hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
G-ring
In commutative algebra, a G-ring or Grothendieck ring is a Noetherian ring such that the map of any of its local rings to the completion is regular (defined below). Almost all Noetherian rings that occur naturally in algebraic geometry or number theory are G-rings, and it is quite hard to construct examples of Noetherian rings that are not G-rings.  The concept is named after Alexander Grothendieck.

A ring that is both a G-ring and a J-2 ring is called a quasi-excellent ring, and if in addition it is universally catenary it is called an excellent ring.

Local ring
In mathematics, more specifically in ring theory, local rings are certain rings that are comparatively simple, and serve to describe what is called "local behaviour", in the sense of functions defined on algebraic varieties or manifolds, or of algebraic number fields examined at a particular place, or prime. Local algebra is the branch of commutative algebra that studies commutative local rings and their modules.

In practice, a commutative local ring often arises as the result of the localization of a ring at a prime ideal.

The concept of local rings was introduced by Wolfgang Krull in 1938 under the name Stellenringe.  The English term local ring is due to Zariski.
TRACERS
Tandem Reconnection and Cusp Electrodynamics Reconnaissance Satellites (TRACERS) is a orbiter mission tasked to study the origins of the solar wind and how it affects Earth. TRACERS was proposed by Craig A. Kletzing at the University of Iowa who served as Principal Investigator until his death in 2023. David M. Miles at the University of Iowa was named as Principal Investigator in his stead. The TRACERS mission received US$115 million in funding from NASA.

Principal investigator
In many countries, the term principal investigator (PI) refers to the holder of an independent grant and the lead researcher for the grant project, usually in the sciences, such as a laboratory study or a clinical trial. The phrase is also often used as a synonym for "head of the laboratory" or "research group leader". While the expression is common in the sciences, it is used widely for the person or persons who make final decisions and supervise funding and expenditures on a given research project.

A co-investigator (Co-I) assists the principal investigator in the management and leadership of the research project. There may be a number of co-investigators supporting a PI.
CS Conpet Ploiești
Clubul Sportiv Conpet Ploiești, also known as Conpet Ploiești, was a Romanian football club from Strejnicu, Prahova County. Founded in 1968 and disbanded in 2015, Conpet played fifteen consecutive seasons in the Romanian third football division between 1999 and 2014.

The club played at the Conpet Stadium in Strejnicu, located 3 km from Ploiești and was supported financially by Conpet, the national operator for transporting crude oil and derivatives through pipelines from Romania.

Târgșoru Vechi
Târgșoru Vechi is a commune in Prahova County, Muntenia, Romania. It is composed of four villages: Stăncești, Strejnicu (commune seat), Târgșoru Vechi, and Zahanaua.

There is an aerodrome for general aviation in Strejnicu, mostly used by Aeroclubul României. On its site was located the medieval former town of Târgșor.

Strejnicu village is the assassination site of historian and politician Nicolae Iorga, who was killed on November 27, 1940 by an Iron Guard squad.
Braceborough
Braceborough is a village in the civil parish of Braceborough and Wilsthorpe, in the South Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated off the Stamford to Bourne A6121 road, just west of the A15 as it runs between Market Deeping and Bourne. In 1921 the parish had a population of 150. On 1 April 1931 the parish was abolished and merged with Wilsthorpe to form "Braceborough and Wilsthorpe".

The ecclesiastical parish has equivalent boundaries to the civil parish. It is part of the Uffington Group in the Aveland & Ness with Stamford Deanery of the Diocese of Lincoln. The incumbent is Rev Carolyn Kennedy.

The Grade I listed Anglican parish church is dedicated to St Margaret. It was almost entirely rebuilt in 1837.

During the Second World War Braceborough Hall housed elements of the Women's Land Army; it is now a retirement home.

Women's Land Army
The Women's Land Army (WLA) was a British civilian organisation created in 1917 by the Board of Agriculture during the First World War to bring women into work in agriculture, replacing men called up to the military. Women who worked for the WLA were commonly known as Land Girls (Land Lassies). The Land Army placed women with farms that needed workers, the farmers being their employers. The members picked crops and did all the labour to feed the country. Notable members include Joan Quennell, later a Member of Parliament; John Stewart Collis, Irish author and pioneer ecologist; the archaeologist Lily Chitty and the botanist Ethel Thomas. It was disbanded in 1919 but revived in June 1939 under the same name to again organise new workers to replace workers that served in the military during the Second World War. It was finally disbanded in 1950.
Mathiasbreen
Mathiasbreen is a glacier in Sørkapp Land at Spitsbergen, Svalbard. It has a length of about five kilometers, and is located between the mountains Keilhaufjellet and Kistefjellet. The glacier is named after Norwegian geologist Baltazar Mathias Keilhau.

Sørkapp Land
Sørkapp Land is the land area south of Hornsund,  at the southern part of Spitsbergen, Svalbard. Two glaciers, Hornbreen and Hambergbreen, divide Sørkapp Land from Torell Land.

Sørkapp Land is included in the Sør-Spitsbergen National Park.
Milovan Destil Marković
Milovan DeStil Marković (Serbian Cyrillic: Милован ДеСтил Марковић; born 9 November 1957 in Čačak, Yugoslavia, today Serbia) is a Serbian visual artist, who began his career in the early 1980s. Active for over two decades, he is recently described as father of transfigurative painting and the text portrait. Visiting Professor Art in Context at the University of Arts, Berlin.

Senate of Berlin
The Senate of Berlin (German: Senat von Berlin; unofficially: Berliner Senat) is the executive body governing the city of Berlin, which at the same time is a state of Germany.  According to the Constitution of Berlin the Senate consists of the Governing Mayor of Berlin and up to ten senators appointed by the governing mayor, two of whom are appointed (deputy) mayors.  The Senate meets weekly at the Rotes Rathaus (Red Town Hall).
Real Life (webcomic)
Real Life is an American webcomic drawn and authored by Maelyn Dean. It began on November 15, 1999, and is still updated, after breaks from December 10, 2015, to September 10, 2018, and again from July 16, 2019, to June 15, 2020, from December 6, 2022 to February 26, 2024, and most recently, from April 9, 2024, to present. The comic is loosely based around the lives of fictionalized versions of Dean and her friends, including verbatim conversations, as well as fictional aspects including time travel and mecha combat. Characters regularly break the fourth wall. Real Life focuses on humor related to video games and science fiction, and references internet memes.

Lulu.com
Lulu Press, Inc., doing business under trade name Lulu, is an online print-on-demand, self-publishing, and distribution platform. By 2014, it had issued approximately two million titles.

The company's founder is Red Hat co-founder Bob Young; he also was CEO for many years. As of 2022, the company's 20th anniversary, Young had handed CEO duties to Kathy Hensgen. The company's headquarters are in Morrisville, North Carolina.
Ossessione
Ossessione (Italian pronunciation: [ossesˈsjoːne]; "Obsession") is a 1943 Italian crime drama film directed and co-written by Luchino Visconti, in his directorial debut. It is an unauthorized and uncredited adaptation of the 1934 novel The Postman Always Rings Twice by American author James M. Cain, and stars Clara Calamai, Massimo Girotti, and Juan de Landa in the leading roles. It is often considered to be the first Italian neorealist film, though there is some debate about whether such a categorization is accurate.

Banned and ostracized by the Fascist regime during its initial release, the Italian Ministry of Culture has since placed Ossessione on its list of 100 Italian films to be saved, distinguishing films which "changed the collective memory of the country between 1942 and 1978."

Ministry of Culture (Italy)
The Ministry of Culture (Italian: Ministero della Cultura - MiC) is the ministry of the Government of Italy in charge of national museums and maintenance of historical monuments. MiC's headquarters are located in the historic Collegio Romano Palace (via del Collegio Romano 27, in central Rome) and the current Minister of Culture is Alessandro Giuli.
Hromivka, Crimea
Hromivka or Gromovka (Ukrainian: Громівка; Russian: Громовка(Gromovka)) is a village in the Sudak Municipality of the Crimea, a territory recognized by a majority of countries as part of Ukraine and annexed by Russia as the Republic of Crimea.

Previously, the settlement was known as the Shelen village (Crimean Tatar: Şelen). Following the forced deportation of the Crimean Tatars in 1944, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR published a decree on May 18, 1948 renaming the settlement along with many others throughout Crimea from their native Crimean Tatar names to their current variants.

Hromivka is located on Crimea's southern shore at an elevation of 217 metres (712 ft). Its population was 178 in the 2001 Ukrainian census. Current population: 179 (2014 Census).

Republic of Crimea (Russia)
The Republic of Crimea is a republic of Russia, comprising most of the Crimean Peninsula, but excluding Sevastopol. Its territory corresponds to the pre-2023 territory of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, a de jure subdivision of Ukraine. Russia occupied and annexed the peninsula in 2014, although the annexation remains internationally unrecognized.

The capital and largest city located within its borders is Simferopol, which is the second-largest city on the Crimean Peninsula. As of the 2021 Russian census, the Republic of Crimea had a population of 1,934,630.
Bosnia and Herzegovina–Serbia relations
Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia maintain diplomatic relations established between Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (of which Serbia is considered sole legal successor) in 2000.

Srebrenica Genocide Memorial
The Srebrenica Genocide Memorial, officially known as the Srebrenica–Potočari Memorial and Cemetery for the Victims of the 1995 Genocide, is the memorial-cemetery complex in Srebrenica set up to honour the victims of the 1995 Srebrenica massacre. The victims—at least 8,372 of them—were male Muslim Bosniaks.

As of May 2017, 6,938 genocide victims had been identified through DNA analysis (conducted by the International Commission on Missing Persons) of human remains recovered from mass graves as of July 2021, 6,671 Bosnian Muslim victims had been buried at the memorial cemetery, while another 236 had been buried elsewhere.
Voice portal
Voice portals are the voice equivalent of web portals, giving access to information through spoken commands and voice responses. Ideally a voice portal could be an access point for any type of information, services, or transactions found on the Internet. Common uses include movie time listings and stock trading.
In telecommunications circles, voice portals may be referred to as interactive voice response (IVR) systems, but this term also includes DTMF services.
With the emergence of conversational assistants such as Apple's Siri, Amazon Alexa, Google Assistant, Microsoft Cortana, and Samsung's Bixby, Voice Portals can now be accessed through mobile devices and Far Field voice smart speakers such as the Amazon Echo and Google Home.

Cortana (virtual assistant)
Cortana is a discontinued virtual assistant developed by Microsoft that used the Bing search engine to perform tasks such as setting reminders and answering questions for users.

Cortana was available in English, Portuguese, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Chinese, and Japanese language editions, depending on the software platform and region in which it was used.

In 2019, Microsoft began reducing the prevalence of Cortana and converting it from an assistant into different software integrations. It was split from the Windows 10 search bar in April 2019. In January 2020, the Cortana mobile app was removed from certain markets, and on March 31, 2021, the Cortana mobile app was shut down globally. On June 2, 2023, Microsoft announced that support for the Cortana standalone app on Microsoft Windows would end in late 2023 and would be replaced by Microsoft Copilot, an AI chatbot. Support for Cortana in the Microsoft Outlook and Microsoft 365 mobile apps was discontinued in fall of 2023.
Amyclae
Amyclae or Amyklai (Ancient Greek: Ἀμύκλαι) was a city of ancient Laconia, situated on the right or western bank of the Eurotas, 20 stadia south of Sparta, in a district remarkable for the abundance of its trees and its fertility. Amyclae was one of the most celebrated cities of Peloponnesus in the Greek Heroic Age. It is said to have been founded by the Lacedaemonian king Amyclas, the father of Hyacinthus, and to have been the abode of Tyndarus, and of Castor and Pollux, who are hence called Amyclaei Fratres. Amyclae is mentioned by Homer, and it continued to maintain its independence as an Achaean town long after the conquest of Peloponnesus by the Dorians.

Evrotas (river)
The Evrotas (Modern Greek: Ευρώτας) or Eurotas (Ancient Greek: Εὐρώτας) is the main river of Laconia and one of the major rivers of the Peloponnese, in Greece. The river's springs are located just northwest of the border between Laconia and Arcadia, at Skortsinos. The river is also fed by underwater springs at Pellana and by tributaries coursing down from Mt. Taygetos and Mt. Parnon, which flank the Evrotas Valley to the west and east, respectively. The river is 82 kilometres (51 mi) long, flowing in a north-south direction and emptying into the Laconian Gulf. Its drainage basin is 2,239 km2 (864 sq mi).
Mount Fray
Mount Fray, 1,893 feet (577 m), also known as Catamount because of the Catamount Ski Area located on its north slope, is a prominent peak of the south Taconic Mountains, located in  southwest Massachusetts and adjacent New York. The summit is open and covered in scrub oak; it offers views west over the Hudson River Valley. The sides of the mountain are wooded with northern hardwood tree species. The 15.7 mi (25.3 km) South Taconic Trail passes over the summit of Mount Fray.

Quercus ilicifolia
Quercus ilicifolia, commonly known as bear oak or scrub oak, is a small shrubby oak native to the Eastern United States and, less commonly, in southeastern Canada. Its range in the United States extends from Maine to North Carolina, with reports of a few populations north of the international frontier in Ontario. The name ilicifolia means "holly-leaved".
Phallic Rock
33°48′48.98″N 111°55′27.15″W﻿ / ﻿33.8136056°N 111.9242083°W﻿ / 33.8136056; -111.9242083
Phallic Rock is a precambrian granite rock formation in Carefree, Arizona, United States. The formation is caused by spheroidal weathering whereby the composition of the granite and its crystal structure facilitated the development of rounded corners and its unique phallic tubular shape. The formation is at the eastern foot of Black Mountain and can be found approximately 400 ft (120 m) east of Tom Darlington Drive on Stagecoach Pass Road. The formation is best viewed from the western side looking east. There is a dirt pull-off on the side of Stagecoach Pass Road with enough room for several vehicles.

Carefree, Arizona
Carefree is a town in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States. It is located north of both Phoenix and Scottsdale in the far northeast area of the Phoenix metropolitan area. As of the 2020 United States census, the population of the town was 3,690.
Sandstrom v. Montana
Sandstrom v. Montana, 442 U.S. 510 (1979), is a United States Supreme Court case that reaffirmed the prosecution's burden of proof of the mental element of a crime by striking down a jury instruction that "the law presumes that a person intends the ordinary consequences of his voluntary acts". In Francis v. Franklin,  471 U.S. 307 (1985), Justice Brennan wrote about "Sandstrom and the wellspring due process principal from which it is drawn" as follows:

Sandstrom v. Montana made clear that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits a State from making use of jury instructions that have the effect of relieving the State of the burden of proof on the critical question of intent in a criminal prosecution.

Intention (criminal law)
In criminal law, intent is a subjective state of mind (mens rea) that must accompany the acts of certain crimes to constitute a violation. A more formal, generally synonymous legal term is scienter: intent or knowledge of wrongdoing.
Human rights complaints against Maclean's magazine
Human rights complaints against Maclean's magazine were filed in December 2007 by Mohamed Elmasry of the Canadian Islamic Congress with the Canadian Human Rights Commission, the British Columbia Human Rights Tribunal and the Ontario Human Rights Commission. Maclean's magazine was accused of publishing eighteen Islamophobic articles between January 2005 and July 2007. The articles  in question included a column by Mark Steyn titled "The Future Belongs to Islam", an excerpt from a book written by Steyn.The Ontario Human Rights Commission ruled that it did not have the jurisdiction to hear the complaint. The British Columbia Human Rights Tribunal heard the complaint in June 2008 and issued a ruling on October 10, 2008 dismissing the complaint. The Canadian Human Rights Commission dismissed the federal complaint on June 26, 2008 without referring the matter to a tribunal.

Canadian Arab Federation
The Canadian Arab Federation (CAF) was formed in 1967 to represent the interests of Arab Canadians with respect to the formulation of public policy in Canada. It presently consists of over 40 member organizations.

CAF's stated objectives include protecting civil liberties and human rights as well as combating racism and hate within Canada. It has been most vocal against anti-Arab and anti-Muslim activities in Canada, and has issued many position papers to the government with respect to its policies in the Southwest Asia and its domestic immigration policies. It discharges its political tasks by building media and government relations and grassroots support through various capacity-building projects within the Canadian Arab community, and promoting Muslim and Arab culture.

Khaled Mouammar led the organization in the 1970s and again 1980-1982. Omar Alghabra was president from 2004–2005. Mouammar was re-elected in 2006. Its current president is Farid Ayad.
Morris Silverman House
The Morris Silverman House is a historic house in Helena, Montana, U.S.. It was built in 1890 for Morris Silverman, a Russian Jewish immigrant. His daughter Dorothy, a schoolteacher, lived in the house until 1969. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since June 14, 1982.

National Register of Historic Places listings in Lewis and Clark County, Montana
This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Lewis and Clark County, Montana.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Lewis and Clark County, Montana, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map.

There are 80 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.

This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted September 26, 2025.
Kyle Abeysinghe
Kyle Abeysinghe OLY (born 4 February 2000) is a Sri Lankan national swimmer who has represented his country at several international competitions. Domestically, Abeysinghe holds several national records, has been a national champion multiple times, and is a member of the Killer Whale Aquatic Club, coached by his father, Manoj Abeysinghe. At the 2017 Youth Commonwealth Games in Nassau, Bahamas, Abeysinghe won two silver medals in the 50m and 100m freestyle, becoming the only Sri Lankan swimmer to win an international medal at the Commonwealth level. Abeysinghe represented Sri Lanka at the 2024 Paris Olympic Games.

OLY
OLY (/ˌoʊɛlˈwaɪ/ OH-el-WY) are post-nominal letters granted by the World Olympians Association (WOA) to registered athletes who have participated in the Olympic Games. The initiative was launched in 2017, and in 2022, post-nominal title PLY was introduced for Paralympic participants.
SIGGRAPH
SIGGRAPH is an annual conference centered around computer graphics organized by ACM, starting in 1974 in Boulder, CO. The main conference has always been held in North America; SIGGRAPH Asia, a second conference held annually, has been held since 2008 in countries throughout Asia, as well as twice in Australia.

Meeting
A meeting is when two or more people come together to discuss one or more topics, often in a formal or business setting, but meetings also occur in a variety of other environments. Meetings can be used as form of group decision-making and as a setting for sharing of information or intelligence.
1996–97 Essex Senior Football League
The 1996–97 season was the 26th in the history of Essex Senior Football League a football competition in England.

The league featured 13 clubs which competed in the league last season, along with two new clubs:

Ilford, returned to the league system after leaving the Spartan League in 1994

Saffron Walden Town, resigned from the Isthmian League

Ford United were champions, winning their second Essex Senior League title and were promoted to the Isthmian League.

1995–96 Isthmian League
The 1995–96 season was the 81st season of the Isthmian League, which is an English football competition featuring semi-professional and amateur clubs from London, East and South East England. The league consisted of four divisions.
Poland at the Hopman Cup
Poland is a nation that has competed at the Hopman Cup tournament on two occasions, in 2014 and 2015. The nation reached the final in its inaugural appearance, but lost to France by two rubbers to one. However, it did win the 2015 tournament, defeating the United States by 2-1 in that year's final.

Hopman Cup
The Hopman Cup is an international tennis tournament that plays mixed teams (one male and one female) on a country-by-country basis. It was first held in Perth, Western Australia each year from 1989 to 2019, played on indoor hardcourt, before being replaced on the calendar in 2020 by the now defunct ATP Cup, which was in turn replaced by the United Cup. The tournament was played in an eight-team format, with the exception for the years 1990-1995, with twelve teams competing. It returned in July 2023 in Nice, France and was played on outdoor clay, with six teams invited to participate. This continued in 2025, with the tournament being held in Bari, Italy on hard courts.
Tornadoes of 1964
This page documents the tornadoes and tornado outbreaks of 1964, primarily in the United States. Most tornadoes form in the U.S., although some events may take place internationally. Tornado statistics for older years like this often appear significantly lower than modern years due to fewer reports or confirmed tornadoes.

Hurricane Cleo
Hurricane Cleo was the strongest tropical cyclone of the 1964 Atlantic hurricane season. It was the third named storm, first hurricane, and first major hurricane of the season. Cleo was one of the longest-lived storms of the season. This compact yet powerful hurricane travelled through the Caribbean Sea and later hit Florida before moving offshore Georgia into the Carolinas, killing 156 people and causing roughly $187 million in damage. Major damage was seen as far north as east-central Florida, with the heaviest rains falling along the immediate coast of the Southeast United States into southeast Virginia.