hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
3-Dehydroquinic acid
3-Dehydroquinic acid (DHQ) is the first carbocyclic intermediate of the shikimate pathway. It is created from 3-deoxyarabinoheptulosonate 7-phosphate, a 7-carbon ulonic acid, by the enzyme DHQ synthase. The mechanism of ring closure is complex, but involves an aldol condensation at C-2 and C-7.

It has the same structure as quinic acid, which is found in coffee, but the C-3 hydroxyl is oxidized to a ketone group. 3-Dehydroquinic acid undergoes five further enzymatic steps in the remainder of the shikimate pathway to chorismic acid, a precursor to tyrosine, 3-phenylalanine, tryptophan, and some vitamins, including:

Vitamin K

Pteroylmonoglutamic acid, called folate.

3-Dehydroquinate can also be a precursor to pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), an alternate redox coenzyme involved in oxidative phosphorylation.

Pyrroloquinoline quinone
Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), also called methoxatin, is a redox cofactor and antioxidant.

Quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase is used as a glucose sensor in bacteria. PQQ stimulates growth in bacteria.
Pico family of California
The Pico family is a prominent Californio family of Southern California. Members of the family held extensive rancho grants and numerous important positions, including Governor of Alta California, signer of the Constitution of California, and California State Senator, among numerous others. Numerous locations are named after the family across California.

Conquest of California
The Conquest of California, also known as the Conquest of Alta California or the California Campaign, was a military campaign during the Mexican–American War carried out by the United States in Alta California (modern-day California), then part of Mexico, lasting from 1846 to 1847, and ending with signing of the Treaty of Cahuenga by military leaders from both the Californios and Americans.
McNish
McNish is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Allan McNish (born 1969), racing driver

Althea McNish, British textile designer from Trinidad

Callum McNish (born 1992), English footballer

Cliff McNish, fantasy author for young adults

Courtney McNish, Trinidad and Tobago politician

Harry McNish (1874–1930), the carpenter on Sir Ernest Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition of 1914–1917

Ryan McNish (born 1981), lacrosse player for the Edmonton Rush in the National Lacrosse League

Allan McNish
Allan McNish (born 29 December 1969) is a British former racing driver, commentator and team principal from Scotland. He is a three-time winner of the 24 Hours of Le Mans, most recently in 2013, as well as a three-time winner of the American Le Mans Series, which he last won in 2007. He won the FIA World Endurance Championship (FIA WEC) in 2013. He has been a co-commentator and pundit for BBC Formula One coverage on TV, radio and online. He was team principal of the Audi Sport ABT Schaeffler Formula E team, and is currently the Director of the Audi Driver Development Programme.
Tofazzal Islam
Md. Tofazzal Islam (born December 20, 1966) is a biotechnologist, ecological chemist, educator, and author from Bangladesh. He is now a Professor and founding Director of the Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE) of Gazipur Agricultural University (GAU) in Bangladesh. He joined Bangladesh Open University (BOU) as a lecturer in 1994 and became an Assistant, Associate and full Professor in 1997, 2004 and 2010, respectively. He joined GAU on July 1, 2010, as a Professor and Head of the Department of Biotechnology.

University Grants Commission of Bangladesh
University Grants Commission of Bangladesh (Bengali: বাংলাদেশ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় মঞ্জুরী কমিশন, romanized: Bañglādeś Biśbobidyālaẏ mañjurī komiśan; abbreviated as UGC) is the apex body responsible for overseeing higher education in Bangladesh, ensuring quality standards, and advising on university development. It was established on 16 December 1972, according to the Presidential Order (P.O. No 10 of 1973) of the Government of People's Republic of Bangladesh. It regulates public and private universities, promoting academic excellence and supporting research initiatives across the country.
Toxopneustes
Toxopneustes is a genus of sea urchins from the tropical Indo-Pacific. It contains four species. They are known to possess medically significant venom to humans on their pedicellariae (tiny claw-like structures). They are sometimes collectively known as flower urchins, after the most widespread and most commonly encountered species in the genus, the flower urchin (Toxopneustes pileolus).

Pedicellaria
A pedicellaria (pl.: pedicellariae) is a small wrench- or claw-shaped appendage with movable jaws, called valves, commonly found on echinoderms (phylum Echinodermata), particularly in sea stars (class Asteroidea) and sea urchins (class Echinoidea).

Each pedicellaria is an effector organ with its own set of muscles, neuropils, and sensory receptors and is therefore capable of reflex responses to the environment.
Pedicellariae are poorly understood but in some taxa, they are thought to keep the body surface clear of algae, encrusting organisms, and other debris in conjunction with the ciliated epidermis present in all echinoderms.

These structures are derived from the mesodermal skeleton.
Don't Call Us Dead
Don't Call Us Dead is a 2017 poetry collection by Danez Smith, published by Graywolf Press. Smith's second book of poems, it won the Forward Prize for Best Collection and was a finalist for the National Book Award for Poetry.

Forward Prizes for Poetry
The Forward Prizes for Poetry are major British awards for poetry, presented annually at a public ceremony in London. They were founded in 1992 by William Sieghart with the aim of celebrating excellence in poetry and increasing its audience. The prizes do this by identifying and honouring talent: collections published in the UK and Ireland over the course of the previous year are eligible, as are single poems nominated by journal editors or prize organisers. Each year, works shortlisted for the prizes – plus those highly commended by the judges – are collected in the Forward Book of Poetry.

The awards have been sponsored since their inception by the content marketing agency Bookmark, formerly Forward Worldwide. The best first collection prize is sponsored by the estate of Felix Dennis.

The Forward Prizes for Poetry celebrated their 30th anniversary in 2021. In 2023, a new category for outstanding performance of a poem was added to the list of awards.
Polyetheramines
Polyetheramines are a group of chemicals that are aliphatic organic species based on both ether and amine groups. They are produced by reacting either ethylene oxide or propylene oxide with polyols and then aminating them. There are a number of commercially available molecules with different CAS numbers and molecular weights. They often come with a prefix of M, D or T for  monofunctional, difunctional and trifunctional respectively. D-230 would mean difunctional with a  molecular weight of 230. A key use is for curing epoxy resins.

Propylene oxide
Propylene oxide is an epoxide with the molecular formula C3H6O. This colourless volatile liquid with an odour similar to ether, is produced on a large scale industrially. Its major application is its use for the production of polyether polyols for use in making polyurethane plastics. It is a chiral epoxide, although it is commonly used as a racemic mixture.

This compound is sometimes called 1,2-propylene oxide to distinguish it from its isomer 1,3-propylene oxide, better known as oxetane.
Lackey v. Stinnie
Lackey v. Stinnie, 604 U.S. 192 (2025), is a United States Supreme Court case holding that a preliminary injunction under the Civil Rights Attorney's Fees Award Act of 1976 does not qualify the litigants as the "prevailing party" for the purposes of recouping attorney's fees, even if case was ended due to mootness of the challenged law being repealed before further judicial proceedings. This case reinforced the "American rule" that each side pays its legal costs unless a statute expressly authorizes otherwise.

Attorney's fee
Attorney's fee is a chiefly United States term for compensation for legal services performed by an attorney (lawyer or law firm) for a client, in or out of court.

Fees may be an hourly, flat-rate or contingent fee. Recent studies suggest that when lawyers charge a flat-fee rather than billing by the hour, they work less hard on behalf of clients and clients get worse outcomes.

Attorney fees are separate from fines, compensatory and punitive damages, and (except in Nevada) from court costs in a legal case. Under the "American rule", attorney fees are usually not paid by the losing party to the winning party in a case, except pursuant to specific statutory or contractual rights.
Boyle River (Ireland)
The Boyle River is a river in Ireland. Forming part of the Shannon River Basin, it flows from Lough Gara on the Sligo/Roscommon county border and thence through the town of Boyle to Lough Key. From there is continues eastwards through the village of Knockvicar to the River Shannon at Lough Drumharlow, near Carrick-on-Shannon.
The length of the Boyle River (from its source in County Mayo to the Shannon) is 64.4 km (40 mi). The area of its basin is 725 km2.

County Roscommon
County Roscommon (Irish: Contae Ros Comáin) is a county in Ireland. It is part of the province of Connacht and the Northern and Western Region. It is the 11th largest Irish county by area and 26th most populous. Its county town and largest town is Roscommon. Roscommon County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county was 70,259 as of the 2022 census.
Sri Lanka at the 2020 Summer Paralympics
Sri Lanka competed at the 2020 Summer Paralympics in Tokyo, Japan, from 24 August to 5 September 2021.

Sri Lanka's team consisted of 9 athletes (8 men and 1 woman) competing in four sports.

Dinesh Priyantha Herath clinched an historic gold medal in the men's javelin throw F46 category with a new world record of 67.79 m. He claimed Sri Lanka's first ever Paralympic gold medal and also secured Sri Lanka's first medal at the 2020 Tokyo Paralympics. Herath also served as the country's flagbearer during the opening ceremony.

Athletics at the 2020 Summer Paralympics – Men's javelin throw
The Men's javelin throw athletics events for the 2020 Summer Paralympics took place at the Tokyo National Stadium from August 27 to September 4, 2021. A total of 8 events were contested in this discipline.
Consequential mood
The consequential mood (abbreviated CNSQ, less often CNS or CQO) is a verb form used in some Eskaleut languages to mark dependent adverbial clauses for reason ('because') or time ('when'). Due to the broader meaning of the term mood in the context of Eskimo grammar, the consequential can be considered outside of the proper scope of grammatical mood.

In Central Alaskan Yup'ik, the consequential expresses the meaning 'because':

In Central Siberian Yupik the two forms of the consequential mood are used only for the meanings 'when' and 'while', whereas 'because' is expressed by a particle added to the indicative. Similarly, the consequential expresses the meaning of 'when' in North Alaskan Iñupiaq.

The consequential suffix -nga- is a descendant of the Proto-Eskimoan derivational suffix -nga-, whose meaning is 'having Ved', 'having been Ved'.

Adverbial clause
An adverbial clause is a dependent clause that functions as an adverb. That is, the entire clause modifies a separate element within a sentence or the sentence itself. As with all clauses, it contains a subject and predicate, though the subject as well as the (predicate) verb are omitted and implied if the clause is reduced to an adverbial phrase as discussed below.
Thota
Thota (Telugu: తోట) is a Telugu surname. Notable people with this surname include:

Thota Gopala Krishna (1945–2012), Indian politician, Lok Sabha member from Andhra Pradesh

Thota Narasayya Naidu, Indian wrestler and freedom fighter of the 1930s

Thota Narasimham, Indian politician

Thota Seetharama Lakshmi, Indian politician, Rajya Sabha member from Andhra Pradesh

Thota Tharani, Indian film art director and production designer

Thota Vaikuntam, Indian painter

Raj Thota, Indian Telugu-language film-maker

Thota Tharani
Thota Tharani is an Indian art director, production designer and painter known for his work in Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam and Hindi cinema. He is recognized for his detailed set designs and visual storytelling.

He has received numerous accolades, including two National Film Awards, three Nandi Awards, four Tamil Nadu State Film Awards, two Filmfare Awards South, and a Kerala State Film Award. In 2001, he was honoured with the Padma Shri by the Government of India for his contributions to art. Tharani's work extends to paintings, murals, paper collages, wooden montages, and installations.
Dombyra Party
Dombyra Party (Kazakh: Домбыра Party, Домбыра пати) — is a flash mob-like movement of Kazakh youth to popularize Kazakh national musical instruments, especially dombyra. The events host was Maralbek Sagynganov, one of the leading journalists of Kazakhstan. The movement is non-political.

Dombyra Parties are usually held on weekdays in crowded alleys or at parks. They have occurred in Astana, Almaty, Shymkent and Atyrau and others. At the weekly events, attendants mainly play dombyra and sing dombyra-accompanied songs. One of the features of dombyra parties is to prove that anyone can learn to play the instrument without studying at music schools.

Invitations to Dombyra parties are sent via social networks. Video recordings are shared via video portals and social media. A Facebook group allows users to discuss issues related to organizational staff.

Atyrau
Atyrau (UK: /ˌætɪˈraʊ, -ˈrɔː/, US: /ˌɑːtɪˈraʊ, -ˈrɔː/; Kazakh: Атырау, pronounced [ɑtəˈrɑw] ⓘ; Russian: Атырау), known until 1991 as Guryev (Russian: Гурьев), is a city in Kazakhstan and the capital of Atyrau Region. Atyrau is a transcontinental city, at the mouth of the Ural River on the Caspian Sea, between Europe and Asia, 2,700 kilometres (1,700 miles) west of Almaty and 351 kilometres (218 miles) east of the Russian city of Astrakhan.

Atyrau is famous for its oil and gas industries. It has a population of 355,117 as of 2020. It is predominantly made up of Kazakhs, the minorities being Russians, Koreans, Tatars and Uzbeks.
Proterodiplostomidae
Proterodiplostomidae is a monotypic family of trematodes in the order Diplostomida. It consists of one subfamily, Polycotylinae Monticelli, 1888, which consists of one genus, Cheloniodiplostomum Sudarikov, 1960, which consists of four species: Cheloniodiplostomum argentinense Palumbo & Diaz, 2018; Cheloniodiplostomum breve (MacCallum, 1921); Cheloniodiplostomum delillei (Zerecero, 1947); and Cheloniodiplostomum testudinis (Dubois, 1936).

Trematoda
Trematoda is a class of flatworms known as trematodes, and commonly as flukes. They are obligate internal parasites with a complex life cycle requiring at least two hosts. The intermediate host, in which asexual reproduction occurs, is a mollusk, usually a snail. The definitive host, where the flukes sexually reproduce, is a vertebrate. Infection by trematodes can cause disease in all five vertebrate groups: mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, and fish.
Wisconsin Highway 312
State Trunk Highway 312 (often called Highway 312, STH-312 or WIS 312) is a 7.9-mile (12.7 km) long Wisconsin state highway running along the north side of Eau Claire, from the Town of Union in the west to the Town of Seymour in the east. The entire length of WIS 312 is an expressway with a few grade crossings.

The highway is a major transit route, bypassing the north side of Eau Claire by connecting Interstate 94 (I-94) with U.S. Highway 53 (US 53).  The route number is derived as a spur route of US 12. WIS 312 is called the North Crossing in the Chippewa Valley.

Seymour, Eau Claire County, Wisconsin
Seymour is a town in Eau Claire County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 2,978 at the 2000 census. The unincorporated community of Seymour is located in the southwestern portion of the town.
Le Parrain
Le Parrain is a mountain of the Swiss Pennine Alps, located east of Fionnay in the canton of Valais. Its summit (3,259 m) lies within the valley of Bagnes but near the watershed with the valley of Hérens.

"Le Parrain" is a common name for designating the godfather in French, hence the mountain's name is in English "The Godfather".

Bagnes
Bagnes (French pronunciation: [baɲ] ⓘ) is a former municipality in the district of Entremont in the canton of Valais in Switzerland. On 1 January 2021 the former municipalities of Bagnes and Vollèges merged to form the new municipality of Val de Bagnes.

With an area of 282 km2 (108.88 sq mi), Bagnes used to be the largest municipality of Switzerland until the formation of Glarus Süd in 2011.
Kneecapping
Kneecapping is a form of malicious wounding, in which the victim is injured in the knee, often as torture. The injury is typically inflicted by a low-velocity gunshot to the back of the knee (popliteal fossa) with a handgun. The term is considered a misnomer by medical professionals, because only a very small minority of victims suffer damage to the kneecap. A review of eighty kneecapping victims found that only two had a fractured kneecap. Some victims have their elbows and ankles shot as well.

Elbow
The elbow is the region between the upper arm and the forearm that surrounds the elbow joint. The elbow includes prominent landmarks such as the olecranon, the cubital fossa (also called the chelidon, or the elbow pit), and the lateral and the medial epicondyles of the humerus. The elbow joint is a hinge joint between the arm and the forearm; more specifically between the humerus in the upper arm and the radius and ulna in the forearm which allows the forearm and hand to be moved towards and away from the body.
The term elbow is specifically used for humans and other primates, and in other vertebrates it is not used. In those cases, forelimb plus joint is used.

The name for the elbow in Latin is cubitus, and so the word cubital is used in some elbow-related terms, as in cubital nodes for example.
HMS Serapis (1779)
HMS Serapis was a Royal Navy two-decked, Roebuck-class fifth-rate. Randall & Company built her at Deptford Dockyard, Greenwich and launched her in March, 1779. She was originally armed with 44 guns (twenty 18-pounders, twenty 9-pounders, and four 6-pounders). Serapis was named after the god Serapis in Greek and Egyptian mythology. The Americans captured her during the American War of Independence. They transferred her to the French, who commissioned her as a privateer. She was lost off Madagascar in 1781 to a fire.

Fifth-rate
In the rating system of the Royal Navy used to categorise sailing warships, a fifth-rate was the second-smallest class of warships in a hierarchical system of six "ratings" based on size and firepower.
Theater J
Theater J is a professional theater company located in Washington, DC, founded to present works that "celebrate the distinctive urban voice and social vision that are part of the Jewish cultural legacy".

Jewish culture
Jewish culture is the culture of the Jewish people, from its formation in ancient times until the current age. Judaism itself is not simply a faith-based religion, but an orthopraxy and ethnoreligion, pertaining to deed, practice, and identity. Jewish culture covers many aspects, including religion and worldviews, literature, media, and cinema, art and architecture, cuisine and traditional dress, attitudes to gender, marriage, family, social customs and lifestyles, music and dance. Some elements of Jewish culture come from within Judaism, others from the interaction of Jews with host populations, and others still from the inner social and cultural dynamics of the community. Before the 18th century, religion dominated virtually all aspects of Jewish life, and infused culture. Since the advent of secularization, wholly secular Jewish culture emerged likewise.
Warsaw (European Parliament constituency)
Warsaw (Polish: Warszawa) is a constituency of the European Parliament. It consists of the counties (powiats) of Grodzisk Mazowiecki, Legionowo, Nowy Dwór, Otwock, Piaseczno, Pruszków, Warsaw West, Wołomin and city of Warsaw.

Otwock County
Otwock County (Polish: powiat otwocki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Masovian Voivodeship, east-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Otwock, which lies 22 kilometres (14 mi) south-east of Warsaw. The county also contains the towns of Józefów, lying 3 km (2 mi) north-west of Otwock, and Karczew, 4 km (2 mi) south of Otwock.

The county covers an area of 615.09 square kilometres (237.5 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 124,241, out of which the population of Otwock is 44,827, that of Józefów is 20,698, that of Karczew is 9,856, and the rural population is 48,860.
Peter and the Wolf (TV special)
Peter and the Wolf is a 1995 live-action/animated television special based on the 1936 musical composition/fairy tale of the same name by Sergei Prokofiev, and directed by American conductor George Daugherty. It first aired Friday, December 8, 1995, on ABC in the United States. The music for this special was performed by the RCA Victor Symphony Orchestra conducted by Daugherty.

The main characters that appear in the animated sequences that intervene the live-action ones, are designed by cartoonist Chuck Jones, who also serves as the special's executive consultant.

Live-action animation
Live-action animation is a film genre that combines live-action filmmaking with animation.
Projects that are both live-action and computer animation tend to have fictional characters or figures represented and characterized by cast members through motion capture and then animated and modeled by animators. Films that are live-action and traditional animation use hand-drawn, computer-generated imagery (CGI), or stop-motion animation.
Glencoe, Highland
Glencoe or Glencoe Village (Gaelic: A’ Chàrnaich) is the main settlement in Glen Coe in the Lochaber area of the Scottish Highlands. It lies at the north-west end of the glen, on the southern bank of the River Coe where it enters Loch Leven (a salt-water loch off Loch Linnhe).

The village falls within the Ross, Skye and Lochaber part of the Highland council area for local government purposes. It is part of the registration county of Argyll and the lieutenancy area of Inverness for ceremonial functions.

The use of the term "Glencoe Village" is a modern one, to differentiate the settlement from the glen itself.

Glen
A glen is a valley, typically one that is long and bounded by gently sloped concave sides, unlike a ravine, which is deep and bounded by steep slopes. Glens are appreciated by tourists for their tranquility and scenery.
Belšinja Vas
Belšinja Vas (pronounced [bɛu̯ˈʃiːnja ˈʋaːs]; Slovene: Belšinja vas) is a small village in the Municipality of Trebnje in eastern Slovenia. It lies on the right bank of the Temenica River west of Trebnje. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola. The municipality is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.

Municipality of Trebnje
The Municipality of Trebnje (pronounced [ˈtɾeːbnjɛ] ⓘ; Slovene: Občina Trebnje) is a municipality in Slovenia in the traditional region of Lower Carniola. The seat of the municipality is the town of Trebnje.

The municipality was established on 3 October 1994. It was increased in size on 6 August 1998, when the settlements of Kostanjevica and Ravne nad Šentrupertom were transferred to the municipality from the neighboring Municipality of Litija. It was then reduced in size on 13 June 2006 with the formation of the new municipalities of Mokronog-Trebelno and Šentrupert from the municipality's territory. On February 26, 2011, Trebnje was again reduced in size when the Municipality of Mirna was reestablished.