hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Tatar language
Tatar (/ˈtɑːtər/ TAH-tər; Tatar: татар теле, romanized: tatar tele or татарча, romanized: tatarça) is a Turkic language spoken by the Tatars mainly located in modern Republic of Tatarstan, wider Volga-Ural region, as well as many other regions of Russia. Tatar belongs to the Kipchak branch of Turkic languages, the same branch as Bashkort, Kazakh, Nogai and Kyrgyz.

The two main dialects of Tatar are the Central Dialect (urta / qazan; most common), and the Western Dialect (könbatış / mişər). The literary Tatar language is based on the Central Dialect and on a local variant of Türki. Tatar should not be confused with Crimean Tatar or Siberian Tatar, which are different languages, although also part of the Kipchak language group.

Like other Turkic languages, Tatar was traditionally written in the Arabic script for most of its history. Since 1939, the alphabet has been Cyrillic, though a number of Latin-based versions have also been used over the years.

Voiceless alveolar affricate
A voiceless alveolar affricate is a type of affricate consonant pronounced with the tip or blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge (gum line) just behind the teeth. There are several types of median affricates with significant perceptual differences:

A voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate [t͡s] is the most common type, similar to the ts in English cats.

A voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate [t͡θ̠] – or [t͡θ͇], using the alveolar diacritic from the extIPA – is somewhat similar to the th in some pronunciations of English eighth. It is found as a regional realization of the sequence /tr/ in some Sicilian dialects of Standard Italian.

A voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant affricate [t͡s̺], also called apico-alveolar or grave, has a weak hushing sound reminiscent of retroflex affricates. One language in which it is found is Basque, where it contrasts with a more conventional non-retracted laminal alveolar affricate.

This article discusses the first two.
Mallian people
Mallian people (Ancient Greek: Μάλλοι) were a tribe from modern day central Punjab, with capital at today's Multan city, south of the confluence of the Jhelum (Hydaspes) and Ravi, (Hydraotes) rivers. They confronted Alexander the Great during his Mallian campaign in 326 BC. They are mentioned by ancient Greek historians during the campaign of Alexander.

Jhelum River
The Jhelum River is a major river in South Asia, flowing through India and Pakistan, and is the westernmost of the five major rivers of the Punjab region. It originates at Verinag in India-administered Jammu and Kashmir, flows into Pakistan-administered Azad Kashmir, and then flows through the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is a tributary of the Chenab River and has a total length of about 725 kilometres (450 mi).
Håvard Gibøen
Håvard Gibøen (2 March 1809 – 27 July 1873) was a  Norwegian fiddler and composer, born on the municipality of Møsstrond, in Telemark. The area is a part of Tinn today. Among his folk tunes are "Haavard Gibøens draum ved Oterholtsbrue"  and "Gibøens bruremarsj". These tunes formed the basis for two compositions by Edvard Grieg, included in his opus 72, Slåtter.

Tinn
Tinn is a municipality in Telemark county, Norway. It is located in the traditional districts of Aust-Telemark and Upper Telemark. The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Rjukan. Some of the villages in Tinn include Atrå, Austbygde, Hovin, and Miland.

The 2,045-square-kilometre (790 sq mi) municipality is the 34th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Tinn is the 172nd most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 5,546. The municipality's population density is 3 inhabitants per square kilometre (7.8/sq mi) and its population has decreased by 7.1% over the previous 10-year period.

The Krossobanen is the oldest aerial tramway in Northern Europe. It was built in 1928 as a gift from Norsk Hydro. The Hardangervidda National Park center is located at the lake Møsvatn, just east of Tinn.
Wittenbergplatz (Berlin U-Bahn)
Wittenbergplatz is a Berlin U-Bahn station on lines U1, U2, and U3. The station is located at the Wittenbergplatz square in Berlin's City West area, in the northwestern corner of the Schöneberg neighbourhood. It is the only U-Bahn station in the city with five adjacent tracks and three platforms. The station building, erected in 1911–1913 according to plans designed by Alfred Grenander, is listed as an architectural monument.

Schöneberg
Schöneberg (German: [ˈʃøːnəbɛʁk] ⓘ) is a locality of Berlin, Germany. Until Berlin's 2001 administrative reform it was a separate borough including the locality of Friedenau. Together with the former borough of Tempelhof it is now part of the new borough of Tempelhof-Schöneberg.
Amarnah, Jarabulus
Amarnah (Arabic: تل العمارة, romanized: Tal al-'Amārat; Turkish: Amerne) or Amarine (Arabic: عمارنة, romanized: Âmārenah), also referred to as Tal al-Amara, is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northern Syria. Situated on the northern Manbij Plain, bordering the Jarabulus Plain's wetlands towards river Euphrates, the village is located about halfway between Jarabulus and the lower course of Sajur River, and about 9 km (5.6 mi) south of the border to the Turkish province of Gaziantep. It is inhabited by Turkmen of the Barak tribe. According to British archaeologist David George Hogarth, who visited the region in the early 20th century, the village was founded by Turks.

With 1,050 inhabitants, as per the 2004 census, Amarnah administratively belongs to Nahiya Jarabulus within Jarabulus District. Nearby localities include al-Jamel 3 km (1.9 mi) to the north, and Ayn al-Bayda 3 km (1.9 mi) to the northeast.

Jarabulus Subdistrict
Jarabulus Subdistrict (Arabic: ناحية مركز جرابلس)  is a subdistrict of Jarabulus District in Aleppo Governorate of northern Syria. The administrative centre is the city of Jarabulus.

At the 2004 census, the subdistrict had a population of 41,575.
Agudath Israel
Agudath Israel can refer to any of several related organizations, including:

World Agudath Israel, an international movement

Agudath Israel of America, an American organization

Agudat Yisrael, an Israeli political party

World Agudath Israel
World Agudath Israel (Hebrew: אגודת ישראל), usually known as the Aguda, was established in the early twentieth century as the political arm of Ashkenazi Torah Judaism. It succeeded Agudath Shlomei Emunei Yisroel (Union of Faithful Jewry) in 1912. Its base of support was located in Eastern Europe before the Second World War but, due to the revival of the Hasidic movement, it included Orthodox Jews throughout Europe. Prior to World War II and the Holocaust, Agudath Israel operated a number of Jewish educational institutions throughout Europe. After the war, it has continued to operate such institutions in the United States as Agudath Israel of America, and in Israel. Agudath Israel is guided by its Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah (Council of Sages) in Israel and the US.
Czech koruna
The koruna, or crown (sign: Kč; code: CZK, Czech: koruna česká), has been the currency of the Czech Republic since 1993. The koruna is one of the European Union's seven currencies, and the Czech Republic is legally bound to adopt the euro in the future.

The official name in Czech is koruna česká (plural koruny české, though the zero-suffixed genitive plural form korun českých is used on banknotes and coins of value 5 Kč or higher). The ISO 4217 code is CZK and the local acronym is Kč, which is placed after the numeric value (e.g., "50 Kč") or sometimes before it (as is seen on the 10-koruna coin). One crown is made up of 100 hellers (abbreviated as "h", official name in Czech: singular: haléř, nominative plural: haléře, genitive plural: haléřů – used with numbers higher or equal to 5 – e.g. 3 haléře, 8 haléřů), but hellers have now been withdrawn from circulation, and the smallest unit of physical currency is 1 Kč.

Grammatical number
In linguistics, grammatical number is a feature of nouns, pronouns, adjectives and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions (such as "one", "two" or "three or more"). English and many other languages present number categories of singular or plural. Some languages also have a dual, trial and paucal number or other arrangements.

The word "number" is also used in linguistics to describe the distinction between certain grammatical aspects that indicate the number of times an event occurs, such as the semelfactive aspect, the iterative aspect, etc. For that use of the term, see "Grammatical aspect".
Albert Burton
Albert Burton (c. 1838 – unknown) was a sailor in the U.S. Navy during the American Civil War. He received the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Second Battle of Fort Fisher on January 15, 1865.

Second Battle of Fort Fisher
The Second Battle of Fort Fisher was a successful assault by the Union Army, Navy and Marine Corps against Fort Fisher, south of Wilmington, North Carolina, near the end of the American Civil War in January 1865. Sometimes referred to as the "Gibraltar of the South" and the last major coastal stronghold of the Confederacy, Fort Fisher had tremendous strategic value during the war, providing a port for blockade runners supplying the Army of Northern Virginia.
Ülo Vinter
Ülo Vinter (3 January 1924 in Tallinn – 2 July 2000 in Käsmu) was an Estonian composer.

In 1951, he graduated from Tallinn Music High School in music theory. Afterwards, he graduated from Tallinn State Conservatory in composition specialty.

From 1956 to 1969 he was the music editor at Estonian Radio and from 1969 to 1986 at Eesti Telefilm.

He has created music for several Estonian cult films, including Mehed ei nuta ('Men Don't Cry') (1968), A Young Retiree (1972) and Here We Are! (1979).

Since 1958 he was a member of Estonian Composers' Union.

A Young Retiree
A Young Retiree (Estonian: Noor pensionär) is a 1972 Soviet-era Estonian comedy film directed by Sulev Nõmmik and written by himself and Enn Vetemaa. Together with Viimne reliikvia, Siin me oleme! and Mehed ei nuta, Noor pensionär is one of the most influential Estonian movies from the Soviet occupation era.
Softball at the 2015 Pan American Games – Men's tournament
The men's softball tournament at the 2015 Pan American Games in Toronto, Canada, was held at the Pan Am Ball Park in Ajax, Ontario from July 12 to 18.

Men's softball returned to the Pan American Games sports program after last being competed in 2003.

For these Games, the men competed in a 6-team tournament. The teams were grouped into one single pool and all teams played each other in a round-robin preliminary round. The top four teams would advance to the semifinals.

Ajax, Ontario
Ajax (/ˈeɪdʒæks/; 2021 population: 126,666) is a waterfront town in Durham Region in Southern Ontario, Canada, located in the eastern part of the Greater Toronto Area.

The town is named for HMS Ajax, a Royal Navy cruiser that served in the Second World War. It is approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) east of Toronto on the shores of Lake Ontario and is bordered by the City of Pickering to the west and north, and the Town of Whitby to the east.
Mizo people in Tripura
The Mizo people in Tripura are an ethnic minority in the northeast Indian state. They have established settlements in areas like the Jampui Hills and integrated into Tripura's socio-cultural landscape.

Raja
Raja (/ˈrɑːdʒɑː/; from IAST rājan-) is a noble or royal Sanskrit title historically used by some Indian rulers and monarchs and highest-ranking nobles. The title was historically used in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia.

The title has a long history in South Asia and Southeast Asia, being attested from the Rigveda, where a rājan- is a ruler, see for example the daśarājñá yuddhá, the "Battle of Ten Kings".

The title has equivalent cognates in other Indo-European languages, notably the Latin Rex and the Celtic Rix.

The Maratha title "Rao" (or "Rao") functions as both a given name and an honorific title, derived from words like the Sanskrit "Rājā" meaning "king," is a associated with the Kshatriya varna and can be considered a Kshatriya title.
ISO 3166-2:ML
ISO 3166-2:ML is the entry for Mali in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1.

Currently for Mali, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for one district and ten regions. The district Bamako is the capital of the country and has special status equal to the regions.

Each code consists of two parts separated by a hyphen. The first part is ML, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Mali. The second part is either of the following:

three letters: district

1 or 2 digits (1–10): regions

The codes for the regions are assigned roughly from west to east.

Standardization
Standardization (American English) or standardisation (British English) is the process of implementing and developing technical standards based on the consensus of different parties that include firms, users, interest groups, standards organizations and governments. Standardization can help maximize compatibility, interoperability, safety, repeatability, efficiency, and quality. It can also facilitate a normalization of formerly custom processes.

In social sciences, including economics, the idea of standardization is close to the solution for a coordination problem, a situation in which all parties can realize mutual gains, but only by making mutually consistent decisions. Divergent national standards impose costs on consumers and can be a form of non-tariff trade barrier.
Luigi Barzini Sr.
Luigi Barzini Sr. (February 7, 1874 – September 6, 1947) in Orvieto, son of Ettore Barzini and Maria Bartoccini, was an Italian Senator and the most noted journalist and war correspondent of the second half of the Italian Belle Époque.

Orvieto
Orvieto (Italian: [orˈvjɛːto]) is a city and comune in the Province of Terni, southwestern Umbria, Italy, situated on the flat summit of a large butte of volcanic tuff. The city rises dramatically above the almost-vertical faces of tuff cliffs that are completed by defensive walls built of the same stone.
Marne-Land
Kirchspielslandgemeinde Marne-Land was an Amt ("collective municipality") in the district of Dithmarschen, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It was situated around Marne, which was the seat of the Amt, but not part of it. In January 2008, it was merged with the town Marne and the municipality Friedrichskoog to form the Amt Marne-Nordsee.

The Amt Kirchspielslandgemeinde Marne-Land consisted of the following municipalities (with population in 2005):

Diekhusen-Fahrstedt (734)

Helse (964)

Kaiser-Wilhelm-Koog (364)

Kronprinzenkoog (965)

Marnerdeich (341)

Neufeld (646)

Neufelderkoog (144)

Ramhusen (163)

Schmedeswurth (215)

Trennewurth (269)

Volsemenhusen (368)

53°57′N 9°00′E﻿ / ﻿53.950°N 9.000°E﻿ / 53.950; 9.000

Kaiser-Wilhelm-Koog
Kaiser-Wilhelm-Koog (German pronunciation: [kaɪzɐˈvɪlhɛlmˌkoːk], lit. 'Emperor William Koog') is a municipality situated along the North Sea coast in the district of Dithmarschen, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.

The municipality is located in and named after the Koog (polder), which was finished in 1874 and named in honour of German Emperor William I. The Koog is entirely reclaimed land and therefore a completely flat area and is 0 meters above sea level.
1988 Buenos Aires Grand Prix – Doubles
Tomás Carbonell and Sergio Casal were the defending champions, but did not participate this year.

Carlos Costa and Javier Sánchez won the title, defeating Eduardo Bengoechea and José Luis Clerc 6–3, 3–6, 6–3 in the final.

Carlos Costa (tennis)
Carles ("Carlos") Costa Masferrer (born 22 April 1968) is a former professional tennis player from Spain. Costa turned professional in 1988. He was among the game's leading clay court players in the early 1990s.

Costa was runner-up at the 1992 Italian Open, and reached the fourth round at that year's French Open and US Open. Additionally, Costa won the Barcelona Open, a tournament hosted by the tennis club where he grew up. In May 1992, he reached his career-high singles ranking of World No. 10. Costa retired in 1999.

In April 2006, he played in the 2006 Seniors Torneo Godó event in Barcelona, where he lost to Sergi Bruguera in the final.

Costa worked for IMG as an agent for most male Spanish tennis players (including Rafael Nadal). A few years later, Costa left IMG and created his own sports agency company with Rafael Nadal.

He is not related to his compatriot Albert Costa.
Park Towers (Houston)
Park Towers is a complex of two office buildings along the 610 Loop in Houston, Texas, United States. It consists of two 18 story office towers, Park Towers North and Park Towers South, which each have 272,621 square feet (25,327.3 m2) of rentable space, and one six story parking garage. The building, in proximity to Uptown Houston, is owned by Post Oak Partners LLP; TPMC Realty Corp. provides leasing and management services. Previously Cameron International Corporation maintained its international headquarters in Park Towers South.

American City Business Journals
American City Business Journals, Inc. (ACBJ) is an American newspaper publisher based in Charlotte, North Carolina. ACBJ publishes The Business Journals, which contains local business news for 44 markets in the United States with each market's edition named for that market, and also publishes Hemmings Motor News and Inside Lacrosse. The company is owned by Advance Publications and receives revenue from display advertising and classified advertising in its weekly newspaper and online advertising on its website and from a subscription business model.

The bizjournals.com website, using the overarching online title The Business Journal, contains local business news from various cities in the United States, along with an archive that contains more than 5 million business news articles published since 1996. As of August 2021, it receives over 3.6 million readers each week.
Wallflower (Peter Gabriel song)
"Wallflower" is a song by the English rock musician Peter Gabriel from his fourth eponymous studio album released in 1982. The song was released as a single in the Netherlands but did not chart. Some of the instrumentation from "Wallflower" was incorporated into "Under Lock and Key" and "At Night", which appeared on Gabriel's 1985 Birdy soundtrack album. He also performed the song with an orchestral arrangement for his 2011 New Blood album. Lyrically, "Wallflower" touches upon human rights issues, specifically the treatment of political prisoners.

Peter Gabriel (1980 album)
Peter Gabriel is the third solo studio album by the English rock musician Peter Gabriel, released on 30 May 1980 by Charisma Records. The album, produced by Steve Lillywhite, has been acclaimed as Gabriel's artistic breakthrough as a solo artist. AllMusic wrote that it established him as "one of rock's most ambitious, innovative musicians".

Building on the experimental sound of his previous self-titled studio album, it saw Gabriel embracing post-punk and new wave with an art rock sensibility. Gabriel also explored more overtly political material with the anti-war song "Games Without Frontiers" (which became a No. 4 hit and remains his joint highest-charting single in the UK) and the anti-apartheid protest song "Biko", which remembered the murdered activist Steve Biko.

The album is also often referred to as Melt, owing to its cover photograph by Hipgnosis. Some music streaming services refer to it as Peter Gabriel 3: Melt.
Cullera events
The Cullera events (Spanish: sucesos de Cullera), took  place on 19 September 1911, when the judge of Sueca, who had come to Cullera to repress a strike against the mobilization of workers for the war in Morocco, was killed by the crowd during the confrontations. Several people were arrested and 7 were condemned to death, based on confessions obtained under torture. As a result of the regional and international attention the cases of torture brought, the penalties were commuted to prison sentences.

According to the historians Pedro Oliver Olmo and Luis Gargallo Vaamonde, the events of Cullera brought to the foreground of the Spanish political scene the use of torture and showed that a great change had occurred in the attitude of the Spanish society, who now largely rejected the cruelty in the punishment of those who broke the law.

Kert campaign
The Kert campaign (Spanish: campaña del Kert) was a conflict in northern Morocco between Spain and insurgent Riffian harkas led by Mohammed Ameziane, who had called for a jihad against the Spanish occupation in the eastern Rif. It took place between 1911 and 1912.
1904 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles
Frank Riseley and Sydney Smith defeated George Caridia and Arthur Gore 6–3, 6–4, 6–3 in the All Comers' Final, but the reigning champions Laurence Doherty and Reginald Doherty defeated Riseley and Smith 6–1, 6–2, 6–4 in the challenge round to win the gentlemen's doubles tennis title at the 1904 Wimbledon Championships.

Reginald Doherty
Reginald "Reggie" or "R. F." Frank Doherty (14 October 1872 – 29 December 1910) was a British tennis player and the older brother of tennis player Laurence Doherty. He was known in the tennis world as "R.F." rather than "Reggie". He was a four-time Wimbledon singles champion and a triple Olympic Gold medalist in doubles and mixed doubles.
Body horror
Body horror, or biological horror, is a subgenre of horror fiction that intentionally showcases grotesque or psychologically disturbing violations of the human body or of another creature. These violations may manifest through aberrant sex, mutations, mutilation, zombification, gratuitous violence, disease, or unnatural movements of the body. Body horror was a description originally applied to an emerging subgenre of North American horror films, but has roots in early Gothic literature and has expanded to include other media.

The Fly (1958 film)
The Fly is a 1958 American science fiction horror film directed and produced by Kurt Neumann and distributed by 20th Century Fox. The screenplay by James Clavell is based on the 1957 short story of the same name by George Langelaan. The film stars David Hedison (in his first leading role), Patricia Owens, Vincent Price, and Herbert Marshall.

The film tells the story of a scientist who is transformed into a grotesque human–fly hybrid after a common house fly enters unseen into a molecular transporter with which he is experimenting, resulting in his atoms being combined with those of the insect. The film was released in CinemaScope by Fox, with color by Deluxe. It was released on July 16, 1958 as a double feature with Space Master X-7 (1958).

The first installment in The Fly film series, the film was followed by two sequels, Return of the Fly (1959) and Curse of the Fly (1965). A remake directed by David Cronenberg was released in 1986, itself followed by a 1989 sequel The Fly II.
2026 Premier Volleyball League All-Filipino Conference
The 2026 Premier Volleyball League All-Filipino Conference is the first conference of the 2026 Premier Volleyball League season and the tenth running of the All-Filipino Conference. The tournament began on January 31, 2026 and will end on April 28.

Ten teams are taking part in this tournament with two teams from the previous conference departing from the PVL. The Chery Tiggo Crossovers disbanded in December 2025 while the Petro Gazz Angels took a leave of absence in January 2026 after their merger with the Nxled Chameleons was disallowed by the league. Petro Gazz would have been the defending All-Filipino Conference champions entering this conference.

Philippine Standard Time
Philippine Standard Time (PST or PhST; Filipino: Pamantayang Oras ng Pilipinas), also known as Philippine Time (PHT), is the official name for the time zone used in the Philippines. The country only uses a single time zone, at an offset of UTC+08:00, but used daylight saving time for brief periods in November 1, 1936 until September 20, 1978.