hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Diplôme universitaire
In France, a diplôme universitaire (DU, in English "university degree") or interuniversitaire (DIU, in English "inter-university degree") is a degree from a French university, a grand établissement or Établissement public à caractère scientifique, culturel et professionnel, or many establishments jointly, as opposed to national diplomas, which are issued on behalf of the Ministry.

Grands établissements
The grands établissements (French: [ɡʁɑ̃z‿etablismɑ̃]; lit. 'great establishments') are French public institutions under ministerial charter within the administrative category referred to as Établissements publics à caractère scientifique, culturel et professionnel (EPCSP).
Gilliard's bird-of-paradise
Gilliard's bird-of-paradise  is a bird in the family Paradisaeidae that is a hybrid between a raggiana bird-of-paradise and lesser bird-of-paradise.  It is known from adult male specimens taken in the upper Baiyer Valley in Papua New Guinea.  It was named after American ornithologist Ernest Thomas Gilliard by Clifford Frith and Bruce Beehler.

Bruce Beehler
Bruce McPherson Beehler (born October 11, 1951, in Baltimore) is an American ornithologist and research associate of the Bird Division of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History. Prior to this appointment, Beehler worked for Conservation International, the Wildlife Conservation Society, Counterpart International, and the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation.
Cuckoo search
In operations research, cuckoo search is an optimization algorithm developed by Xin-She Yang and Suash Deb
in 2009. It has been shown to be a special case of the well-known (μ + λ)-evolution strategy. It was inspired by the obligate brood parasitism of some cuckoo species by laying their eggs in the nests of host birds of other species. Some host birds can engage direct conflict with the intruding cuckoos. For example, if a host bird discovers the eggs are not their own, it will either throw these alien eggs away or simply abandon its nest and build a new nest elsewhere. Some cuckoo species such as the New World brood-parasitic Tapera have evolved in such a way that female parasitic cuckoos are often very specialized in the mimicry in colors and pattern of the eggs of a few chosen host species. Cuckoo search idealized such breeding behavior, and thus can be applied for various optimization problems.

Mathematical optimization
Mathematical optimization (alternatively spelled optimisation) or mathematical programming is the selection of a best element, with regard to some criteria, from some set of available alternatives. It is generally divided into two subfields: discrete optimization and continuous optimization. Optimization problems arise in all quantitative disciplines from computer science and engineering to operations research and economics, and the development of solution methods has been of interest in mathematics for centuries.

In the more general approach, an optimization problem consists of maximizing or minimizing a real function by systematically choosing input values from within an allowed set and computing the value of the function. The generalization of optimization theory and techniques to other formulations constitutes a large area of applied mathematics.
1877 Wairarapa by-election
The 1877 Wairarapa by-election was a by-election held  on 3 July in the Wairarapa electorate in the Wairarapa during the 6th New Zealand Parliament.

The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent, John Andrew, who was retiring from politics. 
The electorate was represented by two members; the other member being Henry Bunny.

Andrew was replaced by George Beetham.

Although Charles Pharazyn (a local landowner and son of Charles Johnson Pharazyn) had also been nominated he had withdrawn, and George Beetham was declared elected.

6th New Zealand Parliament
The 6th New Zealand Parliament was a term of the Parliament of New Zealand.

Elections for this term were held in 69 European electorates between 20 December 1875 and 29 January 1876. Elections in the four Māori electorates were held on 4 and 15 January 1876. A total of 88 MPs were elected. Parliament was prorogued in August 1879. During the term of this Parliament, five Ministries were in power.
Hollywood Athletic Club
The Hollywood Athletic Club is an office building and event space in the Hollywood district of Los Angeles.

Since it was built in 1924, it has had a varied history as a health club, bar, music venue, and billiard room.

It is located on Sunset Boulevard.

Billiard room
A billiard room (also billiards room, or more specifically pool room, snooker room) is a recreation room, such as in a house or recreation center, with a billiards, pool or snooker table (The term "billiard room" or "pool room" may also be used for a business providing public billiards tables; see billiard hall.).

The billiard room may be in the public center of the house or the private areas of the house.

Billiard rooms require proper lighting and clearances for game playing. Although there are adjustable cue sticks on the market, 1.5 m (5 ft) of clearance around the pool table is ideal.

Interior designer Charlotte Moss believed that "a billiard room is synonymous with group dynamics. It's where you mix drinks and embark on a little friendly competition..."
Glutamate synthase (NADPH)
In enzymology, a glutamate synthase (NADPH) (EC 1.4.1.13) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

The four substrates of this enzyme are L-glutamine, 2-oxoglutarate (α-ketoglutarate), NADPH, and H+. They are converted to the products L-glutamamic acid and NADP+.

This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-NH2 group of donors with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor.   This enzyme participates in glutamate metabolism and nitrogen metabolism.  It has 5 cofactors: FAD, Iron, FMN, Sulfur,  and Iron-sulfur.

It occurs in bacteria and plants but not animals, and is important as it provides glutamate for the glutamine synthetase reaction.

Oxidoreductase
In biochemistry, an oxidoreductase is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of electrons from one molecule, the reductant, also called the electron donor, to another, the oxidant, also called the electron acceptor. This group of enzymes usually utilizes NADP+ or NAD+ as cofactors. Transmembrane oxidoreductases create electron transport chains in bacteria, chloroplasts and mitochondria, including respiratory complexes I, II and III. Some others can associate with biological membranes as peripheral membrane proteins or be anchored to the membranes through a single transmembrane helix.
Mithraic reliefs of Jort
The Mithraic reliefs of Jort are bas-relief sculptures discovered in 2011 in the commune of Jort, Calvados department, Normandy region, France. The discovery was fortuitous, occurring during the public sanitation works. The reliefs have since been preserved in the town hall of the commune.

The so-called Eastern cults underwent significant development within the Roman Empire during various historical periods, particularly at the beginning of the Christian era. Mithra, initially an Indo-Iranian deity, was the son of Anahita. His cult experienced considerable growth within the Empire during the 2nd and 3rd centuries before being banned at the end of the 4th century by the Roman emperor Theodosius I.

Although the reliefs are incomplete and their iconography is relatively simple, they represent a unique and valuable source of information about the Mithraic cult in northwestern France.

Indo-Iranians
The Indo-Iranian peoples, or Indo-Iranic peoples, also known as Ā́rya or Aryans from their self-designation, were a group of speakers of Indo-European languages who brought the offshoot Indo-Iranian languages to parts of Eurasia in waves from the first part of the 2nd millennium BC onwards. They eventually branched out into the Iranian peoples and Indo-Aryan peoples.
22nd European Film Awards
The 22nd European Film Awards were presented on 12 December 2009, in Bochum, Germany. The formerly industrial city was chosen as a location to mark the wider Ruhr area's selection as European Capital of Culture for 2010.

The White Ribbon
The White Ribbon (German: Das Weiße Band - Eine Deutsche Kindergeschichte, lit. 'The White Ribbon - A German Children's Story') is a 2009 German mystery drama film written and directed by Michael Haneke. Released in black-and-white, the film offers a dark depiction of society and family in a northern German village just before World War I. According to Haneke, The White Ribbon "is about the roots of evil. Whether it's religious or political terrorism, it's the same thing."

The film premiered at the 62nd Cannes Film Festival in May 2009 where it won the Palme d'Or, followed by largely positive reviews and several other major awards, including the 2010 Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film. The film also received two nominations at the 82nd Academy Awards in 2009: Best Foreign Language Film (representing Germany) and Best Cinematography (Christian Berger).
Jajarkot Palace
Jajarkot Palace is a historic place located in Jajarkot District, Karnali Province, Nepal.

The palace was built by the King of Jajarkot Hari Shah in 1825 (Bikram Sambat). The palace was originally seven storeys and was reduced to four storeys due to the 1934 Nepal–India earthquake. The April 2015 Nepal earthquake further damaged the building.

Karnali Province
Karnali Province (Nepali: कर्णाली प्रदेश, romanized: Karṇālī pradēśa) is one of the seven federal provinces of Nepal formed by the new constitution, which was adopted on 20 September 2015. The total area of the province is 27,984 square kilometres (10,805 mi2), making it the largest province in Nepal with 18.97% of the country's area. According to the 2011 Nepal census, the population of the province was 1,570,418, making it the least populous province in Nepal. The province borders the Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north, Gandaki Province to the east, Sudurpashchim Province to the west, and Lumbini Province to the south. Birendranagar with a population of 154,886 is both the province's capital and largest city.
Joseph Dowling
Joseph Dowling (2 February 1922 – 31 May 2014) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician. An auctioneer before entering politics, Dowling was elected to Dáil Éireann as a Fianna Fáil Teachta Dála (TD) for the Dublin South-West constituency at the 1965 general election, having previously stood at the 1961 general election.

Dowling held his seat at every subsequent election until he lost it at the 1977 general election in the new Dublin Ballyfermot constituency. He was then elected to Seanad Éireann on the Labour Panel. He died in Ballinasloe on 31 May 2014, at the age of 92.

Ballinasloe
Ballinasloe (/ˌbælnəˈsloʊ/ bal-na-SLOH; Irish: Béal Átha na Sluaighe, meaning 'mouth of the ford of the crowds') is a town in the easternmost part of County Galway, Ireland, situated on the River Suck, which forms the boundary with County Roscommon. Located at an ancient crossing point on the river, evidence of ancient settlement in the area includes a number of Bronze Age sites. Built around a 12th-century castle, which defended the fording point, the modern town of Ballinasloe was "founded" in the early 13th century. As of the 2022 census, it was one of the largest towns in County Galway, with a population of 6,597 people.
Malibu Country Mart
The Malibu Country Mart (also the Country Mart or MCM) is a large outdoor lifestyle center or "boutique mall" located in the heart of Malibu at the Civic Center of Malibu, California. The center features a popular public playground, outdoor dining and picnic area, unique sculptures and public art, multiple restaurant options, free Wi-Fi, and on-site parking.

Parking
Parking is the act of stopping and disengaging a vehicle and usually leaving it unoccupied. Parking on one or both sides of a road is often permitted, though sometimes with restrictions.  Some buildings have parking facilities for use of the buildings' users.  Countries and local governments have rules for design and use of parking spaces.

Car parking is essential to car-based travel. Cars are typically stationary around 95 percent of the time. The availability and price of car parking may support car dependency. Significant amounts of urban land are devoted to car parking; in many North American city centers, half or more of all land is devoted to car parking.
Nicola Daspuro
Nicola Daspuro (19 January 1853 – 13 December 1941) was an Italian writer, journalist, and librettist. Amongst his librettos were those for Macagni's L'amico Fritz and Giordano's Mala vita. Several of his librettos were written under the anagramatic pseudonym P. Suardon.

Anagram
An anagram is a word or phrase formed by rearranging the letters of a different word or phrase, typically using all the original letters exactly once. For example, the word anagram itself can be rearranged into the phrase "nag a ram"; which is an Easter egg suggestion in Google after searching for the word "anagram".

The original word or phrase is known as the subject of the anagram. Any word or phrase that exactly reproduces the letters in another order is an anagram. Someone who creates anagrams may be called an "anagrammatist", and the goal of a serious or skilled anagrammatist is to produce anagrams that reflect or comment on their subject.
Huntsville Gazette
The Huntsville Gazette, also known as the Weekly Gazette, was a newspaper for African Americans in Huntsville, Alabama that ran from 1879 or 1881-1894. The Library of Congress has numerous editions in its collection. Charles Hendley Jr. served as its editor. He is buried at the Glenwood Cemetery in Huntsville.

The paper was Republican Party aligned at a time when Democrats dominated Alabama and Southern politics in the post-Reconstruction era period of its publication. The paper folded in December 1894.

Hendley was born in December 1855. A profile of him is included in Irvine Garland Penn's 1894 book on the African American press, although little is known of his upbringing. Henry C. Binford edited The Journal in Huntsville.

Glenwood Cemetery (Huntsville, Alabama)
Glenwood Cemetery, formerly Georgia Cemetery, is a historic cemetery for African American burials founded in c. 1870 on Hall Avenue in Huntsville, Alabama. Burials include veterans, local politicians, and community leaders.
TNNT2
Cardiac muscle troponin T (cTnT) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TNNT2 gene. Cardiac TnT is the tropomyosin-binding subunit of the troponin complex, which is located on the thin filament of striated muscles and regulates muscle contraction in response to alterations in intracellular calcium ion concentration.

The TNNT2 gene is located at 1q32 in the human chromosomal genome, encoding the cardiac muscle isoform of troponin T (cTnT). Human cTnT is an ~36-kDa protein consisting of 297 amino acids including the first methionine with an isoelectric point (pI) of 4.88. It is the tropomyosin- binding and thin filament anchoring subunit of the troponin complex in cardiac muscle cells. TNNT2 gene is expressed in vertebrate cardiac muscles and embryonic skeletal muscles.

ACTC1
ACTC1 encodes cardiac muscle alpha actin. This isoform differs from the alpha actin that is expressed in skeletal muscle, ACTA1. Alpha cardiac actin is the major protein of the thin filament in cardiac sarcomeres, which are responsible for muscle contraction and generation of force to support the pump function of the heart.
Penis enlargement
Penis enlargement, or male enhancement, is any technique aimed to increase the size of a human penis. Some methods aim to increase total length, others the shaft's girth, and yet others the glans and foreskin size. Techniques include surgery, supplements, ointments, patches, and physical methods like pumping, jelqing, and traction.

Surgical penis enlargement methods can be effective; however, such methods carry risks of complications and are not medically indicated except in cases involving a micropenis. Non-invasive methods have received little scientific study, and most lack scientific evidence of effectiveness. However, limited scientific evidence supports some elongation by prolonged traction. Some quack products may improve penis erection, mistaken by consumers for penis enlargement.

Topical medication
A topical medication is a medication that is applied to a particular place on or in the body. Most often topical medication means application to body surfaces such as the skin or mucous membranes to treat ailments via a large range of classes including creams, foams, gels, lotions, and ointments.  Many topical medications are epicutaneous, meaning that they are applied directly to the skin. Topical medications may also be inhalational, such as asthma medications, or applied to the surface of tissues other than the skin, such as eye drops applied to the conjunctiva, or ear drops placed in the ear, or medications applied to the surface of a tooth. The word topical derives from Greek τοπικός topikos, "of a place".
Zhusheng Temple (Hunan)
Zhusheng Temple (simplified Chinese: 祝圣寺; traditional Chinese: 祝聖寺; pinyin: Zhùshèng Sì) is a Buddhist temple located at the foot of Mount Heng, in Nanyue District of Hengyang, Hunan, China. It was inscribed to the National Key Buddhist Temples in Han Chinese Area's list in 1983.

Buddhist temple
A Buddhist temple or Buddhist monastery is the place of worship for adherents of Buddhism. They include the structures called vihara, chaitya, stupa, wat, khurul and pagoda in different regions and languages. Temples in Buddhism represent the pure land or pure environment of a Buddha. Traditional Buddhist temples are designed to inspire both inner and outer peace.

Buddhist temples follow a set of architectural guides adhering to Buddhist architecture principal, with stylistic derivatives seen throughout South Asia, Southeast Asia, and East Asia.
Utpala (astronomer)
Utpala, also known as Bhaṭṭotpala (Bhaṭṭa-Utpala) was an astronomer from Kashmir region of present-day India, who lived in the 9th or the 10th century. He wrote several Sanskrit-language texts on astrology and astronomy, the best-known being his commentaries on the works of the 6th-century astrologer-astronomer Varāhamihira.

Astrology and astronomy
Astrology and astronomy were archaically treated together (Latin: astrologia), but gradually distinguished through the Late Middle Ages into the Age of Reason. Developments in 17th century philosophy resulted in astrology and astronomy operating as independent pursuits by the 18th century.

Whereas the academic discipline of astronomy studies observable phenomena beyond the Earth's atmosphere, astrology uses the apparent positions of celestial objects as the basis for divination.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 188
United Nations Security Council Resolution 188, adopted on April 9, 1964, after a complaint by the Yemen Arab Republic about a British air attack on their territory on March 28, the Council deplored the action at Harib as well as at least 40 other attacks that had occurred in that area. The United Kingdom had also complained that Yemen had violated the airspace of the Federation of South Arabia.

The Council asked the Yemen Arab Republic and the United Kingdom to exercise the maximum restraint in order to avoid future conflict and requested the Secretary-General use his good offices to try to settle the issue with the parties.

The resolution was adopted by nine votes to none, with the United Kingdom and the United States abstaining.

Lists of United Nations Security Council resolutions
United Nations Security Council resolutions are United Nations resolutions adopted by the fifteen members of the Security Council (UNSC); the United Nations (UN) body charged with "primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security".
Elixabete Etxanobe
Elixabete Etxanobe Landajuela (born in 1978 in Otxandio) is a Spanish lawyer and politician from the Basque Country affiliated with the Basque Nationalist Party. Since 2023, she serves as the General Deputy (President) of the Foral Council of Bizkaia (Government of Biscay). She is the first woman to hold the position. She previously held various second rank positions in the Basque Government under president Iñigo Urkullu (2013-2021), and joined the Foral Council of Bizkaia in 2021 under General Deputy Unai Rementeria, serving as foral deputy of Public Administration and Institutional Relations until 2023.

Biscay
Biscay (/ˈbɪskeɪ, ˈbɪski/ BISK-ay, BISK-ee; Basque: Bizkaia [bis̻kai.a]; Spanish: Vizcaya [biθˈkaʝa]) is a province of the Basque Autonomous Community, heir of the ancient Lordship of Biscay, lying on the south shore of the eponymous bay. The capital and largest city is Bilbao.

Biscay is one of the most renowned and prosperous provinces of Spain, historically a major trading hub in the Atlantic Ocean since medieval times and, later on, one of the largest industrial and financial centers of the Iberian Peninsula. Since the extensive deindustrialization that took place throughout the 1970s, the economy has come to rely more on the services sector.
Houda Miled
Houda Miled (Arabic: هدى ميلاد; born 8 February 1987 in Kairouan, Tunisia) is a Tunisian judoka. She represented her country in two Summer Olympics: in 2008 in the 78 kg event (where she lost her first match to Stéphanie Possamaï) and in 2012 in the 70 kg event (where she lost her first match to Chen Fei). Miled won a bronze medal at the 2009 World Judo Championships and has been dominant at the African Judo Championships where she has won the gold medal every year between 2005 and 2012 with the exception of the 2009 tournament where she won the bronze.

Judo at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's 70 kg
Women's 70 kg competition in judo at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, United Kingdom, took place at ExCeL London.

The gold and silver medals were determined by a single-elimination tournament, with the winner of the final taking gold and the loser receiving silver.  Judo events awarded two bronze medals.  Quarterfinal losers competed in a repechage match for the right to face a semifinal loser for a bronze medal (that is, the judokas defeated in quarterfinals A and B competed against each other, with the winner of that match facing the semifinal loser from the other half of the bracket).
Myles Jones
Myles Jones (born March 15, 1993), is an American professional lacrosse player with Atlas Lacrosse Club of the Premier Lacrosse League. He attended Walt Whitman High School in Huntington Station, New York, completed a post-graduate year at Salisbury School in Salisbury, Connecticut and played collegiate lacrosse at Duke University.

His signature move is the bull dodge.

Duke Blue Devils men's lacrosse
The Duke Blue Devils men's lacrosse team represents Duke University in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I men's lacrosse. Duke currently competes as a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) and plays its home games at Koskinen Stadium in Durham, North Carolina. The principal rivalry of Duke is their all-sports nemesis North Carolina.