hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
The Pale King
The Pale King is an unfinished novel by David Foster Wallace, published posthumously on April 15, 2011. It was planned as Wallace's third novel, and the first since Infinite Jest in 1996, but it was not completed at the time of his death. Before his suicide in 2008, Wallace organized the manuscript and associated computer files in a place where they would be found by his widow, Karen Green, and his agent, Bonnie Nadell. That material was compiled by his friend and editor Michael Pietsch into the form that was eventually published. Wallace had been working on the novel for over a decade. Even incomplete, The Pale King is a long work, with 50 chapters of varying length totaling over 500 pages.

The novel was one of the three finalists for the 2012 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, but no award was given that year.

Project Muse
Project MUSE, a non-profit collaboration between libraries and publishers, is an online database of peer-reviewed academic journals and electronic books. As of 2024, Project Muse hosts over 800 journals and 100,000 books in digital humanities and social sciences, sourced from approximately 400 university presses and scholarly societies worldwide. It is an aggregator of digital versions of academic journals, all of which are free of digital rights management (DRM). It operates as a third-party acquisition service like EBSCO, JSTOR,  OverDrive, and ProQuest. Project Muse's online journal collections are available on a subscription basis to academic, public, special, and school libraries.
Linear–quadratic regulator
The theory of optimal control is concerned with operating a dynamic system at minimum cost.  The case where the system dynamics are described by a set of linear differential equations and the cost is described by a quadratic function is called the LQ problem.  One of the main results in the theory is that the solution is provided by the linear–quadratic regulator (LQR), a feedback controller whose equations are given below.

LQR controllers possess inherent robustness with guaranteed gain and phase margin, and they also are part of the solution to the LQG (linear–quadratic–Gaussian) problem. Like the LQR problem itself, the LQG problem is one of the most fundamental problems in control theory.

Phase margin
In electronic amplifiers, the phase margin (PM) is the difference between the phase lag φ (< 0) and -180°, for an amplifier's output signal (relative to its input) at zero dB gain - i.e. unity gain, or that the output signal has the same amplitude as the input.

.

For example, if the amplifier's open-loop gain crosses 0 dB at a frequency where the phase lag is -135°, then the phase margin of this feedback system is -135° -(-180°) = 45°. See Bode plot#Gain margin and phase margin for more details.
Manassas Gap
Manassas Gap is a wind gap of the Blue Ridge Mountains on the border of Fauquier County and Warren County in Virginia. At an elevation of 887 feet above sea level, it is the lowest crossing of the Blue Ridge Mountains in the state. The origins of the name "Manassas" are undocumented.

The Manassas Gap Railroad was completed through this pass in 1854, and today, the tracks form a part of the Norfolk Southern rail system. Virginia State Route 55 and Interstate 66 also pass through Manassas Gap. In addition the north-south Appalachian Trail crosses the gap as well.

Virginia's independent cities of Manassas and Manassas Park derived their names from the railroad which was built through Manassas Gap.

Wind gap
A wind gap (or air gap) is a gap through which a waterway once flowed that is now dry as a result of stream capture. A water gap is a similar feature, but one in which a waterway still flows. Water gaps and wind gaps often provide routes which, due to their gently inclined profile, are suitable for trails, roads, and railroads through mountainous terrain.

Examples of wind gaps in the Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia include Swift Run Gap, Rockfish Gap, and Buford's Gap. The last was the original crossing of the Blue Ridge Mountains near Bedford for the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad, later the Norfolk and Western Railway, a precursor of today's Norfolk Southern Railway system. Another wind gap with substantial importance in U.S. history is the Cumberland Gap near the junction of Kentucky, Virginia, and Tennessee.
Luis Castro Leiva
Luis Hernan Castro Leiva (23 February 1943 – 8 April 1999) was a Venezuelan political philosopher, historian, writer and columnist. He is known for his televised speech on 23 January 1998 for the National Congress in which he warns against bolivarianism, cronyism and atavistic absolutism. He was one of the country's foremost advocates for democracy and an outspoken critic of Hugo Chávez, which he considered a populist. Castro is also credited with introducing rugby to Venezuela.

Cronyism
Cronyism is awarding positions, jobs, contracts, loans, privileges, or advantages to friends or colleagues. It is used especially in politics, when referring to partiality between politicians and businesses. A person who supports or partakes in cronyism is referred to as a crony, cronie, or cronyist.

Cronyism occurs when appointing "cronies" to positions of authority regardless of their qualifications. This is in contrast to a meritocracy, in which appointments are made based on merit. Politically, "cronyism" is derogatorily used to imply buying and selling favors, such as votes in legislative bodies, doing favors to organizations, or giving desirable ambassadorships to exotic places.
Operation Ivy (band)
Operation Ivy was an American punk rock band from Berkeley, California, formed in May 1987. They were critical to the emergence of Lookout Records and the so-called "East Bay Sound".

The band's name was derived from the Operation Ivy series of nuclear tests in 1952. Although the band released just one full-length album (Energy) before breaking up in May 1989, Operation Ivy is well remembered as the direct antecedent of popular band Rancid and for wielding a lasting stylistic influence over numerous other bands in what became the third wave ska movement.

Tim Timebomb
Tim Timebomb is a music project by Tim Armstrong, best known as a member of the punk rock band Rancid. Armstrong has recorded a large number of songs – a mixture of cover versions, including Rancid covers, and original songs, including some tracks from his musical film project RocknNRoll Theater – with a variety of supporting musicians.

A selection of the material was first released as a download only album Tim Timebomb Sings Songs from RocknNRoll Theater – this consisting of original songs featured in Armstrong's musical film series "RockNRoll Theatre". Starting on October 29, 2012, a series of digital singles have also been released, on a daily basis. These singles are initially being released via YouTube, with one song each day being released from October 29, 2012, onwards, and then being made available for download via iTunes. To date, all of the tracks from the RockNRollTheatre album have also been included in the series of singles, with the exception of the track "Let's Fuck".
Glen Atle Larsen
Glen Atle Larsen (born 24 August 1982) is a Norwegian footballer who plays for Skeid.
He is primarily a midfielder but can also play as a forward.

Larsen was born in Stord Municipality in Sunnhordland. He started his career in the clubs Finnås and Bremnes in Bømlo Municipality. After playing for Haugesund, he started a career in Estonia with Flora Tallinn and Valga. He joined Vålerenga in Norway, soon went on loan to Nybergsund before going on to Dundee and St Patrick's Athletic In Scotland and Ireland. At Dundee, his only goal for the club came in a dramatic 4-4 draw with Hibernian. He played 5 games for Kongsvinger in 2008, and left the club in 2009.

In 2010, he played for Kolding before joining Skeid in the summer.

Stord Municipality
Stord is a municipality in Vestland county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Sunnhordland. Stord  Municipality is sometimes called "Norway in miniature" since it has such a variety of landscapes: coastline, fjords, forests, agricultural land, and mountain areas. The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Leirvik, which is also the largest town in the municipality and the whole region of Sunnhordland. Leirvik was declared a town in 1997. Other population centres in the municipality include the large village of Sagvåg and the smaller villages of Litlabø and Grov.

The 143.72-square-kilometre (55.49 sq mi) municipality is the 317th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Stord Municipality is the 70th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 19,350. The municipality's population density is 134.6 inhabitants per square kilometre (349/sq mi) and its population has increased by 4.7% over the previous 10-year period.
Purhus Municipality
Until 1 January 2007 Purhus municipality was a municipality (Danish, kommune) in the former Aarhus County on the Jutland peninsula in central Denmark.  The municipality covered an area of 169 km2, and had a total population of 8,547 (2005).  Its last mayor was Berner Nielsen, a member of the Social Democrats (Socialdemokraterne) political party. The main town and the site of its municipal council is the town of Fårup.

Purhus municipality ceased to exist as the result of Kommunalreformen ("The Municipality Reform" of 2007).  It was merged with existing Nørhald, Randers, and a portion of each of the following municipalities— Langå, Mariager, and Sønderhald— to form an enlarged Randers municipality.  This created a municipality with an area of 793 km2 and a total population of 96,409 (2005).  The municipality belongs to Region Midtjylland ("Mid-Jutland Region").

Aarhus County
Aarhus County or Århus County (Danish: Århus Amt) is a former county of Denmark (Danish: amt) on the Jutland peninsula. It was created in 1970 by a merger of three counties: Århus, Randers and Skanderborg. The county was abolished effective 1 January 2007, when almost all of it merged into Region Midtjylland (i.e. Region Central Jutland). A very small portion was merged into Region Nordjylland (Region North Jutland). At the time of its abolishment, more than 20,000 people worked for the county.
Kaigorodsky
Kaigorodsky (Russian: Кайгородский) is a rural locality (village) in Krasnozyorsky District, Novosibirsk Oblast, Russia. It is the administrative center of the Kaigorodsky Village Council.

Population:  631 (2010 Census); 674 (2002 Census);

Krasnozyorsky District
Krasnozyorsky District (Russian: Краснозёрский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty in Novosibirsk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the south of the oblast. The area of the district is 5,330 square kilometers (2,060 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality (a work settlement) of Krasnozyorskoye. Population: 32,491 (2010 Census);  38,836 (2002 Census); 40,312 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Krasnozyorskoye accounts for 29.3% of the district's total population.
2018 South America tornado outbreak
A destructive regional tornado outbreak spawned 11 tornadoes across the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul and the Argentine province of Misiones from the night of 11 June to the early morning of 12 June 2018. This outbreak was one of the most well-documented and most impactful tornado outbreaks in the history of South America, spawning the strongest tornado on the continent in nearly a decade and having had a partial damage survey conducted in its wake.

The most impactful tornado of the outbreak was a long-tracked, deadly tornado that tracked through northern Rio Grande do Sul, particularly devastating the municipality of Coxilha. The intensity of this tornado is debated—different organizations rated it either F3 or F4.

Aviary
An aviary is a large enclosure for confining birds, although bats may also be considered for display. Unlike birdcages, aviaries allow birds a larger living space where they can fly; hence, aviaries are also sometimes known as flight cages in the United Kingdom. Aviaries often contain plants and shrubbery to simulate a natural environment.
2023 Mubadala Citi DC Open – Women's doubles
Laura Siegemund and Vera Zvonareva defeated Alexa Guarachi and Monica Niculescu in the final, 6–4, 6–4 to win the women's doubles title at the 2023 Washington Open.

Jessica Pegula and Erin Routliffe were the reigning champions, but Pegula did not participate this year. Routliffe partnered with Ingrid Neel, but lost in the first round to Shuko Aoyama and Gabriela Dabrowski.

Gabriela Dabrowski
Gabriela "Gaby" Dabrowski (/dəˈbraʊski/; Polish: Dąbrowska, pronounced [dɔmˈbrɔfska]; born April 1, 1992) is a Canadian professional tennis player. She reached her career-high doubles ranking of world No. 2 on 23 February 2026. A four-time Grand Slam champion, she has won two US Open doubles titles, in 2023 and 2025, partnering Erin Routliffe. She also won the 2017 French Open mixed-doubles title, with Rohan Bopanna, becoming the first Canadian woman to win a senior major title, and the 2018 Australian Open with Mate Pavić. Her highest singles ranking of world No. 164 was achieved in November 2014.
Sokehs rebellion
The Sokehs rebellion was an uprising of the Sokehs tribe against local German rule that started on Sokehs Island off the main island of Pohnpei in the Eastern Caroline Islands (presently the Federated States of Micronesia) in 1910/1911.  The German district commissioner, Gustav Boeder, three other German officials and five islanders were killed by the rebels before Imperial German Navy units arrived and restored order.

Caroline Islands
The Caroline Islands (or the Carolines) are a widely scattered archipelago of tiny islands in the western Pacific Ocean, to the north of New Guinea. Politically, they are divided between the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) in the central and eastern parts of the group, and Palau at the extreme western end. Historically, this area was also called Nuevas Filipinas or New Philippines, because they were part of the Spanish East Indies and were governed from Manila in the Philippines.

The Carolines are scattered across a distance of approximately 3,540 kilometres (2,200 mi; 1,910 nmi), from the westernmost island, Tobi, in Palau, to the easternmost island, Kosrae, a state of the FSM.
Abraham Dwuma Odoom
Abraham Dwuma Odoom is a Ghanaian politician and member of the Seventh Parliament of the Fourth Republic of Ghana representing the Twifo Atti-Morkwa Constituency in the Central Region on the ticket of the New Patriotic Party. He is credited with developing a concept note behind Nigeria's 'successful' rice production story.

Twifo-Atii Morkwaa (Ghana parliament constituency)
Twifo-Atti Morkwa is a constituency represented in the Parliament of Ghana. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. The Twifo/Atti-Morkwa constituency is located in the Twifo/Atti-Morkwa District of the Central Region of Ghana.
Motherland (2023 Canadian film)
Motherland is a 2023 Canadian short drama film, written and directed by Jasmin Mozaffari. The film stars Behtash Fazlali as Babak, an Iranian immigrant to the United States during the Iran hostage crisis in the 1970s, who must confront anti-Iranian prejudice when he meets his girlfriend's parents for the first time.

The cast also includes Oriana Leman, John Ralston, Niaz Salimi, Birgitte Solem, Kevin Owen Clarke, Piret Jõgeda and Kiera Osborne.

The film screened in the Short Cuts program at the 2023 Toronto International Film Festival, where it was the winner of the Best Canadian Short Film award.

The film was later named to TIFF's annual Canada's Top Ten list for 2023. The film won the Canadian Screen Award for Best Live Action Short Drama, and Fazlali won the award for Best Performance in a Live Action Short Drama, at the 12th Canadian Screen Awards in 2024.

Canadian Screen Award for Best Performance in a Live Action Short Drama
The Canadian Screen Award for Best Performance in a Live Action Short Film is an annual award, presented by the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television as part of the Canadian Screen Awards program, to honour the best leading performance in a short film.

The award was presented for the first time in 2024.
Richard Barlas
Sir Richard Douglas Barlas KCB OBE (1916–1982) was a British civil servant who served as a clerk in the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

Barlas was commissioned as a pilot officer in the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve on 7 December 1937, but relinquished his commission on the grounds of ill-health on 30 November 1938. He rejoined the RAF during the Second World War and was promoted to war substantive flying officer on 28 December 1940. He was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire on 1 January 1944 while holding the rank of Wing Commander.

Barlas was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath while serving as Second Clerk Assistant and Clerk of Committees in the House of Commons. He served as Clerk of the House of Commons between 1976 and 1979, and was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in the 1977 Silver Jubilee and Birthday Honours.

Flying officer
Flying officer (Fg Off or F/O) is a junior officer rank used by some air forces, with origins from the UK Royal Air Force. The rank is used by air forces of many countries that have historical British influence.

Flying officer is one rank above pilot officer and one below flight lieutenant.

It is equivalent to the rank of sub-lieutenant in the navy and lieutenant in other services.

The equivalent rank in the Women's Auxiliary Air Force was "Section Officer" before this organisation adopted common ranks with male officers.
Ak-Buura Game Reserve
Ak-Buura Game Reserve is a protected area in Kara-Suu District, Osh Region, Kyrgyzstan. It was established in 1975 with a purpose of conserving breeding areas of pheasant, see-see partridge, and chukar.  The reserve covers 10,000 hectares in the Ak-Buura river valley.

Ak-Buura
The Ak-Buura (Kyrgyz: Ак-Буура) is a river in Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan. It flows through the city Osh, and discharges into the Shahrixonsoy, one of the canals of the Fergana Valley. The river is formed at the north slopes of Alai Mountains. The river is 148 kilometres (92 mi) long, and the watershed covers 2,530 square kilometres (980 sq mi). The long-term average discharge of the river at Tölöykön gauging post (southern boundary of Osh) is 21.4 cubic metres per second (760 cu ft/s), high-water discharge (June–July) ranging from 50 cubic metres per second (1,800 cu ft/s) to 67 cubic metres per second (2,400 cu ft/s) and low-water discharge (January) from 5 cubic metres per second (180 cu ft/s) to 6 cubic metres per second (210 cu ft/s). The main settlements along the river Ak-Buura are the city Osh and the villages Tölöykön, Turuk and Papan.
Abigail Thernstrom
Abigail Thernstrom (September 14, 1936 – April 10, 2020) was an American political scientist and a leading conservative scholar on race relations, voting rights and education. She was an adjunct scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, a Senior Fellow at the Manhattan Institute, a member of the Massachusetts Board of Education, and vice chair of the United States Commission on Civil Rights. She received her Ph.D. from the Department of Government at Harvard University in 1975.  According to The New York Times, she and her husband, Harvard Professor Stephan Thernstrom, were "much in demand on the conservative talk-show circuit, where they forcefully argue that racial preferences are wrong, divisive, and as a tool to help minorities overrated.  They serve on the boards of conservative and libertarian public-policy institutes."

Massachusetts Board of Education
The Massachusetts Board of Elementary and Secondary Education (BESE) is the state education agency responsible for interpreting and implementing laws relevant to public education in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Public education in the Commonwealth is organized according to the regulations adopted by the BESE, which are good faith interpretations of Massachusetts state and federal law. The BESE's responsibilities include granting and renewing charter school applications, developing and implementing the Massachusetts Comprehensive Assessment System (MCAS), submitting yearly budget proposals for public education to the Massachusetts General Court, setting the standards for and certifying teachers, principals, and superintendents, and monitoring—as well as intervening to ameliorate—the achievement of underperforming districts in the Commonwealth.
Methacrylic anhydride
Methacrylic anhydride is a liquid which reacts with water exothermically.

It can also react with hydroxyl and amino groups present in some organic compounds leading to covalent attachment of methacryloyl moieties. These functional groups could be successfully used either in subsequent polymerisation or reactions with thiols. For example, chitosan modified by methacryloylation exhibits better ability to adhere to mucosal surfaces (mucoadhesion) due to its reactivity with thiols groups present in cysteine domains of mucins.

Thiol
In organic chemistry, a thiol (/ˈθaɪɒl/; from Ancient Greek  θεῖον (theion) 'sulfur'), or thiol derivative, is any organosulfur compound of the form R−SH, where R represents an alkyl or other organic substituent. The −SH functional group itself is referred to as either a thiol group or a sulfhydryl group, or a sulfanyl group. Thiols are the sulfur analogue of alcohols (that is, sulfur takes the place of oxygen in the hydroxyl (−OH) group of an alcohol), and the word is a blend of "thio-" with "alcohol".

Many thiols have strong odors resembling that of garlic, cabbage or rotten eggs. Thiols are used as odorants to assist in the detection of natural gas (which in pure form is odorless). The smell of natural gas is due to the addition of thiol.
1991–92 Polish Cup
The 1991–92 Polish Cup was the thirty-eighth season of the annual Polish football knockout tournament. It began on 24 July 1991 with the first matches of the preliminary round and ended on 24 June 1992 with the Final. The winners qualified for the first round of the 1992–93 European Cup Winners' Cup.

GKS Katowice were the defending champions, having won their 2nd title in the previous season. Miedź Legnica won the final match 4–3 on penalties following a 1–1 draw after extra time, thus winning the first Polish Cup trophy in the club's history.

1992–93 European Cup Winners' Cup
The 1992–93 season of the European Cup Winners' Cup was won by Parma in the final against Antwerp. Both were first time finalists in the competition, and Antwerp were the last Belgian side to reach a European final up to the present day. The competition had more entrants than ever before due to the break-up of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union, resulting in many new countries eligible to enter the winners of their own cups into the competition. Israel, the Faroe Islands and Liechtenstein were also represented for the first time. Finalists from previous season, Werder Bremen and AS Monaco both competed but were knocked out in the second round.