hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Philip Williams (cricketer, born 1824)
Philip Williams (7 September 1824 – 18 November 1899) was an English cleric and cricketer.

He was educated at Winchester College, where he played cricket for the school 1840–42, and New College, Oxford, matriculating in 1841. There he played for the University 1844–47 and also played for Nottinghamshire in 1845.

Williams was a Fellow of New College from 1844 to 1851, when he graduated B.C.L. He was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn the same year, but did not practise as a barrister. He instead became a Church of England priest. He was rector of Rewe, Devon, 1860–92.

Bachelor of Civil Law
Bachelor of Civil Law (abbreviated BCL or B.C.L.; Latin: Baccalaureus Civilis Legis) is the name of various degrees in law conferred by English-language universities. The BCL originated as a postgraduate degree in the universities of Oxford and Cambridge; at Oxford, the BCL continues to be the primary postgraduate taught course in law. It is also taught as an undergraduate degree in other countries. The reference to civil law was not originally in contradistinction to common law, but to canon law, although common law was not taught in the civil law faculties in either university until at least the second half of the 18th century. However, some universities in English-speaking countries use the degree in the former sense.
1864 Danish Folketing election
Folketing elections were held in Denmark on 7 June 1864. The National Liberal Party emerged as the largest faction, winning 40 of the 101 seats. Following the elections, Christian Albrecht Bluhme became Prime Minister on 7 July.

Christian Albrecht Bluhme
Christian Albrecht Bluhme (27 December 1794 – 6 November 1866) was a Danish lawyer and conservative politician who was the second Prime Minister of Denmark (first time from 1852 to 1853 with title of Prime Minister, second time from 1864 to 1865 with title of council president). He led the country during the latter part of the Second Schleswig War.
Nonagama
Nonagama is a small town situated Ambalantota in Hambantota District in Sri Lanka. The town is known as the junction which connects the A2 and A18 roads together. 
Nonagama's name is derived from Gajaman Nona. The town is near the entrance to Ussangoda Beach Ambalantota from Nonagama Junction, called Walipatanwila Junction.

Gajaman Nona
Donna Isabella Koraneliya (Sinhala: දෝන ඉසබෙලා කොරනෙලියා) (a.k.a. Gajaman Nona) (10 March 1746 – 15 December 1815) was a Sri Lankan poet of the Matara Era, noted for her ability to create impromptu Sinhala poetry.
Wiley Davis
Wiley Anderson Davis  (August 1, 1875 – September 22, 1942), is a former Major League Baseball pitcher. He played in two games for the Cincinnati Reds of the National League on April 18 & 21, 1896. He played in the Southeastern League in 1897 and the Western League in 1898.

Southeastern League
The Southeastern League was the name of four separate baseball leagues in minor league baseball which operated in the Southeastern and South Central United States in numerous seasons between 1897 and 2003.  Two of these leagues were associated with organized baseball; the third and most recent incarnation was an independent league that operated for two seasons in 2002–03.
Dooars
The Dooars or Duars (/duˈɑːrz/) are the alluvial floodplains in eastern-northeastern India and southern Bhutan that lie south of the outer foothills of the Himalayas and north of the Brahmaputra River basin. This region is about 30 km (19 mi) wide and stretches over about 350 km (220 mi) from the Teesta River in West Bengal to the Dhansiri River in Udalguri district of Assam. The region forms the gateway to Bhutan. It is part of the Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands ecoregion.

Dooars means 'doors' in Assamese, Kamtapuri, Bengali, Maithili, Bhojpuri, and Magahi languages. There are 18 passages or gateways between the hills in Bhutan and the plains in India. This region is divided by the Sankosh River into Eastern and Western Dooars, consisting of an area of 880 km2 (340 sq mi).

Rangpuri language
Rangpuri (Rangpuri: অংপুরি Ôṅgpuri or অমপুরি Ômpuri) is an eastern Indo-Aryan language of the Bengali-Assamese branch, spoken in Rangpur Division in Bangladesh, northern West Bengal and western Goalpara of Assam in India.  Many are bilingual in Bengali and Assamese in their respective regions. According to Glottolog, it forms the Central-Eastern Kamta group with the Kamta language.  Together with Rajbanshi and Surjapuri, they form the Kamta group of languages.
Estonia national under-19 football team
The Estonia national under-19 football team represents Estonia in international under-19 football and is controlled by the Estonian Football Association (Eesti Jalgpalli Liit), the governing body for football in Estonia. The team's home ground is the A. Le Coq Arena in Tallinn, and the current manager is Alo Bärengrub.

Estonia qualified as hosts to the 2012 UEFA European Under-19 Championship, making it Estonia's first appearance in a major tournament and the first major football tournament to be held in the country. The team failed to get past the group stage, losing all three matches against Portugal, Greece and Spain.

2012 UEFA European Under-19 Championship
The 2012 UEFA European Under-19 Championship was the 61st edition of UEFA's European Under-19 Championship (the eleventh since the age competition change to an Under-19 level) and took place in Estonia from 3 to 15 July. Spain were the defending champions. This competition also acted as a qualifying competition for the 2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup, as six sides from Europe qualify.

Players born after 1 January 1993 were eligible to participate in this competition.
Virginia Symphony Orchestra
The Virginia Symphony Orchestra (VSO) is an American orchestra administratively based in Norfolk. The VSO performs concerts in various venues in Virginia, including:

Chrysler Hall, Norfolk

The Sandler Center for the Performing Arts, Virginia Beach

Ferguson Center for the Arts, Newport News

Phi Beta Kappa Memorial Hall at the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg

Regent University in Virginia Beach

The VSO also works closely with Virginia Opera and the Virginia Arts Festival.

Phi Beta Kappa Memorial Hall
Phi Beta Kappa Memorial Hall is a multi-use building on the campus of the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, United States. It contains the largest auditorium on the campus, containing two floors of seating. The building is home to art shows, musical acts, theatre, assemblies and guest speakers.
Greatest Generation
The Greatest Generation, also known as the G.I. Generation and the World War II Generation, is  the demographic cohort following the Lost Generation and preceding the Silent Generation. This generation is generally defined as people born from 1901 to 1927. They were shaped by the Great Depression and were the primary generation composing the enlisted forces in World War II.

Cohort (statistics)
In statistics, epidemiology, marketing  and demography, a cohort is a group of subjects who share a defining characteristic (typically subjects who experienced a common event in a selected time period, such as birth or graduation).
Anapsaltoda cowanae
Anapsaltoda cowanae, also known as the green emperor, is a species of cicada in the true cicada family. It is endemic to Australia. It was described in 2023 by Australian entomologists Maxwell Sydney Moulds and Lindsay Popple.

Cicadidae
Cicadidae, the true cicadas, is one of two families of cicadas, with about 3,400 species in over 520 genera worldwide; it contains most living cicada species, except for the two belonging to its sister taxon, the Tettigarctidae.  The classification of this family, of often very similar insects, has undergone many revisions, continuing into the 21st century; for example, many species previously assigned to the type genus Cicada, are now placed in different tribes.
John McLevy
John McLevy (born 2 January 1927, Dundee, Scotland – died 27 November 2002) was a Scottish jazz trumpeter.

He played in Europe for Benny Goodman in the 1970s, alongside George Masso, Hank Jones and Slam Stewart. He performed with artists such as Max Bygraves, Roy Williams, accordionist Jack Emblow and later in a duo with veteran trumpeter Tommy McQuater.

Slam Stewart
Leroy Eliot "Slam" Stewart (September 21, 1914 – December 10, 1987) was an American jazz double-bass player whose trademark style was his ability to bow the bass (arco) and simultaneously hum or sing an octave higher. He was a violinist before switching to bass at the age of 20.
The Farm (Battlestar Galactica)
"The Farm" is the fifth episode of the second season of the reimagined Battlestar Galactica television series. It aired originally on the Sci Fi Channel on August 12, 2005. It is the first episode of the series in which the plot is set on Caprica.

In the episode, Cylons capture Kara "Starbuck" Thrace and hold her in an abandoned hospital, where they are performing experiments with human reproduction. Starbuck escapes and leaves Caprica to return to the human fleet. Commander William Adama returns to command of the fleet, but President Laura Roslin persuades almost a third of the fleet to follow her back to Kobol.

According to executive producer Ronald D. Moore, the production process for "The Farm" was one of the most contentious of the second season.

Starbuck's portrayal in "The Farm" has attracted academic study. Critical reaction was mixed.

Ronald D. Moore
Ronald Dowl Moore (born July 5, 1964) is an American screenwriter and television producer. He is best known for his work on Star Trek, as well as on the re-imagined Battlestar Galactica television series, for which he won a Peabody Award, and on Outlander, based on the novels of the same name by Diana Gabaldon. In 2019, he created and wrote the series For All Mankind for Apple TV+.
Yrjö Pulkkinen
Yrjö Rafael Pulkkinen (1 April 1875 – 4 February 1945) was a Finnish lawyer and politician, who was born in Parkano. He was a member of the National Coalition Party. He served as Minister of Finance in Lauri Ingman's second cabinet (31 May 1924 – 31 March 1925), as Minister of Trade and Industry in Antti Tulenheimo's cabinet (31 March 1925 – 31 July 1925) and as a Member of Parliament (5 September 1922 – 31 July 1929).

Tulenheimo cabinet
Antti Tulenheimo's cabinet was the Government of Finland from March 31, 1925 to December 31, 1925. It was formed between the National Coalition Party and the Agrarian Party, and had four ministers from the National Coalition Party, five from the Agrarian Party and four neutral. The cabinet lasted 276 days in office. The cabinet resigned after its proposal for defense spending was defeated in the parliament.
Shire
Shire (/ʃaɪər/) is a traditional term for an administrative division of land in Great Britain and some other English-speaking countries. It is generally synonymous with county (such as Cheshire and Worcestershire). English counties are among the oldest extant national divisions in the world.

It was first used in Wessex from the beginning of Anglo-Saxon settlement, and spread to most of the rest of England in the 10th century. Today, 23 counties bear the "-shire" suffix in England, 23 in Scotland, and 10 in Wales.

In some rural parts of Australia, a shire is a local government area; however, in Australia, it is not synonymous with a "county", which is a lands administrative division.

Kinross-shire
The County of Kinross or Kinross-shire is a historic county and registration county in eastern Scotland, administered as part of Perth and Kinross since 1975. Surrounding its largest settlement and county town of Kinross, the county borders Perthshire to the north and Fife to the east, south and west.

Scotland's second smallest county, Kinross-shire is dominated by Loch Leven, a large inland loch, with two islands and an internationally important nature reserve. One of the islands contains a castle, where Mary, Queen of Scots was once held prisoner. Much of the land in Kinross-shire is fertile agricultural land and most of the inhabitants were originally employed in farming. The gently-rolling farmland surrounding Loch Leven gives way to steep, more rugged terrain at the outskirts of the county.
Bjarne Elgar Grottum
Bjarne Edgar Grottum (August 9, 1893 — October 4, 1987) was an American attorney who served as state senator for Minnesota's 10th district serving Cottonwood and Jackson counties.

Grottum was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota and raised on a farm in Jackson, Minnesota.  He served in the U.S. Army during World War I. In 1920, he graduated from the 	University of Minnesota Law School.

He served in the senate from 1947 to 1954 as a member of the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFLer) but "caucused with the Conservative majority of the Senate" and later stated that the "Legislature should be truly nonpartisan".  He was preceded by Ole Finstad and succeeded by Walter Franz  In addition to his work in the senate, he served as County Attorney for Jackson County for 12 years and served on the Board of Regents at the University of Minnesota (1961-1967).  He died in Mesa, Arizona and was buried in the Delafield Cemetery in Jackson County, Minnesota.

Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party
The Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL) is a political party in the U.S. state of Minnesota affiliated with the national Democratic Party. The party was formed by a merger between the Minnesota Democratic Party and the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party in 1944. The DFL is one of two state Democratic Party affiliates with a different name from that of the national party, the other being the neighboring North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party.

The DFL controls four of Minnesota's eight United States House of Representatives seats, both of its United States Senate seats, the Minnesota Senate, and all other statewide offices, including the Governor of Minnesota, making it the dominant party in the state. In the Minnesota House of Representatives, it has a power-sharing agreement with its main political rival, the Republican Party of Minnesota, following a tie in the 2024 Minnesota House of Representatives election.
1996 in machinima
The following is a list of notable machinima-related events in the year 1996. These include the release of id Software's first-person shooter computer game Quake. This game was used to create the first machinima works later that year.

Id Software
id Software LLC (/ɪd/) is an American video game developer based in Richardson, Texas. It was founded on February 1, 1991, by four members of the computer company Softdisk: programmers John Carmack and John Romero, game designer Tom Hall, and artist Adrian Carmack.

id Software made important technological developments in video game technologies for the PC (running MS-DOS and Windows), including work done for the Wolfenstein, Doom, and Quake franchises at the time. id's work was particularly important in 3D computer graphics technology and in game engines that are used throughout the video game industry. The company was involved in the creation of the first-person shooter (FPS) genre: Wolfenstein 3D is often considered to be the first true FPS; Doom is a game that popularized the genre and PC gaming in general; and Quake was id's first true 3D FPS.

On June 24, 2009, ZeniMax Media acquired the company. In 2015, they opened a second studio in Frankfurt, Germany.
Non-Quasi Static model
Non-Quasi Static model (NQS) is a transistor model used in analogue/mixed signal IC design.  It becomes necessary to use an NQS model when the operational frequency of the device is in the range of its transit time.  Normally, in a quasi-static (QS) model, voltage changes in the MOS transistor channel are assumed to be instantaneous.  However, in an NQS model voltage changes relating to charge carriers are delayed.

Analog signal
An analog signal (American English) or analogue signal (British and Commonwealth English) is any signal, typically a continuous-time signal, representing some other quantity, i.e., analogous to another quantity. For example, in an analog audio signal, the instantaneous signal voltage varies in a manner analogous to the pressure of the sound waves.

In contrast, a digital signal represents the original time-varying quantity as a sampled sequence of quantized numeric values, typically but not necessarily in the form of a binary value. Digital sampling imposes some bandwidth and dynamic range constraints on the representation and adds quantization noise.

The term analog signal usually refers to electrical signals; however, mechanical, pneumatic, hydraulic, and other systems may also convey or be considered analog signals.
Monilinia
Monilinia is a genus of fungi in the family Sclerotiniaceae.

Monilinia fungi are pathogens to Rosaceae and Ericaceae and often cause major losses to crops. The genus is sometimes divided into two sections based on whether they possess disjunctors - these are small structures in mature fungi that help with spore dispersal. There are about thirty known species in this genus. Most studies of the fungi focus on their pathogenic effects toward apples, pears and other fruits. The diseases they cause include brown rot and dry berry disease.

In Japan, some species have pharmacological uses.

Ericaceae
The Ericaceae (/ˌɛrɪˈkeɪsi.aɪ, -iː/) are a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the heath or heather family, found most commonly in acidic and infertile growing conditions. The family is large, with about 4,250 known species spread across 124 genera, making it the 14th most speciose family of flowering plants. The many well known and economically important members of the Ericaceae include the cranberry, blueberry, huckleberry, rhododendron (including azaleas), and various common heaths and heathers (Erica, Cassiope, Daboecia, and Calluna for example).
Conseil supérieur des programmes
The Conseil supérieur des programmes, formerly Haut Conseil de l'éducation is a French body set up in 2005, in a consultative capacity as regards essential knowledge, educational programmes and the evaluation of exam results. Established by the loi d'orientation et de programme pour l'avenir de l'école of April 23, 2005, it took over from the Haut Conseil de l'évaluation de l'école, which existed from October 2000 to November 2005. It was replaced by the Conseil supérieur des programmes (High Council for Curricula) created by the July 8, 2013 law of orientation and programming for the refoundation of the School of the Republic. The Conseil d'évaluation de l'École now plays this role of evaluating the results of the education system.

Test score
A test score is a piece of information, usually a number, that conveys the performance of an examinee on a test. One formal definition is that it is "a summary of the evidence contained in an examinee's responses to the items of a test that are related to the construct or constructs being measured."

Test scores are interpreted with a norm-referenced or criterion-referenced interpretation, or occasionally both. A norm-referenced interpretation means that the score conveys meaning about the examinee with regard to their standing among other examinees. A criterion-referenced interpretation means that the score conveys information about the examinee with regard to a specific subject matter, regardless of other examinees' scores.
Hot Soup (mixtape)
Hot Soup is the second overall mixtape by American rapper Danny Brown. It was self released as a free digital download on July 1, 2008 by Brown, and brought success to his career, being considered to be a predecessor to The Hybrid. It contains features from Nick Speed, Rapper Big Pooh, O Dash, Kinesis, Lola Damone, Chip, Marv Won, and K-Fresh.

Big Pooh
Thomas Louis Jones III (born February 12, 1980), better known by his stage name Big Pooh (or Rapper Big Pooh), is an American rapper, who, along with fellow rap artist Phonte, is a member of the acclaimed North Carolina hip hop group Little Brother. In addition to numerous records and EP's by Little Brother, Pooh released a solo album in 2005 entitled Sleepers to positive critical reception. He has been guest featured on numerous tracks by other artists. Big Pooh also appreciates basketball and has served as a guest writer on a basketball blog.
Volvo Ocean 65 Dongfeng Race Team
Mirpuri Foundation Racing Team (formerly Dongfeng Race Team) is a Volvo Ocean 65 yacht. Under Chinese sponsorship she finished third in the 2014–15 Volvo Ocean Race skippered by Charles Caudrelier and then went on to win the 2017–2018 edition, which started in Alicante, Spain, and ended in The Hague, in the Netherlands.

In 2019 the Portuguese Mirpuri Foundation Racing Team took ownership of the yacht. Winning the 2021 The Ocean Race Europe with skipper Yoann Richomme and placing third in the 2023 The Ocean Race in its class with skipper Roberto Bermúdez de Castro.

2014–2015 Volvo Ocean Race
The 2014–15 Volvo Ocean Race was the 12th edition of the round-the-world Volvo Ocean Race. It started on 19 October 2014 in Alicante, Spain, and concluded in June 2015 in Gothenburg, Sweden. After 38,739 nautical miles of ocean racing, Abu Dhabi Ocean Racing led by skipper Ian Walker claimed the overall trophy.
Autostrada A51
Autostrada A51 or Tangenziale Est di Milano ("Milan east ring road") is an autostrada (Italian for "motorway") 29.3 kilometres (18.2 mi) long in Italy located in the region of Lombardy and tangent to the city and suburban area of Milan in its eastern part, managed by Milano Serravalle – Milano Tangenziali.

Together with the Autostrada A50 (Milan west ring road), the Autostrada A52 (Milan north ring road) and the Autostrada A58 (Milan external east ring road), it is the largest system of ring roads around a city in Italy, for a total length greater than 100 kilometres (62 mi). By adding the urban sections of Autostrada A1 and Autostrada A4, which runs parallel to the Milan north ring road by connecting Autostrada A51, Autostrada A50 and Autostrada A58, to the four ring roads, a system of urban highways that totally surrounds the city. The traffic flow that affects this stretch of motorway is over 170,000 daily transits.

Regions of Italy
The regions of Italy (Italian: regioni d'Italia) are the first-level administrative divisions of the Italian Republic, constituting its second NUTS administrative level. There are twenty regions, five of which are autonomous regions with special status. Under the Constitution of Italy, each region is an autonomous entity with defined powers. With the exception of the Aosta Valley (since 1945) and Friuli-Venezia Giulia (since 2015), each region is divided into a number of provinces.
Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica
Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (TO) is a rare benign disease of unknown cause, in which multiple cartilaginous or bony submucosal nodules project into the trachea and proximal bronchi. The nodules usually  spare the posterior wall of the airway because they are of cartilaginous origin, while the posterior wall of the airway is membranous (does not contain cartilage). This is as opposed to tracheobronchial amyloidosis, which does not spare the posterior wall.

It usually occurs in men around their fifth decade of life, as opposed to tracheobronchial papillomatosis due to HPV infection, which usually occurs in younger patients. TO can cause airway obstruction, bleeding and chronic cough. Treatment involves the use of bronchodilators, and physical dilatation by bronchoscopy. The patients are also more prone to post-obstructive pneumonia and chronic lung infection in severe cases.

Bronchoscopy
Bronchoscopy is an endoscopic technique of visualizing the inside of the airways for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. An instrument (bronchoscope) is inserted into the airways, usually through the nose or mouth, or occasionally through a tracheostomy. This allows the practitioner to examine the patient's airways for abnormalities such as foreign bodies, bleeding, tumors, or inflammation. Specimens may be taken from inside the lungs. The construction of bronchoscopes ranges from rigid metal tubes with attached lighting devices to flexible optical fiber instruments with realtime video equipment.