hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Layered permutation
In the mathematics of permutations, a layered permutation is a permutation that reverses contiguous blocks of elements. Equivalently, it is the direct sum of decreasing permutations.

One of the earlier works establishing the significance of layered permutations was Bóna (1999), which established the Stanley–Wilf conjecture for classes of permutations forbidding a layered permutation, before the conjecture was proven more generally.

Skew and direct sums of permutations
In combinatorics, the skew sum and direct sum of permutations are two operations to combine shorter permutations into longer ones.  Given a permutation π of length m and the permutation σ of length n, the skew sum of π and σ is the permutation of length m + n defined by

and the direct sum of π and σ is the permutation of length m + n defined by
Infini (CRS)
Infini is a computer reservations system based in Japan which provides its services in the Japanese market. It was created in 1990 by All Nippon Airways and Abacus (GDS) who currently own 100% of Infini. It utilises technology from Sabre Holdings to provide booking and ticketing capabilities to travel agencies in Japan.

All Nippon Airways
All Nippon Airways (ANA) is a Japanese airline headquartered in Minato, Tokyo. ANA operates services to both domestic and international destinations and is Japan's largest airline, ahead of its main rival Japan Airlines. As of March 2024, the airline has approximately 12,800 employees. The airline joined as a Star Alliance member in October 1999.

In addition to its mainline operations, ANA controls several subsidiary passenger carriers, such as its regional airline ANA Wings, Air Nippon, Air Do (a low-cost carrier operating scheduled service between Tokyo and cities in Hokkaido), Air Japan and Allex Cargo (ANA Cargo – the freighter division operated by Air Japan). Peach Aviation, a low-cost carrier based in Japan, is fully owned by ANA.
Rüstringen
Rüstringen (German pronunciation: [ˈʁʏstrɪŋən]) or Rustringen was an old Frisian gau, which lies between the modern district Friesland and the Weser river in modern Lower Saxony. Nowadays, only a small part of the original territory remains, namely the Butjadingen peninsula. The largest part of historical Rüstringen has been lost to the sea in the Middle Ages due to various storm surges and now forms the Jadebusen bay.

Gau (territory)
Gau (German: [ɡaʊ] ⓘ; Dutch: gouw [ɣʌu] ⓘ; West Frisian: gea [ɡɪə] or goa [ɡoə]) is a Germanic term for a region within a country, often a former or current province. It was used in the Middle Ages, when it can be seen as roughly corresponding to an English shire. The administrative use of the term was revived as a subdivision during the period of Nazi Germany in 1933–1945. It still appears today in regional names, such as the Rheingau or Allgäu.
Ida Granqvist
Ida Granqvist (12 November 1872 – 10 March 1949) was a Swedish missionary. She wrote 26 books of poetry and translated hundreds of texts into isiZulu whilst a missionary in South Africa. She was criticised for speaking from a pulpit (like a man) whilst in Sweden.

Zulu language
Zulu (/ˈzuːluː/ ZOO-loo), or isiZulu as an endonym, is a Southern Bantu language of the Nguni branch spoken in, and indigenous to, Southern Africa with about 13.56 million native speakers, who primarily inhabit the province of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa. The word "KwaZulu-Natal" translates into English as "Home of the Zulu Nation is Natal". Zulu is the most widely spoken home language in South Africa (24% of the population), and it is understood by over 50% of its population. It became one of South Africa's 12 official languages in 1994.

According to Ethnologue, it is the second-most widely spoken of the Bantu languages, after Swahili. Like many other Bantu languages, it is written with the Latin alphabet.

In South African English, the language is often referred to in its native form, isiZulu.
Shyne Coldchain II
Shyne Coldchain II is the fourth official mixtape released by American rapper Vince Staples. The mixtape was produced by No I.D., Evidence, DJ Babu, Childish Major, and Scoop DeVille. It also features guest appearances from singer-songwriters Jhené Aiko, and James Fauntleroy.

Evidence (musician)
Michael Taylor Perretta (born December 10, 1976), known professionally as Evidence, is an American rapper and record producer from Venice, Los Angeles, California. He is also a member of the group Dilated Peoples, as well as being one-half of Step Brothers with the Alchemist. Evidence was included in the nomination for a Grammy Award for Album of the Year because of his production work on the Kanye West debut album The College Dropout.
1984 College Baseball All-America Team
This is a list of college baseball players named first team All-Americans for the 1984 NCAA Division I baseball season. From 1981 to 1990, there were three generally recognized All-America selectors for baseball:  the American Baseball Coaches Association, Baseball America, and The Sporting News. In order to be considered a "consensus" All-American, a player must have been selected by at least two of these.

1984 NCAA Division I baseball season
The 1984 NCAA Division I baseball season, play of college baseball in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) began in the spring of 1984.  The season progressed through the regular season and concluded with the 1984 College World Series.  The College World Series, held for the thirty eighth time in 1984, consisted of one team from each of eight regional competitions and was held in Omaha, Nebraska, at Johnny Rosenblatt Stadium as a double-elimination tournament.  Cal State Fullerton claimed the championship for the second time.
Inuvil railway station
Inuvil railway station (Tamil: இணுவில் தொடருந்து நிலையம் Iṇuvil toṭaruntu nilaiyam) is a railway station in the village of Inuvil in northern Sri Lanka. Owned by Sri Lanka Railways, the state-owned railway operator, the station is part of the Northern Line which links the north with the capital Colombo. The popular Yarl Devi service calls at the station. The station was not functioning between 1990 and 2015 due to the civil war. The Northern Line between Jaffna and Kankesanthurai was re-opened on 2 January 2015.

Yal Devi
Yal Devi (Tamil: யாழ் தேவி; Sinhala: යාල් දේවී) is a major express train in Sri Lanka.  Operated by Sri Lanka Railways, the Yal Devi connects Colombo, the nation's commercial hub, with the northern city of Jaffna and its port at Kankesanturai, where the service terminates. From 1990 up to 2015, the service had to terminate at intermediate stations, due to the Sri Lankan civil war. The Northern Line was rebuilt and returned to Jaffna Railway Station by October 2014 and Kankesanturai by January 2015.
1999 Thalgo Australian Women's Hardcourts – Singles
The 1999 Thalgo Australian Women's Hardcourts singles was the singles event of the third edition of the Thalgo Australian Women's Hardcourts; a WTA Tier III tournament held in the Gold Coast. Ai Sugiyama was the defending champion but lost in the semifinals to Patty Schnyder.

Schnyder won in the final 4–6, 7–6(7–5), 6–2 against Mary Pierce.

Patty Schnyder
Patty Schnyder (born 14 December 1978) is a Swiss retired tennis player. A former top 10 player in singles, she twice defeated a reigning world No. 1 player in her career: Martina Hingis at the 1998 Grand Slam Cup (by retirement) and Jennifer Capriati at the Family Circle Cup in 2002. In addition, she has notable wins over such former No. 1 players as Lindsay Davenport, Serena Williams, Arantxa Sánchez Vicario, Steffi Graf, Kim Clijsters, Justine Henin, Amélie Mauresmo, Maria Sharapova, Jelena Janković, Ana Ivanovic, and Caroline Wozniacki.

In her career, she reached six Grand Slam singles quarterfinals and one major singles semifinal. She won eleven WTA Tour singles titles including Zurich Open (Tier I), and five WTA doubles titles, and earned almost $8.6 million in prize money.
Peter Sturrock (MP)
Peter Sturrock (5 February 1820 – 7 March 1904) was a Scottish civil engineer, colliery owner and provost of Kilmarnock and a Conservative politician.

Sturrock was the son of David Sturrock, of Struthers, near Kilmarnock and his wife Helen Woodbum. He was educated at Kilmarnock Academy and at Glasgow.  Sturrock married Helen Hutchinson Guthrie in 1850. He was a civil engineer, a colliery owner, and a director of North British Canadian Investment Co., and Scottish Ontario Land Co. He was provost of Kilmarnock and a justice of the peace for Ayrshire He was one of the founders and president of the Kilmarnock Burns Club.

He was elected at the 1885 general election as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Kilmarnock Burghs, with a majority of only 132 votes, but was defeated at 1886 general election.

Sturrock purchased Baltesan Castle with the intention of restoring it, but the plans never came to fruition.

Sturrock died at the age of 83.

1885 United Kingdom general election
The 1885 United Kingdom general election was held from 24 November to 18 December 1885. The first general election after an extension of the franchise and redistribution of seats, it saw the Liberals lose their majority.

The election saw the Liberals, led by William Gladstone, win the most seats, but not an overall majority, so a minority government was necessary. The Irish Nationalists held the balance of power between the Liberals and the Conservatives who sat with a large number of allied Unionist MPs (their name referred to their support for the Union of Great Britain and Ireland). The pressure of minority government status exacerbated divisions within the Liberals over Irish Home Rule. This led to a Liberal split that caused another general election the following year.

The 1885 election saw the first socialist party participate, with the Social Democratic Federation led by H. M. Hyndman standing three candidates. None were elected.
Towel Boy
Eric Tuttle (born July 15, 1982) is an American retired professional wrestler. He is best known for his appearances with Extreme Championship Wrestling from 1999 to 2001 under the ring name Towel Boy. He is also known for his appearances with independent promotions such as Ring of Honor, Combat Zone Wrestling and Pro-Pain Pro Wrestling.

Pro-Pain Pro Wrestling
Pro-Pain Pro Wrestling, or 3PW, was a hardcore professional wrestling promotion based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Considered an attempt at reviving Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW), it ran many shows from the former ECW Arena.

The promotion was founded in 2002 by ECW alumni Jasmin St. Claire and Brian "The Blue Meanie" Heffron, later being joined by ECW founder Tod Gordon. Many former ECW veterans, such as Raven, The Sandman, Al Snow and Sabu, made up the roster of the promotion. The promotion closed in 2005 after encountering financial difficulties.
Legahida
Legahida (Amharic: ለገሂዳ) is one of the woredas in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Debub Wollo Zone, Legahida is bordered on the south by Jama, on the west by Kelala, on the north by Legambo, and on the east by Were Ilu. Legahida was separated from Were Ilu.

Amhara Region
The Amhara Region (Amharic: አማራ ክልል, romanized: Åmara Kilil), officially the Amhara National Regional State (Amharic: የአማራ ብሔራዊ ክልላዊ መንግሥት, romanized: yeämara bıħérawi kılılawi mengıct), is a regional state in northern Ethiopia and the homeland of the Amhara, Awi, Argobba, and Qemant people. Its capital is Bahir Dar which is the seat of the Regional Government of Amhara. Amhara is the site of the largest inland body of water in Ethiopia, Lake Tana (which is the source of the Blue Nile), Grand Renaissance Dam and Semien Mountains National Park (which includes Ras Dashan, the highest point in Ethiopia). Amhara is bordered by Sudan to the west and northwest and by these regions of Ethiopia: Tigray to the north, Afar to the east, Benishangul-Gumuz to southwest, and Oromia to the south. Towns and cities in Amhara include: Dessie, Gonder, Debre Birhan, Debre Tabor, Kombolcha, Weldiya, Debre Markos, Seqota, Kobo, and Metema. The Regions name is said to mean “noble” or “highland”.
Bergen Travpark
Bergen Travpark is a harness racing track at Åsane in Bergen, Norway. The course is 1,000 meters (3,300 ft). Owned by Norwegian Trotting Association, its tote betting is handled by Norsk Rikstoto. The venue opened on 15 June 1985.

Norsk Rikstoto
The Norsk Rikstoto (lit. 'Norwegian National Tote') is a foundation that supervises parimutuel betting on animal racing in Norway.

It was established on 24 September 1982 by the Norwegian Trotting Association and the Norwegian Jockey Club to run a totalizator game named V6. Norsk Tipping administered most such games until 1993, when Norsk Rikstoto took over. In 1996 the foundation received responsibility, financial and administrative, for all such games. It also runs the television channel Rikstoto Direkte.

Animal racing in Norway is limited to equine racing; there are eleven tracks for harness racing and one track, Øvrevoll Galoppbane, for gallop. The state provides a legal framework, but claims 3.7% of Norsk Rikstoto's gross annual turnover in fees.

Chairman of the board is Erik Røste, and CEO is Camilla Garmann. The organizational headquarters are at Bjerke, Oslo.
Leonard Williams (running back)
Leonard Williams Jr. (born June 27, 1960) is an American former professional football player who was a running back for the Buffalo Bills of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Western Carolina Catamounts. He also played professionally in the United States Football League (USFL) for the Memphis Showboats.

Western Carolina Catamounts football
The Western Carolina Catamounts football program represents Western Carolina University. The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) and are members of the Southern Conference. Since the school's first football team was fielded in 1931, the Catamounts have a record of 364–540–23, have made two postseason appearances, and have played in one national championship game.

Western Carolina plays its home games at the 13,742 seat Bob Waters Field at E. J. Whitmire Stadium located on the campus in Cullowhee, North Carolina.
Cirata Dam
The Cirata Dam is an embankment dam on the Citarum River in West Java, Indonesia. It is located 100 km (62 mi) southeast of Jakarta. It was constructed between 1984 and 1988 for the primary purpose of hydroelectric & photovoltaic power generation. Other purposes include flood control, aquaculture, water supply and irrigation. The 125 m (410 ft) tall concrete-face rock-fill dam is situated just before a sharp bend in the river and withholds a reservoir with a gross storage capacity of 2,165,000,000 m3 (1,755,194 acre⋅ft). The reservoir has a surface area of 62 km2 (24 sq mi) which caused the relocation of 6,335 families. The construction of the dam resulted in involuntary resettlement of 56,000 people.

Embankment dam
An embankment dam is a large artificial dam. It is typically created by the placement and compaction of a complex semi-plastic mound of various compositions of soil or rock. It has a water-resistant natural covering for its surface, and may feature a dense, watertight core to resist surface or seepage erosion. Such a dam is composed of fragmented independent material particles. The friction and interaction of particles binds the particles together into a stable mass rather than by the use of a cementing substance.
Avalanche transistor
An avalanche transistor is a bipolar junction transistor designed for operation in the region of its collector-current/collector-to-emitter voltage characteristics beyond the collector-to-emitter breakdown voltage, called avalanche breakdown region.  This region is characterized by avalanche breakdown, which is a phenomenon similar to Townsend discharge for gases, and negative differential resistance. Operation in the avalanche breakdown region is called avalanche-mode operation: it gives avalanche transistors the ability to switch very high currents with less than a nanosecond rise and fall times (transition times). Transistors not specifically designed for the purpose can have reasonably consistent avalanche properties; for example 82% of samples of the 15V high-speed switch 2N2369, manufactured over a 12-year period, were capable of generating avalanche breakdown pulses with rise time of 350 ps or less, using a 90V power supply as Jim Williams writes.

Nanosecond
A nanosecond (ns) is a unit of time in the International System of Units (SI) equal to one billionth of a second, that is, ⁠1/1000000000⁠ of a second, or 10−9 seconds.

The term combines the SI prefix nano- indicating a 1 billionth submultiple of an SI unit (e.g. nanogram, nanometre, etc.) and second, the primary unit of time in the SI.

A nanosecond is to one second, as one second is to approximately 31.69 years.

A nanosecond is equal to 1000 picoseconds or ⁠1/1000⁠ microsecond.  Time units ranging between 10−8 and 10−7 seconds are typically expressed as tens or hundreds of nanoseconds.

Time units of this granularity are commonly found in telecommunications, pulsed lasers, and related aspects of electronics.
Brian Waites
Brian J. Waites (1 March 1940 – 8 March 2025) was an English professional golfer. Although he turned professional in 1957, he played little top-level golf for the next 20 years, but then had considerable success, winning twice on the European Tour, five times on the Safari Circuit and playing in the 1983 Ryder Cup. After reaching 50 he had further success as a senior, winning the PGA Seniors Championship twice, and winning four times on the European Senior Tour. Waites died of complications from Parkinson's disease on 8 March 2025, at the age of 85.

Mufulira Open
The Mufulira Open was a men's professional golf tournament played at Mufulira Golf Club in Mufulira, Zambia between 1970 and 1984. It was one of three Zambian events on the Safari Circuit schedule.

The Mufulira Open was founded a year after the Lusaka Open, but pre-dated the Zambia Open which was first contested in 1972. There was no tournament in 1974, as Mufulira Golf Club hosted the Zambia Open. From 1976 the tournament was only played every other year, alternating with the Cock o' the North tournament.

An English golfer, David Moore, aged 22, was shot and killed during the 1976 tournament.
2016 Box Office Entertainment Awards
The 47th Guillermo Mendoza Memorial Scholarship Foundation Box Office Entertainment Awards (GMMSF-BOEA), honored the personalities, movies and TV programs in the Philippines, and  took place on April 17, 2016, at the Novotel Grand Ballroom, Araneta Center, Cubao, Quezon City. The award-giving body honors Filipino actors, actresses and other performers' commercial success, regardless of artistic merit, in the Philippine entertainment industry. The awards night was aired on ABS-CBN's "Sunday Best" on May 1, 2016.

A Second Chance (2015 film)
A Second Chance is a 2015 Filipino romantic drama film directed by Cathy Garcia-Molina starring John Lloyd Cruz and Bea Alonzo. The film is the sequel to Molina's 2007 film One More Chance.

A Second Chance was a box office success, earning ₱43 million on its opening day. It also received generally favorable reviews from film critics and audiences. On its fourth week, the film earned more than ₱556 million worldwide, surpassing Starting Over Again to become the highest-grossing Filipino film of all time until the release of The Super Parental Guardians in 2016. The film was nominated for 14 FAMAS Awards, including Best Picture, Best Director (Garcia-Molina), Best Actor (Cruz), and Best Actress (Alonzo), but it did not win in any category.
Val-Brillant
Val-Brillant (French pronunciation: [val bʁijɑ̃]) is a municipality in eastern Quebec, Canada, at the base of the Gaspé peninsula. On the southern shores of the Lake Matapedia, Val-Brillant is part of the Matapédia Valley.

The place was previously known by many other names: Lac-Matapédia; Brochu or Brouché, followed by Lac-à-Brochu until 1871 (after Pierre Brochu (1795–1871), the first settler in the valley in what is now Sayabec); McGowe (after an engineer working on the railroad); Cedar Hall from 1876 to 1912 (referring to the large hangar built from pieces of cedar that served as a coal shed for the railway); and Saint-Pierre-du-Lac (in honour of Pierre Brillant (1852–1911), missionary in the Matapedia Valley from 1881 to 1889 and parish priest from 1889 to his death).

Gaspé Peninsula
The Gaspé Peninsula, also known as Gaspesia (French: Gaspésie, [ɡaspezi]), is a peninsula along the south shore of the St. Lawrence River that extends from the Matapedia Valley in Quebec, Canada, into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It is separated from New Brunswick on its southern side by Chaleur Bay and the Restigouche River. The name Gaspé comes from the Mi'kmaq word gespe'g, meaning "end", referring to the end of the land.

The Gaspé Peninsula is slightly larger than Belgium, at 31,075 square kilometres (11,998 sq mi). The population is 140,599 as of the 2011 census. It is also noted as the only region outside the Channel Islands to contain native speakers of Jersey Norman.
His Majesty's Lieutenant
His Majesty's Lieutenant (German: Der Leutnant Ihrer Majestät) is a 1929 German silent romance film directed by Jacob Fleck and Luise Fleck and starring Iván Petrovich, Agnes Esterhazy and Georg Alexander. It was shot at the Staaken Studios in Berlin.

Cinema of Germany
The cinema of Germany can be traced back to the late 19th century. The film industry in Germany made major technical and artistic contributions to early film, broadcasting and television technology. Babelsberg became a household synonym for the early 20th century film industry in Europe, similar to Hollywood later. Early German and German-speaking filmmakers and actors heavily contributed to early Hollywood, many of whom were Jewish refugees fleeing Nazi persecution.

Germany witnessed major changes to its identity during the 20th and 21st century. Those changes determined the periodisation of national cinema into a succession of distinct eras and movements.

German movies and German artists earned 230 Oscar nominations and 54 Oscar wins.
Bolesławice, West Pomeranian Voivodeship
Bolesławice [bɔlɛswaˈvit͡sɛ] (German: Fürstenflagge) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Goleniów, within Goleniów County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 10 km (6 mi) west of Goleniów and 18 km (11 mi) north of the regional capital Szczecin.
For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

Goleniów
Goleniów [ɡɔˈlɛɲuf] (Kashubian: Gòłonóg; German: Gollnow) is a town in Pomerania, northwestern Poland, with 21,876 inhabitants as of 2021. It is the capital of Goleniów County in West Pomeranian Voivodeship. It is situated in the centre of Goleniowska Forest on Goleniów Plain, near main roads numbers 3 and 6.

The international airport Szczecin-Goleniów "Solidarność" Airport is located just east of the town.
André Simard (politician)
André Simard (born 22 November 1953) is a Canadian politician, who was elected to the National Assembly of Quebec in a by-election on 29 November 2010, representing the electoral district of Kamouraska-Témiscouata.

He ran unsuccessful in the redrawn riding of Côte-du-Sud in the 2012 and 2014 elections.

Côte-du-Sud
Côte-du-Sud (French pronunciation: [kot dy syd]) is a provincial electoral district in the Bas-Saint-Laurent and Chaudière-Appalaches regions of Quebec, Canada, which elects members to the National Assembly of Quebec.  It includes the entire territory of the following regional county municipalities: Montmagny, L'Islet, Kamouraska. It notably includes the municipalities of Montmagny, La Pocatière, L'Islet, Saint-Pascal, Saint-Jean-Port-Joli, Cap-Saint-Ignace, Saint-Pamphile, Saint-Alexandre-de-Kamouraska, Saint-Pacôme and Berthier-sur-Mer.

It was created for the 2012 election from all of the former Montmagny-L'Islet and part of the former Kamouraska-Témiscouata electoral districts.