hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Great Stirrup Controversy
The Great Stirrup Controversy is the academic debate about the Stirrup Thesis, the theory that feudalism in Europe developed largely as a result of the introduction of the stirrup to cavalry in the 8th century AD. It relates to the hypothesis suggested by Lynn Townsend White Jr. in his 1962 book, Medieval Technology and Social Change. White believed that the stirrup enabled heavy cavalry and shock combat, which in turn prompted the Carolingian dynasty of the 8th and 9th centuries to organize its territory into a vassalage system, rewarding mounted warriors with land grants for their service.

White's book has proved very influential, but others have accused him of speculation, oversimplification, and ignoring contradictory evidence on the subject. Scholars have debated whether the stirrup actually provided the impetus for this social change, or whether the rise of heavy cavalry resulted from political changes in medieval Europe.

Shock tactics
Shock tactics, shock tactic, or shock attack is an offensive maneuver which attempts to place the enemy under psychological pressure by a rapid and fully-committed advance with the aim of causing their combatants to retreat. The acceptance of a higher degree of risk to attain a decisive result is intrinsic to shock actions.
Alaska Aviation Museum
The Alaska Aviation Museum, previously the Alaska Aviation Heritage Museum, is located on Lake Hood Seaplane Base in Anchorage, Alaska. Its mission since 1988, is to preserve Alaska's aviation heritage and foster public interest in aviation. It areas of particular focus include bush flying and the World War II Army base on Adak Island.

Bush flying
Bush flying refers to aircraft operations carried out in the bush. Bush flying involves operations in rough terrain where there are often no prepared landing strips or runways, frequently necessitating that bush planes be equipped with abnormally large tires, skis, skids or any other equipment necessary for unpaved runway operation. It is the only viable way of delivering people and supplies into more difficult to reach, remote locations.
Maldives at the 2022 Asian Games
Maldives competed at the 2022 Asian Games in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China, which began on 23 September 2023 and ended on 8 October 2023. The event was scheduled to be held in September 2022 but was postponed due to the rising COVID-19 cases in China. The event was later rescheduled to be held in September–October 2023.

Maldives could not win a medal at the games.

2022 Asian Games
The 2022 Asian Games (2022年亚洲运动会), officially the 19th Asian Games (第十九届亚洲运动会) and also known as Hangzhou 2022 (杭州2022), were a continental multi-sport event which was held from 23 September to 8 October 2023 in Hangzhou, China. The games marked the 110th anniversary since the creation of the first continental event, starting with the 1913 Far Eastern Championship Games.

Originally scheduled to take place from 10 to 25 September 2022, on 6 May 2022 the Games were postponed to 2023 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The new dates were announced on 19 July 2022, with the Games remaining branded as Hangzhou 2022. Hangzhou was the third Chinese city to host the Asian Games, after Beijing in 1990 and Guangzhou in 2010.
Mingan
Mingan, also known as Ekuanitshit in Innu-aimun, is an Innu First Nations reserve, at the mouth of the Mingan River, on Mingan Bay, on the North shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It belongs to the Innu band of Ekuanitshit, geographically it is within Cote-Nord region, Minganie Regional County Municipality (administratively not part of it), Quebec, Canada.

Minganie Regional County Municipality
Minganie (French pronunciation: [mɛ̃ɡani]) is a regional county municipality on the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in the Côte-Nord region of Quebec, Canada. Its territory includes Anticosti Island.
Ozark Trail (auto trail)
The Ozark Trail was a network of locally maintained roads and highways organized by the Ozark Trails Association that predated the United States federal highway system. The roads ran from St. Louis, Missouri, to El Paso, Texas, and Santa Fe, New Mexico, over a series of routes.  These roads were maintained by both private citizens and local communities. In one case, however, the U.S. government was directly involved; it built the Newcastle Bridge in 1923 over the South Canadian River between Newcastle, Oklahoma, and Oklahoma City, as the first federal highway project built in Oklahoma.

These roads comprised the major highway system in the region until U.S. Highway 66 was built in the 1920s. In Oklahoma, portions of the section-line roads between Anadarko and Hobart are still referred to as "The Old Ozark Trail".

Canadian River
The Canadian River is the longest tributary of the Arkansas River. Entirely within the United States, it is about 1,026 miles (1,651 km) long, starting in Colorado and traveling through New Mexico, the Texas Panhandle, and Oklahoma. The drainage area is about 47,700 square miles (124,000 km2).

The Canadian is sometimes referred to as the South Canadian River to differentiate it from its tributary the North Canadian River.
M7 highway (Belarus)
М7 highway connects Minsk with Lithuanian border (it continues in Lithuania as A3). It is a part of European route E28 and Branch B of Pan-European Corridor IX. The highway is around 139 km long. It begins at the intersection of Pritycki street with Minsk Ring Road M9 and runs west, sharing the first 47 km with M6 highway. It then branches off from M6 near Volozhin and goes north-west near Ashmyany to Kamenny Log border crossing.

Valozhyn
Valozhyn or Volozhin is a town in Minsk Region, Belarus. It serves as the administrative center of Valozhyn District. It is located 75 km (47 mi) northwest of the capital Minsk, on the Valozhynka River in the Neman River basin, and the beginning of the Naliboki forest. In 1995, its population was approximately 11,500. As of 2025, it has a population of 9,923.

Before World War II, about half the town's population were Jewish but they were murdered during the Holocaust.
Setchey SSSI
Setchey SSSI is a 33.4-hectare (83-acre) geological Site of Special Scientific Interest  south of King's Lynn in Norfolk, England. It is a Geological Conservation Review site.

This site throws light on sea level changes in the Holocene, the period since the end of the last ice age, 11,700 years ago. It is part of a network of Fenland sites which allows correlation across the area.

The site is private land with no public access.

King's Lynn
King's Lynn, known until 1537 as Bishop's Lynn and colloquially as Lynn, is a port and market town in the borough of King's Lynn and West Norfolk in the county of Norfolk, England. It is 36 miles (58 km) north-east of Peterborough, 44 miles (71 km) north-north-east of Cambridge, 44 miles (71 km) west of Norwich, and about 5 miles (8 km) inland from The Wash estuary.
1986 LPGA Championship
The 1986 LPGA Championship was held May 29 to June 1 at Jack Nicklaus Golf Center at Kings Island in Mason, Ohio, a suburb northeast of Cincinnati. Played on the Grizzly Course, this was the 32nd edition of the LPGA Championship.

Entering the final round four strokes behind, Pat Bradley birdied the last hole for a 68 to win by a stroke over runner-up Patty Sheehan. It was the fifth of her six major championships, the second of three in 1986, and completed the career grand slam. With the win, Bradley became the first to surpass $2 million in earnings on the LPGA Tour.

Defending champion Nancy Lopez did not compete; she gave birth to her second daughter a few days earlier.

Patty Sheehan
Patty Sheehan (born October 27, 1956) is an American professional golfer. She became a member of the LPGA Tour in 1980 and won six major championships and 35 LPGA Tour events in all. She is a member of the World Golf Hall of Fame.

Sheehan also hosts the Patty Sheehan & Friends, which is a tournament on the Legends Tour. Patty Sheehan & Friends helps aid women and children's charities all across Northern Nevada.
Vada Chennai (soundtrack)
Vada Chennai is the soundtrack album for the 2018 action crime film of the same name directed by Vetrimaaran, starring Dhanush in the lead role. The film featured music composed by Santhosh Narayanan in his maiden collaboration with Vetrimaaran. Vada Chennai also marks the 25th film of Narayanan as a composer in his career. The album in its entirety was released on 23 September 2018 to positive response from critics and audiences. At the 12th Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards held in Chennai, Santhosh received an award for Best Music Director also  for his work in Kaala and Pariyerum Perumal.

Gaana
Gaana (or Gānā) is a genre of Tamil music, which is sung in the Madras Bashai dialect of Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. It is rap-like "collection of rhythms, beats and sensibilities native to the Madras people." It evolved over the past two centuries, with influences ranging from the siddhars (tantric adepts) of ancient Tamilakam to rural Tamil folk music to Tamil Sufi mystics. Its popularity rose when it was brought to the music of the mainstream Tamil film industry. Contemporary gaana bands are bringing the genre to new audiences while using it for social activism, especially against caste discrimination.
Moonen
Moonen is a Dutch patronymic surname, derived from Moon (Dutch pronunciation: [moːn]), a short form of Simon in Limburg. Among variant forms are Monen, Moons and Moens. Notable people with the surname include:

Andrew J. Moonen (born 1980), American mercenary

Matt Moonen (born 1984), American (Maine) politician

Puck Moonen (born 1996), Dutch racing cyclist

Rick Moonen (born 1977), American chef

Moons

Jan Moons (born 1970), Belgian football goalkeeper

Magdalena Moons (1541–1613), Dutch independence war heroine

Michèle Moons (born 1951), Belgian astronomer

Matt Moonen
Matt Moonen is an American politician from Maine. A Democrat from Portland, he was first elected to the Maine House of Representatives in 2012. Moonen, who could not run for reelection to the House in 2020 due to term limits, was a candidate for Maine Secretary of State before losing to Shenna Bellows. He returned to the House of Representatives in the 2022 election, winning in the 117tth district, and was re-elected unopposed in 2024.

Moonen, who is openly gay, was the Executive Director of EqualityMaine. He is married to Jeremy Kennedy, Chief of Staff to Maine Governor Janet Mills. Moonen led efforts to defeat a bill that banned Maine from cooperating with law enforcement from states that ban gender affirming who are investigating people who access related medical treatment in Maine.
The Defiant Ones
The Defiant Ones is a 1958 American drama film produced and directed by Stanley Kramer. The film was adapted by Harold Jacob Smith from the story by Nedrick Young, originally credited as Nathan E. Douglas. It stars Tony Curtis and Sidney Poitier as two escaped prisoners, one white and one black, who are shackled together and who must co-operate in order to survive.

The Defiant Ones premiered on June 29, 1958 at the 8th Berlin International Film Festival, where Poitier won the Silver Bear for Best Actor. Upon its release in the U.S. on September 27, the film was highly regarded by film critics. It won Academy Awards for Cinematography (Black-and-White) and Original Screenplay and was nominated for seven others, including Best Picture and Best Actor for both Poitier and Curtis.

Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay
The Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay is the Academy Award (also known as an Oscar) for the best screenplay not based upon previously published material; writers with "written by", "screenplay" or "story" credits are all collectively recognized as recipients for each nomination.

The category was created in 1940, and has always existed concurrently with the Best Adapted Screenplay category (conversely for films based on pre-existing intellectual properties); originally, it also co-existed with a third writing category, Best Story, which had been active since the original Academy Awards ceremony in 1929; this latter award was meant to reward specifically writers who originated a film's plot and characters rather than those who wrote the dialogue and final screenplay, although Best Story would later be merged into Best Original Screenplay in 1956.
Barry Rigal
Barry Rigal (born 1958) is a bridge player, author, commentator and journalist. Born in England, he was married to world champion Sue Picus and lives in New York.

Rigal has represented England in the Camrose Trophy Home International series five times and won the Gold Cup; he was a multiple winner of the Spring Fours and Tollemache Trophy.

Rigal has been a Vugraph commentator for thirty years and chief commentator for the European Bridge League (EBL) and World Bridge Federation (WBF) since 2006. He has been an executive member of the International Bridge Press Association (IBPA) since the early 1990s and was appointed President in September 2016.

Camrose Trophy
The Camrose Trophy or "The Camrose" is an annual bridge competition among open teams representing the home nations of Great Britain and Ireland: England (EBU), Northern Ireland (NIBU), Republic of Ireland (CBAI), Scotland (SBU) and Wales (WBU). As such it is the open teams-of-four component of the "Home Internationals" organised by Bridge Great Britain.

The competition was first held in 1937, but it did not become the Camrose until the following year, when Lord Camrose, owner of The Daily Telegraph, donated the trophy. The original trophy has been lost and replaced. Because of World War II the series was interrupted mid-way in 1939 and not resumed until 1946, yet the Camrose is the world's most-played international bridge series.

Beside "The Camrose" (Open flight), the Home Bridge Internationals include annual series for Women from 1950 (the Lady Milne Trophy), Juniors from 1971, Under-19 from 1990 (the Peggy Bayer Trophy), and Seniors (the Teltscher Trophy) from 2008.
Loran Schmit
Loran C. Schmit (August 14, 1929 – September 17, 2025) was an American politician in the state of Nebraska. He served as a state senator from Bellwood, Nebraska, in the Nebraska Legislature, from 1969 to 1993.

Charles Thone
Charles Thone (January 4, 1924 – March 7, 2018) was an American Republican politician. He was the 34th governor of Nebraska, serving from 1979 to 1983. He previously served as a member of the United States House of Representatives, representing Nebraska's 1st congressional district, from 1971 to 1979.
March 82G
The March 82G is a IMSA GTP/Group C sports prototype race car, designed, developed and built by British manufacturer and constructor March Engineering, for sports car racing (specifically the IMSA GT Championship and World Sportscar Championship), in 1982. It competed in motor racing between 1982 and 1986, but only scored 1 race win, 8 podium finishes, and 2 pole positions. It was powered by a naturally-aspirated 620 hp (460 kW) 5.7 L (350 cu in) Chevrolet V8 engine.

Group C
Group C was a category of sports car racing introduced by the FIA in 1982 and continuing until 1993, with Group A for touring cars and Group B for GTs.

It was designed to replace both Group 5 special production cars (closed top touring prototypes like Porsche 935) and Group 6 two-seat racing cars (open-top sportscar prototypes like Porsche 936). Group C was used in the FIA's World Endurance Championship (1982–1985), World Sports-Prototype Championship (1986–1990), World Sportscar Championship (1991–1992) and in the European Endurance Championship (1983 only). It was also used for other sports car racing series around the globe (All Japan Sports Prototype Championship, Supercup, Interserie). The final year for the class came in 1993, thereafter being replaced by Group GT1.

Broadly similar rules were used in the North American IMSA Grand Touring Prototype series (GTP).
New Zealand women's cricket team in Australia in 1971–72
The New Zealand women's national cricket team toured Australia in January and February 1972. They played against Australia in one Test match, which they won by 143 runs. The tour preceded New Zealand's tour of South Africa.

New Zealand women's national cricket team
The New Zealand women's national cricket team, nicknamed the White Ferns, represents New Zealand in international women's cricket. One of eight teams competing in the ICC Women's Championship (the highest level of international women's cricket), the team is organised by New Zealand Cricket, a full member of the International Cricket Council (ICC).

New Zealand made its Test debut in 1935, against England, becoming the third team to play at that level. With Australia and England, New Zealand is one of only three teams to have participated in all ten editions of the Women's Cricket World Cup. The team has made the final of the tournament on four occasions, winning in 2000 and placing second in in 1993, 1997, and 2009. At the Women's T20 World Cup, New Zealand were champions in 2024 and runners up in 2009 and 2010.
2017 FIVB Volleyball Men's U23 World Championship
The 2017 FIVB Volleyball Men's U23 World Championship was the third and final edition of the international volleyball tournament and the world championship for men's national teams under the age of 23, organized by the sport's world governing body, FIVB. The tournament was held in Cairo, Egypt from 18 to 25 August 2017. 12 teams from the 5 confederations competed in the tournament.

Argentina defeated defending champions Russia 4–2 in the final to claim their first title in the competition. This marked Argentina's first ever world title at any age group. Cuba won the bronze medal outclassing Brazil 4–1. Germán Johansen from Argentina was elected the MVP.

After this tournament, FIVB declared that "As per decision of May 2019 FIVB Board of Administration, the U23 WCH has been abolished."

Brazil men's national volleyball team
The Brazil men's national volleyball team is governed by the Confederação Brasileira de Voleibol (Brazilian Volleyball Confederation) and takes part in international volleyball competitions. Brazil has won three gold medals at the Olympic Games, has won the World Championship three times, and the World League nine times.

With a tally total of 69 titles, Brazil is the national volleyball team that has won the most titles overall in the main FIVB sanctioned competitions, and also the national team that has won the most international titles outside their regional competition. The team is sometimes referred to as volleyball's "Dream Team" in reference to its remarkable winning streak period under coach Bernardo Rezende. Currently Brazil is ranked third in the FIVB World Rankings.
Environmental Research
Environmental Research is a peer-reviewed environmental science and environmental health journal published by Elsevier. The editor in chief is Jose L. Domingo.
The journal's 2020 impact factor of 6.498 placed it 16th out of 203 journals in the category Public, Environmental, and Occupational Health; the 2021 impact factor increased to 8.431.

Environmental health
Environmental health is the branch of public health concerned with all aspects of the natural and built environment affecting human health. Its study determines the requirements for a healthy environment, with the goal of effective control over the factors that affect health. The major sub-disciplines of environmental health are environmental science, toxicology, environmental epidemiology, and environmental and occupational medicine.
1974 Hammersmith London Borough Council election
The 1974 Hammersmith Council election took place on 2 May 1974 to elect members of Hammersmith London Borough Council in London, England. The whole council was up for election and the Labour Party stayed in overall control of the council.

Hammersmith and Fulham London Borough Council
Hammersmith and Fulham London Borough Council, which styles itself Hammersmith and Fulham Council, is the local authority for the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham in Greater London, England. The council has been under Labour majority control since 2014. The council's usual meeting place is at Hammersmith Town Hall.
Ines Varenkamp
Ines Varenkamp (born 15 November 1963) is a German former professional racing cyclist. She won the German National Road Race Championship in 1988. She also rode at the 1984 Summer Olympics and 1988 Summer Olympics.

German National Road Race Championships
The German National Road Race Championship is a cycling race organized by the German Cycling Federation. The event was established in 1910, with the women's championship starting in 1968. No competitions were held in 1914 to 1918, 1926, 1927, 1929 to 1933, 1942 to 1945 and 1973. The winners of each event are awarded with a symbolic cycling jersey.
Otto C.I
The Otto C.I, also known as the Otto KD.15, was a German two-seat biplane reconnaissance and bomber aircraft of the First World War designed and produced by Otto Flugmaschinenfabrik. The C.I was a rare example of an aircraft flown by the Central Powers which had a pusher configuration.

Pusher configuration
In aeronautical and naval engineering, pusher configuration is the term used to describe a drivetrain of air- or watercraft with propulsion device(s) after the engine(s).  This is in contrast to the more conventional tractor configuration, which places them in front.

Though the term is most commonly applied to aircraft, its most ubiquitous propeller example is a common outboard motor for a small boat.

“Pusher configuration” describes the specific (propeller or ducted fan) thrust device attached to a craft, either aerostats (airship) or aerodynes (aircraft, WIG, paramotor, rotorcraft) or others types such as hovercraft, airboats, and propeller-driven snowmobiles.
Elsinoë batatas
Elsinoë batatas is a species of fungus in the Elsinoaceae family. It is a plant pathogen that affects members of the genus Ipomoea, including the sweet potato. The species was originally described in 1931 as a species of Sphaceloma, and in 1943 was transferred to Elsinoë by Ahmés Pinto Viégas and Anna Eliza Jenkins.

Anna Eliza Jenkins
Anna Eliza Jenkins (10 September 1886 – 26 November 1972) was an American mycologist. She specialized in phytopathology (plant diseases), particularly the fungi responsible for "spot anthracnoses", including Sphaceloma and Elsinoe.
Guao Zurenuoc
Guao Katucnanec Zurenuoc (died c.25 January 2012) was a Papua New Guinean politician. His father, Sir Zurewe Zurenuoc, was a Lutheran bishop and the first Papua New Guinean to head the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Papua New Guinea. His uncle, Sir Zibang Zurenuoc was a government minister and "long-time general secretary" of the People's Progress Party, of which Guao Zurenuoc also became a member, and eventually a leading figure.

Guao Zurenuoc was secretary for transport, forestry and lands before being elected MP for Finschhafen in the National Parliament of Papua New Guinea in the June 2002 general election. He served a single term, as an Opposition MP, and was defeated in the 2007 general election by his own cousin, Theo Zurenuoc, who was elected as an independent before joining the People's Progress Party.

Guao Zurenuoc "died at his home in Morobe Province"; his death was announced on 25 January 2012.

Finschhafen
Finschhafen is a town 80 kilometers (50 mi) east of Lae on the Huon Peninsula in Morobe Province of Papua New Guinea. The town is commonly misspelt as Finschafen or Finschaven.  During World War II, the town was also referred to as Fitch Haven in the logs of some U.S. Navy men.