hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Regulation of science
The regulation of science refers to use of law, or other ruling, by academic or governmental bodies to allow or restrict science from performing certain practices, or researching certain scientific areas.

Science could be regulated by legislation if areas are seen as harmful, immoral, or dangerous. For these reasons science regulation may be closely related to religion, culture and society.

Science regulation is often a bioethical issue related to practices such as abortion and euthanasia, and areas of research such as stem-cell research and cloning synthetic biology.

Legislation
Legislation is the process or result of enrolling, enacting, or promulgating laws by a legislature, parliament, or analogous governing body. Before an item of legislation becomes law it may be known as a bill, and may be broadly referred to as "legislation" while it remains under consideration to distinguish it from other business. Legislation can have many purposes: to regulate, to authorize, to outlaw, to provide (funds), to sanction, to grant, to declare, or to restrict. It may be contrasted with a non-legislative act by an executive or administrative body under the authority of a legislative act.
Fair Credit Billing Act
The Fair Credit Billing Act (FCBA) is a United States federal law passed during the 93rd United States Congress and enacted on October 28, 1974, as an amendment to the Truth in Lending Act (codified at 15 U.S.C. § 1601 et seq.) and as the third title of the same bill signed into law by President Gerald Ford that also enacted the Equal Credit Opportunity Act.  Its purpose is to protect consumers from unfair billing practices and to provide a mechanism for addressing billing errors in "open end" credit accounts, such as credit card or charge card accounts.

Amendment
An amendment is a formal or official change made to a law, contract, constitution, or other legal document.  It is based on the verb to amend, which means to change for better.  Amendments can add, remove, or update parts of these agreements.  They are often used when it is better to change the document than to write a new one. Only the legislative branch is involved in the amendment process.
Yasuo Tanaka (astronomer)
Yasuo Tanaka (田中 靖郎, Tanaka Yasuo; 18 March 1931 – 18 January 2018) was a Japanese astrophysicist and a member of the Japan Academy.  He was professor emeritus at the University of Tokyo and Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS) (part of JAXA) in Kanagawa, Japan and guest scientist at the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics in Garching, Germany.

He was a pioneer in X-ray astronomy, leading the development and operation of the Ginga, Tenma, and ASCA satellites. He died on 18 January 2018.

Institute of Space and Astronautical Science
35°33′30″N 139°23′43″E﻿ / ﻿35.558389°N 139.395255°E﻿ / 35.558389; 139.395255

Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (宇宙科学研究所, Uchū Kagaku Kenkyūsho), or ISAS, is a Japanese national research organization of astrophysics using rockets, astronomical satellites and interplanetary probes which played a major role in Japan's space development. Established as part of the University of Tokyo in 1964, the institute spun off from the university to come under direct purview of the Ministry of Education. Since 2003, it is a division of Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA).
Varnado Simpson
Varnado Simpson (October 7, 1948 – May 4, 1997) was a U.S. Army soldier who participated in the My Lai massacre, where he personally tortured, murdered, and mutilated multiple South Vietnamese civilians. He committed suicide nearly 30 years later.

Demographics of Vietnam
Demographic features of the population of Vietnam include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

Ethnic Vietnamese, or the Viet people (known officially as Kinh), mostly live in the lowlands and speak Vietnamese, while other ethnic groups also speak a variety of languages; together, these communities contribute to the country's diverse demographic composition. Originating in northern Vietnam, the Viet gradually pushed southward and make up much of Vietnam's political landscape. A Vietnamese diaspora can also be found worldwide.

Vietnam's population reached just over 100 million in 2023, making it the 15th largest country by population in the world. It is predicted that by 2035, Vietnam will become an aged society.
Hardi Union
Hardi Union (Bengali: হারদী ইউনিয়ন) is a union parishad of Alamdanga Upazila, in Chuadanga District, Khulna Division of Bangladesh. The union has an area of 67.34 square kilometres (26.00 sq mi) and as of 2001 had a population of 29,554. There are 16 villages and 9 mouzas in the union.

Chuadanga District
Chuadanga District (Bengali: চুয়াডাঙ্গা জেলা) is a district in south western Bangladesh, specifically Khulna Division, Bangladesh. It is bordered by the Indian state of  West Bengal to the west, Meherpur District to the northwest, Jessore District to the south, Jhenaidah District to the east, and Kushtia District to the north. Before partition Chuadanga was one of the five subdivisions of Nadia district.
2025 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards
The 51st Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards, given by the Los Angeles Film Critics Association (LAFCA), honored the best in film for 2025. The awards were announced on December 7, 2025. Paul Thomas Anderson's action thriller One Battle After Another led the awards with three wins, including Best Film, Best Director and Best Supporting Performance (Teyana Taylor).

The winners were honored at the association's annual banquet in the Biltmore Hotel on January 10, 2026. On October 22, 2025, it was announced that American filmmaker Philip Kaufman would be honored with the Career Achievement Award.

Eva Victor
Eva Victor (/ˈeɪvə/ AY-və; born 1994) is a French-American actor, writer, and director. They were featured in the television series Billions from 2020 to 2023, and made their directorial debut with the self-starring independent film Sorry, Baby (2025), for which they were nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture - Drama.
The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (soundtrack)
The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen is the soundtrack from the 2003 film The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, released by Varèse Sarabande on August 1, 2003. The music was composed by Trevor Jones and Joseph Shabalala, and performed by the London Symphony Orchestra (conducted by Geoffrey Alexander). The Ladysmith Black Mambazo choral group performed the songs "Kenya - Wait For Me" and "Son of Africa". The soundtrack was not released in stores in the United States, and was at first released only for iTunes. After this did not generate satisfactory sales, it was released by the Varèse Sarabande label for purchase online.

Varèse Sarabande
Varèse Sarabande is an American record label, owned by Concord Music Group and distributed by Universal Music Group, which specializes in film scores and original cast recordings. It aims to reissue rare or unavailable albums, as well as newer releases by artists no longer under a contract. The label's name was derived from combining French-born composer Edgard Varèse's last name with the musical term sarabande, a slow Spanish dance.

As of February 2018, Varèse operates as a division of Concord Music Group's Craft Recordings label.
Cumnock and Holmhead
Cumnock and Holmhead, a police burgh of Ayrshire, Scotland, on the Lugar, 33+3⁄4 miles (54.3 kilometres) S. of Glasgow by road, with two stations (Cumnock and Old Cumnock) on the Glasgow and South Western Railway. The population in 1971 was 5,715.

Old Cumnock railway station
Cumnock railway station was a railway station serving the town of Cumnock, East Ayrshire, Scotland. The station was originally part of the Glasgow, Paisley, Kilmarnock and Ayr Railway. The former site of the station is now a care home. The station is located just off the A70 at Barrhill Road. This is near the Woodroad Viaduct.
Clear and present danger
Clear and present danger was a doctrine adopted by the Supreme Court of the United States to determine under what circumstances limits can be placed on First Amendment freedoms of speech, press, or assembly. Created by Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. to refine the bad tendency test, it was never fully adopted and both tests were ultimately replaced in 1969 with Brandenburg v. Ohio's "imminent lawless action" test.

Frohwerk v. United States
Frohwerk v. United States, 249 U.S. 204 (1919), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court upheld the conviction of a newspaperman for violating the Espionage Act of 1917 in connection with criticism of U.S. involvement in foreign wars.

In a unanimous decision written by Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, the Court found that this criticism constituted the "willful obstruction" of America's recruitment efforts and was not protected by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.

As in Schenck v. United States, also decided in 1919, the speech might have been protected were the country not at war.
Jessica Villarubin
Jessica Villarubin (Tagalog: [ˌdʒɛːsiˈka bɪljaruˈbin]; born May 14, 1996) is a Filipino singer. She emerged victorious as the third grand champion of GMA's singing competition, The Clash. As an artist under GMA Network, Villarubin is currently seen in variety show All-Out Sundays, as one of the "Divas of the Queendom".

The Clash (TV program)
The Clash is a Philippine television reality talent competition show broadcast by GMA Network. Directed by Louie Ignacio, it was originally hosted by Regine Velasquez, Andre Paras and Joyce Pring. It premiered on July 7, 2018 on the network's Sabado Star Power sa Gabi and on Sunday Grande sa Gabi line-up. Rayver Cruz and Julie Anne San Jose currently serve as the hosts.
2020 British Touring Car Championship
The 2020 Kwik Fit British Touring Car Championship (commonly abbreviated as BTCC) was a motor racing championship for production-based touring cars held across England and Scotland. The championship featured a mix of professional motor racing teams and privately funded amateur drivers competing in highly modified versions of family cars which are sold to the general public and conform to the technical regulations for the championship. The 2020 season was the 63rd British Touring Car Championship season and the tenth season for cars conforming to the Next Generation Touring Car (NGTC) technical specification. The Championship was won by Ashley Sutton.

Kwik Fit
Kwik Fit is a car servicing and repair company in the United Kingdom. As of September 2025, there are over six hundred Kwik Fit locations in the United Kingdom. Kwik Fit also has locations in continental Europe.
Pupil function
The pupil function or aperture function describes how a light wave is affected upon transmission through an optical imaging system such as a camera, microscope, or the human eye. More specifically, it is a complex function of the position in the pupil or aperture (often an iris) that indicates the relative change in amplitude and phase of the light wave. Sometimes this function is referred to as the generalized pupil function, in which case pupil function only indicates whether light is transmitted or not. Imperfections in the optics typically have a direct effect on the pupil function, it is therefore an important tool to study optical imaging systems and their performance.

Diaphragm (optics)
In optics, a diaphragm is a thin opaque structure with an opening (aperture) at its center. The role of the diaphragm is to stop the passage of light, except for the light passing through the aperture. Thus it is also called a stop (an aperture stop, if it limits the brightness of light reaching the focal plane, or a field stop or flare stop for other uses of diaphragms in lenses). The diaphragm is placed in the light path of a lens or objective, and the size of the aperture regulates the amount of light that passes through the lens.  The centre of the diaphragm's aperture coincides with the optical axis of the lens system.

Most modern cameras use a type of adjustable diaphragm known as an iris diaphragm, and often referred to simply as an iris.

See the articles on aperture and f-number for the photographic effect and system of quantification of varying the opening in the diaphragm.
Figure skating at the 2025 SEA Games
Figure skating competitions at the 2025 SEA Games took place at Imperial World Samrung Mall in Samut Prakan, Thailand from 12 to 13 December 2025. Medals were awarded in 2 events, consist of men's and women's tournament.

Samut Prakan province
Samut Prakan province (Thai: จังหวัดสมุทรปราการ, pronounced [t͡ɕāŋ.wàt̚ sàmùt prāːkāːn] ⓘ, RTGS: changwat samutprakan, sometimes rendered Samutprakan and Samutprakarn) is one of the central provinces of Thailand, established on 9 May 1946 by the Act Establishing Changwat Samut Prakan, Changwat Nonthaburi, Changwat Samut Sakhon and Changwat Nakhon Nayok, Buddhist Era 2489 (1946).

It is a part of the Bangkok Metropolitan Region. Neighbouring provinces are Bangkok, to the north and west, and Chachoengsao to the east. Samut Prakan was previously once home to a Dutch trading post who referred to the area as New Amsterdam. Suvarnabhumi Airport is in Bang Phli district of Samut Prakan province as well as the districts of Bang Kapi, Lat Krabang, and Prawet in neighbouring Bangkok city.
Dragstrip Girl (1957 film)
Dragstrip Girl is a 1957 film starring John Ashley in his first lead role. American International Pictures released the film as a double feature with Rock All Night and it proved an early success for the studio.

Fay Spain co-starred in the film, which was remade later that year as Motorcycle Gang. Special effects technician Paul Blaisdell had a cameo role in Dragstrip Girl.

Double feature
The double feature is a motion picture industry practice in which movie theaters would exhibit two films for the price of one, supplanting an earlier format in which the presentation of one feature film would be followed by various short subject reels.
Egidio Perfetti
Egidio Alessandro Perfetti (born 5 June 1975 in Sorengo) is a Norwegian racing driver. He is also a director in the family business Perfetti Van Melle, which is an Italian global manufacturer of confectionery and gum, dating back to the 1940s. Today it is the third largest group in the world in its sector after Mondelez International and Mars Inc. Mentos is one of the Perfetti Van Melle brands which is often promoted on Perfetti's racing cars.

A cosmopolitan, Perfetti was born in Switzerland to an Italian father and Norwegian mother. After a long spell in Asia, Perfetti now resides in Amsterdam, Netherlands, where the family business head office is located.
His nationality is Norwegian and he carries a Norwegian passport.

Perfetti Van Melle
Perfetti Van Melle is an Italian–Dutch multinational company of confectionery and gum. It was formed in 2001 of the merger of the Italian-based company Perfetti SpA and the Dutch-based company Van Melle NV. Perfetti Van Melle is owned by the Italian Perfetti family and the Dutch Van Melle family, and also Perfetti Van Melle is headquartered in Lainate, Italy, and Breda, Netherlands.

Perfetti Van Melle is the sixth-largest confectionery manufacturer in the world. It employs 17,000 people via 30 subsidiary companies and distributes its products in over 159 countries.
No Bed of Roses
No Bed of Roses (Doob as the Bengali version) is a 2017 Indo-Bangladesh joint production drama film written and directed by Mostofa Sarwar Farooki. It was produced by Abdul Aziz, Himanshu Dhanuka and Irrfan Khan under the banner of Jaaz Multimedia and Eskay Movies along with Irrfan Khan Films. It stars Irrfan Khan, Nusrat Imrose Tisha, Rokeya Prachy and Parno Mittra. The story builds up around the members of two families discovering the finer fabric of love when the headman of a family dies. The theme is that death does not always take things away: Sometimes it gives back. The film was selected as the Bangladeshi entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 91st Academy Awards, but it was not nominated. The film marked Khan's last Bengali film till date.

Abdul Aziz (filmmaker)
Abdul Aziz is a Bangladeshi film producer and script writer. He is the chairman of Jaaz Multimedia. He produced more than 40 films in Bangladesh and India.

Aziz has been a fugitive since 2019, when the Customs Intelligence and Investigation Department of the National Board of Revenue accused him of money laundering. Cases have also been filed against him for embezzlement. He has reportedly been living in Canada or Malaysia. In the year of 2021, Jazz multimedia announced that, it would make 3 films which would cost more than 3.5 crores.
Pásztó
Pásztó is a town in Nógrád County, Hungary, beside of the Zagyva river and the Kövicses creek, between the Mátra and Cserhát mountain ranges. As of 2022 census, it has a population of 8,664 (see Demographics). The town is located beside of  the (Nr. 81) Hatvan–Fiľakovo railway line and the main road 21 and 28.9 km from the M3 motorway. The settlement has its own railway station with public transport. Another railway stop is at the north end of the town named Mátraszőlős-Hasznos, and is the common railway stop of Mátraszőlős and the northeast part of the town (Hasznos).

Cserhát
Cserhát ([ˈtʃɛrhaːt]) is a mountain range in Hungary, part of the North Hungarian Mountains. It is divided between Pest and Nógrád counties. Its highest point is the Karancs with an elevation of 729 metres above sea level.

Cserhát stretches from Cserhátalja to the valley of the Ipoly (Slovak: Ipeľ) river. Its central part is mountainous, covered with forests, while its southern and northern parts are hilly.

Architecturally, the territory is rich in castles. Hollókő, an ethnographic village, located here, was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987.
Zalongo
Zalongo (Greek: Ζάλογγο) is a former municipality in the Preveza regional unit, Epirus, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Preveza, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 137.631 km2. Population 3,986 (2021). The seat of the municipality was in Kanali. Nearby is the 18th century Zalongo Monastery, immortalized by the defiant mass suicide of a group of Souliot women. The ruins of ancient Cassope are situated near the village Kamarina.

Cassope
Kassope or Cassope (Ancient Greek: Κασσώπη - Kassōpē, also Κασσωπία - Kassōpia and Κασσιόπη - Kassiopē) was an ancient Greek city in Epirus.

Kassope occupies a remote site on a high platform overlooking the sea, the Ambracian Gulf and the fertile lands to the south. The slopes of Mount Zalongo, where the Dance of Zalongo took place, are found to the north.

It is considered one of the best remaining examples of a city built on a rectilinear street grid of a Hippodamian plan in Greece.
The Best of Everclear
The Best of Everclear is a greatest hits album by American alternative rock band Everclear. It was released on October 17, 2006 by Capitol Records. Notable exclusions from the album include "I Will Buy You a New Life" and "Father of Mine."

Father of Mine
"Father of Mine" is a rock song by American rock band Everclear from their 1997 album So Much for the Afterglow. This song is autobiographical, as lead singer Art Alexakis's father left his family when he was a young boy. "Father of Mine" was the third top-five Modern Rock Tracks single from So Much for the Afterglow, peaking at number four. It also hit number 23 and 24 on the Adult Top 40 and Mainstream Top 40 charts, respectively. This song is also recorded in a radio mix, which can be heard on Ten Years Gone: The Best of Everclear 1994-2004.
WS51200
The WS51200 is an extremely large heavy goods vehicle built by Wanshan Special Vehicle in China, converted by the Democratic People's Republic of Korea into a single-use transporter erector launcher (TEL). The WS51200 is one of the largest in the WS family of transport trucks and TELs. The size of the WS51200 allows it to carry intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs).

Despite being made in China, North Korea remains the only military user of these vehicles.

Cummins
Cummins Inc. is an American multinational corporation that designs, manufactures, and distributes diesel engines, electric vehicle components, and power generation products. Cummins also services engines and related equipment, including fuel systems, air handling systems controls, filtration, emission control, electrical power generation systems, and engine control units.

Headquartered in Columbus, Indiana, Cummins sells in approximately 190 countries and territories through a network of more than 600 company-owned and independent distributors and approximately 7,200 dealers.
Sabrina De Leeuw
Sabrina De Leeuw (born 19 August 1974) is a retired Belgian high jumper.

She won the 1993 European Junior Championships, and the gold medal at the 1997 Jeux de la Francophonie, She also competed at the 1993 World Championships without reaching the final. She was given the Golden Spike Award in 1993.

She became Belgian champion in 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2004, 2006, 2007 and 2008. Her main domestic competitor was Natalja Jonckheere, before Tia Hellebaut took over the hegemony. De Leeuw also became French champion in 1998 and 2000. Her personal best jump is 1.9 metres (6 ft 3 in), achieved in August 1993 in Sheffield.

1993 World Championships in Athletics – Women's high jump
These are the official results of the Women's High Jump event at the 1993 IAAF World Championships in Stuttgart, Germany. There were a total number of 38 participating athletes, with two qualifying groups and the final held on Saturday August 21, 1993. The qualification mark was set at 1.93 metres.
Angels & Queens
Angels & Queens is the debut studio album by Compton, California soul trio Gabriels, released in two parts by Atlas Artists and Parlophone. The first part was released on September 30, 2022, and the second part was released July 7, 2023. The album was produced by the trio – vocalist Jacob Lusk and producers Ari Balouzian and Ryan Hope – and hip hop producer Sounwave, and was announced on September 7, 2022, along with the release of the title track as its lead single. The cover photograph was shot by Melodie McDaniel.

The first part was critically acclaimed and even considered a possible best album of the year by The Guardian's Alexis Petridis. It placed on numerous year-end lists, including 27th on The Guardian's.

Compton, California
Compton is a city located in the Gateway Cities region of southern Los Angeles County, California, United States, situated south of downtown Los Angeles. Compton is one of the oldest cities in the county, and on May 11, 1888, was the eighth city in Los Angeles County to incorporate. As of the 2020 census, the city had a total population of 95,740. It is known as the "Hub City" due to its geographic centrality in Los Angeles County, though it is actually near the southern end of the county. Neighborhoods in Compton include Sunny Cove, Leland, downtown Compton, and Richland Farms.
Bangolo
Bangolo is a town in western Ivory Coast. It is a sub-prefecture of and the seat of Bangolo Department in Guémon Region, Montagnes District. Bangolo is also a commune.

In 2021, the population of the sub-prefecture of Bangolo was 56,415.

Montagnes District
Montagnes District (French: District des Montagnes pronounced [mɔ̃.taɲ], "Mountains") is one of fourteen administrative districts of Ivory Coast. The district is located in the western part of the country, bordering Liberia and Guinea to the west, Woroba District to the north, Sassandra-Marahoué District to the east, and Bas-Sassandra District to the south. The capital of the district is Man.