hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
First Congregational Church (Turton, South Dakota)
The First Congregational Church is a historic church in Turton, South Dakota.  It was built in 1893 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

It was built by the men of the church, under supervision of carpenter Ferdinand LaBrie, a homesteader in the area.  It provided church services from 1893 until 1963.  The NRHP nomination states: "The importance of this church lies in its importance to the lives of the pioneers who built it and in its being a good representative of the 19th and early 20th century tradition of vernacular frame churches in South Dakota."

Turton, South Dakota
Turton is a town in Spink County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 55 at the 2020 census. The town was served by Turton High School from 1915 to 1956; students attended Doland High School thereafter.
Kusheh Nama
Kusheh Nama (Persian: كوشه نما, also Romanized as Kūsheh Namā) is a village in Barkuh Rural District, Kuhsorkh County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 378, in 112 families.

Kuhsorkh County
Kuhsorkh County (Persian: شهرستان کوهسرخ) is in Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Rivash, whose population at the time of the 2016 National Census was 5,687 in 1,701 households.
Science Hill (New York)
Science Hill is a mountain in the Southern Tier of New York. It is located west-southwest of Limestone in Cattaraugus County within Allegany State Park, near the Bradford, Pennsylvania entrance to the park. In 1932, a 60-foot-tall (18 m) steel fire lookout tower was built on the mountain. In 1978, it was taken down and reassembled at the Ellicottville BOCES school.

Bradford, Pennsylvania
Bradford is a city in McKean County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is located close to the border with New York state and approximately 78 miles (126 km) south of Buffalo, New York. Home to an oil refinery, Zippo headquarters and a University of Pittsburgh branch campus, Bradford is the principal city in the Bradford, PA Micropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 7,849 at the 2020 census, down from 8,770 in 2010.
Todor Todorov (gymnast)
Todor Mihaylov Todorov  (Bulgarian: Тодор Михайлов Тодоров) (2 November 1928 – 8 December 2022) was a Bulgarian gymnast. He competed in eight events at the 1952 Summer Olympics. Todorov died on 8 December 2023, at the age of 94.

Gymnastics at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Gymnastics at the 1952 Summer Olympics was represented by 15 events: 7 for women and 8 for men. All events were held between 19 and 24 July in the Messuhalli building in Helsinki. Men's events were held in Exhibition Hall I while women's events were contested in the smaller Exhibition Hall II.
Huachi County
Huachi County (simplified Chinese: 华池县; traditional Chinese: 華池縣; pinyin: Huáchí Xiàn) is a county in the east of Gansu province, China, bordering Shaanxi province to the north and northeast. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Qingyang. Its postal code is 745600, and its population in 2018 was 138,680 people. Huachi has a low population density and is one of the poorer counties of China, partly because of the dry climate.

Parts of the Qin Great Wall run through Huachi. Huachi was established as a county during the Western Wei dynasty. During the Five Dynasties period it was abolished, becoming part of neighbouring counties. In 1934 it was re-established. During the first encirclement campaign against the Shaanxi–Gansu Soviet it was home to the Nanliang communist base.

Huachi's important agricultural produce includes white melon seeds, daylily, wood ear mushroom and millets.

Daylily
A daylily, day lily or ditch-lily is a flowering plant in the genus Hemerocallis /ˌhɛmɪroʊˈkælɪs/, a member of the family Asphodelaceae, subfamily Hemerocallidoideae, native to Asia. Despite the common name, it is not taxonomically classified in the lily genus. Gardening enthusiasts and horticulturists have long bred Hemerocallis species for their attractive flowers; a select few species of the genus have edible petals, while some are extremely toxic. Thousands of cultivars have been registered by the American Daylily Society, the only internationally recognized registrant according to the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants. The plants are perennial, bulbous plants, whose common name alludes to its flowers, which typically last about a day.
São Simão de Gouveia
São Simão de Gouveia, or simply São Simão, is a parish (freguesia) in the municipality of Amarante in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 633, in an area of 12.49 km2.

Situated in the extreme south of the municipality, São Simão is bordered to the south by the municipalities of Marco de Canaveses and Baião, to the west by Carvalho de Rei, to the north by Lomba and Jazente, and to the east by Salvador do Monte.

São Simão was a town and the center of a municipality until the early 19th century. This municipality was constituted by the following parishes: Aliviada, Cepelos, Folhada, Gouveia, Lomba, Monte (São Salvador) and Várzea. It had, in 1801, a population of 3 015.

Marco de Canaveses
Marco de Canaveses (European Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈmaɾku ðɨ kɐnɐˈvezɨʃ] ⓘ) is a city and municipality in Porto district, in northern Portugal. The population in 2011 was 53,450, in an area of 201.89 km2. The city itself had a population of 9,042 in 2001.
Master gardener program
Master Gardener programs (also known as Extension Master Gardener Programs) are volunteer programs that train individuals in the science and art of gardening.  These individuals pass on the information they learned during their training, as volunteers who advise and educate the public on gardening and horticulture.

Landscape design
Landscape design is an independent profession and a design and art tradition, practiced by landscape designers, combining  nature and  culture.  In contemporary practice, landscape design bridges the space between landscape architecture and garden design.
Holwell Reserves
Holwell Reserves is a  16.4 hectares (41 acres) nature reserve north of Melton Mowbray in Leicestershire. It is owned and managed by the Leicestershire and Rutland Wildlife Trust, and is composed of Brown's Hill Quarry, Holwell Mineral Line and North Quarry.

Former quarries on this site have soil which is low in nutrients and lime-rich, creating conditions for many species of wildflower to flourish. Old mine tunnels are used by Natterer's, Daubenton's, brown long-eared and pipistrelle bats.

There is public access to the reserves.

Brown long-eared bat
The brown long-eared bat or common long-eared bat (Plecotus auritus) is a small Eurasian insectivorous bat. It has distinctive ears, long and with a distinctive fold. It is extremely similar to the much rarer grey long-eared bat, which was only validated as a distinct species in the 1960s. An adult brown long-eared bat has a body length of 4.5–4.8 cm, a tail of 4.1–4.6 cm, and a forearm length of 4–4.2 cm. The ears are 3.3–3.9 cm in length, and readily distinguish the long-eared bats from most other bat species. They are relatively slow flyers compared to other bat species.
Rygh
Rygh is a Norwegian surname. Notable people with this surname include:

Aase Texmon Rygh, (1925-2019) Norwegian sculptor

Anne Rygh Pedersen (born 1967), Norwegian politician

Evald Rygh (1842-1913), Norwegian politician

Karl Ditlev Rygh (1839-1915), Norwegian politician

Lauritz Kristian Nilssen Rygh (1874-1950), Norwegian politician

Oluf Rygh (1833-1899), Norwegian archaeologist, philologist and historian

Peder Strand Rygh (1800-1868), Norwegian politician

Oluf Rygh
Oluf Rygh (5 September 1833 – 19 August 1899) was a noted Norwegian archaeologist, philologist and historian. Oluf Rygh is recognized as one of the founders of professional archaeology in Norway. He led the  1867 excavation of the Tune ship (Norwegian: Tuneskipet)
Flag of Sarawak
The flag of Sarawak, officially known as Ibu Pertiwi ('Motherland'), is the official flag of Sarawak, a state in Malaysia. It is based on the flag of the Raj of Sarawak of the White Rajah, and includes the yellow of Southeast Asian royalty — a similar yellow and diagonal black are in the flag of Brunei, although Brunei's yellow is of a brighter shade.

White Rajahs
The White Rajahs of Sarawak were a hereditary monarchy of the Brooke family, who founded and ruled the Raj of Sarawak as a sovereign state, located on the northwest coast of the island of Borneo in Maritime Southeast Asia, from 1841 to 1946. Of British origin, the first ruler, James Brooke was granted the province of Kuching – which was known as Sarawak Asal (Original Sarawak) – by the Sultanate of Brunei for helping fight piracy and insurgency among the indigenous peoples in 1841 and received independent kingdom status.

Based on descent through the male line in accordance with the will of James Brooke, the White Rajahs' dynasty continued through Brooke's nephew and grandnephew, the latter of whom ceded his rights over Sarawak to the United Kingdom in 1946, which was made a Crown colony. His nephew had been the legal heir to the throne and objected to the cession, as did most of the Sarawak members of the Council Negri.
North Caldwell, New Jersey
North Caldwell is a borough in northwestern Essex County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, and a suburb of New York City. As of the 2020 United States census, the borough's population was 6,694, an increase of 511 (+8.3%) from the 2010 census count of 6,183, which in turn reflected a decline of 1,192 (−16.2%) from the 7,375 counted in the 2000 census.

North Caldwell was incorporated by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 31, 1898, from portions of Caldwell Township (now known as Fairfield Township). The borough derives its name from Presbyterian minister James Caldwell.

New Jersey Monthly magazine ranked North Caldwell as its 10th-best place to live in its 2010 rankings of the "Best Places To Live" in New Jersey, and its third-best place to live in its 2013 ranking. In 2017, a Bloomberg analysis ranked North Caldwell the 34th richest town in the United States.

New Jersey Monthly
New Jersey Monthly is an American monthly magazine featuring issues of possible interest to residents of New Jersey. The magazine was started in 1976. It is based in Morristown. In addition to articles of general interest, the publication features occasional special subject issues covering and ranking high schools, lawyers, doctors and municipalities. It is a member of the City and Regional Magazine Association (CRMA).
German submarine U-126 (1940)
German submarine U-126 was a Type IXC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II. In six patrols, she sank 25 ships for a total of 111,564 gross register tons (GRT) and 450 tons. She was laid down at the DeSchiMAG AG Weser yard in Bremen as yard number 989 on 1 June 1940, launched on 31 December and commissioned on 22 March 1941 under Kapitänleutnant Ernst Bauer.

The submarine commenced her service with the 2nd U-boat Flotilla, an organization she would stay with, both for training and operations.

Kapitänleutnant
Kapitänleutnant, short: KptLt/in lists: KL, (English: captain lieutenant or lieutenant captain) is an officer grade of the captains' military hierarchy group (German: Hauptleute) of the modern German Bundeswehr. The rank is rated OF-2 in NATO, and equivalent to Hauptmann in the Heer and Luftwaffe. It is grade A11 or A12 in the pay rules of the Federal Ministry of Defence.

The rank first appeared in the German Empire and continued in use through the Weimar Republic and into the Third Reich.
Murray River rainbowfish
The Murray River rainbowfish (Melanotaenia fluviatilis), known less commonly as the Australian rainbowfish, is a species of freshwater fish endemic to southeastern Australia. The southernmost species of all rainbowfishes, these fish are very colourful, hence the name; and there is sexual dimorphism with the males being larger and more colourful than females. Murray River rainbowfish are schooling fish and will congregate near logs or riverbanks, and are a popular aquarium fish.

Freshwater fish
Freshwater fish are fish species that spend some or all of their lives in bodies of fresh water such as rivers, lakes, ponds and inland wetlands, where the salinity is less than 1.05%. These environments differ from marine habitats in many ways, especially the difference in levels of osmolarity. To survive in fresh water, fish need a range of physiological adaptations.

41.24% of all known species of fish are found in fresh water. This is primarily due to the rapid speciation that the scattered habitats make possible. When dealing with ponds and lakes, one might use the same basic models of speciation as when studying island biogeography.
Paula Carolina Malay
Paula Carolina Guevara Santos Malay (April 4, 1916 - December 24, 1993), often nicknamed "Ayi", was a Filipino writer and human rights advocate best known for her years of resistance against the authoritarian regime of Ferdinand Marcos, and for various works of which "Nasa Puso ang Amerika," a Filipino language translation of Carlos Bulosan's America is in the Heart.  She was married to journalist and activist Armando Malay Sr., with whom she had three children - Armando "Badi" Malay Jr., Carolina "Bobbie" Malay Ocampo, and Ricardo "Dick" Malay - all became prominent activists, writers, and academics in their own right.

Malay was given a Best Translation Award by the Manila Book Circle for "Nasa Puso ang Amerika," and her activism led to her being honored by having name being inscribed on the Philippines' Bantayog ng mga Bayani memorial, which honors the martyrs and heroes who fought the authoritarian regime of Ferdinand Marcos.

America Is in the Heart
America Is in the Heart, sometimes subtitled A Personal History, is a 1946 semi-autobiographical novel written by Filipino American immigrant poet, fiction writer, short story teller, and activist, Carlos Bulosan. The novel was one of the earliest published books that presented the experiences of the immigrant and working class based on an Asian American point of view and has been regarded as "[t]he premier text of the Filipino-American experience." In his introduction, journalist Carey McWilliams, who wrote a 1939 study about migrant farm labor in California (Factories in the Field), described America Is in the Heart as a “social classic” that reflected on the experiences of Filipino immigrants in America who were searching for the “promises of a better life”.
Charles Draper Faulkner
Charles Draper Faulkner (March 11, 1890 – December 31, 1979) was a Chicago-based American architect renowned for the churches and other buildings that he  designed in the United States and Japan. He designed over 33 Christian Science church buildings and wrote a book called  Christian Science Church Edifices.

Charles Sumner Duke
Charles Sumner Duke (July 21, 1879 – June 15, 1952) was an architect, engineer, and public official who advocated for opportunities for African Americans and helped found the National Technical Association (NTA) in 1925. His father was newspaperman and civil rights leader Jesse Duke.
Ezio Cardi
Ezio Cardi (born 24 October 1948) is an Italian retired track cyclist. As an amateur he competed in the sprint and 1000 m time trial events at the 1972 Summer Olympics, placing ninth in the time trial. In 1973 he turned professional and won a bronze medal in the sprint at the 1973 UCI Track Cycling World Championships.

Cycling at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Men's sprint
The men's sprint at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, was held on 1 to 2 September 1972. There were 51 entrants from 30 nations; 5 withdrawals left 46 competitors from 27 nations. Nations were limited to two cyclists each. The event was won by Daniel Morelon of France, successfully defending his 1968 title and becoming the first man to win three medals in the event (with his 1964 bronze). It was France's seventh gold medal in the event, most in the world. Silver went to John Nicholson of Australia, taking the nation's first medal in the men's sprint since 1956. Omar Pkhakadze, who had finished fourth in 1968, won the bronze this time for the Soviet Union's first medal in the event. Italy's six-Games medal streak was broken.
Peter Bramley (cricketer)
Peter Bramley (1785 – 5 November 1838) was an English professional cricketer who played for Nottingham Cricket Club. He was primarily a batsman who fielded at cover point.

He was a publican by trade and kept the Old Spot Inn at Daybrook in Nottinghamshire. A keen cards player, he had a reputation for gambling but was said to be "fundamentally kind at heart".

The only important match that Bramley took part in was Sheffield and Leicester v Nottingham at Sheffield's Darnall New Ground in July 1826. Tom Marsden scored 227 for Sheffield and Leicester, who won by an innings and 203.

Bramley was born at Arnold, Nottinghamshire and died at the Graziers Half Way House in Nottinghamshire.

Arnold, Nottinghamshire
Arnold (/ˈɑːr.nəld/) is a market town in the Borough of Gedling in the county of Nottinghamshire in the East Midlands of England. It is situated to the north-east of Nottingham's city boundary. Arnold has the largest town Centre in the Borough of Gedling and the most important town Centre in the northeastern part of the conurbation of Greater Nottingham. Gedling Borough Council is headquartered in Arnold. Since 1968 Arnold has had a market, and the town used to have numerous factories associated with the hosiery industry. Nottinghamshire Police have been headquartered in Arnold since 1979. At the time of the 2011 United Kingdom census, Arnold had a population of 37,768.

Areas within Arnold include Daybrook, Woodthorpe, Redhill, Warren Hill, Killisick and Dorket Head.
Gunnar Svedberg
Professor Gunnar Svedberg (born 12 August 1947 in Annefors, Bollnäs Municipality) is a former Rector of the University of Gothenburg, in Sweden.

Svedberg studied at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) in Stockholm and received a PhD in chemical engineering in 1975. He became a full professor at the KTH in 1989. He was the Rector (corresponding to Vice-Chancellor or President) of Mid Sweden University College from 1999 to 2003, and of the University of Gothenburg between July 2003 and September 2006. He was President of Innventia, until his retirement in June 2011.

Svedberg has been a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences since 1992.

Bollnäs Municipality
Bollnäs Municipality (Swedish: Bollnäs kommun) is a municipality in Gävleborg County, east central Sweden. Its seat is located in Bollnäs.

The municipality evolved during a series of local government reforms in the 1950s and 1970s. It consists of six original entities and has its present shape since 1977.
Solar eclipse of November 4, 2097
An annular solar eclipse will occur at the Moon's descending node of orbit between Sunday, November 3 and Monday, November 4, 2097, with a magnitude of 0.9494. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is smaller than the Sun's, blocking most of the Sun's light and causing the Sun to look like an annulus (ring). An annular eclipse appears as a partial eclipse over a region of the Earth thousands of kilometres wide. Occurring about 5.4 days before apogee (on November 9, 2097, at 12:15 UTC), the Moon's apparent diameter will be smaller.

The path of annularity will be visible from parts of Antarctica. A partial solar eclipse will also be visible for parts of southwestern Australia and Antarctica. This annular eclipse is notable in that the path of annularity passes over the South Pole.

Annulus (mathematics)
In mathematics, an annulus (pl.: annuli or annuluses) is the region between two concentric circles. Informally, it is shaped like a ring or a hardware washer. The word "annulus" is borrowed from the Latin word anulus or annulus meaning 'little ring'. The adjectival form is annular (as in annular eclipse).

The open annulus is topologically equivalent to both the open cylinder S1 × (0,1) and the punctured plane.
Electrophorus electricus
Electrophorus electricus is the best-known species of electric eel. It is a South American electric fish. Until the discovery of two additional species in 2019, the genus was classified as the monotypic, with this species the only one in the genus. Despite the name, it is not an eel, but rather a knifefish. It is considered as a freshwater teleost which contains an electrogenic tissue that produces electric discharges.

Gymnotiformes
The Gymnotiformes /dʒɪmˈnɒtɪfɔːrmiːz/ are an order of teleost bony fishes commonly known as Neotropical knifefish or South American knifefish. They have long bodies and swim using undulations of their elongated anal fin. Found almost exclusively in fresh water (the only exceptions are species that occasionally may visit brackish water to feed), these mostly nocturnal fish are capable of producing electric fields to detect prey, for navigation, communication, and, in the case of the electric eel (Electrophorus electricus), attack and defense. A few species are familiar to the aquarium trade, such as the black ghost knifefish (Apteronotus albifrons), the glass knifefish (Eigenmannia virescens), and the banded knifefish (Gymnotus carapo).
Fulton Street station (BMT Fifth Avenue Line)
The Fulton Street station was a station on the demolished section of the BMT Fifth Avenue Line in Brooklyn, New York City. Served by trains of the BMT Culver Line and BMT Fifth Avenue Line, it had two tracks and one island platform. The station was opened on July 27, 1889, at Hudson Avenue and Fulton Street, and was the northernmost Fifth Avenue Line station before the line merged with the BMT Myrtle Avenue Line. It also had connections to the Fulton Street, DeKalb Avenue, and Flatbush Avenue Line streetcars. The next stop to the north was Bridge–Jay Streets. The next stop to the south was Atlantic Avenue, which still exists today as the Atlantic Avenue–Barclays Center subway station complex. It closed on May 31, 1940.

B41 (New York City bus)
The B41 is a bus route that constitutes a public transit line operating in Brooklyn, New York City, running along Flatbush Avenue between Downtown Brooklyn and Marine Park. The B41 is operated by the MTA New York City Transit Authority. Its precursor was a streetcar line that began operation in 1860, and was known as the Flatbush Avenue Line. The route became a bus line in 1951. Limited-stop service began along the route in 1992.
Joseph Esposito
Joseph John Esposito (March 28, 1950 – January 8, 2024) was an American police officer, who served as Deputy Commissioner of Enforcement for the New York City Department of Buildings, Commissioner of New York City Emergency Management from 2014 to 2018, and Chief of the New York City Police Department from 2000 to 2013. Esposito was the longest-serving Chief of Department in NYPD history, joining in with boss Ray Kelly, who was the longest-serving Police Commissioner in NYPD history.

New York City Department of Buildings
The New York City Department of Buildings (DOB) is the department of the New York City government that enforces the city's building codes and zoning regulations, issues building permits, licenses, registers and disciplines certain construction trades, responds to structural emergencies and inspects over 1,000,000 new and existing buildings. Its regulations are compiled in title 1 of the New York City Rules.
Gideonmantellia
Gideonmantellia is an extinct genus of basal ornithopod dinosaur known from the Early Cretaceous (Barremian stage) Camarillas Formation of Galve, Province of Teruel, Spain. It contains a single species, Gideonmantellia amosanjuanae.

Barremian
The Barremian is an age in the geologic timescale (or a chronostratigraphic stage) between 125.77 Ma (million years ago) and 121.4 ± 0.6 Ma (Historically, this stage was placed at 129.4 million to approximately 125 million years ago). It is a subdivision of the Early Cretaceous Epoch (or Lower Cretaceous Series). It is preceded by the Hauterivian and followed by the Aptian Stage.