hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
James R. Akerman
James Richard Akerman (born October 1956) is an American geographer and former director of the Newberry Library's Hermon Dunlap Smith Center for the History of Cartography. He is known for his work on the history of cartography.

Akerman obtained his B.A.in Sociology from Denison University in 1978, his M.A. in Geography from the University of Michigan in 1981 and his Ph.D. also in Geography from Pennsylvania State University in 1991.

In 1985 Akerman started at the Newberry Library as acting and assistant curator of maps. In 1988 he became Assistant
Director and in 1995 Acting Director of the Hermon Dunlap Smith Center for the History of Cartography. He also served as Curator of Maps from 2011 until his retirement in 2022.

Newberry Library
The Newberry Library is an independent research library specializing in the humanities, located in the Near North Side community area of Chicago, Illinois, United States. It has been free and open to the public since 1887.
Hitler Umanath
Hitler Umanath is a 1982 Indian Tamil-language drama film, directed by P. Madhavan. The film stars Sivaji Ganesan, K. R. Vijaya, Sathyaraj and Suruli Rajan. Based on Mahendran's play of the same name, it was released on 26 January 1982.

Suruli Rajan
Suruli Rajan (January 14, 1938 - December 5, 1980)  was as an Indian actor and comedian who worked primarily in Tamil cinema. Posthumously, he was awarded with the Best Comedian Award by the state Government of Tamil Nadu in 1981.
2014 Asian Games opening ceremony
The 2014 Asian Games opening ceremony was held on Friday, 19 September 2014 at the newly built Incheon Asiad Main Stadium. It began at 7:18 pm and ended at 10:20 pm Korea Standard Time (UTC+9). It was directed by two renowned Korean film directors: Im Kwon-taek who directed famous films such as Chunhyang (2000) and Sopyonje (1993) and Jang Jin who directed The Front Line (2011). Entertainer Kim Seong-ju and KBS emcee Yun Su-yeong were the hosts and thr voice overs of the ceremony. The music of the ceremony's artistic performance was performed by Incheon Philharmonic Orchestra.

Jang Dong-gun
Jang Dong-gun (born March 7, 1972) is a South Korean actor. He is best known for his leading roles in the films Friend (2001) and Taegukgi: The Brotherhood of War (2004). Jang is one of the highest-paid actors and celebrity endorsers in Korea, consistently topping surveys by industry insiders of most bankable stars.
Pista Gianni A. Agnelli
Pista Gianni A. Agnelli is the World Cup technical ski course on Monte Alpette mountain in Sestriere, Italy.

The course which was named after Giovanni Alberto Agnelli, an Italian businessman and member of the Agnelli family, an Italian industrial dynasty associated with Fiat S.p.A.; debuted in World Cup in 1990.

Both slalom and combined were held on this course at World Championships (1997) and Olympics (2006).

Sestriere
Sestriere (Italian pronunciation: [seˈstrjɛːre], Occitan: Sestrieras, Piedmontese: Ël Sestrier, French: Sestrières) is a ski resort in Piedmont, Italy, a comune (municipality) of the Metropolitan City of Turin. It is situated in Val Susa, 17 km (11 mi) from the French border. Its name derives from Latin: ad petram sistrariam, that is at sixty Roman miles from Turin.
John M. Hopkins Cabin
The John M. Hopkins Cabin, located in the Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge south of Folkston, Georgia, off GA 121/23 in Charlton County, Georgia, is a log cabin built in 1927.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

It is a 30 by 24 feet (9.1 m × 7.3 m) house built of end-notched heart pine logs, with a foundation of hexagonal heart pine blocks.  It has also been known as Quarters #12 - Guest Cabin.

Georgia State Route 23
State Route 23 (SR 23) is a 240.0-mile-long (386.2 km) state highway that travels south-to-north through portions of Charlton, Brantley, Wayne, Long, Tattnall, Candler, Emanuel, Jenkins, and Burke counties in the southeastern and east-central parts of the U.S. state of Georgia. The highway connects the Florida state line, south-southwest of Saint George with the southern part of the Augusta metropolitan area, via Folkston, Nahunta, Jesup, Ludowici, Glennville, Reidsville, Metter, Twin City, and Millen.

SR 23's original segment was from Statesboro to Millen. It was shifted westward and was incrementally extended in both directions to each of its current termini.
Iridoteuthis iris
Iridoteuthis iris is a species of bobtail squid native to the northern central Pacific Ocean; it occurs near the Hawaiian Islands off the southeast and northwest Hancock, Colahan, and Kammu seamounts. There exists a doubtful record from the Ceram Sea. Unlike most other bobtail squid, I. iris is pelagic and lives in the open ocean.

Females of this species grow to 28 mm in mantle length (ML), while males are not known to exceed 24 mm ML.

The type specimen was collected off the south coast of Molokai in Hawaii. It was originally deposited at the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C., but is no longer extant.

Closeup of tentacular club

Mantle (mollusc)
The mantle (also known by the Latin word pallium meaning mantle, robe or cloak, adjective pallial) is a significant part of the anatomy of molluscs: it is the dorsal body wall which covers the visceral mass and usually protrudes in the form of flaps well beyond the visceral mass itself.

In many species of molluscs the epidermis of the mantle secretes calcium carbonate and conchiolin, and creates a shell. In sea slugs there is a progressive loss of the shell and the mantle becomes the dorsal surface of the animal.

The words mantle and pallium both originally meant ‘cloak’ or ‘cape’; see mantle (vesture). This anatomical structure in molluscs often resembles a cloak because in many groups the edges of the mantle, usually referred to as the mantle margin, extend far beyond the main part of the body, forming flaps, double-layered structures which have been adapted for many different uses, including for example, the siphon.
Hyalinobatrachium pallidum
Hyalinobatrachium pallidum (common name: Guacharaquita glass frog, in Spanish ranita de cristal pálida) is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae. It is endemic to Venezuela. It is known from its type locality, Guacharaquita between La Grita and Páramo de La Negra in the Táchira state, and from a number of sites in the Sierra de Perijá, Zulia state. Its altitudinal range is 1,132–1,832 m (3,714–6,010 ft) asl. There is also an unconfirmed record from San Isidro in the Barinas state.

Serranía del Perijá
The Serranía del Perijá, Cordillera de Perijá or Sierra de Perijá [pe.ɾi.ˈxa] is a mountain range, an extension of the eastern Andean branch (Cordillera Oriental), in northern South America, between Colombia and Venezuela, ending farther north in the Guajira Desert, a distance of about 310 kilometres (190 mi). It separates the Maracaibo Basin from the Cesar-Ranchería Basin. Some of the area has been considered as a Flora and Fauna Sanctuary.
Wat Thung Setthi
Wat Thung Setthi (Thai: วัดทุ่งเศรษฐี), located at Ban Nong Hai (Phralub subdistrict) near Mueang District of Khon Kaen province,  is a relatively new Thai Buddhist temple near the Route 230 ring road. Wat Thung Setthi means Temple (of the) Millionaire's Field, implying that people who make merit here are, or will become, millionaires.

There is a temple of the same name in Bangkok and a ruined temple of that name in Sukhothai Province, located near the Ramnarong Gate outside the Si Satchanalai Historical Park.

Sukhothai province
Sukhothai (Thai: สุโขทัย, pronounced [sù.kʰǒː.tʰāj]) is one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces (changwat); it lies in lower northern Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Phrae, Uttaradit, Phitsanulok, Kamphaeng Phet, Tak, and Lampang. Sukhothai can be translated as 'dawn of happiness'.
Sassenburg-Stüde
Stüde is a village in the municipality of Sassenburg in Gifhorn district in the German state of Lower Saxony. In March 2005 it had 714 main residences and 339 secondary residences. It has an area of about 1,900 ha which consists mainly of woodland, including many clumps of pines on sandy soil. The Elbe Lateral Canal runs nearby. It is also home to the recreation area of the Bernsteinsee. Near the village is a glider airfield belonging to the Wolfsburg Aero-Club.

Village societies include the Sassenburg-Stüde Volunteer Firemen, the Stüde Marathon Club, the Wolfsburg Aero-Club, the shooting club and the Doppelzentner Brothers.

Glider (sailplane)
A glider or sailplane is a type of glider aircraft used in the leisure activity and sport of gliding (also called soaring). This unpowered aircraft can use naturally occurring currents of rising air in the atmosphere to gain altitude. Sailplanes are aerodynamically streamlined, so they can fly a significant distance forward for a small decrease in altitude.

In North America, the term 'sailplane' is also used to describe this type of aircraft. In other parts of the English-speaking world, the word 'glider' is more common.
Protein crop
Protein crops are crops that provide substantial protein, a large class of naturally occurring complex combinations of amino acids. Such crops, including various oilseeds and grains, are important in meeting the nutrient requirements of farm animals. EU Common Agricultural Policy designates certain protein crops as eligible for support, such as peas, field beans, and sweet lupins.

Vegetable oil
Vegetable oils, or vegetable fats, are oils extracted from seeds or from other parts of edible plants. Like animal fats, vegetable fats are mixtures of triglycerides. Soybean oil, canola oil, grapeseed oil, and cocoa butter are examples of seed oils, or fats from seeds. Olive oil, palm oil, and rice bran oil are examples of fats from other parts of plants. In common usage, vegetable oil may refer exclusively to vegetable fats which are liquid at room temperature. Vegetable oils are usually edible and are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Ofoto (scanner software)
Ofoto was an application program that automated the task of scanning images and cleaning up the resulting digital image. Created by Light Source Digital Images, it was first released in 1991 bundled with the Apple OneScanner.

The program garnered rave reviews for its high degree of automation; it automatically detected if it was a color image, greyscale or black and white, rotated the image if it was not perfectly aligned on the scanner, detected and corrected Moiré patterns, and performed basic color and contrast adjustments. It was followed by a color version 2.0 with Mac and Windows versions. Version 2.0 was widely bundled with scanners from a number of companies, notably Canon.

Development and sales were discontinued on 1 August 1996. The assets of Light Source were purchased by Xrite, and the trademark on Ofoto later expired. The name and some of the artwork were later used for the online photography site, Ofoto, later known as Kodak Gallery.

Canon Inc.
Canon Inc. (Japanese: キヤノン株式会社; Hepburn: Kyanon kabushiki gaisha) is a Japanese multinational corporation headquartered in Ōta, Tokyo, specializing in optical, imaging, and industrial products, such as lenses, cameras, police equipment , scanners, printers, and semiconductor manufacturing equipment.

Canon has a primary listing on the Tokyo Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the TOPIX Core 30 and Nikkei 225 indexes. It used to have a secondary listing on the New York Stock Exchange.
Marie C. Wilson
Marie C. Wilson is a feminist, author, political organizer and entrepreneur; founder and president emerita of the White House Project and the Ms. Foundation for Women; and creator of Take our Daughters to Work Day. She has written Closing the Leadership Gap: Why Women Can and Must Help Run the World and Getting Big: Reimagining the Women's Movement. She contributed the piece "Front Line: The Funding Struggle" to the 2003 anthology Sisterhood Is Forever: The Women's Anthology for a New Millennium, edited by Robin Morgan.

Sisterhood Is Forever
Sisterhood Is Forever: The Women's Anthology for a New Millennium is a 2003 anthology of feminist writings edited by Robin Morgan. It has more than fifty women contributing sixty original essays written specifically for it. It is the follow-up anthology to Sisterhood Is Global: The International Women's Movement Anthology (1984), which itself is the follow-up to Sisterhood Is Powerful: An Anthology of Writings from the Women's Liberation Movement (1970).
Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 155
Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 155 (P. Oxy. 155 or P. Oxy. I 155) is a letter, written in Greek and discovered in Oxyrhynchus. The manuscript was written on papyrus in the form of a sheet. The document was written in the 6th century. Currently it is housed in the Egyptian Museum (10020) in Cairo.

Oxyrhynchus
Oxyrhynchus (/ˌɒksɪˈrɪŋkəs/ OK-sih-RINK-əs; Ancient Greek: Ὀξύῤῥυγχος, romanized: Oxýrrhynkhos, lit. 'sharp-nosed', Koine Greek: [okˈsyr̥r̥yŋkʰos]; Ancient Egyptian: pr mꜥḏ; Coptic: ⲡⲉⲙϫⲉ or ⲡⲙ̅ϫⲏ, romanized: Pemdje), also known by its modern name Al-Bahnasa (Arabic: البهنسا, romanized: el-Bahnasa), is a city in Middle Egypt located about 160 km south-southwest of Cairo in Minya Governorate. It is also an important  archaeological site. Since the late 19th century, the area around Oxyrhynchus has been excavated almost continually, yielding an enormous collection of papyrus texts dating from the Ptolemaic Kingdom and Roman Egypt. They also include a few vellum manuscripts, and more recent Arabic manuscripts on paper (for example, the medieval P. Oxy. VI 1006).
Tasmanian Coast Conservation Fund
The Tasmanian Coast Conservation Fund is a non-profit charitable fund dedicated to providing funding for the preservation of national parks in Tasmania. The fund was established in 2007 by Pennicott Wilderness Journeys in partnership with WILDCARE Inc to support coastal reserve land management, marine mammal and seabird conservation.

The fund was founded on the idea that "the natural environment is held in trust by all people on Earth, it's our duty to pass it on unspoilt to future generations".

The fund supports projects that contribute to coastal land management, marine mammal and seabird conservation, community awareness and community participation in coastal conservation. Projects are selected by the WILDCARE Gift Fund committee and undertaken by Tasmania Parks and Wildlife Service. These projects are identified by submissions from community groups supported by the Wildlife Service, or from the Wildlife Service directly.

Future generations
Future generations are cohorts of hypothetical people not yet born. Future generations are contrasted with current and past generations and evoked in order to encourage thinking about intergenerational equity. The moral patienthood of future generations has been argued for extensively among philosophers, and is thought of as an important, neglected cause by the effective altruism community. The term is often used in describing the conservation or preservation of cultural heritage or natural heritage.

The sustainability and climate movements have adopted the concept as a tool for enshrining principles of long-term thinking into law. The concept is often connected to indigenous thinking as a principle for ecological action, such as the seven generation concept attributed to Iroquois tradition.
Muon (band)
Muon is a post-rock and electronica band from Singapore that originally began in 1999 as a solo project by founding member, Nick Chan. The band is influenced by genres such as IDM, ambient, trip hop and drum and bass, and artists such as DJ Shadow, Aphex Twin and The Cinematic Orchestra.

Nick released two albums on his own, 'The Death of Cinema' (2003) and 'In Flught' (2004) before recruiting drummer Edwin Leong in 2005. Muon's latest formation now comprises Nick together with Jordan Chia, Adam Shah and Ren Wong.

The band has performed extensively at gigs and festivals including venues Zouk and 3some in Bangkok, Baybeats Festival at The Esplanade, Enroute Festival, Dual City Sessions, PlusMinusTen, Syndicate Subsessions, Musicity Singapore and Fred Perry 60th Anniversary.

Muon recently released its critically acclaimed fourth studio album, 'The Shape of Shapes to Come' (2012) on its bandcamp.

Esplanade – Theatres on the Bay
Esplanade – Theatres on the Bay is a performing arts centre located in the Downtown Core of Singapore near the mouth of the Singapore River. Named after the nearby Esplanade Park, it consists of two rounded structures: one housing a concert hall with about 1,600 seats; and the other a theatre with a capacity of about 2,000 for the performing arts. It is nicknamed "The Durian".
Erkel (film)
Erkel is a 1952 Hungarian historical drama film directed by Márton Keleti and starring Sándor Pécsi, Éva Szörényi and Miklós Gábor. It is based on the life of the nineteenth century Hungarian composer Ferenc Erkel. It was shot at the Hunnia Studios in Budapest. The film's sets were designed by the art director Zoltán Fábri. It was screened at the 1952 Karlovy Vary International Film Festival.

Ferenc Erkel
Ferenc Erkel (Hungarian: Erkel Ferenc Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈɛrkɛl ˈfɛrɛnt͡s], German: Franz Erkel; November 7, 1810 – June 15, 1893) was a Hungarian composer, conductor and pianist. He was the father of Hungarian grand opera, written mainly on historical themes, which are still often performed in Hungary. He also composed the music of "Himnusz", the national anthem of Hungary, which was adopted in 1844. He died in Budapest.
History of the Madras Presidency
Madras Presidency (also known as Madras Province and known officially as Presidency of Fort St. George) was an administrative subdivision (presidency) of British India.  At its greatest extent, Madras Presidency included much of southern India, including the present-day Indian State of Tamil Nadu, the Malabar region of North Kerala, Lakshadweep Islands, the Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema regions of Andhra Pradesh, Undivided Koraput  and Ganjam districts of Orissa and the Bellary, Dakshina Kannada, and Udupi districts of Karnataka. The presidency had its capital at Madras (now known as Chennai).

Rayalaseema
Rayalaseema (IAST: Rāyalasīma) (Telugu: రాయలసీమ) is a geographic region in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It comprises four southern districts of the State, from prior to the districts reorganisation in 2022, namely Kurnool, Anantapur, Kadapa, and Chittoor. Four new districts were created from these, namely Sri Sathya Sai, Nandyal, Annamayya, and Tirupati. As of 2011 census of India, the western four districts (before the district realignment) of the region had a population of 15,184,908 and cover an area of 77,424 km2 (29,894 mi2).
2025 in climate change
This article documents notable events, research findings, scientific and technological advances, and human actions to measure, predict, mitigate, and adapt to the effects of global warming and climate change—during the year 2025.

Environmental Research Letters
Environmental Research Letters is a peer-reviewed, open-access, scientific journal covering research on all aspects of environmental science. It is published by IOP Publishing. The editor-in-chief is Radhika Khosla (University of Oxford, UK).
Advanced Aeromarine Carrera
The Carrera is a two-seat ultralight aircraft marketed for home building.  Designed by Advanced Aeromarine, it has also been marketed by Advanced Aviation and Arnet Pereyra Inc.  It is a high-wing taildragger aircraft of pusher configuration with side-by-side seating. It is of fabric-covered tubular construction.

The aircraft was later marketed by Keuthan Aircraft as the Sabre and developed into the two-place Sabre II.

Aero Adventure
Aero Adventure LLC (formerly Aero Adventure Aviation and before that Arnet Pereyra Inc.) is an American aircraft manufacturer based in DeLand, Florida.

In 1996, the firm acquired the assets and production rights of Keuthan Aircraft.
Shamardal
Shamardal (27 March 2002 – 16 April 2020) was an American-bred Thoroughbred racehorse who competed in the United Kingdom and in France. He was the 2004 European champion two-year-old and a double Classic winner aged three. He was also a successful sire.

Animal euthanasia
Animal euthanasia (euthanasia from Greek: εὐθανασία; "good death") is the act of killing an animal humanely, most commonly with injectable drugs. Reasons for euthanasia include terminal, incurable (and especially painful) conditions or diseases, lack of resources to continue supporting the animal, or laboratory test procedures. Euthanasia methods are designed to cause minimal pain and distress. Euthanasia is distinct from animal slaughter and pest control.

In domesticated animals, the discussion of animal euthanasia may be substituted with euphemisms, such as "put down" or "put to sleep" to make the wording less harsh.
Antonov Serial Production Plant
The Antonov Serial Production Plant (Ukrainian: Серійний завод «Антонов»), formerly AVIANT (Ukrainian: АВІАНТ), is an aircraft manufacturing company in Kyiv, Ukraine, the serial manufacturing division of the Antonov. “Antonov” serial production plant's office and industrial premises are located at the Sviatoshyn Airfield in Kyiv, between the districts of Nyvky, Sviatoshyn and Bilychi.

Bilychi
Bilychi (Ukrainian: Біличі, Polish: Bilicz) is a village (selo) in Sambir Raion, Lviv Oblast, of Western Ukraine. It belongs to Staryi Sambir urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.

The village is divided between Bilychi North (by the Bilychi River) and Bilychi South, below the brook, heading towards Jabłonka.

During the Interwar period, when the settlement was part of the Lwów Voivodeship of the Second Polish Republic.

Until 18 July 2020, Bilychi belonged to Staryi Sambir Raion. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Lviv Oblast to seven. The area of Staryi Sambir Raion was merged into Sambir Raion.
Thiosulfate—dithiol sulfurtransferase
In enzymology, a thiosulfate-dithiol sulfurtransferase (EC 2.8.1.5) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

thiosulfate + dithioerythritol  sulfite + 4,5-cis-dihydroxy-1,2-dithiacyclohexane (i.e. oxidized dithioerythritol) + sulfide

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are thiosulfate and dithioerythritol, whereas its 3 products are sulfite, 4,5-cis-dihydroxy-1,2-dithiacyclohexane, and sulfide.

This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically the sulfurtransferases, which transfer sulfur-containing groups.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is thiosulfate:dithioerythritol sulfurtransferase. Other names in common use include thiosulfate reductase, and TSR.  This enzyme participates in sulfur metabolism.

Sulfur metabolism
Sulfur is metabolized by all organisms, from bacteria and archaea to plants and animals. Sulfur can have an oxidation state from −2 to +6 and is reduced or oxidized by a diverse range of organisms. The element is present in proteins, sulfate esters of polysaccharides, steroids, phenols, and sulfur-containing coenzymes.
Ivan Riabchyi
Ivan Serhiiovych Riabchyi (Ukrainian: Іва́н Сергі́йович Рябчі́й, pronounced [iˈwɑn serˈɦijowɪtʃ rʲɐbˈtʃij]; born 9 August 1978) is a Ukrainian translator, journalist, publisher and cultural manager. He is one of the leading francophone translators in Ukraine who writes in Ukrainian, Russian and French.

Éric-Emmanuel Schmitt
Eric-Emmanuel Schmitt (French pronunciation: [eʁik emanɥɛl ʃmit]; born 28 March 1960) is a Franco-Belgian playwright, short story writer and novelist, as well as a film director. His plays have been staged in over fifty countries all over the world.