hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
What Is to Be Done? (Tolstoy book)
What Is to Be Done?, sometimes translated as What Then Must We Do? (Russian: Так что же нам делать?), is a non-fiction work by Leo Tolstoy in which he describes the social conditions of Russia in his day.

Tolstoy completed the book in 1886 and the first English language publication came in 1887 as What to Do?. A revised translation with the current title was published in 1899.

The English title was also used for two better-known works by Nikolai Chernyshevsky and Vladimir Lenin. Tolstoy's Russian title is similar, but not identical to Chernyshevsky's and Lenin's (Что делать?), both of them sharing the same Biblical reference (Luke 3:10–14).

Nikolay Chernyshevsky
Nikolay Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky (24 July [O.S. 12 July] 1828 – 29 October [O.S. 17 October] 1889) was a Russian literary and social critic, journalist, novelist, democrat, and socialist philosopher, often identified as a utopian socialist and leading theoretician of Russian nihilism and the Narodniks. He was the dominant intellectual figure of the 1860s revolutionary democratic movement in Russia, despite spending much of his later life in exile to Siberia, and was later highly praised by Karl Marx, Georgi Plekhanov, and Vladimir Lenin.
Thomas Shute House
Thomas Shute House is a property in Franklin, Tennessee, United States, that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.  The property has also been known as Creekside.  It dates from at c.1845.  When listed the property included three contributing buildings, and two contributing structures on an area of 4.8 acres (1.9 ha).  The property was covered in a 1988 study of Williamson County historical resources.  It is one of about thirty "significant brick and frame residences" surviving in Williamson County that were built during 1830 to 1860 and "were the center of large plantations " and display "some of the finest construction of the ante-bellum era."  It faces on the Franklin and Columbia Pike that ran south from Brentwood to Franklin to Columbia.

Williamson County, Tennessee
Williamson County is a county in the U.S. state of Tennessee. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 247,726. The county seat is Franklin, and the county is located in Middle Tennessee. The county is named after Hugh Williamson, a North Carolina politician who signed the U.S. Constitution. Williamson County is part of the Nashville-Davidson–Murfreesboro–Franklin, TN Metropolitan Statistical Area. In the 19th century, tobacco and hemp were cultivated here, and planters also raised warm-blooded livestock, including horses and cattle.

Williamson County is ranked as the wealthiest county in Tennessee, as well as among the wealthiest counties in the country.
Dragon Slayer (video game)
Dragon Slayer (ドラゴンスレイヤー, Doragon Sureiyā) is an action role-playing game developed by Nihon Falcom and designed by Yoshio Kiya. It was originally released in 1984 for the PC-8801, PC-9801, X1 and FM-7, and became a major success in Japan. It was followed by an MSX port published by Square in 1985 (making it one of the first titles to be published by Square), a Super Cassette Vision by Epoch in 1986 and a Game Boy port by the same company in 1990 under the name Dragon Slayer I (ドラゴンスレイヤーI, Doragon Sureiyā Wan). A version for PC-6001mkII was in development but was never released. A remake of Dragon Slayer is included in the Falcom Classics collection for the Sega Saturn.

Dragon Slayer began the Dragon Slayer series, a banner which encompasses a number of popular Falcom titles, such as Dragon Slayer II: Xanadu, Sorcerian, and Legacy of the Wizard. It also includes Dragon Slayer: The Legend of Heroes, which would later spawn over a dozen entries across multiple subseries.

Cassette Vision
The Cassette Vision is a second generation home video game console made by Epoch Co. and released in Japan on July 30, 1981. A redesigned model called the Cassette Vision Jr. was released afterwards.

The term cassette is a contemporary Japanese synonym for ROM cartridge, not to be confused with the magnetic cassette tape format. In terms of power, it is comparable to the Atari 2600. The Cassette Vision has unusual controls: four knobs built into the console itself, two for each player (one for horizontal, one for vertical), plus two buttons per player.

The system originally retailed for ¥13,500, with games priced at ¥4,000. The Cassette Vision sold around 400,000 units, and was the best selling video game console in Japan before Nintendo's Family Computer. It received a successor called the Super Cassette Vision.
Euphemia Vale Blake
Euphemia Vale Blake (née, Vale; pen names, E. Vale Smith and E. Vale Blake; 7 May 1817 – 21 October 1904) was a British-born American author and critic. She wrote extensively for the North American Review, the Christian Examiner, the Boston Evening Transcript, and other well-known publications. From 1857, she lived in Brooklyn, engaged in journalism. She was the author of Arctic Experiences; Teeth, Ether and Chloroform; History of Newburyport; A History of Tammany Hall, and Ocean Wonders (on sea life).

North American Review
The North American Review (NAR) was the first literary magazine in the United States. It was founded in Boston in 1815 by poet William Tudor with the assistance of journalist Nathan Hale and others. It was published continuously until 1940, after which it was inactive until revived at Cornell College in Iowa under Robert Dana in 1964. Since 1968, the University of Northern Iowa in Cedar Falls has been home to the publication. Nineteenth-century archives are freely available via Cornell University's Making of America.
Manthorpe
Manthorpe is the name of two places, both in the South Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England:

Manthorpe, Grantham

Manthorpe, Bourne

It is also an English language surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Charles Manthorpe (1836–1898), Congregationalist minister in Glenelg, South Australia

Manthorpe, Grantham
Manthorpe is a village in the civil parish of Belton and Manthorpe, in the South Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. It is on the northern edge of the town of Grantham and on the Grantham to Lincoln A607 road, between the East Coast Main Line and the River Witham.

The infamous unsolved murder of Julie Pacey occurred in the area in 1994. It is believed the unidentified killer may have also been local to the area.
XxxHolic (film)
xxxHolic (Japanese: ホリック xxxHOLiC, Hepburn: Horikku) is a 2022 Japanese supernatural dark fantasy drama film directed by Mika Ninagawa and written by Erika Yoshida based on a manga series with a same name by manga artist group CLAMP. Co-distributed by Shochiku and Asmik Ace, the film marks the first live-action film adaptation for the xxxHolic franchise, and the second film following xxxHolic: A Midsummer Night's Dream (2005). The film stars Ko Shibasaki as Yuko Ichihara and Ryūnosuke Kamiki as Kimihiro Watanuki, alongside Hokuto Matsumura and Tina Tamashiro. It was released in Japan on April 29, 2022.

Supernatural film
Supernatural film is a film genre that encompasses supernatural themes related to gods, goddesses, ghosts, apparitions, spirits, miracles, and other extraordinary phenomena. These themes are often blended with other film genres, such as comedy, science fiction, fantasy, and horror. Historically, the primary goal of supernatural films was not to terrify audiences but to offer entertainment, often in whimsical or romantic contexts.

The film genre is part of several hybrid genres, including supernatural comedy films, supernatural horror films, supernatural religious films, and supernatural thriller films.
Julie Emerson
Julie Cathryn Emerson (born 1988) is an politician from Carencro, Louisiana, United States. Emerson is a former Republican member of the Louisiana House of Representatives for District 39 in Lafayette and St. Landry parishes in South Louisiana, and was a candidate for the 2026 U.S. Senate election in Louisiana.

Louisiana House of Representatives
The Louisiana House of Representatives (French: Chambre des Représentants de Louisiane; Spanish: Cámara de Representantes de Luisiana) is the lower house in the Louisiana State Legislature, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Louisiana. This chamber is composed of 105 representatives, each of whom represents approximately 42,500 people (2000 figures). Members serve four-year terms with a term limit of three terms (twelve years). The House is one of the five state legislative lower houses that has a four-year term, as opposed to the near-universal two-year term.

The House convenes at the State Capitol in Baton Rouge.
Listed buildings in Carlton-on-Trent
Carlton-on-Trent is a civil parish in the Newark and Sherwood district of Nottinghamshire, England.  The parish contains 16 listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England.  Of these, two are at Grade II*, the middle of the three grades, and the others are at Grade II, the lowest grade.  The parish contains the village of Carlton-on-Trent and the surrounding area.  All the listed buildings are in the village, and consist of houses, cottages and associated structures, farmhouses and farm buildings, and a church.

Newark and Sherwood
Newark and Sherwood is a local government district in Nottinghamshire, England. It is the largest district by area in the county. The council is based in Newark-on-Trent, the area's largest town. The district also includes the towns of Southwell and Ollerton along with a large rural area containing many villages. Much of the district lies within the ancient Sherwood Forest and there are also extensive forestry plantations in the area.

The neighbouring districts are Rushcliffe, Gedling, Ashfield, Mansfield, Bassetlaw, West Lindsey, North Kesteven, South Kesteven and Melton. In 2021 it had a population of 123,383.
Tohru Uchida
Tohru Uchida ( 内田亨 , August 24 , 1897 – October 27, 1981) was a Japanese zoologist who specialised in Cnidaria and who taught zoology and taxonomy  at Hokkaido University, where in 1932 he became  the first full time professor of systematic taxonomy in the Department of Zoology (1932-1961).

He received his Doctor of Science from Tokyo University in 1923, for work on Stauromedusae and Cubomedusae, which was followed with further study in Germany for two years, studying under Frisch in Munich and Goldschmidt in Berlin-Dahlem, in their laboratories.

He worked to establish systematic taxonomy of animals and also studied sex changes in amphibians. His areas of interest were broad, and in addition to his specialty of invertebrates he also published on birds and mammals.

He also wrote essays and other works, and in 1953 won the first Japan Essayist Club Award for "The Woodpecker's Path". In 1961, he became president of the Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology.

Carybdeida
Carybdeida is an order of box jellyfish. It contains five families. They are distinguished from other box jellyfish by possessing unbranched muscular bases at the corners of the cubic umbrella. Most species have four tentacles.
1968 United States Senate elections
The 1968 United States Senate elections were elections for the United States Senate. Held on November 5, the 34 seats of Class 3 were contested in regular elections. They coincided with the presidential election of the same year. The Republicans picked up five net seats in the Senate. This saw Republicans win a Senate seat in Florida for the first time since Reconstruction.

Republicans would gain another seat after the election when Alaska Republican Ted Stevens was appointed to replace Democrat Bob Bartlett, reducing Democrats' majority to 57–43.

This is the earliest round of Senate elections in which a first-elected member is still alive (Bob Packwood, R-OR).

Fargo, North Dakota
Fargo is the most populous city in the U.S. state of North Dakota. The population was 125,990 at the 2020 census and estimated at 136,285 in 2024. Fargo and its twin city of Moorhead, Minnesota, form the core of the Fargo–Moorhead metropolitan area, which had a population of 248,591 in 2020. It is the county seat of Cass County.

Fargo was founded in 1871 on the Red River of the North floodplain. It is a cultural, retail, health care, educational, and industrial center for southeastern North Dakota and northwestern Minnesota. North Dakota State University is in the city.
Mostafa Faruk Mohammad
Mostafa Faruque Mohammad (21 March 1942 – 4 January 2017) was a Bangladesh Awami League politician and a member of Jatiya Sangsad representing the Jessore-2 constituency. He served as the Minister of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) during 2012–2014.

Information and Communication Technology Division
The Information and Communication Technology Division (Bengali: তথ্য ও যোগাযোগ প্রযুক্তি বিভাগ), abbreviated to ICT Division, is a Ministerial Division of the Ministry of Posts, Telecommunications and Information Technology of the executive branch of the Government of Bangladesh.
Queer studies
Queer studies, sexual diversity studies, or LGBTQ studies is the study of topics relating to sexual orientation and gender identity usually focusing on lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, gender dysphoric, asexual, aromantic, queer, questioning, and intersex people and cultures.

Originally centered on LGBT history and literary theory, the field has expanded to include the academic study of issues raised in archaeology, sociology, psychiatry, anthropology, the history of science, philosophy, psychology, sexology, political science, ethics, communication, and other fields by an examination of the identity, lives, history, and perception of being queer.

Queer studies is not the same as queer theory, which is an analytical viewpoint within queer studies (centered on literary studies and philosophy) that challenges the existence of "socially constructed" categories of sexual identity.

Literary theory
Literary theory is the systematic study of the nature of literature and of the methods for literary analysis. Since the 19th century, literary scholarship includes literary theory and considerations of intellectual history, moral philosophy, social philosophy, and interdisciplinary themes relevant to how people interpret meaning. In the humanities in modern academia, the latter style of literary scholarship is an offshoot of post-structuralism. Consequently, the word theory became an umbrella term for scholarly approaches to reading texts, some of which are informed by strands of semiotics, cultural studies, philosophy of language, and continental philosophy, often witnessed within Western canon along with some postmodernist theory.
Alice Nordin
Alice Nordin (4 May 1871 – 26 May 1948) was a Swedish sculptor.

After leaving the Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts, Nordin studied in Paris before traveling around Europe. Stories of her travels were published in Idun magazine.

In 1911, Nordin became the first female sculptor to have an exhibition at Konstnärshuset. In 1926, she received the Swedish Royal medal Litteris et Artibus. Her work was part of the sculpture event in the art competition at the 1932 Summer Olympics.

Litteris et Artibus
Litteris et Artibus is a Swedish royal medal established in 1853 by Charles XV of Sweden, who was then crown prince. It is awarded to people who have made important contributions to culture, especially music, dramatic art and literature.

The obverse side of the medal has the image of the current King while the reverse has the text "Litteris et Artibus" (Latin: Letters and Arts).
Ftireh
Ftireh (Arabic: فطيرة)  is a Syrian village located in Kafr Nabl Nahiyah in Maarrat al-Nu'man District, Idlib.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Ftireh had a population of 2715 in the 2004 census.

Maarat al-Numan District
Maarat al-Numan District (Arabic: مِنْطَقَة مَعَرَّةُ نُعْمَانِ, romanized: Manṭiqat Maʿarrat Nuʿmān) is a district of the Idlib Governorate in northwestern Syria. The administrative centre is the city of Maarat al-Numan. At the 2004 census, the district had a population of 371,829.
Goulburn railway station
Goulburn railway station is a heritage-listed railway station located on the Main Southern line, serving the Southern Tablelands city of Goulburn. Opened on 19 May 1869, it was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

Goulburn Station is operated by NSW TrainLink, and has several train and coach services to destinations including Canberra, Albury, Melbourne, Griffith, Moss Vale, Campbelltown and Sydney.

Canberra railway station
Canberra railway station is located in Kingston, a suburb of Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, serving the national capital. It is located on a branch of the Bombala railway line and is served by NSW TrainLink Southern services.
November Novices' Chase
The November Novices' Chase, currently known as the Paddy Power Arkle Challenge Trophy Trial Novices' Chase, is a Grade 2 National Hunt chase in Great Britain which is open to horses aged four years or older. It is run on the Old Course at Cheltenham over a distance of about 2 miles (1 mile 7 furlongs and 199 yards, or 3,199 metres), and during its running there are twelve fences to be jumped. The race is for novice chasers, and it is scheduled to take place each year in November.

The event was formerly known as the Coventry Novices' Chase, and for a period it was classed at Listed level. It was given the title of the November Novices' Chase and promoted to Grade 2 status in 1994. The race was sponsored by The Independent from 2000 to 2011 before the Racing Post took over sponsorship in 2012 and renamed it the Arkle Trophy Trial Novices' Chase. Paddy Power began sponsoring the race in 2022.

Paddy Power
Paddy Power is an Irish gambling company founded in 1988. Its product offering includes sports betting, online casino, online poker, and online bingo. Business operations are led from its headquarters in Dublin, alongside a satellite office in Malta. In February 2016, Paddy Power merged with Betfair to create Flutter Entertainment.
Square knot (mathematics)
In knot theory, the square knot is a composite knot obtained by taking the connected sum of a trefoil knot with its reflection.  It is closely related to the granny knot, which is also a connected sum of two trefoils.  Because the trefoil knot is the simplest nontrivial knot, the square knot and the granny knot are the simplest of all composite knots.

The square knot is the mathematical version of the common reef knot.

Trefoil knot
In knot theory, a branch of mathematics, the trefoil knot is the simplest example of a nontrivial knot. The trefoil can be obtained by joining the two loose ends of a common overhand knot, resulting in a knotted loop. As the simplest knot, the trefoil is fundamental to the study of mathematical knot theory.

The trefoil knot is named after the three-leaf clover (or trefoil) plant.
Tigo Energy
Tigo Energy is an American private corporation, headquartered in Los Gatos, California, United States. It provides products, technologies, software, and services to installers, distributors, and original equipment manufacturers within the photovoltaic industry. It specializes in module-level power optimizers and smart module power electronics.

The company was founded in 2007 by a team of experienced technologists. The Tigo team developed the first-generation Smart Module Optimizer technology for the solar industry. Tigo has operations in the United States, across Europe, Latin America, Japan, China, Australia and the Middle East.

Tigo Energy is not affiliated with Millicom International Cellular, also known as Tigo.

Millicom
Millicom International Cellular SA is a Luxembourgish fixed line and mobile telecommunications services provider operating in Latin America operating under the Tigo brand. Its main shareholder is Xavier Niel, a French billionaire who owns 40% of the company.

As of March 31, 2025, Millicom operating subsidiaries and joint ventures employed more than 14,000 people and provided mobile services to approximately 46 million customers, with a cable footprint of more than 14 million homes passed.
Sabrina Kitaka
Sabrina Bakeera Kitaka (née Sabrina Bakeera), commonly known as Sabrina Kitaka, is a Ugandan physician, pediatrician, pediatric infectious diseases specialist and academic, who serves as a senior lecturer in the Department of Pediatrics at Makerere University School of Medicine.

Makerere University School of Medicine
The Makerere University School of Medicine (MUSM) in Kampala, Uganda, also known as the Makerere University Medical School, is the school of medicine of Makerere University, Uganda's oldest and largest public university. The medical school has been part of Makerere University since 1924. The school provides medical education at diploma, undergraduate, and postgraduate levels.
Drona Parva
The Drona Parva (Sanskrit: द्रोण पर्व) ("Book of Drona") is the seventh of the eighteen parvas (books) of the Indian epic Mahabharata. Drona Parva traditionally has 8 parts and 204 chapters. The critical edition of Drona Parva has 8 parts and 173 chapters.

Drona Parva describes the appointment of Drona as the commander-in-chief of the Kaurava alliance on the 11th day of the Kurukshetra War, the next four days of battles, and his death on the 15th day of the 18-day war. The parva recites how the war became more brutal with each passing day; how agreed rules of a just war began to be ignored by both sides as loved ones on each side were slain; how the war extended into the night; and how millions of soldiers and major characters of the story—Abhimanyu, Jayadratha, Drona, Ghatotkacha—died during the war.

Kaurava
Kaurava is a Sanskrit term referring to descendant of Kuru, a legendary king of India who is the ancestor of many of the characters of the epic Mahabharata. Usually, the term is used for the 100 sons of King Dhritarashtra and his wife Gandhari. Duryodhana, Dushasana, Vikarna and Chitrasena are the most popular among the brothers. They also had a sister named  Dussala and a half-brother named Yuyutsu.
Tadanobu Usami
Tadanobu Usami (Japanese: 宇佐美忠信; 31 October 1925 – 10 November 2011) was a Japanese trade union leader.

Born in Tokyo, Usami was educated at the Takachiho College of Economics. In 1946, he began working at the Fuji Cotton Spinning Company.   Later in the year, he moved to work full-time for the new Japan Federation of Textile Workers' Unions.  He served on the union's Central Executive Committee from 1947, became Assistant General Secretary in 1955, General Secretary in 1961, and President in 1971.

In 1972, Usami additionally became vice president of the Japanese Confederation of Labour, serving as president from 1980.  The same year, he was elected as president of the ICFTU Asia and Pacific Regional Organisation.

Usami died of pneumonia in November 2011.

Takachiho University
Takachiho University (高千穂大学, Takachiho daigaku) is a private university in Suginami, Tokyo, Japan, established in 1950. The predecessor of the school was founded in 1903.

This university is called "Edo University of Commerce" in Gregory S. Poole's book The Japanese Professor: An Ethnography of a University Faculty (Sense Publishers, 2010. ISBN 978-94-6091-154-5).