hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Vesical tenesmus
Vesical tenesmus refers to the feeling of incomplete emptying of the bladder following urination.  This sensation can be present even when the post-void residual urine volume is very small.  This sensation is different from having a partially filled bladder, or from experiencing incontinence soon after urinating and deducing that the bladder must not have been empty.

When the word tenesmus is used without modification, it usually refers to rectal tenesmus.

Vesical tenesmus maybe caused by urogenital diaphragm muscle spasms.  Vesical tenesmus can be a symptom of pyelonephritis (kidney infection).  It is sometimes associated with an underactive bladder.

The situation often improves when other treatable bladder problems resolve.

Bladder
The bladder (from Old English  blædre 'bladder, blister, pimple') is a hollow organ in humans and other vertebrates that stores urine from the kidneys. In placental mammals, urine enters the bladder via the ureters and exits via the urethra during urination. In humans, the bladder is a distensible organ that sits on the pelvic floor. The typical adult human bladder will hold between 300 and 500 ml (10 and 17 fl oz) before the urge to empty occurs, but can hold considerably more.

The Latin phrase for "urinary bladder" is vesica urinaria, and the term vesical or prefix vesico- appear in connection with associated structures such as vesical veins. The modern Latin word for "bladder" – cystis – appears in associated terms such as cystitis (inflammation of the bladder).
Conan Whitehead
Conan Whitehead (born 18 February 1986) is an English professional darts player who competes in Professional Darts Corporation (PDC) events. He is a former quarter-finalist of the BDO World Darts Championship.

Professional Darts Corporation
The Professional Darts Corporation (PDC) is a professional darts organisation in the United Kingdom, established in 1992 when a group of leading players split from the British Darts Organisation (BDO) to form what was initially called the World Darts Council (WDC). Sports promoter Eddie Hearn is the PDC chairman.

The PDC developed and holds several competitions, including the annual PDC World Darts Championship, the World Matchplay, World Grand Prix, UK Open, Premier League, and Grand Slam. It also runs its own world rankings based on players' performances.
Meadow (calf)
Meadow is a Black Angus calf who is believed to be the first bovine calf fitted with double prosthetics.

Meadow was born in northeastern New Mexico. She lost both of her back hooves to frostbite and was found badly wounded on a neighbor's property by Nancy Dickenson, who has helped over a dozen other animals that have been injured. After seeing the serious injuries of the wounded calf, Dickenson wanted to give her the ability to walk again.

After consulting with veterinarians to ensure Meadow could lead a quality life, the doctors amputated a portion of the calf's hind legs and fitted her with new prosthetics. Colorado State veterinarian Dr. Robert Callan stated that he believes this to be the first bovine calf to be fitted with double prosthetics. He has based this claim with talks he has had with other veterinarian clinics and schools.

Aberdeen Angus
The Aberdeen Angus, sometimes simply Angus, is a Scottish breed of small beef cattle. It derives from cattle native to the counties of Aberdeen, Banff, Kincardine and Angus in north-eastern Scotland.: 96  In 2018 it accounted for over 17% of the beef production in the United Kingdom.

The Angus is naturally polled and solid black or red; the udder may be white. The cattle have been exported to many countries of the world; there are large populations in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South America and the United States, where it has developed into two separate and distinct breeds, the American Angus and the Red Angus.: 105  In some countries it has been bred to be taller than the native Scottish stock.

Its conservation status worldwide is "not at risk";: 143  in the United Kingdom the original Native Aberdeen Angus – cattle not influenced by cross-breeding with imported stock – is listed by the Rare Breeds Survival Trust as "at risk".
Nūn ġuṇnā
Nūn ġunnā, (Urdu: نُون غُنَّہ; Unicode: U+06BA ں ARABIC LETTER NOON GHUNNA) is an additional letter of the Arabic script not used in the Arabic alphabet itself but used in Urdu, Saraiki, and Shahmukhi Punjabi to represent a nasal vowel, [◌̃]. In Shahmukhi, it is represented by the diacritic ٘◌.

It is a nasal vowel used in many Indo-Aryan languages and Iranian languages.  It is represented by the International Phonetic Alphabet by the sound of ⟨◌̃⟩.  It is a dotless noon.  In Saraiki and Balti, nūn ġunnā is sometimes written as ن٘.

Arabic alphabet
The Arabic alphabet, or the Arabic abjad, is the Arabic script as specifically codified for writing the Arabic language. It is a unicameral script written from right-to-left in a cursive style, and includes 28 letters, of which most have contextual forms. Unlike the modern Latin alphabet, the script has no concept of letter case. The Arabic alphabet is an abjad, with only consonants required to be written (though the long vowels – ā ī ū – are also written, with letters used for consonants); due to its optional use of diacritics to notate vowels, it is considered an impure abjad.
Adalbert Dickhut
Adalbert Dickhut (16 May 1923 – 5 April 1995) was a German gymnast. He competed at the 1952 Summer Olympics in all artistic gymnastics events and finished fourth with the German team. His best individual achievement was ninth place on the vault. He won this event at the 1955 European Men's Artistic Gymnastics Championships.

1955 European Men's Artistic Gymnastics Championships
The first European Men's Artistic Gymnastics Championships took place in 1955. In this championship, there was no team competition, only individual competitions. Only men took part, and the championship took place in Frankfurt am Main.

The Soviet Union dominated the championships, and took the top two places, with a total of five golds in the apparatus finals. Boris Shakhlin, who won a total of 14 World Championship medals and 13 Olympic medals in gymnastics, won the overall competition.
Bambamarca District, Hualgayoc
Bambamarca District is one of three districts of the province Hualgayoc in Peru, with 167 pueblos. The area is rich in mineral reserves and mining prospects, including the Conga Project, which is threatening to affect water resources such as the Namocoha lake.

Districts of Peru
The districts of Peru (Spanish: distritos) are the third-level country subdivisions of Peru. They are subdivisions of the provinces, which in turn are subdivisions of the larger regions or departments. There are 1,838 districts in total.
1933 International Lawn Tennis Challenge
The 1933 International Lawn Tennis Challenge was the 28th edition of what is now known as the Davis Cup. 24 teams would enter the Europe Zone; while 9 would enter the Americas Zone, 4 in North America and 5 in South America.

The United States defeated Argentina in the America Inter-Zonal Final, and Great Britain defeated Australia in the Europe Zone final. In the Inter-Zonal play-off Great Britain defeated United States, and went on to defeat France in the Challenge Round. Great Britain's victory ended France's six-year run as champions and gave the Great Britain team their first title since 1912. The final was played at Stade Roland Garros in Paris on 28–30 July.

France Davis Cup team
The France men's national tennis team (French: Équipe de France de Coupe Davis) represents France in Davis Cup tennis competition, and is governed by the Fédération Française de Tennis.  France competed in their first Davis Cup in 1904. France is the third most successful nation, with ten wins.  Their most recent title came in 2017.
Park Benjamin Jr.
Park Benjamin (1849–1922) was an American patent lawyer and writer. He was born in New York City, graduated at the United States Naval Academy in 1867, resigned from the Navy in 1869, and graduated at the Albany Law School in the following year.  He was associate editor of The Scientific American from 1872 to 1878 and subsequently edited Appleton's Cyclopedia of Applied Mechanics and Cyclopædia of Modern Mechanism. He is also famous as the father-in-law of operatic tenor Enrico Caruso.

Albany Law School
Albany Law School is a private law school in Albany, New York. It was founded in 1851 and is the oldest independent law school in the nation. It is accredited by the American Bar Association as well as the Middle States Commission on Higher Education and has an affiliation agreement with University at Albany that includes shared programs. The school is located near New York's highest court, federal courts, the executive branch, and the state legislature.
USS Didrickson Bay
USS Didrickson Bay refers to one of two ships of the United States Navy named for Didrickson Bay in Alaska:

USS Didrickson Bay (CVE-64), a Casablanca-class escort carrier that was renamed USS Tripoli before being launched

USS Didrickson Bay (CVE-100), a second Casablanca-class escort carrier that was renamed USS Bougainville, also before being launched

USS Tripoli (CVE-64)
USS Tripoli (CVE-64) was a Casablanca-class escort carrier of the United States Navy. Tripoli is the first US Navy ship named for the Battle of Derne in 1805. It was the decisive victory of a mercenary army led by a detachment of United States Marines and soldiers against the forces of Tripoli during the First Barbary War. It was the first recorded land battle of the United States fought overseas.
Ibrahim Sultan Polytechnic
Ibrahim Sultan Polytechnic (PIS; Malay: Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan) is a polytechnic in Pasir Gudang, Johor, Malaysia.

The polytechnic specialises in engineering, communication design and hospitality, and offers 2-year skills certificate, 2-year diploma and 3-year degree programmes. PIS is organised into six departments: Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Visual Design & Communication, Tourism & Hospitality, Science & Computer Science, and General Studies.

Department of Skills Development
The Department of Skills Development (Malay: Jabatan Pembangunan Kemahiran, abbreviated DSD or JPK; Jawi: جابتن ڤمباڠونن كماهيرن‎) is an agency under the Ministry of Human Resources for co-ordination and control of training skills for Malaysian citizens. It researches and develops standards to evaluate job expertise and competency.
Nicolas Kettel
Nicolas Kettel (17 December 1925 — 7 April 1960) was a Luxembourgish footballer who played as a forward. Born in Dudelange, he played from 1945 to 1960, mostly for his hometown club Stade Dudelange, with a spell at Switzerland's Young Boys inbetween (1948–1953).

He played 56 matches for the Luxembourg national team (five as captain) and scored 13 goals. Five of his games were FIFA World Cup qualifiers, in which he did not score (1950, 1958).

His debut came on 23 February 1946 in a 7–0 friendly loss to Belgium in Charleroi, and he scored his first goal against the same opposition in a 2–1 loss on 30 October the same year.

Kettel was named in Luxembourg's squad for the 1948 Olympic tournament in Great Britain. In the preliminary round, he scored in a 6–0 win over Afghanistan at the Goldstone Ground in Brighton, ahead of a 6–1 loss to Yugoslavia in the first round at Craven Cottage.

He died in a car accident aged 34, while still an active player.

Craven Cottage
Craven Cottage is a football stadium in Fulham, West London, England, which has been the home of Fulham F.C. since 1896. The ground's capacity is 29,589; the record attendance is 49,335, for a game against Millwall in 1938. Next to Bishop's Park on the banks of the River Thames, it was originally a royal hunting lodge and has a history dating back over 300 years.

The stadium has also been used by national teams and was formerly the home ground for rugby league club Fulham RLFC.
Upper Woolhampton
Upper Woolhampton is a village in the English county of Berkshire. It is situated on higher ground, 0.5 miles (800 m) to the north of the parent village of Woolhampton. Both the Grade II listed parish church of St Peter and the village school are located in Upper Woolhampton. Also in the village is  the Grade II* listed Woolhampton House, now occupied by Elstree School, a preparatory school that relocated to Woolhampton from Elstree during the Second World War. The Benedictine Douai Abbey community, and its now-closed Douai School is located a further 0.5 miles (800 m) to the north. Upper Woolhampton is part of the civil parish of Woolhampton, and lies in the West Berkshire unitary authority district and the Newbury parliamentary constituency.

Unitary authority
A unitary authority is a type of local authority in New Zealand and the United Kingdom. Unitary authorities are responsible for all local government functions within their areas, or perform additional functions that elsewhere are usually performed by multiple tiers of local government.

Typically, unitary authorities cover towns or cities that are large enough to function independently of a council or other authority. An authority can be a unit of a county or combined authority.
Daly at Night
Daly at Night was an Australian television series which aired from 7 March 1962 to 29 March 1963, aired on Wednesdays, Thursdays and Fridays on Melbourne station HSV-7. Hosted by American-born Jonathan Daly, the series was an interview program. Other regulars on the series included Horrie Dargie, Vikki Hammond, Lou Richards, Frank Thring and Arthur Young. Daly was later co-star of another 1960s Australian series, variety show The Delo and Daly Show.

In a highly critical review of the final episode, newspaper The Age said "It opened, brave in its inadequacy, with business as usual; some talk leading nowhere on the reported falling numbers of students seeking a higher musical education. But who among those still watching cared about these things on Daly at Night's final night?"

Information on the archival status of the series is not available.

Frank Thring
Francis William Thring IV (11 May 1926 – 29 December 1994) was an Australian character actor in radio, stage, television and film; as well as a theatre director. His early career started in London in theatre productions, before he starred in Hollywood film, where he became best known for roles in Ben-Hur in 1959 and King of Kings in 1961. He was known for always wearing black and styling his home in black decor.
Changa Manga
The Changa Manga  (Urdu, Punjabi:  چھانگا مانگا) is a man-made forest which includes a wildlife preserve, in the Kasur and Lahore districts of Punjab, Pakistan. It is located approximately 74 km west of Lahore. It was once the largest man-made forest in the world but has undergone illegal deforestation at a massive scale in recent times.

Changa Manga is known more widely as "one of the oldest hand-planted forests in the world", and hosts a wide range of flora and fauna. The forest is home to 14 species of mammals, 50 species of birds, six species of reptiles, two species of amphibians and 27 species of insects. Thus, other than producing timber for the local industry, the forest also serves as an important wildlife reserve.

Named after two brother dacoits, the Changa Manga forest was originally planted in 1866 by British foresters. Its trees were harvested to gather fuel and resources for the engines employed in the North-Western railway networks.

Dalbergia sissoo
Dalbergia sissoo, known commonly as North Indian rosewood or shisham, is a fast-growing, hardy, deciduous rosewood tree native to the Indian subcontinent and southern Iran. D. sissoo is a large, crooked tree with long, leathery leaves and whitish or pink flowers.
Jurie van Vuuren
Jurie George van Vuuren (born 7 June 1993) is a South African rugby union player who plays for the Tel Aviv Heat. He also plays for the Utah Warriors in Major League Rugby (MLR). His regular position is lock or flanker.

He previously played for the Eastern Province Elephants in the Currie Cup and in the Rugby Challenge He also was a member of the Southern Kings.

Tel Aviv Heat
The Tel Aviv Heat (Hebrew: תל אביב היט, romanized: Tel Aviv Hit) is the first professional Israeli rugby union team. Based in Tel Aviv, the team competed annually in the Rugby Europe Super Cup until 2023. The team is also called the Israeli Springboks, on account of the number of South Africans in the team and have also been described as 'the world's most diverse rugby team'.
20th-century classical music
20th-century classical music is  Western art music that was written between 1901 and 2000, inclusive. Musical style diverged during the 20th century as it never had previously, so this century was without a dominant style. Modernism, impressionism, and post-romanticism can all be traced to the decades before the turn of the 20th century, but can be included because they evolved beyond the musical boundaries of the 19th-century styles that were part of the earlier common practice period. neoclassicism and expressionism came mostly after 1900. Minimalism started later in the century and can be seen as a change from the modern to postmodern era, although some date postmodernism from as early as about 1930. Aleatory, atonality, serialism, musique concrète, and electronic music were all developed during the century. Jazz and ethnic folk music became important influences on many composers during this century.

Darius Milhaud
Darius Milhaud (French: [daʁjys mijo], Provençal: [miˈjawt]; 4 September 1892 – 22 June 1974) was a French composer, conductor, and teacher. He was a member of Les Six—The Group of Six—and one of the most prolific composers of the 20th century. His compositions are influenced by jazz and Brazilian music and make extensive use of polytonality. Milhaud is considered one of the key modernist composers. He taught many future jazz and classical composers, including Burt Bacharach, Dave Brubeck, Philip Glass, Steve Reich, György Kurtág, Karlheinz Stockhausen and Iannis Xenakis among others.
Bioleaching
Bioleaching is the extraction or liberation of metals from their ores through the use of living organisms. Bioleaching is one of several applications within biohydrometallurgy and several methods are used to treat ores or concentrates containing copper, zinc, lead,  arsenic, antimony, nickel, molybdenum, gold, silver, and cobalt.

Bioleaching falls into two broad categories.  The first, is the use of microorganisms to oxidize refractory minerals to release valuable metals such and gold and silver.  Most commonly the minerals that are the target of oxidization are pyrite and arsenopyrite.

The second category is leaching of sulphide minerals to release the associated metal, for example, leaching of pentlandite to release nickel, or the leaching of chalcocite, covellite or chalcopyrite to release copper.

Relative to pyrometallurgy it is a slow but low cost method.

The method was inadvertly used in Río Tinto in the 18th century.

Antimony
Antimony is a chemical element with the symbol Sb (from Latin  stibium) and atomic number 51. A lustrous grey metal or metalloid, it occurs in nature mainly in the form of the sulfide mineral stibnite (Sb2S3). Antimony compounds have been known since ancient times and were powdered for use as medicine and cosmetics, often known by the Arabic name kohl.

China is the largest producer of antimony and its compounds, with most production coming from the Xikuangshan Mine in Hunan. The industrial methods for refining antimony from stibnite are roasting followed by reduction with carbon, or direct reduction of stibnite with iron.

The most common applications for metallic antimony are in alloys with lead and tin, which have improved properties for solders, bullets, and plain bearings. It improves the rigidity of lead-alloy plates in lead–acid batteries. Antimony trioxide is a prominent additive for halogen-containing flame retardants. Antimony is used as a dopant in semiconductor devices.
Jean-François Bergeron (film editor)
Jean-François Bergeron is a Canadian film editor, most noted as a winner of the Jutra Award for Best Editing at the 9th Jutra Awards in 2007 for his work on Bon Cop, Bad Cop. He has also been nominated in the same category four other times, and is a five-time Genie Award nominee for Best Editing.

Gala Québec Cinéma
The Gala Québec Cinéma is a Quebec film award, presented annually by Québec Cinéma, which recognizes talent and achievement in the mainly feature film industry of Quebec. Until 2016, it was known as La soirée des prix Jutra (The evening of the Jutra prizes) in reference of influential Quebec film director Claude Jutra, but Jutra's name was withdrawn from the awards following the publication of Yves Lever's biography of Jutra, which alleged that he had sexually abused children.

It should not be confused with the Claude Jutra Award, a special award presented by the Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television as part of the separate Canadian Screen Awards program which was also renamed in 2016 following the allegations against Jutra.
Franjo von Allmen
Franjo von Allmen (born 24 July 2001) is a Swiss World Cup alpine ski racer who competes in the speed disciplines of downhill and super-G. Von Allmen won gold medals in three alpine skiing events at the 2026 Winter Olympics: downhill, super-G, and team combined (with Tanguy Nef). He is the first Swiss Olympian to win the super-G and the first athlete since 2002 to win three gold medals at one edition of the games.

Alpine skiing at the 2026 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiing at the 2026 Winter Olympics was held between 7 and 18 February 2026.

All five men's events were held in Bormio at the Stelvio ski course; and all five women's events were held in Cortina d'Ampezzo at the Olimpia delle Tofane ski course, both very demanding.

A total of 306 quota spots were distributed to alpine skiing.

Ten events were contested (down from 11 in 2022), split evenly between men and women. The mixed parallel team event was dropped after the 2022 Winter Olympics, while the alpine combined event in each gender was replaced by a team combined event for pairs.
Scheduled monuments in Kent
There are 689 scheduled monuments in the county of Kent, England. These protected sites date in some cases from the Neolithic period, and include barrows, artillery forts, ruined abbeys, castles, and Iron Age hill forts.
In the United Kingdom, the scheduling of monuments was first initiated to ensure the preservation of "nationally important" archaeological sites and historic buildings. Protection is given to scheduled monuments under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979.

Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979
The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 (c. 46) (abbreviated AMAAA) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the latest in a series of Ancient Monument Acts legislating to protect the archaeological heritage of England, Wales, and Scotland. Northern Ireland has its own legislation.

The law is administered in England by Historic England and the Department for Culture, Media and Sport, in Scotland by Historic Environment Scotland and formerly by Cadw in Wales.
Belize Coast Guard
The Belize Coast Guard (until 2016, the Belize National Coast Guard Service) is the maritime security, search and rescue, and the maritime and law enforcement service branch of Belize. The BCG operates under the Ministry of Home Affairs.

The current Commandant of the Belize Coast Guard is Captain Elton Bennett.

Naval warfare
Naval warfare is combat in and on the sea, the ocean, or any other battlespace involving a major body of water such as a large lake or wide river.

The armed forces branch designated for naval warfare is a navy. Naval operations can be broadly divided into riverine/littoral applications (brown-water navy), open-ocean applications (blue-water navy), between riverine/littoral and open-ocean applications (green-water navy), although these distinctions are more about strategic scope than tactical or operational division. The strategic offensive purpose of naval warfare is projection of force by water, and its strategic defensive purpose is to challenge the similar projection of force by enemies.