hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Rubryka
Rubryka is a Ukrainian online media outlet that specializes in solutions journalism, and covers news and socio-political developments in Ukraine. It was founded in 2018 by its editor-in-chief Anastasia Rudenko, the only solutions journalism teacher in Ukraine, accredited by the Solutions Journalism Network. The outlet reports in Ukrainian, Russian, and English.

Solutions Journalism Network
The Solutions Journalism Network (SJN) is an independent, non-profit organization that advocates an approach of solutions journalism, an evidence-based mode of reporting on the responses to social problems. It was founded in 2013 by David Bornstein, Courtney E. Martin, and Tina Rosenberg. Its staff in New York City and Oakland, California, help journalists and news organizations across the country understand, value, and build the capacity to do solutions-oriented reporting.

The mission of SJN is "to spread the practice of solutions journalism: rigorous and compelling reporting about responses to social problems". What SJN calls solutions journalism is preceded by very similar journalistic styles that have been practiced outside the United States, including "constructive journalism", which originated in Denmark.
Amina Maatoug
Amina Maatoug (born 17 November 2002) is a Dutch middle-distance and cross country runner. She won the Dutch Indoor Athletics Championships in 2022 over 800 metres. She became the Dutch indoor national record holder in the mile run in 2025.

Dutch Indoor Athletics Championships
The Dutch Indoor Athletics Championships (Dutch: Nederlandse kampioenschappen indooratletiek) is an annual indoor track and field competition organised by the Royal Dutch Athletics Federation, which serves as the national championship for the sport in the Netherlands. Typically held over two to three days in February during the Dutch winter, it was first added to the national calendar in 1969, supplementing the main outdoor Dutch Athletics Championships held in the summer since 1910.
Akácfa utca
Akácfa utca (Acacia Road) is located in Erzsébetváros in Budapest, Hungary, between Rákóczi út and Király utca.

It is named after the Robinia pseudoacacia that dominated the area in the 18th century. This road was initially called Akatziengasse. From 1838, the segment of the road between Dohány utca and Dob utca was still called Akatziengasse (Akácfa utca), but between Dob utcától and Király utca it was known as the Kleine Akatziengasse (Little Acacia Road). These were unified in 1874 and it has been called Akácfa utca since then.

The headquarters of BKV are situated on this street.

Robinia pseudoacacia
Robinia pseudoacacia, commonly known as black locust, is a medium-sized hardwood deciduous tree, belonging to the tribe Robinieae of the legume family. Another common name is false acacia, a literal translation of the specific name (pseudo [Greek ψευδο-] meaning fake or false and acacia referring to the genus of plants with the same name).

Although fossilized traces of the genus were found in Europe, the species itself is native to a few small areas of the United States, but has been widely planted and naturalized elsewhere, including temperate North America, Eurasia, and Africa. It is considered an invasive species in some regions.
2019 Venezuelan Amnesty Law
The 2019 Venezuelan Amnesty Law (Spanish: Ley de Amnistía a nombre de la Asamblea Nacional de Venezuela) is a law promulgated by the National Assembly of Venezuela that was created to give amnesty to civilians, military and other officials identified as prisoners, persecuted and political exiles for acts committed from 1 January 1999 until the promulgation of the law, and that included political acts such as rebellion and sedition.  Its objective was to eliminate some legal effects that could endanger the consolidation of a new government during the 2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis and for military personnel and authorities who help to "restore constitutional order".

Human Rights Watch has called for an amendment of the law as it may provide amnesty for public workers or military involved in serious human rights violations.

Sedition
Sedition is overt conduct, such as speech or organization, that tends toward rebellion against the established order. Sedition often includes subversion of a constitution and incitement of discontent toward, or insurrection against, established authority. Sedition may include any commotion, though not aimed at direct and open violence against the laws. Seditious words in writing are seditious libel. A seditionist is one who engages in or promotes the interest of sedition.

Because sedition is overt, it is typically not considered a subversive act, and the overt acts that may be prosecutable under sedition laws vary by jurisdiction.
Little Ogeechee River (Chatham County)
The Little Ogeechee River in Chatham County is one of two rivers by that name in the U.S. state of Georgia. Rising in southern Effingham County, the Little Ogeechee flows to the southeast and enters Chatham County, where it becomes tidal in the vicinity of its crossing by U.S. Route 17.  From that point, the river flows through salt marshes and widens considerably, crossing under Georgia State Route 204 west of the Windsor Forest section of Savannah, and ending at Ossabaw Sound just north of the mouth of the Ogeechee River.  The entire Little Ogeechee River is 42.8 miles (68.9 km) long.

Effingham County, Georgia
Effingham County (/ˈɛfɪŋhæm/ EFF-ing-ham) is a county located in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 64,769. The seat is Springfield.

Effingham County is included in the Savannah metropolitan area.

In 2008, Effingham County was ranked as the sixth-fastest-growing midsize county in the nation from 2000 to 2007 by the U.S. Census Bureau. The county had a 35.1% growth rate over that period.
Cooksburg, Pennsylvania
Cooksburg is an unincorporated community in Clarion and Forest counties, Pennsylvania, United States. The community is located on the north bank of the Clarion River at the Pennsylvania Route 36 bridge, 12.3 miles (19.8 km) northeast of Clarion. Cooksburg has a post office with ZIP code 16217.

Rental cabins in Cooksburg

Pennsylvania Route 36
Pennsylvania Route 36 (PA 36) is a 151.12 mi (243.2 km) long state highway located in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. The southern terminus is at PA 26 near the Hopewell Township community of Yellow Creek. The northern terminus is at PA 27/PA 227 in Pleasantville.

One of the longest and oldest highways in the commonwealth, PA 36 serves as a major connector between South Central and Northwestern Pennsylvania. In 1955, the highway was designated as the Colonel Drake Highway in honor of Edwin Drake.
Oxenhall
Oxenhall is a village and civil parish 10 miles (16 km) north west of Gloucester, in the Forest of Dean district, in the county of Gloucestershire, England. In 2011 the parish had a population of 243. The parish touches Dymock, Gorsley and Kilcot, Kempley, Newent and Upton Bishop. Oxenhall has a parish meeting.

Upton Bishop
Upton Bishop is a small village in Herefordshire, England. The population of the village at the 2011 census was 602.

Upton Bishop was featured several years ago on TV when Phil and Alison Clarke chose their home on the Channel 4 programme Location, Location, Location with Phil Spencer and Kirsty Allsop advising them.
John R. Chambliss
John Randolph Chambliss Jr. (January 23, 1833 – August 16, 1864) was a career military officer from Virginia who served in the Confederate States Army. He reached the rank of brigadier general of cavalry before being killed in action in August 1864 during the Second Battle of Deep Bottom. Born to a lawyer, Colonel and Mrs John Chambliss of Hicksford, Va, John, jr. graduated from West Point (1853) with several future generals, particularly his friend David M. Gregg, a future Union General as their paths would have an ominous crossing in August 1864.

General officers in the Confederate States Army
The general officers of the Confederate States Army (CSA) were the senior military leaders of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War of 1861–1865. They were often former officers from the United States Army (the regular army) before the Civil War, while others were given the rank based on merit or when necessity demanded. Most Confederate generals needed confirmation from the Confederate States Congress, much like prospective generals in the modern U.S. armed forces.

Like all of the Confederacy's military forces, these generals answered to their civilian leadership, in particular Jefferson Davis, the president of the Confederate States of America and therefore commander-in-chief of the military forces of the Confederate States.
Valets Lake
Valets Lake is a freshwater body that straddles Valets and Girouard Townships in Senneterre in La Vallée-de-l'Or Regional County Municipality (RCM), in the administrative region of Abitibi-Témiscamingue, in province of Quebec, in Canada.

Forestry is the main economic activity of the sector; recreational tourism activities come second. Its surface is generally frozen from the beginning of December to the end of April.

The hydrographic slope of lake Valets is mainly served by a forest road that goes north between the Capousacataca River and lake Valets.

Abitibi-Témiscamingue
Abitibi-Témiscamingue (French pronunciation: [abitibi temiskamɛ̃ɡ] ⓘ) is an administrative region located in western Québec, Canada, along the border with Ontario. It became part of the province in 1898. It has a land area of 57,736.50 square kilometres (22,292.19 sq mi) and its population was 147,082 people as of the 2021 census. The region is divided into five regional county municipalities (French: municipalité régionale de comté, or MRC) and 79 municipalities. Its economy continues to be dominated by resource extraction industries. These include logging and mining all along the rich geologic Cadillac Fault between Val-d'Or and Rouyn-Noranda, as well as agriculture.
Johnson Gakumba
Johnson Gakumba (born February 25, 1959)  is an Anglican bishop in Uganda: he has been  Bishop of Northern Uganda since 2009.

Gakumba was born at Kiswata, Masindi District. He was educated at Uganda Christian University and ordained in 1983. He has served in Bobi, Kitgum and Luzira.

Luzira
Luzira is a suburb of Kampala, the capital of Uganda. It is best known for the country's main prison, Luzira Maximum Security Prison, which has seen significant redevelopment thanks to the work of African Prisons Project, a charity based in the UK and Kampala.
Diphosphenes
Diphosphene is a type of organophosphorus compound that has a phosphorus–phosphorus double bond, denoted by R-P=P-R'. These compounds are not common, but their properties have theoretical importance.

Normally, compounds with the empirical formula RP exist as rings.  However, like other multiple bonds between heavy main-group elements, P=P double bonds can be stabilized by large steric hindrance.  In general, diphosphenes react like alkenes.

Theoretical chemistry
Theoretical chemistry is the branch of chemistry which develops theoretical generalizations that are part of the theoretical arsenal of modern chemistry: for example, the concepts of chemical bonding, chemical reaction, valence, the surface of potential energy, molecular orbitals, orbital interactions, and molecule activation.
Aglen, Bulgaria
Aglen (Bulgarian: Ъглен [ɐˈɡlɛn]) is a village in Lukovit Municipality, Lovech Province, in northern Bulgaria.

The village is situated on the River Vit, 40 km from the cities of Pleven and Lovech.

In the vicinity of the village there are 20 limestone caves.

Aglen Point in Antarctica is named after the village.

It is the only Bulgarian village starting with the letter Ъ.

43°12′05″N 24°19′03″E﻿ / ﻿43.2015°N 24.3174°E﻿ / 43.2015; 24.3174

Lovech
Lovech (Bulgarian: Ловеч, romanized: Lovech, pronounced [ˈɫɔvɛt͡ʃ]) is a city in north-central Bulgaria. It is the administrative centre of the Lovech Province and of the subordinate Lovech Municipality. The city is located about 150 kilometres (93 miles) northeast of the capital city of Sofia. Near Lovech are the towns of Pleven, Troyan and Teteven.
Alain Senderens
Alain Senderens (French pronunciation: [alɛ̃ sɑ̃dʁɛ̃s], 2 December 1939 – 25 June 2017) was a French chef and practitioner of Nouvelle Cuisine. Le Figaro credited him as the inventor of food and wine pairings.

Nouvelle cuisine
Nouvelle cuisine (French: [nuvɛl kɥizin] ⓘ; 'new cuisine') is an approach to cooking and food presentation in French cuisine. In contrast to cuisine classique, an older form of haute cuisine, nouvelle cuisine is characterized by lighter, more delicate dishes and an increased emphasis on presentation. It was popularized in the 1960s by the food critic Henri Gault, who coined the phrase, and his colleagues André Gayot and Christian Millau in a new restaurant guide, the Gault Millau, or Le Nouveau Guide.
William W. Morris
William Walton Morris Jr. (August 31, 1801 – December 11, 1865) was an American soldier and a career officer in the United States Army. He served as a colonel and brevet brigadier general in the Regular Army (United States), with Union Army service during the American Civil War (1861–1865). Morris served as a brigade commander primarily in charge of the defense of Fort McHenry and Baltimore Harbor. He had several brief periods in command of VIII Corps and of the Middle Department, which almost completely overlapped with each other.

Middle Department
The Middle Department was an administrative military district created by the United States War Department early in the American Civil War to administer the troops in the Middle Atlantic states.

The department was created on March 22, 1862 by the Adjutant General's Office in Washington, D.C.  It combined all Federal troops in the states of New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania and the counties of Anne Arundel, Baltimore, Cecil, and Harford in Maryland, with headquarters in Baltimore, Maryland. Maj. Gen. John A. Dix was designated as its first commander.

The Middle Department was dissolved July 22, 1862, when it was renamed VIII Corps.  Although no longer an official organization, the Middle Department designation continued to be used in reference to VIII Corps and the general administrative district that it originally encompassed.
LGV Rhône-Alpes
The LGV Rhône-Alpes (French: Ligne à Grande Vitesse; English: high-speed line) is a 115 km (71 mi) French high-speed rail line situated in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region which extends the LGV Sud-Est southwards. Opened to service in 1994, the line bypasses the built-up Lyon area towards the east; in addition it serves Lyon–Saint-Exupéry Airport. Beyond Valence TGV station the line is continued by the LGV Méditerranée. LGVs Rhône-Alpes, Sud-Est and Méditerranée, when completed, received their official nickname, the City To Coast (C2C) Highway ("Ville à la Mer").

The line was constructed in two sections, north and south. The first section was opened in time for the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville.

Isère
Isère (US: /iːˈzɛər/ ee-ZAIR; French: [izɛʁ] ⓘ; Arpitan: Isera; Occitan: Isèra, Occitan pronunciation: [iˈsɛɾa]) is a landlocked department in the southeastern French region of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. Named after the river Isère, it had a population of 1,271,166 in 2019. Its prefecture is Grenoble. It borders Rhône to the northwest, Ain to the north, Savoie to the east, Hautes-Alpes to the south, Drôme and Ardèche to the southwest and Loire to the west.
Western spotted frog
The western spotted frog (Heleioporus albopunctatus) is a species of frog in the family Limnodynastidae.
It is endemic to Western Australia.
Its natural habitats are forests, shrublands, intermittent rivers, freshwater marshes, rocky areas, granite outcrops, arable land, pastureland, open excavations, and canals and ditches.
It is threatened by habitat loss and salinity.

Limnodynastidae
Limnodynastidae, commonly known as the Australian ground frogs, is a family of frogs found in Australia, New Guinea, and the Aru Islands. They were formerly considered a subfamily of the Myobatrachidae, the other large radiation of terrestrial frogs in Australia, but are now considered a distinct family. Both Limnodynastidae and Myobatrachidae are thought to be the only members of the superfamily Myobatrachoidea.

The earliest fossils of this group are of Platypectrum casca from the Early Eocene.
Joanna Nelson
Joanna L. Nelson is an American ecologist and a 2008 Ecological Society of America Sustainability Science award recipient. She is the founder and principal of LandSea Science where she conducts research on coastal communities to find suitable conservation action.

Ecological Society of America
The Ecological Society of America (ESA) is a professional organization of ecological scientists. Based in the United States and founded in 1915, ESA publications include peer-reviewed journals, newsletters, fact sheets, and teaching resources. It holds an annual meeting at different locations in the USA and Canada. In addition to its publications and annual meeting, ESA is engaged in public policy, science, education, and diversity issues.

ESA's 9,000 members are researchers, educators, natural resource managers, and students in over 90 countries. Members work on a wide range of topics, from agroecology to marine diversity, and explore the relationships between organisms and their past, present, and future environments. As of June 2023 the society has 32 topical sections, six regional chapters, and ten committees.
George Martin (Kent cricketer)
George Martin (11 October 1833 – 21 September 1876) was an English professional cricketer who played for Kent County Cricket Club between 1856 and 1863.

Martin was born at Penshurst in Kent in 1833. He made his first-class cricket debut for Kent against Surrey County Cricket Club at Tunbridge Wells in August 1856. He went on to make a total of 15 appearances in first-class matches for the county, playing for it until 1863.

Martin died at Leigh, Kent in September 1876 aged 42.

Higher Common Ground
Higher Common Ground is a cricket ground on Tunbridge Wells Common in the town of Royal Tunbridge Wells in Kent. It was used as a ground by Kent County Cricket Club in the 19th century and is the home ground of Linden Park Cricket Club.

The ground is located in the central area of Tunbridge Wells Common, close to the Wellington Rocks, an outcrop of Ardingly Sandstone laid down in the Lower Cretaceous period. It is on Fir Tree Road, around 250 metres (0.16 mi) from the A264 road to the north and 500 metres (0.31 mi) from the A26 road to the south and east. The centre of Tunbridge Wells is 600 metres (0.37 mi) east of the ground.
Stardust Award for Best Director of the Year
The Stardust Dream Director Award is chosen by a distinguished jury as part of the annual Stardust Awards.

Karan Johar holds this record by winning 3 awards, followed by Ashutosh Gowariker and Farah Khan with 2 awards.

Farah Khan
Farah Khan Kunder (née Khan; born 9 January 1965) is an Indian film director, choreographer, dancer, writer, producer, and actress who works primarily in Hindi cinema.

She has choreographed more than a hundred songs in over 80 films, and has won the National Film Award for Best Choreography along with seven Filmfare Awards.

Khan has also worked in Tamil cinema and international projects, including Monsoon Wedding (2001), Bombay Dreams (2002), Vanity Fair (2004), Marigold: An Adventure in India (2007), the Chinese film Perhaps Love (2005), and Kung Fu Yoga (2017). Her work has earned her nominations at the Tony Awards and the Golden Horse Awards.

As a film director, Khan made her debut with the commercially successful Main Hoon Na (2004), followed by Om Shanti Om (2007), both of which earned her nominations for the Filmfare Award for Best Director. She later directed Tees Maar Khan (2010) and the ensemble heist musical Happy New Year (2014).
Sarah Pitt (microbiologist)
Dr Sarah Jane Pitt is a microbiologist at the University of Brighton and Fellow of the Institute of Biomedical Science (IBMS). She has published three books on biomedical science, parasitology, and clinical microbiology with an emphasis on laboratory practice. She is the IBMS's chief examiner in virology.

On the 2nd of January 2025, Dr Pitt was announced as the President Elect of the IBMS, to support existing IBMS President Joanna Andrew throughout 2025 and step into the President role in 2026.

Microbiologist
A microbiologist (from Greek μῑκρος) is a scientist who studies microscopic life forms and processes. This includes study of the growth, interactions and characteristics of microscopic organisms such as bacteria, algae, fungi, and some types of parasites and their vectors. Most microbiologists work in offices and/or research facilities, both in private biotechnology companies and in academia. Most microbiologists specialize in a given topic within microbiology such as bacteriology, parasitology, virology, or immunology.
Galloper
Galloper could refer to:

Hyundai Galloper, an SUV manufactured between 1991 and 2003

Another name for carousel

Galloper gun, an artillery used circa 1740 in British colonies

An obsolete term for aide-de-camp

Galloper gun
The Galloper gun is an artillery piece used circa 1740 in British colonies (later the United States).  It has 1½, 2, 3, 4, and 6 (rare) pound shell variants. The gun and carriage weighs around 600 lb (270 kg). The gun was designed to be pulled by one horse between the shafts and to keep up with fast moving troops, perhaps even cavalry.

Gallopers were among the first attempts to give some degree of mobility to guns but the logistics of gun crew movement and ammunition transportation meant that the time to fire from a different location was not significantly reduced.
Idea art
Idea art is an art form in which small individual ideas take precedence over grand concepts or ideologies and generic aesthetic, material and disciplinary concerns.  The artist works not only like an architect or an engineer, as in the case of conceptual art, but also like a curator or an art writer.

Works of idea art may be in any medium.

The method was fundamental to Turkish artist Genco Gulan's definition of idea art, one of the first to appear online.

Idea
In philosophy and in common usage, an idea (from the Greek word: ἰδέα (idea), meaning 'a form, or a pattern') is the result of thought. Also in philosophy, ideas can also be mental representational images of some object. Many philosophers have considered ideas to be a fundamental ontological category of being. The capacity to create  and understand the meaning of ideas is considered to be an essential and defining feature of human beings.

An idea arises in a reflexive, spontaneous manner, even without thinking or serious reflection, for example, when we talk about the idea of a person or a place. A new or an original idea can often lead to innovation. Our actions are based upon beliefs, beliefs are patterns or organized sets of ideas.
Richard Mannello
Richard Mannello is an American football coach. He served as the head football coach at King's College in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania from 1991 to 2009, compiling a record of 70–104–1. He built the program from the ground up after the school had ended varsity football in the early 1960s.

After several years away from college coaching, Mannello returned to the sidelines in 2015 as the head coach at Dallas High School in Dallas, Pennsylvania.

King's College (Pennsylvania)
King's College is a private Catholic university in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. It is run by the Congregation of Holy Cross and is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education. It is located within the Diocese of Scranton.