hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Spin stiffness
The spin stiffness or spin rigidity is a constant which represents the change in the ground state energy of a spin system as a result of introducing a slow in-plane twist of the spins. The importance of this constant is in its use as an indicator of quantum phase transitions—specifically in models with metal-insulator transitions such as Mott insulators. It is also related to other topological invariants such as the Berry phase and Chern numbers as in the Quantum Hall effect.

Topological property
In topology and related areas of mathematics, a topological property or topological invariant is a property of a topological space that is invariant under homeomorphisms. Alternatively, a topological property is a proper class of topological spaces which is closed under homeomorphisms. That is, a property of spaces is a topological property if whenever a space X possesses that property every space homeomorphic to X possesses that property. Informally, a topological property is a property of the space that can be expressed using open sets.

A common problem in topology is to decide whether two topological spaces are homeomorphic or not. To prove that two spaces are not homeomorphic, it is sufficient to find a topological property which is not shared by them.
Juraj Filas
Juraj Filas (5 March 1955 – 31 December 2021) was a Slovak composer. His work included more than 100 compositions: symphonies, cantatas, numerous compositions for chamber ensemble, as well as the prize-winning TV opera Memento Mori; a concerto grosso Copernicus; the opera Jane Eyre (2010); The Wisdom of the Wise Man, a cantata for choir, cello and organ; The Song of Solomon, a cantata for soli, choir and orchestra; and the requiem Oratio Spei, which was dedicated to the victims of terrorism.

Concerto grosso
The concerto grosso (pronounced [konˈtʃɛrto ˈɡrɔsso]; Italian for big concert(o), plural concerti grossi [konˈtʃɛrti ˈɡrɔssi]) is a form of baroque music in which the musical material is passed between a small group of soloists (the concertino) and full orchestra (the ripieno, tutti or concerto grosso). This is in contrast to the solo concerto which features a single solo instrument with the melody line, accompanied by the orchestra.
Canon de 164 mm Modèle 1893
The Canon de 164 mm Modèle 1893 was a medium-caliber naval gun used as the secondary armament of a number of French pre-dreadnoughts and armoured cruisers during World War I. It was used as railway artillery in both World Wars and as coastal artillery in World War II.

Naval artillery
Naval artillery is artillery mounted on a warship, originally used only for naval warfare and then subsequently used for more specialized roles in surface warfare such as naval gunfire support (NGFS) and anti-aircraft warfare (AAW) engagements. The term generally refers to powder-launched projectile-firing weapons and excludes self-propelled projectiles such  as torpedoes, rockets, and missiles and those simply dropped overboard such  as depth charges and naval mines.
Jealousy (Offset and Cardi B song)
"Jealousy" is a song by American rappers Offset and Cardi B. It was released through Motown as the lead single from Offset's second studio album, Set It Off, on July 28, 2023. The song was produced by Oz, Boi-1da, and Jahaan Sweet.

Oz (music producer)
Ozan Yildirim (Turkish: Ozan Yıldırım; born 11 January 1992), professionally known as OZ, is a Swiss record producer and songwriter of Turkish descent. He has produced for many hip hop artists, including Drake, Future and Travis Scott, including on the number-one hits "Sicko Mode" (2018), "Highest in the Room" (2019) and "Life Is Good" (2020). He has received nominations for the Grammy Award for Best Rap Song for "Sicko Mode" and "Gold Roses".
Makeup (2002 film)
Makeup is a 2002 Indian Kannada-language comedy film directed by Singeetam Srinivasa Rao and starring Jaggesh in dual getups and Laila Patel. It was released on 8 November 2002. The film is a remake of the 2000 American film Big Momma's House.

Jaggesh
Eshwar Gowda (born 17 March 1963), known professionally as Jaggesh, is an Indian politician, film actor, director and producer, who mainly works in Kannada cinema. Known for his roles in comedy films, he is popular by the moniker Navarasa Nayaka. Considered one of the popular actors, Jaggesh has won Karnataka State Film Awards and Suvarna Film Awards for his acting.

Jaggesh started his film career by playing minor part in Ibbani Karagithu (1982) and then he essayed supporting roles in Ranadheera (1988), Ranaranga (1988), Yuddha Kaanda (1989), Rani Maharani (1990), C. B. I. Shiva (1991) among others and also worked as an assistant director for several films. His first lead role came with Bhanda Nanna Ganda in 1992 but his major breakthrough came in Tharle Nan Maga in the same year.

He is a Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha from Karnataka since 2022 and the spokesperson of the Bharatiya Janata Party in Karnataka.
Strong House (Coventry, Connecticut)
The Strong House, now the Strong-Porter Museum, is a historic house museum at 2382 South Street in Coventry, Connecticut.  It is a 2+1⁄2-story wood-frame structure, five bays wide, with a center entry and two interior chimneys.  The oldest portion of the house is estimated to date to 1710, early in the period of Coventry's settlement, and retains a significant number of period features.  The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.  It is now owned and operated by the Coventry Historical Society as a museum.  In addition to exhibits in the house about local history, visitors can tour the carpenter shop, 19th century privy, carriage sheds and barn.

Historic house museum
A historic house museum is a house of historic significance that is preserved as a museum. Historic furnishings may be displayed in a way that reflects their original placement and usage in a home. Historic house museums are held to a variety of standards, including those of the International Council of Museums. Houses are transformed into museums for a number of different reasons. For example, the homes of famous writers are frequently turned into writer's home museums to support literary tourism.
Farahiyah Ridzuan
Farahiyah binti Muhamad Ridzuan (born 20 December 1993 in Kota Bharu) simply known as Dekyah, is a Malaysian women's footballer who currently plays as a midfielder for Malaysia National Women's League club MBSJ and the Malaysia national team. She also plays for Malaysia futsal team.

Kota Bharu
Kota Bharu (Kelantanese: Koto Baghu), colloquially referred to as KB, is a town in Malaysia that serves as the state capital and royal seat of Kelantan. It is situated in the northeastern part of Peninsular Malaysia and lies near the mouth of the Kelantan River.

The town is home to many religious buildings, various museums, the unique architecture of the old royal palaces (still occupied by the sultan and sultanah and off-limits to visitors but viewable from outside) and former royal buildings (which can be visited). It is served by Keretapi Tanah Melayu's East Coast Line at the nearby Wakaf Bharu Terminal Station, in the town of Wakaf Bharu across the Kelantan River and Sultan Ismail Petra Airport, located in Pengkalan Chepa.
Sinking of the Teleorman
On October 31, 1912, the longboat Teleorman, a Romanian Navy vessel, was traveling on the Danube from Călărași to Ostrov. On board were 44 border guards stationed at Predeal, on the frontier with Austria-Hungary. In addition, a civilian mechanic, a stoker, a corporal and two sergeants were on the boat. The Teleorman sank upon reaching a bend in the Borcea, the Danube channel at Călărași. This occurred because the boat was too full and listed to one side at the turn. The troops were thrown to that side, causing the boat to overturn and sink. The boat was located, and telegrams requesting divers were sent to Giurgiu and Constanța. The navy sergeant commanding the vessel was rescued, as were a border guard sergeant, three soldiers and two sailors; 44 died.

Romanian Naval Forces
The Romanian Naval Forces (Romanian: Forțele Navale Române) is the principal naval branch of the Romanian Armed Forces and operates in the Black Sea and on the Danube. It traces its history back to 1860.
Witold Szyguła
Witold Henryk Szyguła (22 November 1940 – 4 September 2003) was a Polish footballer and manager who played as a goalkeeper.

He signed for Scottish club Hamilton Academical in June 1971, alongside fellow Polish internationals Alfred Olek and Roman Strzałkowski. They were "the first players from behind the Iron Curtain […] to play in Britain." The deal was orchestrated by Hamilton's chairman Jan Stepek, who was himself Polish, in return for electronic goods being sent to Poland. Szyguła also played in Poland for Zagłębie.

Hamilton Academical F.C.
Hamilton Academical Football Club, often known as Hamilton Accies, or The Accies, is a Scottish football club from Hamilton, South Lanarkshire, who currently compete in Scottish League One. They were established in 1874 from the school football team at Hamilton Academy and remain the only professional club in British football to have originated from a school team. Hamilton have won the Scottish Challenge Cup three times and have finished runners-up in the Scottish Cup twice. The club play their home games at Broadwood Stadium.
World Rapid Chess Championship 2022
The World Rapid Chess Championship 2022 was the 2022 edition of the annual World Rapid Chess Championship held by FIDE to determine the world champion in chess played under rapid time controls. Since 2012, FIDE has held the World Rapid and Blitz Championships at a joint tournament. The tournament was held in Almaty, Kazakhstan from 26–28 December 2022, using a Swiss-system with 13 rounds for the open tournament and 11 rounds for the women's tournament. Players who were eligible to participate in the open tournament were either rated at least 2550 Elo in a FIDE rating list during 2022, or were the reigning national champion.

Open (sport)
In sports, an open tournament, or open competition, indicates anyone may enter the tournament or competition, especially without regard to their professional or amateur status. First used in golf, the term is now used in many different sports and in varying contexts, not always in reference to the amateur or professional status of the players. For example, it might indicate that the competition is "open" to international players. An open competition contrasts with closed and invitational competitions.

The term "open" is not always absolute. Minimum performance standards, or eligibility criteria, vary by sport and by individual tournament rules. For example, qualifier entrants to the 2025 U.S. Open golf tournament were required to have a USGA official handicap of 0.4 or less. Open competitions are also found outside of sports, such as open architectural design competitions.
Chalcophorella
Chalcophorella is a genus of beetles in the family Buprestidae, containing the following species:

Chalcophorella bagdadensis (Laporte & Gory, 1836)

Chalcophorella escalerae (Abeille de Perrin, 1904)

Chalcophorella fabricii (Rossi, 1792)

Chalcophorella morgani Thery, 1925

Chalcophorella orientalis (Obenberger, 1924)

Chalcophorella quadrioculata (Redtenbacher, 1843)

Chalcophorella stigmatica (Schonherr, 1817)

Buprestidae
Buprestidae is a family of beetles known as jewel beetles or metallic wood-boring beetles because of their glossy iridescent colors. Larvae of this family are known as flatheaded borers. The family is among the largest of the beetles, with some 15,500 species known in 775 genera. In addition, almost 100 fossil species have been described.

The larger and more spectacularly colored jewel beetles are highly prized by insect collectors. The elytra of some Buprestidae species have been traditionally used in beetlewing jewellery and decoration in certain countries in Asia, like India, Thailand and Japan.
Arnarson
Arnarson is an Icelandic masculine surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Ingólfr Arnarson (c. 849–c. 910), first permanent Nordic settler of Iceland

Örn Arnarson (born 1981), Icelandic swimmer

Ottó P. Arnarson, member of Týr (band), a folk metal band from the Faroe Islands

Björgvin Arnarson (born 2005), actor

Örn Arnarson
Örn Arnarson (born 31 August 1981 in Reykjavík) is a swimmer from Iceland. He won his first major title in 1998 at the European SC Championships in Sheffield. There he captured the title in the 200 m backstroke.

A year later, at the European SC Championships 1999 in Lisbon, Portugal, Örn Arnarson won the 100 m and 200 m backstroke swimming events.

Örn Arnarson has participated in three Olympics in 2000, 2004, and 2008. He is the first Icelandic male swimmer ever to participate in the finals for the Olympics back in 2000 when he came 4th place in the 200m backstroke.

In late 2008, Örn Arnarson moved to Denmark, where he became the Elite Coach at Aalborg Svømmeklub Elitehold. After working for other swimming clubs in Denmark, Örn Arnarson moved to the west coast to work at Esbjerg Svømmeklub. In 2017, Örn Arnarson received the award for Årets Årgangs Juniortræner at Dansk Svømme Award 2017.

In December 2016, Örn Arnarson got engaged to Vinni Bay.
6th Youth in Film Awards
The 6th Youth in Film Awards ceremony (now known as the Young Artist Awards), presented by the Youth in Film Association, honored outstanding youth performers under the age of 21 in the fields of film, television and dance for the 1983–1984 season, and took place on December 2, 1984, in Hollywood, California.

Established in 1978 by long-standing Hollywood Foreign Press Association member, Maureen Dragone, the Youth in Film Association was the first organization to establish an awards ceremony specifically set to recognize and award the contributions of performers under the age of 18 in the fields of film, television, theater and music.

Kate & Allie
Kate & Allie is an American sitcom television series that aired on CBS from March 19, 1984, to May 22, 1989, starring Susan Saint James and Jane Curtin as two divorced mothers who decide to live together and raise their children in the same home. The series was created by Sherry Coben.
Václav Kotal
Václav Kotal (born 2 October 1952) is a Czech former football player and current manager. As a player, he spent ten seasons at Sparta Prague, playing 168 matches in the Czechoslovak First League and winning two Czechoslovak Cups.

He was announced as the new manager of Hradec Králové on 24 March 2009, replacing manager Oldřich Machala. In his first full season, the 2009–10 Czech 2. Liga, Kotal led Hradec Králové to the Czech 2. Liga title and therefore promotion to the top flight. In two seasons of the Czech First League, Hradec finished in 8th and 13th place. In 2012 Kotal moved to fellow Czech First League outfit FK Jablonec. He was sacked before the end of the 2012–13 season with the club lying in fifth place in the league after a 5–1 defeat against Slavia Prague. Kotal returned to management in September 2013 as the new manager of FC Zbrojovka Brno.

Czechoslovak First League
The Czechoslovak First League (Czech: 1. fotbalová liga, Slovak: 1. futbalová liga) was the premier football league in Czechoslovakia from 1925 to 1993, with the exception of World War II. Czechoslovakia was occupied by German forces who formed Gauliga Sudetenland and Gauliga Böhmen und Mähren leagues on occupied territories. Until the 1934-35 season, no teams from Slovakia participated in the league.

Czechs were allowed to run their own league in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, while Slovaks were granted their own independent Slovak State and created their own league. After the World War II the league was recreated.
Tunji Bello
Olatunji Bello Listenⓘ(born 1 July 1961) is a Nigerian lawyer, environmentalist, political scientist and journalist who served as Commissioner for Environment and Water Resources under the Babajide Sanwo-Olu administration in Lagos State from 2019 to 2023 and is the present Chief Executive Officer /Executive vice chairman of the FCCPC (Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Commission) since June 2024.[6]

Environment variable
An environment variable is a user-definable value that can affect the way running processes will behave on a computer. Environment variables are part of the environment in which a process runs. For example, a running process can query the value of the TEMP environment variable to discover a suitable location to store temporary files, or the HOME or USERPROFILE variable to find the directory structure owned by the user running the process.

They were introduced in their modern form in 1979 with Version 7 Unix, so are included in all Unix operating system flavors and variants from that point onward including Linux and macOS. From PC DOS 2.0 in 1982, all succeeding Microsoft operating systems, including Microsoft Windows, and OS/2 also have included them as a feature, although with somewhat different syntax, usage and standard variable names.
Eftichios Bitsakis
Eftichios Bitsakis (Greek: Ευτύχης Μπιτσάκης; 24 August 1927 – 19 August 2025) was a Greek philosopher.

A longtime professor at the University of Ioannina, he was a member of the United Panhellenic Organization of Youth during the Greek Resistance. He earned a Doctor of Philosophy from the University of Paris and a Docteur d'État from Paris 8 University in 1976. He also notably taught at the Collège de France.

Bitsakis died in Athens on 19 August 2025, at the age of 97.

Collège de France
The Collège de France (French pronunciation: [kɔlɛʒ də fʁɑ̃s] ⓘ; formerly known as the Collège Royal or as the Collège impérial), founded in 1530 by François I, is a higher education and research establishment (grand établissement) in France. It is located in Paris near La Sorbonne. The Collège de France has been considered to be France's most prestigious research establishment. It is an associate member of PSL University.

Research and teaching are closely linked at the Collège de France, whose ambition is to teach "the knowledge that is being built up in all fields of literature, science and the arts".
Anuar Tuhami
Anuar Mohamed Tuhami (Arabic: أنور محمد التهامي; born 15 January 1995), simply known as Anuar, is a professional footballer who plays for Segunda División club Ceuta. Mainly a central midfielder, he can also play as a right-back.

Born in Spain, Anuar represents Morocco at international level.

Girona FC
Girona Futbol Club, S.A.D. (Catalan: [ʒiˈɾonə] ⓘ zhi-RO-nuh) is a Spanish professional football club based in Girona, Catalonia, Spain. Founded on 23 July 1930, the team plays in La Liga, to which they gained promotion in the 2022 Segunda División play-offs.

Girona holds its home matches at the 14,624-capacity Estadi Montilivi. It is a part of City Football Group Limited. The club also has youth and amateur women's teams for competition.
Souvenir Souvenir
Souvenir Souvenir is an animated documentary short film directed by Bastien Dubois and produced by Amiel Tenenbaum, Simon Pénochet and Bastien Dubois. The short has been awarded in a number of festivals including in Clermont-Ferrand Festival, Seattle International Film Festival, Short Film Award and Sundance Film Festival and won an Annie Award in Best Short Subject category in 2021. It was shortlisted for the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film but ultimately was not nominated.

Traditional animation
Traditional animation (or classical animation, cel animation, or hand-drawn animation) is an animation technique in which each frame is drawn by hand. The technique was the dominant form of animation of the 20th century in the United States until there was a shift to computer animation in the industry, such as 3D computer animation. Despite this, the process remains commonly used primarily in the form of digital ink and paint for television and film, especially when outsourced.
Hereditary mucoepithelial dysplasia
Hereditary mucoepithelial dysplasia (HMD), or simply mucoepithelial dysplasia, is a rare autosomal dominant multiepithelial disorder causing systemic maldevelopment of the epithelia and mucous membranes that line the surface of tissues and structures throughout the body, particularly affecting systems affiliated with mucosa, which includes the respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive and immune systems. The disorder is attributed to improper formation of desmosomes and gap junctions, which prevents proper cornification of the epithelial layer of the skin.

Reproductive system
The reproductive system of an organism, also known as the genital system, is the biological system made up of all the anatomical organs involved in sexual reproduction.  Many non-living substances such as fluids, hormones, and pheromones are also important accessories to the reproductive system. Unlike most organ systems, the sexes of differentiated species often have significant differences. These differences allow for a combination of genetic material between two individuals, which allows for the possibility of greater genetic fitness of the offspring.
Pūnana Leo
Pūnana Leo (lit. 'voice nest'; often translated as "language nest") are private, non-profit preschools run by families, in which the Hawaiian language is the language of instruction and administration.

Initially opened illegally, the first Pūnana Leo opened in 1984 in Kekaha, Kauaʻi. Based on the practices of 19th-century Hawaiian-language schools, as well as kōhanga reo kindergartens for the Māori language in New Zealand, the Pūnana Leo was the first indigenous language immersion preschool project in the United States. Graduates from the Pūnana Leo schools have achieved several measures of academic success in later life.

As of 2022, there were a total of 11 Pūnana Leo preschools, with locations on five of the Hawaiian Islands.

Indigenous language
An Indigenous language, or autochthonous language, is a language that is native to a region and spoken by its Indigenous peoples. Indigenous languages are not necessarily national languages but they can be; for example, Aymara is both an Indigenous language and an official language of Bolivia. Also, national languages are not necessarily Indigenous to the country.

Many Indigenous peoples worldwide have stopped the generational passage of their ancestral languages and have instead adopted the majority language as part of their acculturation into their host culture. Furthermore, many Indigenous languages have been subject to linguicide (language killing). Recognizing their vulnerability, the United Nations proclaimed 2019 the International Year of Indigenous Languages "to draw attention to the critical loss of Indigenous languages and the urgent need to preserve, revitalize and promote Indigenous languages."
Deaths in July 1990
The following is a list of notable deaths in July 1990.

Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence:

Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent country of citizenship (if applicable), reason for notability, cause of death (if known), and reference.

Boxing at the 1928 Summer Olympics – Flyweight
The men's flyweight event was part of the boxing programme at the 1928 Summer Olympics. The weight class was the lightest contested, and allowed boxers of up to 112 pounds (50.8 kilograms). The competition was held from Tuesday, August 7, 1928, to Saturday, August 11, 1928.
Torchia
Torchia is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Dennis Torchia, American biophysicist

Joseph Torchia (1948–1996), American author, photographer and reporter

Mike Torchia (born 1972), American ice hockey player

Tony Torchia (1943–2021), American baseball player

Tony Torchia
Anthony Lewis Torchia (December 13, 1943 – September 24, 2021) was an American Major League Baseball coach and minor league player and manager. The Chicago native was a left-handed throwing, right-handed batting first baseman who played 13 seasons in the minors.