hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Carrier-sense multiple access
Carrier-sense multiple access (CSMA) is a medium access control (MAC) protocol in which a node verifies the absence of other traffic before transmitting on a shared transmission medium, such as an electrical bus or a band of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Under CSMA, a transmitter uses a carrier-sense mechanism to determine whether another transmission is in progress before initiating a transmission. That is, it tries to detect the presence of a carrier signal from another node before attempting to transmit. If a carrier is sensed, the node waits for the transmission in progress to end before initiating its own transmission. Using CSMA, multiple nodes may, in turn, send and receive on the same medium. Transmissions by one node are generally received by all other nodes connected to the medium.

Variations on basic CSMA include addition of collision-avoidance (CSMA/CA), collision-detection (CSMA/CD) and collision-resolution techniques.

Network traffic
Network traffic or data traffic is the amount of data moving across a network at a given point of time. Network data in computer networks is mostly encapsulated in network packets, which provide the load in the network. Network traffic is the main component for network traffic measurement, network traffic control and simulation.

Network traffic control - managing, prioritizing, controlling or reducing the network traffic

Network traffic measurement - measuring the amount and type of traffic on a particular network

Network traffic simulation - to measure the efficiency of a communications network

Traffic generation model - is a stochastic model of the traffic flows or data sources in a communication computer network.

Proper analysis of network traffic provides the organization with the network security as a benefit - unusual amount of traffic in a network is a possible sign of an attack. Network traffic reports provide valuable insights into preventing such attacks.
Coptic Orthodox Church in the United States
Copts, many of whom are adherents of the Coptic Orthodox Church, began migrating to the United States of America in the late 1940s. After 1952, the rate of Coptic immigration from Egypt to the United States increased. The first Coptic church in the United States, St. Mark's Coptic Orthodox Church, was established in the late 1960s in Jersey City.

There are many Coptic Orthodox churches and congregations in the United States. Estimated numbers of adherents, based on church membership, was stated in 2008 as between 350,000 and 420,000. Based on the estimates of certain Coptic organizations, the number was between 700,000 and one million in 2002. As of 2007, there were about 200 parishes in the United States that served the expanding Coptic Orthodox population.

Pope Tawadros II of Alexandria
Pope Tawadros II (born Wajih Subhi Baqi Sulayman; 4 November 1952) is the 118th and current Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of the See of St. Mark, succeeding the late Pope Shenouda III as leader of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria. He took office on 18 November 2012 (Coptic calendar: 9 Hathor 1729), two weeks after being selected.
Ken Sanders (book dealer)
Ken Sanders (born 1951) is an American antiquarian bookseller who is also well known for his pursuit of book thieves. He organized a sting operation to capture  John Charles Gilkey, and is a major focus of the book The Man Who Loved Books Too Much, about Gilkey's thefts. He has been an appraiser on Antiques Roadshow. He was raised in Salt Lake City, where he "was a serious book collector by age 17."

He founded Ken Sanders Rare Books in 1997 and Dream Garden Press in 1980. In 1982 he was a founding member of the Fund for Wild Nature (then the Earth First! Foundation), which provides grants for the protection of biodiversity and wilderness.  He is a member of the Antiquarian Booksellers' Association of America and served on its Board of Governors for six years, during which time he was the Security Chair. He was a friend of Edward Abbey, and is a subject of the documentary WRENCHED!

Antiques Roadshow
Antiques Roadshow is a British reality show television programme broadcast by the BBC in which antiques appraisers travel to various regions of the United Kingdom (and occasionally in other countries) to appraise antiques brought in by local people (generally speaking). It has been running since 1979, based on a 1977 documentary programme.

The series has spawned many international versions throughout Europe, North America and other countries with the same TV format. The programme is hosted by Fiona Bruce and in 2025 was in its 48th series.
Tivoli River
The Tivoli River is an 8.9-mile-long (14.3 km) primarily tidal river in Bryan County, Georgia, in the United States. It flows into the Belfast River, just north of that river's terminus at the Medway River, an arm of the Atlantic Ocean.

Bryan County, Georgia
Bryan County is a county located in the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 44,738. The county seat is Pembroke.

Bryan County is part of the Savannah, Georgia metropolitan statistical area.

The Bryan County Courthouse is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Laura Chenel
Laura Chenel (born in c. 1948–1949) is an American cheesemaker and the first commercial producer of goat cheese in America through an eponymous company. In 1979, she began producing chèvre in the San Francisco Bay Area town of Sebastopol, California. Chenel received her first large order in 1980 when Alice Waters of Chez Panisse added a goat cheese salad using her chèvre to the restaurant's menu. Eventually, Chenel’s operation expanded to sales of over two million pounds of cheese per year. The company primarily manufactures fresh chèvre, although aged cheeses make up roughly 10% of its business. In 2006, Chenel sold the company to the Rians Group.

Cheesemaking
Cheesemaking (or caseiculture) is the craft of making cheese. The production of cheese, like many other food preservation processes, allows the nutritional and economic value of a food material, in this case milk, to be preserved in concentrated form. Cheesemaking allows the production of the cheese with diverse flavors and consistencies.
Germanium difluoride
Germanium difluoride (GeF2) is a chemical compound of germanium and fluorine. It is a white solid with a melting point of 110 °C, and can be produced by reacting germanium tetrafluoride with germanium powder at 150–300 °C.

Melting point
The melting point (or, rarely, liquefaction point) of a substance is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid. At the melting point the solid and liquid phase exist in equilibrium. The melting point of a substance depends on pressure and is usually specified at a standard pressure such as 1 atmosphere or 100 kPa.

When considered as the temperature of the reverse change from liquid to solid, it is referred to as the freezing point or crystallization point. Because of the ability of substances to supercool, the freezing point can easily appear to be below its actual value. When the "characteristic freezing point" of a substance is determined, in fact, the actual methodology is almost always "the principle of observing the disappearance rather than the formation of ice, that is, the melting point."
Massachusetts House of Representatives' 10th Worcester district
Massachusetts House of Representatives' 10th Worcester district in the United States is one of 160 legislative districts included in the lower house of the Massachusetts General Court. It covers parts of Norfolk County and Worcester County. Democrat Brian Murray of Milford has represented the district since 2017.

Massachusetts Democratic Party
The Massachusetts Democratic Party (MassDems) is the affiliate of the Democratic Party in Massachusetts. It is chaired by Steve Kerrigan and is the dominant party in the state, controlling all nine of the state's U.S. House seats, both U.S. Senate seats, all six elected statewide offices including the governorship, and supermajorities in both houses of the state legislature.
Mount Dobson
Mount Dobson is the common name for Dobson Peak as a result of being used for the name of a ski resort near Fairlie in South Canterbury, South Island of New Zealand. There is an official Mount Dobson being 702 m (2,303 ft) high at the northern end of the South Island in Marlborough District between Blenheim and Picton, and an unofficial Mount Dobson in the Southern Alps at 2,265 m (7,431 ft) only a short distance due west. Accordingly confusion could arise.

Marlborough District
41°53′S 173°40′E﻿ / ﻿41.883°S 173.667°E﻿ / -41.883; 173.667

Marlborough District or the Marlborough Region (Māori: Te Tauihu-o-te-waka, or Tauihu), commonly known simply as Marlborough, is one of the 16 regions of New Zealand, located on the northeast of the South Island. It is administered by Marlborough District Council, a unitary authority, performing the functions of both a territorial authority and a regional council. The council is based at Blenheim, the largest town. The unitary region has a population of 50,800 (June 2025). It borders the Nelson Region and Tasman District to the west, and the Canterbury Region to the south.

Marlborough is known for its dry climate, the Marlborough Sounds, and Sauvignon blanc wine. It takes its name from the earlier Marlborough Province, which was named after John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, an English general and statesman.
BWG Foods
BWG Foods Unlimited Company is a wholesaler and retail grocery franchise operator in Ireland, owned by SPAR South Africa.

BWG is the second largest wholesaler in Ireland in terms of sales, after Musgrave Group, with sales of over €1.7 billion annually. It used to be owned by a consortium run by Leo Crawford, John O'Donnell and John Clohessy. In 2015, SPAR's franchise in South Africa acquired an 80% stake in BWG for €55 million, in 2021 they gained full ownership of BWG.  The company head office is based in Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland.

Central billing
Central billing is a phrase used to describe the process of using the collective buying power of independent businesses to extract discounts from suppliers. It was pioneered in the convenience grocery sector convenience grocery sector in Europe.
Nanlang railway station
Nanlang railway station (Chinese: 南朗站) is an elevated station of Guangzhou–Zhuhai intercity railway.

The station is located near Yakou Village (Chinese: 崖口村), Nanlang Town, Zhongshan, Guangdong, China, a famous seafood village in Zhongshan. It started operations on 7 January 2011.

Elevated railway
An elevated railway or elevated train (also known as an el train or el for short) is a railway with the tracks above street level on a viaduct or other elevated structure (usually constructed from steel, cast iron, concrete, or bricks). The railway may be a broad-gauge, standard-gauge or narrow-gauge railway, rapid transit, light rail, monorail, or a suspension railway. Elevated railways are normally found in urban areas that would otherwise require impracticably many level crossings. Usually, the tracks of elevated railways that run on steel viaducts can be seen from street level.
Datroniella minuta
Datroniella minuta is a species of fungus in the family Polyporaceae. It was described in 2016 by mycologists Carla Rejane Sousa de Lira and Leif Ryvarden from collections made in northeast Brazil. The fungus is characterized by its tiny, cup-shaped fruit bodies that are reddish to dark brown, and microscopically by its large cylindrical spores that typically measure 9–10 by 3 μm.

Basidiocarp
In fungi, a basidiocarp, basidiome, or basidioma (pl. basidiomata) is the sporocarp of a basidiomycete, the multicellular structure on which the spore-producing hymenium is borne. Basidiocarps are characteristic of the hymenomycetes; rusts and smuts do not produce such structures. As with other sporocarps, epigeous (above-ground) basidiocarps that are visible to the naked eye (especially those with a more or less agaricoid morphology) are commonly referred to as mushrooms, while hypogeous (underground) basidiocarps are usually called false truffles.
Zygmund Sazevich
Zygmund Sazevich (May 2, 1899, Kovno, Russia (now Kaunas, Lithuania) – 1968, San Francisco) was an American sculptor.

He studied at the University of Kazan.
He immigrated to the San Francisco area in 1923.  
He studied art at University of California, Berkeley and the California School of Fine Arts.
He taught at the California School of Fine Arts from 1947 to 1965, and at Mills College from 1947 to 1958.

He created sculpture for Post Offices in Roseville, California, San Mateo, California, and carved three wood bas reliefs for the post office in Kent, Washington.
His bronze sculpture, Egrets, is at Los Altos, California.

Kent, Washington
Kent is a city in King County, Washington, United States. It is part of the Seattle metropolitan area and had a population of 136,588 as of the 2020 census, and was estimated at 136,588 in 2024, making it the fourth-most populous municipality in greater Seattle and the sixth-most populous in Washington state. The city is connected to Seattle, Bellevue and Tacoma via State Route 167 and Interstate 5, Sounder commuter rail, and commuter buses.

Incorporated in 1890, Kent is the second-oldest incorporated city in the county, after the county seat of Seattle. It is generally divided into three areas: West Hill (mixed residential and commercial along Interstate 5), Valley (primarily industrial and commercial with some medium-density residential; significant parkland along Green River), and East Hill (primarily residential with retail).
Mohd Arsad Bistari
Mohd Arsad bin Bistari is a Malaysian politician who has served as the Member of the Sabah State Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Tempasuk since September 2020. He is a member of the Parti Gagasan Rakyat Sabah (GAGASAN), a component party of the Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (GRS) coalition and was a former member of the United Malays National Organisation of Sabah (Sabah UMNO), a component party of the Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition. He was expelled from Sabah UMNO before joining GAGASAN on 21 February 2023.

Gabungan Rakyat Sabah
Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (GRS; English: Sabah People's Coalition) is a Malaysian coalition of Sabah-based parties. It was established in 2020 and then registered in 2022 by former United Alliance of Sabah (GBS) and United Borneo Alliance (UBA) component parties operating solely in Sabah inspired by the formula of Sarawak-based coalition, Gabungan Parti Sarawak (GPS). Gabungan Rakyat Sabah gained significant popularity among Sabahans with a regionalist political outlook.
Point Denis
Point Denis is the best known seaside resort in Gabon.  It lies on a peninsula between the Atlantic Ocean and the Gabon Estuary, across which boats sail to Libreville.  It also lies near the Pongara National Park.

Gabon Estuary
The Gabon River or Gabon Estuary is a short wide estuary in the western Gabon.  The capital Libreville has a large port on the north bank of the estuary which collects water from the Komo River and River Ebe. The estuary empties into the Gulf of Guinea. The estuary is locally known as the Estuaire du Gabon.
1934 Hammersmith North by-election
The 1934 Hammersmith North by-election was held on 24 April 1934.  The by-election was held due to the death of the incumbent Conservative MP, Mary Pickford.  It was won by the Labour candidate Fielding West.

Hammersmith North (UK Parliament constituency)
Hammersmith North was a borough constituency in the Metropolitan Borough of Hammersmith in West London. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post system.
HLA-B associated transcript 3
Large proline-rich protein BAT3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BAT3 gene.

A cluster of genes, BAT1-BAT5, has been localized in the vicinity of the genes for TNF alpha and TNF beta. These genes are all within the human major histocompatibility complex class III region. The protein encoded by this gene is a nuclear protein. It has been implicated in the control of apoptosis and regulating heat shock protein. There are three alternatively spliced transcript variants described for this gene.

Gene cluster
A gene cluster is a group of two or more genes found within an organism's DNA that encode similar polypeptides or proteins which collectively share a generalized function and are often located within a few thousand base pairs of each other. The size of gene clusters can vary significantly, from a few genes to several hundred genes. Portions of the DNA sequence of each gene within a gene cluster are found to be identical; however, the protein encoded by each gene is distinct from the proteins encoded by the other genes within the cluster. Gene clusters often result from expansions of a single gene caused by repeated duplication events, and may be observed near one another on the same chromosome or on different, but homologous chromosomes. An example of a gene cluster is the Hox gene, which is made up of eight genes and is part of the Homeobox gene family.
Second Scutari War
The Second Scutari War (Albanian: Lufta e Dytë e Shkodrës; Serbo-Croatian: Други скадарски рат) was an armed conflict in 1419–1426 between Zeta (1419–1421) and then the Serbian Despotate (1421–1423) on the one side and the Venetian Republic on the other, over Shkodër and other former possessions of Zeta captured by Venice.

Gjon Kastrioti
Gjon Kastrioti[a]  was an Albanian feudal lord from the House of Kastrioti which he led until his death in 1439, and the father of Albanian leader and national hero Gjergj Kastrioti (better known as Skanderbeg). He governed the territory between the Cape of Rodon and Dibër and had at his disposal an army of 2,000 horsemen.
AirTrain Newark
AirTrain Newark is a 3-mile (4.8 km) monorail people mover system connecting the terminals at Newark Liberty International Airport (EWR) and the Newark Liberty International Airport Station on the Northeast Corridor (NEC), where transfers are made to Amtrak and NJ Transit's Northeast Corridor Line and North Jersey Coast Line. The monorail opened in 1996, and is planned to be replaced by a Cable Liner system by 2030.

NJ Transit Rail Operations
NJ Transit Rail Operations (reporting mark NJTR) is the rail division of NJ Transit. It operates commuter rail service in New Jersey, with most service centered on transportation to and from New York City, Hoboken, and Newark. NJ Transit also operates rail service in Orange and Rockland counties in New York under contract to Metro-North Railroad. The commuter rail lines saw 59,447,200 riders in 2024, making it the third-busiest commuter railroad in North America and the longest commuter rail system in North America by route length.
Hotel California (2013 film)
Hotel California  is a 2013 Malayalam comedy caper film directed by Aji John and written by Anoop Menon. It stars Jayasurya, Anoop Menon, Saiju Kurup, Shankar Panikkar, Joju George, Honey Rose, Maria Roy and Aparna Nair. The film is produced by Josemon Simon under the banner of Jairaj Films and features music composed by Shaan Rahman, cinematography by Jithu Damodar and editing by Xian. The film's title is inspired by the famous song of the same name by Eagles.

Saiju Kurup
Saiju Govinda Kurup (born 12 March 1979) is an Indian actor who works in Malayalam and Tamil films. He debuted in Mayookham (2005) by Hariharan. He has starred in over 100 films as the main lead, comedian actor and supporting role.
False Hare
False Hare is a 1964 Warner Bros. Looney Tunes animated short directed by Robert McKimson. The short was released on July 18, 1964, and stars Bugs Bunny.

This cartoon was the last production completed by the original Warner Bros. Cartoons studio, and is also the last to feature the "target" opening and closing title cards, and the long-familiar version of "The Merry-Go-Round Broke Down" theme. This short is also well-known for being the final appearance of Bugs Bunny during the Golden Age of American animation. The next theatrical Bugs Bunny short, Box-Office Bunny, would be released on February 8, 1991, 27 years later.

Robert McKimson
Robert Porter McKimson Sr. (October 13, 1910 – September 29, 1977) was an American animator and illustrator, best known for his work on the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons from Warner Bros. Cartoons and later DePatie–Freleng Enterprises. He wrote and directed many animated cartoon shorts starring Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Foghorn Leghorn, Hippety Hopper, Speedy Gonzales, and the Tasmanian Devil, among other characters. He also developed Bugs Bunny's design in the 1943 short Tortoise Wins by a Hare.
Tisiphonus of Pherae
Tisiphonus (Ancient Greek: Τισίφονος), son of Jason of Pherae, was a tyrant of Pherae (357-355/4 BC) following the death of Alexander of Pherae.

Tisiphonus together with his two brothers, Lycophron and Peitholaus, murdered Alexander in his sleep. At first the brothers were celebrated for ridding the city of a tyrant, but later, with help of mercenaries, they established their own tyranny and slew many of their opponents.

Tisiphonus held the nominal title of a tyrant until at least 355 BC, since Xenophon mentions Tisiphonus as ruler of Pherae at the time of writing his narrative (Xenophon died in 354 BC). After that Tisiphonus disappears from history. When Diodorus Siculus mentions affairs of Pherae in 352 BC, he says that Lycophron and Peitholaus were tyrants.

Diodorus Siculus
Diodorus Siculus or Diodorus of Sicily (Ancient Greek: Διόδωρος, romanized: Diódōros; fl. 1st century BC) was an ancient Greek historian from Sicily. He is known for writing the monumental universal history Bibliotheca historica, in forty books, fifteen of which survive intact, between 60 and 30 BC. 
The history is arranged in three parts. The first covers mythic history up to the destruction of Troy, arranged geographically, describing regions around the world from Egypt, India and Arabia to Europe. The second covers the time from the Trojan War to the death of Alexander the Great. The third covers the period to about 60 BC. Bibliotheca, meaning 'library', acknowledges that he was drawing on the work of many other authors.
'N Everything
"'N Everything" is an Al Jolson song by songwriters B.G. "Buddy" DeSylva and Gus Kahn. Jolson adapted the song with improvisation as performances of Sinbad progressed, leading Jolson to eventually be given co-lyricist credit on the song. The success of "'N Everything" prompted Jolson to ask DeSylva for further songs. And DeSylva complied with his request to write some songs, including "I'll Say She Does", again with Kahn and Jolson listed as his collaborators.

Gus Kahn
Gustav Gerson Kahn (November 6, 1886 – October 8, 1941) was an American lyricist who contributed a number of songs to the Great American Songbook, including "Pretty Baby", "Ain't We Got Fun?", "Carolina in the Morning", "Toot, Toot, Tootsie (Goo' Bye!)", "My Buddy" "I'll See You in My Dreams", "It Had to Be You", "Yes Sir, That's My Baby", "Love Me or Leave Me", "Makin' Whoopee", "My Baby Just Cares for Me", "I'm Through with Love", "Dream a Little Dream of Me" and "You Stepped Out of a Dream".
Bramberk
Bramberk (German: Bramberg) is a stone observation tower in the municipality of Lučany nad Nisou in the Czech Republic. It is located on the hill Bramberk (787 m or 2,582 ft above sea level) in the Jizera Mountains. It is 21 metres (69 ft) high, with 87 steps to the top. It was built in 1912.

Observation tower
An observation tower is a tower used to view events from a long distance and to create a full 360 degree range of vision to conduct long distance observations. Observation towers are usually at least 20 metres (66 ft) tall and are made from stone, iron, and wood. Many modern towers are also used as TV towers, restaurants, or churches. The towers first appeared in the ancient world, as long ago as the Babylonian Empire.

Observation towers that are used as guard posts or observation posts over an extended period to overlook an area are commonly called watchtowers instead.

Similar instances of observation towers are recognised as crow's nests, observatories, viewing platforms, etc.