hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Kügelgen
Kügelgen was the surname of a family of famous German painters:

Gerhard von Kügelgen (1772–1820), German painter, active in early romanticism, famous for his portraits and historical paintings

Karl von Kügelgen (1772–1832), German painter, Gerhard's twin brother

Wilhelm von Kügelgen (1802–1867), German painter, Gerhard's son

Konstantin von Kügelgen (1810–1880), German painter, Karl's son

Gerhard von Kügelgen
Franz Gerhard von Kügelgen (6 February 1772 – 27 March 1820) was a German painter, noted for his portraits and history paintings. He was a professor at the Dresden Academy of Fine Arts and a member of both the Prussian and Russian Imperial Academies of Arts. His twin brother, Karl von Kügelgen, was also a painter of note.
Puttur, Andhra Pradesh Assembly constituency
Puttur Assembly constituency was an Assembly constituency of the Madras Legislative Assembly until States Reorganisation Act, 1956 transferred it to the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India. It was one of constituencies in Chittoor district.

Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly
The Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly (Telugu: ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్ శాసన సభ, ISO: Āndhra Pradēś Śāsana Sabha) is the lower house of the bicameral legislature of the Indian state, Andhra Pradesh.

The Legislative Assembly consists of 175 members who are elected by adult universal suffrage under the first-past-the-post system. The duration of the Assembly is five years from the date appointed for its first meeting unless it is decided to dissolve the Assembly sooner. The Legislative Assembly's main functions include legislation, overseeing of administration, passing the budget, and airing public grievances.

The Legislative Assembly holds three sessions annually, one for Budget and the other for Monsoon and Winter sessions.

The Legislative Assembly took up residence in the interim Legislative Assembly Building in Amaravati beginning from the 2017 Budget session. The new building has systems for automatic speech translation and automatic vote recording.
Chaurideurali Rural Municipality
Chaurideurali is a Rural municipality located within the Kavrepalanchowk District of the Bagmati Province of Nepal.
The municipality spans 98 square kilometres (38 sq mi) of area, with a total population of 14,076 according to a 2021 Nepal census.

On March 10, 2017, the Government of Nepal restructured the local level bodies into 753 new local level structures.
The previous Sanowangthali, Nagre Gagarche, Majhi Feda, Dhuseni Siwalaya, Gothpani Pokhari Chauri, Kartike Deurali, Madan Kundari, Birtadeurali and Gothpani VDCs were merged to form Chaurideurali Rural Municipality.
Chaunrideurali is divided into 9 wards, with Dhadkharka bhanjyang declared the administrative center of the rural municipality.

Pokhari Chauri
Pokhari Chauri is a village development committee in Kavrepalanchok District in the Bagmati Zone of central Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3,879 in 609 individual households. It lies in the border of Ramechhap and kavrepalanchowk district. It is about 80 km away from the capital of Nepal, Kathmandu
Bunny Reid
Bernard Charlton "Bunny" Reid (12 July 1910 – 11 September 1976) was a South African international rugby union player.

Reid grew up in Port Elizabeth, where he attended Grey High School, but was from East London originally. He played his early rugby at East London club Cambridge and competed for Border provincially. He was capped for the first and only time in a Test match against Australia at Port Elizabeth in 1933, as a full-back.

During the 1930s, Reid was also a competent cricketer and played two first-class matches for the Border cricket team. The first was against Natal in the 1934/35 Currie Cup and the second against Western Province in the same competition, two seasons later. Reid, who played as a right handed lower order batsman, also had a younger brother named Seymour who later played cricket for Border.

Test match (rugby union)
A test match in rugby union is an international match, usually played between two senior national teams, that is recognised as such by at least one of the teams' national governing bodies.

Some teams do not represent a single country but their international games are still considered test matches (for example the British and Irish Lions). Likewise some countries award caps for games between their full national teams and some invitation teams such as the Barbarians.
Ashoka Law College
Ashoka Law College is a private law school situated at Manke Talab, Lakhanpur, Kathua in the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. It offers undergraduate 3 years law courses, 5 Year Integrated LL.B. courses, approved by Bar Council of India (BCI), New Delhi and affiliated to University of Jammu.

Lakhanpur, Jammu
Lakhanpur is a town and a notified area committee in Kathua district in the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. Lakhanpur is the entrance to Jammu and Kashmir from Punjab and rest of India. It is a sparsely populated area about 20 km (12 mi) from the center of Kathua city, and also known for its lakhanpur fort and famous dish called [palle].
Kvitok
Kvitok (Russian: Квиток) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) in Tayshetsky District of Irkutsk Oblast, Russia. Population:  2,877 (2010 Census); 3,239 (2002 Census); 4,545 (1989 Soviet census).

Tayshetsky District
Tayshetsky District (Russian: Тайшетский райо́н) is an administrative district, one of the thirty-three in Irkutsk Oblast, Russia. Municipally, it is incorporated as Tayshetsky Municipal District. It is located in the west of the oblast. The area of the district is 27,800 square kilometers (10,700 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Tayshet. Population: 29,752 (2010 census); 36,502 (2002 Census); 35,236 (1989 Soviet census).
Klosteret
Klosteret is a nightclub located at Hauser Plads 32 in Copenhagen, Denmark. With an area of circa 2000 square meters, it is the largest night club in Denmark.  Klosteret was opened as a night club in February 2015 by the members of the pop group Infernal, Lina Rafn and Paw Lagermann. Infernal owned more than half the place. In the beginning of 2016, the place switched owners and is now called SGK by Fabio Klosteret 2.0.

Hauser Plads
Hauser Plads is a public square in the Old Town of Copenhagen, Denmark. It is separated from the larger, more well-known square Kultorvet by the former Copenhagen Central Library Building. A landscaped playground and Copenhagen Municipality's underground Cleaning Facilities Centre occupies most of the site since a renovation in 2011.

Hauser Plads was created as a result of the British bombardment of Copenhagen in 1807, which resulted in large damages on the city centre. The site was then for many years used for handling and storage of timber in connection with the rebuilding of the city. It was not laid out as an official square until the 1840s, making Hauser Plads the youngest public square in the Old Town of Copenhagen.
Psalidodon brachypterygium
Psalidodon brachypterygium is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish belonging to the family Acestrorhamphidae, the American characins. This fish is endemic to a collection of high-elevation streams in Brazil. It was named in 2001 alongside congener Psalidodon cremnobates, to which it bears a strong resemblance; physical details (and a separate native range) help to differentiate between the two. Its scales are a greenish-brown on the back and silver on the belly, with reddish fins and a dark humeral spot. One of its defining features is a notably short anal-fin base, which has 13 to 15 rays.

It usually inhabits shallow waters with a good current, but little else of its ecology has been researched, including diet, behavior, and mating practices. Several species are known to live in peaceful sympatry with it. The IUCN has given P. brachypterygium a near threatened classification due to a decline in habitat quality, largely thanks to anthropogenic survival pressures.

Acestrorhamphidae
Acestrorhamphidae, the American tetras, are a diverse family of freshwater fish in the order Characiformes. They are native to North and South America, from the southwestern United States south to temperate Argentina, with a few species introduced to other parts of the world. It includes many genera previously placed in the family Characidae, which was split into multiple families in 2024. It contains many of the most famous ornamental aquarium fish that are popularly known as tetras.
Jorunn Kjellsby
Jorunn Kjellsby (7 April 1944 – 30 October 2025) was a Norwegian actress. She worked for Trøndelag Teater (1961–1963), Oslo Nye Teater (1968–1970) and Det Norske Teateret (from 1971). She also appeared in around 30 films, such as Bryllupsfesten (1989) and Den som frykter ulven (2004). In 2006 she was awarded an honorary Amanda Award.

Kjellsby died on 30 October 2025, at the age of 81.

Amanda Award
The Amanda Award (Norwegian: Amandaprisen) is an award given annually at the Norwegian International Film Festival in Haugesund, Norway, to promote and improve Norwegian film. The award originated in 1985, and has since 2005 been exclusively a film award (not television). Winners are awarded a trophy by the Norwegian sculptor Kristian Kvakland, and the name—and theme—of the sculpture comes from a legendary local woman from the 1920s. The award ceremony is marked every year by a major, nationally televised event.
Batal Hajji Belkhoroev
Batal Hajji Belkhoroev (Ingush: Белхарой Батӏал-Хьажа, romanized: Belxaroj Bathal-X́aža; c. 1824–1914) was an Ingush sheikh of the Qadiri Sufi order (tariqa) who founded his own independent Sufi suborder (wird).

At early age both of his parents died, after which, he moved to Chechnya. There Batal Hajji met Kunta-Haji, a Chechen Sufi sheikh who became his mentor. He was an outlaw (abrek) and supporter of Imam Shamil during the Caucasian War. Batal Hajji founded his own independent wird upon the arrest and exile of Kunta-Haji in 1864 or upon Kunta-Haji's death in 1867. Today it continues to exists amongst Ingush, and partly, amongst the Chechens and Kumyks. In 1911, after being accused of harbouring the Chechen outlaw Zelimkhan he was exiled to Kozelsk, later dying there in 1914.

Ingush language
Ingush (/ˈɪŋɡʊʃ/; гӏалгӏай мотт, ġalġay mott, IPA: [ˈɣəɫɣəɪ mʷɔtː]) is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken by about 350,000 people, known as the Ingush, across a region covering the Russian republics of Ingushetia, Chechnya, North Ossetia, as well as the countries of Turkey, Kazakhstan, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, and others.
Vandenberg Launch Complex 576
Launch Complex 576 is a group of rocket launch pads at Vandenberg Space Force Base. The pads were used from 1959 until 1971 to launch SM-65 Atlas missiles. The site was also known as Complex ABRES. Pads in Area 576 include 576A-1, 576A-2 and 576A-3, 576B-1, 576B-2 and 576B-3, 576-C, 576-D, 576-E, OSTF-1 and OSTF-2.

The first operational launch of an Atlas missile by the Strategic Air Command was conducted from 576A-2 by the 576th Strategic Missile Squadron on 9 September 1959. It impacted 4,480 nautical miles (8,300 km) away, near Wake Island.

The first Atlas F launch at Vandenberg took place from 576-E on 1 August 1962. Orbital Sciences Corporation now launches their Taurus rockets from 576-E. The LC 576E is also a candidate site for launches of Kinetic Energy Interceptor (KEI) boosters. The USAF and Missile Defense Agency anticipate a minimum of three KEI launches per year from 2009 to at least 2012.

Kinetic Energy Interceptor
The Kinetic Energy Interceptor (KEI) was a planned U.S. missile defense program whose goal was to design, develop, and deploy kinetic energy-based, mobile, ground and sea-launched missiles that could intercept and destroy enemy ballistic missiles during their boost, ascent and midcourse phases of flight.  The KEI consisted of the Interceptor Component (kinetic projectile), the Mobile Launcher Component, and the Command, Control, Battle Management, and Communications (C2BMC) component.

On 7 May 2009, the KEI program was canceled due primarily to financial reasons.
Thomas Davison
Thomas Davison (1794 – 1826) was a British radical journalist and printer-publisher of a series of journals, including Medusa, the London Alfred, the Deist's Magazine, as well as the James Griffin-edited Cap of Liberty and the Robert Shorter-edited Theological Comet.

Known for his republican and Deist views, Davison actively supported Richard Carlile in his battle with the British establishment of the time, which resulted in Carlile's imprisonment on charges of blasphemous libel in October 1819.

Davison's publication of material critical of the Bible in the Deist's Magazine resulted in his own prosecution. Found guilty of blasphemy like Carlile after his trial in October 1820, Davison was fined £100 and imprisoned for two years. Reduced to poverty in his last years, he eked out a living as a bookseller following his release in 1822.

Pound sign
The pound sign (£) is the symbol for the pound unit of sterling – the currency of the United Kingdom and its associated Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories and previously of Great Britain and of the Kingdom of England. The same symbol is used for other currencies called pound, such as the Egyptian and Syrian pounds. The sign may be drawn with one or two bars depending on personal preference, but the Bank of England has used the one-bar style exclusively on banknotes since 1975.

In the United States, "pound sign" refers to the symbol # (number sign). In Canada, "pound sign" can mean £ or  #.
Trimurtulu
Trimurtulu is a 1987 Indian Telugu-language masala film, produced by T. Subbarami Reddy and directed by K. Murali Mohana Rao. The film stars Venkatesh, Arjun, Rajendra Prasad, Shobana, Khushbu and Aswini, with music composed by Bappi Lahiri. It is a remake of the Hindi film Naseeb (1981). The film was released on 24 June 1987, and performed average at the box office.

Masala film
Masala films of Indian cinema are those that blend multiple genres into one work. Masala films emerged in the 1970s and are still being created as of the 2020s. Typically these films freely blend action, comedy, romance, and drama, or melodrama. They also tend to be musicals, often including songs filmed in picturesque locations.

The genre is named after the masala, a mixture of spices in Indian cuisine. According to The Hindu, masala is the most popular genre of Indian cinema. Masala films have origins in the 1970s and are common in every major film industry in India. Production of these films is still active in the mid-2020s.
1987 Svaneti avalanches
The 1987 Svaneti avalanches was a series of massive avalanches in the northwest Caucasus highlands of the then-Soviet republic of Georgia, which hit, in January 1987, the country's Svaneti province, namely the Mestia and Lentekhi districts.

The avalanches were brought about by unprecedented snowfall which lasted for 46 days, falling 16 meters thick at several places. From 9 to 31 January 1987 330 avalanches were registered. The mountainous villages such as Chuberi, Ushguli, Mulakhi, Kala, and Khaishi were heavily hit. The village of Zhamushi was entirely buried in snow, with 26 killed. In total, 105 people died in the disaster. More than 2,000 houses were damaged and about 8,500 people had to be resettled. The total damage caused was about $300 million.

Mestia Municipality
Mestia (Georgian: მესტიის მუნიციპალიტეტი, Mesṫiis municiṗaliṫeṫi) is a district of Georgia, in the region of Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti. Its main town is Mestia.

It has an area of 3,045 km2 and had a population of 9,316 at the 2014 census.
UCL Institute of Jewish Studies
The UCL Institute of Jewish Studies is an institute located in London, England, dedicated to the academic study of all branches of Jewish history and civilization. It is a privately funded institute within the Department of Hebrew and Jewish Studies at University College London (UCL), the largest department of Hebrew and Jewish studies in Europe.

The institute is located at the main UCL campus in Bloomsbury, close to the British Library, the Wiener Library, the Warburg Institute, Dr Williams's Library, the library of the School of Oriental and African Studies and the UCL Jewish Studies Collection, which houses the Moccatta Library, the Altman Collection and a substantial collection of unique Yiddish material.  The staff and students are mostly Jewish, unlike other UK faculties for Jewish studies in the UK.

Dr Williams's Library
Dr Williams's Library was a small English research library located in Gordon Square, Bloomsbury, London. The collection has now been relocated to Manchester.  Historically, it had a strong focus on the English Dissenters. The library has also been known as University Hall.
2014 Taipei Metro attack
On 21 May 2014, a Taiwanese man carried out a stabbing spree targeting random civilians on a Taipei Metro C321 train near Jiangzicui Station, resulting in four deaths and 24 injuries. It was the first fatal attack on the city's subway system since operations began in 1996. The attacker, 21-year-old Cheng Chieh, was arrested after the attack. He was sentenced to death, in addition to 144 years in prison, and was executed on 10 May 2016.

National Police Agency (Taiwan)
The National Police Agency, Ministry of the Interior (NPA; Chinese: 內政部警政署; pinyin: Nèizhèngbù Jǐngzhèngshǔ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Luē-chèng-pō͘ Kéng-chèng-sú) is an agency under the Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of China (ROC), or Taiwan. Headquartered in Taipei, the agency oversees all police forces on a national level.
2005 Copa Libertadores
The 2005 Copa Libertadores was the 46th edition of the Copa Libertadores. The final was contested between two teams from Brazil. The champion also qualified for the 2005 FIFA Club World Championship.

It was the first time ever that two teams from the same country reached the final. This year's tournament was also the first Copa Libertadores to employ the away goals rule in knockout ties. São Paulo won the tournament, becoming the first Brazilian team to win the cup on three occasions.

2005 FIFA Club World Championship
The 2005 FIFA Club World Championship (officially known as the FIFA Club World Championship Toyota Cup Japan 2005 for sponsorship reasons) was the second FIFA Club World Championship, a football competition organised by FIFA for the champion clubs of the six continental confederations. It was the first to be held after by the merger between the Intercontinental Cup and the FIFA Club World Championship (which had been played in a first edition in 2000).

The tournament was held in Japan from 11 to 18 December 2005 and won by Brazilian club São Paulo, who defeated English side Liverpool 1–0 in the final.

This would be the only edition of the tournament until the 2022 edition where the CONCACAF representative didn't come from Mexico.
Experiment (probability theory)
In probability theory, an experiment or trial (see below) is the mathematical model of any procedure that can be infinitely repeated and has a well-defined set of possible outcomes, known as the sample space. An experiment is said to be random if it has more than one possible outcome, and deterministic if it has only one. A random experiment that has exactly two (mutually exclusive) possible outcomes is known as a Bernoulli trial.

When an experiment is conducted, one (and only one) outcome results— although this outcome may be included in any number of events, all of which would be said to have occurred on that trial. After conducting many trials of the same experiment and pooling the results, an experimenter can begin to assess the empirical probabilities of the various outcomes and events that can occur in the experiment and apply the methods of statistical analysis.

Mathematical model
A mathematical model is an abstract description of a concrete  system using mathematical concepts and language. The process of developing a mathematical model is termed mathematical modeling. Mathematical models are used in many fields, including applied mathematics, natural sciences, social sciences and engineering. In particular, the field of operations research studies the use of mathematical modelling and related tools to solve problems in business or military operations. A model may help to characterize a system by studying the effects of different components, which may be used to make predictions about behavior or solve specific problems.
Ducklington Mead
Ducklington Mead is a 4.6-hectare (11-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest east of Ducklington in Oxfordshire.

This traditionally managed meadow has diverse flora, such as the rare and declining snake's-head  fritillary. Flowering plants in drier areas include saw-wort, dropwort, lady's bedstraw and betony. There are also ditches with interesting wetland flora and an ancient hedge with a variety of shrubs.

The site is private land with no public access.

Betonica officinalis
Betonica officinalis, common name betony is a species of flowering plant in the mint family Lamiaceae, native to Europe, western Asia, and northern Africa. Other vernacular names include wood betony, common hedgenettle, purple betony, bishopwort, or bishop's wort.

It was until recently usually included in the genus Stachys as its synonym Stachys officinalis, but Betonica was separated at genus rank from Stachys when a detailed examination showed clear consistent differences in both the foliage and flowers, valid at a higher rank than the previous treatment as just a subgenus. This has been confirmed by genetic study, which shows Betonica is separate from Stachys and more closely related to the hemp-nettles Galeopsis.

The Latin specific epithet officinalis refers to plants which had a culinary or medicinal use.
Jacob ben Nathanael
Jacob ben Nathanael ibn al-Fayyumi (Hebrew: יעקב בן נתנאל אבן אלפיומי) was a rosh yeshiva of the Yemenite Jews in the second half of the 12th century CE, son of the illustrious Rabbi, Nathanel al-Fayyumi. All that is known of him is that at the suggestion of Solomon ha-Kohen, a pupil of Maimonides, he wrote to the latter asking his advice in regard to a pseudo-Messiah who was leading the Jews of southern Arabia astray. From a passage in Maimonides' "Letter to the Wise Men of the Congregation of Marseilles", the date of Jacob's letter is fixed as 1172 (Halub, in his ed. of Iggeret Teman, p. 51, note). In answer, Maimonides sent his Iggeret Teman or, as it is also called, Petah Tikva. Abraham Harkavy supposes that Jacob had knowledge of Saadia Gaon's Sefer ha-Galui (Studien und Mittheil. v.154; comp. Monatsschrift, xliv.508). Jacob's father was known as a philosophical writer (see Jew. Encyc. v.354).

Abraham Harkavy
Abraham (Albert) Harkavy (also known as Abraham Eliahu Harkavy or Abraham Eliyahu Harkavy, Hebrew: אברהם אליהו בן יעקב הרכבי, romanized: Avraham Eliyahu ben Yaakov Harkavy, Russian: Авраа́м Я́ковлевич Гарка́ви, romanized: Avraám Yákovlevich Garkávi; 17 October 1835 – 15 March 1919) was a Russian historian and orientalist.
Kilkenny Junior Football Championship
The Kilkenny Junior Football Championship (known for sponsorship reasons as the J. J. Kavanagh & Sons Junior Football Championship and abbreviated to the Kilkenny JFC) is an annual Gaelic football competition organised by the Kilkenny County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association and contested by the junior-graded clubs in the county of Kilkenny in Ireland. It is the third tier overall in the entire Kilkenny football championship system.

Graignamanagh are the reigning champions, having beaten Bennettsbridge by 0–11 to 1–6 in the 2024 final.

County Kilkenny
County Kilkenny (Irish: Contae Chill Chainnigh) is a county in Ireland. It is in the province of Leinster and is part of the Southern Region. It is named after the city of Kilkenny. Kilkenny County Council is the local authority for the county. At the 2022 census the population of the county was 103,685. The county was based on the historic Gaelic kingdom of Ossory (Osraighe), which was coterminous with the Diocese of Ossory.