hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Chemical Society of Pakistan
The Chemical Society of Pakistan, also known as Pakistan Chemistry Society, is an academic and scientific society of professional chemists, devoted and dedicated for scientific inquiry in the field of chemistry.  It is one of the largest learned societies of Pakistan and groups together all degree-levels in all fields of chemistry, chemical engineering, and related fields such as biochemistry, Chemical physics, Mathematical chemistry, Electrochemistry and other branches of chemistry.

The Chemical Society was established and launched in 1978, after a series of chemical publications were published through the HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, at the Karachi University. It publishes its own bimonthly journal, the Journal of the Chemical Society of Pakistan.

Electrochemistry
Electrochemistry is the branch of physical chemistry concerned with the relationship between electrical potential difference and identifiable chemical change. These reactions involve electrons moving via an electronically conducting phase (typically an external electric circuit, but not necessarily, as in electroless plating) between electrodes separated by an ionically conducting and electronically insulating electrolyte (or ionic species in a solution).

When a chemical reaction is driven by an electrical potential difference, as in electrolysis, or if a potential difference results from a chemical reaction as in an electric battery or fuel cell, it is called an electrochemical reaction. In electrochemical reactions, unlike in other chemical reactions,  electrons are not transferred directly between atoms, ions, or molecules, but via the aforementioned electric circuit. This phenomenon is what distinguishes an electrochemical reaction from a conventional chemical reaction.
Piotrowice, West Pomeranian Voivodeship
Piotrowice [pjɔtrɔˈvit͡sɛ] (German: Peterfitz) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dygowo, within Kołobrzeg County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 6 km (4 mi) south-east of Dygowo, 16 km (10 mi) south-east of Kołobrzeg, and 109 km (68 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin.

The village has an approximate population of 100.

Kołobrzeg County
Kołobrzeg County (Polish: powiat kołobrzeski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, north-western Poland, on the Baltic coast. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is Kołobrzeg, which lies on the coast 106 kilometres (66 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin. Its only other town is Gościno.

The county covers an area of 725.86 square kilometres (280.3 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population was 76,089, out of which the population of Kołobrzeg was 44,794 and the rural population was 31,295.
Constructivism (philosophy of education)
Constructivism is a theory that suggests that learners do not passively acquire knowledge through direct instruction. Instead, they construct their understanding through experiences and social interaction, integrating new information with their existing knowledge. This theory originates from Swiss developmental psychologist Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

Jerome Bruner
Jerome Seymour Bruner (October 1, 1915 – June 5, 2016) was an American psychologist who made significant contributions to human cognitive psychology and cognitive learning theory in educational psychology. Bruner was a senior research fellow at the New York University School of Law. He received a BA in 1937 from Duke University and a PhD from Harvard University in 1941. He taught and conducted research at Harvard University, the University of Oxford, and New York University.  A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Bruner as the 28th most cited psychologist of the 20th century.
Polskie Radio Program II
Polskie Radio Program II, also known as PR2 or Dwójka, is a radio channel produced by the Polish public broadcaster, Polskie Radio. It is dedicated to classical music, culture, and the arts. Thanks to its extensive cooperation with other public broadcasters from around the world, the channel provides numerous transmissions of concerts and other classical music events from every part of the globe. It is widely considered to be the most elite-targeted of all Polish radio channels. Its studios are located at the Polskie Radio headquarters in Warsaw. Program 2 often also uses a concert studio belonging to  the public Polish Television (TVP).

Telewizja Polska
Telewizja Polska S.A. (pronounced [tɛlɛˈvizja ˈpɔlska]; TVP), also known in English as Polish Television, is a public service broadcaster in Poland, founded in 1952. It is the oldest and largest Polish television network.

After 2015, when the right-wing populist Law and Justice (PiS) party won the Polish parliamentary election, TVP progressively aligned with the speaking points of the PiS government. In the run-up to the 2023 Polish parliamentary election, TVP was designated as a "propaganda arm" of PiS by European media and as "a factory of hate" by the Polish opposition. However, after the electoral victory of the opposition party the Civic Platform in 2023, a newly-appointed Minister of Culture began a restructuring of the broadcaster and its news segment. On 27 December 2023, the Minister of Culture and National Heritage, due to the President's veto on the financing of the company, placed it in liquidation.
Medieval Bulgarian navy
During most of the Middle Ages the Bulgarians did not maintain naval forces. The first records of Bulgarians ships come from the reign of Khan Omurtag: during his war against the Franks (827-829) he came with ships from the Danube and landed troops in the rear of the Franks.

The first organised Bulgarian navy was built under Emperor Ivan Asen II (1218–1241). It was rather small and included galleys to guard the coast. The Navy's importance increased during the reign of Dobrotitsa and Ivanko in the Principality of Karvuna in the late 14th century. The Bulgarian fleet took part in successful actions against the Genoese and the Turks with its range reaching Crimea and Trebizond.

The main Bulgarian shipyard was situated in the mouth of the Kamchia river due to the abundance of wood and was burned down when the Turks overran the country.

Trabzon
Trabzon is a city on the Black Sea coast of northeastern Turkey and the capital of Trabzon Province. Historically known as Trebizond, the city was founded in 756 BC as Trapezous by Greek colonists from Miletus. It was added into the Achaemenid Empire by Cyrus the Great and was later part of the independent Kingdom of Pontus that challenged Rome until 68 BC. Thenceforth part of the Roman and later Byzantine Empire, the city was the capital of the Empire of Trebizond, one of the successor states of the Byzantine Empire after the Fourth Crusade in 1204. In 1461 it came under Ottoman rule.

During the early modern period, Trabzon, because of the importance of its port, again became a focal point of trade to Persia and the Caucasus. Today Trabzon is the second largest city and port on the Black Sea coast of Turkey with a population of almost 300,000. The urban population of the city is 330,836 (Ortahisar), with a metropolitan population of 822,270. Trabzon has 18 districts in total.
Kangaroo Lake (Wisconsin)
Kangaroo Lake is the largest inland lake in Door County, Wisconsin, United States. It is located in the towns of Baileys Harbor and Jacksonport, and is the main feature of Kangaroo Lake State Natural Area.

The lake, located a half mile from Lake Michigan, is fed by Piel Creek and surrounded by a lowland marsh. The bottom of the lake is lined with marl. Many types of fish can be found in the lake.

The surrounding area is a tourist destination.

Jacksonport, Wisconsin
Jacksonport is a town in Door County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 738 at the 2000 census. The unincorporated communities of Jacksonport and West Jacksonport are located in the town. Part of Clark Lake is in the Town of Jacksonport.
Diocese of Oakland
The Diocese of Oakland (Latin: Diœcesis Quercopolitana) is a diocese of the Catholic Church in the San Francisco Bay Area of California in the United States. It is a suffragan diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archbishop of San Francisco. Its mother church is the Cathedral of Christ the Light in Oakland.

Suffragan diocese
A suffragan diocese is one of the dioceses other than the metropolitan archdiocese that constitute an ecclesiastical province. It exists in some Christian denominations, in particular the Catholic Church, the Episcopal Church, Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, and the Romanian Orthodox Church.

In the Catholic Church, although such a diocese is governed by its own bishop or ordinary, who is the suffragan bishop, the metropolitan archbishop has in its regard certain rights and duties of oversight. He has no power of governance within a suffragan diocese, but has some limited rights and duties to intervene in cases of neglect by the authorities of the diocese itself.
Heavy metal music before 1970
Since the dawn of rock music in the 1950s and continuing through the 1960s, various artists pushed the boundaries of the genre to emphasize speed, aggression, volume, theatricality, and other elements that became staples of the heavy metal style. In the late 1960s, this experimentation coalesced into various rock subgenres like hard rock, acid rock, psychedelic rock, power pop, shock rock, boogie rock, garage rock, and blues rock which were all influential in the development of heavy metal. These albums would later be retroactively categorised as proto-metal.

Freddy Cannon
Frederick Anthony Picariello, Jr. (born December 4, 1936), better known by his stage name Freddy Cannon, is an American rock and roll singer. His biggest international hits included "Tallahassee Lassie", "Way Down Yonder in New Orleans", and "Palisades Park".
Ryan Field (sportscaster)
Ryan Field (born August 12, 1977) is an American sportscaster who is currently a sports anchor on WABC-TV's Eyewitness News Weeknight and Saturday Morning Newscasts.  He is a native of Troy, Michigan, and a graduate of Michigan State University.

Troy, Michigan
Troy is a city in Oakland County in the U.S. state of Michigan. A northern suburb of Detroit, Troy is located about 15 miles (24 km) north of downtown Detroit. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 87,294, making Troy the largest community in Oakland County and 13th-most populous municipality in the state.

Troy was organized as a township in 1827, and sections of the township were later incorporated into the cities of Birmingham, Clawson, and Royal Oak. The remainder of the township was incorporated as the city of Troy in 1955.
Northwest Regional Airport (Texas)
Aero Valley Airport (FAA LID: 52F) is a privately owned, public use airport 3 nautical miles (5.6 km) northwest of Roanoke, in Denton County, Texas, United States.

The airport is used solely for general aviation purposes.  There is a landing fee for non-based flight school aircraft, call for information.

The airfield was originally called Aero Valley Airport until around 1988.  In 2024, the airport name was changed back to the original name

National Transportation Safety Board
The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) is an independent U.S. government investigative agency responsible for civil transportation accident investigation. In this role, the NTSB investigates and reports on aviation accidents and incidents, certain types of highway crashes, ship and marine accidents, pipeline incidents, bridge failures, and railroad accidents. The NTSB is also in charge of investigating cases of hazardous materials releases that occur during transportation. The agency is based in Washington, D.C. It has three regional offices, located in Anchorage, Alaska; Aurora, Colorado; and Federal Way, Washington. The agency also operated a national training center at its Ashburn facility.
Friedrich Bernhard
Friedrich Bernhard (5 October 1888 – 30 December 1945) was a German Lieutenant-General of the Cavalry, serving during World War II as a Panzer commander. He was a recipient of the German Cross in Gold on 17 March 1944. He held command of Special Corps 532 in the 9th Army. After being captured by the Red Army, he was sentenced to death by a Soviet military tribunal in Bryansk on 29 December 1945 for atrocities committed in the Bryansk area, and was subsequently executed the following morning.

Bryansk
Bryansk (Russian: Брянск, IPA: [brʲansk] Audio file "Ru-Bryansk.wav" not found) is a city and the administrative center of Bryansk Oblast, Russia, situated on the Desna River, 379 kilometers (235 mi) southwest of Moscow. It has a population of 379,152 at the 2021 census.

Bryansk is one of the oldest cities in the oblast, with 985 regarded as the year of foundation. It was part of the Kievan Rus', Mongol Empire and Lithuania during the medieval period, then was contested by Moscow and Poland–Lithuania in the early modern period, before ultimately passing to Russia, within which it was a major regional trading center.
HD 156411
HD 156411 is a 7th magnitude G-type subgiant star located approximately 182 light-years away in the southern constellation Ara. This star is larger, hotter, brighter, and more massive than the Sun. Its metal content is three-fourths as much as the Sun. The star is around 4.3 billion years old and is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 1.8 km/s. Naef and associates (2010) noted the star appears to be slightly evolved. In 2009, a gas giant planet was found in orbit around the star.

The star HD 156411 is named Inquill. The name was selected in the NameExoWorlds campaign by Peru, during the 100th anniversary of the IAU. Inquil was one half of the couple involved in the tragic love story Way to the Sun by Abraham Valdelomar.

Abraham Valdelomar
Pedro Abraham Valdelomar Pinto (April 27, 1888 – November 3, 1919) was a Peruvian narrator, poet, journalist, essayist, and dramatist. He is considered the founder of the avant-garde in Peru, although he is more often classified as a posmodernista. He founded the literary journal Colónida and led the movement of the same name, which marked a shift from academicism to a more introspective and provincial literature. Along with Julio Ramón Ribeyro, he is widely regarded as one of the most important short story writers in Peruvian history.

Valdelomar is best known for his "criollo" stories, most notably "El Caballero Carmelo" (The Knight Carmelo), and for his poetry, including the famous sonnet "Tristitia". His image has been featured on the S/ 50 banknote since its introduction in 1991.
Danmark (islet)
Danmark (English: Denmark) is an islet located near Sandvika in the Municipality of Bærum, Norway.

While the original meaning is not exactly verified, the name of the islet reflects Norwegians' (friendly) joking about the relatively small geographical size of Denmark proper. Like Denmark, this islet is flat, small, and located overseas south of Bærum. The name predates 1814, when the personal union known as Denmark–Norway was dissolved. In a sale of land in the 1780s, it was mentioned that the sale included 'a little island called Denmark' (Danish: en lille ø kaldet Danmark).

Islet
An islet (/ˈaɪlət/ EYE-lət) is generally a small island. Definitions vary and are not precise, but some suggest that an islet is a very small, often unnamed, island with little or no vegetation unable to support human habitation. It may be made of rock, sand and/or hard coral; may be permanent or tidal (i.e. surfaced reef or seamount); and may exist in the sea, lakes, rivers or any other sizeable bodies of water.
Tempo (railcar)
The Tempos are a fleet of 25 lightweight streamlined railway coaches built by Hawker Siddeley Canada for the Canadian National Railway in 1968. The cars were the centrepiece of a new set of intercity passenger trains in Southwestern Ontario. The fleet passed to Via Rail in 1978 and later saw use with the Ski Train, QIT-Fer et Titane, and the Algoma Central Railway.

Via Rail
Via Rail Canada Inc. (reporting mark VIA) (/ˈviːə/), operating as Via Rail or Via (stylized as VIA Rail), is a Canadian Crown corporation that operates intercity passenger rail service in Canada.

As of December 2023, Via Rail operates 406 trains per week  across eight Canadian provinces and 12,500 kilometres (7,800 mi) of track, 97 percent of which is owned and maintained by other railway companies, mostly by Canadian National Railway (CN). Via Rail carried approximately 4.1 million passengers in 2023, 96 percent of which were along the Corridor routes connecting the major cities of the Quebec City–Windsor Corridor, and had an on-time performance of 85.4 per cent. Attracting international tourism forms an important part of Via Rail's long distance trans-continental services.
Strictly Business (EPMD album)
Strictly Business is the debut album by hip-hop duo EPMD. It was released on June 7, 1988, by Fresh/Sleeping Bag Records around the world and BCM Records in Germany. It peaked at No. 80 on the Billboard 200 soon after release, yet it earned an RIAA gold album certification within four months of its release. It has received much positive critical attention since its release. In 2012, the album was ranked number 453 on Rolling Stone's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time.

The album is known for its lighthearted party raps and funky sample-reliant production. The album has no guest emcees or producers except DJ K La Boss. The album is broken down track-by-track by the group in Brian Coleman's book Check the Technique.

Check the Technique
Check the Technique: Liner Notes for Hip-Hop Junkies is a book by music journalist Brian Coleman that covers the making of 36 classic hip hop albums, based on interviews with the artists who created them, also providing a track-by-track breakdown for each album entirely in the words of the artists. It was published by Villard/Random House in 2007.

It is an expanded and updated version of the book Rakim Told Me, also by Brian Coleman, and it features a foreword by Questlove of the Roots.
Economy of Eswatini
The economy of Eswatini is fairly diversified. Agriculture, forestry and mining account for about 13 percent of Eswatini's GDP, whereas manufacturing (textiles and sugar-related processing) represent 37 percent of GDP. Services, with government services in the lead, constitute the other 50 percent of GDP.

Economic diversity
Economic diversity or economic diversification refers to variations in the economic status or the use of a broad range of economic activities in a region or country. Diversification is used as a strategy to encourage positive economic growth and development. Research shows that more diversified economies are associated with higher levels of gross domestic product.
Chandra Prabha Wildlife Sanctuary
The Chandra Prabha Wildlife Sanctuary, also known as Chandraprabha, is situated in Chandauli district of Uttar Pradesh state in central India. It is well endowed with beautiful picnic spots, dense forests, and scenic waterfalls like Rajdari, Devdari & Naugarh waterfall that attract tourists every year to its vicinity. Chandra Prabha Wildlife Sanctuary is situated about 70 kilometres from the historic city of Varanasi.

Chital
The chital (Axis axis; /tʃiːtəl/), also called spotted deer and axis deer, is a deer species native to the Indian subcontinent. It was first described by Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben in 1777. A moderate-sized deer, male chital reach 90 cm (35 in) and females 70 cm (28 in) at the shoulder. While males weigh 70–90 kg (150–200 lb), females weigh around 40–60 kg (88–132 lb). It is sexually dimorphic; males are larger than females, and antlers are present only on males. The upper parts are golden to rufous, completely covered in white spots. The abdomen, rump, throat, insides of legs, ears, and tail are all white. The antlers, three-pronged, are nearly 1 m (3 ft 3 in) long.
2017 Fergana Challenger – Men's doubles
Yannick Jankovits and Luca Margaroli were the defending champions but chose not to defend their title.

Sriram Balaji and Vishnu Vardhan won the title after defeating Yuya Kibi and Shuichi Sekiguchi 6–3, 6–3 in the final.

Vishnu Vardhan
Vishnu Vardhan (born 27 July 1987), also known as J. Vishnuvardhan, is an Indian professional tennis player. He won bronze medal in men's doubles at 2010 Asian games in Guangzhou, China. He paired-up with and Sania Mirza for mixed doubles and won silver medal at the same event. He was featured as ITF player of April 2011. He won the national singles title for the fourth time by winning the Men's final of Fenesta Open tennis Championship on 8 October 2016
Ubu and the Truth Commission
Ubu and the Truth Commission is a South African play by Jane Taylor. It was first produced on 26 May 1997, directed by William Kentridge at The Laboratory in Johannesburg's Market Theatre.

Produced by the Handspring Puppet Company, and employing a multimedia approach in the tradition of Erwin Piscator and Bertolt Brecht, the production of Ubu combines puppetry with live actors, music, animation, and documentary footage, while drawing extensively from Alfred Jarry's absurdist production Ubu Roi (1896).  It fuses the chaos of the Ubu legend with original testimony from witnesses at the post-apartheid Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC).

Market Theatre (Johannesburg)
The Market Theatre, based in the downtown bohemian suburb of Newtown in Johannesburg, South Africa, was opened in 1976, operating as an independent, anti-racist theatre during the country's apartheid regime. It was named after a fruit and vegetable market that was previously located there. It was also known as the Old Indian Market or the Newtown Market, which closed after 60 years. 
The Market Theatre was founded by 
Barney Simon (Artistic Director), Mannie Manim (Administrative Director), Aletta Bezuidenhout, Vanessa Cooke, Judith Cornell, David Eppel, Leoni Hofmeyer, Janice Honeyman, Danny
Keogh, Sue Kiel, Lindsay Reardon, and John Oakley Smith.
Two of the theatres are named after the two founders Barney Simon and Mannie Mannim. Main Theatre at the Market Theatre was renamed as The John Kani Theatre in 2014 after the renowned South African stage actor John Kani.
2003 Saskatchewan Scott Tournament of Hearts
The 2003 Saskatchewan Scott Tournament of Hearts women's provincial curling championship, was held January 22–26 at the Balgonie Stardome in Balgonie, Saskatchewan. The winning team of Jan Betker, represented Saskatchewan at the 2003 Scott Tournament of Hearts in Kitchener, Ontario, where the team finished round robin with a 7–4 record, losing the 3–4 game to Newfoundland's Cathy Cunningham.

Kitchener, Ontario
Kitchener is a city in the Canadian province of Ontario, about 100 km (62 mi) west of Toronto. It is one of three cities that make up the Regional Municipality of Waterloo and is the regional seat. Kitchener was known as Berlin until a 1916 referendum changed its name. The city covers an area of 136.86 km2, and had a population of 256,885 at the time of the 2021 Canadian census.

The Regional Municipality of Waterloo has 673,910 people as of year-end 2023, making it the 10th-largest census metropolitan area (CMA) in Canada and the fourth-largest CMA in Ontario. Kitchener and Waterloo are considered "twin cities", which are often referred to jointly as "Kitchener–Waterloo" (K–W), although they have separate municipal governments.