hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Second-language acquisition classroom research
Second-language acquisition classroom research is an area of research in second-language acquisition concerned with how people learn languages in educational settings. There is a significant overlap between classroom research and language education. Classroom research is empirical, basing its findings on data and statistics wherever possible. It is also more concerned with what the learners do in the classroom than with what the teacher does. Where language teaching methods may only concentrate on the activities the teacher plans for the class, classroom research concentrates on the effect the things the teacher does has on the students.

Language pedagogy
Language pedagogy is the discipline concerned with the theories and techniques of teaching language. It has been described as a type of teaching wherein the teacher draws from their own prior knowledge and actual experience in teaching language. The approach is distinguished from research-based methodologies.

There are several methods in language pedagogy but they can be classified into three: structural, functional, and interactive. Each of these encompasses a number of methods that can be utilised in order to teach and learn languages.
Agincourt (1844 ship)
Agincourt was built by James Laing & Sons and launched at Sunderland in 1844. She immediately transported convicts to Norfolk Island. Thereafter she traded widely, sailing to Australia, Aden, and South America. Her homeport changed to Spain at some point prior to 1870 and thereafter Lloyd's Register carried stale data until it ceased listing her in 1886.

Penal transportation
Penal transportation (or simply transportation) was the relocation of convicted criminals, or other persons regarded as undesirable, to a distant place, often a colony, for a specified term; later, specifically established penal colonies became their destination. While the prisoners may have been released once the sentences were served, they generally did not have the resources to return home.
Ivanhoe, Iowa
Ivanhoe was a town in Franklin Township, Linn County, Iowa, United States. It was founded by early Iowa settlers, and laid out as a town by Anton Cowles at the intersection of the Old Military Road and the Red Cedar River. It was laid out in 1838 and surveyed in 1841.  Ivanhoe was never platted, though it did have its own post office from 1845–49. Unlike other towns founded around that time on the Old Military Road, Ivanhoe faded away; many of its residents relocated to Mount Vernon, Cedar Rapids, or Marion. The February 1921 edition of The Palimpsest describes the area as having been "a refuge for horse thieves and dealers in counterfeit money", though it is unclear whether that was during the time that the town existed or afterwards. Besides the cemetery there are no standing structures left of the old town.

Iowa Heritage Illustrated
Iowa Heritage Illustrated was the historical magazine of the State Historical Society of Iowa, published in Iowa City.  It contained stories about Iowa history written for a lay audience, along photographs, reproductions of historic documents, and other media.  Iowa Heritage Illustrated was first published in 1920 as The Palimpsest and renamed in 1996.  It was originally published monthly, was bimonthly from 1973 to 1986, and then was a quarterly publication from 1987 onward.  Its last issue was published in 2014.
Bill Whitney
Willard "Bill" Whitney is an American broadcast journalist. He is best known for his work as an anchor and correspondent for the CBS Radio Network, where he hosted the evening edition of the World News Roundup.

CBS News Radio
CBS News Radio, formerly known as CBS Radio News and historically known as the CBS Radio Network, is a radio network that provides news to more than 1,000 radio stations throughout the United States. The network is owned by Paramount Skydance Corporation.  It is the last of the three original national U.S. radio networks (CBS, NBC Radio Network and Mutual Broadcasting System) still operating and still owned by its original parent company, even though CBS sold its owned and operated radio stations in 2017 to Entercom (now known as Audacy, Inc.). The current NBC Radio Network is owned by iHeartMedia, and licenses use of the NBC name and audio from NBC News.

CBS News Radio is one of the two national news services distributed by Skyview Networks, which transmits national news, talk, music and special event programs, in addition to local news, weather, video news and other information to radio and television stations, as well as traffic reporting services.
South Newfane Bridge
The South Newfane Bridge is a historic bridge, carrying Parish Hill Road across the Rock River in the village of South Newfane, Vermont.  It is a Pratt through truss span, manufactured from rolled I-beams in 1939 to replace a bridge washed away in flooding.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.

Newfane, Vermont
Newfane is the shire town (county seat) of Windham County, Vermont, United States. The population was 1,645 at the 2020 census. The town includes the villages of Newfane, Williamsville, and South Newfane.
Brian Schmetzer
Brian Thomas Schmetzer (born August 18, 1962) is an American soccer coach and former professional player. He is the head coach of Seattle Sounders FC of Major League Soccer (MLS), having been assistant coach for the team until Sigi Schmid's departure in 2016. Prior to that, he coached the Seattle Sounders in the USL First Division for seven seasons, winning two championships, and played in the North American Soccer League, Major Indoor Soccer League and Western Soccer League for various Seattle teams.

Under Schmetzer's tenure as head coach of the Sounders, they have won two MLS Cups, the 2022 CONCACAF Champions League, and the 2025 Leagues Cup.

Leagues Cup
The Leagues Cup is an annual soccer competition between clubs from Major League Soccer (MLS), the main soccer league in the United States and Canada, and Liga MX, the main soccer league in Mexico. It is hosted in Canada and the United States. It began in July 2019 with four teams from both leagues participating.  The first edition was a single-elimination tournament hosted in the United States with a final played in Whitney, Nevada, near Las Vegas, on September 18, 2019.

In 2023, the tournament was expanded to include all clubs from MLS and Liga MX, and now functions as a regional cup for CONCACAF between the top division leagues in Mexico and United States and includes MLS teams that are based in Canada. The top three Leagues Cup teams, regardless of nation, qualify for the CONCACAF Champions Cup, with the champions receiving a bye to the round of 16. In 2025, the tournament contracted to only include the 18 best MLS clubs from the previous season and all clubs from Liga MX.
Nadine Hentschke
Nadine Hentschke (born 27 January 1982, in Rheinberg) is a German athlete who specialises in the 100 metres hurdles.

Hentschke finished seventh at the 2002 and 2005 European Indoor Championships. She also competed at the 2003 World Championships and the 2004 Olympic Games without reaching the finals.

Her personal best is 12.89 seconds, achieved in July 2003 in Bydgoszcz.

2002 European Athletics Indoor Championships
The 2002 European Athletics Indoor Championships were held from Friday, 1 March to Sunday, 3 March 2002 in Vienna, the capital city of Austria. This was the last edition to be held in an even year to avoid it occurring in the same year as the outdoor European Athletics Championships.
Emydodillo
Emydodillo is a genus of woodlice belonging to the family Armadillidae. This genus was described in 1926 by Karl Wilhelm Verhoeff. The type specimen for this species is a Emydodillo testudo from New Caledonia, and it is the only species in this genus.

Karl Wilhelm Verhoeff
Karl (or Carl) Wilhelm Verhoeff (25 November 1867 – 6 December 1945) was a German myriapodologist and entomologist, specialising in myriapods (millipedes, centipedes, and related species) as well as woodlice and to a lesser extent insects.
Hikari Ōta
Hikari Ōta (太田 光, Ōta Hikari; born May 13, 1965) is a Japanese television comedian.

He is most famous as one half of the owarai duo Bakushō Mondai along with Yūji Tanaka, where he acts as the boke. He was born in Kamifukuoka, Saitama.

Kamifukuoka, Saitama
Kamifukuoka (上福岡市, Kamifukuoka-shi) was a city in Saitama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the city had an estimated population of 54,486 and a population density of approximately 8,000 persons per km2. The total area was 6.81 km2.
Psick University
Psick University (Korean: 피식대학) is a YouTube comedy channel based out of South Korea. Composed of SBS and KBS comedians Lee Yong-ju, Jeong Jae-hyung, and Kim Min-soo, the group started YouTube in April 2019 and first became recognized after releasing a North Korean defector hidden camera prank. Their sketch comedy series, such as "한사랑 산악회" and "B대면데이트", also gained popularity. In 2023, their talk show series Psick Show won the Baeksang Arts Awards.

Baeksang Arts Awards
The Baeksang Arts Awards (Korean: 백상예술대상), also known as the Paeksang Arts Awards, are awards for excellence in film, television and theatre in South Korea. The awards were introduced in 1965 by Chang Key-young, the founder of the newspaper Hankook Ilbo, whose art name was "Baeksang". It was established for the development of Korean popular culture and art and for enhancing the morale of artists. They are regarded as one of the most prestigious entertainment awards in South Korea.

Baeksang Arts Awards are annually presented at a ceremony organised by JoongAng Group in the second quarter of each year. Until 2021, it was organised by Ilgan Sports before its acquisition by eDaily, a subsidiary of KG Group. It is the only comprehensive awards ceremony in the country, recognising excellence in film, television and theatre.
Ichthyophis atricollaris
Ichthyophis atricollaris, also known as the Long Bloee caecilian, is a species of caecilian in the family Ichthyophiidae. It is endemic to Sarawak, Borneo (Malaysia), and only known from its imprecise type locality, "Long Bloee, Boven Mahakkam, Borneo". The type series were collected during the Nieuwenhuis expedition to Borneo and were deposited at the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden.

Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie
The Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie (National Museum of Natural History) was a museum on the Rapenburg in Leiden, the Netherlands. It was founded in 1820 by Royal Decree from a merger of several existing collections including Temminck's own collection. This happened on the initiative of Coenraad Jacob Temminck, who saw the museum primarily as a research institute for the University of Leiden. The total collection was already quite large at the time, and continued to grow from foreign expeditions and by obtaining private collections from inheritances. The location is currently used by the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden.
Goggin Ice Arena
Goggin Ice Arena was a 2,850-seat hockey rink in Oxford, Ohio. It was formerly home to the Miami University RedHawks ice hockey team.  It was built in 1976, and renamed on October 11, 1984, in honor of Lloyd Goggin, former school vice president, who was instrumental in building the arena.  The building also housed the school's synchronized skating program, club teams, local youth hockey, and the nation's largest summer hockey camp.  Possibly the arena's most popular feature was a 3/4 recreational sheet of ice used primarily for public skating and intramural broomball games.

In 2006, the team moved into the new Goggin Ice Center.

Ice hockey rink
An ice hockey rink is an ice rink that is specifically designed for ice hockey, a competitive team sport. Alternatively it is used for other sports such as broomball, ringette, rinkball, and rink bandy. It is a rectangle with rounded corners and surrounded by walls approximately 1.22 metres (48 in) high called the boards. There are two standard rink sizes: North American and international.
Drag (entertainment)
Drag is a performance of exaggerated femininity, masculinity, or other forms of gender expression, usually for entertainment purposes. Drag usually involves cross-dressing. A drag queen is someone (usually male) who performs femininely and a drag king is someone (usually female) who performs masculinely. Performances often involve comedy, music, social satire, and at times political commentary. The term may be used as a noun as in the expression in drag or as an adjective as in drag show.

Masculinity
Masculinity (also called manhood or manliness) is a set of attributes, behaviors, and roles generally associated with men and boys. Masculinity can be theoretically understood as socially constructed, and there is also evidence that some behaviors considered masculine are influenced by both cultural factors and biological factors. To what extent masculinity is biologically or socially influenced is subject to debate. It is distinct from the definition of the biological male sex, as anyone can exhibit masculine traits. Standards of masculinity vary across different cultures and historical periods. In Western cultures, its meaning is traditionally drawn from being contrasted with femininity.
Civic and Christian Commitment for the Community
Civic and Christian Commitment for the Community (Spanish: Compromiso Cívico y Cristiano con la Comunidad, abbreviated C4) was a political party in Colombia. It was the political wing of the church Cruzada Estudiantil y Profesional de Colombia. The party was founded in 1992 by the Chamorro family. The main leader of the party was Jimmy Chamorro Cruz.

The party got 52,748 votes in the 1994 Senate election, and Jimmy Chamorro Cruz was elected senator. Chamorro Cruz continued representing C4 in the Senate until 2006.

1994 Colombian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Colombia on 13 March 1994 to elect the Senate and Chamber of Representatives. The result was a victory for the Liberal Party, which won 88 of the 163 seats in the Chamber and 56 of the 102 seats in the Senate.
Leda and the Swan (Uffizi)
Leda and the Swan is a c.1505-1507 oil and resin on panel painting by a painter in the circle of Leonardo da Vinci. It may have originated in the Gualtieri Collection in L'Aquila and passed through various others before being acquired from the Spiridon Collection in 1989 by its present owner, the Uffizi.

It and the versions in the Galleria Borghese and Wilton House are considered the three closest copies after Leonardo's own lost work on the same subject. Bernard Berenson even argued the Uffizi work was an autograph work by Leonardo himself, but this is rejected by modern art historians in favour of one of Leonardo's students, possibly Francesco Melzi with some assistance on the landscape background from Joos van Cleve. It is usually dated to the end of Melzi's stay in Milan before leaving for France with Leonardo. Other suggestions include Cesare da Sesto or Fernando Yáñez de la Almedina - the latter assisted Leonardo in 1505 on The Battle of Anghiari.

Bernard Berenson
Bernard Berenson (June 26, 1865 – October 6, 1959) was an American art historian specializing in the Renaissance. His book The Drawings of the Florentine Painters was an international success. His wife Mary is thought to have had a large hand in some of the writings.

Berenson was a major figure in the attribution of Old Masters, at a time when these were attracting new interest by American collectors, and his judgments were widely respected in the art world.
Beta-sandwich
Beta-sandwich or β-sandwich domains consisting of 80 to 350 amino acids occur commonly in proteins. They are characterized by two opposing antiparallel beta sheets (β-sheets). The number of strands found in such domains may differ from one protein to another. β-sandwich domains are subdivided in a variety of different folds. The immunoglobulin-type fold found in antibodies (Ig-fold) consists of a sandwich arrangement of 7-9 antiparallel β-strands arranged in two β-sheets with a Greek-key topology. The Greek-key topology is also found in Human Transthyretin. The jelly-roll topology is found in carbohydrate binding proteins such as concanavalin A and various lectins, in the collagen binding domain of Staphylococcus aureus Adhesin and in modules that bind fibronectin as found in Tenascin (Third Fibronectin Type III Repeat). The L-type lectin domain is a variation of the jelly roll fold. The C2 domain in its typical version (PKC-C2) is a β-sandwich composed of 8 beta-strands (β-strands).

Bacterial adhesin
Bacterial adhesins are cell-surface components or appendages of bacteria that facilitate adhesion or adherence to other cells or to surfaces, usually in the host they are infecting or living in. Adhesins are a type of virulence factor.

Adherence is an essential step in bacterial pathogenesis or infection, required for colonizing a new host. Adhesion and bacterial adhesins are also a potential target either for prophylaxis or for the treatment of bacterial infections.
Big Woods
Big Woods refers to a type of temperate hardwood forest ecoregion found in western Wisconsin and south-central Minnesota. "Big Woods" is a direct translation of the name given to the region by French explorers: Grand Bois. The theory of its origins maintains the ecosystem was formed 300 to 600 years ago in the protection "of
topographic and water-based ﬁrebreaks during a period of cooler and moister climate".

Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest is a temperate climate terrestrial habitat type defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature, with broadleaf tree ecoregions, and with conifer and broadleaf tree mixed coniferous forest ecoregions, and include temperate rainforests.

These forests are richest and most distinctive in central China and eastern North America, with some other globally distinctive ecoregions in the Himalayas, Western and Central Europe, the southern coast of the Black Sea, Australasia, Southwestern South America and the Russian Far East.
2010 SEC women's basketball tournament
The 2010 SEC women's basketball tournament was the championship tournament of the Southeastern Conference in the 2009–10 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The winner of the tournament earned the SEC's automatic bid to the 2010 NCAA tournament. It was held at the Arena at Gwinnett Center in the Atlanta suburb of Duluth, Georgia from March 4 to March 7. The first round and quarterfinals were televised by Fox Sports South, the semifinals were aired by ESPNU, and the final aired on ESPN2.

The regular-season champion, Tennessee, won the tournament and secured a #1 seed in the NCAA Tournament.

FanDuel Sports Network South
FanDuel Sports Network South is an American regional sports network owned by Main Street Sports Group (formerly Diamond Sports Group) and operated as an affiliate of FanDuel Sports Network. The network carries regional coverage of professional and collegiate sports events from across the Southern United States, along with other sporting events and programming from FanDuel Sports Network and FanDuel TV.

FanDuel Sports Network South is available on cable providers throughout Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina and Tennessee. It is also available nationwide on satellite via DirecTV.
Bec du Corbeau
The Bec du Corbeau (1,992 m) is a mountain of the Chablais Alps, overlooking Morgins in the Swiss canton of Valais. It lies west of Pointe de Bellevue, on the watershed between the valleys of the Dranse d'Abondance and Illiez. The French border runs west of the mountain.

Val d'Illiez
The Val d'Illiez is a valley in the Canton of Valais, Switzerland. It separates the northern foothills of the Chablais Alps from the Dents du Midi.

Starting from Monthey, the valley splits at Troistorrents into two parts:

Val d'Illiez itself, with the villages of Val-d'Illiez and Champéry

Val de Morgins, between Troistorrents and Morgins
St. Paul Fighting Saints
The St. Paul Fighting Saints are a defunct professional ice hockey team. Based in Saint Paul, Minnesota, they played the 1992–93 season in the American Hockey Association. The Fighting Saints played home games at the Minnesota State Fair coliseum, now known as the Lee & Rose Warner Coliseum.

Coached by Dave Langevin, the team compiled a record of 21 wins, 5 losses, and 4 overtime losses in its only season of play. The league, along with all teams, suspended operations on January 29, 1993.

American Hockey Association (1992–93)
The American Hockey Association (AHA) was a semi-professional ice hockey league that operated for the 1992–93 season. The league operated independently, and was not affiliated with any higher league. The league operated with central ownership of teams, presided over by Charlie Hodgins. The league scheduled exhibition games with the Russian Red Army team, and also played against them in the all-star game. The league suspended operations on January 29, 1993, resulting in no champion being declared.
2015 Sport 1 Open – Doubles
Matwé Middelkoop and Boy Westerhof are the defending champions, but chose not to participate this year.

Ariel Behar and Eduardo Dischinger won the title defeating, after Aslan Karatsev and Andrey Kuznetsov retired in the final.

Eduardo Dischinger
Eduardo Moreira Dischinger (born 18 May 1992) is a Brazilian tennis player.

Dischinger has a career high ATP singles ranking of No. 540 achieved on 29 April 2013 and a career high ATP doubles ranking of No. 248 achieved on 31 August 2015. He has won 7 ITF doubles titles.

Dischinger won his first ATP Challenger title at the 2015 Sport 1 Open in the doubles event partnering Ariel Behar.
Nate Query
Nate Query (born September 5, 1973) is an American musician best known as the bassist of the Portland, Oregon indie rock band The Decemberists. He plays electric bass, upright bass, banjo and cello. He makes appearances on many albums by Portland artists, including Laura Gibson, Rebecca Gates, the Minus 5, and Laura Veirs. He is also credited on Michael Zapruder's record. His former bands include Calobo and Everyday Dirt. His most recent project is the acoustic band Black Prairie with a number of other Portland artists.

Michael Zapruder
Michael Zapruder (born 1969 in Washington, D.C.) is an American musician and songwriter. He is a recording artist, and a co-founder of San Francisco's Howells Transmitter arts collective and record label.
Hypsopygia kawabei
Hypsopygia kawabei is a species of snout moth in the genus Hypsopygia. It was described by Hiroshi Yamanaka in 1965. It is found in Korea and Japan.

The wingspan is 16–20 mm. Adults are on wing from July to August.

Pyralidae
The Pyralidae, commonly called pyralid moths, snout moths or grass moths, are a family of Lepidoptera in the ditrysian superfamily Pyraloidea. In many (particularly older) classifications, the grass moths (Crambidae) are included in the Pyralidae as a subfamily, making the combined group one of the largest families in the Lepidoptera. The latest review by Eugene G. Munroe and Maria Alma Solis retain the Crambidae as a full family of Pyraloidea.

The wingspans for small and medium-sized species are usually between 9 and 37 mm (0.35 and 1.46 in) with variable morphological features.

It is a diverse group, with more than 6,000 species described worldwide, and more than 600 species in America north of Mexico, comprising the third largest moth family in North America. At least 42 species have been recorded from North Dakota in the subfamilies of Pyralidae.