hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Formal theory
Formal theory can refer to:

Another name for a theory which is expressed in formal language

An axiomatic system, something representable by symbols and its operators

A formal system

Formal theory (political science), the theoretical modeling of social systems based on game theory and social choice theory, among other interdisciplinary fields

Theory (mathematical logic)
In mathematical logic, a theory (also called a formal theory) is a set of sentences in a formal language. In most scenarios a deductive system is first understood from context, giving rise to a formal system that combines the language with deduction rules. An element  of a deductively closed theory  is then called a theorem of the theory. In many deductive systems there is usually a subset  that is called "the set of axioms" of the theory , in which case the deductive system is also called an "axiomatic system". By definition, every axiom is automatically a theorem. A first-order theory is a set of first-order sentences (theorems) recursively obtained by the inference rules of the system applied to the set of axioms.
Samelet
Samelet (founded as the Mediterranean Car Agency) is a privately held Israeli dealership of imported automobiles. The company has been the sole importer of Fiat in Israel, and is the official representative of Subaru, Ferrari, and the FCA automobile corporation which includes Fiat and Chrysler. Samelet employs 350 workers country-wide. It represents 20% of the car brands in Israel, and operates a network of branches throughout the country.

Iveco
Iveco S.p.A., an acronym for Industrial Vehicles Corporation, is an Italian multinational transport vehicle manufacturing company with headquarters in Turin, Italy. It designs and builds light, medium, and heavy commercial vehicles. The Iveco name first appeared in 1975 after a merger of Italian, French, and German brands.

Its production plants are in Europe, China, Australia and Latin America and it has about 5,000 sales and service outlets in over 160 countries. The worldwide output of the company amounts to around 150,000 commercial vehicles with a turnover of about €10 billion.

The company was spun off from CNH Industrial on 1 January 2022. It is a subsidiary of Iveco Group N.V., a holding company incorporated in Amsterdam, Netherlands, and is listed on Borsa Italiana.

On 30 July 2025, Iveco announced the sale of its commercial vehicle business to Indian company Tata Motors and its defence business to Leonardo.
2013 Jalisco Open – Doubles
James Cerretani and Adil Shamasdin were the defending champions but lost in the semifinals.
Marin Draganja and Mate Pavić won the title by defeating Samuel Groth and John-Patrick Smith 5–7, 6–2, [13–11] in the final.

Sam Groth
Samuel Groth (born 19 October 1987) is an Australian politician and professional tennis player. He was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly for the seat of Nepean in 2022 representing the Victorian Liberal Party until his retirement from Parliament in February 2026, causing a by-election.

His highest ATP singles ranking was World No. 53, which he reached in August 2015. His career high in doubles was World No. 24, reached in February 2015. Groth's best singles result was a semi-final appearance at the 2014 Hall of Fame Tennis Championships.

He holds the record for the world's fastest serve at 263 km/h (163.4 mph), which he hit in 2012 at the ATP Challenger in Busan.

Prior to his political career, he worked for the Nine Network's tennis broadcasts, and as a host on Postcards.
Quinine 3-monooxygenase
In enzymology, a quinine 3-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.13.67) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

quinine + NADPH + H+ + O2  3-hydroxyquinine + NADP+ + H2O

The 4 substrates of this enzyme are quinine, NADPH, H+, and O2, whereas its 3 products are 3-hydroxyquinine, NADP+, and H2O.

This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with NADH or NADPH as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into the other donor.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is quinine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase. This enzyme is also called quinine 3-hydroxylase.

Hydrogen ion
A hydrogen ion is an ion created when a hydrogen atom loses or gains an electron. A positively charged hydrogen ion (or proton) can readily combine with other particles and therefore is only seen isolated when it is in a gaseous state or a nearly particle-free space. Due to its extremely high charge density of approximately 2×1010 times that of a sodium ion, the bare hydrogen ion cannot exist freely in solution as it readily hydrates, i.e., bonds quickly. The hydrogen ion is recommended by IUPAC as a general term for all ions of hydrogen and its isotopes. 
Depending on the charge of the ion, two different classes can be distinguished: positively charged ions (hydrons) and negatively charged (hydride) ions.
Gornja Gorica, Podgorica
Gornja Gorica (Montenegrin: Горња Горица) is a suburb of Podgorica, Montenegro It is located in the western part of Podgorica, capital of Montenegro. The exact population is unknown, but it is estimated to have around 5000 people living in the area. It was under constant pressure by Austro-Hungary during World War 1 so it's also a historical place. Gornja Gorica is currently the biggest suburb in Podgorica by area (km2).

Celebrities

Petar Boljević

Božo Bikonja

Montenegrin language
Montenegrin (crnogorski / црногорски [tsr̩nǒɡorskiː]) is the standard variety of the Serbo-Croatian language mainly used by Montenegrins. It is the official language of Montenegro. Montenegrin is based on the most widespread dialect of Serbo-Croatian, Shtokavian, more specifically on Eastern Herzegovinian, which is also the basis of Standard Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian.

The language used in Montenegro has historically and traditionally been called simply as Serbian. The idea of a Montenegrin standard language distinct from Serbian is a relatively recent political development that emerged in the late 1990s and early 2000s amid the breakup of Yugoslavia. It was closely associated with movements advocating Montenegrin independence from Serbia and Montenegro. Following independence, Montenegrin was designated the official language of Montenegro in 2007 with the adoption of a new constitution.
Vincent Onyala
Vincent Onyala (born 10 December 1990) is a Kenyan rugby sevens player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 2020 Summer Olympics.

Onyala was named the most valuable player of the 2019 Kenya National Sevens Circuit. He represented Kenya at the 2022 Rugby World Cup Sevens in Cape Town.

In 2024, He competed for Kenya at the Summer Olympics in Paris.

Rugby sevens at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament
The men's rugby sevens tournament at the 2020 Summer Olympics was held in Japan. It was hosted at Tokyo Stadium, which also served as a host stadium of the 2019 Rugby World Cup. The tournament was played over three days from 26 to 28 July 2021. The tournament was won by the returning champions, Fiji.
Shinnel Water
Shinnel Water, also spelt Shinnell, is a river in the region of Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland.

It rises in the Scaur hills of Tynron Parish in the Southern Uplands at an altitude of 460m, and flows 13 miles to join Scaur Water near Penpont, at an altitude of 70m. There are two notable features of the Shinnel: at the confluence of the two rivers, it flows over a ridge of rocks with some force; and three miles upstream, the river forms a picturesque waterfall at Aird Linn.

Like Scaur Water, the Shinnel is renowned for trout fishing and flows through birch and oak forest.

55°13′N 3°50′W﻿ / ﻿55.217°N 3.833°W﻿ / 55.217; -3.833

Southern Uplands
The Southern Uplands (Scottish Gaelic: Na Monaidhean a Deas) are the southernmost and least populous of mainland Scotland's three major geographic areas (the others being the Central Lowlands and the Highlands). The term is used both to describe the geographical region and to collectively denote the various ranges of hills and mountains within this region. An overwhelmingly rural and agricultural region, the Southern Uplands are partly forested and contain many areas of open moorland - the hill names in the area are congruent with these characteristics.
Imsouane
Imsouane (Arabic: إمسوان, ʔimswān; Moroccan Darija: إيمسوان; Standard Moroccan Amazigh: ⵉⵎⵙⵡⴰⵏ ⓘ) is a small town and rural commune in Agadir-Ida Ou Tanane Prefecture, Souss-Massa, Morocco. At the time of the 2004 census, the commune had a total population of 9353 people living in 1704 households.

Souss-Massa
Souss-Massa (Arabic: سوس ماسة, romanized: sūs māssa) is one of the twelve regions of Morocco. It covers an area of 51,642 km2 and had a population of 3,020,431 as of the 2024 Moroccan census. The capital of the region is Agadir.
Dovras
Dovras (Greek: Δοβράς) is a former municipality in Imathia, Greece. Its name comes from the Slavic Dobra meaning "Good". Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Veroia, of which it is a municipal unit. In 2021 its population was 4,388. Its area is 104.123 km2.  The seat of the municipality was in Agios Georgios. The municipality was created at the 1997 Kapodistrias reform.  The road from Veroia to Edessa runs through Dovras. Its main industry is agriculture especially its peach production.
In the post-civil war time, there were built houses for young victims of the civil war by the Swiss, as well as founded manufacturies for vocational training (apprenticeship).

Kapodistrias reform
Kapodistrias reform (Greek: Σχέδιο Καποδίστριας, "Kapodistrias Plan") is the common name of law 2539 of Greece, which reorganised the country's administrative divisions. The law, named after 19th-century Greek statesman (Ioannis Kapodistrias), passed the Hellenic Parliament in 1997, and was implemented in 1998. The administrative system was changed again at the 2010 Kallikratis reform.
H band (infrared)
In infrared astronomy, the H band refers to an atmospheric transmission window centred on 1.65 micrometres with a Full width at half maximum of 0.35 micrometres (in the near-infrared).

Save for a limited amount of absorption by water vapor, Earth's atmosphere is highly translucent at the wavelengths covered by the H band. The window is also notably less likely to be contaminated by infrared excess than other bands.

The band is useful for a range of infrared observations including the imaging of sunspots, spectroscopic investigation of late-type stars, and imaging planetary phenomena such as extraterrestrial vortices or volcanic activity in the Solar System. In addition stellar atmospheres are highly transparent in the H band and stellar light in the window originates from deeper in the stellar atmosphere than any other band. It also includes within it access to several sets of spectral lines including for carbon monoxide and cyanide.

Volcanism
Volcanism, vulcanism, volcanicity, or volcanic activity is the phenomenon where solids, liquids, gases, and their mixtures erupt to the surface of a solid-surface astronomical body such as a planet or a moon. It is caused by the presence of a heat source, usually internally generated, inside the body; the heat is generated by various processes, such as radioactive decay or tidal heating. This heat partially melts solid material in the body or turns material into gas. The mobilized material rises through the body's interior and may break through the solid surface.
1991 Epsom Derby
The 1991 Epsom Derby was a horse race which took place at Epsom Downs on Wednesday 5 June 1991. It was the 212th running of the Derby, and it was won by Generous. The winner was ridden by Alan Munro and trained by Paul Cole. The pre-race joint favourites were Corrupt (sixth) and Toulon (ninth).

Epsom Downs Racecourse
Epsom Downs is a Grade 1 racecourse in a hilly area near Epsom in Surrey, England which is used for thoroughbred horse racing. The "Downs" referred to in the name are part of the North Downs.

The course has a crowd capacity of 130,000 including people watching from the Epsom Downs, an area freely open to the public. The course is best known for hosting the Derby Stakes, which has come to be widely referred to as The Derby or as the Cazoo Derby for sponsorship reasons, the United Kingdom's premier thoroughbred horse race for three-year-old colts and fillies, over a mile and a half (2400 m). It also hosts the Oaks Stakes (also widely referred to as The Oaks) for three-year-old fillies, and the Coronation Cup for horses aged four years and upwards. All three races are Group 1 races and run over the same course and distance.

The Chairman of the course since 2022 is Brian Finch.  The course is operated by the Jockey Club.  Queen Elizabeth II attended the Derby in most years of her reign.
Carstairs
Carstairs (/kɑːrˈstɛərz/, Scottish Gaelic: Caisteal Tarrais) is a village in South Lanarkshire, Scotland, located 5 miles (8 kilometres) east of the county town of Lanark. The West Coast Main Line provides service to Carstairs railway station, which is served by the Caledonian Sleeper, ScotRail and TransPennine Express services. Carstairs is best known as the location of the State Hospital. Carstairs is applied to the places Carstairs Village and the village of Carstairs Junction where the railway station is situated. The two places are two completely different villages divided by 1 mile (1.5 kilometres) of land, a parkland area (Monteith Park) and the railway line.

Carstairs Village has massively expanded since 2007 with the building of Millwood Estate.

South Lanarkshire
South Lanarkshire (Scots: Sooth Lanrikshire; Scottish Gaelic: Siorrachd Lannraig a Deas) is one of 32 unitary authorities of Scotland. It borders the south-east of the Glasgow City council area and contains some of Greater Glasgow's suburban towns, as well as many rural towns and villages. It also shares borders with Dumfries and Galloway, East Ayrshire, East Renfrewshire, North Lanarkshire, the Scottish Borders and West Lothian. It includes most of the historic county of Lanarkshire.

The administrative centre of South Lanarkshire is Hamilton, with the seat of the local authority, South Lanarkshire Council, located at Lanark County Buildings.
Hyalurga vinosa
Hyalurga vinosa is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Dru Drury in 1773. It is found on Saint Kitts, Antigua, Jamaica and the Dominican Republic.

The larvae feed on Heliotropium indicum.

Dru Drury
Dru Drury (4 February 1725 – 15 January 1804) was a British collector of natural history specimens and an entomologist. He received specimens collected from across the world through a network of ship's officers and collectors including Henry Smeathman. His collections were utilized by many entomologists of his time to describe and name new species and he is best known for his book Illustrations of Natural History which includes the names and descriptions of many insects, published in parts from 1770 to 1782 with most of the copperplate engravings done by Moses Harris.
Back2Basics
Back2Basics is an Irish radio show on the Irish state broadcaster RTÉ. It airs on RTÉ Pulse, the dedicated electronic dance music station  every Wednesday 11pm - midnight, live on DAB digital radio (where available), the RTÉ Player, the RTÉ Radio Player, the UPC cable service (channel 493), and nationally via the free-to-air Saorview TV service (channel 205) and online via the internet.

The show was previously broadcast using only vinyl records. It went fully digital in January, 2019.

In June 2019 the show was chosen to be part of the Mixcloud Select programme.

The show is presented by Simon Palmer.

Mixcloud
Mixcloud is a British online music streaming service that allows for the listening and distribution of radio shows, DJ mixes and podcasts, which are crowdsourced by its registered users.

In April 2018, Mixcloud announced that it raised $11.5 million from WndrCo LLC, a holding company based in Los Angeles and San Francisco that invests in media and technology businesses for the long term. The financing will fund Mixcloud's expansion globally.
Leprechaun: Back 2 tha Hood
Leprechaun: Back 2 tha Hood (also known as Leprechaun 6) is a 2003 American black comedy-horror film written and directed by Steven Ayromlooi, and a standalone sequel to Leprechaun in the Hood (2000) with no returning characters or references made to that film. It is the sixth installment of the Leprechaun series, and the last entry to star Warwick Davis in the title role. The film has the villainous leprechaun rampaging through an urban area and killing anyone in his path while looking for his gold, which was stolen by a group of youths who are using it to fulfill their wildest dreams. It is the first film in the series to be released by Lionsgate.

Lionsgate Studios
Lionsgate Studios Corp. is a Canadian-American film and television production and distribution conglomerate, domiciled in Vancouver, British Columbia, and primarily based in Santa Monica, California. It was formed on May 14, 2024, after Starz Entertainment, formerly known as Lionsgate, spun off its film and television businesses.

Lionsgate Studios's portfolio includes Lionsgate Canada (formerly known as Entertainment One/eOne), 3 Arts Entertainment, Pilgrim Media Group, Lionsgate Films, Lionsgate Television, Lionsgate Alternative Television, Lionsgate Home Entertainment, a minority stake in 42, and a stake of joint venture Amblin Partners. Through Lionsgate Films, the company also releases films under the Summit Entertainment and eOne Films labels.
Latke–Hamantash Debate
The Latke–Hamantash Debate is a deliberately humorous academic debate about the relative merits and meanings of these two items of Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine. The debate originated at the University of Chicago in 1946 and has since been held annually. Subsequent debates have taken place at several other universities. Participants in the debate, held within the format of a symposium, have included past University of Chicago president Hanna Holborn Gray, philosopher Martha Nussbaum, former Council of Economic Advisers Chairman Austan Goolsbee, Nobel Prize winners Milton Friedman, George Stigler,  Leon M. Lederman, and essayist Allan Bloom. A compendium of the debate, which has never been won, was published in 2005.

Council of Economic Advisers
The Council of Economic Advisers (CEA) is a United States agency within the Executive Office of the President established in 1946, which advises the president of the United States on economic policy. The CEA provides much of the empirical research for the White House and prepares the publicly-available annual Economic Report of the President. The council is made up of its chairperson and generally two to three additional member economists. Its chairperson requires appointment and Senate confirmation, and its other members are appointed by the president.
Gecko Stroll
Gecko Stroll (Chinese: 壁虎漫步) is Taiwanese Mandopop artist Will Pan's (Chinese: 潘瑋柏) debut Mandarin solo studio album. It was released by Universal Music Taiwan on 20 December 2002.  A second edition was released which includes a VCD with 6 MV's.

The track "Kiss Me 123" is listed at number 85 on Hit Fm Taiwan's Hit Fm Annual Top 100 Singles Chart (Hit-Fm年度百首單曲) for 2003.

Hit FM (Taiwan)
Hit FM is a pop music radio station in Taiwan. It broadcasts in Taipei, Taichung, and Kaohsiung. Hit FM is owned by Voice of Taipei Broadcasting (Chinese: 台北之音廣播; pinyin: Táiběi Zhī Yīn Guǎngbō). It is one of the radio stations under Hitoradio.com. Hit FM is the highest-rated Top Ten radio station in Taiwan.
Prunus rufoides
Prunus rufoides (syn. Prunus dielsiana), called Diel's cherry, the tawny bark cherry, and in Chinese: 尾叶樱桃, the tailed-leaf cherry, is a species of cherry native to China, preferring to grow at 500–1400 m above sea level, but reaching 1800 m. The fruits are eaten by masked palm civets (Paguma larvata) and the fruits, leaves and buds are eaten by gray snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus brelichi).

Gray snub-nosed monkey
The gray snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus brelichi), also known as Brelich's snub-nosed monkey, Guizhou snub-nosed monkey, and Guizhou golden monkey, is a species of primate in the family Cercopithecidae. It is endemic to China, where it is known as the Guizhou golden hair monkey (黔金丝猴) or gray golden hair monkey (灰金丝猴). It is threatened by habitat loss. Of the three species of snub-nosed monkeys in China, the gray snub-nosed monkey is the most threatened, with a total population thought to number fewer than 400 individuals.
Leafie, A Hen into the Wild
Leafie, A Hen into the Wild (Korean: 마당을 나온 암탉; RR: Madangeul naon amtak), also called Daisy, A Hen into the Wild in English-speaking countries, is a 2011 South Korean animated drama film based on the book of the same name. It depicts the freedom, will and instinctive motherly love of a hen as she raises an adopted duckling. The film made box office history by drawing over 2.2 million viewers, the largest audience for a home-grown animated film in South Korea. It also received widespread critical acclaim upon release.

Drew Nelson (actor)
Drew Nelson (born August 11, 1979) is a Canadian voice, stage, film and television actor from Etobicoke, Ontario. He is best known for voicing Duncan on the Canadian cartoon series Total Drama and playing Matt Sayles in The Strain.
James C. Eisenach
James C. Eisenach is an American anesthesiologist, currently the FM James, III Professor at Wake Forest School of Medicine, Wake Forest University and the former Editor-in-Chief of American Society of Anesthesiologists's journal Anesthesiology.

American Society of Anesthesiologists
The American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) is a professional association of physicians in the field of anesthesiology.

As of 2025, the organization included more than 60,000 national and international members and has more than 100 full-time employees.
Bala-Chetyrman
Bala-Chetyrman (Russian: Бала-Четырман; Bashkir: Бала Сытырман, Bala Sıtırman) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative centre of Bala-Chetyrmansky Selsoviet, Fyodorovsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 1,426 as of 2010. There are 14 streets.

Fyodorovsky District, Bashkortostan
Fyodorovsky District (Russian: Фёдоровский райо́н; Bashkir: Фёдоровка районы, Fyodorovka rayonı) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifty-four in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia. It is located in the southwest of the republic and borders with Sterlibashevsky District in the north, Meleuzovsky District in the east, Kuyurgazinsky District in the south, and with Orenburg Oblast in the west. The area of the district is 1,693.24 square kilometers (653.76 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Fyodorovka. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 18,650, with the population of Fyodorovka accounting for 23.1% of that number.
Lachlan Armstrong
Lachlan Armstrong (born 	22 April 1973) is an Australian former professional soccer player who played as a midfielder and forward. He is best known for his time in the NSL with Morwell Falcons and Canberra Cosmos during the mid-1990s.

Armstrong is equal sixth-highest NSL goalscorer in Falcons' history, tied alongside Archie Thompson.

Melbourne City FC Youth
Melbourne City Football Club Youth is the youth system of Melbourne City Football Club based in Cranbourne East, Melbourne. The youth teams consist of an under-23s team that competes in senior levels of soccer in Victoria; currently the Victorian Premier League 1, and a development squad of an under-21s team that competes in the under-23 levels of soccer in Victoria.

Melbourne City Academy was introduced in 2016 and are composed of four academy teams, ranking from under-14s to under-17s teams that compete in the youth National Premier Leagues Victoria leagues.