hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Voll-Damm
Voll-Damm Doble Malta is a lager and Märzen or Märzenbier-style beer manufactured by S.A. Damm, a brewery in Barcelona, Spain. This robust, full-bodied beer emulates a German-style "Vollbier" and contains 7.2% alcohol by volume. Its dark-green colored labels display writing in the Gothic script.

The name of this Pale Lager comes from the word “voll”, which means full or complete in German, referring to the intense body and flavour of a beer with an original wort extract of 17%.

Lager
Lager is a style of beer brewed and conditioned at low temperature. Lagers can be pale, amber, or dark. Pale lager is the most widely consumed and commercially available style of beer. The term "lager" comes from the German word for "storage", as the beer was stored before drinking, traditionally in the same cool caves in which it was fermented.

As well as maturation in cold storage, most lagers are distinguished by the use of Saccharomyces pastorianus, a "bottom-fermenting" yeast that ferments at relatively cold temperatures.
Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure
The Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure (abbreviated FRAP; cited as Fed. R. App. P.) are a set of rules promulgated by the Supreme Court of the United States on recommendation of an advisory committee to govern procedures in cases in the United States courts of appeals. The rules were first adopted in 1967 and have been amended since then.

In addition to the FRAP, procedure in the courts of appeals is governed by applicable statutes (particularly Title 28 of the United States Code) and by local rules adopted by each individual court. Many of these local rules incorporate Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure by reference.

Title 28 of the United States Code
Title 28 (Judiciary and Judicial Procedure), also called the Judicial Code, is the portion of the United States Code (federal statutory law) that governs the federal judicial system.

It is divided into six parts:

Part I: Organization of Courts

Part II: Department of Justice

Part III: Court Officers and Employees

Part IV: Jurisdiction and Venue

Part V: Procedure

Part VI: Particular Proceedings
Under-reporting
Under-reporting usually refers to some issue, incident, statistic, etc., that individuals, responsible agencies, or news media have not reported, or have reported as less than the actual level or amount. Under-reporting of crimes, for example, makes it hard to figure the actual incidence of crimes.

Under-reporting is a failure in data reporting.

Child abuse
Child abuse (also called child endangerment or child maltreatment) is physical, sexual, emotional and/or psychological maltreatment or neglect of a child, especially by a parent or a caregiver. Child abuse may include any act or failure to act by a parent or a caregiver that results in actual or potential wrongful harm to a child and can occur in a child's home, or in organizations, schools, or communities the child interacts with.

Different jurisdictions have different requirements for mandatory reporting and have developed different definitions of what constitutes child abuse, and therefore have different criteria to remove children from their families or to prosecute a criminal charge.
Firdausi Qadri
Firdausi Qadri (born 31 March 1951) is a Bangladeshi scientist with specialization in immunology and infectious disease research. She has worked over 25 years on the development of vaccines for cholera and has expertise on other infectious diseases like ETEC, Typhoid, Helicobacter pylori, rotavirus, etc. Currently, she is working as a director for Centre for Vaccine Sciences of International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease and Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B). She also serves as chairperson of the Institute for developing Science and Health initiatives. Her scientific achievements lie in enteric infections and vaccines including Vibrio cholerae and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli—major causes of severe diarrhea. She has also focused on studying the immune response in Helicobacter pylori infected people in Bangladesh and the responses in patients with typhoid fever as well as vaccinees. The Government of Bangladesh awarded her the Independence Award in 2023.

Ramon Magsaysay Award
The Ramon Magsaysay Award (Filipino: Gawad Ramon Magsaysay) is an annual award established to perpetuate former Philippine President Ramon Magsaysay's example of integrity in governance, courageous service to the people, and pragmatic idealism within a democratic society. The prize was established in April 1957 by the trustees of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund based in New York City with the concurrence of the Philippine government. It is often called the "Nobel Prize of Asia".
University of Chicago Contemporary Chamber Players
The University of Chicago Contemporary Chamber Players (also called Contempo, CCP, or Contemporary Chamber Players of the University of Chicago) is an American ensemble dedicated to the performance of contemporary classical music.  It was founded in Chicago in 1964 by the American composer Ralph Shapey.  Its artistic director is the composer Shulamit Ran.

The ensemble has presented the world premieres of over 80 compositions, by composers including Roger Sessions, John Harbison, Ralph Shapey, George Perle, Shulamit Ran, and John Eaton.

In October 2004 the group announced that, in recognition of its 40th anniversary, it would henceforth be known as "Contempo."

George Perle
George Perle (6 May 1915 – 23 January 2009) was an American composer and music theorist. As a composer, his music was largely atonal, using methods similar to the twelve-tone technique of the Second Viennese School. This serialist style, and atonality in general, was the subject of much of his theoretical writings. His 1962 book, Serial Composition and Atonality: An Introduction to the Music of Schoenberg, Berg, and Webern remains a standard text for 20th-century classical music theory. Among Perle's awards was the 1986 Pulitzer Prize for Music for his Wind Quintet No. 4.
Renda, Latvia
Renda (German: Rönnen) is a village located in Renda Parish in the northeast section of Kuldīga Municipality in the Courland region of Latvia. It is famous for being the birthplace of the soldier Pēteris Dzelzītis. Located within the village is the Renda Church, established in 1786.

Kuldīga Municipality
Kuldīga Municipality (Latvian: Kuldīgas novads) is a municipality in Courland, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2009 by merging Ēdole parish, Gudenieki parish, Īvande parish, Kabile parish, Kurmāle parish, Laidi parish, Padure parish, Pelči parish, Renda parish, Rumba parish, Snēpele parish, Turlava parish, Vārme parish and Kuldīga town. The administrative centre is Kuldīga. As of 2020, the population was 22,028.

During the 2021 Latvian administrative reform, the previous municipality was merged with Alsunga Municipality and Skrunda Municipality. The new municipality now fully corresponds with the area of the former Kuldīga district.
5-Bromo-DMT
5-Bromo-DMT, or 5-Br-DMT, also known as 5-bromo-N,N-dimethyltryptamine or by informal names like sea DMT or SpongeBob DMT, is a psychedelic drug and brominated indole alkaloid of the tryptamine family related to dimethyltryptamine (DMT). It is the 5-bromo derivative of DMT. The drug is naturally occurring in the sponges Smenospongia aurea and Smenospongia echina, as well as in Verongula rigida (0.00142% dry weight) alongside 5,6-dibromo-DMT (0.35% dry weight) and seven other alkaloids. It has been encountered as a novel designer drug.

Jason Wallach
Jason Wallach (born 1987) is an American pharmacologist who studies psychedelic drugs and other hallucinogens. He is an assistant professor at Saint Joseph's University's Philadelphia College of Pharmacy.

In August 2020, Wallach began a partnership with the pharmaceutical company Compass Pathways for his research lab to develop novel psychedelic drugs as therapeutics. Hamilton Morris, a psychedelic journalist and the host of Hamilton's Pharmacopeia, works as a chemist in Wallach's lab.

Wallach graduated from Indiana University of Pennsylvania with his bachelor's degree in cell and molecular biology in 2008 and graduated with his Doctor of Philosophy degree in pharmacology and toxicology from the University of the Sciences in 2014.

In 2023, Wallach, Morris, and other colleagues published a key paper characterizing the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor intracellular signaling cascades mediating the head-twitch response, a behavioral proxy of psychedelic effects, in rodents.
Geoff Fox
Geoff Fox (July 26, 1950 – November 11, 2025) was an American television broadcast meteorologist, with seven Emmy awards, and a career in the industry spanning more than four decades. For just short of 27 years he worked at the television station WTNH in New Haven, Connecticut, where he started in 1984 and was senior weeknight meteorologist until 2011. Shortly after, Fox was hired by WTIC-TV in Hartford, Connecticut, where he was the weeknight 5:00 and 11:00 pm meteorologist, reported science and technology stories for the 4:00 pm newscast, and hosted a garden segment titled "Geoff's Garden" until November 2012.

Fox held a broadcast seal from the American Meteorological Society.

Scripps News
Scripps News is a free ad-supported streaming television (FAST) streaming news channel, and a former digital subchannel network headquartered in Atlanta, GA, and owned by the Scripps Networks division of the E. W. Scripps Company. It was previously known as Newsy, from its launch in 2008 until December 31, 2022.

Its content is available free on OTT platforms including FuboTV, Pluto TV, The Roku Channel, YouTube TV, Xumo, Haystack News, and Samsung TV Plus.
En Purushanthaan Enakku Mattumthaan
En Purushanthaan Enakku Mattumthaan (transl. My husband is mine alone) is a 1989 Indian Tamil-language drama film, directed by Manobala and written by P. Kalaimani. The film stars Vijayakanth, Suhasini and Rekha. It was released on 3 February 1989. The film was remade in Hindi as Mera Pati Sirf Mera Hai (1990) by the same director. It was also remade in Telugu as Naa Mogudu Naake Sontham (1989) and in Kannada as Hatamari Hennu Kiladi Gandu (1992). The title of the song is derived from the film Gopurangal Saivathillai (1982).

Rekha Harris
Sumathi Josephine, better known by her stage name Rekha, is an Indian actress who predominantly works in Tamil and Malayalam films. She also starred in a few Telugu and Kannada films.She was one of the contestants of Bigg Boss Tamil Season 4.
Leonidas (physician)
Leonidas, (Greek: Λεωνίδας), a Greek physician who was a native of Alexandria, and belonged to the sect of the Episynthetici. As he is quoted by Caelius Aurelianus, and himself quotes Galen, he probably lived in the 2nd and 3rd centuries. Of his writings, which appear to have been chiefly related to surgical subjects, nothing now remains but some fragments preserved by Aëtius and Paul of Aegina, from which we may judge that he was a skillful practitioner.

Leonidas followed Galen in advocating the excision of breast cancer via a wide cut through normal tissues, but recommended alternate incision and cautery, which became the standard for the next 15 centuries.  He provided the first detailed description of a mastectomy, which included the first description of nipple retraction as a clinical sign of breast cancer, and advocated systemic "detoxification of the body".

Aëtius of Amida
Aëtius of Amida (/eɪˈiːʃəs/; Ancient Greek: Ἀέτιος Ἀμιδηνός; Latin: Aëtius Amidenus; fl. mid-5th century to mid-6th century) was a Byzantine Greek physician and medical writer, particularly distinguished by the extent of his erudition. His birth and death years are not known, but his writings appear to date from the end of the 5th century or the beginning of the 6th.

Aëtius was probably a Christian. If so, he would be among the earliest recorded Greek Christian physicians.

He is sometimes confused with Aëtius of Antioch, a famous Arian who lived in the time of the Emperor Julian.
The Storm (Tchaikovsky)
The Storm, Op. 76 (TH 36) (Russian: Гроза, groza), is an overture (in the context of a symphonic poem) in E minor composed by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky around June and August 1864. The work is inspired by the play The Storm by the Russian playwright Alexander Ostrovsky. The same play also inspired Leoš Janáček's opera Káťa Kabanová.

Káťa Kabanová
Káťa Kabanová (also known in various spellings including Katia, Katja, Katya, and Kabanowa) is an opera in three acts, with music by Leoš Janáček to a libretto by the composer based on The Storm, a play by Alexander Ostrovsky, translated by Vincenc Červinka. The opera was also largely inspired by Janáček's love for Kamila Stösslová. Although he was 67 when it was premiered, Káťa Kabanová is a clear response to Janáček's feelings for Kamila, and the work is dedicated to her. The first performance was at the National Theatre Brno on 23 November 1921.

The opera has had a complex publication history. František Neumann, the conductor of the opera's first performance, made changes that were incorporated into the first publication of the score in 1922 by Universal Edition. Conductor Václav Talich later produced a "re-orchestrated" version of the score. In 1992, Sir Charles Mackerras published a critical edition of the opera.
Sunray, Oklahoma
Sunray (also known as Beckett) is a small unincorporated community in Stephens County, Oklahoma, United States. It is south of Duncan on U.S. Route 81.

As of the 2020 census, Sunray had a population of 853.

The community is adjacent to the old DX-Sunray refinery (TOSCO Corp. Duncan refinery) which closed in 1983 and was imploded in 2006.

Duncan, Oklahoma
Duncan is a city in and the county seat of Stephens County, Oklahoma, United States. Its population was 22,310 at the 2020 census. Centrally located in Stephens County, Duncan became the county seat after Oklahoma achieved statehood in 1907. Oil wells opened in Stephens County in 1918 and led to rapid development. Cotton was a dominant crop until the Dust Bowl brought its decline, but cattle remain an important part of the economy. The Chisholm Trail passed to the east of Duncan prior to the town's founding, which is home to the Chisholm Trail Heritage Center.

Duncan is the birthplace of the Halliburton Corporation. Erle P. Halliburton established the New Method Oil Well Cementing Company in 1919. Halliburton maintains seven different complexes in Duncan plus an employee recreational park, but the corporate offices relocated first to Dallas and later to Houston.
Evgenia Grebenyuk
Evgenia Grebenyuk (born 10 February 1988) is a Russian former professional tennis player.

Grebenyuk has career-high WTA rankings of 238 in singles, achieved on 11 June 2007, and 238 in doubles, set on 24 March 2008. She has won 1 singles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit.

Grebenyuk made her only WTA Tour main draw appearance at the 2008 İstanbul Cup, partnering Czech Veronika Chvojková in the doubles. But First Round lost American Jill Craybas and Belarusian Olga Govortsova.

Jill Craybas
Jill N. Craybas (born July 4, 1974) is an American former professional tennis player.

From the 2000 US Open to the 2011 US Open, Craybas competed in 45 consecutive Grand Slam tournament main draws; her best result coming in the 2005 Wimbledon Championships where she reached the fourth round, which included wins over Marion Bartoli and Serena Williams. By the time she retired in 2013, she was one of the oldest players on the WTA Tour at 39 years of age, as well as the longest serving, having turned pro in 1996.
LK II
The Leichter Kampfwagen II ("light combat vehicle"), commonly known as the LK II, was a light tank designed and produced in limited numbers in Germany in the last year of World War I. A development of the LK I, it incorporated a fixed rear superstructure and had two distinct configurations; one variant being armed with the MG 08/15, and the other being armed with a 5.7 cm Maxim-Nordenfelt gun. Its armor was 8 to 14 mm thick, which led to a total weight of 8.75 tons. Power was provided by a Daimler-Benz Model 1910 4-cylinder 55-60 hp gasoline engine, giving a maximum speed of 14 to 18 km/h with range of 65–70 km.

The LK II was designed by German engineer and automobile designer Joseph Vollmer, who also designed the A7V, the K-Wagen and the LK I. Vollmer was appointed to the position of chief designer for the German War Department's motor vehicle section

Only two prototypes were produced by June 1918, and were followed by orders for 580 tanks, which were never completed.

MG 08
The MG 08 (German: Maschinengewehr 08, lit. 'Machine gun 08') is a heavy machine gun (HMG) which served as the standard HMG of the Imperial German Army during World War I. It was an adaptation of Hiram Maxim's 1884 Maxim gun design, and was produced in a number of variants during the war. The MG 08 also saw service during World War II in the infantry divisions of the German Army, although by the end of the war it had mostly been relegated to second-rate "fortress" units.

Designated after 1908, the year it was adopted by the Imperial German Army, the MG 08 was a development of the license-made MG 01, which was a slight development of the MG 99 The MG 08's rate of fire depends on the lock assembly used and averages 500 rounds per minute for the Schloss 08 and 600 rounds per minute for the Schloss 16. Additional telescopic sights were also developed and used in large quantities during World War I to enable the MG 08 to be used in long-range direct fire and indirect fire support roles.
Newton River (Fiordland)
The Newton River is a river in Fiordland, New Zealand. It drains Lake Fraser south-westward into the Tasman Sea just south of West Cape.

Newton River is an official name, gazetted on 4 February 1960, after being in use by local fishermen for some time. It is about 9 km (5.6 mi) long.

The river flows over the Newton River pluton of Carbonferous biotite, granodiorite and granite, which has been glaciated and also forms a rock arch to the south of the river mouth, where a marine terrace has been uplifted within the last half a million years.

The beech forest in the valley includes black beech (tawairauriki), kāmahi, and silver beech (tawhai).

New Zealand Gazette
The New Zealand Gazette (Māori: Te Kāhiti o Aotearoa), commonly referred to as the Gazette, is the official newspaper of record the New Zealand Government (government gazette), serving as the medium by which decisions of Government are promulgated.

Published since 1840, it is the longest-running publication in New Zealand. In October 2014, the printed edition was replaced by an official online version, which was published every Thursday. October 2017 marked the end of the weekly edition, and the Gazette began to be published continuously. Special editions are also published twice a year to cover the New Year Honours and King's Birthday Honours.
Project Hacker: Kakusei
Project Hacker: Kakusei (プロジェクトハッカー 覚醒, "Project Hacker: Awakening") is a point and click adventure video game developed by Red Entertainment and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS. In Project Hacker: Kakusei, the player takes control of a hacker named Satoru Amatsubo. Both Satoru and detective partner Rina Okubo are employed by the internet crime-fighting GIS.

Security hacker
A security hacker or security researcher is someone who explores methods for breaching or bypassing defenses and exploiting weaknesses in a computer system or network. Hackers may be motivated by a multitude of reasons, such as profit, protest, sabotage, information gathering, challenge, recreation, or evaluation of a system weaknesses to assist in formulating defenses against potential hackers.

Longstanding controversy surrounds the meaning of the term "hacker". In this controversy, computer programmers reclaim the term hacker, arguing that it refers simply to someone with an advanced understanding of computers and computer networks, and that cracker is the more appropriate term for those who break into computers, whether computer criminals (black hats) or computer security experts (white hats). A 2014 article noted that "the black-hat meaning still prevails among the general public". The subculture that has evolved around hackers is often referred to as the "computer underground".
Martha and Maurice Ostheimer Estate
The Martha and Maurice Ostheimer Estate is an historic, American home that is located in West Whiteland Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania. The estate home known as "Grimmet" was designed by architect John Gilbert McIlvaine, a partner of Wilson Eyre, and built in 1924 in the Tudor Revival style.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.

Wilson Eyre
Wilson Eyre Jr. (October 30, 1858 – October 23, 1944) was an American architect, teacher and writer who practiced in the Philadelphia area.  He is known for his deliberately informal and welcoming country houses, and for being an innovator in the Shingle Style.
Dickson, Alberta
Dickson is a hamlet in central Alberta, Canada within Red Deer County. It is located approximately 25 kilometres (16 mi) west of Innisfail near the Dickson Dam and Gleniffer Lake.  It is within Census Division No. 8.

Dickson Dam
Dickson Dam is a flow-regulation dam constructed in 1983 which impounded the Red Deer River creating a reservoir known as Gleniffer Lake. The dam is 20 km (12 mi) west of the town of Innisfail and 50 km (31 mi) southwest of the city of Red Deer. The dam was created to control for floods and low winter flows, to improve quality of the river, to create a recreational resource and to provide a reliable, year-round water supply sufficient for future industrial, regional and municipal growth.
Saint Luke painting the Virgin
Saint Luke painting the Virgin (German and Dutch: Lukas-Madonna) is a devotional subject in art showing Luke the Evangelist painting the Virgin Mary with the Child Jesus. Such paintings were often created during the Renaissance for chapels of Saint Luke in European churches, and frequently recall the composition of the Salus Populi Romani, an icon based on the legend of Luke's portrait of Mary. Versions of the subject were sometimes painted as the masterpiece that many guilds required an artist to submit before receiving the title of master.

Guild
A guild (/ɡɪld/, GHILD) is a professional association of artisans and merchants who oversee the practice of their craft/trade in a particular territory. The word derived from medieval Europe where guilds were probably at their most extensive, but it has been used to describe similar groups before and after that period and in other parts of the world.  Typically the key "privilege" was that only guild members were allowed to sell their goods or practice their skill within a city. There might be controls on minimum or maximum prices, hours of trading, numbers of apprentices, and many other things. Critics argued that these rules reduced free competition, but defenders maintained that they protected professional standards.