hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
United States v. Gementera
United States v. Gementera, 379 F.3d 596 (9th Cir. 2004), was a case decided by the 9th Circuit that held that a judge had the statutory authority to impose a sentence for mail theft that involved public reintegrative shaming because the punishment was reasonably related to the statutory objective of rehabilitation.  The punishment required that the thief wear a sandwich board sign stating, "I stole mail; this is my punishment", while standing for eight hours outside of a San Francisco postal facility.

Reintegrative shaming
In criminology, the reintegrative shaming theory emphasizes the importance of shame in criminal punishment. The theory holds that punishments should focus on the offender's behavior rather than characteristics of the offender. It was developed by Australian criminologist John Braithwaite at Australian National University in 1989. It is related to the emerging perspective of positive criminology, developed by the Israeli criminologist Natti Ronel and his research team.

Shaming includes all forms social processes that in different ways have the aim of remorse in the offender. The theory highlights that the shaming is most efficient when coming from people close to the offender, such as friends and family, and not by authorities or officials. The idea is that the shaming is not stigmatized when aimed at the offense itself rather than the characteristics of the offender.
Peyritschiella
Peyritschiella is a genus of fungi in the family Laboulbeniaceae. The genus contain 47 species.

The genus name of Peyritschiella is in honour of Johann Joseph Peyritsch (1835–1889), who was an Austrian physician and botanist born in Völkermarkt.

The genus was circumscribed by Roland Thaxter in Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci. vol.25 on page 8 in 1890.

Roland Thaxter
Roland Thaxter (August 28, 1858 – April 22, 1932) was an American mycologist, plant pathologist, botanist, and entomologist, renowned for his contribution to the insect parasitic fungi—Laboulbeniales. His college education was completed at Harvard, where he dedicated forty years to mycological and botanical research. His five-volume series on fungi in the order Laboulbeniales laid a solid foundation of research on these insect ectoparasites. He also contributed to the field of Plant Pathology.
Kenzo Simons
Kenzo Simons (born 13 April 2001) is a Dutch competitive swimmer of Surinamese descent who specializes in freestyle and butterfly. As a member of the Dutch relay team he won gold in the 4x50 m freestyle event during the 2021 European Short Course Championships, establishing a new national record.

Butterfly stroke
Butterfly (shortened to fly) is a swimming stroke swum on the front, with both arms moving symmetrically, accompanied by the butterfly kick (also known as the "dolphin kick") along with the movement of the hips and chest.

It is the newest swimming style swum in competition, first swum in the early 1950s and originating from breaststroke.

For most competitive swimmers, butterfly is the second fastest stroke, only slower than front crawl.
2014 Maryland county executive elections
The Maryland county executive elections of 2014 were held on November 4, 2014. Democratic and Republican primaries were held on June 24, 2014.

Anne Arundel County, Baltimore County, Frederick County, Harford County, Howard County, Montgomery County, Prince George's County, and Wicomico County elected county executives.

Anne Arundel County, Maryland
Anne Arundel County (listenⓘ; /əˈrʌndəl/), also notated as AA or A.A. County, is located in the U.S. state of Maryland. As of the 2020 United States census, its population was 588,261, an increase of just under 10% since 2010. Its county seat is Annapolis, which is also the capital of the state. The county is named for Anne Arundell (c. 1615/1616–1649), Lady Baltimore, a member of the Arundell family in Cornwall, England, and the wife of Cecilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore (1605–1675), founder and first lord proprietor of the colony Province of Maryland. The county is part of the Central Maryland region of the state. Anne Arundel County is included in the Washington–Baltimore–Arlington combined statistical area.
Harry G. E. Luchford
Captain Harry George Ernest Luchford MC* (28 October 1894 – 2 December 1917) was an English World War I pilot credited with 24 victories. He was notable for scoring his first 11 victories in three months while piloting an obsolete double-seated FE.2 pusher aircraft.

Pusher configuration
In aeronautical and naval engineering, pusher configuration is the term used to describe a drivetrain of air- or watercraft with propulsion device(s) after the engine(s).  This is in contrast to the more conventional tractor configuration, which places them in front.

Though the term is most commonly applied to aircraft, its most ubiquitous propeller example is a common outboard motor for a small boat.

“Pusher configuration” describes the specific (propeller or ducted fan) thrust device attached to a craft, either aerostats (airship) or aerodynes (aircraft, WIG, paramotor, rotorcraft) or others types such as hovercraft, airboats, and propeller-driven snowmobiles.
Henry S. Robinson
Henry S. Robinson (June 6, 1914 - July 4, 2003 in Eastport, Maine) was an American Classical archaeologist.
From 1959 until 1969 he was the Director of the American School of Classical Studies in Athens and leader of the Corinth Excavations from 1959 to 1965. He was the Harold North Fowler Professor of Classical Studies at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland.

He was married to the Classical Archaeologist Rebecca C. Robinson (1924-2009).

In recognition of his extraordinary service to the American School, the Henry S. Robinson Fellowship was set up in 2009 to encourage and facilitate research at Corinth.

Classical archaeology
Classical archaeology is the archaeological investigation of the Mediterranean civilizations of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Nineteenth-century archaeologists such as Heinrich Schliemann were drawn to study the societies they had read about in Latin and Greek texts. Many universities and foreign nations maintain excavation programs and schools in the area – such is the enduring appeal of the region's archaeology.
Tour du Sud-Est
The Tour du Sud-Est was a professional cycle race held as a stage race in France. It was first held in 1919 and held for the final time in 1983, although it wasn't held every year. In 1965 it was part of the Super Prestige Pernod series. The race was also known by different names in its history: Circuit de Provence (1919–1920), Circuit du Byrrh (1927–1929), Tour des Provinces du Sud-Est (1955–1957) and Circuit du Provençal (1964–1965).

Super Prestige Pernod
The Super Prestige Pernod was a season-long competition in road bicycle racing between 1958 and 1987. For the first edition it was known as the Prestige Pernod, and for the last four years as the Super Prestige Pernod International.
Frank Giacoia
Frank Giacoia (July 6, 1924 – February 4, 1988) was an American comics artist known primarily as an inker. He sometimes worked under the name Frank Ray, and to a lesser extent Phil Zupa, and the single moniker Espoia, the latter used for collaborations with fellow inker Mike Esposito.

High School of Art and Design
The High School of Art and Design is a career and technical education high school in Manhattan, New York City. Founded in 1936 as the School of Industrial Art, the school moved to 1075 Second Avenue in 1960 and more recently, its Midtown Manhattan location on 56th Street, between Second and Third Avenues, in September 2012. High School of Art and Design is operated by the New York City Department of Education.
Wanda people
The Wanda are a Bantu ethno-linguistic group based in Mbeya Region and Sumbawanga District of southern Rukwa Region of Tanzania. The Wanda population was estimated to be 24,000 in 1987, having increased from 5,745 in 1931, 7,677 in 1948, and 9,477 in 1957.

Mbeya Region
Mbeya Region (Mkoa wa Mbeya in Swahili) is one of Tanzania's 31 administrative regions. The region covers an area of 35,954 km2 (13,882 sq mi). The region is comparable in size to the combined land area of the nation state of Guinea Bissau. Mbeya Region is bordered to the east by Singida Region, Iringa Region and Njombe Region. The region is bordered to the south by Malawi and Lake Nyasa. To the north the region borders southern Tabora Region. Lastly, Mbeya is bordered to the west by Songwe Region. The regional capital is the city of Mbeya. According to the 2022 national census, the region had a population of 2,343,754.
Is My Very Nature That of a Devil
"Is My Very Nature That of a Devil" is the third episode of the first season of the American gothic horror television series Interview with the Vampire, an adaptation of Anne Rice's novel of the same name. Written by series creator and showrunner Rolin Jones and writer Hannah Moscovitch, and directed by Keith Powell, the episode first aired on October 16, 2022, on AMC.

"Is My Very Nature That of a Devil" marks the first appearance of Claudia (Bailey Bass). In the United States, the episode garnered a viewership of 0.45 million during its premiere night on linear television alone. It received highly positive reviews from critics, with praise for the writing, character development, cinematography, production value, and performances of Anderson and Reid. Cinematographer Jesse M. Feldman received an ASC Award nomination for his work in the episode.

Sam Reid (actor)
Sam Reid (born 19 February 1987) is an Australian actor. He is best known for playing Lestat de Lioncourt in the AMC drama series Interview with the Vampire (2022–present), for which he received a Critics' Choice Television Award nomination. He received four AACTA Award nominations for his leading roles in The Newsreader (2021–2025) and Lambs of God (2019). Reid also played John Davinier in Belle (2013) and Hugo Fraser-Tyrwhitt in The Riot Club (2014).
Garry Waller
Garry Waller is an American director of photography and visual effects supervisor who has worked in Hollywood for nearly thirty years.  He has been nominated for both an Academy Award and an Emmy Award and has worked with, among others, Tim Burton, Michael Mann, Mark Romanek, and Steven Spielberg. Garry also collaborated with director David Fincher on the visionary 'Constant Change' HP commercial and shot the 'Love is Strong' music video for the Rolling Stones, for which he received the MTV Video Music Award for Cinematography. Among his countless commercials credits are the iconic iPod silhouette spot for Apple Inc. and a recent Volkswagen campaign filmed on location in Shanghai, China.

Waller's Academy Award nomination was in the category Best Visual Effects for the film Poltergeist II: The Other Side. His nomination was shared with Richard Edlund, John Bruno and Bill Neil.

Michael Mann
Michael Kenneth Mann (born February 5, 1943) is an American film director, screenwriter, author and producer. Best known for his stylized crime dramas, he has won two Primetime Emmy Awards, as well as earned nominations for four Academy Awards, two Golden Globe Awards, and a BAFTA Award. His most acclaimed works include the films Thief (1981), Manhunter (1986), The Last of the Mohicans (1992), Heat (1995), The Insider (1999), Ali (2001), Collateral (2004), Public Enemies (2009), and Ferrari (2023). He was executive producer on the popular TV series Miami Vice (1984–90), which he adapted into a 2006 feature film.
Shavers Fork Mountain Complex
Shavers Fork Mountain Complex is the name given to the mountains on either side of Shavers Fork in the highlands portions of Randolph County, Pocahontas County, and Tucker County in West Virginia, USA.  Much of the land surrounding the river and its adjacent mountains is protected by Monongahela National Forest including about 20,000 acres (81 km2) of designated wilderness.

U.S. Route 250
U.S. Route 250 (US 250) is a route of the United States Numbered Highway System, and is a spur of U.S. Route 50. It currently runs for 514 miles (827 km) from Richmond, Virginia, to Sandusky, Ohio. It passes through the states of Virginia, West Virginia, and Ohio. It goes through the cities of Richmond, Charlottesville, Staunton, and Waynesboro, Virginia; and Wheeling, West Virginia. West of Pruntytown, West Virginia, US 250 intersects and forms a short overlap with its parent US 50.

In Virginia and Ohio, the route is signed east–west. In West Virginia, the route is signed north–south.
Naalai Namadhe (2009 film)
Naalai Namadhe (transl. Tomorrow is ours) is a 2009 Indian Tamil language film directed by Vinayan. The film stars newcomer Pradeep, Sharwanand (in his Tamil debut),  Sanusha, Karthika Mathew, Kiran Rathod and Oviya (in her Tamil debut) with Manivannan, Ashish Vidyarthi, Rajan P. Dev, Tanikella Bharani, M. S. Bhaskar, and Charle playing supporting roles. It was released on 10 April 2009. The film was dubbed into Malayalam as India Today and was released on 10 April 2014.

Rajan P. Dev
Rajan P. Dev (20 May 1951 – 29 July 2009) was an Indian film and stage actor. He was born in Cherthala in the Alappuzha district of the former state Thiru-Kochi (present day Kerala). He had acted in over 500 films in Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu and Kannada languages. He was noted for his villain roles laced with a touch of humour. He came into the limelight for his characterisation of Kochuvava in the play Kattukuthira. Rajan P. Dev died in Kochi Wednesday 29 July 2009 due to a liver disease.
Gymnastics at the 2011 Pan American Games – Men's artistic qualification
Qualifications for Men's artistic gymnastic competitions at the 2011 Pan American Games was held at the Nissan Gymnastics Stadium on October 25. The results of the qualification determined the qualifiers to the finals: 24 gymnasts in the all-around final, and 8 gymnasts in each of 6 apparatus finals.

Complejo Nissan de Gimnasia
The Nissan Gymnastics Stadium is a stadium located in Guadalajara, Mexico.  It opened in February 2008 and hosted the gymnastics competition at the 2011 Pan American Games.   It has a capacity of 3,434.
1986 Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship
The 1986 Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship was the 77th staging of the Cork Intermediate Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Cork County Board in 1909. The draw for the opening round fixtures took place on 26 January 1986. The championship ran from 10 May to 17 August 1986.

On 17 August 1986, Cloughduv won the championship following a 2–12 to 0–11 defeat of Erin's Own in the final at Páirc Uí Chaoimh. This as their fifth championship title overall and their first title since 1983.

Cloughduv's Don O'Leary was the championship's top scorer with 2-27.

Cloughduv GAA
Cloughduv GAA is a Gaelic Athletic Association based in the village of Cloughduv in County Cork, Ireland. The club is a member of the Muskerry division of Cork GAA. The club fields hurling team only. There are two Gaelic football clubs in the parish (Kilmurry parish) - Canovee and Kilmurry - and there is often an overlap of players between the different clubs.
2022 Arab Cup U-20
The 2022 Arab Cup U-20 was the eighth edition of the Arab Cup U-20. On 14 April 2022, the Union of Arab Football Associations granted Saudi Arabia the right to host. The tournament took place from 20 July to 7 August.

Saudi Arabia were the defending champions, having won the previous edition in 2021. Saudi Arabia successfully defended their title by beating Egypt in the final.

Egypt national under-20 football team
The Egypt national under-20 football team is the national youth team of Egypt. It is administered by the Egyptian Football Association.

Their best performance in the U-20 World Cup was a third-place finish in 2001. This remains the highest result Egypt has achieved in any International World Cup.

Their nickname, The Young Pharaohs is an obvious reference to the nickname of the National Team, The Pharaohs.

Egypt hosted the 2009 U-20 World Cup.
To Turn the Stone
"To Turn the Stone" is a song written by Giorgio Moroder and Pete Bellotte. The song was first recorded by American singer Donna Summer, planned for release on her 1981 studio album I'm a Rainbow; however, it would be shelved until 1996. Swedish singer Anni-Frid Lyngstad would be the first to officially release the song, recording it for her third studio album and first English-language album Something's Going On (1982). Lyngstad's version was produced by Phil Collins, and officially released on 8 October 1982, via Polar Music as the album's second single.

Anni-Frid Lyngstad
Anni-Frid Synni Lyngstad KVO1kl (born 15 November 1945), also known simply as Frida, is a Swedish singer who is best known as one of the founding members and lead singers of the pop band ABBA. Born in Bjørkåsen (in Ballangen Municipality), Norway, to a Norwegian mother and a German father, she grew up in Torshälla, Sweden.

Lyngstad found international fame when she joined ABBA, who have sold over 400 millions records (albums and singles) worldwide, making the group, which included her second husband Benny Andersson, one of the best-selling music acts in history.

After the break-up of ABBA, she continued an international solo singing career with mixed success, before retiring from music.
Simpson Island
Simpson Island is an island in Lake Superior, situated off the north shore at the entrance to Nipigon Bay, in Northern Ontario, Canada. It is located about 5 km from the mainland and approximately 13 km southwest of the locality of Rossport. Simpson Island is 113 km northeast of the district capital, Thunder Bay, Ontario.

The fourth largest island in Lake Superior and the fifteenth largest in the Great Lakes, Simpson Island has an area of 73 km², and is 16 km long and 10 km wide.
The island, which has been described as "rugged wilderness," is uninhabited, but is a destination for kayakers.

In the early 20th century its sandstone quarries supplied building stone to the cities of Port Arthur and Fort William, Ontario, and to cities in the United States.

Rossport, Ontario
Rossport is a dispersed rural community and unincorporated place in the Unorganized part of Thunder Bay District in northwestern Ontario, Canada. It is on the north shore of Lake Superior in geographic Lahontan Township, and is on Ontario Highway 17. Rossport is a designated place served by a local services board, and has a population of 65.
Samarinvågen
Samarinvågen is a bay in Sørkapp Land at Spitsbergen, Svalbard. It is a southern bay of the fjord Hornsund, located between Meranfjellet and Traunkammen. The bay is named after Samarin, member of Arctic expeditions between 1899 and 1902. The glacier Samarinbreen debouches into the bay.

Samarinvågen's secluded location, coupled with the geological features such as the pieces of ice that come from a calving glacier nearby, give it a unique ambiance. The floating pieces of ice are the favorite haunt of bearded seals. The area also sees considerable numbers of seabirds. Species most commonly found here are little auk, Brünnich's guillemots, common and king eiders. Although extremely rare, white whales have been sighted here.

Thick-billed murre
The thick-billed murre or Brünnich's guillemot (Uria lomvia) is a bird in the auk family (Alcidae). This bird is named after the Danish zoologist Morten Thrane Brünnich. The very deeply black North Pacific subspecies Uria lomvia arra is also called Pallas' murre after its describer.
Navjot Chana
Navjot Chana (born 24 November 1983) is an Indian Judo Player who  won silver  medal in the men's 60 kg weight class at the 2014 Commonwealth Games at Glasgow. He hails from Hoshiarpur district of Punjab state of India. Chana is employed with Punjab Police
Chana defeated South Africa's Daniel Le Grange in the semi-final meeting. He had earlier defeated 23-year-old Tom Pappas of Australia in quarter-final.

Hoshiarpur
Hoshiarpur (Punjabi: [ɦʊʃɪˈaːɾpʊɾ] ⓘ) is a city and a municipal corporation in Hoshiarpur district in the Doaba region of the Indian state of Punjab. It was founded, according to tradition, during the early part of the fourteenth century. In 1809, it was occupied by the forces of Maharaja Karanvir Singh and was united into the greater state of Punjab in 1849.

Hoshiarpur has an average elevation of 296 metres (971 ft). Hoshiarpur district is located in the north-east part of the Indian state of Punjab. It falls in the Jalandhar Revenue Division and is situated in the Bist Doab portion of the Doaba region. Hoshiarpur shares a boundary with Kangra district, and Una district of Himachal Pradesh in the northeast. In the southwest, it borders Shahid Bhagat Singh Nagar district, Jalandhar district, and Kapurthala district, and in the northwest it borders Gurdaspur district.
Shaylee Mansfield
Shaylee Ava  Mansfield (born April 6, 2009) is an American actress. Mansfield, who is deaf, first gained recognition by making YouTube videos in which she told Christmas stories in American Sign Language. Mansfield appeared in an "Unforgettable Stories" video advertisement by Disney Parks, in which she met Minnie Mouse, who was learning sign language at Walt Disney World. The video quickly went viral and became one of Disney's most-watched advertisements.

Mansfield made her acting debut in 2019 in Disney's Noelle. The following year, her request for automatic captioning on Instagram drew attention from several media publications and became popular on Twitter. She received further recognition for her roles in the films Feel the Beat (2020) and 13 Minutes (2021). In 2022, for her performance on Madagascar: A Little Wild, Mansfield possibly became the first deaf actress to be credited alongside the "audible" voice actors for her "sign over" performance in an animated production.

13 Minutes (2021 film)
13 Minutes is a 2021 American-Canadian disaster film written, directed and produced by Lindsay Gossling, in her feature debut film. It stars Trace Adkins, Thora Birch, Peter Facinelli, Anne Heche, Amy Smart and Paz Vega.
Ogba language
Ogba (also Olu Ogba, mobu onu Ogbah) is an Igboid language spoken by Ogba people of Nigeria mostly in River State. They are part of the Ogba/ Egbema/Ndoni Local Government Area in Rivers State. The king is referred to as the Eze-ogba and was politically influenced to change the title as 'Oba' just as the Benin's refer to theirs. Annually they celebrate the 'Egwu ogba' festival. The largest festival in the Egi land.

Ogba people
The Ogba is an ethnic group in Rivers State, Nigeria. The Ogba people speak the Ogba dialect. The Ogba reside in a local government called Ogba-Egbema-Ndoni in Rivers state Nigeria. The Ogba language is divided into three — Usomini, Igburu and Egi dialect. The Ogba kingdom is made up of three clans which includes; Egi, Igburu, Usomini clans, and its largest urban town is Omoku. Ogba people speak two dialects of the ogba language: the Egi and Igburu. Eligbo and Ukporomini are two Ogba communities in Ahoada East Local Government Area.
2022 St Albans City and District Council election
The 2022 St Albans City and District Council election took place on 5 May 2022, to elect members of St Albans City and District Council in England. It was on the same day as other local elections.

The whole council was up for election on new boundaries. At the election, the Liberal Democrats retained control of the council with a greatly increased majority, while Labour were eliminated from the council entirely.

City of St Albans
St Albans (/ˈɔːlbənz/), also known as the City and District of St Albans, is a non-metropolitan district with both borough and city status in Hertfordshire, England. Its council is based in St Albans, the largest settlement in the district. The district also includes the town of Harpenden and several villages. The district borders North Hertfordshire, Welwyn Hatfield, Hertsmere, Watford, Three Rivers, Dacorum, and Central Bedfordshire.