hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Behice Sultan
Behice Sultan (Ottoman Turkish: بهيجه سلطان; 6 August 1848 – 30 November 1876) was an Ottoman princess, daughter of Sultan Abdulmejid I and Nesrin Hanım. She was the half-sister of four Ottoman Sultans: Murad V, Abdul Hamid II, Mehmed V, and Mehmed VI.

Murad V
Murad V (Ottoman Turkish: مراد خامس, romanized: Murâd-ı ḫâmis; Turkish: V. Murad; 21 September 1840 – 29 August 1904) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 30 May to 31 August 1876. The son of Abdulmejid I, he supported the conversion of the government to a constitutional monarchy. His uncle Abdulaziz had succeeded Abdulmejid to the throne and had attempted to name his own son as heir to the throne, which spurred Murad to participate in Abdulaziz's overthrow. But his own frail physical and mental health made his reign unstable, and Murad V was deposed in favor of his half-brother Abdul Hamid II after only 93 days.
Iraqi Kurdish Civil War
The Iraqi Kurdish Civil War (Kurdish: شەڕی براکوژی, romanized: Şerî birakujî, 'fratricidal war') was a civil war that took place between rival Kurdish factions in Iraqi Kurdistan during the mid-1990s, mostly between the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan and the Kurdistan Democratic Party. Over the course of the conflict, Kurdish factions from Iran and Turkey, as well as Iranian, Iraqi and Turkish forces, were drawn into the fighting, with additional involvement from American forces. Between 5,000 and 8,000 fighters and civilians were killed.

Romanization of Kurdish
The romanization of Kurdish language is the practice of transcribing the Kurdish, traditionally written in both Arabic and Latin scripts, into a standardized Latin alphabet. The development of Kurdish romanization systems supports the need for digital communication, linguistic research, and accessibility for Kurdish speakers and Kurdish speakers in diaspora communities. These systems strive to maintain phonetic precision and consistency across the diverse Kurdish dialects.
ASR-complete
ASR-complete is, by analogy to "NP-completeness" in complexity theory, a term to indicate that the difficulty of a computational problem is equivalent to solving the central automatic speech recognition problem, i.e. recognize and understanding spoken language. Unlike "NP-completeness", this term is typically used informally.

Such problems are hypothesised to include:

Spoken natural language understanding

Understanding speech from far-field microphones, i.e. handling the reverbation and background noise

These problems are easy for humans to do (in fact, they are described directly in terms of imitating humans). Some systems can solve very simple restricted versions of these problems, but none can solve them in their full generality.

Natural language understanding
Natural language understanding (NLU) or natural language interpretation (NLI) is a subset of natural language processing in artificial intelligence that deals with machine reading comprehension. NLU has been considered an AI-hard problem.

There is considerable commercial interest in the field because of its application to automated reasoning, machine translation, question answering, news-gathering, text categorization, voice-activation, archiving, and large-scale content analysis.
Spier's School
Spier's School (NS352533), at Beith, in North Ayrshire, Scotland was opened in 1888 and closed in 1972. The school, now demolished, was built using Ballochmyle red sandstone and was reminiscent of the ancient Glasgow University. The school motto was 'Quod verum tutum' (What is true is safe). The gardens and woodlands are open to the public at all times.

Sustrans National Route 7 at Kilbirnie Lochside is the nearest cycle-route access. The Barrmill Road entrance is on the bus route from Beith to Barrmill.

Walk Wheel Cycle Trust
Walk Wheel Cycle Trust  is a British walking, wheeling and cycling charity, and the custodian of the National Cycle Network.  Until 2025 it was called Sustrans (/ˈsustræns/ SUS-trans; a lexical blend of sustainable and transport),

Its flagship project is the National Cycle Network, which has created 12,763 miles (20,540 kilometres) of signed cycle routes throughout the United Kingdom, including 5,273 mi (8,486 km) of traffic-free paths. The rest of the network is on previously existing and mostly minor roads, in which motor traffic will be encountered.

The charity was founded in 1983, building on the earlier work of a group of cyclists and environmentalists in the Bristol area.
Serap Güler
Serap Güler (born 7 July 1980) is a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) who has been serving as a Member of the German Bundestag since 2021, representing the Leverkusen – Cologne IV district.

In addition to her work in parliament, Güler has been serving as Minister of State at the Federal Foreign Office in the government of Chancellor Friedrich Merz since 2025.

Merz cabinet
The Merz cabinet (German: Kabinett Merz, pronounced [kabiˈnɛt ˈmɛʁts]) is the 25th and current Government of the Federal Republic of Germany during the 21st legislative session of the Bundestag. It succeeded the previous cabinet led by Olaf Scholz. The cabinet is led by Friedrich Merz.

The cabinet is composed of Merz's Christian Democratic Union (CDU), its Bavarian sister-party Christian Social Union (CSU) (which form the CDU/CSU alliance; the so called Union) and the Social Democratic Party (SPD). It is the fifth time a governing coalition between Union and SPD has been formed in post-war German history and the first since the Fourth Merkel cabinet led by then-Chancellor Angela Merkel in 2018.
Mupa National Park
Mupa National Park is a national park in Angola's Cunene province and covers an area of 6600 square kilometers. It was proclaimed a national park on 26 December 1964 while Angola was a Portuguese territory.

It is significant for its expected wide (though generally unstudied) variety of  avifauna. Many Angolans reside within the park, which, along with nomadic pastoralists and mineral prospecting threatens to destroy the park's birdlife. According to one article, "Even though the park was initially proclaimed to protect the giraffe subspecies, Giraffa camelopardalis angolensis, by 1974 none were left. Other mammals which occur, include lion, leopard, wild dog and spotted hyena".

About 18,000 people live in the park and are mainly engaged in agriculture and cattle breeding.

Angolan giraffe
The Angolan giraffe (Giraffa giraffa angolensis), formerly (Giraffa camelopardalis angolensis) also known as the Namibian giraffe or smokey giraffe, is a subspecies of the Southern Giraffe that is found in northern Namibia, south-western Zambia, Botswana, western Zimbabwe and since mid-2023 again in Angola, after its reintroduction to Iona National Park.
Flamingo (protein)
Flamingo is a member of the adhesion-GPCR family of proteins. Flamingo has sequence homology to cadherins and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). Flamingo was originally identified as a Drosophila protein involved in planar cell polarity. Mammals have three flamingo homologs, CELSR1, CELSR2, CELSR3. In mice, all three have distinct expression patterns in organs such as the kidney, skin, and lungs, as well as the brain.

Sequence homology
Sequence homology is the biological homology between DNA, RNA, or protein sequences, defined in terms of shared ancestry in the evolutionary history of life. Two segments of DNA can have shared ancestry because of three phenomena: either a speciation event (orthologs), or a duplication event (paralogs), or else a horizontal (or lateral) gene transfer event (xenologs).

Homology among DNA, RNA, or proteins is typically inferred from their nucleotide or amino acid sequence similarity. Significant similarity is strong evidence that two sequences are related by evolutionary changes from a common ancestral sequence. Alignments of multiple sequences are used to indicate which regions of each sequence are homologous.
Mastocarpus papillatus
Mastocarpus papillatus, sometimes called Turkish washcloth, black tar spot, or grapestone is a species of red algae in the family Phyllophoraceae.  It is sometimes confused with the distantly related Turkish towel (Chondracanthus exasperatus) which is of a similar texture but larger. The specific epithet papillatus ('with papillae') is due to the nipple-like projections on the female gametophyte which can give the texture of a terrycloth washcloth found at a Turkish bath.

Nipple
The nipple is a raised region of tissue on the surface of the breast from which, in lactating females, milk from the mammary gland leaves the body through the lactiferous ducts to nurse an infant. The milk can flow through the nipple passively, or it can be ejected by smooth muscle contractions that occur along with the ductal system. The nipple is surrounded by the areola, which is often a darker colour than the surrounding skin.

When referring to non-humans, the female nipple is often called a teat. "Nipple" or "teat" can also be used to describe the flexible mouthpiece of a baby bottle. Male mammals also have nipples, but without the same level of function or prominence.

In humans, the nipples of both females and males can be sexually stimulated as part of sexual arousal. In many cultures, female nipples are sexualized, or regarded as sex objects and evaluated in terms of their physical characteristics and sex appeal. As such, there are often mores for their coverage.
Carbomethoxymethylenetriphenylphosphorane
Carbomethoxymethylenetriphenylphosphorane is a chemical compound used in organic syntheses. It contains a phosphorus atom bound to three phenyl groups, and doubly bound to the alpha position of methyl acetate. It undergoes a Wittig reaction. It is used in the Vitamin B12 total synthesis.

Wittig reaction
The Wittig reaction or Wittig olefination is a chemical reaction of an aldehyde or ketone with a triphenyl phosphonium ylide called a Wittig reagent.   Wittig reactions are most commonly used to convert aldehydes and ketones to alkenes. Most often, the Wittig reaction is used to introduce a methylene group using methylenetriphenylphosphorane (Ph3P=CH2). Using this reagent, even a sterically hindered ketone such as camphor can be converted to its methylene derivative.
Carleton elk
The Carleton elk is the name given to a 12,000-year-old animal skeleton found in Carleton, Lancashire, England, in 1970. It provided the first evidence of humans living on The Fylde as far back as the Palaeolithic era. It is the earliest evidence of human habitation in Lancashire.

John Devine discovered the skeleton during demolition work on his bungalow, along with barbed arrowheads used by hunters. His neighbour, Tony Scholey, went to view the find and helped assemble the bones. Archaeologists excavated the bones, and the skeleton is now on display in the Harris Museum in Preston. It was nicknamed "Horace" by Scholey.

A Wetherspoons pub in nearby Poulton-le-Fylde is named the "Poulton Elk", referencing the find, despite the skeleton not being found in that town.

Harris Museum
The Harris Museum, now known as The Harris, is a Grade I-listed building in Preston, Lancashire, England. Founded by Edmund Harris in 1877, it is a local history and fine art museum, and public library, covering 60,000 square feet (5,600 m2) and 23 public spaces. Prior to its 2025 re-opening, following a £19 million renovation, it attracted around 345,258 visitors annually. Monthly visitor numbers have reportedly more than doubled since its re-opening.

Like other publicly funded museums in the United Kingdom, The Harris does not charge visitors for admission, although visitors are requested to make a donation if they are able.
John K. Roth
John King Roth is an American-based author, editor, and the Edward J. Sexton Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at Claremont McKenna College (CMC) in Claremont, California. Roth taught at CMC from 1966 through 2006, where he was the founding director of the Center for the Study of the Holocaust, Genocide, and Human Rights, which is now the Mgrublian Center for Human Rights. Best known for his contributions to Holocaust and genocide studies, he is the author or editor of more than fifty books. In 1988, he was named the U.S. National Professor of the Year by the Council for Advancement and Support of Education, and the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.

Holocaust studies
Holocaust studies, or sometimes Holocaust research, is a scholarly discipline that encompasses the historical research and study of the Holocaust. Institutions dedicated to Holocaust research investigate the multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary aspects of Holocaust methodology, demography, sociology, and psychology. It also covers the study of Nazi Germany, World War II, Jewish history, antisemitism, religion, Christian-Jewish relations, Holocaust theology, ethics, social responsibility, and genocide on a global scale. Exploring trauma, memories, and testimonies of the experiences of Holocaust survivors, human rights, international relations, Jewish life, Judaism, and Jewish identity in the post-Holocaust world are also covered in this type of research.
Eleven James
Eleven James was an online subscription rental service for luxury watches. It was founded in 2013 in New York City and offers both men's and women's timepieces.

The service shutdown in August 2018 due to a lack of investments.

Eleven James offered vintage watch styles as well as popular luxury brands including Rolex, Patek Philippe, Audemars Piguet, Breitling and more. Eleven James was often referred to as the "Netflix of watches" due to their subscription model which operated much like the disc rental plans from Netflix.

Audemars Piguet
Audemars Piguet Holding SA (French pronunciation: [odmaʁ piɡɛ]) is a Swiss manufacturer of luxury watches, headquartered in Le Brassus, Switzerland. The company was founded by Jules Louis Audemars and Edward Auguste Piguet in the Vallée de Joux in 1875, acquiring the name Audemars Piguet & Cie in 1881. The company has been family-owned since its founding.

The company is best known for introducing the Royal Oak wristwatch in 1972, which helped the brand rise to prominence within the watchmaking industry. One of its earlier achievements was creating the first minute-repeating movement in 1892. The company developed the first skeleton watch in 1934 and has manufactured some of the thinnest watches, such as the 1986 ultra-thin automatic tourbillon wristwatch (Calibre 2870).
Bill Schultz (producer)
Bill Schultz (born June 11, 1960) is an American animation producer. He was born in New York City and grew up in River Forest, a suburb near Chicago, Illinois, moving to Los Angeles after graduating from the University of Illinois Champaign – Urbana Campus. He has worked on television shows such as Jim Henson's Muppet Babies, The Transformers, and produced others, notably The Simpsons and King of the Hill and now the founder and CEO of Home Plate Entertainment. Schultz started Home Plate Entertainment in 2010, after stepping down from his 12-year partnership with Splash Entertainment.

I Got a Rocket!
I Got a Rocket! is an animated television series centred on a boy named Vincent "Vinnie", who received an anthropomorphic rocket for his birthday. The rocket acts as a best friend to Vinnie and is fond of assisting him. The show is based on the book by Matt Zurbo. The show's run was from 1 December 2006 to 24 May 2007. Although the series was short-lived, it received a 2008 Emmy Award for "New Approaches - Daytime Children's Entertainment".
Diketopiperazine
A diketopiperazine (DKP), also known as a dioxopiperazine or piperazinedione, is a class of organic compounds related to piperazine but containing two amide linkages. DKP's are the smallest known class of cyclic peptide. Despite their name, they are not ketones, but amides. Three regioisomers are possible, differing in the locations of the carbonyl groups.

One isomer is an oxamide obtained from ethylenediamine.

2,5-Diketopiperazines are cyclodipeptides often obtainable via condensation of two α-amino acids.

2,6-Diketopiperazines may be viewed as cyclized imide derivatives derived from iminodiacetic acids.

Of these three isomeric diketopiperazines, the 2,5-derivatives have attracted the greatest interest. Due to their appearance in biologically active natural products, medicinal chemists have been inspired to use DKPs to circumvent the poor physical and metabolic properties of peptides in the course of drug discovery.

Oxamide
Oxamide is the organic compound with the formula (CONH2)2. This white crystalline solid is soluble in ethanol, slightly soluble in water and insoluble in diethyl ether. Oxamide is the diamide derived from oxalic acid, and the hydrate of cyanogen.
Cirazoline
Cirazoline is a full agonist at the α1A adrenergic receptor, a partial agonist at both the α1B and α1D adrenergic receptors, and a nonselective antagonist to the α2 adrenergic receptor. It is believed that this combination of properties could make cirazoline an effective vasoconstricting agent.

Cirazoline has also been shown to decrease food intake in rats, purportedly through activation of α1 adrenoceptors in the paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus of the brain. Administration of cirazoline also seemed to present impairment in the spatial memory of monkeys through the activation of the same receptors that showed decreased food intake in rats. However, in preliminary studies, through stimulation of α2 adrenoceptors, working memory is comparatively improved.

Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor
The alpha-1B adrenergic receptor (α1B-adrenoreceptor), also known as ADRA1B, is an alpha-1 adrenergic receptor, and also denotes the human gene encoding it. The crystal structure of the α1B-adrenergic receptor has been determined in complex with the inverse agonist (+)-cyclazosin.
Nguyễn Công Thành
Nguyễn Công Thành (born 5 October 1997) is a Vietnamese footballer who plays as a forward for V.League 1 club Hồng Lĩnh Hà Tĩnh.

Công Thành held the record as the youngest player to play in V.League 1 when he came on as a substitute for Đồng Tháp in the game against Cần Thơ on 10 January 2015, at 17 years old and 246 days. The record was broken by Trần Gia Bảo on 15 September 2024.

Hong Linh Ha Tinh FC
Hong Linh Ha Tinh Football Club (Vietnamese: Câu lạc bộ bóng đá Hồng Lĩnh Hà Tĩnh), simply known as HLHT or Ha Tinh, is a Vietnamese professional football club which is based in Hà Tĩnh, Vietnam. The club currently competes in the V.League 1, the top tier of Vietnamese football.

The club is named after the Hồng Lĩnh mountain in the province, and also to match with the name of "rival" Song Lam Nghe An, who used Lam River as part of their name.
USNS Provo
USNS Provo (T-AG-173) was a Phoenix-class miscellaneous auxiliary acquired by the United States Navy in 1962, crewed by a civilian crew from the Military Sea Transportation Service, and sent to the Philippines to serve as a delivery ship of parts and supplies to other Navy ships and stations in the Asian area. Provo remained in the Philippines, issuing parts and other supplies, until the early 1970s, being struck by the Navy in 1973. She was built as a Victory ship for World War II as the SS Drew Victory under the Emergency Shipbuilding program for the War Shipping Administration.

Auxiliary ship
An auxiliary ship is a naval ship designed to support combatant ships and other naval operations. Auxiliary ships are not primary combatant vessels, though they may have some limited combat capacity, usually for purposes of self-defense.

Auxiliary ships are extremely important for navies of all sizes because if they were not present the primary fleet vessels would be unsupported. Thus, virtually every navy maintains an extensive fleet of auxiliary ships, however, the composition and size of these auxiliary fleets vary depending on the nature of each navy and its primary mission. Smaller coastal navies tend to have smaller auxiliary vessels focusing primarily on littoral and training support roles, while larger blue-water navies tend to have larger auxiliary fleets comprising longer-range fleet support vessels designed to provide support far beyond territorial waters.
Calvary Christian Academy (Florida)
Calvary Christian Academy (CCA) is a private Christian school located in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States. It was established as a ministry of Calvary Chapel Fort Lauderdale in 2000. CCA provides education from Pre-K3 through 12th grade. A full-time daycare is also operated all year. The school is accredited with the Association of Christian Schools International. The student population totals to more than 1,900 and the student teacher ratio is 12:1.

Association of Christian Schools International
The Association of Christian Schools International (ACSI), founded in 1978, is an international organization of evangelical Christian schools. Its headquarters are in Colorado Springs, Colorado. It offers tiers of oversight, from school accreditation to teacher certificates. Schools and even homeschoolers can also join as members. It is regarded as the largest Protestant educational organization in the world, serving over 5.5 million students globally.
Alyosha Popovich
Alyosha Popovich (Russian: Алёша Попович, Ukrainian: Олешко Попович, literally Alexey, son of the priest), is a folk hero of Kievan Rus', appearing in Russian folklore. He is a bogatyr (a medieval knight-errant) and the youngest of the three main bogatyrs, the other two being Dobrynya Nikitich and Ilya Muromets. All three are represented together in Viktor Vasnetsov's famous painting Bogatyrs.

In byliny (ballads), he is described as a clever-minded priest's son who wins by tricking and outsmarting his foes. He defeated the dragon Tugarin Zmeyevich by trickery.

Folk hero
A folk hero or national hero is a type of hero – real, fictional or mythological – with their name, personality and deeds embedded in the popular consciousness of a people, mentioned frequently in folk songs, folk tales and other folklore; and with modern trope status in literature, art and films.
Michael Bowling
Michael Dean Bowling (February 27, 1956 – February 20, 2021) was an American politician from Kentucky who was a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives from 1991 to 1999. Bowling was first elected in 1990, defeating Republican incumbent Pearl Ray LeFevers. He did not seek reelection in 1998 and was succeeded by Republican J. C. Ausmus.

Bowling died in February 2021 at age 64.

Kentucky House of Representatives
The Kentucky House of Representatives is the lower house of the Kentucky General Assembly. It is composed of 100 Representatives elected from single-member districts throughout the Commonwealth. Not more than two counties can be joined to form a House district, except when necessary to preserve the principle of equal representation. Representatives are elected to two-year terms with no term limits. The Kentucky House of Representatives convenes at the State Capitol in Frankfort.
Rita May (song)
"Rita May" (sometimes spelled as "Rita Mae") is a song by Bob Dylan, originally recorded during the sessions for the album Desire, but released only as the B-side of a single and on the compilation album, Masterpieces. The song is based on the 1957 rockabilly song "Bertha Lou". Some listeners believe that the lyrics of the song refer to writer Rita Mae Brown, who had complained of the lack of opportunities for casual lesbian sex.

Rita Mae Brown
Rita Mae Brown (born November 28, 1944) is an American feminist writer, best known for her coming-of-age autobiographical novel, Rubyfruit Jungle. Brown was active in a number of civil rights campaigns and criticized the marginalization of lesbians within feminist groups. Brown received the Pioneer Award for lifetime achievement at the Lambda Literary Awards in 2015. She is considered a significant Southern lesbian feminist poet and author and is associated with the women's liberation movement and women in print movement.