hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gapped Hamiltonian
In many-body physics, most commonly within condensed-matter physics, a gapped Hamiltonian is a Hamiltonian for an infinitely large many-body system where there is a finite energy gap separating the (possibly degenerate) ground space from the first excited states.  A Hamiltonian that is not gapped is called gapless.

The property of being gapped or gapless is formally defined through a sequence of Hamiltonians on finite lattices in the thermodynamic limit.

An example is the BCS Hamiltonian in the theory of superconductivity.

In quantum many-body systems, ground states of gapped Hamiltonians have exponential decay of correlations.

In quantum field theory, a continuum limit of many-body physics, a gapped Hamiltonian induces a mass gap.

Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics)
In quantum mechanics, the Hamiltonian of a system is an operator corresponding to the total energy of that system, including both kinetic energy and potential energy. Its spectrum, the system's energy spectrum or its set of energy eigenvalues, is the set of possible outcomes obtainable from a measurement of the system's total energy. Due to its close relation to the energy spectrum and time-evolution of a system, it is of fundamental importance in most formulations of quantum theory.

The Hamiltonian is named after William Rowan Hamilton, who developed a revolutionary reformulation of Newtonian mechanics, known as Hamiltonian mechanics, which was historically important to the development of quantum physics. Similar to vector notation, it is typically denoted by , where the hat indicates that it is an operator. It can also be written as  or .
Leverkusen-Rheindorf station
Leverkusen-Rheindorf station is located in the district of Rheindorf in the city of Leverkusen in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It is on the Cologne–Duisburg line and is classified by Deutsche Bahn as a category 5 station.  It is served by Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn line S 6 every 20 minutes.

Leverkusen
Leverkusen (German: [ˈleːvɐˌkuːzn̩] ⓘ) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, on the eastern bank of the Rhine. To the south, Leverkusen borders the city of Cologne, and to the north the state capital, Düsseldorf. The city is part of the Rhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Region, one of Europe's largest urban areas.

With about 163,000 inhabitants, Leverkusen is one of the state's smaller cities. The city is known for the pharmaceutical company Bayer and its sports club Bayer Leverkusen.
Archdeacon of Sudbury
The Archdeacon of Sudbury is a senior cleric in the Diocese of St Edmundsbury and Ipswich.

The archdeacon is responsible for the disciplinary supervision of the clergy in its five rural deaneries; Clare, Ixworth, Lavenham, Sudbury and Thingoe.

Rural dean
In the Catholic Church and the Anglican Communion as well as some Lutheran denominations, a rural dean is a member of clergy who presides over a "rural deanery" (often referred to as a deanery); "ruridecanal" is the corresponding adjective.

The adjective rural does not mean the role is restricted to the countryside, but distinguishes them from the deans of cathedral chapters, which were historically in cities. In some Church of England dioceses rural deans have been formally renamed as area deans.
Walid Azaïez
Walid Azaïez (born 25 April 1976) is a Tunisian footballer. He played in 17 matches for the Tunisia national football team from 1999 to 2002. He was also named in Tunisia's squad for the 2000 African Cup of Nations tournament.

2000 African Cup of Nations
The 2000 African Cup of Nations was the 22nd edition of the Africa Cup of Nations, the association football championship of Africa (CAF). It was co-hosted by Ghana and Nigeria, who jointly replaced Zimbabwe as host. Just like in 1998, the field of sixteen teams was split into four groups of four.

Cameroon won the championship, beating Nigeria  in the final 4–3 on  penalties. As winners, they qualified for the 2001 FIFA Confederations Cup as African representatives.
Quiroga Ridge
Quiroga Ridge (Bulgarian: хребет Кирога, 'Hrebet Quiroga' \'hre-bet ki-'ro-ga\) is a submarine ridge in False Bay, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands of Antarctica.  It extends 2.2 km in an east-southeast to west-northwest direction between Ogosta Point on the Rozhen Peninsula and the opposite coast of Hurd Peninsula at a depth of over 50 m, with depths exceeding 100 m on both sides of the ridge. It was formed as a frontal moraine of Huntress Glacier between the 13th and 17th centuries.

The feature is named after Víctor Quiroga Martínez, captain of the Spanish ocean exploration ship BIO Hespérides that rendered logistic support to the Bulgarian Antarctic campaigns in the 1990s.

Huntress Glacier
Huntress Glacier is a glacier 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) long and 3.7 kilometres (2.3 mi) wide flowing into the head of False Bay, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. It is situated east of Johnsons Glacier, southeast of Contell Glacier and Balkan Snowfield, south of upper Perunika Glacier, southwest of Huron Glacier and northwest of Macy Glacier, and is bounded by Friesland Ridge and the Tangra Mountains to the southeast, Nesebar Gap, Pliska Ridge, Burdick Ridge and Willan Nunatak to the north, and Charrúa Gap and Napier Peak to the northwest.

The glacier was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1958 after the American schooner Huntress (Captain Christopher Burdick) from Nantucket, which visited the South Shetland Islands in 1820–21 in company with the Huron of New Haven, Connecticut.
Ross Lewis (chef)
Ross Lewis (Bishopstown, 1965) is an Irish Michelin-star-winning head chef and co-owner of the restaurant Chapter One.

Lewis grew up on a farm and went on to study Dairy Science at University College Cork. He discovered cooking as a living while working on a student visa in the United States. He later went to London to learn the trade of a chef. Through a schoolmate he found a job at the restaurant Odin's, owned by Peter Langan. From there he went on to Dolphin Brasserie as junior manager and to Le Chat Botté Restaurant at the Beau Rivage Hotel in Geneva, Switzerland. He came back in Ireland in 1990 and some time later took the chance of taking over Chapter One in the Dublin Writers Museum. The restaurant started trading in 1992.

Lewis also served three years (2001 – 2004) as Commissioner General of Eurotoques. Currently (2008-2011) he is a normal commissioner.

In 2011, he was the head chef for the State Banquet during the State Visit of queen Elizabeth II to Ireland.

Beau-Rivage Geneva
Beau-Rivage Geneva is a five-star luxury hotel, founded in 1865 by the Mayer family. It is located in Geneva, Switzerland. Many other hotels throughout the world have the name "Beau-Rivage", but this hotel has remained independent since its creation and is still a family-owned business. The hotel has 90 rooms including 18 suites, 2 restaurants and a bar. It is a member of the Leading Hotels of the World.
Touqian River
The Touqian River (Chinese: 頭前溪; Hanyu Pinyin: Tóuqián Xī; Tongyong Pinyin: Tóucián Si; Wade–Giles: T'ou2-ch'ien2 Hsi1) is a river in northern Taiwan. It flows through Hsinchu County for 63 km (39 mi).

Tongyong Pinyin
Tongyong Pinyin was the official romanization of Mandarin in Taiwan between 2002 and 2008. The system was unofficially used between 2000 and 2002, while a new romanization system for Taiwan was being evaluated for adoption. Taiwan's Ministry of Education approved the system in 2002, but its use was optional.

From 1 January 2009, the Ministry of Education began promoting Hanyu Pinyin. Local governments were not able to get financial aid from the central government if they used Tongyong Pinyin-derived romanizations. However, Tongyong Pinyin has continued in use for the transliteration of some place names and personal names in Taiwan (Republic of China). Some of the romanized names of the districts, subway stations and streets in Kaohsiung, Tainan, Taichung, Yunlin County and other places are derived from Tongyong Pinyin –  for example, Cijin District (旗津區, Cíjin Cyu).
Eastside High School
Eastside High School or East Side High School can refer to:

East Side High School (Cleveland, Mississippi)

Eastside High School (Coeburn, Virginia)

Eastside High School (Covington, Georgia) (Atlanta area)

Eastside High School (Gainesville, Florida)

Eastside High School (Lancaster, California) (Los Angeles area)

Eastside High School (Sacramento, California)

Eastside High School (Madison, Wisconsin)

Eastside High School (Camden, New Jersey) (Philadelphia area)

East Side High School (Newark, New Jersey) (New York City area)

Eastside High School (Paterson, New Jersey) (New York City area), highlighted in the 1989 film Lean on Me

Eastside High School (Taylors, South Carolina) (Greenville-Spartanburg area)

Eastside Junior-Senior High School (Butler, Indiana)

Eastside High School (Gainesville, Florida)
Eastside High School is a public school in east Gainesville, Florida, United States. It was opened in 1970 and is managed by the Alachua County School District.  Eastside harbors three magnet programs: the Institute of Culinary Arts and an International Baccalaureate (IB) program. and the medical skills services (mss).
2013–14 Northwestern Wildcats men's basketball team
The 2013–14 Northwestern Wildcats men's basketball team represented Northwestern University in the 2013–14 college basketball season. Led by first year head coach Chris Collins. The Wildcats were members of the Big Ten Conference and played their home games at Welsh-Ryan Arena. They finished the season 14–19, 6–12 in Big Ten play to finish in a tie for tenth place. They advanced to the quarterfinals of the Big Ten tournament where they lost to Michigan State.

2014 Big Ten men's basketball tournament
The 2014 Big Ten men's basketball tournament was the postseason men's basketball tournament for the Big Ten Conference held from March 13 through March 16, 2014 at Bankers Life Fieldhouse in Indianapolis, Indiana.  The tournament was the seventeenth annual Big Ten men's basketball tournament and third and final year to feature 12 teams. The championship was won by Michigan State who defeated Michigan in the championship game. As a result, Michigan State received the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA tournament. The win marked Michigan State's fourth tournament championship (tying them with Ohio State for the most championships) and second championship in three years. Branden Dawson was named the Tournament's Most Outstanding Player.
Heinrich Albert Johne
(Heinrich) Albert Johne (10 December 1839 – 5 December 1910) (pronounced YOH-ne) was a pathologist born in Dresden, Kingdom of Saxony.
He contributed to the literature of actinomycosis and trichinosis and discovered a method of staining bacterial capsules.

He studied in Dresden. 1879 he became professor for Pathology at Veterinary School in Dresden (Tierärztliche Hochschule Dresden).

He was instrumental in the introduction of meat inspection.

Johne's disease, a paratuberculosis disease of cattle he described in 1895, is named for him.

Kingdom of Saxony
The Kingdom of Saxony (German: Königreich Sachsen) was a German monarchy in Central Europe between 1806 and 1918, the successor of the Electorate of Saxony. It joined the Confederation of the Rhine after the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, later joining the German Confederation after Napoleon was defeated in 1815. From 1871, it was part of the German Empire. It became a free state of the Weimar Republic in 1918 after the end of World War I and the abdication of King Frederick Augustus III. Its capital was Dresden, and its modern successor is the Free State of Saxony.
Thaw (Foetus album)
Thaw is the fourth studio album by Foetus Interruptus, released by Self Immolation/Some Bizzare in September 1988 and also released on Some Bizzare 1995, by Thirsty Ear. The track "English Faggot/Nothin Man" was inspired by a harassing message Thirlwell received on his answering machine.

Self-immolation
Self-immolation is the act of setting oneself on fire. It is mostly done for political or religious reasons, often as a form of protest or in acts of martyrdom, and known for its disturbing and violent nature.
Elmwood Christavia Mk IV
The Christavia Mk IV (Christ-in-Aviation) is a Canadian homebuilt aircraft that was designed by Ron Mason and produced by Elmwood Aviation of Frankford, Ontario (formerly in Belleville, Ontario). The aircraft is supplied in the form of plans for amateur construction.

Belleville, Ontario
Belleville is a city in Ontario, Canada, situated on the eastern end of Lake Ontario, located at the mouth of the Moira River and on the Bay of Quinte. Its population as of the 2021 Canadian census was 55,071 (Census Metropolitan Area population 111,184). Belleville is the seat of Hastings County, but politically independent of it; it is also the centre of the Bay of Quinte Region.
Pescadero Creek
Pescadero Creek is a major stream in Santa Cruz and San Mateo counties in California, United States. At 26.6 miles (42.8 km), it is the longest stream in San Mateo County and flows all year from springs in the Santa Cruz Mountains. Its source is at 1,880 feet (570 m) above sea level on the western edge of Castle Rock State Park, with additional headwaters in Portola Redwoods State Park, and its course traverses Pescadero Creek County Park and San Mateo County Memorial Park before entering Pescadero Marsh Natural Preserve at Pescadero State Beach and thence to the Pacific Ocean 14.4 miles (23 km) south of Half Moon Bay.

San Mateo County, California
San Mateo County, officially the County of San Mateo, is a county located in the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 764,442. Redwood City is the county seat, the third-most populated city in the county after Daly City and San Mateo.

San Mateo County is included in the San Francisco–Oakland–Berkeley, CA MSA (metropolitan statistical area), Silicon Valley, and is part of the San Francisco Bay Area, the nine counties bordering San Francisco Bay. As of 2020, it has a median household income of $128,091, the fourth-highest household income of any county in the nation behind Loudoun County, Virginia, Falls Church, Virginia, and Santa Clara County, California.

The county covers most of the San Francisco Peninsula. The county is predominantly suburban and is home to many corporate campuses.
Breitenstein Castle
The ruins of Breitenstein Castle (German: Burg Breitenstein) stand on a crag, 220 metres (720 ft) high, on the northern side of the Speyerbach valley in the  Palatine Forest in Germany. The castles is 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) east of the village of Elmstein in the county of Bad Dürkheim in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate.

Bad Dürkheim (district)
Bad Dürkheim (German pronunciation: [ˌbaːt ˈdʏʁkhaɪm]; Palatine German: Därkem) is a district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is bounded by (from the west and clockwise) the districts of Kaiserslautern, Donnersbergkreis and Alzey-Worms, the city of Worms, the Rhein-Pfalz-Kreis, the city of Neustadt/Weinstraße, the districts of Südliche Weinstraße, the city of Landau (the Taubensuhl/Fassendeich forest part of the city), the district Südwestpfalz, and the city of Kaiserslautern.
Altınordu Selçuk-Efes Football Complex
Altınordu Selçuk-Efes Football Complex (Turkish: Altınordu Selçuk Efes Futbol Tesisleri), shortly ASEFT, is a sport complex of football stadiums operated by the football club Altınordu S.K., and is located in Selçuk town of İzmir Province in western Turkey.

The sport complex is situated on the state road  D.515 WSW of Ephesus and Selçuk, at a distance of 45 km (28 mi) to the city center of İzmir and 72 km (45 mi) to the Adnan Menderes Airport. With its total area of 100,000 m2 (25 acres), the complex is the largest sports venue in İzmir Province.

Leased in 2012 by the İzmir-based Altınordu S.K., it consists of five football fields, and is home to the youth football teams Altınordu S.K. Following the lease, two pitches were completely renovated. All pitches are of natural grass ground but one is covered with organic granular material and special artificial grass.

Altınordu F.K.
Altınordu Futbol Kulübü (formerly known as Altınordu Spor Kulübü) is a Turkish professional football club based in İzmir. It was founded in 1923 as a breakaway from Altay SK. Team colours are red and navy. The club also had a basketball team and played in Turkish Basketball League and Turkish Basketball Championship. They have two Turkish basketball titles: Turkish Basketball Championship in 1967 and Basketball Super League in 1966–67 season. Currently the club focuses on development of local youth talent, exclusively fielding Turkish football players as principle.
Canton of Nomeny
The canton of Nomeny (French: Canton de Nomeny) is a former French canton located in the department of Meurthe-et-Moselle in the Lorraine region (now part of Grand Est). This canton was organized around Nomeny in the arrondissement of Nancy. It is now part of the canton of Entre Seille et Meurthe.

The last general councillor from this canton was Antony Caps (EELV), elected in 2011.

Arrondissement of Nancy
The arrondissement of Nancy is an arrondissement of France in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department in the Grand Est region. It has 196 communes. Its population is 427,697 (2021), and its area is 1,583.9 km2 (611.5 sq mi).
2023 BNP Paribas Primrose Bordeaux – Doubles
Rafael Matos and David Vega Hernández were the defending champions but chose to defend their title with different partners. Matos partnered Francisco Cabral but lost in the semifinals to Sadio Doumbia and Fabien Reboul. Vega Hernández partnered Diego Hidalgo but lost in the first round to Patrik Niklas-Salminen and Bart Stevens.

Lloyd Glasspool and Harri Heliövaara won the title after defeating Doumbia and Reboul 6–4, 6–2 in the final.

Rafael Matos
Rafael Fabris de Matos (born 6 January 1996) is a Brazilian professional tennis player who specializes in doubles. He has a career-high ATP doubles ranking of world No. 26, achieved on 6 February 2023 and a singles ranking of No. 440, reached on 21 May 2018. His most notable result is a major mixed doubles title at the 2023 Australian Open, playing with compatriot Luisa Stefani. They became the first Brazilian pair to win a major.

Matos has won thirteen ATP Tour titles in doubles. He represents Brazil at the Davis Cup.
Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz
Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz (1939) is the thirty-third book in the Oz series created by L. Frank Baum and his successors. It was the nineteenth and last written by Ruth Plumly Thompson until 1972's Yankee in Oz. It was illustrated by John R. Neill. The book was followed by The Wonder City of Oz (1940).

The phrase "The Wizard of Oz" was included in the title to coincide with the MGM film The Wizard of Oz, which was released the same year the novel was published. As such, the focus of the story is on characters who appeared in the first novel. Thompson focuses the book most strongly on Jellia Jamb, though that character was unnamed in the first novel.

Ruth Plumly Thompson
Ruth Plumly Thompson (27 July 1891 – 6 April 1976) was an American writer of children's stories, best known for writing many novels placed in Oz, the fictional land of L. Frank Baum's classic children's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and its sequels.
Kelling (surname)
Kelling is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Charles Kelling (1818–1898), New Zealand emigration agent, farmer and community leader

Fedor Kelling (1820–1909), German-born New Zealand politician

Georg Kelling (1866–1945), German internist and surgeon

George L. Kelling (1935–2019), American criminologist

Graeme Kelling (1957–2004), Scottish musician

Fedor Kelling
John Fedor Augustus Kelling, JP (11 February 1820 – 24 October 1909), known as Fedor Kelling, was a 19th-century Member of the New Zealand Parliament, representing Nelson.  A leader of a group of immigrants from Germany, he also served as the German consul.
Inayat Hussain Bhatti
Inayat Hussain Bhatti 
(Urdu: عِنایَت حُسَین بھٹّی; 12 January 1928 – 31 May 1999) was a Pakistani film playback singer, film actor, producer, director, script writer, social worker, columnist, religious scholar and an active advocate of the development of the Punjabi language and literature.

In a career spanning some 50 years, he acted in more than 300 movies, produced 30 as well and also directed some, while as a musician he provided approximately 350 songs for some 200 movies. If including non-film work he recorded some 2,500 songs.

Mian Muhammad Bakhsh
Mīān Muhammad Bakhsh (Punjabi: میاں محمد بخش, pronounced [miãː mʊɦəˈməd̪ bəxʃ]; c. 1830 – 22 January 1907) was a 19th-century Punjabi Sufi poet from Khari Sharif, in present-day Azad Jammu and Kashmir. He wrote 18 books during his lifetime of 77 years, and is especially remembered for his Saiful Maluk, a Punjabi poetic rendering of the traditional Arabic story of Prince Saiful Maluk. He also wrote the romantic tragedy, Mirza Sahiban. Most of his work is in Punjabi, with the exception of the book "Yari", written in Persian.

Mian Muhammad Bakhsh is revered throughout the Punjab, Hazara and Azad Kashmir. He is regarded as the bridge between medieval and early-modern Punjabi literature.
1991–92 Cypriot Fourth Division
The 1991–92 Cypriot Fourth Division was the seventh season of the Cypriot fourth-level football league. The championship was split into three geographical groups, representing the Districts of Cyprus. The winners were:

Nicosia-Keryneia Group: OXEN Peristeronas

Larnaca-Famagusta Group: Livadiakos Livadion

Limassol-Paphos Group: AEZ Zakakiou

The three winners were promoted to the 1992–93 Cypriot Third Division. Seven teams were relegated to regional leagues.

Districts of Cyprus
Cyprus is divided into six districts (Greek: επαρχίες; Turkish: ilçe), whose capitals share the same name. The districts are subdivided into municipalities and communities. The districts of Cyprus are listed in the table below.

Note: Northern Cyprus-controlled lands are included in the area figures, but population was not enumerated there. The UN Buffer Zone is included in both population and area figures.  Akrotiri and Dhekelia are not included in the area figures, but non-military Cypriot citizens residing there were enumerated.
County of Culemborg
The Lordship of Culemborg (alternatively Kuilenburg and Cuylenburg), elevated to a county in 1555, in the current province of Gelderland, was an independent polity that until 1720 was in principle not part of the Dutch Republic, but in practice was largely dependent on it. It consisted of the city of Culemborg and the villages of Everdingen, Goilberdingen and Zijderveld.

Zijderveld
Zijderveld is a village in the Dutch province of Utrecht (province). It is located approximately 6 km northeast of Leerdam within the municipality of Vijfheerenlanden.

The village, initially referenced as Zijtwendervelt in 1282, derives its name from the Dutch expression for "field at a sideways dike". The Dutch Reformed Church, dating back to the 15th century, was rebuilt in 1830. In 1840, the village had a population of 532.
Bārta Parish
Bārta Parish (Latvian: Bārtas pagasts) is an administrative unit of South Kurzeme Municipality in the Courland region of Latvia. The parish has a population of 683 (as of 1/07/2010) and covers an area of 115.6 km2.

South Kurzeme Municipality
South Kurzeme Municipality (Latvian: Dienvidkurzemes novads) is one of the 35 municipalities established in Latvia in 2021. It surrounds Liepāja, Latvia's third largest city. Its first elected municipal council took office on 1 July 2021. Its seat is at Grobiņa.