hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ferguson effect
The Ferguson effect is an increase in violent crime rates in a community caused by reduced proactive policing due to the community's distrust and hostility towards police. The Ferguson effect was first proposed after police saw an increase in violence following the 2014 shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri. The term was coined by Doyle Sam Dotson III, the chief of the St. Louis police, to account for an increased murder rate in some U.S. cities following the Ferguson unrest. Whether the Ferguson effect really exists is subject of discussions with many published studies reporting contradicting findings concerning whether there is a change in crime rates, number of 911 calls, homicides, and proactive policing. Furthermore, the effect and influence of the portrayal of police brutality in the media is also contested.

St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department
The Metropolitan Police Department – City of St. Louis (also known as the SLMPD or St. Louis Police) is the primary law enforcement agency for the city of St. Louis, Missouri.

According to the Mapping Police Violence dataset, SLMPD has the highest police use of deadly force per capita. The SLMPD union has strongly resisted attempts to establish independent oversight of police misconduct. When Kimberly Gardner, the top prosecutor in St. Louis, sought to establish a unit within her office to independently investigate police misconduct, the leader of the SLMPD union said Gardner should be removed "by force or by choice."
Blåbärssoppa
Blåbärssoppa (Swedish lit. 'blueberry soup', Finnish: mustikkakeitto [ˈmustikːɑˌkei̯tːo], Icelandic: bláberjasúpa) is a Nordic fruit soup made from bilberries (European blueberries), which can be served cold or hot. It is sweet and contains starch, which gives it a fairly thick consistency. It is served either as soup, often together with porridge, or as a drink.

In the United States, Swedish blåbärssoppa is imported and sold under the trade name Blåbär. Blueberry soup can be home-made from bilberries, sugar, water and potato starch, or it can be bought ready-made or in powdered form to mix with water.

The Swedish word for bilberry, blåbär, literally means 'blueberry', but the beverage is not made from the North American blueberry (section Cyanococcus of the genus Vaccinium), but from the related but distinct European blueberry, Vaccinium myrtillus, which grows in the wild throughout Scandinavia and other parts of Europe.

Vaccinium myrtillus
Vaccinium myrtillus   is a holarctic species of shrub with edible fruit of blue color, known by the common names bilberry, blaeberry, wimberry, and whortleberry. It is more precisely called common bilberry or blue whortleberry to distinguish it from other Vaccinium relatives.
Gorō Yamaguchi
Gorō Yamaguchi (山口 五郎; February 26, 1933 – January 3, 1999) was a Japanese shakuhachi player who worked in both solo and ensemble performances. He was noted for his influential recordings of traditional Japanese music and one of his pieces was selected by NASA to be included on the Voyager Golden Record and launched into space.

Music of Japan
In Japan, music includes a wide array of distinct genres, both traditional and modern. The word for "music" in Japanese is 音楽 (ongaku), combining the kanji 音 on (sound) with the kanji 楽 gaku (music, comfort). Japan is the world's largest market for music on physical media and the second-largest overall music market, with a retail value of US$2.7 billion in 2017.
Torsten Frings
Torsten Klaus Frings (born 22 November 1976) is a German former footballer and manager, who last managed SV Meppen.

A former midfielder, throughout his career he played for several German clubs, namely Alemannia Aachen, Werder Bremen, Borussia Dortmund, and Bayern Munich, before ending his career with Canadian MLS side Toronto FC. At international level, he played 79 matches for the Germany national team since his debut in 2001, and represented his nation at two European Championships and two FIFA World Cups.

DFL-Ligapokal
The DFL-Ligapokal (German: [ˈdeː ʔɛf ɛlː liːgaːpoˈkaːl], officially Premiere Ligapokal [pʁəmiːeːʁə liːgaːpoˈkaːl], previously DFB-Ligapokal [ˈdeː ʔɛf beː liːgaːpoˈkaːl]) or the German League Cup was a German football competition that took place before the start of the Bundesliga season, featuring the top five teams of the previous Bundesliga season and the winners of the DFB-Pokal in Germany. The cup was known as the Premiere-Ligapokal after 2005, when Premiere, a German pay television network, took up sponsorship of the competition. The Ligapokal was not held in 2008 due to schedule crowding caused by the UEFA Euro 2008. Instead, the German Supercup was held on 23 July. The Ligapokal was not held in 2009 either, due to the German Football Association's decision to abolish it. In the final edition of the Ligapokal in 2007, the fifth-placed Bundesliga team (Bayer Leverkusen) was dropped from the competition, replaced by the winner of the 2. Bundesliga (Karlsruhe).
Monkombu
Mankombu or Moncombu is a village in the district of Alappuzha in the state of Kerala, India. Monkombu, part of the Kuttanad delta region popularly mentioned as  'Rice bowl of Kerala'; is one of the major paddy cultivation regions of the state.

Its unique geography embodied by Vembanad Lake, inter-linked Pamba River, Manimala River and Achankovil river systems, gives rise to islands, back waters, network of waterways and canals, below sea-level paddy fields and  marsh. The farmers here have met the challenges of below sea-level cultivation over two centuries.

Annual festivals, auspicious rites  and religious events at Mankombu Bhagavathi Devi temple, St. Pius Church and Pope John Paul Church are occasions for social communion, rejoicing and celebration.

Once a prosperous hamlet of hundreds of households, Mankombu today is ravaged by climate change, pollution and dwindling population.

Pamba River
The Pamba River (also called Pampa River) is the third longest river in the Indian state of Kerala, after Periyar and Bharathappuzha, and the longest river in the erstwhile former princely state of Travancore.  The Sabarimala Temple, dedicated to Lord Ayyappa, is located on the banks of the river Pamba.

The River Pamba enriches the lands of Pathanamthitta district and the Kuttanad area of Alappuzha district and  Kottayam
Beclabuvir
Beclabuvir (also known by the research name BMS-791325; abbreviated BCV) is an antiviral drug for the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection that has been studied in clinical trials. In February 2017, Bristol-Myers Squibb began sponsoring a post-marketing trial of beclabuvir, in combination with asunaprevir and daclatasvir, to study the combination's safety profile with regard to liver function. From February 2014 to November 2016, a phase II clinical trial was conducted on the combination of asunaprevir/daclatasvir/beclabuvir (beclabuvir is referred to as BMS-791325 in the trial) on patients infected with both HIV and HCV. Furthermore, a recent meta-analysis of six published six clinical trials showed high response rates in HCV genotype 1-infected patients treated with daclatasvir, asunaprevir, and beclabuvir irrespective of ribavirin use, prior interferon-based therapy, or restriction on noncirrhotic patients, IL28B genotype, or baseline resistance-associated variants

Interferon Lambda 3
Interferon lambda 3 (gene symbol: IFNL3) encodes the IFNL3 protein. IFNL3 was formerly named IL28B, but the Human Genome Organization Gene Nomenclature Committee renamed this gene in 2013 while assigning a name to the then newly discovered IFNL4 gene. Together with IFNL1 (formerly IL29) and IFNL2 (formerly IL28A), these genes lie in a cluster on chromosomal region 19q13. IFNL3 shares ~96% amino-acid identity with IFNL2, ~80% identity with IFNL1 and ~30% identity with IFNL4.

Interferon lambda genes encode cytokines classified as type III interferons, which are distantly related to type I interferons and the IL-10 family. Type III interferons are induced by viral infection and interact with a heterodimeric class II cytokine receptor that consists of interleukin 10 receptor, beta (IL10RB) and interferon lambda receptor 1 (IFNLR1) to signal via the JAK-STAT anti-viral pathway. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008].
Quark/
Quark/ was an American anthology book series devoted to avant-garde science fiction and related material, edited by writer and critic Samuel R. Delany and poet and editor Marilyn Hacker; four volumes were published in 1970 and 1971.

Helen Adam
Helen Adam (December 2, 1909 in Glasgow, Scotland – September 19, 1993 in New York City) was a Scottish poet, collagist and photographer who was part of a literary movement contemporaneous to the Beat Generation that occurred in San Francisco during the 1950s and 1960s. Though often associated with the Beat poets, she would more accurately be considered one of the predecessors of the Beat Generation.
Contiki Tours
Contiki is a tour operator that caters to people between the ages of 18 and 35, offering over 350 tours in over 75 countries in Europe, Australia, New Zealand, North America, South America, Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. It is a subsidiary of The Travel Corporation, which is owned by funds managed by Apollo Global Management. Its tours historically had a reputation for partying; however, it also operates cultural trips that focus less on alcohol, which are more popular with Generation Z.

The company owns lodging facilities in Europe, including the Chateau De Cruix, a 16th-century castle in the Beaujolais wine region, and the Gasthof Schoneck in the Austrian Tyrol.

The name "Contiki" comes from the portmanteau 'Con' from the word 'Continent' and 'Tiki'; from the Māori referring to the first man, often symbolised as a pendant known as hei-tiki. It can also be attributed to the New Zealand slang 'Tiki-tour' describing taking a longer route to a destination in order to explore.

Hei-tiki
The hei-tiki (Māori pronunciation: [hɛi ˈtiki], New Zealand English: /heɪˈtɪki/) is an ornamental pendant of the Māori of New Zealand. Hei-tiki are usually made of pounamu (greenstone), and are considered a taonga (treasure) by Māori. They are commonly called tiki by New Zealanders, a term that originally refers to the first mortal. (The word hei in Māori can mean "to wear around the neck".)

Retailers sell tourist versions of hei-tiki throughout New Zealand—these can be made from jade, other types of stone, plastic, or other materials.
Budapest bus route 100E
Route 100E is a bus route in Budapest that serves as an express service between Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport and downtown Pest. It is operated by ArrivaBus for Budapesti Közlekedési Központ (BKK) and requires a premium fare (2200 HUF one-way as of April 2023). The route operates at all times.

Budapesti Közlekedési Központ
The Budapesti Közlekedési Központ (Hungarian: [ˈbudɒpɛʃti ˈkøzlɛkɛdeːʃi ˈkøspont], BKK), officially Budapesti Közlekedési Központ Zrt. (transl. Centre for Budapest Transport), is the largest public transport company in Budapest and one of the largest in Europe. It was founded on January 1, 2011. BKK operates buses (200+ lines, 40 night lines), trams (33 lines), and trolleybuses (15 lines).
Bramber railway station
Bramber railway station was a railway station in England on the Steyning Line which served the village of Bramber. The station was patronised by tourists visiting nearby Bramber Castle, Potter's Museum and the village. In order to accommodate the special excursion trains the station platforms were extra long.

The railway closed as a result of the Beeching Axe in 1966. Nothing remains of the station today, which now forms part of a traffic roundabout.

Bramber Castle
Bramber Castle is the ruins of a Norman motte-and-bailey castle, formerly the caput of the large feudal barony of Bramber long held by the Braose family. It is situated in the village of Bramber, West Sussex, near the town of Steyning, overlooking the River Adur.
Chamblay
Chamblay (French pronunciation: [ʃɑ̃blɛ]) is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

The village lies on the river Loue, about 20 km southeast of Dole and 35 km southwest of Besançon.

Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
Bourgogne-Franche-Comté (French pronunciation: [buʁɡɔɲ fʁɑ̃ʃ kɔ̃te] ⓘ; lit. 'Burgundy-Free County', sometimes abbreviated BFC; Arpitan: Borgogne-Franche-Comtât) is a region in northeastern France created by the 2014 territorial reform of French regions, from a merger of Burgundy and Franche-Comté. The new region came into existence on 1 January 2016, after the regional elections of December 2015, electing 100 members to the Regional Council of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté.

The region covers an area of 47,783 km2 (18,449 sq mi) and eight departments; it had a population of 2,811,423 in 2017. Its prefecture and largest city is Dijon, although the regional council sits in Besançon, making Bourgogne-Franche-Comté one of two regions in France (along with Normandy) in which the prefect does not sit in the same city as the regional council.
Life on Another Planet
Life on Another Planet, also known as Signal from Space, is a science fiction graphic novel by Will Eisner dealing with the social and political consequences of a first contact with an extraterrestrial civilization. It was first serialized in The Spirit and later collected into a single volume.

Will Eisner
William Erwin Eisner (/ˈaɪznər/ EYEZ-nər; March 6, 1917 – January 3, 2005) was an American cartoonist, writer, and entrepreneur. He was one of the earliest cartoonists to work in the American comic book industry, and his series The Spirit (1940–1952) was noted for its experiments in content and form. In 1978, he popularized the term "graphic novel" with the publication of his book A Contract with God. He was an early contributor to formal comics studies with his book Comics and Sequential Art (1985). The Eisner Award was named in his honor and is given to recognize achievements each year in the comics medium; he was one of the three inaugural inductees to the Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame.
Geranium palustre
Geranium palustre is a perennial species of flowering plant belonging to the family Geraniaceae.

Its native range is Europe to Southwestern Siberia and Caucasus.

The plant has leaves that are divided into 5-7 lobes, and large (3 cm in diameter) bright magenta flowers with a white centre and 5 veined petals.

Geraniaceae
Geraniaceae is a family of flowering plants placed in the order Geraniales. The family name is derived from the genus Geranium. The family includes both the genus Geranium (the cranesbills, or true geraniums) and the garden plants called geraniums, which modern botany classifies as genus Pelargonium, along with other related genera.

The family comprises 830 species in five to seven genera. The largest genera are Geranium (430 species), Pelargonium (280 species) and Erodium (80 species).
Hervey Range Developmental Road
Hervey Range Developmental Road (alternate spellings: "Herveys", "Hervey's") is a continuous 125-kilometre (78 mi) road route in the Townsville and Charters Towers local government areas of Queensland, Australia. It is designated as State Route 72. It is a state-controlled regional road (number 83A).

City of Townsville
The City of Townsville is a local government area (LGA) located in North Queensland, Australia. It encompasses the city of Townsville, together with the surrounding rural areas. To the south are the communities of Alligator Creek, Woodstock and Reid River, and to the north are Northern Beaches and Paluma. Also included is Magnetic Island. In June 2018 the area had a population of 194,072, and is the 28th-largest LGA in Australia. Townsville is considered to be the unofficial capital of North Queensland.

In the 2021 census, the City of Townsville had a population of 192,768 people.
Bordertown (1935 film)
Bordertown is a 1935 American drama film directed by Archie Mayo and starring Paul Muni and Bette Davis. The screenplay by Laird Doyle and Wallace Smith is based on Robert Lord's adaptation of the 1934 novel Border Town by Carroll Graham. The supporting cast features Margaret Lindsay, Eugene Pallette and Robert Barrat.
Although the films They Drive by Night (1940) and Blowing Wild (1953) are not specifically remakes of Bordertown, they include many of its plot elements and similar scenes.

Robert Lord (screenwriter)
Robert Lord (May 1, 1900 – April 5, 1976) was an American screenwriter and film producer. He wrote for more than 70 films from 1925 to 1940. He won an Academy Award in 1933 in the category Best Writing, Original Story for the film One Way Passage. He was nominated in the same category in 1938 for the film Black Legion. He was born in Chicago, Illinois and died in Los Angeles from a heart attack.
Rare Masters
Rare Masters is a compilation album by Elton John that was released in 1992. It includes all A-side and B-sides released by John between 1968 and 1975 that were not included on original studio albums or on Elton John's Greatest Hits Volume II. However, some of the tracks here previously appeared on the To Be Continued... box set released in 1990.

The album also includes five outtakes, recorded in the same time period, that had previously been unreleased. It is also the only place where the soundtrack to the 1971 movie Friends has been made available on CD.

When the Elton John back catalog from 1969 to 1975 was remastered and released in 1995, many of these songs were released on those albums as well, also in remastered form.

Friends (1971 film)
Friends is a 1971 British-French teen-romance film directed and produced by Lewis Gilbert and written by Gilbert, Vernon Harris and Jack Russell. The soundtrack, with music composed by Elton John and Paul Buckmaster and lyrics written by Bernie Taupin, was released as John's Friends album, and John's recording of the title selection charted when released as a single in the United States.
Best U.S. Olympian ESPY Award
The Best U.S. Olympian ESPY Award was presented in 2002 and 2006 to the sportsperson or team, irrespective of gender, affiliated with the United States Olympic Committee and contesting sport internationally adjudged to be the best.  The award serves in practice to replace the gender-specific Best Male and Best Female Olympic Performance ESPY Awards, which were presented in 2005.  The Best U.S. Male Olympian ESPY Award and Best U.S. Female Olympian ESPY Award superseded this award.

Balloting for the award is undertaken by fans over the Internet from amongst between three and five choices selected by the ESPN Select Nominating Committee, and the award is conferred in June to reflect performance and achievement over the twelve months previous.

Athlete
An athlete is most commonly a person who competes in one or more sports involving physical strength, speed, power, or endurance. Sometimes the word "athlete" is used to refer specifically to sport of athletics competitors, i.e. including track and field and marathon runners but excluding e.g. swimmers, footballers or basketball players. However, in other contexts (mainly in the United States) it is used to refer to all athletics (physical culture) participants of any sport. For the latter definition, the word sportsperson or the gendered sportsman or sportswoman are also used. A third definition is also sometimes used, meaning anyone who is physically fit regardless of whether they compete in a sport.

Athletes may be professionals or amateurs. Most professional athletes have particularly well-developed physiques obtained by extensive physical training and strict exercise, accompanied by a strict dietary regimen.
Kangbishu
Kangbishu or Kangbisu (ꯀꯥꯡꯕꯤꯁꯨ) was a warrior of the Heirem community, an influential group in ancient Kangleipak (early Manipur). He is best known for his legendary single combat with Chakha Moiremba of the Khuman clan, an episode recorded in the classical Meitei martial chronicle Chainarol (An Account of Combats). His story shows themes of martial pride, betrayal, divine retribution, and clan rivalry in early Manipur. While he was undoubtedly a skilled and fearsome warrior, his story also warns against dishonourable conduct in combat. His downfall serves as a moral lesson in ancient Meitei literature, showing how violating the unwritten codes of single combat leads to both social disgrace and divine retribution.

Kangleipak
Kangleipak was an ancient, lesser known civilisation, consisting of the modern day Manipur, India which is still known to some residents as Kangleipak, and other neighbouring regions. The Kangla served as the foremost capital city of this realm from the 15th century BCE, up to medieval times.
1878 Waipa by-election
The 1878 Waipa by-election was a by-election held on 24 July 1878 during the 6th New Zealand Parliament in the electorate of Waipa in the Waikato.

The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent MP Alfred Cox on 13 June 1878.

The by-election was won by Edward Graham McMinn, described as a Government supporter. Special trains ran from Auckland to Mercer to poll the Auckland voters, with 60 to 70 availing themselves of this conveyance.

Frederick Alexander Whitaker opposed the government of George Grey. There were reportedly "nearly forty natives on the roll, besides some ninety votes about Auckland" (for whom the nearest polling booth was Newcastle). Whitaker lost the by-election, but won the seat in the 1879 election, and McMinn came third (Waipa voted on 10 September 1879).

6th New Zealand Parliament
The 6th New Zealand Parliament was a term of the Parliament of New Zealand.

Elections for this term were held in 69 European electorates between 20 December 1875 and 29 January 1876. Elections in the four Māori electorates were held on 4 and 15 January 1876. A total of 88 MPs were elected. Parliament was prorogued in August 1879. During the term of this Parliament, five Ministries were in power.
Vali Maleki
Vali Maleki (Persian: ‌ولی ملکی) is an Iranian politician and food industry engineer. He was born in Meshginshahr, Ardabil province. He was a member of the seventh legislative election and Maleki is MP of tenth Islamic Consultative Assembly from the electorate of Meshginshahr.

Ardabil province
Ardabil province (Persian: استان اردبیل) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. Its capital is the city of Ardabil. The province is in the northwest of the country, in Region 3, bordering the Republic of Azerbaijan, and the Iranian provinces of East Azerbaijan, Zanjan, and Gilan. Spanning an area of 18,011 km2, and established in 1993, Ardabil was carved out of the eastern part of East Azerbaijan province.
Baltimore Outer Beltway
The Baltimore Outer Beltway was a proposed freeway that would encircle parts of the Greater Baltimore area.

Parts of it have been built as the following roads:

Maryland Route 100 (22.1 miles)

US 29 (4 miles)

Maryland Route 43 (5.5 Miles)

Maryland Route 43
Maryland Route 43 (MD 43) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland.  Known as White Marsh Boulevard, the state highway runs 8.65 miles (13.92 km) from Interstate 695 (I-695) near Parkville east to MD 150 in Middle River.  MD 43 is a four-lane divided highway in eastern Baltimore County that connects the northern and eastern suburbs of Baltimore with the commercial center of White Marsh, where the highway has junctions with I-95 and U.S. Route 40 (US 40).  The state highway was built from west of I-95 to US 40 concurrent with the construction of I-95 in the early 1960s.  MD 43 was extended west to Parkville in the early 1990s and east to Middle River in 2006.