hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Curdlan
Curdlan is a water-insoluble linear beta-1,3-glucan, a high-molecular-weight polymer of glucose. Curdlan consists of β-(1,3)-linked glucose residues and forms elastic gels upon heating in aqueous suspension.

It was initially reported to be produced by "Alcaligenes faecalis  var. myxogenes" strain 10C3-K in 1966. This classification for the strain and its descendants is now understood to be inaccurate, giving rise to the new name "Agrobacterium fabrum". The modern industrial strain "A. fabrum" ATCC 31749 had its genome sequenced in 2011. Some sources prefer the open nomenclature Agrobacterium sp.

Extracellular and capsular polysaccharides are produced by a variety of pathogenic and soil-dwelling bacteria. Curdlan is a neutral β-(1,3)-glucan, perhaps with a few intra- or interchain 1,6-linkages, produced as an exopolysaccharide by soil bacteria of the family Rhizobiaceae. It is also produced by Cellulomonas flavigena, which belongs to a different phylum.

Suspension (chemistry)
In chemistry, a suspension is a heterogeneous mixture of a fluid that contains solid particles sufficiently large for sedimentation. The particles may be visible to the naked eye, usually must be larger than one micrometer, and will eventually settle, although the mixture is only classified as a suspension when and while the particles have not settled out.
1979 Iranian Constitutional Assembly election in Gilan province
On 3 August 1979, a Constitutional Convention election was held in Gilan Province constituency with plurality-at-large voting format in order to decide three seats for the Assembly for the Final Review of the Constitution.

All seats went to Khomeinist candidates, who were affiliated with the Islamic Republican Party, the Society of Seminary Teachers of Qom and the Combatant Clergy Association. The clerical candidate supported by the Freedom Movement of Iran was placed fourth, ahead of a People's Mujahedin of Iran member listed by the Quintuple Coalition. Communist candidates of different groups were also all defeated, though they received a higher percentage of votes in comparison to communists in other provinces.

Quintuple Coalition
The Quintuple Coalition refers to the electoral alliance of five revolutionary groups contesting in the 1979 Iranian Constitutional Convention election. The groups in coalition had Islamic and radical orientations. After the elections, the coalition sent an open letter to Ruhollah Khomeini and complained about "fraud".
Split (graph theory)
In graph theory, a split of an undirected graph is a cut whose cut-set forms a complete bipartite graph. A graph is prime if it has no splits. The splits of a graph can be collected into a tree-like structure called the split decomposition or join decomposition, which can be constructed in linear time. This decomposition has been used for fast recognition of circle graphs and distance-hereditary graphs, as well as for other problems in graph algorithms.

Splits and split decompositions were first introduced by Cunningham (1982), who also studied variants of the same notions  for directed graphs.

Star (graph theory)
In graph theory, the star Sk is the complete bipartite graph K1, k, that is, it is a tree with one internal node and k leaves.  Alternatively, some authors define Sk to be the tree of order k with maximum diameter 2, in which case a star of k > 2 has k − 1 leaves.

A star with 3 edges is called a claw.

The star Sk is edge-graceful when k is even and not when k is odd. It is an edge-transitive matchstick graph, and has diameter 2 (when k > 1), girth  (it has no cycles), chromatic index k, and chromatic number 2 (when k > 0). Additionally, the star has large automorphism group, namely, the symmetric group on k letters.

Stars may also be described as the only connected graphs in which at most one vertex has degree greater than one.
New Ipswich Mountain
New Ipswich Mountain is a summit within the Wapack Range of mountains in south-central New Hampshire, United States. It lies within the town of New Ipswich and is traversed by the 22-mile (35 km) Wapack Trail. Barrett Mountain is located directly to the north along the Wapack ridgeline; Stony Top, a subordinate peak of Pratt Mountain, lies to the south. The summit of the mountain is mostly wooded, but a number of rocky ledges below the summit offer views of the surrounding countryside.

The east side of the mountain drains into the Souhegan River watershed, to the Merrimack River thence the Atlantic Ocean; the west side drains into the Millers River watershed, to the Connecticut River, thence into Long Island Sound.

Merrimack River
The Merrimack River (or Merrimac River, an occasional earlier spelling) is a 117-mile-long (188 km) river in the northeastern United States. It rises at the confluence of the Pemigewasset and Winnipesaukee rivers in Franklin, New Hampshire, flows southward into Massachusetts, and then flows northeast until it empties into the Gulf of Maine at Newburyport. From Pawtucket Falls in Lowell, Massachusetts, onward, the Massachusetts–New Hampshire border is roughly calculated as the line three miles north of the river.

The Merrimack is an important regional focus in both New Hampshire and Massachusetts. The central-southern part of New Hampshire and most of northeast Massachusetts is known as the Merrimack Valley.

Several U.S. naval ships have been named USS Merrimack and USS Merrimac in honor of this river. The river is also known for the early American literary classic A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers by Henry David Thoreau.
Yoshihiro Hamaguchi
Yoshihiro Hamaguchi (浜口 喜博, Hamaguchi Yoshihiro; June 23, 1926 – August 9, 2011) was a Japanese freestyle swimmer.

He represented Japan at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Finland. There, he won a silver medal as a member of the 4 × 200 m freestyle relay team, alongside Toru Goto, Hiroshi Suzuki and Teijiro Tanikawa. Also competed in the 100m freestyle advancing to the semifinals, missing the finals by a narrow margin.

After retiring he debuted as an actor in the 1955 film Buruuba as a Japanese version of Tarzan. He also appeared in the TV Show Shōnen Jet, a detective adventure show made by Kadokawa Pictures.

Swimming at the 1952 Summer Olympics
At the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, a total number of eleven swimming events were contested, six for men and five for women. The events were held at the Swimming Stadium.  There was a total of 319 participants from 48 countries competing.
Mount Kinka Ropeway
The Mt. Kinka Ropeway (金華山ロープウェー, Kinkazan Rōpuwē) is a Japanese aerial lift line in Gifu, Gifu. This is the only line Gifu Kankō Ropeway (岐阜観光索道, Gifu Kankō Sakudō) operates. The company belongs to Meitetsu Group. The line, opened in 1955, climbs Mount Kinka, linking Gifu Park and Gifu Castle.

Aerial lift
An aerial lift, also known as a cable car or ropeway, is a means of cable transport in which cabins, cars, gondolas, or open chairs are hauled above the ground by means of one or more cables. Aerial lift systems are frequently employed in a mountainous territory where roads are relatively difficult to build and use, and have seen extensive use in mining. Aerial lift systems are relatively easy to move and have been used to cross rivers and ravines. In more recent times, the cost-effectiveness and flexibility of aerial lifts have seen an increase of gondola lift being integrated into urban public transport systems.
Saravanan Irukka Bayamaen
Saravanan Irukka Bayamaen (transl. Why fear when Saravanan is here?) is a 2017 Indian Tamil-language supernatural comedy horror film written and directed by S. Ezhil, and produced by Udhayanidhi Stalin. The film stars Udhayanidhi and Regina Cassandra, with Soori and Srushti Dange in supporting roles. It was released on 12 May 2017, and became a box office failure.

Supernatural film
Supernatural film is a film genre that encompasses supernatural themes related to gods, goddesses, ghosts, apparitions, spirits, miracles, and other extraordinary phenomena. These themes are often blended with other film genres, such as comedy, science fiction, fantasy, and horror. Historically, the primary goal of supernatural films was not to terrify audiences but to offer entertainment, often in whimsical or romantic contexts.

The film genre is part of several hybrid genres, including supernatural comedy films, supernatural horror films, supernatural religious films, and supernatural thriller films.
Ronald Hopwood
Admiral Ronald Arthur Hopwood CB (7 December 1868 – 28 December 1949) was a British naval officer and poet.  He began his career in 1882 with the Royal Navy as a gunnery officer, completed it in 1919 as a rear admiral, and was acclaimed in 1941 as poet laureate of the Royal Navy by Time. As an author, Admiral Hopwood's first work was his poem The Laws of the Navy, published in 1896 when he was a lieutenant. With its good-natured military advice making it popular within both the Royal and U.S. navies, Time gives it "precedence among Navy men even over Kipling's If" and goes on to quote Hopwood's new poem Secret Orders in its entirety. The last lines of Secret Orders, written in appreciation of the Destroyers for Bases Agreement (a predecessor to Lend Lease), harken to the Second World War bond between the two navies.

Rear admiral (Royal Navy)
Rear admiral (RAdm) is a flag officer rank of the Royal Navy. It is immediately superior to commodore and is subordinate to vice admiral. It is a two-star rank and has a NATO ranking code of OF-7.

The equivalent rank in the British Army and Royal Marines is major-general; and in the Royal Air Force it is air vice-marshal.
Director of the United States Secret Service
The director of the United States Secret Service is the head of the United States Secret Service, and is responsible for the day-to-day operations.

The Secret Service is a federal law enforcement agency that is part of the United States Department of Homeland Security. The service is mandated by the U.S. Congress to carry out a unique dual mission: safeguarding the financial and critical infrastructure of the United States, and protecting the nation's leaders.

The director is appointed by, and serves at the pleasure of, the president of the United States, and is not subject to Senate confirmation. The director reports to the secretary of homeland security, and operates with the general directions thereof. Prior to March 1, 2003, the Secret Service was a part of the United States Department of the Treasury.

Advice and consent
Advice and consent is an English phrase frequently used in enacting formulae of bills and in other legal or constitutional contexts. It describes either of two situations: where a weak executive branch of a government enacts something previously approved of by the legislative branch or where the legislative branch concurs and approves something previously enacted by a strong executive branch.
Julien Puricelli
Julien Puricelli (born 1 August 1981) is a French rugby union player. Puricelli, who is a flanker, plays his club rugby for Lyon in the Top 14 following a spell at Bayonne. He made his debut for France against New Zealand on 13 June 2009.

Aviron Bayonnais
Aviron Bayonnais (AB, Basque: Baionako Arrauna), commonly called Bayonne, is a French rugby union club from Bayonne (Baiona in Basque) in Pyrénées-Atlantiques which competes in the Top 14, the top tier of the French league system.
Founded in 1904, they play at the Parc des Sports, also known as Stade Jean-Dauger, in Bayonne. 
The club mascot is a pottok pony called pottoka. They have ties to the French Basque community.
Lugalbanda in the Mountain Cave
Lugalbanda in the Mountain Cave (or Lugalbanda I, Lugalbanda in the Wilderness) is a Sumerian mythological account. It is one of the four known stories that belong to the same cycle describing conflicts between Enmerkar, king of Unug (Uruk), and an unnamed king of Aratta. The story is followed by another known as Lugalbanda and the Anzu Bird, together forming the two parts of one story. The stories, from the composer’s point of view, take place in the distant past. The accounts are believed to be composed during the Ur III Period (21st century BCE), although almost all extant copies come from Isin-Larsa period (20th-18th centuries BCE). Tablets containing these stories were found in various locations of southern Iraq, primarily in the city of Nippur, and were part of the curriculum of Sumerian scribal schools during the Old Babylonian period (20th-17th centuries BCE).

Nippur
Nippur (Sumerian: Nibru, often logographically recorded as 𒂗𒆤𒆠, EN.LÍLKI, "Enlil City;" Akkadian: Nibbur) was an ancient Sumerian city. It was the special seat of the worship of the Sumerian god Enlil, the "Lord Wind", ruler of the  cosmos, subject to An alone. Nippur was located in modern Nuffar 8 kilometers north of modern Afak, Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate, Iraq. It is roughly 200 km south of modern Baghdad and about 100 km southeast of the ancient city of Babylon. Occupation at the site extended back to the Ubaid period (Ubaid 2 – Hajji Muhammed), the Uruk period, and the Jemdet Nasr period. The origin of the ancient name is unknown but different proposals have been made.
Chip Jones
Daniel "Chip" Jones (born 5 December 1979) is a Dutch retired basketball player. He played in 41 games for the Netherlands national basketball team after making his debut on 19 November 2000.
Jones played for Dutch Basketball League teams Den Bosch, Den Helder, West-Brabant Giants, Rotterdam Basketbal College and Virtus Werkendam in his career.

Heroes Den Bosch
Heroes Den Bosch is a Dutch professional basketball club based in 's-Hertogenbosch. The club plays in the BNXT League since 2021 and in the top basketball division in the Netherlands since 1972. Founded as EBBC in 1951, the club had several sponsored names the following decades.

Den Bosch has won a record seventeen Dutch championships, a record nine Dutch Cups and two Dutch Supercup titles. The team has also been a regular at European competitions, most recently the FIBA Europe Cup. Heroes plays their home games at the Maaspoort, which has a capacity of approximately 2,700 people.
Protocol of Ouro Preto
The 1994 Protocol of Ouro Preto was the continuation of economic policies setting up a customs union, as set forth four years earlier in the Treaty of Asunción by the four original Mercosur states, Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. It officially established Mercosur as an international customs union.

Customs union
A customs union is generally defined as a type of trade bloc which is composed of a free trade area with a common external tariff.

Customs unions are established through trade pacts where the participant countries set up common external trade policy (in some cases they use different import quotas). Common competition policy is also helpful to avoid competition deficiency.

Reasons for establishing a customs union normally include increasing economic efficiency and establishing closer political and cultural ties between the member countries. It is the third stage of economic integration. Every economic union, customs and monetary union and economic and monetary union includes a customs union.
Raetia football team
The Raetia football team (German: Fussballauswahl Raetia) represents Grisons, formerly known as R(h)aetia, (/ˈriːʃ(i)ə/ REE-sh(ee-)ə) in ConIFA association football. The current head coach is Simone Fontana. The team is commonly referred to as The Grisons.

Three Leagues
The Three Leagues, sometimes referred to as Raetia, was the 1471 alliance between the League of God's House, the League of the Ten Jurisdictions, and the Grey League. Its members were all associates of the Old Swiss Confederacy, and as such enjoyed positive relations with the Confederation, which eventually led to the formation of the Swiss canton of Grisons.

The territory corresponds to the core territory of Raetia Curiensis (ruled by the bishops of Chur as Prince-Bishopric of Chur), the early medieval remnant of the Roman province of Raetia prima.
Khamyang people
The Khamyang (Tai-Khamyangs or Shyam), is a subgroup of the Tai peoples of Southeast Asia. They are numerically a small indigenous group found in Tinsukia, Jorhat, Sivasagar and Golaghat districts of Assam, and adjacent parts of Arunachal Pradesh. Their population totals about 7,000, of which only a small minority speak the native Tai Khamyang language while the vast majority speak the Assamese language. The Khamyang are followers of Theravada Buddhism and are closely related to the Khamti. They maintain good relations with other Tai Buddhist tribes of Assam.

They ruled an independent principality in Mungkong until the end of the 18th century. Many Khamyang have historically used "Shyam", which is a cognate with "Siam", the old word for Thailand, as a surname. The modern trend is for mostly their family names: Thaomung, Chowlu, Chowlik, Tungkhang, Wailong, Pangyok, Chowsong and Chowhai.

Möng Kawng
Möng Kawng (Shan: မိူင်းၵွင်း; Tai Nüa: ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥐᥩᥒᥰ; Burmese: မိုးကောင်း; Chinese: 孟拱), also known as Mogaung, was a Shan state in what is today Burma. It was an outlying territory, located away from the main Shan State area in present-day Kachin State. For much of their histories, Möng Yang and Möng Kawng were closely linked and could often be considered the same state, only being regarded as separate when paying tribute to a dominant external power.
Stranger in a Strange Land (Lost)
"Stranger in a Strange Land" is the ninth episode of the third season of the American drama television series Lost, and the show's 58th episode overall. The episode was written by Elizabeth Sarnoff and Christina M. Kim, and directed by Paris Barclay. It first aired in the United States on February 21, 2007, on ABC.

In the episode, Kate Austen (Evangeline Lilly), Karl (Blake Bashoff), and James "Sawyer" Ford (Josh Holloway) continue to journey back to the beach camp, while Jack Shephard (Matthew Fox) and Alex (Tania Raymonde) must save Juliet Burke (Elizabeth Mitchell) from execution. Flashbacks reveal the origin of Jack's tattoos.

Blake Bashoff
Blake Warren Bashoff (born May 30, 1981) is an American television and motion picture actor, known for his role as Moritz Stiefel in Spring Awakening. He has also appeared in a number of guest roles on television series, including the ABC series Lost as Karl Martin.
Towatari Shrine
Towatari Shrine (登渡神社, Towatari-jinja), also known as Nobuto Shrine (登戸神社, Nobuto-jinja), is a Shinto shrine located in Nobuto, Chūō-ku, Chiba City, Chiba Prefecture, Japan. Originally a branch temple of Kongojū-ji, a temple to the Buddhist deity Myōken founded by the Chiba clan (modern Chiba Shrine), it was converted into a Shinto shrine during the mid-19th century.

Chūō-ku, Chiba
Chūō Ward (中央区, Chūō-ku) is one of the six wards of the city of Chiba in Chiba Prefecture, Japan, and is the seat of the city government, and the location of the prefectural government offices for Chiba Prefecture. It is also the commercial center of Chiba. As of April 2012, the ward had an estimated population of 200,157 and a population density of 4,470 persons per km2. The total area was 44.81 km2, making it the most populous of the six wards of Chiba city.
Sir Allan MacNab Secondary School
Sir Allan MacNab Secondary School is located at 145 Magnolia Drive in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, and is a member of the Hamilton-Wentworth District School Board. Sir Allan MacNab Secondary School opened in 1969 and as of January 2016 has 873 students. The school was founded in 1969 and is named for Sir Allan MacNab, the last Premier of Upper Canada before Confederation and a resident, lawyer and politician in Hamilton from 1826 until his death in 1862 at his home, Dundurn Castle. Located on the west mountain of Hamilton, the school catchment area extends into Glanbrook and Ancaster.

Glanbrook, Hamilton, Ontario
Glanbrook is the south-western district of the city of Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. It was first created as an independent township in 1974 through the amalgamation of Mount Hope, Binbrook, Glanford, and other nearby communities. In 2001, Glanbrook became a dissolved municipality after it was amalgamated with Hamilton, Stoney Creek, Dundas, Ancaster and Flamborough to become the present city of Hamilton.

The population of Glanbrook as of the 2006 census was 15,293, a 25% increase from the 2001 census figure of 12,145, and making it the fastest growing part of Hamilton. It contains the John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport.
2023–24 Sheffield Shield season
The 2023–24 Sheffield Shield season was the 122nd of the Australian inter-state domestic first-class cricket competition. Cricket Australia revealed the season fixtures in June 2023.  The tournament opened in October 2023 with Western Australia the defending champions. Finishing first the previous season, Western Australia hosted the final at the WACA Ground in Perth, defeating Tasmania by 377 runs on March 24, 2024, to complete a hat-trick of three consecutive titles.

Western Australia cricket team
The Western Australian men's cricket team, formerly nicknamed the Western Warriors, represent the Australian state of Western Australia in Australian domestic cricket. The team is selected and supported by the Western Australian Cricket Association (WACA), and plays its home games at the WACA Ground and Perth Stadium in Perth.

The team mainly plays matches against other Australian states in the first-class Sheffield Shield competition and the 50 over One-Day Cup, but occasionally plays matches against touring international sides. Western Australia previously also fielded sides at Twenty20 level, but was replaced by the Perth Scorchers for the inaugural 2011–12 season of the Big Bash League. Western Australia's current captains are Sam Whiteman in the Sheffield Shield and Ashton Turner in the One-Day Cup, and the current coach is Adam Voges.
National Cooperative Business Association
The National Cooperative Business Association (NCBA) is a United States membership organization for cooperatives, which are businesses that are jointly owned and democratically controlled.

The association was founded in 1916 as the Cooperative League of the United States of America. Its founding president was medical doctor James Peter Warbasse, who served in that role until 1941.

NCBA members include some well-known United States consumer brands, such as Ace Hardware, Nationwide Insurance, Cabot Creamery, Organic Valley, Land O'Lakes, and CHS Inc.

Cabot Creamery
The Cabot Creamery Cooperative is an American dairy agricultural marketing cooperative owned by Agri-Mark. The cooperative has a plant in Cabot, Vermont, but its administrative headquarters is in Waitsfield, Vermont.
1952 Madgwick Cup
The 5th Madgwick Cup was a non-championship Formula Two motor race held at Goodwood Circuit on 27 September 1952. The race was won by Ken Downing in a Connaught Type A-Lea Francis. Teammate Dennis Poore was second, setting fastest lap in the process, and Alan Brown in a Cooper T20-Bristol was third.

Alan Brown (racing driver)
Alan Everest Brown (20 November 1919 – 20 January 2004) was a British racing driver from England. He took up motor racing in a Cooper, later forming the Ecurie Richmond team with Eric Brandon. He participated in nine World Championship Formula One Grands Prix, debuting on 18 May 1952 and numerous non-Championship Formula One races.  He scored two championship points. He was the first driver to score championship points for Cooper and also gave the first Vanwall its race debut. After he retired, he fielded two drivers in the 1959 British Grand Prix under the team name Alan Brown Equipe.