hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Vafa Guluzade
Vafa Guluzade (surname also spelled as Gulizade(h), Goulizade(h), Kulizade(h), Quluzade(h)) (Azerbaijani: 'Vəfa Mirzağa oğlu Quluzadə') (21 December 1940 – 1 May 2015) was an Azerbaijani diplomat, political scientist and specialist in conflict resolution. He worked as Foreign Policy State Advisor for the President of Azerbaijan between 1990-1999.

Foreign Policy
Foreign Policy is an American news publication founded in 1970 focused on global affairs, current events, and domestic and international policy. It produces content daily on its website and app, and in four print issues annually.

Foreign Policy magazine and ForeignPolicy.com are published by The FP Group, a division of Graham Holdings Company (formerly The Washington Post Company). The FP Group also produces FP Events, Foreign Policy's events division, launched in 2012.
William J. Youden
William John Youden (April 12, 1900 – March 31, 1971), also known as Jack Youden, was an Australian-born American analytical chemist and statistician who formulated new statistical techniques in statistical analysis and in design of experiments. He developed the "Youden square", an incomplete block design developed from a 1937 paper, "Use of Incomplete Block Replications in Estimating Tobacco Mosaic Virus". He also helped to introduce the concept of restricted randomization, which he called constrained randomization. He devised Youden's J statistic as a simple measure summarising the performance of a binary diagnostic test.

Tobacco mosaic virus
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus species in the genus Tobamovirus that infects a wide range of plants, especially tobacco and other members of the family Solanaceae.  The infection causes characteristic patterns, such as "mosaic"-like mottling and discoloration on the leaves (hence the name). TMV was the first virus to be discovered. Although it was known from the late 19th century that a non-bacterial infectious disease was damaging tobacco crops, it was not until 1930 that the infectious agent was determined to be a virus. It is the first pathogen identified as a virus. The virus was crystallised by Wendell Meredith Stanley. It has a similar size to the largest synthetic molecule, known as PG5 with comparable length and diameter.
Karl Gustav Brescius
Karl Gustav (Guido) Brescius (25 March 1824 – 4 December 1864) was a German railway engineer.

He was born in Bautzen, in eastern Saxony, Germany, on 25 March 1824 and studied at the Dresden University of Technology in Saxony. Amongst his lecturers were Professor Andreas Schubert.

Brescius gained his first practical experience as a railway engineer during the construction of the Saxon-Silesian Railway (Sächsisch-Schlesische Eisenbahn) from Dresden to Görlitz. For the construction of the Saxon-Bohemian Railway from Dresden to Bodenbach in 1847 Brescius was already the departmental engineer responsible for the section of the route in the area of Königstein.

Görlitz–Dresden railway
The Görlitz–Dresden railway is a two-track main line railway in the German state of Saxony, originally built and operated by the Saxon-Silesian Railway Company. It runs through Upper Lusatia from Dresden via Bischofswerda, Bautzen and Löbau to Görlitz. The line is part of the route from Dresden to Wrocław and Pan-European Transport Corridor III. The first section of the line opened in 1845 and it is one of the oldest lines in Germany.
ChangeMedEd
The American Medical Association (AMA) ChangeMedEd Initiative, known as the Accelerating Change in Medical Education Consortium prior to 2023, is a collaborative established to reform and innovate medical education in the United States. Founded by Susan Skochelak in 2013, the consortium is a network of medical schools, residency programs, and organizations dedicated to transforming medical education to reduce barriers to lifelong learning, advance health equity, and improve patient outcomes.

UNC School of Medicine
The University of North Carolina School of Medicine (UNC School of Medicine, UNC SOM) is the medical school of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Founded in 1879, it is one of the top-ranked medical schools in the US, received a Tier 1 ranking from U.S. News & World Report for both research (10th) and primary care (15th), and was ranked 23rd overall by Admit.org. The school is closely affiliated with UNC Health and UNC Medical Center, and serves as a major center for medical education, clinical care, and biomedical research in North Carolina.

The school offers a range of graduate and professional medical programs, including Doctor of Medicine (MD), combined MD/PhD, and combined MD/MPH degree programs, and academic health science programs including physical therapy, physician assistant, and clinical laboratory science.
Jabre Barber
Jabre Tyere Barber (born January 16, 2002) is an American professional football wide receiver for the Birmingham Stallions of the United Football League (UFL). He played for the Troy Trojans and Texas A&M Aggies.

Birmingham Stallions (2022)
The Birmingham Stallions are a professional American football team based in Birmingham, Alabama. The Stallions compete in the United Football League (UFL). They were a founding member of the second iteration of the United States Football League (USFL) in 2022. The Stallions are owned and operated by Dwayne Johnson's Alpha Acquico and Fox Corporation, and play their home games at Protective Stadium. They have won three league championships since their founding, defeating the Philadelphia Stars 33–30 in 2022 and the Pittsburgh Maulers 28–12 in 2023 as part of the USFL, and most recently the San Antonio Brahmas 25–0 in the inaugural UFL Championship Game in 2024.
Marc De Clerck
Marc De Clerck (born 27 December 1949) is a Belgian former footballer, who played as a goalkeeper for Ghent, FC Twente, Go Ahead Eagles, Aberdeen and SC Heracles.

De Clerck made his professional debut in season 1970/71 for Ghent. In the summer of 1974 he signed for FC Twente, but then moved to SC Heracles in 1976. After three seasons with SC Heracles, he moved to Go Ahead Eagles for the 1979–80 season.

In August 1980, De Clerck signed for Aberdeen in the Scottish Premier Division. In his debut for the club, a Scottish League Cup tie against Berwick Rangers, he scored a goal from a long clearance. He injured his ankle in his next game, a league match against Kilmarnock, and failed to regain his place in the side on regaining his fitness. After one year in Scotland De Clerck moved back to Heracles on a free transfer. He later played for De Graafschap and Belgian club KRC Harelbeke before retiring as a player.

De Clerck later managed KRC Gent-Zeehaven.

Scottish Football League Premier Division
The Scottish Football League Premier Division was, from 1975 until 1998, the top division of the Scottish Football League and the entire Scottish football league system. It lay above the Scottish Football League First, Second and (from 1994) Third divisions.
13th Sri Lankan Television State Awards
The 13th Television State Awards festival (Sinhala: 13 වැනි රූපවාහිනී රාජ්‍ය සම්මාන උලෙළ), was held to honor the television programs of 2015 Sinhala television on November 21, 2016, at the Nelum Pokuna Mahinda Rajapaksa Theatre, Colombo 07, Sri Lanka. The event was organized by the State Television Advisory Council, Arts Council of Sri Lanka, Department of Cultural Affairs, Ministry of Housing and Cultural Affairs. Somaweera Senanayake and Iranganie Serasinghe attended as the Chief Guests.

At the award ceremony, 76 artists who excelled in forty different disciplines in the field of teledrama were awarded. Prominent dramatist Lucien Bulathsinhala received the Lifetime Achievement Award. Meanwhile, Somasiri Ilangasinghe, Giwantha Arthasad, G.N. Gunawardena, T. Sri Skandha Raja and Dharmadasa Paranagamayana were honored for their contribution to the advancement of the art of tele-drama.

Nelum Pokuna Mahinda Rajapaksa Theatre
The Nelum Pokuna Theatre (Sinhala: නෙළුම් පොකුණ මහින්ද රාජපක්ෂ රඟහල, Nelum Pokuna Râjapaksa Ranggahala; often known as Nelum Pokuna; previously the National Performing Arts Theatre, prior to naming at the opening ceremony after which the President Mahinda Rajapaksa named it after himself) is a performing arts centre in Colombo, Sri Lanka. The theatre opened on 15 December 2011.
Ludwigshafen (Rhein) Mitte station
The Ludwigshafen (Rhein) Mitte (German: middle) station is in the southern part of the centre of the city of Ludwigshafen am Rhein in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate. It was established in 2003 and is classified by Deutsche Bahn as a category 4 station.

It is located next to the public transport hub of Berliner Platz and has good connections to all parts of the city of Mannheim and to the surrounding area.

The geographical position of Ludwigshafen Hauptbahnhof (central station) on the outskirts of the city made it necessary to build a new station in a central location at the so-called South Pole of the inner city. The station was opened on 14 December 2003 in the wake of the commissioning of the Rhine-Neckar S-Bahn.  The elaborate design of the station was very well accepted by passengers from the beginning. This accelerated the Hauptbahnhof's loss of significance, so that some Regional-Express trains now stop in Ludwigshafen-Mitte, but not at the Hauptbahnhof.

Regional-Express
In Germany, Luxembourg, Austria and Slovakia,  the  Regional-Express (pronounced [ʁeɡi̯oˈnaːlʔɛksˌpʁɛs] ⓘ; RE, or in Austria and Slovakia: REX) is a type of regional train. It is similar to a semi-fast train, with a top speed of 160 km/h (100 mph) and an average speed of about 70–90 km/h (45–55 mph) as it calls at fewer stations than Regionalbahn (in Austria: Regionalzug) or S-Bahn trains, but stops more often than Intercity or Intercity Express services.
Lossy Count Algorithm
The lossy count algorithm is an algorithm to identify elements in a data stream whose frequency exceeds a user-given threshold. The algorithm works by dividing the data stream into buckets for frequent items, but fill as many buckets as possible in main memory one time. The frequency computed by this algorithm is not always accurate, but has an error threshold that can be specified by the user. The run time and space required by the algorithm is inversely proportional to the specified error threshold; hence the larger the error, the smaller the footprint.

The algorithm was created by computer scientists Rajeev Motwani and Gurmeet Singh Manku. It finds applications in computations where data takes the form of a continuous data stream instead of a finite data set, such as network traffic measurements, web server logs, and clickstreams.

Space complexity
The space complexity of an algorithm or a data structure is the amount of memory space required to solve an instance of the computational problem as a function of characteristics of the input. It is the memory required by an algorithm until it executes completely. This includes the memory space used by its inputs, called input space, and any other (auxiliary) memory it uses during execution, which is called auxiliary space.

Similar to time complexity, space complexity is often expressed asymptotically in big O notation, such as 
   etc., where n is a characteristic of the input influencing space complexity.
Alfred Lapointe
Alfred Lapointe (9 April 1835 – 30 October 1915) was a farmer, miller and political figure in Quebec. He represented Vaudreuil in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec from 1884 to 1890 as a Conservative.

He was born Alfred Godard in Sainte-Thérèse, Lower Canada, the son of Jean-Marie Godard and Émilie Tremblay, and educated at the Collège de Sainte-Thérèse. Lapointe owned flour and sawmills. He was a justice of the peace and a commissioner for the trial of small causes. Lapointe was mayor of Sainte-Justine-de-Newton in 1876, from 1881 to 1885 and from 1903 to 1906. He was married twice: to Marie Antoinette Léontine Tessier in 1868 and to Susanna Towner in 1878. He ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the House of Commons in 1872, 1882 and again in 1900. He was first elected to the Quebec assembly in an 1884 by-election held after the election of François-Xavier Archambault was overturned. He was reelected in 1886 but defeated when he ran again in 1890.

Sainte-Justine-de-Newton
Sainte-Justine-de-Newton (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃t ʒystin də njutən]) is a municipality located in the Montérégie region of Quebec, Canada. The population as of the 2021 Canadian census was 947. The municipality is situated on Route 325 south of Très-Saint-Rédempteur, just east of the Ontario border.
2017 British Columbia Scotties Tournament of Hearts
The 2017 British Columbia Scotties Tournament of Hearts, the provincial women's curling championship of British Columbia, was held from January 17 to 22 at Duncan Curling Club in Duncan, British Columbia. The winning Marla Mallett team represented British Columbia at the 2017 Scotties Tournament of Hearts in St. Catharines, Ontario.

Walnut Grove's Marla Mallett defeated her former teammate in Diane Gushulak in the final. Gushulak was a member of the Mallett link the last time Mallett won the provincial championship, in 2009. The Mallett team included Shannon Aleksic from Abbotsford and sisters Brette Richards and Blaine de Jager who are originally from Prince George.

The event was considered a "huge success" by the organizing committee, and was the most important event ever to be held at the Duncan Curling Club.

Walnut Grove, Langley
Walnut Grove is a town centre (approx pop. 23,295) located within the Township of Langley, British Columbia.

"Walnut Grove" is located at cross roads north of Highway 1. To the north lie the cities of Maple Ridge and Pitt Meadows, connected by the Golden Ears Bridge. To the south is Langley City and Surrey is on the west. East of Walnut Grove lies the historic community of Fort Langley and other cities such as Abbotsford
Slavery in Bhutan
Slavery in Bhutan was a common legal, economic, and social institution until its abolition in 1958. In historical records, unfree labourers in Bhutan were referred to as slaves, coolies, and serfs. These labourers originated mostly in and around Bhutan, Assam, and Sikkim, and were the backbone of Bhutan's pre-money feudal economy.

Bhutan abolished slavery as part of modernization reforms at the behest of the Third Druk Gyalpo Jigme Dorji Wangchuck, who ascended to the throne in 1952 at the age of 25. In breaking with slavery and feudalism, King Jigme Dorji enacted legal reforms, awarding citizenship and outright ownership of land to former slaves.

Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
The abolition of slavery occurred at different times in different countries. It frequently occurred sequentially in more than one stage – for example, as abolition of the trade in slaves in a specific country, and then as abolition of slavery throughout empires. Each step was usually the result of a separate law or action. This timeline shows abolition laws or actions listed chronologically. It also covers the abolition of serfdom.

Although slavery of non-prisoners is technically illegal in all countries today, the practice continues in many locations around the world, primarily in Africa, Asia, and Eastern Europe, often with government support.
Eduardo Corrons
Eduardo Corrons was a Spanish designer, who was the number one member of football club RCD Espanyol for many years. He is best known for choosing the club's current colours, blue and white, and subsequently designing the club's crest (1910) that preceded the current one.

Real Avilés Industrial CF
Real Avilés Industrial Club de Fútbol is a Spanish football team based in Avilés, in the autonomous community of Asturias. Founded in 1903 it plays in Primera Federación – Group 1, holding home matches at Estadio Román Suárez Puerta, with an approximate capacity of 5,400 seats.
Barnabas (EP)
Barnabas is the first EP by Nigerian singer Kizz Daniel. It was released on 19 November 2021, by Flyboy I.N.C and Empire Distribution. The EP featured guest appearances from The Cavemen and Kelvyn Colt. Production was handled by Philkeyz, Reward Beatz, Roc Legion, DJ Coublon, Blaisebeatz. Barnabas serves a follow-up to King of Love (2020).

The Cavemen (band)
The Cavemen (stylized as The Cavemen.) are a Nigerian highlife band consisting of sibling duo Kingsley Okorie, a bassist, and Benjamin James, a drummer. They were brought to the limelight by Lady Donli and are known for their live performances. In August 2020, they released their debut album Roots, which won Best Alternative Album at The Headies 2020.
6-APT
6-(2-Aminopropyl)tetralin (6-APT), also sometimes called tetralinylaminopropane (TAP), is a drug of the amphetamine class which acts as a selective serotonin releasing agent (SSRA). It has IC50 values of 121 nM, 6,436 nM, and 3,371 nM for inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, respectively. Though it possesses an appreciable in vitro profile, in animal drug discrimination studies it was not found to substitute for MMAI or amphetamine and to only partially substitute for MBDB. This parallels Alexander Shulgin's finding that EDMA (the 1,4-benzodioxine analogue of 6-APT) is limitedly active, and appears to indicate that the pharmacokinetics of both EDMA and 6-APT may not be favorable.

Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetics (from Ancient Greek pharmakon 'drug' and kinetikos 'moving, putting in motion'; see chemical kinetics), sometimes abbreviated as PK, is a branch of pharmacology dedicated to describing how the body affects a specific substance after administration. The substances of interest include any chemical xenobiotics such as pharmaceutical drugs, pesticides, food additives, cosmetics, etc. PK attempts to analyze chemical metabolism and discover the fate of a chemical from the moment that it is administered up to the point at which it is completely eliminated from the body. PK is based on mathematical modeling that places great emphasis on the relationship between drug plasma concentration and the time elapsed since the drug's administration. Pharmacokinetics is the study of how an organism affects the drug, whereas pharmacodynamics (PD) is the study of how the drug affects the organism. Both together influence dosing, benefit, and adverse effects, as seen in PK/PD models.
Kevin O'Connor (basketball)
Kevin O'Connor (born c. 1947) is the former General Manager and a current Senior Basketball Advisor of the Utah Jazz. He took part in the drafting of Deron Williams in 2005. O'Connor said he learned how to develop character profiles on players from Jazz executive Scott Layden. O'Connor served as general manager from 1999 to 2012, and was succeeded by former San Antonio Spurs executive Dennis Lindsey.

O'Connor was born in the Bronx, and grew up in Staten Island, New York. He graduated from Monsignor Farrell High School in 1965 and is a member of its Hall of Fame. In 1969, he graduated from Belmont Abbey College, North Carolina, with a degree in economics and business. In his senior year, he captained the basketball team to a 21–5 record.

Scott Layden
Scott Layden (born 1959) is an American former general manager for the National Basketball Association (NBA). He currently serves as a scout for the Philadelphia 76ers of the NBA. He is the son of former coach and general manager of the Jazz, Frank Layden, and a graduate of Saint Francis University in Loretto, Pennsylvania, where he studied Business and Sports Management. Layden was the general manager for the Minnesota Timberwolves from 2016 to 2020.
PGC 2456
PGC 2456 known as KAZ 364 and JO201, is a spiral galaxy located in the constellation of Cetus. It is located 617 million light-years away from the Solar System. A member of Abell 85, PGC 2456 lies 360 kiloparsecs from the brightest cluster galaxy, Holmberg 15A.

PGC 2456 contains an active galactic nucleus. It is a low-excitation radio galaxy, with a stellar mass of 3.6 x 1010 M⊙.

PGC 2456 is considered a jellyfish galaxy due to the fact the tendrils are seen drifting downwards from its core. It exhibits intensive star formation in its tendrils and is the Ultraviolet-brightest cluster galaxy in Abell 85.

Such jellyfish galaxies are formed when galaxies like PGC 2456, moves through high speeds across the galaxy clusters, causing ram pressure to strip gas. According to studies, researchers estimated PGC 2456 might have lost about 50% of its mass when undergoing ram-pressure stripping.

Star formation
Star formation is the process by which dense regions within molecular clouds in interstellar space—sometimes referred to as "stellar nurseries" or "star-forming regions"—collapse and form stars. As a branch of astronomy, star formation includes the study of the interstellar medium (ISM) and giant molecular clouds (GMC) as precursors to the star formation process, and the study of protostars and young stellar objects as its immediate products.  It is closely related to planet formation, another branch of astronomy.  Star formation theory, as well as accounting for the formation of a single star, must also account for the statistics of binary stars and the initial mass function. Most stars do not form in isolation but as part of a group of stars referred to as star clusters or stellar associations.
Tommotia
Tommotia is a small shelly fossil from the Early Cambrian Period.  Originally, only a cone-shaped shell was recognized, which was originally thought to be an early cephalopod, with either squid-like tentacles or a snail-like foot.  More recent investigation has shown that the cone is not the remains of a complete animal, but a sclerite of a larger, soft-bodied animal that would have resembled a chiton or a sea mouse.  The fossils called Camanella may be another type of sclerite from the same animal.

Sclerite
A sclerite (Greek σκληρός, sklēros, meaning "hard") is a hardened body part. In various branches of biology the term is applied to various structures, but not as a rule to vertebrate anatomical features such as bones and teeth. Instead it refers most commonly to the hardened parts of arthropod exoskeletons and the internal spicules of invertebrates such as certain sponges and soft corals. In paleontology, a scleritome is the complete set of sclerites of an organism, often all that is known from fossil invertebrates.
Roshan Kushwaha
Roshan Kushwaha is an Indian Administrative Service officer, who served as 35th District Magistrate of Begusarai district of Bihar. Kushwaha was appointed by Government of Bihar in the district in the year 2022, replacing the incumbent District Magistrate, Arvind Kumar Verma. He is primarily known for his role in implementing the developmental initiatives of the Nitish Kumar government under the ambitious Saat Nishchay Yojna. Previously, he also served as the District Magistrate of Bhojpur district, the position to which he was appointed after replacing incumbent DM, Sanjiv Kumar. Before being appointed as DM of Bhojpur, Kushwaha was serving as DDC of Vaishali district.

Vaishali district
Vaishali district is a district in the Indian state of Bihar. It is a part of Tirhut division. Vaishali is known for being the birthplace of Mahavira of the Jain religion. Hajipur, its largest city and district headquarters, is known for its banana forest. The district is connected via the NH-77 and NH-322 highways, Gandhi Setu and Jay Prakash Setu (JP Setu) Bridges over(Holy) Ganga River which connect the state capital Patna, the division headquarters Muzaffarpur, and the eastward district Samastipur.
Atwood, Alabama
Atwood is an unincorporated community located in southern Franklin County, Alabama, United States. It is located along Alabama Highway 172 between the towns of Hodges and Vina. Atwood is situated just south of the Bear Creek Reservoir.

Alabama State Route 172
State Route 172 (SR 172) is a 24.420-mile (39.300 km) state highway that serves as an east-west connection between Vina and Bear Creek through Franklin and Marion Counties. SR 172 intersects SR 19 at its western terminus and SR 13 at its eastern terminus.