hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Theodor van Eupen
Theodor van Eupen (24 April 1907 – 11 December 1944) was a member of the SS of Nazi Germany. A Holocaust perpetrator, he served as the commandant of the Treblinka I forced-labour camp (Arbeitslager) in occupied Poland during its entire course of operation. Unlike the parallel Treblinka extermination camp (Treblinka II) subordinate to the Operation Reinhard authorities in Berlin, Treblinka I was controlled by the SS and Police Leader in Warsaw. The labour camp was liquidated on 23 July 1944, ahead of the Soviet advance. By then, more than half of its cumulative number of some 20,000 inmates had died from summary executions, hunger, disease, and mistreatment. The regular workforce consisted of 1,000–2,000 prisoners, terrorized by staff of about a dozen SS-men and 100 Wachmänner guards.

SS and Police Leader
The title of SS and Police Leader (German: SS- und Polizeiführer) designated a senior Nazi Party official who commanded various components of the Schutzstaffel (SS) and the Ordnungspolizei (Orpo; regular uniformed police), before and during World War II in the German Reich proper and in the occupied territories.
Via dei Coronari
Via dei Coronari (known colloquially in Rome as I Coronari) is a street in the historic center of Rome. The road, flanked by buildings mostly erected in the 15th and the 16th century, belongs entirely to the rione Ponte and is one of the most picturesque roads of the old city, having maintained the character of an Italian Renaissance street.

Antonio da Sangallo the Younger
Antonio da Sangallo the Younger (12 April 1484 – 3 August 1546), also known as Antonio Cordiani, was an Italian architect active during the  Renaissance, mainly in Rome and the Papal States. He worked on the design of St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican City, and was also an engineer who restored several buildings. His success was greatly due to his contracts with renowned artists during his time. Sangallo died in Terni, Italy, and was buried in St. Peter’s Basilica.
John Austin Gray
John Austin Gray MC (16 April 1892 – 6 May 1939) was an Australian politician.

Gray was born in Warracknabeal to storekeeper Archibald Gray and Hannah Isabella Hutchinson. He attended state schools before working for the State Savings Bank of Victoria. During the First World War he served with the 6th Light Trench Mortar Battery, being awarded the Military Cross. On his return he became an accountant. On 3 November 1920 he married Jessie Millicent Harris, with whom he had four children. He served on Hawthorn City Council from 1927 to 1939 and was mayor from 1937 to 1938. A founding member and president of the Young Nationalists, he won a by-election for the Victorian Legislative Assembly seat of Hawthorn in September 1930. He was briefly a minister without portfolio from 20 May 1935 to 2 April 1935. Gray held his seat until his death in Hawthorn in 1939.

City of Hawthorn
The City of Hawthorn was a local government area about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) east of Melbourne, the state capital of Victoria, Australia, on the southeast bank of the Yarra River. The city covered an area of 9.71 square kilometres (3.75 sq mi), and existed from 1860 until 1994.
Columbamine
Columbamine is an  isoquinoline alkaloid made up of four rings, two of which contain nitrogen. It is related to berberine but without its methylenedioxy group. Columbamine is also called dehydroisocorypalmine. It has usually been isolated and characterised as its chloride salt.

Heterocyclic compound
A heterocyclic compound or ring structure is a hydrocarbon-based cyclic compound that contains at least one heteroatom as member(s) of its ring(s). Heterocyclic organic chemistry is the branch of organic chemistry dealing with the synthesis, properties, and applications of organic heterocycles.

Examples of heterocyclic compounds include all of the nucleic acids, the majority of drugs, most biomass (cellulose and related materials), and many natural and synthetic dyes.  More than half of known compounds are heterocycles.  59% of US FDA-approved drugs contain nitrogen heterocycles.
Joint Terrorism Task Force
A Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF) is an American locally-based multi-agency partnership between various federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies tasked with investigating terrorism and terrorism-related crimes, led by the Federal Bureau of Investigation and U.S. Department of Justice. The first JTTFs were established in the 1980s and 1990s, with their numbers increasing dramatically after the September 11 attacks.

Brennan Center for Justice
The Brennan Center for Justice is an American liberal nonprofit law and public policy institute. The organization is named after Supreme Court justice William J. Brennan Jr. The Brennan Center advocates for public policy positions including raising the minimum wage, opposing voter ID laws, and calling for public funding of elections. Its operations are centered at the New York University School of Law. The organization opposed the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in Citizens United v. FEC, which held that the First Amendment prohibits the government from restricting independent political expenditures by nonprofit organizations.

The stated mission of the Brennan Center is to "work to hold our political institutions and laws accountable to the twin American ideals of democracy and equal justice for all". Its president is Michael Waldman, former speechwriter for President Bill Clinton.
Joyce Appleby
Joyce Oldham Appleby (April 9, 1929 – December 23, 2016) was an American historian. She was a professor of history at UCLA. She was president of the Organization of American Historians (1991) and the American Historical Association (1997).

The Journal of American History
The Journal of American History is the quarterly official academic journal of the Organization of American Historians. It covers the field of American history and was established in 1914 as the Mississippi Valley Historical Review, the official journal of the Mississippi Valley Historical Association. After the publication of its fiftieth volume, the recognition of a shift in the direction of the membership and its scholarship led to the name change in 1964.

The journal is headquartered in Bloomington, Indiana, where it has close ties to the History Department at Indiana University.
Cuban–American lobby
The Cuban–American lobby are various groups of Cuban exiles in the United States and their descendants who have historically influenced the United States' policy toward Cuba. In general usage, this refers to anti-Castro groups.

New Jersey's 8th congressional district
New Jersey's 8th congressional district is currently represented by Democrat Rob Menendez, who has served in Congress since January 2023. The district is majority Hispanic, and includes some of the most urban areas of New Jersey, including parts of Newark and Jersey City, as well as Elizabeth.
New Paluvayi
New Paluvayi also spelled as Kotha Paluvoi, is a hamlet of Paluvayi in Rentachintala mandal, Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh, India. The village population is approximately 600. It has a Zilla Parishad High School which was established in 1997. Paluvayi village Postal Index Number (PIN) is 589836. It also has a Railway halt station.

Administrative divisions of India
The administrative divisions of India are subnational administrative units of India; they are composed of a nested hierarchy of administrative divisions. India consists of 28 States and 8 Union Territories. These are divided into districts (some states group a set of districts as a division), followed by subdistricts (known in different local names like tehsils and talukas), which are divided into blocks, which consist of villages.

Indian states and territories frequently use different local titles for the same level of subdivision (e.g., the mandals of Andhra Pradesh  and Telangana correspond to tehsils of Uttar Pradesh and other Hindi-speaking states but to talukas or taluks of Gujarat, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu).

The smaller subdivisions (villages and development blocks) exist only in rural areas. In urban areas, urban local bodies exist instead of these rural subdivisions.
Range Ponds State Park
Range Ponds State Park is a public recreation area wrapping around the eastern end of Lower Range Pond in the town of Poland in Androscoggin County, Maine. The state park offers a sandy beach with lifeguard-supervised swimming, kayaking, limited motorized boating, hiking trails, and fishing. Mountain biking trails, built with the help of local volunteers, provide intermediate level, single-track loops off a central double-track trail that winds through mature pine and hardwood forests.

Androscoggin County, Maine
Androscoggin County is a county in the U.S. state of Maine. As of the 2020 census, the county's population was 111,139. Its county seat is Auburn and its most populous city is Lewiston.

Androscoggin County comprises the Lewiston-Auburn, Maine metropolitan statistical area and is partially included in the Lewiston-Auburn, Maine, Metropolitan New England City and Town Area. It is also a part of the Portland-Lewiston-South Portland, Maine combined statistical area.

Bates College is in the Androscoggin County city of Lewiston.
Where It Goes
Where It Goes is the second solo album by the American musician Lori Carson, released in 1995. Carson supported the album with a solo acoustic tour as well as a tour with the Golden Palominos, of which she was a member. "You Won't Fall" was included on the soundtrack to the film Stealing Beauty.

Stealing Beauty
Stealing Beauty (French: Beauté volée, lit. 'Stolen Beauty'; Italian: Io ballo da sola, lit. 'I Dance Alone') is a 1996 coming-of-age drama film directed by Bernardo Bertolucci and starring Jeremy Irons, Liv Tyler, Sinéad Cusack, Jean Marais, Donal McCann, D. W. Moffett, Stefania Sandrelli and Rachel Weisz. Written by Bertolucci and Susan Minot, the film is about a 19-year-old American girl who travels to a lush Tuscan villa near Siena to stay with family friends of her poet mother, who recently died. It is an international co-production of France, Italy and the United Kingdom.

Stealing Beauty was released in Italy in March 1996, and was officially selected for the 1996 Cannes Film Festival in May. It was released in the United States on 14 June 1996.

The film was made entirely in the Tuscany region of Italy during the summer of 1995. The main location for filming was the estate of Castello di Brolio, and a small villa on the property.
Rib spreader
A rib spreader, also known as Finochietto retractor, is a type of retractor specifically designed to separate ribs in thoracic surgery (see picture in external link ). Rack-and-pinion-type stainless steel rib spreaders (with a thumb-screw to lock it in place) were an innovation introduced by French surgeon Theodore Truffier in 1914. This was modified in 1936 by Argentinian surgeon Enrique Finochietto to have fenestrated blades (blades with "windows") and a hand-cranked lever to both separate the arms in a staged fashion and lock them in place at each stop. The Burford–Finochietto rib spreader has replaceable blades.  The Tuffier and especially the Burford–Finochietto (and its variants) are ubiquitous in open thoracic surgery.  Recently, a new intelligent, automated rib spreader in development demonstrated results superior to the Finochietto-style retractors.

Rib
In vertebrate anatomy, ribs (Latin: costae) are the long curved bones which form the rib cage, part of the axial skeleton. In most tetrapods, ribs surround the thoracic cavity, enabling the lungs to expand and thus facilitate breathing by expanding the thoracic cavity. They serve to protect the lungs, heart, and other vital organs of the thorax. In some animals, especially snakes, ribs may provide support and protection for the entire body.
Georgy Katys
Georgi Petrovich Katys (Russian: Георгий Петрович Катыс; 31 August 1926 – 7 August 2017) was a Soviet cosmonaut.

Georgi Katys was born on 31 August 1926. Candidate of technical sciences degree from Bauman Moscow Higher Technical School, Moscow 1953. He was selected as a cosmonaut on 28 May 1964.  Later he became the chief of AN cosmonaut group. He was assigned as for Voskhod 1.

He was involved in the development of Lunokhod, the Soviet Moon Rover. Since 1984, a Professor at Moscow State Institute of Radio Engineering, Electronics and Automation. He was also a member of Russian Academy of Sciences and of the Academy of Cosmonautics.

MIREA – Russian Technological University
MIREA — Russian Technological University (RTU MIREA) is The Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education «MIREA — Russian Technological University» (RTU MIREA). It is a higher educational institution in Moscow, Russia, which is an educational, research and innovation complex. It was ranked # 1,960 globally in 2023 by US News & World Report.
Die Blümelein, sie schlafen
"Die Blümelein, sie schlafen" is the first line of the German lullaby "Sandmännchen" (Sandman), from Anton Wilhelm von Zuccalmaglio's collection Deutsche Volkslieder (1840). The melody is based on a French song from the late 1500s which was also used for the Christmas carol "Zu Bethlehem geboren" (1638) to a text by Friedrich Spee.

A sandman is a mythical figure in German and other European folk tales who sprinkles sand in the children's eyes at night, making them drowsy and inspiring beautiful dreams.

Johannes Brahms wrote a piano accompaniment for this song in 1858 as no. 4 in his collection 15 Volkskinderlieder (15 Folk Songs for Children), WoO 31. He dedicated this collection to the children of Robert and Clara Schumann.

Christmas carol
A Christmas carol is a carol (a song or hymn) on the theme of Christmas, traditionally sung at Christmas itself or during the surrounding Christmas and holiday season. The term noel has sometimes been used, especially for carols of French origin. Christmas carols may be regarded as a subset of the broader category of Christmas music.
Vladimir Voinovich
Vladimir Nikolayevich Voinovich (Russian: Влади́мир Никола́евич Войно́вич; 26 September 1932 – 27 July 2018) was a Russian writer and former Soviet dissident, and the "first genuine comic writer" produced by the Soviet system.  Among his most well-known works are the satirical epic The Life and Extraordinary Adventures of Private Ivan Chonkin and the dystopian Moscow 2042. He was forced into exile and stripped of his citizenship by Soviet authorities in 1980 but later rehabilitated and moved back to Moscow in 1990. After the fall of the Soviet Union, he continued to be an outspoken critic of Russian politics under the rule of Vladimir Putin.

Index on Censorship
Index on Censorship is an organisation campaigning for freedom of expression. It produces a quarterly magazine of the same name from London. It is directed by the non-profit-making Writers and Scholars International, Ltd (WSI) in association with the UK-registered charity Index on Censorship (founded as the Writers and Scholars Educational Trust), which are both chaired by the British television broadcaster, writer and former politician Trevor Phillips. The current CEO is Jemimah Steinfeld.

WSI was created by poet Stephen Spender, Oxford philosopher Stuart Hampshire, the publisher and editor of The Observer David Astor, and the writer and expert on the Soviet Union Edward Crankshaw. The founding editor of Index on Censorship was the critic and translator Michael Scammell (1972–1981), who still serves as a patron of the organisation.
Gracixalus seesom
Gracixalus seesom, also known as the orange bush frog or orange bushfrog, is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae. It is endemic to northwestern Thailand and is known from the Kanchanaburi and Chiang Mai Provinces.

Kanchanaburi province
Kanchanaburi (กาญจนบุรี, pronounced [kāːn.t͡ɕā.ná(ʔ).bū.rīː]) is the largest province (changwat) of Western Thailand. Tourists are attracted by the history of its ancient civilization and the World War II Bridge over the River Kwai, originally spelt "Khwae" but officially changed to Kwai to accommodate the expectations of tourists.
HMS Alcide
Three ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Alcide

HMS Alcide (1755) was a 64-gun third rate ship of the line, captured from the French in 1755 and sold in 1772.

HMS Alcide (1779) was a 74-gun third-rate ship of the line, launched in 1779 and broken up in 1817.

HMS Alcide (P415) was an Amphion-class submarine launched in 1945 and sold in 1974.

Amphion-class submarine
The Amphion class (also known as the "A" class and Acheron class) of British diesel-electric submarines were designed for use in the Pacific War. Only two were completed before the end of hostilities, but following modernisation in the 1950s, they continued to serve in the Royal Navy into the 1970s.
Ezra Letsoalo
Boitumelo Ezra Letsoalo is a South African politician who has represented the African National Congress (ANC) in the Gauteng Provincial Legislature since 2019. Formerly an ANC Youth League activist in Tshwane, he has been a member of the Provincial Executive Committee of the ANC's Gauteng branch since 2018.

African National Congress Youth League
The African National Congress Youth League (ANCYL) is the youth wing of the African National Congress (ANC). As set out in its constitution, the ANC Youth League is led by a National Executive Committee (NEC) and a National Working Committee (NWC).
John Bunker
John Bunker (born 1950 or 1951) is an American orchardist, pomologist, and "apple explorer". An expert on American apples and their history, he is the founder of the mail-order nursery Fedco Trees, a division of the cooperative Fedco Seeds. For most of his life, he has worked to preserve rare old apple varieties from across Maine and the New England region. In 2012, he founded the Maine Heritage Orchard in Unity, Maine, a ten-acre (4.0 ha) preservation educational orchard of Maine's historic apple and pear varieties.

Pomology
Pomology (from Latin pomum, "fruit", + -logy, "study") is a branch of botany that studies fruits and their cultivation. Someone who researches and practices the science of pomology is called a pomologist.

Pomological research is mainly focused on the development, enhancement, cultivation, and physiological studies of fruit trees. The goals of fruit tree improvement include enhancement of fruit quality, regulation of production periods, and reduction of production costs.

The term fruticulture (from Latin fructus, "fruit", + cultura, "care") is also used to describe the agricultural practice of growing fruits in orchards. It is applied horticulture of growing, managing, and producing fruit crops.

It focuses on:

Orchard establishment and layout

Pruning, training, and canopy management

Irrigation and fertilization

Pest and disease control

Harvesting and orchard management practices
Montalcinello
Montalcinello is a medieval village, now a hamlet of the municipality of Chiusdino in the Val di Merse, in the province of Siena, Tuscany, Italy.

The toponym "Montalcinello," previously Montalcino (Mons licinus), likely derives from the presence of holm oak trees that have covered the hill since its origin.

Val di Merse
Val di Merse is one of the regions of the province of Siena, in Tuscany, on the border with the Upper Maremma. The territory comprises the area between the rivers Farma and Merse.

Notable monuments in the area include the Abbey of San Galgano. Villages in the region include Monticiano which is surrounded by the Nature Reserves of Alto Merse and Farma, in this village don't miss the Gothic Church of St Augustina the oldest monasteries of the Augustinian order, Chiusdino best known for San Galgano Abbey and the sword in the stone, Murlo which originated from Etruscans, Radicondoli where geothermal steam is present which can be used for the creation of clean energy, and Sovicille. The hot springs of Bagni di Petriolo are also in the region.

Athletes based at Tuscany Camp often train at Val di Merse.
Nolan Williams (politician)
Roy Nolan Williams Jr. (August 15, 1941 – February 12, 2022) was an American politician.

Williams was born in Dale County, Alabama. He received his bachelor's degree from Troy University and his master's degree from University of West Alabama which was Livingston State College. He was a schoolteacher in Virginia and in Florida, and then in Dale County. He sat on the school board. He was a member of the Alabama House of Representatives from 1975 to 1995 and was a Democrat. He died on February 12, 2022, at the age of 80.

University of West Alabama
The University of West Alabama (UWA) is a public university in Livingston, Alabama, United States. Founded in 1835, the school began as a church-supported school for young women called "Livingston Female Academy".

The university serves students in several academic colleges and divisions on a 600-acre (2.4 km2) campus in west-central Alabama. UWA offers various degree programs including associate, bachelor's, master's, educational specialist, and educational doctorate degrees.

Its athletics teams, known as the West Alabama Tigers, are members of the Gulf South Conference and compete in NCAA Division II in all sports except the men's and women's rodeo teams who compete in the Ozark Region of the National Intercollegiate Rodeo Association.
1962 Sandown International Cup
The 1962 Sandown International Cup was a motor race for Formula Libre cars,  staged at Sandown Park, in Victoria, Australia on 12 March 1962. The race was contested over 60 laps, a total distance of 120 miles (193 km).
It was the feature race at the opening meeting of the Sandown Park circuit.

The race was won by Jack Brabham driving a Cooper T55 Coventry Climax.

Formula Libre
Formula Libre, also known as Formule Libre, is a form of automobile racing allowing a wide variety of types, ages and makes of purpose-built racing cars to compete "head to head". This can make for some interesting matchups, and provides the opportunity for some compelling driving performances against superior machinery. The name translates to "Free Formula" – in Formula Libre races the only regulations typically govern basics such as safety equipment.
Mount Mecula
Mount Mecula (Portuguese: Serra Mecula) is a mountain in northern Mozambique. It is located in Niassa Province, near the center of Niassa National Reserve.

Mount Mecula is an isolated granite outcrop or inselberg, and is relatively isolated from other mountains. Mount Yao (altitude 1 313 m; 12°39′ S, 35°16′ E) is located to 128 km to the southwest in the national reserve. Mount Mecula is in the watershed of the Rovuma River, which runs to the north and forms the boundary between Mozambique and Tanzania. The Lugenda River, a tributary of the Rovuma, runs to the south.

Miombo woodland is the predominant plant community below 1000 meters elevation. At higher elevations, patches of broadleaf evergreen Afromontane forest occur between  992 and 1370 meters elevation, along with grassland, montane scrub, and large areas of exposed rock.

The Mecula girdled lizard (Cordylus meculae) is native to the mountain, and to the Njesi Highlands further west.

Afromontane
The Afromontane regions are subregions of the Afrotropical realm, one of the Earth's eight biogeographic realms, covering the plant and animal species found in the mountains of Africa and the southern Arabian Peninsula. The Afromontane regions of Africa are discontinuous, separated from each other by lower-lying areas, and are sometimes referred to as the Afromontane archipelago, as their distribution is analogous to a series of sky islands.