hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Music of the United Kingdom (1960s)
Music of the United Kingdom developed in the 1960s into one of the leading forms of popular music in the modern world. By the early 1960s the British had developed a viable national music industry and began to produce adapted forms of American music in Beat music and British blues which would be re-exported to America by bands such as the Beatles, the Animals and the Rolling Stones. This helped to make the dominant forms of popular music something of a shared Anglo-American creation, and led to the growing distinction between pop and rock music, which began to develop into diverse and creative subgenres that would characterise the form throughout the rest of the twentieth century.

British blues
British blues is a form of music derived from the American blues style, a form that originated in the UK in the late 1950s, and reached its height of mainstream popularity in the 1960s. In Britain, blues developed a distinctive and influential style dominated by electric guitar, and made international stars of several proponents of the genre, including the Rolling Stones, the Animals, the Yardbirds, John Mayall, Eric Clapton, Fleetwood Mac and Led Zeppelin.
Cai Shenxi
Cai Shenxi (Chinese: 蔡申熙) (February 12, 1906 – October 9, 1932) was a general officer in the Chinese Red Army during the Chinese Civil War. He was born in Liling, Hunan. He joined the Chinese Communist Party in 1924. In 1926, he participated in the Northern Expedition. In August 1927, he participated in the Nanchang uprising. He fought against the Kuomintang at Sanhe, Dabu County, Guangdong. In December 1927, he participated in the Guangzhou Uprising. He led the attack on Xiajiang County, Jiangxi in November 1929. He was killed in action in Hong'an County, Hubei.

Chinese Red Army
The Chinese Red Army, formally the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (中國工農紅軍) or just the Red Army (紅軍), was the military wing of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) from 1928 to 1937. It was formed when Communist elements of the National Revolutionary Army (NRA) splintered and mutinied in the Nanchang Uprising. The Red Army was reincorporated into the NRA as part of the Second United Front with the Kuomintang to fight against the Empire of Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1945. In the later stages of the Chinese Civil War the Red Army splintered off once again and was renamed the People's Liberation Army.
Caribou River (Thunder Bay District)
The Caribou River is a river in the Unorganized Part of Thunder Bay District in Northwestern Ontario, Canada. The river is part of the James Bay drainage basin. It runs from Outlet Bay on Caribou Lake to Caribou Bay on Smoothrock Lake. Smoothrock Lake flows via several outlets including the Ogoki River directly, and then via the Ogoki River and the Albany River to James Bay.

Unorganized Thunder Bay District
Unorganized Thunder Bay District is an unorganized area in northwestern Ontario, Canada in Thunder Bay District. It comprises all parts of the district that are not part of an incorporated municipality or a First Nations reserve.

Most of the territory is within the Eastern Time Zone, but the part west of the 90th meridian is in the Central Time Zone.
Kermit Driscoll
James "Kermit" Driscoll (born March 4, 1956) is an American jazz bassist. He is known for his long association with guitarist Bill Frisell in the 1980s and '90s. Driscoll has worked in many genres and music settings: Broadway, classical, jazz, folk, rock, film, and television. He has taught at SUNY Purchase College and Sarah Lawrence College.

State University of New York at Purchase
Purchase College, officially the State University of New York at Purchase and also commonly referred to as SUNY Purchase, is a public liberal arts college in Purchase, New York. Established in 1967 by Governor Nelson Rockefeller, SUNY Purchase is one of 13 comprehensive colleges in the State University of New York (SUNY) system.
2012 Piala Indonesia
The 2012 Piala Indonesia was the sixth edition of Piala Indonesia, the nationwide football cup tournament in Indonesia, involving professional clubs from Indonesian Premier League and Premier Division. Sriwijaya FC was the tournament's defending champions. However, the team did not join Piala Indonesia that season due to being one of the Indonesia Super League teams.

Persibo Bojonegoro of East Java won the championship after defeating Semen Padang of West Sumatra in the final.

The cup winner qualified for the 2013 AFC Cup.

2013 AFC Cup
The 2013 AFC Cup was the tenth edition of the AFC Cup, a football competition organized by the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) for clubs from "developing countries" in Asia.

In an all-Kuwait final, defending champions Al-Kuwait defeated Al-Qadsia 2–0 to win their third AFC Cup title in five years, becoming the first team to win the AFC Cup three times. Both finalists also qualified for the 2014 AFC Champions League.
Abel Gower
Abel Anthony James Gower (1836 in Livorno, Italy – 1899?) was a British consul at two posts in Japan during the Bakumatsu period: Nagasaki and Hakodate. He was also an amateur photographer.

After experience in China, Gower worked in the British legation at Tōzen-ji, Edo (later Tokyo), as part of the staff of Rutherford Alcock. In 1863 he was involved in the bombardment of Kagoshima. In 1866 he became consul in Hakodate (in Ezo, later Hokkaidō); he had previously been consul in Nagasaki (in Kyūshū).

For many years it was believed that either Gower or Walter B. Woodbury was commissioned by the London firm Negretti and Zambra to photograph China and Japan between 1857 and 1860. It is now known that Pierre Rossier was the photographer in question. The Leiden University photograph collection includes a portrait of Gower, signed "P. Rossier", and in 1859 Rossier and Gower shared passage on HMS Sampson from Nagasaki to Edo.

Walter B. Woodbury
Walter Bentley Woodbury (26 June 1834 – 5 September 1885) was an inventor and pioneering English photographer. He was an early photographer in Australia and the Dutch East Indies (what is now Indonesia). He also patented numerous inventions relating to various aspects of photography, his best-known innovation being the woodburytype photomechanical process.
Abhinav Kumar
Abhinav Kumar (born 7 November 1984) is an Indian former cricketer. He played twenty first-class matches for Hyderabad between 2005 and 2012. In November 2008, he became the first player for Hyderabad to score 99 not out in a Ranji Trophy match.

Hyderabad cricket team
The Hyderabad cricket team is a domestic cricket team based in the city of Hyderabad, Telangana, run by the Hyderabad Cricket Association. It is part of the Ranji Trophy Plate Group and has seen scattered success over its many years in the Ranji Trophy circuit. It has won Ranji Trophy twice and been runners-up thrice and have made one appearance in the Irani Trophy.
Sven B. F. Jansson
Sven Birger Fredrik Jansson  (1906–1987) was a foreign lecturer 1933–39 at universities such as Reykjavik, antiquarian at the Swedish National Heritage Board (1947–55), professor of Runology at Stockholm University (1955–66) and National Antiquarian (1966–72).

Stockholm University
Stockholm University (SU) (Swedish: Stockholms universitet) is a public research university in Stockholm, Sweden, founded as a college in 1878, with university status since 1960. With over 33,000 students at four different faculties: law, humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences, it is one of the largest universities in Scandinavia.

Stockholm University was granted university status in 1960, making it the fourth oldest Swedish university. As with other public universities in Sweden, Stockholm University's mission includes teaching and research anchored in society at large.
Autonome Nationalisten
Autonome Nationalisten (English: Autonomous Nationalists, abbreviated AN) are German, British, Dutch, Finnish, and to a lesser degree Flemish, nationalists, who have adopted some of the far-left and antifa's organizational concepts (autonomous activism),  demonstration tactics (black bloc), symbolism, and elements of clothing, including Che Guevara T-shirts and keffiyehs. Similar groups have also appeared in some central and eastern European countries, beginning with Poland (starting in 2009), the Czech Republic, Ukraine, Romania and Greece and others.

Post–World War II anti-fascism
Post–World War II anti-fascism, including antifa groups (/ˈæntifɑː, ænˈtiːfə/), anti-fascist movements and anti-fascist action networks, saw the development of political movements describing themselves as anti-fascist and in opposition to fascism. Those movements have been active in several countries in the aftermath of World War II during the second half of the 20th and early 21st century.
Dovsk
Dovsk or Dowsk (Belarusian: Доўск, romanized: Doŭsk; Russian: Довск) is an agrotown in Rahachow District, Gomel Region, Belarus. It serves as the administrative center of Dovsk selsoviet. Clay deposits are located near town, and it is bordered by forest from east and west.

Mogilev
Mogilev, or Mahilyow, is a city in eastern Belarus. It is located on the Dnieper River, about 76 kilometres (47 miles) from the border with Russia's Smolensk Oblast and 105 km (65 miles) from Bryansk Oblast. As of 2025, it has a population of 352,896. In 2011, its population was 360,918, up from an estimated 106,000 in 1956. It serves as the administrative centre of Mogilev Region, and is the third-largest city in Belarus.
Fort Logan H. Roots
Fort Logan H. Roots, commonly known as Fort Roots, is a former U.S. Army post in North Little Rock, Arkansas. It was named in honor of Brevet Lieutenant Colonel Logan H. Roots, U.S. Volunteers, who served with distinction in the Western Theater of the American Civil War. It was established in 1892 and garrisoned from 1896 to 1913. After World War I, the post was transferred to the Public Health Service for use as a hospital, and in 1921, an Act of Congress authorized the establishment of a hospital for veterans.

It is home to the VA's Eugene J. Towbin Healthcare Center and the Law Enforcement Training Center.

United States Volunteers
United States Volunteers (also called U.S. Volunteers, U.S. Volunteer Army, among other variations) were military volunteers called upon during wartime to help the United States Army. They were separate from the Regular Army and the militia.

Until the Militia Act of 1903, the land forces of the United States were divided into three organizations:

The Regular Army, which was the permanent military establishment of the United States in peace and war.

The militia of states and territories, when called into the service of the United States.

Volunteer forces that the Congress of the United States authorized to be organized for a limited time period as an adjunct to the Regular Army in time of emergencies.
Nadia Shahram
Nadia Shahram is an Iranian mediation attorney, author, and women's rights advocate. She is the founder and president of the Coalition for the Advancement of Muslim Women (CAMW), an organisation promoting equality for Muslim women. At a CAMW convention, Shahram and the CAMW unveiled the Declaration of Equalities for Muslim Women during the 2014 Convention Days in Seneca Falls, New York. One year later, Shahram presented the Declaration to the Women's Rights National Historical Park in Seneca Falls, where it now hangs on permanent display in the Visitor Centre.

Shahram is a board member of the Family Justice Centre of Erie County, a member of the Women's Bar Association of the State of New York, and a board member of the New York State Council of Divorce Mediation.

Seneca Falls, New York
Seneca Falls is a town in Seneca County, New York, United States. The population was 9,027 at the 2020 census.

The Town of Seneca Falls contains the former village also called Seneca Falls. The town is east of Geneva, New York, in the northern part of the Finger Lakes District.

Seneca Falls is a historic location along a branch of the Erie Canal and is the birthplace of women's rights, where the 1848 women's rights convention was held. Many also believe it to have been the inspiration for the fictional town of "Bedford Falls", portrayed in filmmaker Frank Capra's classic 1946 film It's a Wonderful Life.
Edwin Reese House
The Edwin Reese House, also known as the Reese-Phillips House, is a historic Greek Revival style house in Eutaw, Alabama, United States.  The house is a two-story wood-frame building on a raised brick foundation. Four monumental Ionic columns span the front portico.  It was built from 1856 to 1859 by Edwin Reese.  The house was recorded by the Historic American Buildings Survey in 1936.  It was listed on the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage on October 17, 1980.  It was added to the National Register of Historic Places as a part of the Antebellum Homes in Eutaw Thematic Resource on April 2, 1982, due to its architectural significance.

Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage
The Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage (ARLH), commonly referred to as the Alabama Register, is an official listing of buildings, sites, structures, objects, and districts deemed worthy of preservation in the U.S. state of Alabama. These properties, which may be of national, state, and local significance, are designated by the Alabama Historical Commission. The designation is honorary and carries no direct restrictions or incentives.  The register includes properties such as cemeteries, churches, moved properties, reconstructed properties, and properties at least 40 years old which may not normally qualify for listing in the National Register of Historic Places.  There are approximately 1,711 properties and districts listed on the Alabama Register.  Of these, approximately 243 are also listed on the National Register of Historic Places and 6 are designated as National Historic Landmarks.
A Beard of Stars
A Beard of Stars is the fourth studio album by English psychedelic folk band Tyrannosaurus Rex, and their last before changing their name to T. Rex. It was released in March 1970 by record label Regal Zonophone.

Psychedelic folk
Psychedelic folk (also known as acid folk) is a loosely defined form of psychedelic music that originated in the 1960s. It retains the largely acoustic instrumentation of folk, but adds musical elements common to psychedelia.
Lei Tung II
Lei Tung II is one of the 17 constituencies in the Southern District, Hong Kong.

The constituency returns one district councillor to the Southern District Council, with an election every four years. The seat was last held by Lo Kin-hei of the Democratic Party.

Lei Tung II constituency is loosely based on the western part of the Lei Tung Estate in Ap Lei Chau with estimated population of 12,548.

Southern District Council
The Southern District Council (noted as South) is the district council for the Southern District in Hong Kong. It is one of 18 such councils. The Southern District Council currently consists of 20 members, of which the district is divided into two constituencies, electing a total of 4 members, 8 district committee members, and 8 appointed members. The last election was held on 24 November 2019.
Taractrocera ina
Taractrocera ina, the ina grassdart or no-brand grass-dart, is a butterfly of the family Hesperiidae. It is found in northern, central and eastern Australia in scattered localities, south to western New South Wales and Papua New Guinea.

The wingspan is about 20 mm.

The larvae feed on Cymbopogon citrata, Paspalum urvillei, Urochloa decumbens, Sorghum verticilliflorum, Paspalum conjugatum, Panicum maximum and Oryza sativa. It constructs a tubular shelter made of the leaves of its host plant.

Skipper (butterfly)
Skippers are a group of butterflies placed in the family Hesperiidae within the order Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). They were previously placed in a separate superfamily, Hesperioidea, but have since been placed in the superfamily Papilionoidea (the butterflies). They are named for their quick, darting flight habits. Most have their antenna tips modified into narrow, hook-like projections. Moreover, skippers mostly lack wing-coupling structure available in most moths. More than 3500 species of skippers are recognized, and they occur worldwide, but with the greatest diversity in the Neotropical regions of Central and South America.
Eupithecia druentiata
Eupithecia druentiata is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in France, Spain, Italy, Austria, Slovenia and most of the Balkan Peninsula.

The wingspan is about 20–22 mm.

The larvae feed on Artemisia alba.

Artemisia alba
Artemisia alba, called white mugwort, white wormwood, white artemisia, or camphor southernwood,  is a species of Artemisia native to Spain, France, Belgium, Italy, Sicily, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, and the Balkans. Its currently unrecognized subtaxon Artemisia alba 'Canescens' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
USS Cavalla (SS-244)
USS Cavalla (SS/SSK/AGSS-244), a Gato-class submarine, is a submarine of the United States Navy named for a salt water fish, best known for sinking the Japanese aircraft carrier Shōkaku.

Her keel was laid down on 4 March 1943 by Electric Boat Co., Groton, Connecticut. She was launched on 14 November 1943 (sponsored by Mrs. M. Comstock), and commissioned on 29 February 1944, Lieutenant Commander (later Rear Admiral) Herman J. Kossler, USN, (class of 1934) in command.

Groton, Connecticut
Groton (/ˈɡrɒtən/ GRAH-tən) is a town in New London County, Connecticut, located on the Thames River. It is the home of General Dynamics Electric Boat, which is the major contractor for submarine work for the United States Navy. The Naval Submarine Base New London is located in Groton, and the pharmaceutical company Pfizer is also a major employer. Avery Point in Groton is home to a regional campus of the University of Connecticut. The town is part of the Southeastern Connecticut Planning Region. The population was 38,411 at the 2020 census.
Clear Creek Bridge
The Clear Creek Bridge, in Butler County, Nebraska, near Bellwood, Nebraska, was built in 1891.  It is a Warren through truss bridge.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.

It is a 73 feet (22 m) single-span bridge.  It was designed and built by the King Bridge Co. of Cleveland, Ohio;  it was fabricated by the CRM Co.

Its 1991 National Register nomination noted that "the bridge's integrity has been diminished by later alterations, [but] this fact is mitigated by the structure's extreme rarity and age. Among Nebraska's oldest vehicular spans, the crossing continues to carry vehicular traffic."  In 2010, the bridge was blocked off and no longer carried traffic.

It brings a township road over Clear Creek about 5.8 miles (9.3 km) northwest of Bellwood.

Butler County, Nebraska
Butler County is a county in the U.S. state of Nebraska. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 8,369. Its county seat is David City. The county was created in 1856 and organized in 1868.

In the Nebraska license plate system, Butler County is represented by the prefix 25 (when the license plate system was established in 1922, it had the 25th-largest number of vehicles registered of all counties in the state).

In 2010, Nebraska's center of population was in Butler County, near the village of Rising City.
Barabanki Junction railway station
Barabanki Junction or Barabanki station is the intercity rail station and a commuter rail hub in the Indian city of Barabanki. It has been important junction since the days of British control of India. In its category it is one of the important stations in NER. The Barabanki Junction railway station is on the Delhi– Basti– Gorakhpur main broad-gauge route in Uttar Pradesh. Barabanki Junction is also the hub for the Barabanki–Lucknow Suburban Railway. Barabanki railway station lies in the zone of high density stations.

Inter-city rail
Inter-city rail services are express trains that run services that connect cities over longer distances than commuter or regional trains. They include rail services that are neither short-distance commuter rail trains within one city area nor slow regional rail trains stopping at all stations and covering local journeys only. An inter-city train is typically an express train with limited stops and comfortable carriages to serve long-distance travel.

Inter-city rail sometimes provides international services. This is most prevalent in Europe because of the proximity of its 50 countries to a 10,180,000-square-kilometre (3,930,000-square-mile) area. Eurostar and EuroCity are examples. In many European countries, the word InterCity or Inter-City is an official brand name for a network of regular-interval and relatively long-distance train services that meet certain criteria of speed and comfort. That use of the term appeared in the United Kingdom in the 1960s and has been widely imitated.
Spanish Armed Forces
The Spanish Armed Forces are in charge of guaranteeing the sovereignty and independence of the Kingdom of Spain, defending its territorial integrity and the constitutional order, according to the functions entrusted to them by the Constitution of 1978. They are composed of: the Army, the Air and Space Force, the Navy, the Royal Guard, and the Military Emergencies Unit, as well as the so-called Common Corps.

Spain occupies a prominent position in the structure of NATO, which it joined in 1982. Nevertheless, it spends less than the minimum of 2% of GDP on defence recommended by NATO.

Spain has the oldest Marine Infantry in the world and the oldest permanent military units in the world: the Infantry Regiment "Inmemorial del Rey" No. 1 and the Infantry Regiment "Soria" No. 9.

Spanish ship Juan Carlos I
Juan Carlos I is a multi-purpose aircraft carrier-landing helicopter dock (LHD) in the Spanish Navy (Armada Española). Similar in role to many aircraft carriers, the amphibious landing ship has a ski jump for STOVL operations, and is equipped with the McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II attack aircraft. The vessel is named in honour of Juan Carlos I, the former king of Spain.

The vessel plays an important role in the fleet, as a platform that replaces the Newport-class tank landing ships Hernán Cortés and Pizarro for supporting the mobility of the Marines and the strategic transport of other ground forces, and acts as a platform for carrier-based aviation replacing the withdrawn aircraft carrier Príncipe de Asturias.
Moral exclusion
Moral exclusion is a psychological process where members of a group view their own group and its norms as superior to others, belittling, marginalizing, excluding, even dehumanizing targeted groups. A distinction should be drawn between active exclusion and omission. The former requires intent and is a form of injustice, known as moral exclusion; while the latter is thoughtlessness. The targeted group is viewed as undeserving of morally mandated rights and protections. When conflict between groups escalates, the in-group/out-group bias between the groups heightens. Severe violence between groups can be either the antecedent or the outcome of moral exclusion. At its extreme it is a bidirectional phenomenon that defies  precise origin.

Morton Deutsch
Morton Deutsch (February 4, 1920 – March 13, 2017) was an American social psychologist, psychoanalyst, and researcher in conflict resolution. Deutsch was one of the founding fathers of the field of conflict resolution. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Deutsch as the 63rd most cited psychologist of the 20th century.