hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Jawn Sandifer
Jawn Ardin Sandifer (June 6, 1914 – September 1, 2006) was an American civil rights attorney, judge and New York State Supreme Court Justice. Sandifer headed the NAACP's New York State branch and was involved in cases, including school segregation. He argued Henderson v. United States (1950) before the U.S. Supreme Court.

School segregation
School segregation is the division of people into different groups in the education system by characteristics such as race, religion, or ethnicity.

Before the mid-20th century, racial segregation in public schools was legally enforced in many parts of the United States, particularly in the South. Although the 1954 Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education ruled that mandated school segregation was unconstitutional, progress towards integration was not immediate. Black students, especially in the South, would continue to attend predominantly Black schools for more than a decade after the ruling, while White students attended schools with a majority of white people. Supreme Court decisions like Green v. County School Board of New Kent County in 1968 started to mandate school desegregation and forced schools to implement measures to accelerate racial integration.
River Laver
The River Laver is a tributary of the River Skell, itself a tributary of the River Ure in North Yorkshire, England. The name is of Brittonic origin, from labaro, meaning "talkative", i.e. a babbling brook.  The Afon Llafar in Wales shares the same name.

The Laver is noted as a fly fishing river, especially for brown trout and grayling.

Thymallus thymallus
Thymallus thymallus, harjus, the grayling or European grayling, is a species of freshwater fish in the salmon family Salmonidae. It is the only species of the genus Thymallus (the graylings) native to Europe, where it is widespread from the United Kingdom and France to the Ural Mountains in Russia, and Balkans on the south-east, but does not occur in the southern parts of the continent. It was introduced to Morocco in 1948, but it does not appear to have become established there.
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Council, 1864–1869
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Council who served from 1864 to 1869 were appointed for life by the Governor on the advice of the Premier. This list includes members between the beginning of the 1864–65 colonial election on 22 November 1864 and the beginning of the 1869–70 colonial election on 3 December 1869. The President was Sir Terence Murray.

1869–70 New South Wales colonial election
The 1869–70 New South Wales colonial election was held between 3 December 1869 and 10 January 1870. This election was for all of the 72 seats in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly and it was conducted in 52 single-member constituencies, six 2-member constituencies and two 4-member constituencies, all with a first past the post system. Suffrage was limited to adult white males. The previous parliament of New South Wales was dissolved on 15 November 1869 by the Governor, Lord Belmore, on the advice of the Premier, John Robertson.

There was no recognisable party structure at this election; instead the government was determined by a loose, shifting factional system. While the government, also called the Ministerial party, was returned in this election, Premier John Robertson could not get the support of the legislative assembly, and stepped aside for Charles Cowper to form a government.
Lincoln Township, LaPorte County, Indiana
Lincoln Township is one of twenty-one townships in LaPorte County, Indiana. As of the 2020 census, its population was 1,846 (up from 1,794 at 2010) and it contained 966 housing units. It contains the census-designated place of Fish Lake.

LaPorte County, Indiana
LaPorte County is a county located in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of 2020, the population was 112,417. The county seat is the city of La Porte, and the largest city is Michigan City. This county is part of the Northwest Indiana and Michiana regions of the Chicago metropolitan area. The LaPorte County Courthouse is located in the county seat of La Porte and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Digges Islands
The Digges Islands (Inuit: Saaqqayaaq-Qikirtasiit) are members of the Arctic Archipelago in the territory of Nunavut. The two islands, West Digges and East Digges, are located in Digges Sound, an arm of Hudson Bay, where the strong currents of the bay meet Hudson Strait.

The hamlet of Ivujivik, on the Ungava Peninsula, is south of the islands. East Digges Island is closer to the northern tip of the Ungava Peninsula than West Digges. Mansel Island is to the southwest, while Nottingham Island is to the north.

The islands' rocky cliffs topography is ideal for seabirds; thick-billed murre colonies are abundant.

Arctic Archipelago
The Arctic Archipelago, also known as the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, is an archipelago lying to the north of the Canadian continental mainland, excluding Greenland (an autonomous territory of the Danish Realm, which is, by itself, much larger than the combined area of the archipelago), and Iceland (an independent country).

Situated in the northern extremity of North America and covering about 1,424,500 km2 (550,000 sq mi), this group of 36,563 islands, surrounded by the Arctic Ocean, comprises much of Northern Canada, predominately Nunavut and the Northwest Territories. The archipelago is showing some effects of climate change, with some computer estimates determining that melting there will contribute 3.5 cm (1.4 in) to the rise in sea levels by 2100.
1937 Hastings by-election
The 1937 Hastings by-election was held on 24 November 1937.  The by-election was held due to the resignation of the incumbent Conservative MP, Eustace Percy.  It was won by the Conservative candidate Maurice Hely-Hutchinson.

Hastings (UK Parliament constituency)
Hastings was a parliamentary constituency in  Sussex. It returned two Members of Parliament to the Parliament of England until 1707, Parliament of Great Britain before 1801 and the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom until the 1885 general election, when its representation was reduced to one member. It was abolished for the 1983 general election, when it was partially replaced by the new Hastings and Rye constituency.
Capital City Fire/Rescue
Capital City Fire/Rescue (CCFR) provides fire suppression and emergency medical services to the city of Juneau, Alaska, United States.

With service to Juneau, CCFR provides emergency services to the second most populous city in Alaska after Anchorage, and the fourth largest metropolitan area behind Anchorage, the Fairbanks North Star Borough, and the Matanuska-Susitna Borough.

Areas served by CCFR include Douglas Island, Lemon Creek, the Mendenhall Valley, Juneau International Airport, Thane, University of Alaska Southeast and local areas of the Tongass National Forest.

Douglas Island
Douglas Island (Tlingit: Deishú Áakʼw) is a tidal island in the U.S. state of Alaska. It is part of the city and borough of Juneau, just west of downtown Juneau and east of Admiralty Island. It is separated from mainland Juneau by the Gastineau Channel, and contains the communities of Douglas and West Juneau.
HMS Java
Three 19th-century ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Java, named after the island of Java in Indonesia.

The first HMS Java (1806) was a 32-gun fifth rate, originally the Dutch Maria Reijersbergen built at Amsterdam in 1800, and captured from the Dutch on 18 October 1806. The ship was lost, presumed foundered with the loss of all hands, off Rodrigues in the Indian Ocean in March of the following year.

The second HMS Java (1811) was a 38-gun fifth rate, originally the French Renommée built in 1805 to 1809 at Nantes, and captured from the French on 20 May 1811 off Madagascar. On 29 December 1812 the ship was captured in turn by the American vessel USS Constitution off Brazil, and burnt the following day.

The third HMS Java (1815) was a 52-gun fourth rate built at Plymouth Dockyard in 1815. Unlike its namesakes, this vessel had a long Royal Navy career, being broken up in November 1862 at Portsmouth.

Fourth-rate
In the rating system of the Royal Navy, a fourth-rate was a ship of the line with two gun decks which mounted between 46 and 60 guns. They served in all conflicts the Royal Navy participated in during the early modern period until they were gradually phased out of active service during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, as their usefulness was declining; though fourth-rates often remained in service on distant stations such as the East Indies. Several fourth-rates were created by razeeing larger ships of the line, and occasionally from East Indiamen such as HMS Calcutta.
Edwin Spanier
Edwin Henry Spanier (August 8, 1921 – October 11, 1996) was an American mathematician at the University of California at Berkeley, working in algebraic topology. He co-invented Spanier–Whitehead duality and Alexander–Spanier cohomology, and wrote what was for a long time the standard textbook on algebraic topology (Spanier 1981).

Spanier attended the University of Minnesota, graduating in 1941. During World War II, he served in the United States Army Signal Corps. He received his Ph.D. degree from the University of Michigan in 1947 for the thesis Cohomology Theory for General Spaces  written under the direction of Norman Steenrod. After spending a year as a research fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, in 1948 he was appointed to the faculty of the University of Chicago, and then a professor at UC Berkeley in 1959. He had 17 doctoral students, including Morris Hirsch and Elon Lages Lima.

Algebraic topology
Algebraic topology is a branch of mathematics that uses tools from abstract algebra to study topological spaces. The basic goal is to find algebraic invariants that classify topological spaces up to homeomorphism, though usually most classify up to homotopy equivalence.

Although algebraic topology primarily uses algebra to study topological problems, using topology to solve algebraic problems is sometimes also possible. Algebraic topology, for example, allows for a convenient proof that any subgroup of a free group is again a free group.
Thainetes
Thainetes is a monotypic genus of Southeast Asian sheet weavers containing the single species, Thainetes tristis. It was first described by Alfred Frank Millidge in 1995, and has only been found in Thailand.

A. F. Millidge
Alfred Frank Millidge (1914 – 16 April 2012) was a British arachnologist who specialised in the spider family Linyphiidae. He co-authored the influential three-volume work British Spiders with G. H. Locket and conducted extensive taxonomic research on North American and South American linyphiid spiders.
Publishers Weekly list of bestselling novels in the United States in the 1990s
This is a list of bestselling novels in the United States in the 1990s, as determined by Publishers Weekly. The list features the most popular novels of each year from 1990 through 1999.

The standards set for inclusion in the lists – which, for example, led to the exclusion of the novels in the Harry Potter series from the lists for the 1990s and 2000s – are currently unknown.

The Celestine Prophecy
The Celestine Prophecy: An Adventure is  a 1993 novel by James Redfield that discusses various psychological and spiritual ideas rooted in multiple ancient Eastern traditions and New Age spirituality. The main character undertakes a journey to find and understand a series of nine spiritual insights in an ancient manuscript in Peru. The book is a first-person narrative of the narrator's spiritual awakening as he goes through a transitional period of his life.
Corinne Maîtrejean
Corinne Maîtrejean (born 8 November 1979 in Tassin-la-Demi-Lune, Rhône) is a French foil fencer who won a bronze medal in the foil team event of the 2005 World Fencing Championships in Leipzig with her teammates Adeline Wuillème, Céline Seigneur and Astrid Guyart. In 2013, she was part of the French team that won team silver in the World Championships, with Anita Blaze, Astrid Guyart and Ysaora Thibus.  She is right-handed. She lives in Aubervilliers.

She competed at the 2008 Olympics in Beijing and at the 2012 Olympics in London as part of France's fencing squad.

Rhône (department)
Rhône (French: [ʁon] ⓘ; Arpitan: Rôno) is a French department located in the east-central administrative region of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. Named after the river Rhône, its prefecture is Lyon. Its sole subprefecture is Villefranche-sur-Saône. Including the Lyon Metropolis, it had a population of 1,875,747 in 2019.
Bifurcation (law)
Bifurcation is a judge's ability in law to divide a trial into two parts so as to render a judgment on a set of legal issues without looking at all aspects. Frequently, civil cases are bifurcated into separate liability and damages proceedings. Criminal trials are also often bifurcated into guilt and sentencing phases, especially in capital cases.

In divorce cases, some states allow bifurcation, that permits a divorce case to be finalized with certain aspects, such as property, to be dealt with after dissolution. Some states permit bifurcation, some do not allow it, and some state statutes do not address the issue.

In arbitration, bifurcation can be used to get past certain issues, that might otherwise stall negotiations, concluding certain points that are agreed upon, while working on a solution to whatever problem initiated the need for bifurcation.

Damages
At common law, damages are a remedy in the form of a monetary award to be paid to a claimant as compensation for loss or injury. To warrant the award, the claimant must show that a breach of duty has caused foreseeable loss. To be recognized at law, the loss must involve damage to property, or mental or physical injury; pure economic loss is rarely recognized for the award of damages.

Compensatory damages are further categorized into special damages, which are economic losses such as loss of earnings, property damage and medical expenses, and general damages, which are non-economic damages such as pain and suffering and emotional distress. Rather than being compensatory, at common law damages may instead be nominal, contemptuous or exemplary.
Amsa-dong
Amsa-dong (Korean: 암사동) is a dong (neighbourhood) of Gangdong District, Seoul, South Korea. The dong is well known for the Amsa-dong Prehistoric Settlement Site, in which Neolithic remains were excavated after a large amount of diagonal-line patterned earthenware(빗살무늬토기) was exposed by a flood in 1925. It is thought to be a Jomonic settlement which existed prior to the spread of Songgukri-cultural sphere in Korean peninsula during the Korean bronze age. In Amsa Sam-dong, a festival named Amsa sunsa cultural festival is hold annually and parade is performed. It has a subway station of Seoul metropolitan subway 8th line, which functions as the last station of the line. There is only one high school in Amsa-dong named Sunsa highschool. The neighborhood is also known for its large traditional market. Amsa dong is divided in three, Amsa il-dong, Amsa I-dong, Amsa Sam-dong, and community centre is present in every one of these divisions.

Dong (administrative division)
A dong (Korean: 동; IPA: [to̞ŋ]) or neighborhood is a submunicipal level administrative unit of a city and of those cities which are not divided into wards throughout Korea. The unit is often translated as neighborhood and has been used in administrative divisions of both North Korea and South Korea.
Kuzucubelen
Kuzucubelen is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Mezitli, Mersin Province, Turkey. Its population is 517 (2022). It is situated in the Toros Mountains, 28 kilometres (17 mi) away from Mersin. The village is inhabited by Tahtacı.

Near the town is a two-storey watchtower with a stone vaulted lower-level and three impressive embrasures. The masonry and design indicate that it was built in the 12th or 13th century during the period of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. The fortification was surveyed in 1981.  Located between Tece Castle and Başnalar this site guarded a route from the Mediterranean Sea to Cappadocia.

Tahtacı
Tahtacı (Turkish: Tahtacılar, lit. 'woodworkers') are a subgroup of ethnic Turkish people living mainly in the forested areas of Aegean and Mediterranean regions of Turkey.

Historically engaged in woodworking since the Ottoman period, they trace their origins to the Üçok Turkomans. Due to their Alevi faith, they often lived in secluded areas, preserving a unique blend of Tengrism and Alevi-Bektashi traditions. Their cultural heritage is reflected in their craftsmanship, rituals, and way of life, which remain closely tied to nature.
Son Yeo-eun
Son Yeo-eun (Korean: 손여은; born August 4, 1983), birth name Byeon Na-yeon, is a South Korean actress. Son was nominated for Best New Actress for Television at the Baeksang Arts Awards for her portrayal of a villain in Thrice Married Woman (2013).

Baeksang Arts Awards
The Baeksang Arts Awards (Korean: 백상예술대상), also known as the Paeksang Arts Awards, are awards for excellence in film, television and theatre in South Korea. The awards were introduced in 1965 by Chang Key-young, the founder of the newspaper Hankook Ilbo, whose art name was "Baeksang". It was established for the development of Korean popular culture and art and for enhancing the morale of artists. They are regarded as one of the most prestigious entertainment awards in South Korea.

Baeksang Arts Awards are annually presented at a ceremony organised by JoongAng Group in the second quarter of each year. Until 2021, it was organised by Ilgan Sports before its acquisition by eDaily, a subsidiary of KG Group. It is the only comprehensive awards ceremony in the country, recognising excellence in film, television and theatre.
Eleutherodactylus melacara
Eleutherodactylus melacara is a species of frog in the family Eleutherodactylidae endemic to Sierra Maestra, Cuba. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest.
It is threatened by habitat loss.

Eleutherodactylidae
The Eleutherodactylidae are a family of direct-developing frogs native to northern South America, the Caribbean, and southernmost North America. They are sometimes known under the common name rain frogs. Formerly the subfamily Eleutherodactylinae of the family Leptodactylidae, it was raised to the family status following a major revision of New World direct-developing frogs in 2008. As currently defined, the family has more than 200 species (as of 2014, 206 or 207 species).

Eleutherodactylid frogs vary considerably in size, from the minuscule Eleutherodactylus iberia (female snout–vent length 10.5 mm (0.41 in)) to the relative giant E. inoptatus (female snout–vent length 88 mm (3.5 in)). Except for the ovoviviparous E. jasperi, these frogs have direct development:  no free-living tadpole stage exists; instead, eggs develop directly into small froglets.
Serranía de Hornocal
The Serranía de Hornocal are a range of mountains located 25 kilometres (16 mi) from the city of Humahuaca in the Argentine province of Jujuy. Exposed in the range is the limestone formation called Yacoraite that extends from Salta, Argentina, through the Argentine Quebrada de Humahuaca, and then through the Bolivian Altiplano to Peru.

The mountains reach an altitude of 4,761 metres (15,620 ft) above sea level.

The region Quebrada de Humahuaca was declared a World Heritage Site in 2003, both for colorful mountain landscapes and the historic Inca caravan road running through the region.

Humahuaca
Humahuaca (Spanish pronunciation: [umaˈwaka]) is a small city in the province of Jujuy, Argentina. Since 2003 declared World Heritage Site by UNESCO at the Paris conference.
It has 11,369 inhabitants as per the 2001 census [INDEC], and is the principal town (seat) of the Department of Humahuaca.  The city is widely known for its location at the Quebrada de Humahuaca, along the Eastern valley of the central Andean Altiplano.

Humahuaca is located north of Tilcara and Purmamarca, in the colourful valley of Quebrada de Humahuaca. 
The townhall is located in the center of the village and it possesses a tower which can be seen from the main square with a clock that chimes at 12 pm, after which a small door opens and a figure of Saint Francisco Solano comes out and makes the sign of the cross.
Aphrodite Hills
Aphrodite Hills Resort is a coastal resort in the Paphos district of Cyprus. The resort is named after the goddess Aphrodite and is 1 mile (1.6 km) away from Aphrodite's Rock.

The facilities are built across two plateaus divided by a ravine. It is designed to resemble a historic Mediterranean town with Greco-Roman architecture featuring locally quarried stone. The town square had been built to replicate a local plateia and has a market, restaurants, souvenir shops, a chapel, gardens, fountains, and an art gallery. The resort also has a spa, golf course, and leisure facilities.

In 2020, Aphrodite Hills hosted the Cyprus Open and the Cyprus Showdown, two back-to-back one-off European Tour golf tournaments added to fill the 2020 season schedule as many regular tournaments were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Plateia
Plateia or Platia (πλατεία) is the Greek word for town square. Most Greek and Cypriot cities have several town squares which are a point of reference in travelling and guiding. In traditional societies like villages and provincial communities, plateies are the central places for feasts, celebrations, events and meetings.
Callistratus (sophist)
Callistratus (Koinē Greek: Καλλίστρατος), Greek sophist and rhetorician, probably flourished in the 3rd (or possibly 4th) century CE.  He wrote Ekphraseis (also known by the Latin title Statuarum descriptiones, and Greek title Ἐκφράσεις), descriptions of fourteen works of art in stone or brass by distinguished artists.  This little work is usually edited with the Eikones of Philostratus (whose form it imitates).

Ekphrasis
Ekphrasis or ecphrasis (from the Greek) is a rhetorical device indicating the written description of a work of art. It is a vivid, often dramatic, verbal description of a visual work of art, either real or imagined. Thus, "an ekphrastic poem is a vivid description of a scene or, more commonly, a work of art." In ancient times, it might refer more broadly to a description of any thing, person, or experience. The word comes from the Greek ἐκ ek and φράσις phrásis, 'out' and 'speak' respectively, and the verb ἐκφράζειν ekphrázein, 'to proclaim or call an inanimate object by name'.

The works of art described or evoked may be real or imagined; and this may be difficult to discern. Ancient ekphrastic writing can be useful evidence for art historians, especially for paintings, as virtually no original Greco-Roman examples survive.
Cogges
Cogges is an area beside the River Windrush in Witney, in the West Oxfordshire district, in Oxfordshire, England, 0.5 miles (800 m) east of the town centre. It had been a separate village and until 1932 it was a separate civil parish.

River Windrush
The River Windrush is a tributary of the River Thames in central England. It rises near Snowshill in Gloucestershire and flows south east for 65 km (40 mi) via Burford and Witney to meet the Thames at Newbridge in Oxfordshire.

The river gives its name to the village of Windrush in Gloucestershire.