hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Galahad library
The Galahad library is a thread-safe library of packages for the solution of mathematical optimization problems. The areas covered by the library are unconstrained and bound-constrained optimization, quadratic programming, nonlinear programming, systems of nonlinear equations and inequalities, and non-linear least squares problems. The library is mostly written in the Fortran 90 programming language.

The GALAHAD Library is authored and maintained by N.I.M. Gould, D. Orban and Ph.L. Toint.

Non-linear least squares
Non-linear least squares is the form of least squares analysis used to fit a set of m observations with a model that is non-linear in n unknown parameters (m ≥ n).  It is used in some forms of nonlinear regression.  The basis of the method is to approximate the model by a linear one and to refine the parameters by successive iterations. There are many similarities to linear least squares, but also some significant differences. In economic theory, the non-linear least squares method is applied in (i) the probit regression, (ii) threshold regression, (iii) smooth regression, (iv) logistic link regression, (v) Box–Cox transformed regressors ().
Sunda forktail
The Sunda forktail (Enicurus velatus) is a species of bird in the family Muscicapidae. It is endemic to Indonesia, where it is restricted to the islands of Java and Sumatra. Its natural habitat is boulder strewn streams in tropical moist montane forest from 600–2000 m. More rarely the species occurs closer to sea level. The species is common in Sumatra, but is rarer in Java, where the white-crowned forktail is more common.

Old World flycatcher
The Old World flycatchers are a large family, the Muscicapidae, of small passerine birds restricted to the Old World (Europe, Africa and Asia), with the exception of several vagrants and two species, bluethroat (Luscinia svecica) and northern wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe), found also in North America. These are mainly small arboreal insectivores, many of which, as the name implies, take their prey on the wing. The large family includes 357 species and is divided into 57 genera.
Sudano
Sudano is a surname of Sicilian origin. Notable people with the surname include:

Amanda Sudano (born 1982), American singer-songwriter

Brooklyn Sudano (born 1981), American actress

Bruce Sudano (born 1948), American singer-songwriter

Bruce Sudano
Bruce Charles Sudano (born September 26, 1948) is an American musician and songwriter noted for having written numerous songs for artists such as Michael Jackson, Dolly Parton, Reba McEntire, and his wife, the Grammy Award-winning singer Donna Summer. Sudano is the founder of indie record label Purple Heart Recording Company.
Dominic Perri
Dominic Perri is a politician in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. He has served on the Montreal city council since January 1, 2002, and was a member of the Saint-Leonard city council and chair of the Commission scolaire Jérôme-Le Royer.

Commission scolaire Jérôme-Le Royer
The Commission scolaire Jérôme-Le Royer was a Catholic school board located on the Island of Montreal in Quebec, Canada. It oversaw French and English schools in the former independent municipalities of Anjou, Saint-Leonard, and Montreal-Est as well as the city of Montreal's borough of Pointe-aux-Trembles

It was abolished by the government of Quebec on July 1, 1998, as part of a general transition from school boards representing religious communities to those representing linguistic communities. The English schools were transferred to the English Montreal School Board, and the French schools were transferred to the Commission scolaire de la Pointe-de-l'Île.
Wilcox train robbery
The Wilcox train robbery also known as the Wilcox Holdup was a train robbery that took place in the early morning of June 2, 1899 in the vicinity of Wilcox in Albany County, Wyoming. A Union Pacific train was flagged down before it could cross a wooden bridge. Armed men forced the train crew to separate the locomotive from the carriages. Once the unattached locomotive had been driven across the bridge, the bridge was destroyed with dynamite. A safe in one of the carriages was blown open by dynamite, and the robbers escaped with cash and other valuables. The amount stolen was reported as much as US$36,000. The robbery was considered unsolved at the time and later traced to Butch Cassidy and the Wild Bunch.

Albany County, Wyoming
Albany County (/ˈɔːlbəni/ ⓘ AWL-bə-nee) is a county in the U.S. state of Wyoming. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 37,066. Its county seat is Laramie, the site of the University of Wyoming. Its southern border lies on the northern Colorado state line. Albany County comprises the Laramie, WY Micropolitan Statistical Area. It is the fifth-most populous county in Wyoming.
John Baillieul
John Baillieul (born May 13, 1945) is an American control theorist and distinguished professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Boston University.

Baillieul is a fellow of the International Federation of Automatic Control, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, and the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. He served as president of the IEEE Control Systems Society in 2006, and was editor-in-chief of the IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control from 1992 to 1998 and editor-in-chief of the SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization from 2006 to 2011.

He graduated from Harvard University with a PhD in 1975.

Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM) is a professional society dedicated to applied mathematics, computational science, and data science through research, publications, and community. SIAM is the world's largest scientific society devoted to applied mathematics, and roughly two-thirds of its membership resides within the United States. Founded in 1951, the organization began holding annual national meetings in 1954, and now hosts conferences, publishes books and scholarly journals, and engages in advocacy in issues of interest to its membership. Members include engineers, scientists, and mathematicians, both those employed in academia and those working in industry. The society supports educational institutions promoting applied mathematics.

SIAM is one of the four member organizations of the Joint Policy Board for Mathematics.
Yazdan-Friy Shapur
Yazdan-Friy Shapur or Yazdan-Friy-Shabuhr (Middle Persian: yazdān-friy-šābuhr, New Persian: یزدان‌فرای شاپور) was a 4th-century Sasanian queen (banbishn) and the wife of the Sasanian king (shah) Shapur III (r. 383–388). She has been immortalized by an onyx seal of remarkable quality, where she is shown wearing the horns of a ram. The seal is now in the Cabinet des Médailles, France.

BnF Museum
The BnF Museum or Museum of the Bibliothèque nationale de France, formerly known as the Cabinet des Médailles (French pronunciation: [kabinɛ de medaj]), is a significant art and history museum in Paris. It displays collections of the Département des Monnaies, Médailles et Antiques de la Bibliothèque nationale de France as well as manuscripts and books from the Library's collections. The BnF Museum is located in the Richelieu site, the former main building of the library bordering rue de Richelieu.
Awards and decorations of the German Armed Forces
The Awards and decorations of the German Armed Forces are decorations awarded by the German Bundeswehr, the German government, and other organizations to the German military and allied forces. Modern era German military awards have been presented since the establishment of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949.

United Nations Medal
A United Nations Medal is an international decoration awarded by the United Nations (UN) to the various world countries members for participation in joint international military and police operations such as peacekeeping, humanitarian efforts, and disaster relief. The medal is ranked in militaries and police forces as a service medal. The United Nations awarded its first medal during the Korean War (1950–1953).  Since 1955, many additional United Nations medals have been created and awarded for participation in various United Nations missions and actions around the world.
Ben Egan (rugby union)
John Bernard "Ben" Egan (8 July 1908 – 24 August 1961) was an Australian international rugby union player.

Egan grew up in a sporting family from Warren, New South Wales. His brother Thomas was a state representative cricketer and his younger brother Bryan toured with the Wallabies. They all attended The Kings School.

An Eastern Suburbs centre, Egan was the youngest member of the New South Wales squad on the 1927–28 northern hemisphere tour, aged only 18. Wallabies caps were retrospectively awarded for the tour's international matches, because the Waratahs were the country's sole representative team at the time, but Egan only featured in seven uncapped tour fixtures. A leg injury suffered during the tour sidelined him throughout 1928 and he spent the year in the country as a jackaroo. He didn't play for his state again until 1930, in a win over the visiting British Lions.

Warren, New South Wales
Warren is a town in the Orana Region of New South Wales, Australia. It is located off the Mitchell Highway, 120 kilometres north west of Dubbo, and is the seat of the Warren Shire local government area. At the 2021 census, Warren had a population of 1,365.
Warren is included in the Central West Slopes and Plains division of the Bureau of Meteorology forecasts.
Maarten Tromp
Maarten Harpertszoon Tromp or Maarten van Tromp (23 April 1598 – 31 July 1653) was an army general and admiral in the Dutch navy during much of the Eighty Years' War and throughout the First Anglo-Dutch War.

Son of a ship's captain, Tromp spent much of his childhood at sea, during which time he was captured by pirates and enslaved by Barbary corsairs. In adult life, he became a renowned ship captain and naval commander, successfully leading Dutch forces fighting for independence in the Eighty Years' War, and then against England in the First Anglo-Dutch War, proving an innovative tactician and enabling the newly independent Dutch nation to become a major sea power.

He was killed in battle by a sharpshooter from an English ship. Several ships of the Royal Netherlands Navy have carried the name HNLMS Tromp after him and/or his son Cornelis, also a Dutch admiral of some renown.

Army general
Army general or General of the army is the highest ranked general officer in many countries that use the French Revolutionary System. Army general is normally the highest rank used in peacetime.

In countries that adopt the general officer four-rank system, it is the rank of a general commanding a field army. However, in some countries such as Brazil, Ecuador and Peru, which have adopted the three-rank system, the rank of army general is immediately above that of divisional general. As such, it is the rank of commander of an army corps or larger formations. The equivalent position in the Commonwealth, U.S., and several other countries is simply general, four-star rank, or informally "full general".
2021–22 Championnat National 2
The 2021–22 Championnat National 2 was the 24th season of the fourth tier in the French football league system in its current format. This season the competition was contested by 64 clubs split geographically across four groups of 16 teams. The teams include amateur clubs (although a few are semi-professional) and the reserve teams of professional clubs.

French football league system
The French football league system, also known as the French football pyramid, is a series of interconnected leagues for club football in France and Monaco, and includes one Spanish side. At the top two levels of the system is the Ligue de Football Professionnel, which consists of two professional national divisions, Ligue 1, Ligue 2. Below that are a number of leagues run by the Fédération Française de Football. At level 3 is the semi-professional Championnat National. Below that is the Championnat National 2 (level 4), which is divided into four parallel regional divisions, followed by the Championnat National 3 (level 5), which is divided into eleven parallel regional divisions. Underneath that are many more regional and departmental leagues and divisions. Clubs finishing the season at or near the top of their division may be eligible for promotion to a higher division. Similarly, clubs finishing at or near the bottom of their division may be relegated to a lower division.
Devon Rodriguez
Devon Rodriguez (born April 8, 1996) is an American artist from New York City. He initially gained recognition for drawing a series of realistic portraits of commuters on the New York City Subway. In 2019, Rodriguez was a finalist in the Outwin Boochever Portrait Competition for his portrait of sculptor John Ahearn. In 2020, he joined the video hosting platform TikTok and quickly achieved a large following for quick-sketching commuters and capturing their reactions when the sketches were handed to them. Rodriguez is now the most followed visual artist on the platform.

Online video platform
An online video platform (OVP) enables users to upload, convert, store, and play back video content on the Internet, often via a private server structured, large-scale system that may generate revenue. Users will generally upload video content via the hosting service's website, mobile or desktop application, or other interfaces (API), and typically provide embedded codes or links that allow others to view the video content.
IV liga Subcarpathia
IV liga Subcarpathia group (grupa podkarpacka) is one of the groups of IV liga, the fifth level of Polish football league system.

The league was created in the 2000–01 season, after a new administrative division of Poland was implemented. Until the end of the 2007–08 season, IV liga was the fourth tier of league system, but this was changed with the formation of the Ekstraklasa as the top level league in Poland.

The clubs from Subcarpathian Voivodeship compete in this group. The winner of the league is promoted to III liga, group IV. The bottom teams are relegated to the groups of the regional league from Subcarpathian Voivodeship. These groups are Dębica, Jarosław, Krosno, Rzeszów and Stalowa Wola.

Dębica
Dębica ([dɛmˈbit͡sa] ⓘ; Yiddish: דעמביץ Dembitz) is a town in southeastern Poland with 44,692 inhabitants as of December 2021. It is the capital of Dębica County. Since 1999 it has been situated in the Podkarpackie Voivodeship; it had previously been in the Tarnów Voivodeship (1975–1998). Dębica belongs to the historic province of Lesser Poland, and for centuries it was part of the Sandomierz Voivodeship.
Chartered Institute of Linguists
Founded as the Institute of Linguists in 1910, the Chartered Institute of Linguists (CIOL) received its royal charter in 2005 and is the UK's not-for-profit royal charter body for languages and linguists.

CIOL supports linguists in their careers and lives and promotes proficiency in languages worldwide.

Professional grades of membership are: Associate (ACIL), Member (MCIL) and Fellow (FCIL) and there are also several Affiliate grades of membership.

CIOL also hosts the IoL Educational Trust (IoLET), a charitable company limited by guarantee and an accredited awarding organisation. IoLET's purpose is to promote the teaching and study of modern languages.

The patron of CIOL is HRH Prince Michael of Kent.

It has a magazine, The Linguist.

Modern language
A modern language (also known as a living language) is any human language that is currently in use as a native language.

The term is used in language education to distinguish between languages which are used for day-to-day communication (such as French and German) and dead classical languages such as Latin and Classical Chinese, which are studied for their cultural and linguistic value. For example, the Modern Language Association tracks student enrollments in Ancient Greek versus Modern Greek, or Biblical Hebrew versus Modern Hebrew, separately.

SIL Ethnologue defines a living language as "one that has at least one speaker for whom it is their first language" (see also Language § Linguistic diversity).
Lille Langebro
Lille Langebro (English: Little long bridge) is a walking and cycling bridge across the Inner Harbour in Copenhagen, Denmark. It is located close to and named after the larger Langebro bridge. It was designed by WilkinsonEyre and Urban Agency and it is classified as a double-swing bridge. The unique visual elements include the twisted and curved design.

Port of Copenhagen
The Port of Copenhagen (Danish: Københavns Havn) is the largest Danish seaport and one of the largest ports in the Baltic Sea basin. It extends from Svanemølle Beach in the north to Hvidovre in the south. Along with Malmö harbour, Copenhagen Port is operated by Copenhagen Malmö Port (CMP) and By & Havn.

The port is divided into several different areas, many of which are individual harbours:

There has been rapid development along the seafront; large parts of the formerly industrial inner harbor have recently been transformed into residential, recreative, and commercial areas. The port has seen a dramatic resurgence in activity since the 1990s, following a long period of decline following the 1940s.
Edward A. Lawrence Sr.
Edward A. Lawrence, Sr., A.M., D.D. (October 7, 1808 – September 4, 1883) was a 19th-century American Congregational pastor and author. He ministered to congregations in Haverhill, Massachusetts, Marblehead, Massachusetts, and Orford, New Hampshire. He was also a professor of Ecclesiastical History and Pastoral Duty at the Theological Institute of East Windsor, Connecticut, and wrote several publications, books, pamphlets, and essays.

East Windsor, Connecticut
East Windsor is a town in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States. The town is part of the Capitol Planning Region. The population was 11,190 at the 2020 census. The town has five villages: Broad Brook, Melrose, Scantic, Warehouse Point and Windsorville.
Raffaella Laezza
Raffaella Laezza (born 16 January 1961 in Bruneck) is an Italian architect, architectural theorist, essayist and academic whose work explores the deep relationship between natural systems and architectural design. She is known for developing the concept of Eco-Generative Architecture, a methodological approach integrating ecological processes, circular-economy principles, and carbon-neutral strategies into architectural practice. She conceives the architecture as a spiritual art (of building).

Architectural theory
Architectural theory is the act of thinking, discussing, and writing about architecture. Architectural theory is taught in all architecture schools and is practiced by the world's leading architects. Some forms that architecture theory takes are the lecture or dialogue, the treatise or book, and the paper project or competition entry. Architectural theory is often didactic, and theorists tend to stay close to or work from within schools. It has existed in some form since antiquity, and as publishing became more common, architectural theory gained an increased richness. Books, magazines, and journals published an unprecedented number of works by architects and critics in the 20th century. As a result, styles and movements formed and dissolved much more quickly than the relatively enduring modes in earlier history. It is to be expected that the use of the internet will further the discourse on architecture in the 21st century.
Óscar Villarreal (baseball)
Óscar Eduardo Villarreal (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈoskaɾ βiʎareˈal]; born November 22, 1981) is a Mexican former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) with the Arizona Diamondbacks, Atlanta Braves, and Houston Astros.

Sultanes de Monterrey
The Sultanes de Monterrey (English: Monterrey Sultans) are a professional baseball club in the Mexican League (LMB) based in Monterrey, Mexico. Established in 1939 as Carta Blanca, the Sultanes have won ten LMB titles, most recently in 2018. From 2019 to 2025, the club also fielded a team in the Mexican Pacific League (LMP), which plays a winter league schedule; they were the easternmost team to participate in the LMP.
October League Cup
The October Cup or October League is a one-time football tournament in Egypt that was held in 1974 instead of the canceled Egyptian League. The Egyptian League was canceled as a result of the October War and also as Egypt was hosting the 1974 African Cup of Nations. The only champion was Zamalek.

1974 African Cup of Nations
The 1974 African Cup of Nations was the ninth edition of the Africa Cup of Nations, the association football championship of Africa (CAF). It was hosted by Egypt.

Just like in 1972, the field of eight teams was split into two groups of four. Zaire won its second championship (their first win came as Congo-Kinshasa), tying Zambia 2−2 in the final and beating them 2−0 in the replay. Zaire went on to compete in the World Cup later that year. Both finalists were 2 best teams in African qualification to 1974 World Cup.
Tolar
The tolar (German: Thaler) or Jáchymovský tolar was a silver coin minted in the Kingdom of Bohemia from 1520 until 1672 in Jáchymov (German: Joachimsthal). The obverse of the coin depicts Saint Joachim with the coat-of-arms of the noble family Schlik, who founded the mint in the Ore Mountains, with the titles of the Schlik brothers in inscription: "STEPHANI:ET:FRATRVM: COMITVM:DE:BASSANO" (without abbreviations). The reverse side depicts the crowned Bohemian lion with the title of the Bohemian King Louis of the Jagiellonian dynasty: "LVDOVICVS DEI GRACIA REX BOHEMIAE" (without abbreviations).

The modern word dollar was derived from the Spanish dollar, so-called in the English-speaking world because they were of similar size and weight to the German Thalers. The German Thalers were so named because they were first minted from a silver mine in 1520 in Joachimsthal.

It was the main silver currency in Bohemia from 1520 to 1750.

Louis II of Hungary
Louis II (Hungarian: II. Lajos; Czech: Ludvík Jagellonský; Croatian: Ludovik II.; Slovak: Ľudovít II.; 1 July 1506 – 29 August 1526) was King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia from 1516 to 1526. He died during the Battle of Mohács fighting the Ottomans, whose victory led to the Ottoman annexation of large parts of Hungary.
Gerhard Hoberstorfer
Per Gerhard Hoberstorfer (born 18 November 1963) is a Swedish actor, singer and dancer.

Hoberstorfer grew up in Boliden and Järfälla and studied at the School of Dance and Circus in Stockholm, and Teaterhögskolan in Malmö. He sings in the band Bad Liver. He got his breakthrough in 1989 as an actor in the TV-series Flickan vid stenbänken. Hoberstorfer has worked at the Stockholm City Theatre since 1999. There, he has acted in plays like Ett drömspel, Hair, Tre systrar, Hamlet, Idioten, Fröken Julie, En midsommarnattsdröm, and Hedda Gabler.

Hoberstorfer is the brother of TV-producer Kristian Hoberstorfer. He is in a relationship with Marietta von Hausswolff von Baumgarten, with whom he has two sons. He also has a daughter from another relationship.

Boliden
Boliden is a locality situated in Skellefteå Municipality, Västerbotten County, Sweden with 1,566 inhabitants in 2010. It lies 28,5 kilometers from Skellefteå City.

This is where Boliden AB was founded in early 20th century after the findings in the mine that was called the Boliden mine.