hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
NGC 504
NGC 504, also occasionally referred to as PGC 5084 or UGC 935, is a lenticular galaxy located approximately 189 million light-years from the Solar System in the constellation Pisces. It was discovered on 22 November 1827 by astronomer John Herschel. The object was listed twice in the General Catalogue, precursor of the New General Catalogue, as both GC 291 and GC 292.

Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars
The Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars (CN) is an astronomical catalogue of nebulae first published in 1786 by William Herschel, with the assistance of his sister Caroline Herschel. It was later expanded into the General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars (GC) by his son, John Herschel, in 1864. The CN and GC are the precursors to John Louis Emil Dreyer's New General Catalogue (NGC), compiled in 1888 and used by current astronomers.
Frontbench of the ACT Greens
The frontbench of the ACT Greens refers to the various portfolios and leadership positions held by the ACT Greens' MLAs.

The current frontbench is led by Shane Rattenbury who has been leader since 2012, it is his fourth legislative term leading the ACT Greens. It shadows the Fourth Barr ministry and the Parton shadow ministry.

Shane Rattenbury
Shane Stephen Rattenbury (born 25 August 1971) is an Australian politician currently serving as  as a member of the multi-member district unicameral Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly since 2008 and as the leader of the ACT Greens since 2012. Rattenburry has represented the electorate of Kurrajong since its inception in 2016 after a redistribution that abolished the former electorate of Molonglo which he represented from 2008.

Rattenbury has previously served as the Attorney-General of the Australian Capital Territory, as well as several other ministry positions in coalition governments with ACT Labor. He was previously the Speaker of the ACT Legislative Assembly, and was the first Speaker in any parliament in the world representing a Green political party.
Holothurin
The holothurins are a group of toxins originally isolated from the sea cucumber Actinopyga agassizii. They are contained within clusters of sticky threads called Cuvierian tubules which are expelled from the sea cucumber as a mode of self-defence. The holothurins belong to the class of compounds known as saponins and are anionic surfactants which can cause red blood cells to rupture. The holothurins can be toxic to humans if ingested in high amounts.

Hemolysis
Hemolysis or haemolysis (/hiːˈmɒlɪsɪs/), also known by several other names, is the rupturing (lysis) of red blood cells (erythrocytes) and the release of their contents (cytoplasm) into surrounding fluid (e.g. blood plasma). Hemolysis may occur in vivo or in vitro.

One cause of hemolysis is the action of hemolysins, toxins that are produced by certain pathogenic bacteria or fungi. Another cause is intense physical exercise. Hemolysins damage the red blood cell's cytoplasmic membrane, causing lysis and eventually cell death.
Yvon Collin
Yvon Collin (born 10 April 1944 in Montauban) is a former member of the Senate of France who served from 1988 to 2020. He represented the Tarn-et-Garonne department, and is a member of the Radical Party of the Left.

Tarn-et-Garonne
Tarn-et-Garonne (French: [taʁn e ɡaʁɔn] ⓘ; Occitan: Tarn e Garona [ˈtaɾ e ɣaˈɾunɔ]) is a department in the Occitania region in Southern France. It is traversed by the rivers Tarn and Garonne, from which it takes its name. The area was originally part of the former provinces of Quercy and Languedoc. The department was created in 1808 under Napoleon, with territory taken from the neighbouring Lot, Haute-Garonne, Lot-et-Garonne, Gers and Aveyron departments.

The department is mostly rural with fertile agricultural land in the broad river valley, but there are hilly areas to the south, east and north. The departmental prefecture is Montauban; the sole subprefecture is Castelsarrasin. In 2019, it had a population of 260,669.
Southwest Airlines Flight 2294
Southwest Airlines Flight 2294 was a scheduled US passenger aircraft flight which suffered a rapid depressurization of the passenger cabin on July 13, 2009. The aircraft made an emergency landing at Yeager Airport in Charleston, West Virginia, with no fatalities or major injuries to passengers and crew. Investigation performed by the National Transportation Safety Board concluded that the incident was caused by a failure in the fuselage skin due to metal fatigue.

Uncontrolled decompression
An uncontrolled decompression is an undesired drop in the pressure of a sealed system, such as a pressurised aircraft cabin or hyperbaric chamber, that typically results from human error, structural failure, or impact, causing the pressurised vessel to vent into its surroundings or fail to pressurize at all.

Such decompression may be classed as explosive, rapid, or slow:

Explosive decompression (ED) is violent and too fast for air to escape safely from the lungs and other air-filled cavities in the body such as the sinuses and eustachian tubes, typically resulting in severe to fatal barotrauma.

Rapid decompression may be slow enough to allow cavities to vent but may still cause serious barotrauma or discomfort.

Slow or gradual decompression occurs so slowly that it may not be sensed before hypoxia sets in.
Go (Mario album)
Go is the third studio album by American recording artist Mario. It was released by J Records on December 10, 2007. Mario worked with many producers on the album, most notably Scott Storch and Pharrell with whom he recorded a song called, "Faith". Other songs were written and produced by Akon, Timbaland, The Neptunes, Stargate, Mr. Collipark, Polow da Don and with guests such as Juelz Santana and Rich Boy. Go is Mario's first album to receive a parental advisory sticker in the United States, and his second to receive a parental advisory sticker in the UK.

Scott Storch
Scott Spencer Storch (born December 16, 1973) is an American record producer and songwriter. Storch began his career as part of Philadelphia-based hip hop band the Roots, which he joined as a keyboardist prior to the release of their 1993 debut album, Organix. He provided the keyboard riff and co-composed Dr. Dre's 1999 single "Still D.R.E.," and contributed in a similar role to several of the rapper's productions during late 1990s and early 2000s. Storch expanded his solo production work into the 2000s; he was credited on five Billboard Hot 100-number one singles—Beyoncé's "Baby Boy," Terror Squad's "Lean Back," 50 Cent's "Candy Shop," Mario's "Let Me Love You" and Chris Brown's "Run It!"—among other similarly successful chart entries throughout the remaining decade. Storch has been nominated for four Grammy Awards.
West Danby, New York
West Danby is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Danby, Tompkins County, New York, United States. It was first listed as a CDP prior to the 2020 census.

The community is in southern Tompkins County, on the west side of the town of Danby. It is bordered to the west by the town of Newfield. New York State Routes 34 and 96 run together through the center of the hamlet, leading north 10 miles (16 km) to Ithaca and south 8 miles (13 km) to Spencer.

West Danby is on the west side of the deep valley of Cayuga Inlet, which runs north to Cayuga Lake at Ithaca.

New York State Route 34
New York State Route 34 (NY 34) is a north–south New York state route located in Central New York. Its southern terminus is at the Pennsylvania state line in the village of Waverly, where it connects to Pennsylvania Route 199 and meets Interstate 86 (I-86). Its northern terminus is at NY 104, outside the village of Hannibal.
Boxing at the 1938 British Empire Games
At the 1938 British Empire Games, the boxing competition was held in Sydney, Australia, and featured contests in eight weight classes.

The boxing events were held at the Rushcutters Bay Stadium (also called the Sydney Stadium), following a large number of entries for the boxing and wrestling events.

Both England and South Africa won two gold medals but South Africa topped the boxing medal table by virtue of winning two silver medals.

Only three bronze medal fights took place, with the others not being held for various reasons.

Weight class (boxing)
In boxing, a weight class is a measurement  weight range for boxers.  The lower limit of a weight class is equal to the upper weight limit of the class below it. The top class, with no upper limit, is called heavyweight in professional boxing and super heavyweight in amateur boxing. A boxing match is usually scheduled for a fixed weight class, and each boxer's weight must not exceed the upper limit. A nonstandard weight limit is called a catchweight.
SRAS
SRAS (spatially resolved acoustic spectroscopy) a non-destructive acoustic microscopy microstructural-crystallographic characterization technique commonly used in the study of crystalline or polycrystalline materials. The technique can provide information about the structure and crystallographic orientation of the material. Traditionally, the information provided by SRAS has been acquired by using diffraction techniques in electron microscopy - such as EBSD. The technique was patented in 2005,  EP patent 1910815 .

SRAS measures the surface acoustic wave velocity across a specimen, the surface acoustic wave (SAW) velocity is in turn a function of the material state, including parameters such as crystallographic orientation, elastic constants, temperature and stress.

Elasticity tensor
The elasticity tensor is a fourth-rank tensor describing the stress-strain relation in
a linear elastic material. Other names are elastic modulus tensor and stiffness tensor. Common symbols include  and .

The defining equation can be written as

where  and  are the components of the Cauchy stress tensor and infinitesimal strain tensor, and  are the components of the elasticity tensor. Summation over repeated indices is implied. This relationship can be interpreted as a generalization of Hooke's law to a 3D continuum.

A general fourth-rank tensor  in 3D has 34 = 81 independent components , but the elasticity tensor has at most 21 independent components. This fact follows from the symmetry of the stress and strain tensors, together with the requirement that the stress derives from an elastic energy potential. For isotropic materials, the elasticity tensor has just two independent components, which can be chosen to be the bulk modulus and shear modulus.
Ruthven, Alabama
Ruthven is a ghost town in Wilcox County, Alabama. Ruthven is named in honor of Ruthven, a division of Lincolnshire. It was formerly a lumber town in the early 20th century, and was incorporated in 1924. It was located about 3 1/2 miles southwest of Pine Apple on Bear Creek along the Selma to Flomaton branch of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, what is now County Road 2. In 1930, it had 523 residents, making it the second largest town in Wilcox County after the county seat of Camden. Shortly afterwards, the town either disincorporated or lost its charter and rapidly declined. Very little exists of the town today as most of its buildings were dismantled. A post office was also located at Ruthven for a time.

Nearby to Ruthven was the community of Schuster, which was once the location of the Wilcox Mineral Springs Resort.

Pine Apple, Alabama
Pine Apple is a town in Wilcox County, Alabama, United States. It incorporated in 1872. Per the 2020 census, the population was 143.  It has two places on the National Register of Historic Places, the Hawthorne House and the Pine Apple Historic District.
Equestrian statue of Earl Roberts, London
The equestrian statue of Earl Roberts is an outdoor sculpture of Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts by Harry Bates, installed at Horse Guards Parade in London, England. The statue was erected to commemorate Frederick Roberts during his service in the 1st World War.

Harry Bates (sculptor)
Harry Bates ARA (26 April 1850 – 30 January 1899) was a British sculptor. He was elected to the Royal Academy in 1892 as A.R.A. and was an active, if intermittent, member of the Art Workers Guild. He was a central figure in the British movement known as New Sculpture.
Talk Reason
Talk Reason is a website dedicated to opposing creationism and promoting evolution.  Talk Reason provides a forum for the publication of papers against creationism and intelligent design.: 200   For example, the website hosts Nick Matzke's 2003 paper on the evolution of flagella that challenged the claims of intelligent design proponents that such structures are irreducibly complex, in which he concluded that "there are no major obstacles to gradual evolution of the flagellum."

Evolution of flagella
The evolution of flagella is of great interest to biologists because the three known varieties of flagella – (eukaryotic, bacterial, and archaeal) each represent a sophisticated cellular structure that requires the interaction of many different systems.
Glentham
Glentham is a village and civil parish in the West Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated on the A631, 6 miles (9.7 km) west from Market Rasen, and 2 miles (3.2 km) east from Caenby Corner and the A15.

The civil parish includes the hamlet of Bishopbridge, on the A631 2 miles (3 km) east of the village, and the eastern part of the hamlet of Spital-in-the-Street on the A15 (Ermine Street) 2 miles (3 km) west of the village.

Ermine Street
Ermine Street is a major Roman road in England that ran from London (Londinium) to Lincoln (Lindum Colonia) and York (Eboracum).  The Old English name was Earninga Strǣt (1012), named after a tribe called the Earningas, who inhabited a district later known as Armingford Hundred, around Arrington, Cambridgeshire, and Royston, Hertfordshire. "Armingford", and "Arrington" share the same Old English origin. The original Celtic and Roman names for the route remain unknown. It is also known as the Old North Road from London to where it joins the A1 Great North Road near Godmanchester.
Glossary of patent law terms
This is a list of legal terms relating to patents and patent law. A patent is not a right to practice or use the invention claimed therein, but a territorial right to exclude others from commercially exploiting the invention, granted to an inventor or their successor in rights in exchange to a public disclosure of the invention.

European Patent Office
The European Patent Office (EPO) is one of the two organs of the European Patent Organisation (EPOrg), the other being the Administrative Council. The EPO acts as executive body for the organisation while the Administrative Council acts as its supervisory body as well as, to a limited extent, its legislative body. The actual legislative power to revise the European Patent Convention lies with the Contracting States themselves when meeting at a Conference of the Contracting States.

Within the European Patent Office, examiners are notably in charge of studying European patent applications, filed by applicants, to decide whether to grant a patent for an invention. The patents granted by the European Patent Office are called European patents.
Pete Patterson
James Peter Patterson (born January 4, 1957) is a former World Cup alpine ski racer for the United States, from Sun Valley, Idaho. At the Winter Olympics, he finished thirteenth in the downhill in 1976 and fifth in 1980. At the time, he tied for the best finish by an American male in an Olympic downhill (with Bill Beck in 1952).

Two years earlier at the 1978 World Championships at Garmisch-Partenkirchen, West Germany, Patterson was the bronze medalist in the combined  event. The combined was then a "paper race", using the results of the downhill, giant slalom, and slalom.

FIS Alpine Ski World Cup
The FIS Alpine Ski World Cup is the top international circuit of alpine skiing competitions, launched in 1966 by a group of ski racing friends and experts that included French journalist Serge Lang and the alpine ski team directors from France (Honore Bonnet) and the USA (Bob Beattie). It was soon backed by International Ski Federation president Marc Hodler during the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 1966 at Portillo, Chile, and became an official FIS event in the spring of 1967 after the FIS Congress at Beirut, Lebanon.

The inaugural World Cup race was held on 5 January 1967 in Berchtesgaden, West Germany, a slalom won by Heinrich Messner of Austria. Jean-Claude Killy of France and Nancy Greene of Canada were the overall winners for the first two seasons.
Scott Bundgaard
Scott Bundgaard (born January 11, 1968) is a Republican politician who served in the Arizona House of Representatives and in the Arizona State Senate. Bundgaard was elected in 2010 as Majority Leader of the Arizona State Senate, and later served as Vice-Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee.

During an Ethics Investigation for "improper conduct" stemming from a public incident of domestic violence, Budgaard abruptly resigned.

Arizona House of Representatives
The Arizona House of Representatives is the lower house of the Arizona Legislature, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Arizona. The upper house is the Senate. The House convenes in the legislative chambers at the Arizona State Capitol in Phoenix. Its members are elected to two-year terms, with a term limit of four consecutive terms (eight years). Each of the state's 30 legislative districts elects two state house representatives and one state senator, with each district having a population of at least 203,000.

The last election occurred on November 5, 2024, with the Republican Party securing a majority in the House.
Úmbita
Úmbita is a town and municipality in the Márquez Province, part of the Colombian department of Boyacá. Úmbita is situated on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense at a distance of 70 kilometres (43 mi) from department capital Tunja and borders Nuevo Colón and Tibaná in the north, Chinavita in the east, La Capilla and Tibiritá (Cundinamarca) in the south and in the west Villapinzón (Cundinamarca) and Turmequé. The altitude within the municipality ranges from 1,600 metres (5,200 ft) to 3,400 metres (11,200 ft).

Tibiritá
Tibirita is a municipality and town of Colombia in the department of Cundinamarca. Tibirita is situated on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense at a distance of 125 kilometres (78 mi) from the capital Bogotá. It borders Villapinzón in the north, in the east La Capilla (Boyacá), in the south Guateque (Boyacá) and in the west Manta, Machetá and Chocontá.
Martinus Lørdahl
Martinus Lørdahl (28 July 1873, in Hof, Vestfold – 2 April 1933, in Oslo) was a Norwegian businessperson, multi sports competitor and sports administrator.

He was active in several sports, in particular athletics, swimming and skating. He was among Norway's best racewalkers, and had several good results in speed skating, including placing second at the 1905 World Allround Speed Skating Championships. He co-founded the sports club Kristiania Idrætsforening in 1893, and participated in restarting Christiania Skøiteklub in 1898. He was a driving force in the construction of Bislett Stadium from 1908. He served as President of the Norwegian Swimming Federation from 1920 to 1923, and co-founded Oslo Idrettskrets.

A bust of Lørdahl, sculpted by Per Ung, was unveiled at Bislett Stadium in 2010.

1905 World Allround Speed Skating Championships
The 1905 World Allround Speed Skating Championships took place at 21 and 22 January 1905 at the ice rink Stadspark in Groningen, Netherlands.

Sigurd Mathisen was defending champion. He did not participate and did not defend his title.

Coen de Koning won three of the four distances and became World champion.
Westminster Academy (Florida)
Westminster Academy is a private Christian school in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, serving students in grades PK2 through 12. It is an educational ministry of the Coral Ridge Presbyterian Church and is related denominationally to the Presbyterian Church in America. 
The main campus is located at 5601 North Federal Highway in Fort Lauderdale, with a "west campus" Athletic Complex located at 3701 NW 44th Street in Lauderdale Lakes.

During the 2023–24 academic year, the school has a total enrollment of 1040 students: 341 in lower school (preprimary–3rd grade), 194 in PREP (grades 4–6), and 505 in Upper School (grades 7–12). The current headmaster is  Dr. Joel Satterly.

Presbyterian Church in America
The Presbyterian Church in America (PCA) is the second-largest Presbyterian church body, behind only the Presbyterian Church (USA), and the largest conservative Calvinist denomination in the United States. The PCA is Reformed in theology and presbyterian in government.
Harry H. Eckstein
Harry H. Eckstein (January 26, 1924 in Schotten, Germany – June 22, 1999) was an American political scientist. He was an influential scholar of comparative politics and political culture, as well as qualitative research methods.

Political culture
Political culture describes how culture impacts politics. Every political system is embedded in a particular political culture.
Political culture is what the people, the voters, the electorates believe and do based on their understanding of the political system in which they have found themselves.  These may be regarded as being bad or good placed side by side with global best practices or norms.
Krzelów, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
Krzelów [ˈkʂɛluf] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sędziszów, within Jędrzejów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 7 km (4 mi) south-west of Sędziszów, 24 km (15 mi) west of Jędrzejów, and 58 km (36 mi) south-west of the regional capital Kielce.

Jędrzejów
Jędrzejów (Polish: [jɛnˈdʐɛjuf] ⓘ; Yiddish: יענדזשעוו, romanized: Yendzshev, Latin: Andreiow) is a town in southern Poland, located in the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship. It lies approximately 35 kilometres (22 miles) southwest of Kielce. It is the capital of Jędrzejów County. It has 16,139 inhabitants (2011).
Merriamosauria
Merriamosauria is an extinct clade of ichthyosaurs. It was named by Ryosuke Motani in his 1999 analysis of the relationships of ichthyopterygian marine reptiles and was defined in phylogenetic terms as a stem-based taxon including "the last common ancestor of Shastasaurus pacificus and Ichthyosaurus communis, and all of its descendants." The name honours John Campbell Merriam. Based on this definition, Merriamosauria includes most ichthyosaurs except for several Triassic groups such as the clade Mixosauria, the family Cymbospondylidae, and perhaps the family Toretocnemidae. Merriamosaurs are characterized by features in their pectoral girdles and limb bones, including an extensive connection between the scapula and the coracoid bone, the absence of the first metacarpal and the absence of a pisiform bone.

In addition to Shastasaurus, this clade includes Shonisaurus, Guizhouichthyosaurus, an unnamed Norian taxon from Alaska, and many other genera.

Shonisaurus
Shonisaurus is a genus of very large ichthyosaurs. At least 37 incomplete fossil specimens of the type species, Shonisaurus popularis, have been found in the Luning Formation of Nevada, USA. This formation dates to the late Carnian-early Norian age of the Late Triassic, around 227 million years ago. Other possible species of Shonisaurus have been discovered from the middle Norian deposits of Canada and Alaska.