hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Alexander the Great in Islamic tradition
Alexander the Great was a king of ancient Greece and Macedon who forged one of the largest empires in world history. Soon after his death, a body of legend began to accumulate about his life and exploits. With the Greek Alexander Romance and its translation into numerous languages including Armenian, Syriac, Arabic, Persian, Ethiopic, and more, an entire genre of literature was dedicated to the exploits of Alexander in both Christian and Muslim realms. Alexander was also the one most frequently identified with Dhu al-Qarnayn (Arabic: ذو القرنين; lit. "The Two-Horned One"), a figure that appears in Surah Al-Kahf in the Quran, the holy text of Islam, which greatly expanded the attention paid to him in the traditions of the Muslim world.

World history (field)
World history or global history as a field of historical study examines history from a global perspective. It emerged centuries ago; some leading practitioners have included Voltaire (1694–1778), Hegel (1770–1831), Karl Marx (1818–1883), Oswald Spengler (1880–1936), and Arnold J. Toynbee (1889–1975). The field became much more active (in terms of university teaching, textbooks, scholarly journals, and academic associations) in the late 20th century.

It is not to be confused with comparative history, which, like world history, deals with the history of multiple cultures and nations, but does not do so on a global scale. World historians use a thematic approach, with two major focal points: integration (how processes of world history have drawn people of the world together) and difference (how patterns of world history reveal the diversity of the human experience).
Santa Rosa Creek
Santa Rosa Creek is a 22-mile-long (35 km) stream in Sonoma County, California, which rises on Hood Mountain and discharges to the Laguna de Santa Rosa by way of the Santa Rosa Flood Control Channel.  This article covers both the creek and the channel.

Quercus agrifolia
Quercus agrifolia, the California live oak, or coast live oak, is an evergreen live oak native to the California Floristic Province. Live oaks are so-called because they keep living leaves on the tree all year, adding young leaves and shedding dead leaves simultaneously rather than dropping dead leaves en masse in the autumn like a true deciduous tree. Coast live oaks may be shrubby, depending on age and growing location, but is generally a medium-sized tree. It grows west of the Sierra Nevada mountain range from Mendocino County, California, south to northern Baja California in Mexico. It is classified in the red oak section of oaks (Quercus sect. Lobatae), subsection Agrifoliae.

This species is commonly sympatric with canyon live oak (Q. chrysolepis), and the two may be hard to distinguish because their spinose leaves are superficially similar.
Onceropyga anelia
Onceropyga anelia is a species of moth in the family Zygaenidae. It is found in Australia in eastern Queensland and the northern parts of eastern New South Wales.

The length of the forewings is 6–6.5 mm for males and 7 mm for females.

The larvae feed on Cissus antarctica.

Apocissus antarctica
Apocissus antarctica, formerly known as Cissus antarctica and commonly known as kangaroo vine or water vine, is a species of plant in the grape family Vitaceae. It is a climbing plant, native to and common on the east coast of Australia, often grown as a houseplant. It was first described in 1803.
Star Jalsha
Star Jalsha is an Indian Bengali language general entertainment pay television channel owned by JioStar, a joint venture between Viacom18 and Disney India. It primarily broadcasts family dramas, comedies, reality shows and films. It launched its own HD feed on 14 April 2016.

Viacom18
Viacom18 Media Private Limited was an Indian media conglomerate. It was a subsidiary of Reliance Industries with a minority stake owned by Bodhi Tree Systems. It owned television channels and a film production studio in India. Following the merger of its assets with Disney Star, it is the largest shareholder in the newly formed merged entity JioStar with a 46.82% stake.
Arhopala antharita
Arhopala antharita is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It was described by Henley Grose-Smith in 1894. It is found in New Guinea.

Seitz - A female of this species [Arhopala nobilis] the habitat of which is unknown and which has an entirely brown upper surface has been named antharita Sm.

Henley Grose-Smith
Henley Grose-Smith (1833–1911) was an English entomologist who specialised in Lepidoptera.

Grose-Smith described many new taxa of butterflies from his own collections and those of Walter Rothschild. His collections were sold to James John Joicey in 1910. Most of his type specimens are in the Natural History Museum London.
Indian Creek (Monroe County, Missouri)
Indian Creek is a stream in Monroe and 
Ralls counties in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is a tributary to the Salt River within Mark Twain Lake.

The origin of the name Indian Creek is unclear. The creek may have been so named on account of the red tinted water.

Mark Twain Lake
Mark Twain Lake is a reservoir located in Ralls and Monroe counties in Missouri, United States. It was created by the Clarence Cannon Dam (formerly called Joanna Dam) impounding the Salt River and is located about 20 miles (32 km) southwest of Hannibal. The lake was named for Missouri author Mark Twain and part of the area around it is Mark Twain State Park. The village of Florida, the birthplace of Mark Twain, is mostly surrounded by the lake.
Bolshoy Zelenchuk
The Bolshoy Zelenchuk (Russian: Большой Зеленчук, Abaza: Йынджьыгь-Ду, Adyghe: Инжыджышхуэ, Karachay-Balkar: Уллу Инджик, romanized: Ullu İncik, Nogai: Уьйкен Йилиншик, romanized: Üyken Yilinşik) is a river in the North Caucasus, Russia. It is a left tributary of the Kuban into which it flows at Nevinnomyssk. It is 158 kilometres (98 mi) long, and has a drainage basin of 2,730 square kilometres (1,050 sq mi). The river is where the Zelenchuk inscription was found, which is considered the most famous written inscription for the Alanic language.

Nogai language
Nogai (/noʊˈɡaɪ/ noh-GHY; Ногай тили, Nogay tili, Ногайша, Nogayşa) also known as Noğay, Noghay, Nogay, or Nogai Tatar, is a Turkic language spoken in Southeastern European Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey. It is the ancestral language of the Nogais. As a member of the Kipchak branch, it is closely related to Kazakh, Karakalpak and Crimean Tatar. In 2014, the first Nogai novel (Akşa Nenem) was published, written in the Latin alphabet.
Marstonia ogmorhaphe
Marstonia ogmorhaphe, common names the royal marstonia or royal springsnail, is a minute species of freshwater snail, an aquatic gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Hydrobiidae, the mud snails. This species is endemic to Tennessee in the United States, where it occurs in two streams in Marion County. It is a federally listed endangered species of the United States.

This snail was first described in 1977. It is under 5 millimeters long. It lives in the diatomaceous ooze and debris in springs. It is limited to the Sequatchie River Valley, where it lives in Blue Spring, the water supply for the town of Jasper, Tennessee, and the stream just past the spring. It also lives in Owen Spring, four miles away.

This species is threatened by the degradation of water quality in its habitat, which is caused by coal mining and other processes.

Jasper, Tennessee
Jasper is a town in and the county seat of Marion County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 3,612 at the 2020 census. The town was formed in 1820 from lands acquired from Betsy Pack, daughter of Cherokee Chief John Lowery. Jasper is part of the Chattanooga metropolitan area.
Damien Tussac
Damien Tussac (born 2 January 1988) is a rugby union player for Castres Olympique in the Top 14 and the German national rugby union team. He is a French citizen but qualifies to play for Germany because of a German grandmother.

Tussac made his debut for Germany against Georgia on 7 February 2009.

He played junior rugby for La Valette-du-Var, Stade Toulousain and SC Albi before joining RC Toulonnais in 2008. In the 2009–10 season, he has made appearances for the club in league and European Challenge Cup matches, but is still part of the club's under-21 team.

He signed a contract with Toulon in effect to December 2009.

Tussac made his debut for the senior team of RC Toulonnais in the 2010–11 season in a 43–12 win on 23 April 2011 against USA Perpignan. He also appeared once in the Heineken Cup, against the same team and in the same month, but then in an away defeat.

For the 2012–13 season he joined Leeds Carnegie, playing in the RFU Championship.

Champ Rugby
Champ Rugby (formerly the RFU Championship) is an English rugby union competition among fourteen clubs. It is the second level of men's English rugby and is played by both professional and semi-professional players. The competition has existed since 1987, when English clubs were first organised into leagues. Historically the competition provided automatic promotion to the top-flight PREM Rugby, but following a vote by the RFU Council on 27 February 2026, automatic promotion and relegation between the two tiers was abolished from the 2026–27 season. Champ Rugby remains a required pathway to the PREM under the new criteria-based expansion model, under which any club seeking admission to the PREM must first have played at least one season in the Champ.
Government of Delaware
The Government of Delaware encompasses the administrative structure of the US state of Delaware as established by its 1897 constitution. Analogously to the US federal government, it is composed of three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. The Governor is head of the executive, the General Assembly is the legislature, and the Supreme Court is the highest court. The state is also organized into counties, municipalities, school districts, and special districts.

Delaware Superior Court
The Delaware Superior Court, previously known as the Superior Court and Orphans' Court, is the state trial court of general jurisdiction in the state of Delaware. It has original jurisdiction over most criminal and civil cases (except for suits at equity, which are handled by the Delaware Court of Chancery).  It also serves as an intermediate appellate court, hearing appeals on the record from the Court of Common Pleas, Family Court, and most state administrative agencies. It is headed by Judge Jan R. Jurden.

The Superior Court includes a Complex Commercial Litigation Division (CCLD), which has been operating as a business court since 2010. The CCLD focuses on commercial disputes for money damages between businesses, complementing the Court of Chancery which focuses on internal business disputes.
2025–26 Ekstraliga (women's football)
The 2025–26 season of the Ekstraliga, also known as Orlen Ekstraliga for sponsorship reasons, is the 51th season of the top-tier women's football league in Poland.

GKS Katowice are the defending champions, having won their second title in the 2024–25 season.

The schedule for the first half of the 2025–26 season has been announced on 1 July 2025. 11 matchdays were played in 2025, with the first matchday scheduled for 9 and 10 August 2025.

GKS Katowice
GKS Katowice (Polish pronunciation: [ɡʲɛ ka ˈɛs katɔˈvitsɛ]; GKS stands for Górniczy Klub Sportowy, lit. 'Miners Sporting Club') is a Polish men's professional football club based in Katowice. They currently compete in the Ekstraklasa in the 2024–25 season after gaining promotion from the I liga in 2024.
Scottish cringe
The Scottish cringe is a cultural cringe relating to Scotland, and claimed to exist by politicians and commentators.

These cultural commentators claim that a sense of cultural inferiority is felt by many Scots, particularly in relation to the dominance of English culture within the culture of the United Kingdom, and consequently a sense of Scottish resentment and underachievement. The cringe is said to manifest as feelings of low self-worth and embarrassment felt by Scottish people in response to overt expressions of Scottish cultural identity and heritage such as the Lowland Scots and Scottish Gaelic languages, and the kilt (see also Tartanry).

Former First Minister of Scotland Jack McConnell suggested in 2004 that the "Scottish cringe" included opposition to free-market capitalism and alleged that the cringe meant people felt "enterprise was even something to be ashamed of or embarrassed by".

Resentment
Resentment (also called ranklement or bitterness) is a complex, multilayered emotion that has been described as a mixture of disappointment, disgust and anger. Other psychologists consider it a mood or as a secondary emotion (including cognitive elements) that can be elicited in the face of insult or injury.

Inherent in resentment is a perception of unfairness (i.e. from trivial to very serious), and a generalized defense against unfair situations (e.g. relationships or unfavourable circumstances).

The word originates from French "ressentir", re-, intensive prefix, and sentir "to feel"; from the Latin "sentire". The English word has become synonymous with anger, spite, and holding a grudge.
Fresh Records (US)
Fresh Records was a New York City-based independent record label that operated from 1985 to 1992. The label was a subsidiary of Sleeping Bag Records that sold hip hop music. The label's roster included EPMD, Nice & Smooth, Just-Ice and T La Rock; house-music pioneer Todd Terry; and electro artists Hanson & Davis and Chocolette.

Kurtis Mantronik, in addition to being the musician of the hip-hop duo Mantronix (signed to the parent label Sleeping Bag Records), did A&R for both labels.

EPMD rhymed about its record-signing experience with the label in the song "Please Listen to My Demo", from the 1989 album Unfinished Business ("Signed on the dotted line, now we Fresh Records members.").

Mantronix
Mantronix was an influential 1980s hip hop and electro funk music group from New York City. The band was formed by DJ Kurtis Mantronik (Kurtis el Khaleel) and rapper MC Tee (Touré Embden). The group is primarily remembered for its pioneering blend of old school hip hop, electronic, and club music. They underwent several genre and line-up changes during its seven-year existence between 1984 and 1991, and released five albums beginning with their 1985 debut The Album.
Sault Ste. Marie International Bridge
The Sault Ste. Marie International Bridge spans the St. Marys River between the United States and Canada connecting the twin cities of Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, and Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. The bridge is operated by the International Bridge Administration under the direction of the Sault Ste. Marie Bridge Authority, a bi-national governing body consisting of four directors appointed by the governor of Michigan and four appointed by the Canadian government-owned Federal Bridge Corporation.

Governor of Michigan
The governor of Michigan is the head of government of the U.S. state of Michigan. The current governor is Gretchen Whitmer, a member of the Democratic Party, who was inaugurated on January 1, 2019, as the state's 49th governor. She was re-elected to serve a second term in 2022. The governor is elected to a four-year term and is limited to two terms.
Human rights and encryption
Human rights and encryption refers to the ways in which digital encryption affects human rights. Encryption can be used as both a detriment and a boon to human rights; for example, encryption can be used to enforce digital rights management for video games. This kind of  video game licensing can render software unusable long term and represents the erosion of consumer rights. At the same time, encryption is fundamental part of internet security. Asymmetrical encryption is used extensively online for authentication, providing users confidence their internet traffic is not being misdirected. Encryption is also used to obfuscate information as it travels from end-to-end over the internet, preventing eavesdropping and tampering. Encryption can also provide anonymity, which is an important consideration for freedom of expression. Despite its drawbacks, encryption is essential for a free, open, and trustworthy internet.

Internet security
Internet security is a branch of computer security focused on the Internet. It includes browser security, web application security, and network security as it applies to other applications or operating systems as a whole. Its objective is to establish rules and measures to improve Internet safety and Internet privacy, including to protect against cyberattacks and cybercrime. The Internet is an inherently insecure channel for information exchange, with risk of intrusion and Internet fraud, including phishing, viruses, trojans, ransomware and worms.

Many countermeasures are used to combat Internet security threats and web threats, including encryption and ground-up engineering.
Nacrite
Nacrite Al2Si2O5(OH)4 is a clay mineral that is polymorphous (or polytypic) with kaolinite. It crystallizes in the monoclinic system. X-ray diffraction analysis is required for positive identification.

Nacrite was first described in 1807 for an occurrence in Saxony, Germany. The name is from nacre in reference to the dull luster of the surface of nacrite masses scattering light with slight iridescences resembling those of the mother of pearls secreted by oysters.

Hydroxide
Hydroxide is a diatomic anion with chemical formula OH−. It consists of an oxygen and hydrogen atom held together by a single covalent bond, and carries a negative electric charge. It is an important but usually minor constituent of water. It functions as a base, a ligand, a nucleophile, and a catalyst. The hydroxide ion forms salts, some of which dissociate in aqueous solution, liberating solvated hydroxide ions. Sodium hydroxide is a multi-million-ton per annum commodity chemical.
The corresponding electrically neutral compound HO• is the hydroxyl radical. The corresponding covalently bound group −OH of atoms is the hydroxy group.
Both the hydroxide ion and hydroxy group are nucleophiles and can act as catalysts in organic chemistry.

Many inorganic substances which bear the word hydroxide in their names are not ionic compounds of the hydroxide ion, but covalent compounds which contain hydroxy groups.
1994 SEC Championship Game
The 1994 SEC Championship Game was won by the Florida Gators 24–23 over the Alabama Crimson Tide.

After two years at Legion Field, the 1994 game was the first to be played in the Georgia Dome in Atlanta. The game was played on December 3, 1994, and was televised to a national audience on ABC.

1994 Florida Gators football team
The 1994 Florida Gators football team represented the University of Florida during the 1994 NCAA Division I-A football season. The season was Steve Spurrier's fifth as the head coach of the Florida Gators football team.  Spurrier's 1994 Florida Gators posted an overall record of 10–2–1 and a 6–1 record in the Southeastern Conference (SEC), placing first among the six SEC Eastern Division teams and winning the SEC championship.
Faculty of Informatics and Statistics, University of Economics in Prague
The Faculty of Informatics and Statistics (FIS VŠE) (Czech: Fakulta informatiky a statistiky Vysoké školy ekonomické, abbreviated FIS, F4), also known as the School of Informatics and Statistics, is the fourth of six faculties at Prague University of Economics and Business. The faculty was established in 1991, following the dissolution of the Faculty of Direction. Its academic focus is informatics, statistics, econometrics and other mathematical methods applied to business practice. The faculty has eight departments and several research laboratories, and hosts around 2,500 students across its programs.

Academic department
An academic department is a division of a university or school faculty devoted to a particular academic discipline. In the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries, universities tend to use the term faculty; faculties are typically further divided into schools or departments, but not always.
Radka Toneff
Ellen Radka Toneff (25 June 1952 – 21 October 1982) was a Norwegian jazz singer, daughter of the Bulgarian folk singer, pilot and radio technician Toni Toneff, she was born in Oslo and grew up in Lambertseter and Kolbotn. She is still considered one of Norway's greatest jazz singers.

Spellemannprisen
Spellemannprisen is a Norwegian music award ceremony presented by IFPI Norge and FONO. It was first awarded in 1973 for the recording year 1972, and has been awarded every year since. It is the most significant award that a group or artist can receive in Norwegian music. The award ceremony is organized by the Spellemann Committee, which is appointed by IFPI Norge and FONO.

The annual ceremony features performances by prominent artists. The awards are presented in a widely viewed broadcast ceremony. The awards are the Norwegian equivalent to the Grammy Awards for music, and it is one of the major awards in Norway along with the Gullruten for television, Amandaprisen for motion pictures, and Heddaprisen for stage performances.
Babbitt, North Bergen
Babbitt is a neighborhood in North Bergen Township in Hudson County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The area, located west of Tonnelle Avenue within the New Jersey Meadowlands District, is home to light manufacturing, warehouses, transportation facilities, and part of the wetlands preservation area known as the Eastern Brackish Marsh.

New Jersey Meadowlands
New Jersey Meadowlands, also known as the Hackensack Meadowlands after the main river flowing through it, is a general name for a large ecosystem of wetlands in northeastern New Jersey in the United States, a few miles west of New York City. Over the 20th century, much of the Meadowlands area was urbanized, and it became known for large landfills and decades of environmental abuse. A variety of projects began in the late 20th century to restore and conserve the remaining ecological resources in the Meadowlands.
Koçali, Adıyaman
Koçali (Kurdish: Qocelî) is a village in the Adıyaman District, Adıyaman Province, Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Reşwan tribe and had a population of 463 in 2021.

The hamlets of Güvenli, Kumuşderesi and Pamukderesi are attached to Koçali.

Adıyaman Province
Adıyaman Province is a province in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. The capital is Adıyaman. Its area is 7,337 km2, and its population is 635,169 (2022). The province is considered part of Turkish Kurdistan and has a Kurdish majority.

Adıyaman Province was part of the Malatya Province until 1954, when it was made into a province as a reward for voting for the winning Democratic Party in the 1954 general election.
Master Tracks
Master Tracks is a Canadian television series where an emerging band is given one day to record a song with acclaimed producers Moe Berg and Laurence Currie.  It was launched on aux.tv, a Canadian music website, and BiteTV, a digital cable channel, in March 2009.  The show aims to provide viewers with a behind-the-scenes look at how records are produced while profiling new and emerging artists.

Originally airing a preview of its first five episode on Bite TV, it now airs on Aux TV.  The channel was launched on October 1, 2009 exclusively on Rogers Cable, with plans to launch on other providers in the future.

A.Side TV
A.Side TV was a Canadian English language discretionary specialty channel owned by Blue Ant Media. Originally focusing on music and pop culture programming, the channel drifted towards generic true crime and paranormal programming before it wound down operations in mid-January 2023.