hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Vacuum polarization
In quantum field theory, and specifically quantum electrodynamics, vacuum polarization describes a process in which a background electromagnetic field produces virtual electron–positron pairs that change the distribution of charges and currents that generated the original electromagnetic field.  It is also sometimes referred to as the self-energy of the gauge boson (photon). It is analogous to the electric polarization of dielectric materials, but in vacuum without the need of a medium.

The effects of vacuum polarization have been routinely observed experimentally since then as very well-understood background effects. Vacuum polarization, referred to below as the one loop contribution, occurs with leptons (electron–positron pairs) or quarks.

Gauge boson
In particle physics, a gauge boson is a bosonic elementary particle that acts as the force carrier for elementary fermions. Elementary particles whose interactions are described by a gauge theory interact with each other by the exchange of gauge bosons, usually as virtual particles.

Photons, W and Z bosons, and gluons are gauge bosons. All known gauge bosons have a spin of 1 and therefore are vector bosons. For comparison, the Higgs boson has spin zero and the hypothetical graviton has a spin of 2.

Gauge bosons are different from the other kinds of bosons: first, fundamental scalar bosons (the Higgs boson); second, mesons, which are composite bosons, made of quarks; third, larger composite, non-force-carrying bosons, such as certain atoms.
T-34 variants
The T-34 medium tank is one of the most-produced and longest-lived tanks of all time.

Identification of T-34 variants can be complicated. Turret castings, superficial details, and equipment differed between factories; new features were added in the middle of production runs, or retrofitted to older tanks; damaged tanks were rebuilt, sometimes with the addition of newer-model equipment and even new turrets. Some tanks had appliqué armor made of scrap steel of varying thickness welded onto the hull and turret; these tanks are called s ekranami ("with screens"), although this was never an official designation for any T-34 variant.

122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30)
The 122-mm howitzer D-30 (GRAU index 2A18) is a Soviet howitzer that first entered service in 1960. It is a robust piece that focuses on the essential features of a towed field gun suitable for all conditions. The D-30 has a maximum range of 15.3 km (9.5 mi) or 21.9 km (13.6 mi) using rocket-assisted projectile ammunition.

With its three-leg mounting, the D-30 can be rapidly traversed through 360 degrees. Although no longer manufactured in the countries of the former Soviet Union, the D-30 is still manufactured internationally and is in service in more than 60 countries' armed forces.

The barrel assembly of the 2A18 gun is used in the 2S1 Gvozdika self-propelled howitzer. There are also Egyptian, Chinese, Serbian, and Syrian self-propelled variants and conversions. The Syrian conversion utilizes the hull of the T-34 tank.
Karekare
Karekare could refer to:

Karekare, New Zealand, a coastal settlement nestled in Auckland's Waitākere Ranges

Karekare language, a language of Nigeria

Kare-kare, a Filipino oxtail stew with thick peanut sauce

Karai-karai
Karai-karai (Francophonic spelling: Karekare, Kerrikerri, Ajami: كاراي-كاراي) is a language spoken in West Africa, most prominently North eastern Nigeria. The number of speakers of Karai-karai is estimated between 1,500,000 and 1,800,000 million, primarily spoken by the ethnic Karai-Karai people. It is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken principally in Nigeria with communities in Bauchi State, Yobe State, Gombe State and other parts of Nigeria. Many Karai-karai words share a common origin with the Northwest Semitic languages of Hebrew and Arabic. The Karai-karai language is most closely related to the Ngamo and Bole languages (spoken in north eastern Nigeria) which are both considered derivatives of the Karai-karai language.
Al-Rashad Union
The Al-Rashad Union (Arabic: الاتحاد الرشاد) is the first Salafi political party founded in Yemen. Established in March 2012, it was officially recognized by the National Unity Government on 24 July 2012 under the patronage of the Gulf Cooperation Council and in the framework of the agreement between President Ali Abdullah Saleh and the opposition.

The party aims to express a conservative Islamic voice in the country and seeks the establishment of the Shariah. Al-Rashad is also committed to democracy and to the protection of the Yemeni citizens’ rights.

Currently, Abd al-Wahhab al-Ḥumayqani is the party's secretary general, and Muhammad Musa al-Amri is its president.

National unity government
A national unity government, government of national unity (GNU), or national union government is a broad coalition government consisting of all parties (or all major parties) in the legislature, usually formed during a time of war or other national emergency. A unity government according to the principles of consensus democracy lacks opposition, or opposition parties are too small and negligible.
Shirley Driscoll
Shirley Driscoll (born 25 October 1935) is an English former cricketer who played as a right-handed batter. She appeared in seven Test matches for England between 1957 and 1963. She played domestic cricket for Surrey for a decade.

Women's Test cricket
Women's Test cricket is the longest format of women's cricket and is the female equivalent to men's Test cricket. Matches comprise four-innings and are held over a maximum of four days between two of the leading cricketing nations. The rules governing the format differ little from those for the men's game, with differences generally being technicalities surrounding umpiring and field size.

The first women's Test match was played by England women and Australia women in December 1934, a three-day contest held in Brisbane which England won by nine wickets. A total of 149 Women's Test matches have been played. Far fewer matches are played each year in favour of Women's One Day Internationals and Women's Twenty20 Internationals, with the international calendar revolving around the shorter formats of the game.
Ivan Havránek
Ivan Havránek (born 10 March 1964) is a former ice dancer who competed for Czechoslovakia. With Viera Řeháková (Mináríková), he placed ninth at the 1988 European Championships and 15th at the 1988 Winter Olympics.

His mother, Milada Havránková, was a figure skating coach in Karviná.

Karviná
Karviná (Czech pronunciation: [ˈkarvɪnaː] ⓘ; Polish: Karwina, German: Karwin) is a city in the Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 49,000 inhabitants. It lies on the Olza River in the historical region of Cieszyn Silesia.

Karviná is known as an industrial city with tradition in coal mining. The historic centre in Karviná-Fryštát is well preserved and is protected as an urban monument zone.
Eliza Roszkowska Öberg
Eliza Roszkowska Öberg (born 3 February 1978) is a Polish-Swedish political figure who, in 2008, was elected to Sweden's Parliament, the Riksdag.

A native of Warsaw, Eliza Roszkowska Öberg received her Master's degree in computer science and economics at the Polish capital's university in 2002, at the age of 24. Later that year, she relocated to Stockholm, where she served as an information technology consultant.  Within two years, as a member of the Moderate Party, she ran for the Österåker municipal assembly in Stockholm County, with the county seat in the city of Åkersberga, where she resides. She is Member of the Swedish Parliament since 2006 and has currently seat 85 in the Riksdag, representing the constituency in her region of Stockholm County. Eliza Roszkowska Öberg works in the Transport and Communications Committee.

Stockholm County
Stockholm County (Swedish: Stockholms län [ˈstɔ̂kː(h)ɔlms ˈlɛːn]) is a county (Swedish: län) on the Baltic Sea coast of Sweden. It borders Uppsala County and Södermanland County. It also borders Mälaren and the Baltic Sea. The city of Stockholm is the capital of Sweden. Stockholm County is divided by the historic provinces of Uppland (Roslagen) and Södermanland (Södertörn). More than one fifth of the Swedish population lives in the county. Stockholm County is also one of the statistical riksområden (national areas) according to NUTS:SE, Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics within the EU. With more than two million inhabitants, Stockholm is the most densely populated county of Sweden.
ACS Minerul Uricani
Asociația Club Sportiv Minerul Uricani, commonly known as Minerul Uricani, is a Romanian football club based in Uricani, Hunedoara County and currently playing in the Liga IV – Hunedoara County, the fourth tier of the Romanian football league system.

2010–11 Liga IV
The 2010–11 Liga IV was the fourth level of the Romanian football league system. It was disputed in each of the 41 counties of Romania and in the municipality of Bucharest. The winner of each series has to play a promotion play-off against a neighbouring county to gain promotion to Liga III.
Ashgrove Loch
Ashgrove Loch, also known as Stevenston Loch, is a mesotrophic lochan (small loch) in North Ayrshire, Scotland, approximately 2 km northeast of the town of Stevenston.

Due to artificial drains, known as cunnels, approximately 90% of the lochan's surface is covered by floating vegetation and is classed as a fen. The lochan sustains rich plant life, including two rare species, Lysimachia thyrsiflora and Cicuta virosa.

Many bird species also use the lochan, including the grasshopper and sedge warblers.

Ashgrove Loch sits on a bed of Carboniferous limestone and thus has a high mineral content.

The lochan's primary outflow, Loch Canal, is an artificial burn regulated by a sluice at Lochend, having previously powered a watermill there.

Sedge warbler
The sedge warbler (Acrocephalus schoenobaenus) is an Old World warbler in the genus Acrocephalus. It is a medium-sized warbler with a brown, streaked back and wings and a distinct pale supercilium. Sedge warblers are migratory, crossing the Sahara to get from their European and Asian breeding grounds to spend winter in Africa. The male's song is composed of random chattering phrases and can include mimicry of other species. The sedge warbler is mostly insectivorous.
Ron Reagan
Ronald Prescott Reagan (born May 20, 1958) is an American political commentator and broadcaster. He is a former radio host and political analyst for KIRO and Air America Radio, with which he hosted his own daily three-hour show. He has also been a contributor to MS NOW.

His progressive views contrast with those of his conservative father, President Ronald Reagan. He has been an outspoken critic of the modern-day Republican Party and has said his father would be "ashamed" over the influence of Donald Trump in the Republican Party.

Freedom from Religion Foundation
The Freedom from Religion Foundation (FFRF) is an American nonprofit organization that advocates for atheists, agnostics, and nontheists.

Formed in 1976, FFRF promotes the separation of church and state, and challenges the legitimacy of federal and state government support for faith-based programs, such as chaplaincy services. It supports groups such as nonreligious students and clergy who want to leave their faith.
Fujimoto–Belleau reaction
The Fujimoto–Belleau reaction is a chemical reaction that forms cyclic α-substituted α,β-unsaturated ketones from enol lactones. The reaction was discovered in 1951 by George I. Fujimoto and Bernard Belleau. Belleau used this reaction to synthesize 1-methyl-3-keto-1,2,3,9,10,10a-hexahydrophenanthrene from a ketoacid starting material and Fujimoto demonstrated that steroids could be synthesized from naturally occurring lactone species using this method as well.

The reaction starts with opening the ring by the attack of the Grignard reagent, forming an enolate. A proton transfer occurs, forming another enolate via deprotonation of the carbon atom attached to the R group. Using the enolate, an aldol condensation then occurs with aqueous or acidic workup—i.e., aldol addition followed by an E1cB elimination of hydroxide occurs.

Ketone
In organic chemistry, a ketone /ˈkiːtoʊn/ is an organic compound with the structure R−C(=O)−R', where R and R' can be a variety of carbon-containing substituents. Ketones contain a carbonyl group −C(=O)− (a carbon-oxygen double bond C=O). A ketone derived from an alkane is an alkanone. The simplest ketone is acetone (where R and R' are methyl), with the formula (CH3)2CO. Many ketones are of great importance in biology and industry. Examples include many sugars (ketoses), many steroids, e.g., testosterone, and the solvent acetone.
1975 NCAA Indoor Track and Field Championships
The 1975 NCAA Indoor Track and Field Championships were contested March 15, 1975 at Cobo Arena in Detroit, Michigan at the 11th annual NCAA-sanctioned track meet to determine the individual and team national champions of men's collegiate indoor track and field events in the United States.

UTEP again topped the team standings, the Miners' second consecutive and second overall indoor team title.

Huntington Place
Huntington Place (formerly known as Cobo Hall, Cobo Center, and briefly TCF Center) is a convention center in Downtown Detroit, owned by the Detroit Regional Convention Facility Authority (DRCFA) and operated by Legends Global. Located at 1 Washington Boulevard, the facility was originally named after former Mayor of Detroit Albert Cobo.

The largest annual event held at Huntington Place is the North American International Auto Show (NAIAS), which has been held at the center since 1965.
Fernand Lindsay
Father Fernand Lindsay, CM, CQ (often known simply as Father Lindsay, French: Père Lindsay) (May 11, 1929 – March 17, 2009) was a Canadian churchman, educator, organist and festival director. He founded the Lanaudière International Music Festival a major classical music festival, and was awarded the Order of Canada and National Order of Quebec, as well as the Calixa-Lavallée and Lescarbot Awards.

Calixa-Lavallée Award
The Calixa-Lavallée Award (French: Prix Calixa-Lavallée) is a music award created in 1959. It is granted by the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society of Montreal (SSJBM) to a Quebecer having distinguished themself in the field of music. It was named after musician Calixa Lavallée, composer of the Canadian national anthem, "O Canada".
2007 New South Wales state election campaign
An election campaign was held ahead of a general election for the 54th Parliament of New South Wales on Saturday, 24 March 2007. The result—a win for the social-democratic Labor Party and its new leader Morris Iemma—was widely perceived as a foregone conclusion, with opposition leader Peter Debnam conceding as much the week before the poll.

Though water and infrastructure emerged as key issues in the campaign, much of the parties' advertising focussed on the negatives: Debnam's business record and Labor's record in office. The media concluded that the choice facing voters was in finding the lesser of two evils: the three major newspapers sold in New South Wales endorsed Debnam, though not without criticising his ineptitude on the campaign trail.

Morris Iemma
Morris Iemma (/ˈjɛmə/; born 21 July 1961) is an Australian former politician who was the 40th Premier of New South Wales, serving from 3 August 2005 to 5 September 2008.

From Sydney, Iemma attended the University of Sydney and the University of Technology, Sydney. A member of the Labor Party, he was first elected to the Parliament of New South Wales at the 1991 state election, having previously worked as a trade union official. From 1999, Iemma was a minister in the third and fourth ministries led by Bob Carr. He replaced Carr as premier and Leader of the New South Wales Labor Party in 2005, following Carr's resignation. Iemma led Labor to victory at the 2007 state election, albeit with a slightly reduced majority. He resigned as premier in 2008, after losing the support of caucus, and left parliament shortly after, triggering a by-election. He was replaced as premier by Nathan Rees.
Yakyūken
Yakyūken (野球拳, lit. 'baseball fist') is a Japanese game based on rock–paper–scissors.  Three players compete.  The host cries out "Play ball". The contestants dance to music played on the shamisen and taiko.  The host chants "Runner ni nattara essassa." ("Hope the batter gets to run").  The crowd cries out "Out!  Safe!  Yoyonoyoi", as the three contestants show a fist, and then "Jankenpon" as they reveal the gesture they chose.  Once the winner is clear, the crowd cries out "Hebo noke Hebo noke. Okawari koi" ("Losers leave, and newcomers come").  If there is a tie that needs breaking, the players shout "Aiko de bon!" ("Tie, so again!").  By the late 1950s, it became common for the loser to have to remove an item of clothing.

Yakyūken gets its name from a Shikoku chant which is still a local performance art today.  It is quite common to see yakyūken on Japanese television variety shows especially at New Years.

Shikoku
Shikoku (四国, Shikoku; pronounced [ɕi̥ꜜ.ko.kɯ, ɕi̥.koꜜ.kɯ] ⓘ, lit. 'four provinces') is the smallest of the four main islands of Japan. It is 225 kilometres (140 miles) long and between 50 and 150 kilometres (30 and 95 miles) wide. It has a population of 3.8 million, the least populated of Japan's four main islands. It is south of Honshu and northeast of Kyushu. Shikoku's ancient names include Iyo-no-futana-shima (伊予之二名島), Iyo-shima (伊予島), and Futana-shima (二名島), and its current name refers to the four former provinces that make up the island: Awa, Tosa, Sanuki, and Iyo.
Brian Wright (rugby league)
Brian Wright is an Australian former rugby league footballer who played for South Sydney and Eastern Suburbs in the New South Wales Rugby League premiership competition.

Wright began his New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL) career with South Sydney in 1957 making 15 first grade appearances with that club. In 1960 the forward joined Eastern Suburbs, playing 29 matches in his two years at that club.

Wright was a member of the Easts side that went down to St George in the 1960 Grand Final. He is one of only a handful of players to be sent off in a Grand Final after Wright and St George's forward, Kevin Ryan, were dismissed for fighting midway through the second half of the match.

Grand final
Primarily in Australian sports, a grand final is a game that decides a sports league's premiership (or championship) winning team, i.e. the conclusive game of a finals (or play-off) series. Synonymous with a championship game in North American sports, grand finals have become a significant part of Australian culture.  The earliest leagues to feature a grand final were in Australian rules football, followed soon after by rugby league. Currently the largest grand finals are in the Australian Football League (AFL) and National Rugby League (NRL). Their popularity influenced other competitions such as soccer's  A-League Men and A-League Women, the National Basketball League, Super Netball and European rugby league's Super League to adopt grand finals as well. Most grand finals involve a prestigious award for the player voted best on field.
Marcel Parent (politician)
Marcel Parent (April 6, 1932 – August 22, 2024) was a Canadian politician in Montreal, Quebec. He was chair of the Montreal Catholic School Commission (MCSC) from 1983 to 1984, a Liberal member of the National Assembly of Quebec from 1984 to 1998, and a member of the Montreal city council from 2001 to 2009. Parent died in Montreal on August 22, 2024, at the age of 92.

Montreal City Council
The Montreal City Council (French: Conseil municipal de Montréal) is the governing body in the mayor–council government in the city of Montreal, Quebec. The head of the city government in Montreal is the mayor, who is first among equals in the city council. The council is a democratically elected institution and is the final decision-making authority in the city, although much power is centralized in the executive committee. The council consists of 65 members from all boroughs of the city. The council has jurisdiction over many matters, including public security, agreements with other governments, subsidy programs, the environment, urban planning, and a three-year capital expenditure program. The city council is also required to supervise, standardize or approve certain decisions made by the borough councils.
Ken Jones (Australian footballer)
Ken Jones (born 26 April 1934) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Fitzroy in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

Jones was recruited from Heidelberg, in the Diamond Valley Football League (DVFL). In both 1958 and 1960, he appeared in all 19 games, including a semi final.

A defender, he returned to the DVFL after leaving Fitzroy and twice won the league's best and fairest award. His first win was in 1962, at Montmorency. He was joint winner with Graham Campbell in 1966, this time playing for Diamond Creek.

Northern Football Netball League
The Northern Football Netball League (NFNL), formerly known as the Diamond Valley Football League (DVFL) and later the Northern Football League (NFL), is an Australian rules football and netball competition based in the Diamond Valley region of suburban Melbourne, Victoria.
Dunskey Castle
Dunskey Castle is a ruined, 12th-century tower house or castle, located 0.5 miles (0.80 km) south of the village of Portpatrick, Rhinns, Wigtownshire, on the south-west coast of Scotland.

Dunskey Castle is a scheduled monument, a 'nationally important' archaeological site or historic building, given protection against unauthorised change.

Hugh Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery
Sir Hugh Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of the Great Ards (c. 1560 – 15 May 1636) was an aristocrat and a soldier, known as one of the "founding fathers" of the Ulster-Scots along with Sir James Hamilton, 1st Viscount Claneboye. Montgomery was born in Ayrshire at Broadstone Castle, near Beith. He was the son of Adam Montgomery, the 5th Laird of Braidstane, by his wife and cousin Margaret Montgomery of Hessilhead.
Ericameria discoidea
Ericameria discoidea, commonly known as whitestem goldenbush or sharp-scale goldenweed is a species of flowering shrub in the family Asteraceae. This plant is native to the western United States from California, Oregon, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Idaho, and Montana.

Ericameria discoidea grows in clumpy thickets on rocky slopes. It is a small shrub reaching a maximum height of 40 centimeters (16 inches). It has many erect branches covered in a foliage of oval-shaped leaves coated in dense white woolly fibers and tiny stalked resin glands. Atop each short branch is an inflorescence of many flower heads, each packed with sometimes as many as 70 disc florets that bloom in golden yellow and wilt to a rusty orange. There are no ray florets.

Gland (botany)
In plants, a gland is defined functionally as a plant structure which secretes one or more products.  This may be located on or near the plant surface and secrete externally, or be internal to the plant and secrete into a canal or reservoir.  Examples include glandular hairs, nectaries, hydathodes, and the resin canals in Pinus.
Perihepatic packing
Perihepatic packing is a surgical procedure used in connection with trauma surgery to the liver. In this procedure the liver is packed to stop non arterial bleeding, most often caused by liver injury.

During this surgery laparotomy pads are placed around the bleeding liver. The main purpose of hepatic packing is to prevent the bleeding so trauma triad of death can be avoided. Under- or over-packing of the liver can cause adverse outcomes, and if the bleeding cannot be controlled through this surgical method, the Pringle manoeuvre is an alternate technique that can be utilized temporally.

Pringle manoeuvre
The Pringle manoeuvre is a surgical technique used in some abdominal operations and in liver trauma. The hepatoduodenal ligament is clamped either with a surgical tool called a haemostat, an umbilical tape or by hand. This limits blood inflow through the hepatic artery and the portal vein, controlling bleeding from the liver. It was first published by and named after James Hogarth Pringle in 1908.