hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Mark Choate
Mark Irvan Choate FRHistS is an American academic and retired colonel and diplomat. He is a history professor at Brigham Young University and adjunct research professor at the Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, specializing in international relations, the history of migration and colonialism, and grand strategy. He emphasizes the relationships between international emigration, immigration, and colonialism, and transnational influences in the fields of diplomacy, trade, currency exchange, and military power.

Medic
A medic is a person trained to provide medical care, encompassing a wide range of individuals involved in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of health conditions. The term can refer to fully qualified medical practitioners, such as physicians, as well as individuals in training, such as medical students. It also includes emergency medical responders, such as paramedics and combat medics, who provide urgent care in pre-hospital or battlefield settings.
Chen Tanqiu
Chen Tanqiu (Chinese: 陳潭秋; pinyin: Chén Tánqiū; 4 January 1896 – 27 September 1943) was a Chinese politician and founding member of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).

Chen Tanqiu graduated from Wuhan Higher Normal School (present day Wuhan University) after which he played a leadership role in the May Fourth Movement in 1919. Chen then created the Wuhan Communist group with Dong Biwu in 1920. In 1921, Chen and Dong Biwu went to the meeting that established the CCP, later known as the first National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party.: 275

He and Mao Zemin were arrested by the warlord Sheng Shicai while at Ürümqi, Sinkiang. Chen was executed on September 27, 1943.

Wuhan University
Wuhan University (WHU) is a leading national research university located in Wuhan, Hubei, China. Founded in 1893 as the Ziqiang Institute, Wuhan University is one of China’s oldest and most esteemed universities. It is affiliated with and funded by the Ministry of Education of China. The university is part of Project 985, Project 211, and Double First-Class Construction.
John French (Dean of Elphin)
John French (7 November 1770 – 14 February 1848) was an Anglican priest in Ireland.

French was born in Roscommon educated at Trinity College, Dublin. He was  Dean of Elphin from 1797 until his death.

He married Emily Magenis, third daughter of Richard Magenis of Waringstown.

Roscommon
Roscommon (/rɒsˈkɒmən/; Irish: Ros Comáin, meaning 'Saint Coman's wood'; pronounced [ɾˠɔsˠ ˈkɔmˠaːnʲ]) is the county town and the largest town in County Roscommon in Ireland. It is roughly in the centre of Ireland, near the meeting of the N60, N61 and N63 roads. The town is in a civil parish of the same name.

The name Roscommon is derived from Commán mac Faelchon who built a monastery there in the 5th century. The woods near the monastery became known as Ros Comáin (St. Coman's Wood). This was later anglicised to Roscommon. Its population at the 2022 census was 6,555.
Villa Manifesto
Villa Manifesto is the sixth studio album by American hip hop group Slum Village. It was released on July 27, 2010, via Ne'Astra Music Group and E1 Entertainment. The recording sessions took place at RJ Rice Studios in Farmington Hills, Michigan. The album was produced by Young RJ, J Dilla, Hi-Tek, Kon Artis, Khrysis and Supa Dave West, with Craig Lane serving as co-producer. It features guest appearances from AB, Colin Munroe, Dwele, Keys, Little Brother, Phife Dawg, Posdnuos and Vice Verse.

In the United States, the album debuted at number 37 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, number 21 on the Top Rap Albums and number 31 on the Independent Albums charts.

The album was supported with Villa Manifesto EP, released on December 15, 2009, and the lone single "Faster" b/w "Lock It Down", which was released on June 1, 2010. An accompanying music video for the song "Faster" was released on July 12, 2010. Villa Manifesto Instrumentals was released on October 23, 2012, via Ne'Astra Music.

Phife Dawg
Malik Izaak Taylor (November 20, 1970 – March 22, 2016), known professionally as Phife Dawg (or simply Phife), was a Trinidadian-American rapper and a member of the group A Tribe Called Quest with Q-Tip and Ali Shaheed Muhammad (and for a short time Jarobi White). He was also known as the "Five-Foot Assassin" and the "Five-Footer," because he stood at 5 feet 3 inches (1.60 m).
Grunwald–Wang theorem
In algebraic number theory, the Grunwald–Wang theorem is a local-global principle stating that—except in some precisely defined cases—an element x in a number field K is an nth power in K if it is an nth power in the completion  for all but finitely many primes  of K. For example, a rational number is a square of a rational number if it is a square of a p-adic number for almost all prime numbers p.

It was introduced by Wilhelm Grunwald (1933), but there was a mistake in this original version that was found and corrected by Shianghao Wang (1948). The theorem considered by Grunwald and Wang was more general than the one stated above as they discussed the existence of cyclic extensions with certain local properties, and the statement about nth powers is a consequence of this.

Algebraic number field
In mathematics, an algebraic number field (or simply number field) is an extension field  of the field of rational numbers  such that the field extension  has finite degree (and hence is an algebraic field extension).
Thus  is a field that contains  and has finite dimension when considered as a vector space over .

The study of algebraic number fields, that is, of algebraic extensions of the field of rational numbers, is the central topic of algebraic number theory. This study reveals hidden structures behind the rational numbers, by using algebraic methods.
Italian destroyer Pilade Bronzetti
Pilade Bronzetti was an Italian Rosolino Pilo-class destroyer. Commissioned into service in the Italian Regia Marina ("Royal Navy") in 1916, she served in World War I, participating in the Adriatic campaign. Her crew supported Gabriele D'Annunzio′s actions in Fiume in 1920, and as a consequence she was renamed Giuseppe Dezza in 1921. Reclassified as a torpedo boat in 1929, she took part in the Mediterranean campaign of World War II until the Italian armistice with the Allies, prompting Nazi Germany to capture her. Subsequently operating in the Kriegsmarine as TA35, she participated in the Adriatic Campaign of World War II until she was sunk in 1944.

Adriatic Campaign of World War I
The Adriatic Campaign of World War I was a naval campaign fought between the Central Powers and the Mediterranean squadrons of the Allies, specifically the United Kingdom, France, the Kingdom of Italy, Australia, and the United States.
QRG on Arbitration, Conciliation and Mediation
Quick Reference Guide on Arbitration, Conciliation & Mediation is a book authored by Vishnu S Warrier published by LexisNexis in 2015.

The book studies the concept of arbitration, mediation and conciliation procedure in ancient India and present. Considering law students in mind, author did justice to conceptualize the alternative dispute resolutions such as arbitration, mediation and conciliation into an easily understanding language.

LexisNexis
LexisNexis is an American data analytics company headquartered in New York, New York. Its products are various databases that are accessed through online portals, including portals for computer-assisted legal research (CALR), newspaper search, and consumer information. During the 1970s, LexisNexis began to make legal and journalistic documents more accessible electronically. As of 2006, the company had the world's largest electronic database for legal and public-records–related information. The company is a subsidiary of RELX.
Allison Fisher
Allison Fisher (born 24 February 1968) is an English former professional snooker and pool player. She is widely regarded as the greatest female pool player of all time and one of the greatest female snooker players.

Pool (cue sports)
Pool is a group of cue sports played on a billiard table. The table has six pockets along the rails, into which balls are shot. Of the many different pool games, the most popular include: eight-ball, blackball, nine-ball, ten-ball, seven-ball, straight pool, one-pocket, and bank pool. Eight-ball is the most frequently played discipline of pool, and it is often thought of as synonymous with "pool".

The generic term pocket billiards is sometimes also used, and favored by some pool-industry bodies, but is technically a broader classification, including games such as snooker, Russian pyramid, and kaisa, which are not referred to as pool games. There are also hybrid games combining aspects of both pool and carom billiards, such as American four-ball billiards, bottle pool, cowboy pool, and English billiards.
Trams in Düsseldorf
The Düsseldorf tramway network (German: Straßenbahnnetz Düsseldorf) is a network of tramways serving Düsseldorf, the capital city of the federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.  In combination with the Düsseldorf Stadtbahn and Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn, it forms the backbone of the public transport system in Düsseldorf.

The tramway network is currently operated by Rheinbahn AG, and is integrated in the Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr (VRR).  As of 2016, its seven tram lines ran over 78.0 kilometres (48.5 mi) of route, serving 178 stops.

Transport network analysis
A transport network, or transportation network, is a network or graph in geographic space, describing an infrastructure that permits and constrains movement or flow.
Examples include but are not limited to road networks, railways, air routes, pipelines, aqueducts, and power lines. The digital representation of these networks, and the methods for their analysis, is a core part of spatial analysis, geographic information systems, public utilities, and transport engineering. Network analysis is an application of the theories and algorithms of graph theory and is a form of proximity analysis.
Henry Hildyard (cricketer)
Henry Charles Thoroton Hildyard (16 October 1824 – 14 September 1898) was an English first-class cricketer and clergyman.

The son of Colonel Thomas Blackborne Thoroton-Hildyard, he was born in October 1824 at Flintham, Nottinghamshire. He was educated at Eton College, before going up to Merton College, Oxford. While studying at Oxford, he played first-class cricket intermittently for Oxford University between 1843 and 1846, making four appearances, in which he scored 57 runs with a high score of 19. In addition to playing for Oxford University, Hildyard also made a single first-class appearance for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Oxford University in 1844.

After graduating from Oxford, Hildyard took holy orders in the Church of England. He was the rector of Rowley in Yorkshire from 1852 until his death there in September 1898. His brother was the politician Thomas Thoroton-Hildyard.

Flintham
Flintham is a village and civil parish in the Rushcliffe district in Nottinghamshire, 7 miles (11 km) from Newark-on-Trent and opposite RAF Syerston on the A46. It had a population of 597 at the 2011 census, estimated at 586 in 2019, and a fall to 563 at the 2021 census. The village name was taken by the Ham class minesweeper HMS Flintham.
Tatayurt
Tatayurt (Russian: Татаюрт; Nogai: Тота-юрт, Tota-yurt) is a rural locality (a selo) in Tamazatyubinsky Selsoviet, Babayurtovsky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. The population was 2,366 as of 2010. There are 24 streets.

Nogai language
Nogai (/noʊˈɡaɪ/ noh-GHY; Ногай тили, Nogay tili, Ногайша, Nogayşa) also known as Noğay, Noghay, Nogay, or Nogai Tatar, is a Turkic language spoken in Southeastern European Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey. It is the ancestral language of the Nogais. As a member of the Kipchak branch, it is closely related to Kazakh, Karakalpak and Crimean Tatar. In 2014, the first Nogai novel (Akşa Nenem) was published, written in the Latin alphabet.
Northside, Cincinnati
Northside is one of the 52 neighborhoods of Cincinnati, Ohio. Northside was originally known as Cumminsville, but the construction of I-74 in 1974  divided Cumminsville into North and South Cumminsville, and by the 1980s, North Cumminsville became known as Northside.

Northside has a racially and socio-economically diverse population, with concentrations of college students, artists, young professionals, and many members of the creative class. It is also the city's gay village, hosting several local LGBT organizations and events. The population was 8,096 at the 2020 census.

Interstate 74
Interstate 74 (I-74) is  an Interstate Highway in the Midwestern and Southeastern United States. Its western end is at an interchange with I-80 in Davenport, Iowa; the eastern end of its Midwest segment is at an interchange with I-75 in Cincinnati, Ohio. The major cities that I-74 connects to include Davenport, Iowa; Peoria, Bloomington, and Champaign, Illinois; Indianapolis, Indiana; and Cincinnati, Ohio. I-74 also exists as several disconnected sections of highways in North Carolina.
Social class in the Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire was one of the most dominant empires in the Mediterranean region, having lasted ~600 years and controlling much of the eastern and southern portions of the Sea. Albert Hourani described the Ottoman Empire as "a bureaucratic state, holding different regions within a single administrative and fiscal system".

The Ottoman Empire lasted for over six hundred years (1299–1923) and encompassed present-day Turkey, the Balkans and the Fertile Crescent. Thus the Empire included an extremely diverse population ranging from the Muslim majority (Turks, Arabs, Bosniaks, Albanians, etc.) to various minority populations, specifically Christians and Jews, whom Muslims referred to as "People of the Book". As an imperial/colonial enterprise, the Ottoman system allowed some Greeks, Tatars, Italians, Albanians, Serbs, Hungarians, Georgians, Bulgarians, Ruthenians and Circassians, kul and azad, to attain high office as soldiers, viziers or members of the imperial family.

Imperialism
Imperialism is the maintaining and extending of power over foreign nations, particularly through expansionism, employing both hard power (military and economic power) and soft power (diplomatic power and cultural imperialism). Imperialism focuses on establishing or maintaining hegemony and a more formal empire.

While related to the concept of colonialism, imperialism is a distinct concept that can apply to other forms of expansion and many forms of government.
Dioscorea esculenta
Dioscorea esculenta is a species of flowering plant in the family Dioscoreaceae. It is sometimes referred to by the common name lesser yam, and is native to Island Southeast Asia and introduced to Near Oceania and East Africa by early Austronesian voyagers. This yam is grown for its edible tubers, though it has smaller tubers than the more widely-cultivated Dioscorea alata and is usually spiny.

Before Present
Before Present (BP) or "years before present (YBP)" is a time scale used mainly in archaeology, geology, and other scientific disciplines to specify when events occurred relative to the origin of practical radiocarbon dating in the 1950s. Because the "present" time changes, standard practice is to use 1 January 1950 as the commencement date (epoch) of the age scale, with 1950 being labelled as the "standard year". The abbreviation "BP" has been interpreted retrospectively as "Before Physics", which refers to the time before nuclear weapons testing artificially altered the proportion of the carbon isotopes in the atmosphere, which scientists must account for when using radiocarbon dating for dates of origin that may fall after this year.

In a convention that is not always observed, many sources restrict the use of BP dates to those produced with radiocarbon dating; the alternative notation "RCYBP" stands for the explicit "radio carbon years before present".
Dana Meadows (Pakistan)
Dana Meadows are meadows located in the north-end of Kaghan Valley in Mansehra District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa the province of Pakistan. Surrounded by Lower Himalayan mountain peaks with elevation of around 15,000 feet (4,600 m), the alpine  meadows are located at an altitude of 10,000 feet (3,000 m).

Khanian is the starting point for a trip to Dana Meadows. The track to Dana Meadows was destroyed by the 2005 Kashmir earthquake which resulted the Jeep access to the meadows insurmountable.

Mansehra District
Mansehra District (Urdu, Hindko: ضلع مانسہرہ) is a district in the Hazara Division, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, northern Pakistan. The city of Mansehra serves as the headquarters of the district.

Mansehra was established as an independent district in 1976. It was previously a tehsil within the broader Hazara District. In 1993, a former subdivision of Mansehra, Battagram, was separated as an independent district. Similarly, in 2011, another subdivision of Mansehra, Kala Dhaka, was separated which is now known as Torghar District.

The area comprising present-day Mansehra District historically consisted of two regions: Pakhal, known as the country of the Swati tribe, and Tanawal, the territory of the Tanoli tribe. According to revenue records, historical accounts, and British gazetteers, following the conquest of Pakhal from the Turks in 1703, Swati clans settled across the region, establishing ownership of nearly all villages in the district.
Amy Volk
Amy Fern Volk (born June 2, 1969) is an American politician from Maine. A Republican from Scarborough, Maine, Volk was first elected to the Maine House of Representatives in 2010 when she defeated incumbent Democrat Sean Flaherty.

Seeking re-election in 2012, Volk won re-election by 12 votes over former Cumberland County District Attorney Paul Aranson.

During Volk's second term in the House, she served as the ranking minority leader of the Labor, Commerce, Research, and Economic Development Committee.

On November 4, 2014, Volk was elected to the Maine Senate to represent District 30, which comprises most of Scarborough, all of Gorham and most of Buxton. She served two terms as chair of the Labor, Commerce, Research and Economic Development Committee and as second majority Senator on the Judiciary Committee in the 127th Maine Legislature and second majority Senator on the Environment and Natural Resources Committee in the 128th.

Maine Republican Party
The Maine Republican Party is an affiliate of the United States Republican Party in Maine. It was founded in Strong, Maine, on August 7, 1854. The party currently does not control the governor's office or either chamber of the Maine Legislature, nor either of Maine's two U.S. House. The only federal elected office that the party controls is one of Maine's two U.S. Senate seats, currently held by Susan Collins.
William Swaddon (priest)
William Swaddon was Archdeacon of Worcester from 1610 to 1623.

The son of William Swaddon, the MP for Calne from 1604 to 1605, he was educated at Winchester and New College, Oxford, He held incumbencies at Hazelbury and Great Horwood before being appointed Canon of Lincoln in 1595. After this he was Chaplain to Anne of Denmark who secured for him the Worcester Archdeaconry.

Great Horwood
Great Horwood is a small village and civil parish within the unitary authority area of Buckinghamshire, England. At the 2011 Census it had a population of 1,049. It is about five miles ESE of Buckingham, six miles WSW of Milton Keynes.
Lucht
Lucht is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

David A. Lucht (born 1943), American engineer and fire safety advocate

Ed Lucht (born 1931), Canadian basketball player

Ernst Lucht (1896–1975), German admiral

Hannelore Lucht, German chess master

Walter Lucht (1882–1949), German general

Walther Lucht
Walther Lucht (26 February 1882 – 18 March 1949) was a German general in the Wehrmacht during World War II who held commands at division, corps and army levels. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves of Nazi Germany. Lucht was released from an American POW camp in 1948, and died in a car crash in 1949.
Slavgorod
Slavgorod (Russian: Сла́вгород) is a town in Altai Krai, Russia, located between Lakes Sekachi and Bolshoye Yarovoye. The population of the town is 32,389 (2010 Census).

It was founded in 1910 and was granted town status in 1914.

Altai Krai
Altai Krai (Russian: Алтайский край, IPA: [ɐlˈtajskʲɪj kraj]) is a federal subject of Russia (a krai). It borders, clockwise from the west, Kazakhstan (East Kazakhstan Region, Abai Region and Pavlodar Region), Novosibirsk and Kemerovo, and the Altai Republic. Its administrative centre is the city of Barnaul. As of the 2021 Census, the population of the krai was 2,163,693.
Arthrobacter cupressi
Arthrobacter cupressi is a Gram-positive and non-motile bacterium species from the genus Arthrobacter which has been isolated from rhizosphere soil from the tree Cupressus sempervirens in Mianyang in Sichuan province, China.

Cupressus sempervirens
Cupressus sempervirens, the Mediterranean cypress (also known as Italian cypress, Tuscan cypress, or Persian cypress), is a species of cypress native to the eastern Mediterranean region and Iran. It is well-adapted to the environmental conditions that it lives in due to its ability to survive in both acidic and alkaline soils and withstand drought. Cupressus sempervirens is important in Mediterranean and Middle Eastern culture. In Iran it is both a sacred tree and a metaphor for "the graceful figure of the beloved".
Genfi
Genfi is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Ama Serwah Genfi (born 1994), Ghanaian-American singer-songwriter

Kofi Genfi (born 1993 or 1994), Ghanaian businessman

Kwadwo Adu Genfi Amponsah (born 1993), British musician

Kofi Genfi
Kofi Genfi  (born 1993 or 1994) is a Ghanaian entrepreneur and business executive. He is the co-founder of both Mazzuma and Utopia Technologies: two companies in the digital commerce space for emerging markets. He is the Director of Business Strategy for Mazzuma.
Shamimul Haque
Shamimul Haque, also known as Shamimul Hoque and Bidyut is a first-class and List A cricketer from Bangladesh. He was born on 6 July 1984 in Rajshahi and is a right-handed batsman and wicket keeper. Sometimes referred to on scoresheets by his nickname Bidyut he played for Rajshahi Division from 2001/02 to 2005/06.  He also appeared for the Bangladesh Cricket Board XI in 1999/00 and the Bangladesh Cricket Board Development Squad in 2002/03.

He made 3 first-class fifties, with a best of 59 against Dhaka Division and 3 more in one day games, with a best of 60 against Khulna Division.

Rajshahi Division
Rajshahi Division (Bengali: রাজশাহী বিভাগ) is one of the eight first-level administrative divisions of Bangladesh. It has an area of 18,174.4 square kilometres (7,017.2 sq mi) and a population at the 2022 Census of 20,353,119. Rajshahi Division consists of 8 districts, 70 upazilas (the next lower administrative tier) and 1,092 unions (the lowest administrative tier).

The region has historically been dominated by various feudal Rajas, Maharajas and Zamindars. Formerly comprising 16 districts, a new division (Rangpur Division) was formed with the 8 northern districts of the old Rajshahi Division from early 2010.