hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Perturbation (geology)
Perturbation (from Latin: perturbare "to confuse, disorder, disturb", from per- "through" + turbare "disturb, confuse," from turba "turmoil, crowd") is a set of pedology (soil study) and sedimentary geology processes relating to changes in the nature of water-borne alluvial sediments and in situ soil deposits over time.

Pedoturbation (from Greek: πέδον (pédon), "soil") involves mixing between soil horizons and is an important factor in soil formation. Pedoturbation includes churning clays, cryoturbation, and bioturbation. Pedoturbation transforms soils through destratification, mixing, and sorting, as well as creating preferential flow paths for soil gas and infiltrating water.

Precipitation of surface salts also causes localized disruption of soils. Because it does not result in mixing between soil horizons, it is not considered pedoturbation.

Vertisol
A vertisol is a Soil Order in the USDA soil taxonomy and a Reference Soil Group in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB). It is also defined in many other soil classification systems. In the Australian Soil Classification it is called vertosol. The natural vegetation of vertisols is grassland, savanna, or grassy woodland. The heavy texture and unstable behaviour of the soil makes it difficult for many tree species to grow, and forest is uncommon.
Dorothy Marckwald
Dorothy “Dot” Marckwald (1898–1986) was a prominent American interior designer in the mid-20th century who focused primarily on the interiors of luxury ocean liners. Her most important works were the interiors for the SS America and the SS United States, which was the fastest passenger liner of all time. She worked closely with William Francis Gibbs, one of America’s most renowned naval architects, and her own firm Smyth, Urquhart, & Marckwald, the only firm run by women to decorate the interior of such ships.  The interiors of the SS United States were especially noteworthy because of the use of entirely flame-retardant materials. In total, Marckwald completed the interiors of thirty-one ships, and revolutionized luxury ocean liner design along the way.

Flame retardant
Flame retardants are a diverse group of chemicals that are added to manufactured materials, such as plastics and textiles, and surface finishes and coatings. Flame retardants are activated by the presence of an ignition source and prevent or slow the further development of flames by a variety of different physical and chemical mechanisms. They may be added as a copolymer during the polymerisation process, or later added to the polymer at a moulding or extrusion process or (particularly for textiles) applied as a topical finish. Mineral flame retardants are typically additive, while organohalogen and organophosphorus compounds can be either reactive or additive.
Gaomi railway station
Gaomi railway station (Chinese: 高密站; pinyin: Gāomì zhàn) is a railway station in Gaomi, a county-level city under the administration of Weifang, Shandong.  It is on the Qingdao-Jinan Passenger Railway (running CRH trains and passenger trains) and Qingdao-Jinan Railway (running freight trains and some passenger trains which give way to CRH trains).

Qingdao–Jinan railway
The Qingdao–Jinan railway or Jiaoji Railway (simplified Chinese: 胶济铁路; traditional Chinese: 膠濟鐵路; pinyin: Jiāojì Tiělù, formerly the Shantung Railway)  is a railway in Shandong Province, China. The railway is 393 kilometres (244 mi) in length and connects Qingdao, on the Jiaozhou Bay, and Jinan, the provincial capital of Shandong.  Adolph von Hansemann and other German financiers funded construction of the railway, then known as Schantung Eisenbahn Gesellschaft (Shantung Railway Company), which began September 23, 1899, and was completed in 1904. Since the quadruple tracking of this corridor with the opening of the parallel Qingdao–Jinan passenger railway, the line is mostly used for freight with some conventional passenger services.
Duivelsberg
Duivelsberg (German: Wylerberg or Teufelsberg, which literally translates to 'the devil's mountain') is a hill and nature reserve in the municipality of Berg en Dal in the Dutch province of Gelderland, near the border with Germany (North Rhine-Westphalia). It is politically significant, however, because Duivelsberg is the only part of the territory annexed from Germany after World War II that the Netherlands has retained to the present day.

Nijmegen
Nijmegen (/ˈnaɪmeɪɡən/ NY-may-gən, Dutch: [ˈnɛimeːɣə(n)] ⓘ; Nijmeegs: Nimwèège [ˈnɪmβ̞ɛːçə]) is the largest city in the Dutch province of Gelderland and the ninth largest of the Netherlands as a whole. Located on the Waal River close to the German border, Nijmegen is one of the oldest cities in the Netherlands and the first to be recognized as such in Roman times. In 2005, it celebrated 2,000 years of existence.

Nijmegen became a free imperial city in 1230 and a Hanseatic city in 1402. Since 1923 it has been a university city with the opening of a Catholic institution now known as the Radboud University Nijmegen. The city is well known for the annual Vierdaagse — the International Four Days Marches Nijmegen event.

Its population as of 2024 was 187,011.
José Evangelista
José Evangelista (5 August 1943 – 10 January 2023) was a Spanish composer and music educator who was based in Montreal, Canada. He was professor of composition at the Université de Montréal from 1979 to 2009. A member of the Canadian League of Composers, the Sociedad General de Autores y Editores, and an associate of the Canadian Music Centre, Evangelista was known for his commitment to contemporary classical music and non-Western music.

Canadian League of Composers
The Canadian League of Composers (CLC) is an organization formed in 1951 of Canadian composers primarily interested in raising awareness and acceptance of Canadian music. Its activities are overseen and directed by an executive, and by a National Council, a 12-member elected board that aims to equally represent all regions of Canada. The league is funded by the SOCAN Foundation, annual member dues, and public donations.
Michigan's 31st Senate district
Michigan's 31st Senate district is one of 38 districts in the Michigan Senate. The 31st district was created by the 1850 Michigan Constitution, as the 1835 constitution only permitted  a maximum of eight senate districts. It has been represented by Republican Roger Victory since 2023, succeeding fellow Republican Kevin Daley.

Michigan Senate
The Michigan Senate is the upper house of the Michigan Legislature. Along with the Michigan House of Representatives, it composes the state legislature, which has powers, roles and duties defined by Article IV of the Michigan Constitution, adopted in 1963. The primary purpose of the Legislature is to enact new laws and amend or repeal existing laws.

The Michigan Senate is composed of 38 members, each elected from a single-member district with a population of between approximately 212,400 to 263,500 residents. Legislative districts are drawn on the basis of population figures, provided by the federal decennial census. In January 2023, Democrats took the majority with 20 seats to Republicans' 18 seats. The Senate chamber is located in the State Capitol building.
Du Quoin Evening Call
The Du Quoin Call was an American daily newspaper published in Du Quoin, Illinois. In 1987, the paper was acquired by Hollinger. Former owner GateHouse Media purchased roughly 160 daily and weekly newspapers from Hollinger in 1997.
The Call covered Du Quoin, Perry County, and the county seat of Pinckneyville.

The Call ceased publication in July 2022.

GateHouse Media
GateHouse Media Inc. was an American publisher of locally based print and digital media. It published 144 daily newspapers, 684 community publications, and over 569 local-market websites in 38 states. Its parent company, New Media Investment Group, acquired Gannett (now USA Today Co.) in 2019, with the combined company using the Gannett name and maintaining its headquarters in Virginia.
Phil Bloom
Phil Bloom (born 27 November 1945 in Berkel en Rodenrijs) is a Dutch artist, graphic designer and performer. She was the first person to appear completely nude on Dutch television broadcaster VPRO, on 28 July 1967 during the show Hoepla, which caused scandal and controversy at the time. Afterwards, she worked in painting, photography and performance art. She was a member of the Fluxus network in 1967. A notable performance of hers is "Lemniscaat" which takes place in Lapland.

She still works and lives in Amsterdam.

Graphic designer
A graphic designer is a practitioner who follows the discipline of graphic design, either within companies or organizations or independently. They are professionals in design and visual communication, with their primary focus on transforming linguistic messages into graphic manifestations, whether tangible or intangible. They are responsible for planning, designing, projecting, and conveying messages or ideas through visual communication. Graphic design is one of the most in-demand professions with significant job opportunities, as it allows leveraging technological advancements and working online from anywhere in the world.
Turtle Soup
Turtle Soup is the fifth and final studio album by the American rock band the Turtles. It was released in 1969 on the White Whale Records label. The album was produced by Ray Davies of the Kinks – the first time he produced another act's record. A 1993 Repertoire Records CD issue included eight bonus tracks. A 1996 Sundazed Music reissue included two bonus tracks.

Turtle Soup peaked at number 117 on the Billboard Pop Albums chart. Two singles from the album also earned a place on the Billboard Pop Singles chart: "You Don't Have to Walk in the Rain" (number 51) and "Love in the City" (number 91).

Ray Pohlman
Merlyn Ray Pohlman (July 22, 1930 – November 1, 1990) was an American session musician and arranger who played both upright bass and bass guitar, and also did sessions as a guitarist.  He is credited with being the first electric bass player in Los Angeles studios in the 1950s.
Michael D. Haskins
Michael Donald Haskins (born 8 September 1942) is a retired vice admiral in the United States Navy who was appointed Naval Inspector General in 2000. From 26 September 2001 until his retirement on 1 January 2003, he was U.S. naval aviation's Gray Eagle.

Gray Eagle Award
The Gray Eagle Award is presented to the Naval Aviator on continuous active duty in United States Navy or United States Marine Corps who has held that designation for the longest period of time.
A similar trophy, the Gray Owl Award, is also presented to the Naval Flight Officer on continuous active duty in the U.S. Navy or Marine Corps who has held that designation for the longest period of time.

Because they are also considered Naval Aviators, a third award, the Ancient Albatross Award, is the equivalent to the Gray Eagle Award in the United States Coast Guard and is presented under circumstances similar to that of the Gray Eagle.
The Mover
The Mover (Latvian: Tēvs Nakts – 'Father Night') is a 2018 Latvian historial war drama film directed by Dāvis Sīmanis Jr. The film is based on the Latvian novel A Boy and a Dog written by Inese Zandere and illustrated by Reinis Pētersons. It was selected as the Latvian entry for the Best International Feature Film at the 92nd Academy Awards, but was not nominated. In 2019 The Mover was awarded as the best foreign film at Haifa International Film Festival.

Haifa International Film Festival
The Haifa International Film Festival (Hebrew: פסטיבל הסרטים הבינלאומי חיפה) is an annual film festival that takes place every autumn (between late September and late October), during the week-long holiday of Sukkot, in Haifa, Israel.
Laugh to Keep from Crying
Laugh to Keep from Crying is a 2009 American stage play created, produced, written and directed by Tyler Perry. The show first opened in the fall of 2009. The play is set at an inner-city building in a predominantly African-American neighborhood. It stars Cheryl Pepsii Riley as Carol, Palmer Williams Jr. as Floyd and Chandra Currelley-Young as Belinda. The live performance released on DVD on August 30, 2011 was recorded live in Atlanta at the Cobb Energy Performing Arts Centre in July 2010.

Wess Morgan
Joel Wesley Morgan (born September 5, 1973), known professionally as Wess Morgan, is an American gospel musician and pastor. He started his music career, in 2006, with the release of Look at Me Now by Oak Tree Records. His second album, Under an Open Heaven, Vol. 1, was released in 2010 by Bowtie World Music alongside Flipside Music, and this album was his Billboard magazine breakthrough release on the Gospel Albums chart. The song, "I  Choose to Worship", was put on the WOW Gospel 2012 album. The subsequent album, Under an Open Heaven, Vol. 2, was released by Bowtie World Music in 2012, and it charted on the aforementioned chart. He released, Livin', in 2014 by Bowtie Music, and it charted on the aforementioned chart. Wess Morgan was a cast member on Tyler Perry's stage play Laugh to Keep from Crying
2024 Rio de Janeiro mayoral election
The 2024 Rio de Janeiro municipal election took place on 6 October 2024. Voters elected a mayor, vice mayor, and 51 city council members. The incumbent mayor, Eduardo Paes of the Social Democratic Party (PSD), was reelected with his second term to begin on 1 January 2025 and end on 31 December 2028.

Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)
The Chamber of Deputies (Portuguese: Câmara dos Deputados) is a federal legislative body and the lower house of the National Congress of Brazil. The chamber comprises 513 deputies, who are elected by proportional representation to serve four-year terms. The current president of the chamber is the Deputy Hugo Motta (Republicanos-PB), who was elected on 1 February 2025.
Asade
Asade is a village in Mulshi taluka of Pune District in the state of Maharashtra, India.Talukas surrounding the village are Karjat taluka, Talegaon Dabhade Taluka, Mawal taluka and by Khalapur taluka. Districts closest to the village are Raigad district, Thane district, Mumbai City district and Mumbai Suburban district.  Nearest railway stations around the village are  Vadgaon railway station, Begdewadi railway station, Lonavala railway station, Talegaon railway station and Kamshet railway station

Mumbai City district
Mumbai City district is a district of Maharashtra in Konkan Division, India. As a city district, it has no headquarters or subdivisions. It, along with the Mumbai Suburban District, makes up the metropolis of Mumbai. This area is called the "Island City" or South Mumbai or Old Mumbai. It occupies the southern tip of Salsette Island and extends from Colaba in the south to Mahim and Sion in the north. The city has an area of 157 km2 (61 sq mi) and a population of 3,085,411.
Rahimabad, Salehabad
Rahimabad (Persian: رحيم اباد, also Romanized as Raḩīmābād) is a village in Qaleh Hamam Rural District, Salehabad County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 76, in 16 families.

Salehabad County
Salehabad County (Persian: شهرستان صالح‌آباد) is in Razavi Khorasan province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Salehabad, whose population at the time of the 2016 National Census was 8,625 in 2,198 households.
Malaysia to Amnesia
Malaysia to Amnesia is a 2021 Indian Tamil-language comedy film written and directed by Radha Mohan. The film stars Vaibhav and Vani Bhojan in the lead roles, while Karunakaran, M. S. Bhaskar and Riya Suman play supporting roles. The music was composed by Premgi Amaren with editing by Praveen K. L. and cinematography by Mahesh Muthuswami.

The film was produced during the COVID-19 pandemic in India. It was streamed via ZEE5 on 28 May 2021 and received mixed to positive reviews praising actor M. S. Bhaskar's comedy performance.

Praveen K. L.
Kuchipudi Latha Praveen (born 1987 or 1988) is an Indian film editor, who works predominantly in Tamil, Telugu, Hindi, Malayalam and English films. He is a recipient of one National Film Award, one Tamil Nadu State Film Award among others. He has edited over 100 films across different languages so far. His next film is Jason Sanjay's directorial debut.
Constance Gordon-Cumming
Constance Frederica "Eka" Gordon-Cumming (26 May 1837 – 4 September 1924) was a Scottish travel writer and painter. Born in a wealthy family, she travelled around the world and painted described scenes and life as she saw them. She was a friend and influencer of the travel writers and artists  Marianne North and Isabella Bird.

Marianne North
Marianne North (24 October 1830 – 30 August 1890) was an English biologist and botanical artist, known for her plant and landscape paintings, her extensive foreign travels, her writings, her plant discoveries and the creation of her gallery at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. She was born in Hastings, England, on 24 October 1830.

She was the eldest daughter of a prosperous land-owning family descended from Roger North, younger son of Dudley North, 4th Baron North. Her father was Frederick North, a Norfolk Deputy Lieutenant and Justice of the Peace, and Liberal M.P. for Hastings.
Morrisons, Victoria
Morrisons is a locality in central Victoria, Australia. The locality is on the Moorabool River and shared between the Shire of Moorabool and Golden Plains Shire, 99 kilometres (62 mi) west of the state capital, Melbourne and 40 kilometres (25 mi) south east of the regional city of Ballarat.

At the 2016 census, Morrisons had a population of 128.

Golden Plains Shire
The Golden Plains Shire is a local government area in Victoria, Australia, located in the central-western part of the state. It covers an area of 2,703 square kilometres (1,044 sq mi) and in June 2018, had a population of 23,120. It includes the towns of Bannockburn, Inverleigh, Lethbridge, Linton, Meredith, Rokewood, Smythesdale and  Teesdale.

The Shire is governed and administered by the Golden Plains Shire Council. Its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the Golden Plains Civic Centre in Bannockburn, and it also has a service centre located in Smythesdale.
November 2009 International Criminal Court judges election
A special election for two judges of the International Criminal Court was held during the 8th session of the Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court in The Hague on 18 November 2009.

The election had become necessary after two judges elected in the January election were unavailable: Mohamed Shahabuddeen of Guyana had resigned before taking office while Fumiko Saiga of Japan had died on 24 April 2009.

States parties to the Rome Statute
The states parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court are those sovereign states that have ratified, or have otherwise become party to, the Rome Statute. The Rome Statute is the treaty that established the International Criminal Court, an international court that has jurisdiction over certain international crimes, including genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes that are committed by nationals of states parties or within the territory of states parties. States parties are legally obligated to co-operate with the Court when it requires, such as in arresting and transferring indicted persons or providing access to evidence and witnesses. States parties are entitled to participate and vote in proceedings of the Assembly of States Parties, which is the Court's governing body. Such proceedings include the election of such officials as judges and the prosecutor, the approval of the Court's budget, and the adoption of amendments to the Rome Statute.
1998 Limerick East by-election
A by-election was held in the Dáil Éireann constituency of Limerick East in Ireland on Wednesday, 11 March 1998. It followed the death of Labour Party TD Jim Kemmy on 25 September 1997.

The election was won by Limerick City Councillor Jan O'Sullivan of the Labour Party.

Among the candidates were Senator and Limerick County Councillor Mary Jackman, Limerick County Councillor Tim O'Malley, Limerick City Councillor John Ryan, Limerick City Councillor John Gilligan

On the same day, a by-election took place in Dublin North, both were the final occasions which Democratic Left contested by-elections.

Limerick East (Dáil constituency)
Limerick East was a parliamentary constituency represented in Dáil Éireann, the lower house of the Irish parliament or Oireachtas from 1948 to 2011. The method of election was proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV).
Hönigsberg
Hönigsberg is surname of:

David Hönigsberg (1959–2005), a South African classical composer, conductor and musicologist

Margarete Hilferding, née Hönigsberg (1871–1942)

Leo Hönigsberg, famous Croatian architect and co-owner of the architecture studio Hönigsberg & Deutsch

Nicolae Hönigsberg, Romanian footballer

Leo Hönigsberg
Leo Hönigsberg (Croatian: Lavoslav Hoenigsberg, pronounced [lâʋoslaʋ xěniɡzberg]; born in 1861, died in 1911) was a famous Croatian architect and co-owner of the architecture studio Hönigsberg & Deutsch.
A Greater Yes
A Greater Yes: The Story of Amy Newhouse is a 2009 Christian film released on May 28, 2009. The story is about Amy Newhouse, who died of cancer, and the effects of her life and death on her surrounding community. The film was shot entirely on location in Amarillo and Pampa, Texas.

Christian film industry
The Christian film industry is an aspect of Christian media for films containing a Christian-themed message or moral. They are often interdenominational films, but can also be films targeting a specific denomination of Christianity.
Code Hero
Code Hero is a cancelled educational video game by Primer Labs, designed by Alex Peake. The game was supposed to teach players how to write programming languages by having them do so in a 3D world.

The game drew controversy following its Kickstarter campaign, when the studio ran out of funds, missed release deadlines and funding rewards, and communicated little with the community. Some financial backers threatened legal action following long periods of no communication.

The Code Hero website was offline for an extended period in 2014, and Peake has not commented publicly about the state of this project since 2013.  From May 2015 the website was again inactive, however it resurfaced in August 2016. Following a 2017 update, the game's development ceased entirely.

Educational game
Educational games are games explicitly designed with educational purposes, or which have incidental or secondary educational value. All types of games may be used in an educational environment, however educational games are games that are designed to help people learn about certain subjects, expand concepts, reinforce development, understand a historical event or culture, or assist them in learning a skill as they play. Game types include board, card, and video games.

As educators, governments, and parents realize the psychological need and benefits that gaming has on learning, this educational tool has become mainstream. Games are interactive play that teach goals, rules, adaptation, problem solving, interaction, all represented as a story. They satisfy a fundamental need to learn by providing enjoyment, passionate involvement, structure, motivation, ego gratification, adrenaline, creativity, social interaction and emotion in the game itself while the learning takes place.