hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Collective effects (accelerator physics)
Charged particle beams in a particle accelerator or a storage ring undergo a variety of different processes.  Typically the beam dynamics is broken down into single particle dynamics and collective effects.  Sources of collective effects include single or multiple inter-particle scattering and interaction with the vacuum chamber and other surroundings, formalized in terms of impedance.

The collective effects of charged particle beams in particle accelerators share some similarity to the dynamics of plasmas.  In particular, a charged particle beam may be considered as a non-neutral plasma, and one may find mathematical methods in common with the study of stability or instabilities.  One may also find commonality with the field of fluid mechanics
since the density of charged particles is often sufficient to be considered as flowing continuum.

Another important topic is the attempt to mitigate collective effects by use of single bunch or multi-bunch feedback systems.

Feedback
Feedback occurs when outputs of a system are routed back as inputs as part of a chain of cause and effect that forms a circuit or loop. The system can then be said to feed back into itself. The notion of cause-and-effect has to be handled carefully when applied to feedback systems:

Simple causal reasoning about a feedback system is difficult because the first system influences the second and second system influences the first, leading to a circular argument. This makes reasoning based upon cause and effect tricky, and it is necessary to analyze the system as a whole. As provided by Webster, feedback in business is the transmission of evaluative or corrective information about an action, event, or process to the original or controlling source.
North Mount Lyell
North Mount Lyell  was the name of a mine, mining company, locality (sometimes as North Lyell) and former railway north of Gormanston on the southern slopes of Mount Lyell in the West Coast Range on the West Coast of Tasmania, and on to the ridge between Mount Lyell and Mount Owen.

West Coast, Tasmania
The West Coast of Tasmania is one of the regions of Tasmania in Australia. It is mainly isolated rough country and is associated with wilderness, mining and tourism. It served as the location of a convict settlement in the early history of Van Diemen's Land, and contrasts sharply with the more developed and populous northern and eastern parts of the island state.
Day One (TV program)
Day One is a television news magazine produced by ABC News from 1993 to 1995, hosted by Forrest Sawyer and Diane Sawyer.

One of its stories, titled "Smoke Screen", was an important report on the cigarette industry's manipulation of nicotine during the manufacturing process.  The piece won a George Polk award, but also led to a lawsuit from Philip Morris that ended with a settlement and apology from ABC.

The series also won a Peabody Award for its 1993 investigation titled "Scarred for Life" on female genital cutting.

Diane Sawyer
Lila Diane Sawyer (/ˈsɔːjər/; born December 22, 1945) is an American television broadcast journalist known for anchoring major programs on two networks including ABC World News Tonight, Good Morning America, 20/20, and Primetime newsmagazine while at ABC News. During her tenure at CBS News, she hosted CBS Morning and was the first woman correspondent on 60 Minutes. Prior to her journalism career, she was a member of U.S. president Richard Nixon's White House staff and assisted in his post-presidency memoirs. Sawyer works for ABC News producing documentaries and interview specials.
McGillivray Creek (British Columbia)
McGillivray Creek is a creek located in the Interior of British Columbia, in the Lillooet Country.

The creek originates in the Cadwallader Range, below Prospector Peaks, and flows southeast into Anderson Lake near D'Arcy, which is about midway between Pemberton and Lillooet along the rail line.

It originates at an elevation of 2,100 m (6,900 ft), while the mouth lies at an elevation of 270 m (890 ft).  McGillivray Falls, on the lower reaches of the creek, is a notable waterfall in the district and is the namesake of the one-time railway-lakeside resort, McGillivray Falls, British Columbia, which is located at trackside around the creek's mouth.  During World War II, this was one of four communities in the Lillooet Country which were "self-supporting" centres for Japanese-Canadians ordered away from the Coast.

Lillooet
Lillooet (English:  /ˈlɪloʊ.ɛt/) is a district municipality in the Squamish-Lillooet region of southwestern British Columbia. The town is on the west shore of the Fraser River immediately north of the Seton River mouth. On BC Highway 99, the locality is by road about 100 kilometres (62 mi) northeast of Pemberton, 64 kilometres (40 mi) northwest of Lytton, and 172 kilometres (107 mi) west of Kamloops.
KNFM
KNFM (92.3 FM), branded as "Lonestar 92.3", is a country music-formatted radio station that serves the Midland–Odessa metropolitan area of Texas, United States. The station is under ownership of Townsquare Media. Its studios are located on Highway 191 just west of Midland (its city of license) in rural Midland County.

KNFM broadcasts with 100,000 watts from the top of the KPEJ-TV Fox 24 tower near Gardendale and has center of radiation of 985 feet making it the largest FM signal in the Permian Basin.

Midland County, Texas
Midland County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of 2020, the population was 169,983. The county seat is Midland. The county is so named for being halfway (midway) between Fort Worth and El Paso on the Texas and Pacific Railway. Midland County is included in the Midland, TX Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the Midland–Odessa Combined Statistical Area.
Taenia pisiformis
Taenia pisiformis, commonly called the rabbit tapeworm, is an endoparasitic tapeworm which causes infection in lagomorphs, rodents, and carnivores. Adult T. pisiformis typically occur within the small intestines of the definitive hosts, the carnivores. Lagomorphs, the intermediate hosts, are infected by fecal contamination of grasses and other food sources by the definitive hosts. The larval stage is often referred to as Cysticercus pisiformis and is found on the livers and peritoneal cavities of the intermediate hosts. T. pisiformis can be found worldwide.

Lagomorpha
The lagomorphs (from Ancient Greek  λαγώς lagós 'hare' and  μορφή morphḗ 'form') are the members of the taxonomic order Lagomorpha, of which there are two living families: the Leporidae (rabbits and hares) and the Ochotonidae (pikas). There are 110 recent species of lagomorph, of which 109 species in twelve genera are extant, including ten genera of rabbits (42 species), one genus of hare (33 species), and one genus of pika (34 species); and in which one monospecific genus is recently extinct, that of the Sardinian pika.
Ana Louisa Soares
Ana Luisa Soares is a Portuguese architect and co-founder of Fala Atelier, an architectural firm based in Oporto. Her work has been featured globally, including at the Venice Biennale of Architecture, and in solo exhibitions for Fala Atelier in Panama, Italy, Macedonia, France, and Portugal. In addition to her firm's work, she has held several teaching positions in schools across Europe and North America.

Venice Biennale of Architecture
The Venice Biennale of Architecture (Italian: Mostra di Architettura di Venezia) is an international exhibition showcasing architectural works from around the world, held in Venice, Italy, every other year.

Originally held in even-numbered years until 2018, the event was postponed in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic and rescheduled for 2021, shifting the calendar to odd-numbered years. It forms the architecture section of the broader Venice Biennale and was officially established in 1980, although architecture had been included in the Venice Art Biennale since 1968.

The Biennale is divided into two main sections: the permanent national pavilions located in the Giardini della Biennale, and the Arsenale, which hosts projects from numerous countries under one roof.
Qualters
Qualters is an American surname, meaning the son of Walter a shortened form of the Irish Gaelic McWalters/MacWalters. Notable people with this surname include:

Robert Qualters (born 1934), American painter, installation artist, and printmaker

Tom Qualters (1935–2024), American baseball player

Tot Qualters (1894–1974), American actress, dancer, and singer

Robert Qualters
Robert L. Qualters, Jr. (born March 13, 1934) is an American painter, installation artist and printmaker based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. His work encompasses traditional painting, as well as murals, and collaborations with other Pittsburgh-based artists across several disciplines. He is associated with the Bay Area Figurative Movement of Representational Painting.
Tom Tomorrow
Dan Perkins (born April 5, 1961), better known by his pen name Tom Tomorrow, is an American editorial cartoonist. His weekly comic strip, This Modern World, which comments on current events, appears regularly in more than 80 newspapers across the United States and Canada as of 2015, as well as in The Nation, The Nib, Truthout, and the Daily Kos, where he was the former comics curator and now is a regular contributor. His work has appeared in The New York Times, The New Yorker, Spin, Mother Jones, Esquire, The Economist, Salon, The American Prospect, CREDO Action, and AlterNet.

Editorial cartoonist
An editorial cartoonist, also known as a political cartoonist, is an artist who draws editorial cartoons that contain some level of political or social commentary. Their cartoons are used to convey and question an aspect of daily news or current affairs in a national or international context. Political cartoonists generally adopt a caricaturist style of drawing, to capture the likeness of a politician or subject. They may also employ humor or satire to ridicule an individual or group, emphasize their point of view or comment on a particular event.

Because an editorial cartoonist expresses an idea visually, with little or no text or words, it can be understood across many languages and countries. A strong tradition of editorial cartooning can be found throughout the world, in all political environments, including Cuba, Australia, Malaysia, Pakistan, India, Iran, France, Denmark, Canada and the United States.
Ganti Pedapudi
Ganti Pedapudi (village code 587780) is located in the P. Gannavaram mandal of East Godavari (now Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Konaseema) district in Andhra Pradesh, India. The village spans approximately 435 hectares and had a population of around 4,150 as per the 2011 census, with 2,112 males and 2,038 females, and a literacy rate of 68.8%. Historically, Ganti Pedapudi has served as a gram panchayat within the mandal, governing local administration and rural infrastructure in the region.

Female
An organism's sex is female (symbol: ♀) if it produces the ovum (egg cell), the type of gamete (sex cell) that fuses with the male gamete (sperm cell) during sexual reproduction.

A female has larger gametes than a male. Females and males are results of the anisogamous reproduction system, wherein gametes are of different sizes (unlike isogamy where they are the same size).

In species that have males and females, sex-determination may be based on either sex chromosomes, or environmental conditions. Most female mammals, including female humans, have two X chromosomes. Characteristics of organisms with a female sex vary between different species, having different female reproductive systems, with some species showing characteristics secondary to the reproductive system, as with mammary glands in mammals.

In humans, the word female can also be used to refer to gender in the social sense of gender role or gender identity.
Sichuan Fine Arts Institute
Sichuan Fine Arts Institute (SFAI) (simplified Chinese: 四川美术学院; traditional Chinese: 四川美術學院; pinyin: Sìchuān měishù xuéyuàn) is a public fine arts university established in 1940 in the southwest City of Chongqing, China. It is one of the art academies in China and the only one in southwest China.

Southwestern China
Southwestern China (Chinese: 西南; pinyin: Xīnán) is a region in the People's Republic of China. It consists of five provincial administrative regions, namely Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, and Tibet.
452nd Air Mobility Wing
The 452nd Air Mobility Wing is an Air Reserve Component of the United States Air Force. It is assigned to the Fourth Air Force, Air Force Reserve Command, stationed at March Air Reserve Base, California. If mobilized, the Wing is gained by the Air Mobility Command.

Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar
The Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar (Navy and Marine Corps designation R4Q) is an American military transport aircraft developed from the World War II-era Fairchild C-82 Packet, designed to carry cargo, personnel, litter patients, and mechanized equipment, and to drop cargo and troops by parachute. The first C-119 made its initial flight in November 1947, and by the time production ceased in 1955, more than 1,100 had been built.
Swingers (1996 film)
Swingers is a 1996 American buddy comedy film about the lives of single, unemployed actors living on the 'eastside' of Hollywood, California, during the 1990s swing revival. Written by Jon Favreau and directed by Doug Liman, the film starred Favreau alongside Vince Vaughn, Ron Livingston, Patrick Van Horn, Alex Désert, and Heather Graham.

A critical and commercial hit, the film helped propel Favreau, Vaughn, Graham, and Livingston to stardom, while also launching Liman's directing career as he won the award for Best New Filmmaker at the 1997 MTV Movie Awards.

This film was rated #58 on Bravo's "100 Funniest Movies". The film was honored on the 2007 Spike TV Guys' Choice Awards. In 2011, Empire magazine listed the film as #49 on its "50 Greatest American Independent Films" list.

Buddy film
The buddy film is a subgenre of adventure and comedy film in which two people go on an adventure, mission, or road trip. The two typically are males with contrasting personalities. The contrast is sometimes accentuated by an ethnic difference between the two. The buddy film is commonplace in Western cinema; unlike some other film genres, it endured through the 20th century with different pairings and different themes.
Trommald Building
The Trommald Building is a historic building in Enumclaw, Washington, United States, that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 24, 2000 (ID #00000972). It was built in 1915 by Tacoma dry goods merchant Erick G. Trommald for $30,000 adjoining Enumclaw's first modern office building, the Jensen Building. Trommald commissioned notable Tacoma architects Heath & Gove to plan the structure.

The building is significant for its relatively intact architecture, influenced by the Chicago School style. The Trommald building was part of a City Beautiful movement in the 1910s and 1920s to replace dilapidated wooden buildings with fireproof brick buildings.

Chicago school (architecture)
The Chicago School refers to two architectural styles derived from the architecture of Chicago. In the history of architecture, the first Chicago School was a school of architects active in Chicago in the late 19th, and at the turn of the 20th century. They were among the first to promote the new technologies of steel-frame construction in commercial buildings, and developed a spatial esthetic which co-evolved with, and then came to influence, parallel developments in European Modernism. Much of its early work is also known as Commercial Style.

A "Second Chicago School" with a modernist esthetic emerged in the 1940s through 1970s, which pioneered new building technologies and structural systems, such as the tube-frame structure.
Synthalin
Synthalin was an oral anti-diabetic drug. Discovered in 1926 it was marketed in Europe by Schering AG of Berlin as a synthetic drug with insulin-like properties that could be taken orally. However, it was toxic to the liver and kidney and was withdrawn from the market in the early 1940s.

Schering AG
Schering AG was a research-centered German multinational pharmaceutical company headquartered in Wedding, Berlin, which operated as an independent company from 1851 to 2006. In 2006, it was bought by Bayer AG and merged to form the Bayer subsidiary Bayer Schering Pharma AG, which was renamed Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals in 2011. Schering was listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange and had 26,000 employees as of 2004.

The American pharmaceutical company Schering-Plough, formerly the Schering Corporation, was originally the US subsidiary of Schering AG, and merged with Merck & Co. in 2009.
Labour Representation League
The Labour Representation League (LRL), organised in November 1869, was a forerunner of the British Labour Party.  Its original purpose was to register the working class to vote, and get workers into Parliament.  It had limited power, described by Eugenio Biagini as being "very weak and quite ineffective", and was never intended to become a full political party. However, it played a role in supporting the election of Lib-Lab MPs.  The first secretary was Cooperative Society activist and trade unionist, Lloyd Jones.

In 1874, the League won two parliamentary seats.

In 1886, the TUC created the Labour Electoral Association to replace the League; in turn, this led to the creation of the Labour Party.

Eugenio Biagini
Eugenio F. Biagini is an Italian historian, specialising in democracy and liberalism in nineteenth- and twentieth-century Britain, Ireland and Italy, and is currently Professor in Modern British and European History at the University of Cambridge. He is best known for his work in free trade economics and ideology, the Italian risorgimento, Irish national identity, and the religious dimension of popular radicalism in the nineteenth century.
Asif A. Ghazanfar
Asif A. Ghazanfar (born 20 April 1972) is an American neuroscientist. He received one of the two Troland Research Awards for 2013.

He was born in Pullman, Washington. He graduated from University of Idaho with a degree in philosophy in 1994 and received his Ph.D from Duke University in 1999.

He is a member of the Editorial Board for Current Biology, and co-director (with Gavin Steingo) of The Animal Song Collective. Based at Princeton University, the project brings together humanists and scientists to explore the very idea of “animal song” from a cross-disciplinary and collaborative perspective.

He was the head of the Princeton University residential college Yeh College.

Gavin Steingo
Gavin Steingo (born 1981) is a South African ethnomusicologist and Professor of Music at Princeton University. His work explores the roles of music and sound in shaping global modernity, with a focus on African music, sound studies, and acoustic ecology.
Forced labour
Forced labour, or unfree labour, is any work relation, especially in modern or early modern history, in which people are employed against their will with the threat of destitution, detention, or violence, including death or other forms of extreme hardship to either themselves or members of their families.

Unfree labour includes all forms of slavery, penal labour, and the corresponding institutions, such as debt slavery, serfdom, corvée and labour camps.

Laogai
Laogai (Chinese: 劳改), short for laodong gaizao (劳动改造), which means reform through labor, is a criminal justice system involving the use of penal labor and prison farms in the People's Republic of China (PRC). Láogǎi (劳改) is different from láojiào (劳教), or re-education through labor, which was the abolished administrative detention system for people who were not criminals but had committed minor offenses, and was intended to "reform offenders into law-abiding citizens".  Persons who were detained in the laojiao were detained in facilities that were separate from those which comprised the general prison system of the laogai. Both systems, however, were based on penal labor.

Some writers have likened the laogai to slavery.
Adado District
Adado District (Somali: Degmada Cadaado) is a district in the central Galgaduud region of Somalia. Its capital lies at Adado. The city's population is from the Saleebaan, Habar girdir of Hawiye sub-clans.

Administrative divisions of Somalia
As Somalia is officially a federal republic, the country is divided into seven federal member states, 18 administrative regions (gobollo, singular gobol), and 72 districts. (plural degmooyin; singular degmo)
John Hargraft
John Hargraft (February 26, 1865 – July 10, 1918) was an Ontario merchant and political figure. He represented Northumberland West in the House of Commons of Canada in 1891 as a Liberal member.

He was born in Cobourg, Canada West in 1865, the son of William Hargraft. He was educated in Cobourg and at Trinity College School in Port Hope. In 1888, he married Anna Eva Boyes. Hargraft was a grain and coal merchant. He was elected to the House of Commons in 1891; his election was declared invalid after an appeal and he was defeated by George Guillet in the by-election that followed in 1892.

Northumberland West
Northumberland West was a federal electoral district represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1917. It was located in the province of Ontario. It was created by the British North America Act 1867.

The original definition of the riding is not known. In 1903, it was defined to consist of the townships of Alnwick, Haldimand and Hamilton, and the town of Cobourg.

The electoral district was abolished in 1914 when it was merged into Northumberland riding.
Lala Deen Dayal
Raja Lala Deen Dayal (Hindi: लाला दीन दयाल; c. 1844 – 1905; also written as 'Din Dyal' and 'Diyal' in his early years), famously known as Raja Deen Dayal) was an Indian photographer. His career began in the mid-1870s as a commissioned photographer; eventually he set up studios in Indore, Mumbai and Hyderabad. He became the court photographer to the sixth Nizam of Hyderabad, Mahbub Ali Khan, Asif Jah VI, who awarded him the title Raja Bahadur Musavvir Jung Bahadur, and he was appointed as the photographer to the Viceroy of India in 1885.

He received the Royal Warrant from Queen Victoria in 1897.

The Nizam of Hyderabad conferred the honorary title of Raja upon him.

IIT Roorkee
The Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee (IIT Roorkee or IITR) is a technical university located in Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India. It is the oldest engineering institution in India. It was founded as the College of Civil Engineering in 1847 during East India Company rule in India by James Thomason,  the Lieutenant-Governor of the North-Western Provinces in which Roorkee was located; its purpose was to train officers and surveyors employed in the construction of the Ganges Canal. In 1854, after the completion of the canal and Thomason's death, it was renamed the Thomason College of Civil Engineering by Proby Cautley, the designer and projector of the canal.  It was renamed University of Roorkee in 1949, and again renamed IIT Roorkee in 2001.  The institution has 22 academic departments covering Engineering, Applied Sciences, Humanities & Social Sciences and Management programs with an emphasis on scientific and technological education and research.
1998 Thai Premier League
The 1998 Thai Premier League consisted of 12 teams. The bottom club would be relegated to the Thailand Division 1 League. The club that came 11th would play in a relegation / promotion match against the club that came second in the Thailand Division 1 League

Defending Champions Royal Thai Air Force should have entered the next edition of the Asian Club Championship, but refused due to lack of funding. BEC Tero Sasana took their place.

The league was also known as the Caltex Premier League.

Bangkok Bank F.C.
Bangkok Bank Football Club (Thai: สโมสรฟุตบอลธนาคารกรุงเทพ) was a Thai defunct semi-professional football club based in Bangkok from Bangkok Bank. Bangkok Bank FC was founded 1955 and played in the top Thai football division, the Thai Premier League. Their home stadium was Bangkok Bank Ground.