hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Deflate
In computing, Deflate (stylized as DEFLATE, and also called Flate) is a lossless data compression algorithm that uses a combination of LZ77 and Huffman coding. It was designed by Phil Katz, for version 2 of his PKZIP archiving tool. Deflate was later specified in Request for Comments (RFC) 1951 (1996).

Katz also designed the original algorithm used to construct Deflate streams. This algorithm received software patent U.S. patent 5,051,745, assigned to PKWare, Inc. As stated in the RFC document, an algorithm producing Deflate files was widely thought to be implementable in a manner not covered by patents. This led to its widespread use. For example, in the zlib data format, gzip file format, Portable Network Graphics (PNG) image file, ZIP file format for which Katz originally designed it. The patent has since expired.

Software patent
A software patent is a patent on a piece of software, such as a computer program, library, user interface, or algorithm. The validity of these patents can be difficult to evaluate, as software is often at once a product of engineering, something typically eligible for patents, and an abstract concept, which is typically not. This gray area, along with the difficulty of patent evaluation for intangible, technical works such as libraries and algorithms, makes software patents a frequent subject of controversy and litigation.

Different jurisdictions have radically different policies concerning software patents, including a blanket ban, no restrictions, or attempts to distinguish between purely mathematical constructs and "embodiments" of these constructs. For example, an algorithm itself may be judged unpatentable, but its use in software judged patentable.
Blocking (textile arts)
In knitting, crochet and other handmade textile arts, blocking is a final stage of handmade textile production that adjusts the shape and size of the finished piece. Not all pieces need blocking; however, blocking is standard for lace work and is not uncommon in sweaters, socks, and other solid projects. Through heat and moisture, blocking sets the stitches and standardizes the final dimensions, and may enhance the drape. Hand manufacture places natural stresses on fabrics that may result in deviations from its intended shape and size.  Blocking is only effective on natural fibres but a technique called killing may be used on synthetic fibres to achieve an effect similar to blocking.

The degree of malleability is determined by the type of yarn used, with wool providing the most flexibility.  For projects that are produced in sections or piecework, blocking is normally done prior to final assembly, and may be repeated after final construction.

Heat
In thermodynamics, heat is defined as the form of energy crossing the boundary of a thermodynamic system by virtue of a temperature difference across the boundary. A thermodynamic system does not contain heat. Nevertheless, the term is also often used to refer to the thermal energy contained in a system as a component of its internal energy and that is reflected in the temperature of the system.

Calorimetry is measurement of heat by its effect on the states of interacting bodies, for example, by the amount of ice melted or by change in temperature of a body.

In the International System of Units (SI), the unit of measurement for heat is the joule (J).
Muhammad Rafli
Muhammad Rafli (born 24 November 1998) is an Indonesian professional footballer who plays for Championship club Deltras, on loan from Super League club Arema. A versatile player, Rafli plays as a midfielder or forward, and has been deployed in a variety of attacking roles – as an attacking midfielder, second striker, centre forward and on either wings.

Rafli began to be known when he was selected in 2016 to attend the now-defunct Nike Academy, a program run by Nike Inc. for selected under-20 players scouted worldwide known as 'Nike Most Wanted' players. The only other Indonesian who participated in this academy was the national team's current playmaker Evan Dimas, in 2012.

Deltras F.C.
Delta Raya Sidoarjo Football Club or Deltras FC is an Indonesian professional football club based in Sidoarjo, East Java. They play in the Championship. The club's home stadium is the Gelora Delta Stadium.
East Cree
East Cree, also known as  James Bay (Eastern) Cree, and East Main Cree, is a group of Cree dialects spoken in Quebec, Canada on the east coast of lower Hudson Bay and James Bay, and inland southeastward from James Bay. Cree is one of the most spoken non-official aboriginal languages of Canada. Four dialects have been tentatively identified including the Southern Inland dialect (Iyiniw-Ayamiwin) spoken in Mistissini, Oujé-Bougoumou, Waswanipi, and Nemaska; the Southern Coastal dialect (Iyiyiw-Ayamiwin) spoken in Nemaska, Waskaganish, and Eastmain; the Northern Coastal Dialects (Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin), one spoken in Wemindji and Chisasibi and the other spoken in Whapmagoostui. The dialects are mutually intelligible, though difficulty arises as the distance between communities increases.

East Cree is not considered an endangered language thanks to the large population of younger people who speak it (Mela S.; Mali A. 2009). There are estimated to be more than 18,000 first-language speakers.

Eastmain
Eastmain (Quebec French pronunciation: [iːstˈmẽɪ̯̃]; Cree: ᐄᔅᒣᐃᓐ/Îsmein) is a Cree community located on the east coast of James Bay at the mouth of the Eastmain River, Quebec, Canada. It is a small coastal Cree village with a population of 924 people in the 2021 Canadian Census up from 866 people at the 2016 Canadian Census. Its alternate Cree name is ᐙᐸᓅᑖᐤ/Wâpanûtâw, meaning Lands east of James Bay.

Eastmain is accessible by air (Eastmain River Airport) and by car over a gravel road linking it to the James Bay Road, which takes around 1 hour.

The Eastmain community was greatly affected by the James Bay Project, which in 1980 diverted 90% of the Eastmain River to the La Grande River.
Small nucleolar RNA SNORD57
In molecular biology, snoRNA U57 (also known as SNORD57)  is a member of the C/D box class of snoRNAs.  This family functions to direct site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.

This snoRNA was originally cloned from human  HeLa cells during a screen for intron encoded snoRNAs. It is predicted to guide the 2'O-ribose methylation of 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) at residue A99 3

Ribosome
A ribosome (/ˈraɪbəzoʊm, -soʊm/) is a ribonucleoprotein particle found in all cells, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, responsible for the synthesis of proteins. A ribosome functions as a molecular machine in the translation of strands of messenger RNA (mRNA) and production of a protein. A ribosome links amino acids together in the order specified by the codons of mRNA molecules to form polypeptide chains. A ribosome is made up of a large and a small subunit, each consisting of one or more ribosomal RNA molecules and many ribosomal proteins. The ribosomes and associated molecules are also known as the translational apparatus.

Ribosome biogenesis is the process of making ribosomes. This is an energy-consuming, dynamic process, requiring the synthesis of around 200 proteins in the processing of ribosomal RNAs and assembling them with ribosomal proteins to make the ribosomes subunits.
1907 Tie Cup final
The 1907 Tie Cup final was the final match to decide the winner of the Tie Cup, the 8th edition of the international competition organised by the Argentine and Uruguayan Associations together. The final was contested by Argentine Alumni and Uruguayan CURCC.

In the final, played at Ferro Carril Oeste Stadium in Caballito, Buenos Aires with a full attendance of 7,000, Alumni beat CURCC 3–1, with goals by Alfredo Brown (2) and Eliseo Brown. The Argentine club won its fourth Tie Cup trophy while its captain Alfredo Brown was acclaimed as "man of the match" by the crowd at Ferro C. Oeste.

Since this edition, Argentine and Uruguayan clubs played in their own "Copa de Competencia" –Copa de Competencia Jockey Club (established that same year) and Copa de Competencia (Uruguay) respectively– and the winner of each competition qualified to the final.

Tie Cup
The Tie Cup Competition (also known as Copa de Competencia Chevallier Boutell) was an international football tournament played between representatives of the Argentina and Uruguay Associations. It was one of the earliest international football tournaments played between members of different national football associations, played on an annual basis until 1919.
Ciosny, Tomaszów Mazowiecki County
Ciosny [ˈt͡ɕɔsnɨ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ujazd, within Tomaszów Mazowiecki County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) north-west of Ujazd, 18 km (11 mi) north-west of Tomaszów Mazowiecki, and 32 km (20 mi) south-east of the regional capital Łódź.

Tomaszów Mazowiecki
Tomaszów Mazowiecki (pronounced [tɔˈmaʂuf mazɔˈvjɛt͡skʲi] ⓘ, Yiddish: טאָמעשעוו or Tomashuv) is a town in central Poland with 60,529 inhabitants (2021). It is the fourth most populous city in the Łódź Voivodeship and the second with free public transport. It is the seat of Tomaszów County.

In Tomaszów Mazowiecki there is the first (and the only) all-year speed skating track in Poland - Ice Arena Tomaszów Mazowiecki, which has hosted the World Championships. In autumn, the city hosts the international Love Polish Jazz festival, organized by the Polish Ministry of Culture and National Heritage.
Dump (Unix)
The dump command is a program on Unix and Unix-like operating systems used to back up file systems. It operates on blocks, below filesystem abstractions such as files and directories. Dump can back up a file system to a tape or another disk. It is often used across a network by piping its output through bzip2 then SSH.

A dump utility first appeared in Version 6 AT&T UNIX. A dump command is also part of ASCII's MSX-DOS2 Tools for MSX-DOS version 2.

Unix-like
A Unix-like (sometimes referred to as UN*X, *nix or *NIX) operating system is one that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system, although not necessarily conforming to or being certified to any version of the Single UNIX Specification. A Unix-like application is one that behaves like the corresponding Unix command or shell. Although there are general philosophies for Unix design, there is no technical standard defining the term, and opinions can differ about the degree to which a particular operating system or application is Unix-like. Some well-known examples of Unix-like operating systems include Linux, FreeBSD and OpenBSD. These systems are often used on servers as well as on personal computers and other devices. Many popular applications, such as the Apache web server and the Bash shell, are also designed to be used on Unix-like systems.
Tubby Spencer
Edward Russell "Tubby" Spencer (January 26, 1884 – February 1, 1945) was an American catcher for the St. Louis Browns (1905–08), Boston Red Sox (1909), Philadelphia Phillies (1911), and Detroit Tigers (1916–18).

He led the American League in being hit by pitches (9) in 1917.  In nine seasons he played in 449 games and had 1,326 at bats, 106 runs, 298 hits, 43 doubles, 10 triples, 3 home runs, 133 RBI, 13 stolen bases, 87 walks, .225 batting average, .281 on-base percentage, .279 slugging percentage, 370 total bases, and 27 sacrifice hits.

He died in San Francisco, California at the age of 61.

Hit by pitch
In baseball, hit by pitch (HBP) is an event in which a batter or his clothing or equipment (other than his bat) is struck directly by a pitch from the pitcher; the batter is called a hit batsman (HB). A hit batsman is awarded first base, provided that (in the plate umpire's judgment) he made an honest effort to avoid the pitch, although failure to do so is rarely called by an umpire. Being hit by a pitch is often caused by a batter standing too close to, or "crowding", home plate.

The rule dates from 1887; before that, a pitch that struck the batter was merely a ball.
Bütschwil-Ganterschwil
Bütschwil-Ganterschwil is a municipality in the Wahlkreis (constituency) of Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.  On 1 January 2013 the former municipalities of Bütschwil and Ganterschwil merged to form the new municipality of Bütschwil-Ganterschwil.

Canton of St. Gallen
The canton of St. Gallen or St Gall (German: Kanton St. Gallen [zaŋkt ˈɡalən] ⓘ; Romansh: Chantun Son Gagl; French: Canton de Saint-Gall; Italian: Canton San Gallo) is a canton of Switzerland. Its capital is St. Gallen.

Located in northeastern Switzerland, the canton has an area of 2,026 km2 (782 sq mi) (5% of Switzerland) and a resident population close to half a million as of 2015 (6% of Switzerland). It was formed in 1803 as a conflation of the city of St. Gallen, the territories of the Abbey of St. Gall and various former subject territories of the Old Swiss Confederacy.
Connecticut's 12th State Senate district
Connecticut's 12th State Senate district elects one member of the Connecticut State Senate. The district consists of the towns of Branford, North Branford, Durham, Guilford, Killingworth, and Madison.  Its current senator is Christine Cohen.

The district boundaries established after the 2010 census are the same as those established after the 2000 census.

North Branford, Connecticut
North Branford is a town in New Haven County, Connecticut, United States. The town is part of the South Central Connecticut Planning Region. The population was 13,544 at the 2020 census. The town is primarily known for agriculture and for other points of interest including Lake Gaillard and Northford Ice Pavilion. Wallingford, Durham, and North Haven border it to the north, East Haven to the west, Guilford to the east, and Branford to the south.

The town has the neighborhoods of Totoket, Wood Chase, Sea Hill, Twin Lakes, Ashley Park, and Doral Farms. North Branford also includes the village of Northford.
44th Karlovy Vary International Film Festival
The 44th Karlovy Vary International Film Festival took place from 3 to 11 July 2009. The Crystal Globe was won by Angel at Sea, a Belgian-Canadian drama film directed by Frédéric Dumont. The second prize, the Special Jury Prize was won by Twenty, an Iranian drama film directed by Abdolreza Kahani.

Cold Souls
Cold Souls is a 2009 American science fiction comedy-drama film written and directed by Sophie Barthes. The film features Paul Giamatti, Dina Korzun, Emily Watson, and David Strathairn. Giamatti stars as a fictionalised version of himself, an anxious, overwhelmed actor who decides to enlist the service of a company to deep freeze his soul. Complications ensue when his soul gets lost in a soul trafficking scheme which has taken his soul to St. Petersburg. The film then follows Giamatti desperately trying to recover his soul.
2005 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I – Pool B
Group B of the 2005 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group I was one of four pools in the Europe/Africa Zone Group I of the 2005 Fed Cup. Four teams competed in a round robin competition, with the top team and the bottom team proceeding to their respective sections of the play-offs: the top team played for advancement to the World Group II Play-offs, while the bottom team faced potential relegation to Group II.

2005 Fed Cup World Group II play-offs
The 2005 World Group II play-offs were four ties which involved the losing nations of the World Group II and four nations from the three Zonal Group I competitions. Nations that won their play-off ties entered the 2006 World Group II, while losing nations joined their respective zonal groups.
Gorbatov, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Gorbatov (Russian: Горба́тов) is a town in Pavlovsky District of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia, located on the bank of the Oka River in the Meshchera Lowlands. Population:  2,278 (2010 census); 2,662 (2002 census); 3,552 (1989 Soviet census). It was previously known as Gorbatovo (until 1779).

Oka (river)
The Oka (UK: /ˈɒkə/, US: /ˈoʊkə/; Russian: Ока IPA: [ɐˈka]) is a river in central Russia, the largest right tributary of the Volga. It flows through the regions of Oryol, Tula, Kaluga, Moscow, Ryazan, Vladimir and Nizhny Novgorod and is navigable over a large part of its total length, as far upstream as the town of Kaluga. Its length is 1,500 km (930 mi) and its catchment area 245,000 km2 (95,000 sq mi). The Russian capital Moscow sits on one of the Oka's tributaries—the Moskva, from which the capital's name is thought to be derived.
Madison Ferris
Madison Ferris is an American actress, best known for portraying Laura Wingfield in The Glass Menagerie.

Ferris moved to New York City, and got her first professional performance opportunity as a paid dancer at the Joyce Theater. Ferris performed in two dance pieces, Ballet (New York) and The Show Must Go On by French choreographer Jerome Bel.

Ferris has Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy and was the first wheelchair user to play a lead on Broadway.

Joyce Theatre Foundation
The Joyce Theater Foundation is a leading presenter of dance in New York City and nationally. It is runs, in part, from the Joyce Theater, a 472-seat dance performance venue located in the Chelsea neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. The Joyce occupies the Elgin Theater, a former movie house that opened in 1941 and was gut-renovated and reconfigured in 1981–82.
China National Highway 104
China National Highway 104 (G104) runs from Beijing to Pingtan via Jinan, Xuzhou, Nanjing, Hangzhou, Taizhou and Fuzhou.

It runs to approximately 2420 km, and, on a map, runs southeast towards Nanjing and Hangzhou before turning south-southwest at Taizhou. In 2013, under a new 2013-2030 plan by NDRC and MoT, the G102 has been extended to Pingtan.

Leaving Beijing, it first runs as part of South Zhongzhou Road and is also known as Nanyuan Road (for being close to the Nanyuan area). However, it then diverts southwest and becomes the highway unto itself.

Taizhou, Zhejiang
Taizhou is a city located at the middle of the East China Sea coast of Zhejiang province. It is located 300 km (190 mi) south of Shanghai and 230 km (140 mi) southeast of Hangzhou, the provincial capital. It is bordered by Ningbo to the north, Wenzhou to the south, and Shaoxing, Jinhua, and Lishui to west. In addition to the municipality itself, the prefecture-level city of Taizhou includes 3 districts, 3 county-level cities, and 3 counties.
As of the 2020 census, its total population was 6,662,888 inhabitants whom 3,578,660 lived in the built-up (or metro) area made of the three urban Districts and Wenling City now being largely conurbated.
Chinchwad Assembly constituency
Chinchwad Assembly constituency is one of the twenty one constituencies of the Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha located in the city of Pune, India.

It is a part of the Maval (Lok Sabha constituency) along with five other assembly constituencies: Pimpri and Maval from the Pune District and Karjat, Uran and Panvel from the Raigad district.

The last Legislator representing this constituency was Laxman Pandurang Jagtap, who won as an independent in 2009 and as a BJP candidate in 2014 Vidhan Sabha elections. The by-election was conducted due to the death of the incumbent MLA.

Uran
Uran is a coastal town in Raigad District's Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra state in Konkan division. It lies to the east of Mumbai across the Dharamtar Creek. Uran is primarily a fishing and agriculture village, which has developed into the special economic zone of Uran. The primary languages spoken are Agri and Koli which is a dialect of Marathi-Konkani.
Belarus women's national under-17 basketball team
The Belarus women's national under-16 and under-17 basketball team is the national women's basketball team that represented Belarus in international under-16 and under-17 tournaments. The national team is administered by the Belarusian Basketball Federation.

After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the FIBA suspended Belarus from participating in basketball and 3x3 basketball competitions.

Women's basketball
Women's basketball is the team sport of basketball played by women. It was first played in 1892, one year after men's basketball, at Smith College in Massachusetts. It spread across the United States, in large parts via women's college competitions, and has since spread globally. As of 2020, basketball is one of the most popular and fastest growing sports in the world.

There are multiple professional leagues and tournaments for professional women basketball players. The main North American league is the WNBA. The FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup and Women's Olympic Basketball Tournament feature top national teams from continental championships. In the US, the NCAA Women's Division I Basketball Championship is also popular. The strongest European women's basketball clubs participate in the EuroLeague Women.
Dihydroxyphenylglycine
(S)-3,5-Dihydroxyphenylglycine or DHPG is a potent agonist of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) mGluR1 and mGluR5.

DHPG was the first agonist shown to be selective for group I mGluRs. Agonist activity is found in only the (S)-isomer, and (S)-DHPG may be a partial agonist of group I mGluRs.

(S)-DHPG has been investigated for therapeutic effects in the treatment of neuronal injury (such as those associated with ischemia or hypoxia), cognitive enhancement, and Alzheimer's disease.

3,5-Dihydroxyphenylglycine can be isolated from the latex of Euphorbia helioscopia.

DHGP is also found in vancomycin and related glycopeptides. Although the (S) stereoisomer is synthesized by the DpgA-D enzymes, it is the (R) stereoisomer that is used in vancomycin and other related compounds. DHPG is enzymatically derived from the polyketide synthase pathway.

Euphorbia helioscopia
Euphorbia helioscopia, the sun spurge or madwoman's milk, is a species of flowering plant in the spurge family Euphorbiaceae. It is a herbaceous annual plant, native to most of Europe, northern Africa, and eastward through most of Asia.

Additional folk names include wart spurge, summer spurge, umbrella milkweed, and wolf's-milk.
The Execution of the Comuneros of Castile
The Execution of the Comuneros of Castile (Spanish: Ejecución de los comuneros de Castilla) is a history painting by Antonio Gisbert, from 1860.

Gisbert painted the oil on canvas in Rome. He presented the painting to the 1860 National Exhibition of Fine Arts, where he won a first-class medal. The Congress of Deputies purchased the painting for 80,000 reales. The painting depicts the execution of the three leaders of the Revolt of the Comuneros on 24 April 1521 in Villalar. Traditionally exhibited at the Palacio de las Cortes in Madrid, the painting was temporarily moved to the seat of the Cortes of Castile and León in Valladolid in occasion of the 500th anniversary of the depicted event in 2021.

Seat of the Cortes of Castile and León
The Seat of the Cortes of Castile and León (Spanish: Sede de las Cortes de Castilla y León) is a legislative building opened in 2007 for the Cortes of Castile and León, situated in the city of Valladolid.