hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
1985 United Kingdom budget
The 1985 United Kingdom budget was delivered by Nigel Lawson, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, to the House of Commons on 19 March 1985. The second budget to be presented by Lawson, it was held shortly after the end of the year-long 1984–85 miners' strike. The chancellor said the cost of the strike on public borrowing had impacted on his plans for tax reductions, although he did make some changes to income tax personal allowances and stamp duty. Changes to National Insurance were also announced, but threatened to place extra costs on employers.

Taxation in the United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, taxation may involve payments to at least three different levels of government: central government (HM Revenue and Customs), devolved governments and local government. Central government revenues come primarily from income tax, National Insurance contributions, value added tax, corporation tax and fuel duty. Local government revenues come primarily from grants from central government funds, business rates in England, Council Tax and increasingly from fees and charges such as those for on-street parking. In the fiscal year 2023–24, total government revenue was forecast to be £1,139.1 billion, or 40.9 per cent of GDP, with income taxes and National Insurance contributions standing at around £470 billion.
Enrico Costa (politician)
Enrico Costa (born 29 November 1969) is an Italian politician and lawyer. His father, Raffaele Costa, was also a politician who was Italian Minister of Health in the first Amato government and the first Berlusconi government.

First Berlusconi government
The first Berlusconi government was the 51st government of the Italian Republic.

It was the first right-wing and non-Christian Democrats government since World War II.

Berlusconi resigned on 22 December 1994.
Bob Lord (American football)
Robert C. Lord (born February 3, 1930) is an American former football coach. He was the head football coach at North Park College—now known as North Park University—from 1962 to 1963, Macalester College from 1964 to 1965, and Guilford College from 1968 to 1969, compiling a career college football record of ten wins and 49 losses. Lord also served as an assistant coach for nine seasons in the National Football League (NFL), working for the Chicago Bears, Green Bay Packers and New York Giants.

Macalester College
Macalester College (/məˈkælɪstər/ mə-KAL-iss-tər) is a private liberal arts college in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States. Founded in 1874, Macalester is exclusively an undergraduate institution with an enrollment of 2,068 students in the fall of 2025. The college has Scottish and Presbyterian roots and emphasizes internationalism and multiculturalism.

In 2023, the college offered 39 majors, 40 minors, and 11 concentrations. Students also have the option to design their own major. Macalester's sports teams compete in the NCAA Division III-level Minnesota Intercollegiate Athletic Conference. The college's 60-acre main campus is bordered by Summit Avenue to the north and St. Clair Avenue to the south. The 300-acre Ordway Field Station, a nature reserve and research station, is on the outskirts of the Twin Cities, along the Mississippi River.
Jack Kilpatrick
John Kilpatrick (7 July 1917 – 18 December 1989) was a British ice hockey player who played in the English National League (ENL). He also played for the Great Britain national ice hockey team which won the gold medal at the 1936 Winter Olympics (see Ice hockey at the 1936 Winter Olympics). He is a member of the British Ice Hockey Hall of Fame.

Ice hockey at the 1936 Winter Olympics
The men's ice hockey tournament at the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, was the fifth Olympic Championship, also serving as the tenth World Championships and the 21st European Championships.

The British national ice hockey team pulled off a major upset when they won the gold medal, marking a number of firsts in international ice hockey competition.  Great Britain made history as the first team ever to win an Olympic, World, and European (its second) Championships and the first to win all three in the same year.  They were the first team to stop Canada from winning the Olympic ice hockey gold, following Canada's four consecutive gold medals.
Benny Gaughran (Gaelic footballer)
Bernard Laurence Gaughran (born 16 July 1945), better known as Benny Gaughran is a solicitor and Gaelic footballer. He played Gaelic football at a senior level in four different decades starting in the 1960s with Clan na Gael (Louth), UCD (Dublin), Civil Service (Dublin) and St Sylvester's (Dublin) GAA clubs and was a member of the Louth Minor & Senior inter-county teams from the 1960s until the 1980s and the Dublin Over 40s team in the 1990s. He received several All Stars nominations, and won an All-Ireland Club medal with UCD (Dublin), three Dublin Championship medals, a National League medal, a Railway Cup medal, a Sigerson’s medal (as captain) and many other honours. He was also selected on numerous occasions for the combined universities’ teams and the Leinster team.

His father, also called Benny Gaughran, was a professional soccer player during the 1930s and played for Bohemians, Celtic, Southampton, Sunderland, Rochdale and Dundalk.

GAA GPA All Stars Awards
The Gaelic Athletic Association–Gaelic Players' Association All Stars Awards (often known simply as the All Stars) are presented annually to the best player in each of the 15 playing positions in Gaelic football and hurling. Additionally, one person in each code is selected as Player of the Year.

The awards were instituted in 1971. Since 2011 they have been presented jointly by the Gaelic Athletic Association and the representative body for inter-county players, the Gaelic Players Association.

Each player who receives a nomination is given a medallion marking the milestone.

It is considered "the most coveted sporting award scheme in the country". Equivalent awards exist for ladies' football, rounders and camogie.
Marco Da Graca
Cosimo Marco Da Graca (born 1 May 2002) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Serie C Group A club Novara.

A forward of Cape Verdean origin, Da Graca made his first steps at Calcio Sicilia and at Palermo, the team of his native city. In 2018, he joined Juventus' youth set-up. In 2020–21, he made his debut for both Juventus U23 and Juventus first-team. Promoted permanently to their reserve team playing in Serie C, he was loaned to Basque club Amorebieta in summer 2023. After the loan was interrupted in January 2024, he spent an entire year playing again for Juventus Next Gen. He joined Novara in January 2025 on a permanent basis.

Amorebieta-Etxano
Amorebieta-Etxano, also known as Zornotza (Spanish, Amorebieta-Echano), is a town and municipality located in Biscay in the Basque Country, an Autonomous Community in northern Spain.

At the time of the 2019 census, the population of the municipality was 19,339, with 16,907 inhabitants living in Amorebieta. The mayor is Andoni Agirrebeitia.

The coat of arms, which features the two parishes, bears the inscription Amorebieta Etxanoko Udala Zornotza, which means Amorebieta-Echano Town Council, Zornoza.
Glikeriya Fedotova
Glikeriya Nikolaevna Fedotova (Russian: Гликерия Николаевна Федотова, née Pozdnyakova, Позднякова, 22 May 1846, Oryol, Russian Empire – 27 February 1925, Moscow, USSR) was a Russian actress associated with Moscow's Maly Theatre, honoured with the titles Meritorious Artist of the Imperial Theatres, People's Artist of the Republic (1924) and Hero of Labour (1924). She was also a personal friend and teacher of Konstantin Stanislavski.

Of the 29 parts Fedotova had in Alexander Ostrovsky's plays, at least two (Snegurochka, Vasilissa Melentyevna) have been written specifically for her by the author. The part of Katerina in The Storm was hers for 35 years, from 1863 onwards. In 1880s Stanislavski invited Fedotova to teach drama at the Art and Literature Society; the most famous of her students there was Alexandra Yablochkina.

She was married to actor, and theater director Aleksandr Fedotov.

Oryol
Oryol (Russian: Орёл, IPA: [ɐˈrʲɵl] ⓘ, lit. 'eagle'), also transliterated as Orel or Oriol, is a city and the administrative center of Oryol Oblast, Russia, situated on the Oka River, approximately 368 kilometers (229 mi) south-southwest of Moscow. It is part of the Central Federal District, as well as the Central Economic Region.

First founded as a medieval stronghold of the Principality of Chernigov, Oryol was part of Lithuania in the late medieval period, and then Russia since the early modern period. It has served as the seat of regional administration since 1778. The city is particularly known for the infamous former prison for political and war prisoners of Tsarist Russia, the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany.
Southwestern Indiana Conference
The Southwestern Indiana Athletic Conference (SWIAC), is an eight-member IHSAA-sanctioned athletic conference located within Clay, Daviess, Greene and Sullivan Counties in Southwest and West Central Indiana. North Central (Farmersburg) joined in 2010 with the folding of the Tri-River Conference. Prior to that time, Clay City, Linton Stockton, Shakamak, and Union (Dugger) also participated in the Tri-River Conference concurrently while playing in the SWIAC. The conference was originally formed in 1939, but information on early membership between then and 1958 is incomplete.

Daviess County, Indiana
Daviess County /ˈdeɪviːz/ is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 33,381. The county seat is Washington. About 15% of the county's population is Amish of Swiss origin, as of 2017.
Armin Sandbichler
Armin Sandbichler (born 22 January 1985) is an Austrian former professional tennis player.

Born in Schwaz, Sandbichler was a left-handed player and turned professional in 2005. He made his only ATP Tour singles main draw appearance at the 2006 Austrian Open, falling to Dušan Vemić in the first round. In 2007 he reached his career high singles ranking of 421 in the world. He won two singles and five doubles titles at ITF Futures level.

ITF Men's World Tennis Tour
The ITF Men's World Tennis Tour (formerly ITF Men's Circuit) is a series of professional tennis tournaments held around the world that are organized by the International Tennis Federation (ITF).  The tour represents the lowest rung of the men's professional tennis ladder.  ITF tournaments are incorporated into the ATP rankings, enabling young professionals to progress on to the ATP Challenger Tour and ultimately the full ATP Tour.  Nearly every professional male player has spent some time on the ITF Men's World Tennis Tour.
Yahk Provincial Park
Yahk Provincial Park is a provincial park located just south of Yahk, British Columbia, 70 kilometres south of Cranbrook, and 14.5 kilometres north of the Canada–United States border at Kingsgate in British Columbia, Canada.

Provincial park
A provincial park (or territorial park) is a park administered by one of the provinces of a country, as opposed to a national park. They are similar to state parks in other countries. They are typically open to the public for recreation. Their environment may be more or less strictly protected.
Bailey Law School
Bailey Law School was a private law school located in Black Mountain and Asheville, North Carolina. It was established in 1859 by judge John Lancaster Bailey in Black Mountain but moved to Asheville after the Civil War. It operated in Asheville for ten years before closing.

North Carolina Attorney General
The attorney general of North Carolina is a statewide elected office in the U.S. state of North Carolina. The attorney general is a constitutional officer responsible for representing state agencies in legal matters, supplying other state officials and prosecutors with legal advice, and leading the North Carolina Department of Justice. The incumbent attorney general, Jeff Jackson, assumed office on January 1, 2025. The position of attorney general dates back to North Carolina's colonial history. North Carolina's 1776 constitution established the office as an official appointed by the North Carolina General Assembly. The state's 1868 constitution made the attorney general an elected executive official with their duties prescribed by law. Since 1971, the officer has sat on the North Carolina Council of State.
Defence Technical Undergraduate Scheme
The Defence Technical Undergraduate Scheme (DTUS) is a university sponsorship programme for students who want to join the Royal Navy, British Army, Royal Air Force or Engineering and Science branch of the Ministry of Defence (MOD) Civil Service as technical officers after they graduate; Army sponsored students are destined for either the Royal Corps of Signals, Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, Royal Engineers or the Royal Logistic Corps. Students on the scheme are sponsored by the MOD to study accredited technical degree programmes. The aim of DTUS is ‘to educate and develop selected individuals to prepare them for further training and careers as engineer or technical officers in the Armed Forces or as graduate entrants to the MOD Civil Service’.

Royal Corps of Signals
The Royal Corps of Signals (often simply known as the Royal Signals – abbreviated to R SIGNALS) is one of the combat support arms of the British Army. Signals units are among the first into action, providing the battlefield communications and information systems essential to all operations. Royal Signals units provide the full telecommunications infrastructure for the Army wherever they operate in the world. The Corps has its own engineers, logistics experts and systems operators to run radio and area networks in the field. It is responsible for installing, maintaining and operating all types of telecommunications equipment and information systems, providing command support to commanders and their headquarters, and conducting electronic warfare against enemy communications.
Cleithrum
The cleithrum (pl.: cleithra) is a membrane bone which first appears as part of the skeleton in primitive bony fish, where it runs vertically along the scapula. Its name is derived from Greek κλειθρον = "key (lock)", by analogy with "clavicle" from Latin clavicula = "little key".

In modern fishes, the cleithrum is a large bone that extends upwards from the base of the pectoral fin and anchors to the cranium above the gills, forming the posterior edge of the gill chamber. The bone has scientific use as a means to determine the age of fishes.

The lobe-finned fishes share this arrangement. In the earliest amphibians however, the cleithrum/clavicle complex came free of the skull roof, allowing for a movable neck. The cleithrum disappeared early in the evolution of reptiles, and in amniotes is very small or absent.

It has been argued based on position, muscle connectivity, and developmental origin that the nuchal element of the turtle carapace is formed from fused cleithra.

Skull roof
The skull roof or the roofing bones of the skull are a set of bones covering the brain, eyes and nostrils in bony fishes, including land-living vertebrates. The bones are derived from dermal bone and are part of the dermatocranium.

In comparative anatomy, the term is applied to the whole dermatocranium. In general anatomy, the roofing bones may refer specifically to the bones that form above and alongside the brain and neurocranium (i.e., excluding the marginal upper jaw bones such as the maxilla and premaxilla). In human anatomy, the skull roof often refers specifically to the skullcap.
Molsheim station
Gare de Molsheim is a French railway station located on the Strasbourg—Saint-Dié and Sélestat–Saverne railways. It is located within the commune of Molsheim, in the Bas-Rhin department, in northeastern France.

It is put in operation by the Compagnie des chemins de fer de l'Est (Eastern Railways Company). It is a travellers station of the Société nationale des chemins de fer français (SNCF). Belonging to the TER Grand Est network, it is only served by regional express trains.

Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin (French pronunciation: [bɑ ʁɛ̃] ⓘ) is a department in Alsace which is a part of the Grand Est region of France. The name means 'Lower Rhine', referring to its lower altitude among the two French Rhine departments: it is downstream of the Haut-Rhin (Upper Rhine) department. Both belong to the European Upper Rhine region. It is, with the Haut-Rhin (Upper Rhine), one of the two departments of the traditional Alsace region which until 1871, also included the area now known as the Territoire de Belfort. The more populous and densely populated of the pair, it had 1,152,662 inhabitants in 2021. The prefecture is based in Strasbourg. The INSEE and Post Code is 67.

On 1 January 2021, the departemental councils of Bas-Rhin and Haut-Rhin merged into the European Collectivity of Alsace.

The inhabitants of the department are known as Bas-Rhinois or Bas-Rhinoises.
Irwin Mitchell
Irwin Mitchell is a full service law firm in the United Kingdom, established in Sheffield in 1912. The firm offers legal and wealth management services from its 20 offices, and employs more than 3,000 people.

In 2018 the company was ranked 21st largest UK based law firm in terms of worldwide revenue, with a turnover of £241.8 million.

Personal injury
Personal injury is a legal term for an injury to the body, mind, or emotions, as opposed to an injury to property. In common law jurisdictions the term is most commonly used to refer to a type of tort lawsuit in which the person bringing the suit (the plaintiff in American jurisdictions or claimant in English law) has suffered harm to their body or mind. Personal injury lawsuits are filed against the person or entity that caused the harm through negligence, gross negligence, reckless conduct, or intentional misconduct, and in some cases on the basis of strict liability. Different jurisdictions describe the damages (or, the things for which the injured person may be compensated) in different ways, but damages typically include the injured person's medical bills, pain and suffering, and diminished quality of life.
Mat Kirkby
Mat Kirkby is a Welsh filmmaker. In 2015, he won the Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film for directing The Phone Call, a short drama film starring Sally Hawkins and Jim Broadbent. Kirkby wrote the film with his colleague James Lucas who both had family who worked on helplines. The short had its world premiere at the 2014 Tribeca Film Festival, where it also won Best Short Film. He began his career as a director of commercials and music videos for artists including Adele, Muse and Basement Jaxx.

Basement Jaxx
Basement Jaxx are an English electronic music duo consisting of Felix Buxton (born 8 May 1970) and Simon Ratcliffe (born 28 November 1969). The pair got their name from the regular club night they held in Brixton, London, UK. They first rose to popularity in the underground house scene of the mid-1990s, but would go on to find international chart success and win Best Dance Act at both the 2002 and 2004 BRIT Awards. Some of their most successful singles are "Red Alert", "Rendez-Vu", "Romeo", "Where's Your Head At", "Do Your Thing", and "Good Luck".
Jessy Kramer
Jessy Anna Kramer (born 16 February 1990) is a Dutch former handball player who featured in the Dutch national team. She retired in 2021 while playing for French team Toulon Handball.

She participated at the 2011 World Women's Handball Championship in Brazil and was a part of the Dutch squad that won silver at the 2015 World Women's Handball Championship in Denmark, bronze at the 2017 World Women's Handball Championship in Germany and gold at the 2019 World Women's Handball Championship in Japan; the first gold medal in the country's history.

Netherlands women's national handball team
The Netherlands women's national handball team is the national handball team of the Netherlands. It is governed by the Nederlands Handbal Verbond (NHV).

The team won their first World Championship in 2019 in Japan after defeating Spain in the final.
Vazirabad (horse)
Vazirabad (foaled 8 March 2012) is a French Thoroughbred racehorse. He is a specialist stayer who has shown his best form over extended distances. He was unraced as a juvenile but made a major impact as a three-year-old in 2015 when he won the Prix de Lutèce, Prix Chaudenay and Prix Royal-Oak and was rated among the top 50 racehorses in the world. In the following year he won the Dubai Gold Cup, Prix Vicomtesse Vigier, Prix Gladiateur and a second Prix Royal-Oak. As a five-year-old he repeated his victories in the Dubai Gold Cup, Prix Vicomtesse Vigier and Prix Gladiateur as well as taking the Prix du Cadran. In 2018 he recorded further wins in both the Dubai Gold Cup and Prix Vicomtesse Vigier.

Prix Chaudenay
The Prix Chaudenay is a Group 2 flat horse race in France open to three-year-old thoroughbreds. It is run at Longchamp over a distance of 3,000 metres (about 1+7⁄8 miles), and it is scheduled to take place each year in late September or early October.
Kongzhong
Kongzhong Corporation is a Chinese company  that provides value-added services including video games via the Internet and various mobile networks. These include or included mobile web content, such as mobile message boards, WAP websites, and electronic books; ring tones; ringback tones; mobile games; and Internet games.

Ringing tone
Ringing tone (audible ringing, also ringback tone) is a signaling tone in telecommunication that is heard by the originator of a telephone call while the destination terminal is alerting the receiving party. The tone is typically a repeated cadence similar to a traditional power ringing signal (ringtone), but is usually not played synchronously. Various telecommunication groups, such as the Bell System and the General Post Office (GPO) developed standards, in part taken over by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) and other standards bodies. With modern cell phone and smartphone technology ringing tone can be customized and even used for advertising.
Center-of-gravity method
The center-of-gravity method is a theoretic algorithm for convex optimization. It can be seen as a generalization of the bisection method from one-dimensional functions to multi-dimensional functions.: Sec.8.2.2  It is theoretically important as it attains the optimal convergence rate. However, it has little practical value as each step is very computationally expensive.

Bisection method
In mathematics, the bisection method is a root-finding method that applies to any continuous function for which one knows two values with opposite signs. The method consists of repeatedly bisecting the interval defined by these values, then selecting the  subinterval in which the function changes sign, which therefore must contain a root. It is a very simple and robust method, but it is also relatively slow. Because of this, it is often used to obtain a rough approximation to a solution which is then used as a starting point for more rapidly converging methods. The method is also called the interval halving method, the binary search method, or the dichotomy method.

For polynomials, more elaborate methods exist for testing the existence of a root in an interval (Descartes' rule of signs, Sturm's theorem, Budan's theorem). They allow extending the bisection method into efficient algorithms for finding all real roots of a polynomial; see Real-root isolation.
Iput
Iput I (c. 2375 BC - c. 2325 BC) was a queen of ancient Egypt and a daughter of King Unas, the last king of the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt. She married Teti, the first King of the Sixth Dynasty of Egypt. Their son was Pepi I. She possibly ruled as regent for her son Pepi I.

Fifth Dynasty of Egypt
The Fifth Dynasty of ancient Egypt (notated Dynasty V) is often combined with Dynasties III, IV and VI under the group title the Old Kingdom. The Fifth Dynasty pharaohs reigned for around 150 years, from the early 25th century BC until the mid 24th century BC.