloyd Glasspool and Harri Heliövaara 6–4, 6–4 in the final.

Jiří Lehečka
Jiří Lehečka (Czech pronunciation: [ˈjɪr̝iː ˈlɛɦɛtʃka]; born 8 November 2001) is a Czech professional tennis player. He has a career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 16 achieved on 8 September 2025 and a best doubles ranking of No. 133 reached on 27 October 2025. He is the current No. 2 male singles player from Czechia.

Lehečka has won two ATP Tour singles titles.
Selim Nurudeen
Selim Nurudeen Listenⓘ (born 1 February 1983) is a hurdler from Nigeria. In 2010 he competed at the 2010 African Championships in Nairobi and won the silver medal in the 110 metre hurdles with a time of 13.83 seconds. He has twice represented Nigeria at the Olympics, in 2008 and 2012. He currently holds Nigerian athletic records in the indoor 60 meter hurdles with a time of 7.64.

At the 2005 NCAA Division I Indoor Track and Field Championships, Nurudeen was an All-American in the 60 metres hurdles for the Notre Dame Fighting Irish track and field team.

Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 110 metres hurdles
The men's 110 metres hurdles competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, United Kingdom was held at the Olympic Stadium on 7–8 August. Fifty-three athletes from 33 nations competed. The event was won by Aries Merritt of the United States, the nation's first championship in the event since 1996 and 19th overall. Hansle Parchment's bronze was Jamaica's first medal in the men's high hurdles.
Torodora claustrata
Torodora claustrata is a moth in the family Lecithoceridae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1910. It is found on Borneo.

The wingspan is about 19 mm. The forewings are dark glossy slaty fuscous with narrow blackish-fuscous fasciae at two-fifths and four-fifths, slightly whitish edged posteriorly. There is a transverse-oval blackish-fuscous spot in the disc at two-thirds, slightly whitish edged, containing some ochreous-yellowish scales towards the centre. The hindwings are dark fuscous.

Lecithoceridae
The Lecithoceridae, or long-horned moths, are a family of small moths described by Simon Le Marchand in 1947. Although lecithocerids are found throughout the world, the great majority are found in the Indomalayan realm and the southern part of the Palaearctic realm.
Simone Warzel
Simone Warzel (born 1973) is a German mathematical physicist  at the Technical University of Munich. Her research involves statistical mechanics and the many-body problem in quantum mechanics. She is a co-author of the book Random Operators: Disorder Effects on Quantum Spectra and Dynamics.

Technical University of Munich
The Technical University of Munich (TUM or TU Munich; German: Technische Universität München) is a public research university in Munich, Bavaria, Germany. It specializes in engineering, technology, medicine, and applied and natural sciences.

Established in 1868 by King Ludwig II of Bavaria, the university now has additional campuses in Garching, Freising, Heilbronn, Straubing, Ottobrunn, and Singapore, with the Garching campus being its largest. The university is organized into seven schools, and is supported by numerous research centers. It is one of the largest universities in Germany, with 51,954 students and an annual budget of €2,171.0 million including the university hospital.

A University of Excellence under the German Universities Excellence Initiative, TUM is among the leading universities in the European Union. Its researchers and alumni include 19 Nobel laureates and 26 Leibniz Prize winners.
Bernard Romain
Bernard Romain  son of René Margotton(born in Roanne, on 11 February 1944) is a French painter and sculptor.

Author of the coloring of the tallest cliff of Europe in Normandy (Le Tréport) to commemorate the bicentenary of the French Revolution. He is also the author, of the Statue of Europe "Unity in Peace" of the European Commission. Since completing his art studies in Paris he has held an impressive amount of exhibitions and won various competitions and awards with land art and sometimes extreme work.

Gran Canaria
Gran Canaria (UK: /ˌɡræn kəˈnɛəriə, -ˈnɑːr-/, US: /ˌɡrɑːn kəˈnɑːriə, -ˈnɛər-/; Spanish: [ɡɾaŋ kaˈnaɾja] ⓘ), also Grand Canary Island, is the third-largest and second-most-populous island of the Canary Islands, a Spanish archipelago off the Atlantic coast of Northwest Africa. As of 2023 the island had a population of 862,893 that constitutes approximately 40% of the population of the archipelago. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, the capital of the island, is the largest city of the Canary Islands and the ninth-largest city of Spain.

Gran Canaria is located in the Atlantic Ocean in a region known as Macaronesia about 150 kilometres (93 mi) off the northwestern coast of Africa and about 1,350 km (840 mi) from Europe. With an area of 1,560 km2 (600 sq mi) and an altitude of 1,956 m (6,417 ft) at Morro de la Agujereada, Gran Canaria is the third largest island of the archipelago in both area and altitude. Gran Canaria is also the third most populated island in Spain.
Catocala eutychea
Catocala eutychea is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Georg Friedrich Treitschke in 1835. It is found in the eastern parts of the Mediterranean, especially the Balkans.

There is one generation per year. Adults are on wing from June to August.

The larvae feed on Quercus coccifera.

Georg Friedrich Treitschke
Georg Friedrich Treitschke (German: [ˈtʀaɪtʃkə]; 29 August 1776 – 4 June 1842) was a German librettist, translator and lepidopterist.

In 1800, he came to the Vienna Hofoper. From 1809 to 1814, he was principal of the Viennese Theater an der Wien. He wrote mostly librettos for Paul Wranitzky, Adalbert Gyrowetz and C. Weigl (Weisenhaus, The Orphanage), and translated many French operas into German. In 1814, he revised the libretto of Fidelio at Ludwig van Beethoven's request.
USS Avery Island
USS Avery Island (AG-76/AKS-24) was a Basilan-class miscellaneous auxiliary acquired by the U.S. Navy during World War II.  She was used to transport personnel and carry cargo and was inactivated and disposed of shortly after the war.

Auxiliary ship
An auxiliary ship is a naval ship designed to support combatant ships and other naval operations. Auxiliary ships are not primary combatant vessels, though they may have some limited combat capacity, usually for purposes of self-defense.

Auxiliary ships are extremely important for navies of all sizes because if they were not present the primary fleet vessels would be unsupported. Thus, virtually every navy maintains an extensive fleet of auxiliary ships, however, the composition and size of these auxiliary fleets vary depending on the nature of each navy and its primary mission. Smaller coastal navies tend to have smaller auxiliary vessels focusing primarily on littoral and training support roles, while larger blue-water navies tend to have larger auxiliary fleets comprising longer-range fleet support vessels designed to provide support far beyond territorial waters.
Sacrificial Scene
Sacrificial Scene is a grisaille tempera on canvas painting by Pontormo, produced around 1520 and now in the National Museum of Capodimonte in Naples. It was probably originally produced as part of the decoration of an interior in honour of Cosimo de' Medici.

The canvas was later mounted on panel, probably to be part of a mobile apparatus. It first appeared in the Farnese collection inventories in 1644 and was moved to Naples with the rest of the collection late in the 18th century, where it was displayed in Room 10 of the Capodimonte Museum.

Pontormo
Jacopo Carucci or Carrucci (IPA: [ˈjaːkopo ka(r)ˈruttʃi]; May 24, 1494 – January 2, 1557), usually known as Jacopo (da) Pontormo or simply Pontormo (IPA: [ponˈtormo]), was an  Italian Mannerist painter and portraitist from the Florentine School. His work represents a profound stylistic shift from the calm perspectival regularity that characterized the art of the Florentine Renaissance. He is famous for his use of twining poses, coupled with ambiguous perspective; his figures often seem to float in an uncertain environment, unhampered by the forces of gravity.
Ilya Gershevitch
Ilya Gershevitch, FBA (24 October 1914 – 11 April 2001) was a noted Iranologist.

Gershevitch was born in Zürich to Russian parents Arkadi and Mila, who raised him in Smolensk, migrated to Germany and later fled from Germany to Switzerland at the outbreak of World War I.

Gershevitch enrolled in the University of Rome in 1933 and moved to England in 1938. In 1948, he became the first holder of a new Lectureship in Iranian Studies at Cambridge University. He became a Fellow of the British Academy in 1967 and later a corresponding member of the Accademia dei Lincei, the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters and the Russian Academy of Sciences. In 1971, he received an honorary doctorate from the University of Berne.

Gershevitch died in 2001 in Cambridge.

His work includes pioneering studies of the Bashkardi dialect, and the decipherment of Bactrian, besides contributions to Sogdian and Avestan philology, Ossetic, Elamite and Zoroastrian studies and Achaemenid history.

University of Bern
The University of Bern (German: Universität Bern, French: Université de Berne, Latin: Universitas Bernensis) is a public research university in the Swiss capital of Bern. It was founded in 1834. It is regulated and financed by the canton of Bern. It is a comprehensive university offering a broad choice of courses and programs in eight faculties and some 150 institutes. With around 19,000 students, the University of Bern is the third largest university in Switzerland.
Nedelcho Beronov
Nedelcho Krumov Beronov (Bulgarian: Неделчо Крумов Беронов) (22 July 1928 – 4 July 2015) was a Bulgarian jurist, right-wing politician and Constitutional Court chairman, as well as a presidential candidate in the 2006 presidential elections.

Constitutional Court of Bulgaria
The Constitutional Court of Bulgaria (Bulgarian: Конституционен съд) is in charge of reviewing the constitutionality of acts and statutes brought before it, as well as the compliance of these laws with international treaties to which Bulgaria is a party. The 12 members of the Constitutional Court serve a nine-year term. Four of the justices are elected by the National Assembly, four are appointed by the President, and the remaining four are selected from among the judges on the Supreme Court of Cassation and the Supreme Administrative Court.
Souveyrols lake
Souveyrols lake is a lake in Lozère, France on the Aubrac plateau. It has a glacial origin. Its surface area is 0.016 km2. On his banks, grows the spectacular plant named  Ligularia sibirica. This boreal species is usually present in Russia and Siberia and is very rare in Western Europe.

Lozère
Lozère (French pronunciation: [lɔzɛʁ] ⓘ; Occitan: Losera [luˈzeɾɔ]) is a landlocked department in the region of Occitanie in southern France, located near the Massif Central, bounded to the northeast by Haute-Loire, to the east by Ardèche, to the south by Gard, to the west by Aveyron, and the northwest by Cantal. It is named after Mont Lozère. With 76,604 inhabitants as of 2019, Lozère is the least populous French department.
Black Krim
The Black Krim (Solanum lycopersicum) (also known as Black Crimea and Noire de Crimée) is an heirloom tomato originating from Crimea. The plant is open-pollinated, indeterminate, bearing 250 gram flattened globe fruits with a diameter around 8–12 centimeters (3.1–4.7 in). The unique color of the berry are dark reddish-purple to black in sunny conditions with green/brown shoulders. The plant can grow up to 180 centimeters in height if it is in a greenhouse and slightly less if outside. The berry is described tasting as "Intense, with a sweetness that is balanced out by the acidity".

The Black Krim is named after the Crimean peninsula; In 1990 it became the first "black" tomato to be commercially available in the United States and is popular on the west coast for its flavorful yet well balanced taste.

Indeterminate growth
In biology and botany, indeterminate growth is growth that is not terminated, in contrast to determinate growth that stops once a genetically predetermined structure has completely formed. Thus, a plant that grows and produces flowers and fruit until killed by frost or some other external factor is called indeterminate. For example, the term is applied to tomato varieties that grow in a rather gangly fashion, producing fruit throughout the growing season. In contrast, a determinate tomato plant grows in a more bushy shape and is most productive for a single, larger harvest, then either tapers off with minimal new growth or fruit or dies.
Karamaly, Chishminsky District, Republic of Bashkortostan
Karamaly (Russian: Карамалы; Bashkir: Ҡарамалы, Qaramalı) is a rural locality (a village) in Safarovsky Selsoviet, Chishminsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The village has 3 streets and, as of 2010, a population of 71.

Chishminsky District
Chishminsky District (Russian: Чишми́нский райо́н; Bashkir: Шишмә районы, Şişmä rayonı) is an administrative with some beautiful sites and municipal district (raion), one of the fifty-four in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia. It is located in the center of the republic and borders Kushnarenkovsky District in the north, Ufimsky District in the northeast and east, Karmaskalinsky District in the southeast, Davlekanovsky District in the south, and Blagovarsky District in the west and northwest. The area of the district is 1,823.77 square kilometers (704.16 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality (a work settlement) of Chishmy. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 52,344, with the population of the administrative center accounting for 40.5% of that number.
Sigma model
In physics, a sigma model is a field theory that describes the field as a point particle confined to move on a fixed manifold. This manifold can be taken to be any Riemannian manifold, although it is most commonly taken to be either a Lie group or a symmetric space. The model may or may not be quantized. An example of the non-quantized version is the Skyrme model; it cannot be quantized due to non-linearities of power greater than 4. In general, sigma models admit (classical) topological soliton solutions, for example, the skyrmion for the Skyrme model.  When the sigma field is coupled to a gauge field, the resulting model is described by Ginzburg–Landau theory.  This article is primarily devoted to the classical field theory of the sigma model; the corresponding quantized theory is presented in the article titled "non-linear sigma model".

Maurer–Cartan form
In mathematics, the Maurer–Cartan form for a Lie group G is a distinguished differential one-form on G that carries the basic infinitesimal information about the structure of G. It was much used by Élie Cartan as a basic ingredient of his method of moving frames, and bears his name together with that of Ludwig Maurer.

As a one-form, the Maurer–Cartan form is peculiar in that it takes its values in the Lie algebra associated to the Lie group G.  The Lie algebra is identified with the tangent space of G at the identity, denoted TeG.  The Maurer–Cartan form ω is thus a one-form defined globally on G, that is, a linear mapping of the tangent space TgG at each g ∈ G into TeG.  It is given as the pushforward of a vector in TgG along the left-translation in the group:
Kingdom Under Fire: A War of Heroes
Kingdom Under Fire: A War of Heroes is a real-time strategy video game developed by Phantagram and published by Gathering of Developers. Released for Windows in 2001, the game is based in a high fantasy setting and is played from an overhead isometric perspective. The game included single-player and multiplayer online modes through Phantagram's Wargate server. The game is the first release in the Kingdom Under Fire series, which later received critical acclaim through the Xbox release Kingdom Under Fire: The Crusaders, a game which, like others in the series, incorporated both role-playing and real-time strategy elements. A "Gold Patch" was released for Kingdom Under Fire which introduced a map editor, extra missions, and in-game save option; this version was also re-released as Kingdom Under Fire Gold.

Isometric projection
Isometric projection is a method for visually representing three-dimensional objects in two dimensions in technical and engineering drawings. It is an axonometric projection in which the three coordinate axes appear equally foreshortened and the angle between any two of them is 120 degrees.
Littlefillan
Littlefillan is a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. The tiny suburb in Sandton is separated between Morningside and Parkmore. It is located in Region E of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality.

City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality
The City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality (Zulu: UMasipala weDolobhakazi laseGoli) is a metropolitan municipality that manages the local governance of Johannesburg, the largest city in South Africa. It is divided into several branches and departments in order to expedite services for the city. Zulu is the most spoken home language at 23.4% followed by English at 20.1%.

Johannesburg is a divided municipality: the poor mostly live in the southern suburbs or on the peripheries of the far north, and the middle and upper class live largely in the suburbs of the center and north. As of 2012, unemployment was near 25% and most young people were out of work. Around 20% of the municipality lives in abject poverty in informal settlements that lack proper roads, electricity, or any other kind of direct municipal service.
Benjamin Millepied
Benjamin Millepied  (French pronunciation: [bɛ̃ʒamɛ᷉ milpje]; born 10 June 1977) is a French dancer and choreographer who has lived and worked in the United States since joining the New York City Ballet in 1995, where he became a soloist in 1998 and a principal in 2002. He has also created choreography for the company, and choreographed pieces for other major companies. He retired from the NYCB in 2011.

He initiated the LA Dance Project, leading it from 2011 to 2014. He was the Director of Dance at the Paris Opera Ballet from October 2014 to 2016. He choreographed and performed as a dancer in the 2010 movie Black Swan, and choreographed the "sandwalk" in Dune.

New York City Ballet
New York City Ballet (NYCB) is a ballet company founded in 1948 by choreographer George Balanchine and Lincoln Kirstein.  Balanchine and Jerome Robbins are considered the founding choreographers of the company. Léon Barzin was the company's first music director.  City Ballet grew out of earlier troupes: the Producing Company of the School of American Ballet, 1934; the American Ballet, 1935, and Ballet Caravan, 1936, which merged into American Ballet Caravan, 1941; and directly from the Ballet Society, 1946.
Kenin (Japanese history)
Kenin (家人, house person) was the third of the five lower castes of the Japanese ritsuryō system. A privately owned servant, a kenin had a better social status than a slave (shinuhi (私奴婢)), could be inherited but not sold, could participate in the life of the family and have one of his own.

The term can also be synonymous with gokenin. The gokenin were vassals of the shōgun during the Kamakura, Ashikaga, and Tokugawa shogunates. The meaning of the term evolved in time, so its exact meaning changes with the historical period.

Synonym
A synonym is a word, morpheme, or phrase that has a similar or identical meaning to another word, morpheme, or phrase in a given language. For example, in English, words like begin, start, commence, and initiate are synonyms: they are synonymous. The standard test for synonymy is substitution: one form can be used interchangeably without changing the meaning of the sentence.

Words may be synonymous in only one particular sense: for example, long and extended in the context of long time or extended time are synonymous, but long cannot be used in the phrase extended family.

Synonyms with identical meanings share a seme or denotational sememe, whereas those with inexactly similar meanings share a broader denotational or connotational sememe and overlap within a semantic field. The former are sometimes known as cognitive synonyms, and the latter are referred to as near-synonyms, plesionyms, or poecilonyms.
GHD Group
GHD Group Pty Ltd (formerly known as Gutteridge Haskins & Davey) is a global employee-owned multinational technical professional services firm providing advisory, architecture and design, buildings, digital, energy and resources, environmental, geosciences, project management, transportation and water services.

GHD employs more than 12,000 people—engineers, architects, planners, scientists, project managers and economists— operating in over 160 offices across five continents serving clients in water, energy and resources, environment, property and buildings, and transportation markets. GHD has delivered projects in over 135 countries.

Professional services
Professional services are occupations in the service sector requiring special training in liberal arts and pure sciences education or professional development education. Some professional services, such as architects, accountants, engineers, doctors, and lawyers require the practitioner to hold professional degrees or licenses and possess specific skills. Other professional services involve providing specialist business support to businesses of all sizes and in all sectors; this can include tax advice, supporting a company with accounting, IT services, public relations services or providing management services.