hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Coherent risk measure
In the fields of actuarial science and financial economics there are a number of ways that risk can be defined; to clarify the concept theoreticians have described a number of properties that a risk measure might or might not have. A coherent risk measure is a function that satisfies properties of monotonicity, sub-additivity, homogeneity, and translational invariance.

Semi-continuity
In mathematical analysis, semicontinuity (or semi-continuity) is a property of extended real-valued functions that is weaker than continuity. An extended real-valued function  is upper (respectively, lower) semicontinuous at a point  if, roughly speaking, the function values for arguments near  are not much higher (respectively, lower) than  Briefly, a function on a domain  is lower semi-continuous if its epigraph  is closed in , and upper semi-continuous if  is lower semi-continuous.

A function is continuous if and only if it is both upper  and lower semicontinuous. If we take a continuous function and increase its value at a certain point  to  for some , then the result is upper semicontinuous; if we decrease its value to  then the result is lower semicontinuous.

The notion of upper and lower semicontinuous function was first introduced and studied by René Baire in his thesis in 1899.
Short-track speed skating at the 2022 Winter Olympics – Women's 3000 metre relay
The women's 3000 metre relay competition in short track speed skating at the 2022 Winter Olympics was held on 9 February (semifinals) and 13 February (finals), at the Capital Indoor Stadium in Beijing. The event was won by Suzanne Schulting, Selma Poutsma, Xandra Velzeboer, and Yara van Kerkhof, representing the Netherlands. They set a new Olympic record in Final A. It was the first time a European team won the event. South Korea won silver, and China bronze.

The defending champion were South Korea, with Italy and the Netherlands being second and third in 2018. The Netherlands were the 2021 World Short Track Speed Skating champion, France and Italy are the silver and bronze medalists, respectively. Many top athletes did not participate in the championship, however. The Netherlands were leading the 2021–22 ISU Short Track Speed Skating World Cup with four races completed before the Olympics, followed by South Korea and Canada.

Capital Indoor Stadium
The Capital Indoor Stadium (simplified Chinese: 首都体育馆; traditional Chinese: 首都體育館; pinyin: Shǒudū Tǐyùguǎn) is an indoor arena in 56 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, China that was built in 1968. It hosted matches between national table tennis teams of China and the United States in 1971; these matches were part of the exchange program known as ping pong diplomacy.
Sete (song)
"Sete" (stylized in all caps) is a single by South African rapper K.O featuring Young Stunna and Blxckie released on 19 August 2022 through Skhanda World and Sony, off SR3 (2022), as album's lead single. It was written by Ntokozo Mdluli, Sandile Msimango, Sihle Sithole.

The song debuted at number one and has been certified Multi-Platinum by the Recording Industry of South Africa (RiSA).

Blxckie
Sihle Sithole (born 24 November 1999), known professionally as Blxckie, is a South African rapper, singer, songwriter and record producer from Sydenham Heights, Durban. His debut studio album B4Now (2021) was certified gold in South Africa.
Acleistoceratidae
The Acleistoceratidae is a family of oncocerids that contains genera characterized by depressed (or rarely compressed) exogastric brevicones and cyrtocones (Sweet, 1964 K398) that range from the Middle Silurian to the Middle Devonian.  The siphuncle is broadly expanded, and in some actinosiphonate.

The Acleistoceratidae are derived from Oncoceras (Oncoceratidae) through Amphycertoceras, independently of the Oonoceras stock. The family is named for the genus Acleistoceras. All told some 22 genera have been described.

Oonoceras
Oonoceras is an extinct genus of fossil cephalopods included in the nautiloid order Oncocerida and the family Oncoceratidae from the Middle Ordovician to Middle Silurian of North America and Europe, arbitrarily included in the slender Oncoceratidae.

Shells of this genus are generally slender, gradually expanding, exograstric cyrtocones with an ovoid cross section more narrowly rounded ventrally than dorsally as in (e.g.) Bassleroceras. Curvature is generally greater than that in Oocerina but less than that of Richardonoceras or Dunleithoceras.

The siphuncle of Oonoceras is cyrtochoanitic. Septal necks flare outwardly and unlike Oocerina, are empty.  Segments are either slightly or broadly expanded into the chambers.
Punch (singer)
Bae Jin-young (Korean: 배진영; born February 19, 1993), better known by her stage name Punch (펀치), is a South Korean singer. She is best known for her original soundtracks for various TV series, notably "Sleepless Night" for It's Okay, That's Love (2014), "Everytime" for Descendants of the Sun (2016) with Exo member Chen and "Stay with Me" for Guardian: The Lonely and Great God (2016) and 	"Go Away Go Away" for Dr. Romantic 2 (2020) with Exo member Chanyeol.

Chen (singer)
Kim Jong-dae (Korean: 김종대; born September 21, 1992), known professionally as Chen (Korean: 첸), is a South Korean singer and songwriter. He is a member of the South Korean boy band Exo, its subgroup Exo-M and its subunit Exo-CBX, and participated in SM's projects SM the Ballad. He is predominantly known for his role as the vocalist of Exo. Apart from his group's activities, Chen has also recorded songs for various television dramas, most notably "Best Luck" for It's Okay, That's Love (2014) and "Everytime" for Descendants of the Sun (2016).

In 2019, Chen debuted as a solo singer with the extended play (EP) April, and a Flower, which peaked at number two on South Korea's Gaon Album Chart and spawned the hit single "Beautiful Goodbye". Continuing the success, his second EP, Dear My Dear, accompanied by the single "Shall We?" was released later that same year.
Meadowlark Park, Calgary
Meadowlark Park is a residential neighbourhood in the southwest quadrant of Calgary, Alberta. It is located immediately west from the Chinook Centre, east of Elbow Drive and north of the Glenmore Trail. It is named for the Meadowlark, a prominent songbird of western North America.

It is represented in the Calgary City Council by the Ward 11 councillor.

Residential area
A residential area is a land used in which housing predominates, as opposed to industrial and commercial areas.

Housing may vary significantly between, and through, residential areas. These include single-family housing, multi-family residential, or mobile homes. Zoning for residential use may permit some services or work opportunities or may totally exclude business and industry. It may permit high density land use or only permit low density uses.  Residential zoning usually includes a smaller FAR (floor area ratio) than business, commercial or industrial/manufacturing zoning. The area may be large or small.
Tut District
Tut District is a district of Adıyaman Province of Turkey. Its seat is the town Tut. Its area is 290 km2, and its population is 9,686 (2021). The Kaymakam is Yunus Kızılgüneş.

The district was established in 1990.

Kaymakam
Kaymakam, also known by many other romanizations, was a title used by various officials of the Ottoman Empire, including acting grand viziers, governors of provincial sanjaks, and administrators of district kazas. The title has been retained and is sometimes used without translation for provincial or subdistrict governors in various Ottoman successor states, including the Republic of Turkey, Kuwait, Iraq, and Lebanon.
Horse of the Year Show
The Horse of the Year Show, also known as HOYS (pronounced /hɔɪz/), was founded to be a culmination of the British equestrian events year. The Show was the idea of Captain Tony Collings and was realised by the then-Chairman of the British Showjumping Association, Mike Ansell. As it was to be the end-of-season finale, the show needed to be held indoors, making it a unique event.

British Showjumping Association
British Showjumping is the Great Britain governing body for the equestrian sport of showjumping. It provides the competitors for Team GBR in international competition and sets the rules under which affiliated competitions are held. It is one of the 16 organisations which form part of the British Equestrian Federation.

In 2013, the former Olympic bronze medallist David Broome was appointed BSJA president.
Jisk'a Sallalla
Jisk'a Sallalla (Aymara jisk'a little, sallalla a big heap of quinoa, Sallalla a mountain next to Jisk'a Sallalla, "little Sallalla", also spelled Jiskha Sallala) is a  4,559-metre-high (14,957 ft) mountain in the Chilla-Kimsa Chata mountain range in the Andes of Bolivia. It is situated in the La Paz Department, Ingavi Province, Jesús de Machaca Municipality. Jisk'a Sallalla lies south-west of the mountains Wisk'achani and Sallalla.

La Paz Department (Bolivia)
The La Paz Department of Bolivia comprises 133,985 square kilometres (51,732 sq mi) with a 2024 census population of 3,022,566 inhabitants. It is situated at the western border of Bolivia, sharing Lake Titicaca with the neighboring Peru. It contains the Cordillera Real mountain range, which reaches altitudes of 6.6 kilometers (22,000 ft). Northeast of the Cordillera Real are the Yungas, the steep eastern slopes of the Andes Mountains that make the transition to the Amazon River basin to the northeast. The capital of the department is the city of La Paz and is the administrative city and seat of government/national capital of Bolivia.
Agnes of Kuenring
Agnes of Kuenring (ca. 1236 - fl. 1261), was an Austrian noble, courtier of Queen Margaret of Austria and mistress of her spouse, King Ottokar II of Bohemia. She was the first historically documented mistress of a Bohemian sovereign.

Courtier
A courtier (/ˈkɔːrtiər/) is a person who attends the royal court of a monarch or other royalty. The earliest historical examples of courtiers were part of the retinues of rulers. Historically, the court was the centre of government as well as the official residence of the monarch, and the social and political life were often completely mixed together.
Darlaston James Bridge railway station
Darlaston James Bridge railway station was a station built on the Grand Junction Railway in 1837, serving the James Bridge area east of the town centre of Darlaston, near the junction of Walsall Road and Bentley Mill Way.

The station is expected to reopen in early 2026.

Grand Junction Railway
The Grand Junction Railway (GJR) was an early railway company in the United Kingdom, which existed between 1833 and 1846. The line built by the company, which opened in 1837, linked the Liverpool and Manchester Railway to Birmingham via Warrington, Crewe, Stafford and Wolverhampton. This was the first trunk railway to be completed in England, and arguably the world's first long-distance railway with steam traction. It terminated at Curzon Street Station in Birmingham, which it shared with the London and Birmingham Railway (L&BR), whose adjacent platforms gave an interchange with full connectivity (with through carriages) between Liverpool, Manchester and London.

The company merged with its business partners in 1846 to form the London and North Western Railway (LNWR). The lines which comprised the GJR now form the central section of the West Coast Main Line.
EMCrit
EMCrit is an American medical collective and publishing group made up of physicians in the field of critical care and emergency medicine. The group publishes a number of digital resources to equip physicians, clinical pharmacists, nurses, paramedics and researchers. Functioning as a key component of the Free Open Access Medical Education  and open access movement, and with 34,000 subscribers on Twitter and 300,000 monthly podcast downloads, it has been cited by the clinician information provider Medscape as "arguably the most popular EM–critical care-focused site".

EMCrit was founded in 2009 by Scott Weingart, MD FCCM, an intensivist in New York. He completed a surgical critical care fellowship at the Shock Trauma Center in Baltimore. He also completed an ECMO fellowship and helps teach an ECMO course in San Diego.

Paramedic
A paramedic is a healthcare professional trained in the medical model, whose main role has historically been to respond to emergency calls for medical help outside of a hospital. Paramedics work as part of the emergency medical services (EMS), most often in ambulances. They also have roles in emergency medicine, primary care, transfer medicine and remote/offshore medicine.  The scope of practice of a paramedic varies between countries, but generally includes autonomous decision making around the emergency care of patients.

Not all ambulance personnel are paramedics, although the term is sometimes used informally to refer to any ambulance personnel. In some English-speaking countries, there is an official distinction between paramedics and emergency medical technicians (or emergency care assistants), in which paramedics have additional educational requirements and scope of practice.
Sugarloaf Mountain (Florida)
Sugarloaf Mountain is the fifth-highest named point and the most prominent point in the U.S. state of Florida. At 312 feet (95 m) above sea level it is also the highest point on the geographic Florida Peninsula. The hill is in Lake County, near the city of Clermont.

Clermont, Florida
Clermont is the most populous city in Lake County, within the U.S. state of Florida. The population was 43,021 in 2020. It is about 22 miles (35 km) west of Orlando and 22 miles (35 km) southeast of Leesburg. The city is largely residential in character and its economy is centered in retail trade, lodging, and tourism-oriented restaurants and bars. It is part of the Orlando–Kissimmee–Sanford Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Clermont is home to the 1956 Florida Citrus Tower, one of Florida's early landmarks.
Jacob L. Moreno
Jacob Levy Moreno (born Iacob Levy; May 18, 1889 – May 14, 1974) was a Romanian-American psychiatrist, psychosociologist, and educator, the founder of psychodrama, and the foremost pioneer of group psychotherapy. During his lifetime, he was recognized as one of the leading social scientists.

Psychosociology
Psychosociology or psycho-sociology is the study of problems common to psychology and sociology, particularly the way individual behavior is influenced by the groups the person belongs to.

For example, in the study of criminals, psychology studies the personality of the criminal shaped by the criminal's upbringing.  Sociology studies the behavior of the entire group itself: the methods the criminal group uses to recruits members and the way the group changes over time. Psychosociology studies the criminal's behavior, which is created by the group they belong to, such as the young people living in the same neighborhood block.
Garry Goodrow
Garry Goodrow (November 4, 1933 – July 22, 2014) was an American actor known for his role in the original stage production of the Obie Award-winning play The Connection (1959) and its 1961 film version, and as one of the original members of The Committee improvisational group. In The Connection, Goodrow played the young, intense, morose, would-be jazz musician Ernie, a heroin addict whose horn is more often than not at the pawn shop.

Obie Award
The Obie Awards or Off-Broadway Theater Awards are annual awards given since 1956 by The Village Voice newspaper to theater artists and groups involved in off-Broadway and off-off-Broadway productions in New York City. Starting just after the 2014 ceremony, the American Theatre Wing became the joint presenter and administrative manager of the Obie Awards. The Obie Awards are considered off-Broadway's highest honor, similar to the Tony Awards for Broadway productions.
Lawson Roll
Lawson Macgregor Roll (born 8 March 1965) is a former English cricketer.  Roll was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm off break. He was born in Thornbury, Gloucestershire.

Roll made his only first-class appearance for Gloucestershire against the touring Sri Lankans in 1984. In this match he wasn't required to bat and with the ball he bowled 15 wicket-less overs. He later played 2 MCCA Knockout Trophy matches for the Gloucestershire Cricket Board, against Wiltshire in 1999 and Herefordshire in 2000.

His grandfather, Henry Roll, played a first-class match for Warwickshire in 1927.

Over (cricket)
In cricket, an over consists of six legal deliveries bowled from one end of a cricket pitch to the player batting at the other end, almost always by a single bowler.

A maiden over is an over in which no runs are scored that count against the bowler (so leg byes and byes may be scored as they are not counted against the bowler). A wicket maiden is a maiden over in which a wicket is also taken. Similarly, double and triple wicket maidens are when two and three wickets are taken in a maiden over.

After six deliveries the umpire calls 'over'; the fielding team switches ends, and a different bowler is selected to bowl from the opposite end. The captain of the fielding team decides which bowler will bowl any given over, and no bowler may bowl two overs in succession.
USS C-5
USS C-5 (SS-16), also known as "Submarine No. 16", was one of five C-class submarines built for the United States Navy in the first decade of the 20th century. She was the first boat in the USN named for the snapper.

Northern red snapper
The northern red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a snapper belonging to the family Lutjanidae. It is native to the western Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea, and  the Gulf of Mexico, where it inhabits environments associated with reefs.  This species is commercially important and is also sought after as a game fish.

It is closed related to Lutjanus purpureus, the southern red snapper or Caribbean red snapper, and both have been considered to be the same species in the past.
Ongakukan
Ongakukan Co., Ltd. (Japanese: 株式会社音楽館, Hepburn: Kabushiki gaisha Ongakukan; stylized in all caps) is a Japanese company whose main business is music production and the planning, development, and production of commercial simulators. Its head office is located in Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa Prefecture.

Kabushiki gaisha
A kabushiki gaisha (Japanese: 株式会社; pronounced [kabɯɕi̥ki ɡaꜜiɕa] ⓘ; lit. 'share company') or kabushiki kaisha, commonly abbreviated K.K. or KK, is a type of company (会社, kaisha) defined under the Companies Act of Japan. The term is often translated as "stock company", "joint-stock company" or "stock corporation". The term kabushiki gaisha in Japan refers to any joint-stock company regardless of country of origin or incorporation; however, outside Japan the term refers specifically to joint-stock companies incorporated in Japan.
Emilio Sakraya
Emilio Sakraya Moutaoukkil (born 29 June 1996), also known as Emilio, is a German actor and singer.

Known for his roles in Rhinegold, Tribes of Europa, and Warrior Nun, he has gained recognition for his performances in both German and international productions, establishing himself as a versatile actor in film and television.

Sing meinen Song – Das Tauschkonzert
Sing meinen Song – Das Tauschkonzert (lit. "Sing My Song – The Exchange Concert") is a German reality television series produced by Schwartzkopff TV Productions and broadcast on German television station VOX. Part of The Best Singers series, it is based on the Dutch series De beste zangers van Nederland. The inaugural series launched on 22 April 2014.
Mganza
Mganza is an administrative ward in Uvinza District of Kigoma Region in Tanzania. 
The ward covers an area of 1,090 km2 (420 sq mi), and has an average elevation of 1,103 m (3,619 ft). In 2016 the Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics report there were 27,323 people in the ward, from 24,823 in 2012.: 127 : 151

Kigoma Region
Kigoma Region (Mkoa wa Kigoma in Swahili) is one of Tanzania's 31 administrative regions, with the city of  Kigoma as the regional capital. Kigoma Region borders Kagera Region, Geita Region, Katavi Region, Tabora Region, DRC and Burundi According to the 2012 national census, the region had a population of 2,127,930, which was higher than the pre-census projection of 1,971,332.: page 2  For 2002–2012, the region's 2.4 percent average annual population growth rate was tied for the fourteenth highest in the country.: page 4  It was also the sixteenth most densely populated region with 57 people per square kilometer.: page 6  With a size of 45,066 square kilometres (17,400 sq mi), the region is slightly smaller than Estonia (45,227 square kilometres (17,462 sq mi)).
Hector Kennedy
Hector Kennedy (1 July 1917 — 15 January 1975) was an Irish international rugby union player.

Kennedy was educated at Royal Belfast Academical Institution and Queen's University Belfast.

A prop, Kennedy played for Instonians and was varsity captain at Queen's University. He moved to England to practise medicine after getting his degree, playing there for Bradford and Yorkshire. In 1938, Kennedy was capped twice for Ireland in the 1938 Home Nations, for away matches against Scotland and Wales.

Kennedy served as a major in the Royal Army Medical Corps during World War II. He was awarded an MBE in 1945 for his gallantry in North West Europe and also received the Croix de Guerre.

North West Europe campaign
The North West Europe campaign was a campaign by the British Commonwealth armed forces in North West Europe, including its skies and adjoining waters during World War II.  The term Western Front has also sometimes been used informally. The United States military refers to this campaign as the European Theater of Operations.

Hence the battle honour "North-West Europe" was awarded to any unit involved in land, sea and air campaigns and operations in, over or near Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway and the United Kingdom during World War II. It includes many more specific campaigns and/or battle honours.
Olive Rae
Olive Margaret Milne Rae (1878–1933) was a Scottish soprano concert singer and actress who appeared in comic opera and Edwardian musical comedy in London and on tours of the British provinces. During her brief stage career, she played the May Queen during the original production of Merrie England (1902) and created the roles of Titania in A Princess of Kensington (1903) and Lady Violet in The Earl and the Girl (1903–04).

Tatler
Tatler (stylised in all caps) is a British magazine published by Condé Nast Publications. It focuses on fashion and lifestyle, as well as coverage of high society and politics. It is targeted towards the British upper and upper-middle classes, and people interested in relevant society events. According to Condé Nast, the majority of its readership are females with above-average household incomes of the British middle and upper-middle classes.

Irish Tatler is published by Business Post.