hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Liu Yu's Northern Expeditions
Liu Yu's Northern Expeditions (simplified Chinese: 刘裕北伐; traditional Chinese: 劉裕北伐; pinyin: Liú Yù Běi Fá) were a series of successful campaigns mounted by the Eastern Jin dynasty from 409 AD to 416 AD against the Southern Yan, Later Qin, Northern Wei and Hu Xia dynasties that successfully recovered all of Eastern Jin's territory south of the Yellow River with the exception of the Chang'an area, which was taken by Hu Xia. These victories were the basis of the prosperity of the Reign of Yuanjia.

Southern Yan
Yan, known in historiography as the Southern Yan (Chinese: 南燕; pinyin: Nán Yān; 398–410), was a dynastic state of China ruled by the Murong clan of the Xianbei during the era of Sixteen Kingdoms. Its founder Murong De (Emperor Xianwu) was a son of Murong Huang (Emperor Wenming) and brother of Murong Jun (Emperor Jingzhao) and Murong Chui (Emperor Chengwu), and therefore was an imperial prince of both the Former Yan and Later Yan dynasties.

All rulers of the Southern Yan declared themselves "emperors". Initially ruling from Huatai (滑台, in modern Anyang, Henan) in northern Henan, they later moved to Shandong and established Guanggu (廣固, in modern Qingzhou, Shandong) as their capital. As one of many Yan states from the period, they were given the prefix of "Southern" by historiographers to distinguish them with the others as they were based south of the Yellow River.
Irati (film)
Irati is a 2022 epic fantasy adventure film written and directed by Paul Urkijo Alijo based on the graphic novel El ciclo de Irati which stars Eneko Sagardoy alongside Edurne Azkarate and Itziar Ituño. A Spanish-French co-production shot in Basque heavily borrowing from Basque mythology, the film is set in the 8th century against the backdrop of the ongoing Christianization of remote areas around the Pyrenees. The plot tracks Eneko (Sagardoy), son to a Basque chieftain who died in battle, who journeys into the forest to find the body of his father, guided by pagan woman Irati (Azkarate).

Irati world premiered at the 55th Sitges Film Festival on 9 October 2022. It was released theatrically in Spain by Filmax on 24 February 2023. It received five Goya Awards nominations. It became the highest-grossing Basque-language film ever.

Basques
The Basques are a Southwestern European ethnic group, characterised by the Basque language, a common culture, shared genetic ancestry to the ancient Vascones and Aquitanians, and are considered among the last remaining direct descendants of Neolithic Europeans populations in Europe. Basques are indigenous to, and primarily inhabit, an area traditionally known as the Basque Country (Basque: Euskal Herria)—a region that is located around the western end of the Pyrenees on the coast of the Bay of Biscay and straddles parts of north-central Spain and south-western France.
Rhyacia lucipeta
Rhyacia lucipeta, the southern rustic, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in Morocco, Algeria, the Pyrenees, the mountains of central Europe, Italy, the Balkans, Turkey, the Caucasus, Transcaucasia and Iraq.

The wingspan is 56–64 mm. Adults are on wing from June to the beginning of October in one generation.

The larvae feed on various herbaceous plants, including Cerastium, Thymus pulegioides, Tussilago farfara and Campanula rotundifolia.

Cerastium
Cerastium is a genus of annual, winter annual, or perennial flowering plants belonging to the family Caryophyllaceae. They are commonly called mouse-ears or mouse-ear chickweeds. There are 214 accepted species, found nearly worldwide but with the greatest concentration in the northern temperate regions. A number of the species are common weeds in fields and on disturbed ground.

Cerastium species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Coleophora chalcogrammella (which feeds exclusively on Cerastium arvense) and Coleophora striatipennella (which has been recorded on Cerastium fontanum).
Aristotelia fungivorella
Aristotelia fungivorella is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It was described by James Brackenridge Clemens in 1865. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Ontario to British Columbia, south to California, Mississippi and Alabama.

The wingspan is about 11 mm.

The larvae within galls of Salix cordata and Salix exigua.

James Brackenridge Clemens
James Brackenridge Clemens (31 January 1825, in Wheeling, Virginia – 11 January 1867, in Easton, Pennsylvania) was an American entomologist who specialized in Lepidoptera. He described many new species. His collection of microlepidoptera is in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
Sam Wineburg
Samuel S. Wineburg (born 1958) is an American educational and cognitive psychologist. He is the Margaret Jacks Professor of Education and, by courtesy, of History & American Studies emeritus at Stanford University.

Since the 1990s, Wineburg has been a leading figure in research on historical thinking and the teaching and learning of history. Wineburg's work has proved foundational in establishing a "heuristic" stream of research on historical thinking which seeks to close the gap between the critical and interpretive work of historians and the fact-based work of students. Wineburg's more recent work has focused on how individuals evaluate the reliability of digital information.

Heuristic
A heuristic or heuristic technique (problem solving, mental shortcut, rule of thumb) is any approach to problem solving that employs a pragmatic method that is not fully optimized, perfected, or rationalized, but is nevertheless "good enough" as an approximation or attribute substitution. Where finding an optimal solution is impossible or impractical, heuristic methods can be used to speed up the process of finding a satisfactory solution. Heuristics can be mental shortcuts that ease the cognitive load of making a decision.

Heuristic reasoning is often based on induction, or on analogy ... Induction is the process of discovering general laws ... Induction tries to find regularity and coherence ... Its most conspicuous instruments are generalization, specialization, analogy. [...] Heuristic discusses human behavior in the face of problems [... that have been] preserved in the wisdom of proverbs.
Animadversions
Animadversions is the third of John Milton's antiprelatical tracts, in the form of a response to the works and claims of Bishop Joseph Hall. The tract was published in July 1641 under the title Animadversions upon The Remonstrants Defence Against Smectymnuus.

Joseph Hall (bishop)
Joseph Hall (1 July 1574 – 8 September 1656) was an English bishop, satirist and moralist. His contemporaries knew him as a devotional writer, and a high-profile controversialist of the early 1640s. In church politics, he tended in fact to a middle way.

Thomas Fuller wrote:

He was commonly called our English Seneca, for the purenesse, plainnesse, and fulnesse of his style. Not unhappy at Controversies, more happy at Comments, very good in his Characters, better in his Sermons, best of all in his Meditations.

Hall's relationship to the stoicism of the classical age, exemplified by Seneca the Younger, is still debated, with the importance of neo-stoicism and the influence of the Flemish philosopher Justus Lipsius to his work being contested, in contrast to Christian morality.
Bezirksamtmann
Bezirksamtmann (plural Bezirksamtleute) is a German administrative title of gubernatorial or lower rank, roughly translating as equivalent to the British District Officer. It is derived from Bezirk ("district") + Amtmann ("official").

District officer
The District Officer (abbreviated to D.O.), was a commissioned officer of one of the colonial governments of the British Empire, from the mid-1930s also a member of the Colonial Service of the United Kingdom, who was responsible for a District of one of the overseas territories of the Empire.
Pteroteinon concaenira
Pteroteinon concaenira, the narrow-banded red-eye, is a butterfly in the family Hesperiidae. It is found in Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, western Uganda, north-western Tanzania and north-western Zambia. The habitat consists of forests.

Adults have been recorded feeding on the flowers of Mussaenda species.

The larvae feed on Raphia farinifera.

Skipper (butterfly)
Skippers are a group of butterflies placed in the family Hesperiidae within the order Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). They were previously placed in a separate superfamily, Hesperioidea, but have since been placed in the superfamily Papilionoidea (the butterflies). They are named for their quick, darting flight habits. Most have their antenna tips modified into narrow, hook-like projections. Moreover, skippers mostly lack wing-coupling structure available in most moths. More than 3500 species of skippers are recognized, and they occur worldwide, but with the greatest diversity in the Neotropical regions of Central and South America.
Marudo
Marudo (Lodigiano: Marüd) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Lodi in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 20 kilometres (12 mi) southeast of Milan and about 13 kilometres (8 mi) west of Lodi.

Marudo borders the following municipalities: Caselle Lurani, Castiraga Vidardo, Valera Fratta, Sant'Angelo Lodigiano, Villanterio.

Western Lombard dialects
Western Lombard is a group of varieties of the Lombard language, a Romance language of the Gallo-Italic subgroup. It is spoken primarily in Italy and Switzerland. Within Italy, it is prevalent in the Lombard provinces of Milan, Monza and Brianza, Varese, Como, Lecco, Sondrio, and parts of Cremona (excluding Crema and its immediate surroundings), Lodi, and Pavia. In Piedmont, it is spoken in the provinces of Novara, Verbano-Cusio-Ossola, the eastern area of the Province of Alessandria (around Tortona), and a small part of Vercelli (Valsesia). In Switzerland, Western Lombard is spoken in the canton of Ticino and part of the canton of Graubünden.

Due to its historical association with the Duchy of Milan, Western Lombard is frequently referred to as Insubric (from Insubria and Insubres) or Milanese. The term Cisabduan ("Cisabduano", literally "on this side of the Adda River") is also used, particularly in linguistic contexts, following the terminology introduced by Clemente Merlo.
Jaap Dronkers
Jaap Dronkers (1945 – 30 March 2016) was a Dutch sociologist of education. After studying sociology at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam in his native Amsterdam, he taught at the Catholic University of Brabant (now Tilburg University) from 1986 to 1990. In 1990, he joined the faculty of the University of Amsterdam, where he remained on the faculty until 2001. He then taught at the European University Institute from 2001 to 2009 before becoming an honorary professor in international comparative research on educational performance and social inequality at the Research Centre for Education and the Labour Market in the University of Maastricht's School for Business and Economics. From its establishment in 1995 till his death, Dronkers was a member of the editorial board of the academic journal Educational Research and Evaluation. He died of a stroke on 30 March 2016.

Educational Research and Evaluation
Educational Research and Evaluation is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering research on all aspects of education and its evaluation. It is published by Routledge and the editors-in-chief are Donnie Adams (The University of Melbourne) and Wei Zhang (University of Leicester) . The journal was established in 1995 and in 2012 absorbed Evaluation & Research in Education (1987-2011).
Girl Without a Room
Girl Without a Room is a 1933 American pre-Code musical comedy film starring Charles Farrell, Charles Ruggles, and Marguerite Churchill.  This early light comedy farce set in Paris was written by Claude Binyon, Frank Butler, and Jack Lait, and directed by Ralph Murphy.

As well as featuring some scenes with dialogue rendered in rhyming couplets, the film is notable as an example of Hollywood's attitude to abstract art in the 1930s. The hero is a no-nonsense representational artist from Tennessee, who, transplanted to Paris, meets a crowd of pretentious types in a Montparnasse garret. Chief among them is an artist who believes in depicting the soul of an object rather than the object itself. Played by comic star Charlie Ruggles, his name is "Crock" (one of the meanings of which, ironically, is scam or con, in American vernacular English).

Frank Butler (writer)
Frank Russell Butler (December 28, 1889 – June 10, 1967) was an American film and theatre actor and screenwriter, born in Oxford, Oxfordshire, England to parents Frederick Butler and Sarah Ann Hedges. He won an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for Going My Way. His son, Hugo Butler, also became a Hollywood screenwriter.
Dusty Dellinger
Duston "Dusty" Eugene Dellinger (born April 4, 1973) is an American former Major League Baseball umpire. He made his first Major League umpiring appearance on July 4, 2005, and his last on June 3, 2007. Currently, he serves as the Director of Minor League Baseball Umpire Development and the Minor League Baseball Umpire Training Academy.

Minor League Baseball Umpire Training Academy
The Minor League Baseball Umpire Training Academy provides umpire training and development for umpires in Minor League Baseball since 2012. Since Minor League Baseball Umpire Development's inception in 1997, every umpire hired by Major League Baseball has come through the Minor League Baseball Umpire Development system.
2013 Eneco Tour
The 2013 Eneco Tour was the ninth running of the Eneco Tour cycling stage race. It started on 12 August in Koksijde and ended on 18 August in Geraardsbergen, Belgium, after seven stages. It was the 20th race of the 2013 UCI World Tour season and was won by Zdeněk Štybar.

Race stage
A race stage, leg, or heat is a unit of a race that has been divided in several parts for the reason such as length of the distance to be covered, as in a multi-day event. Usually, such a race consists of "ordinary" stages, but sometimes stages are held as an individual time trial or a team time trial. Long races such as the Tour de France, Absa Cape Epic or the Giro d'Italia are known for their stages of one day each, whereas the boat sailing Velux 5 Oceans Race is broken down in usually four stages of several weeks duration each, where the competitors are racing continuously day and night. In bicycling and running events, a race with stages is known as a stage race. Other examples include ultramarathons and adventure racing.
Milikowo
Milikowo [miliˈkɔvɔ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stary Dzierzgoń, within Sztum County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland.

The settlement was founded during medieval Ostsiedlung by a lokator named Heinrich, who probably came from German-settled Silesia, and hence the village was named Heinrichsdorf.

Until 1945 the area was part of Germany. For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

Sztum County
Sztum County (Polish: powiat sztumski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Pomeranian Voivodeship, northern Poland. Its administrative seat and largest town is Sztum, which lies 56 kilometres (35 mi) south-east of the regional capital Gdańsk. The only other town in the county is Dzierzgoń, lying 21 km (13 mi) east of Sztum.

The county was created, as a result of local pressure, in 2002. The area had been part of Malbork County.

The county covers an area of 730.85 square kilometres (282.2 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 41,476, out of which the population of Sztum is 9,940, that of Dzierzgoń is 5,364, and the rural population is 26,172.

Sztum County on a map of the counties of Pomeranian Voivodeship

Sztum County is bordered by Malbork County to the north, Elbląg County to the north-east, Ostróda County to the east, Iława County to the south-east, Kwidzyn County to the south and Tczew County to the west.
Woodville (surname)
Woodville is an English surname. Notable people with this surname include the following:

The English noble family:

Elizabeth Woodville (c. 1437–1492), queen-consort of King Edward IV of England

Catherine Woodville, Duchess of Buckingham and Bedford, otherwise Katherine Wydeville (1458–1497), sister of Elizabeth

Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers (1405–1469), father of Elizabeth, Katherine, Anthony, and Richard (3rd earl)

Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers (c. 1440–1483), son of Richard Woodville (1st earl)

Richard Woodville, 3rd Earl Rivers (1453–1491), son of Richard Woodville (1st earl)

(see also Category:Woodville family)

Others:

William Woodville (1752–1805), British physician and botanist

Richard Caton Woodville (1825–1855), American painter

Richard Caton Woodville Jr. (1856–1927), English painter, son (posthumous) of Richard Caton Woodville

Katherine Woodville (actress) (1938–2013), British film and television actress

Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers
Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers KG (c. 1440 – 25 June 1483), was an English nobleman, courtier, bibliophile and writer. He was the brother of Queen Elizabeth Woodville who married King Edward IV. He was one of the leading members of the Woodville family, which came to prominence during the reign of King Edward IV. After Edward's death, he was arrested and then executed by the Duke of Gloucester (the future King Richard III) as part of a power struggle between Richard and the Woodvilles. His English translation of The Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers is one of the first books printed in England.
Chaetostoma brevilabiatum
Chaetostoma brevilabiatum is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the basins of the Magdalena River and the Cimitarra River in Colombia. The species reaches 11.9 cm (4.7 inches) SL and is known from high-altitude environments.

Magdalena River
The Magdalena River (Spanish: Río Magdalena, Spanish pronunciation: [ˈri.o maɣðaˈlena]; less commonly Rio Grande de la Magdalena) is the main river of Colombia, flowing northward about 1,528 kilometres (949 mi) through the western half of the country. It takes its name from the biblical figure Mary Magdalene. It is navigable through much of its lower reaches, in spite of the shifting sand bars at the mouth of its delta, as far as Honda, at the downstream base of its rapids. It flows through the Magdalena River Valley.

Its drainage basin covers a surface of 273,000 square kilometres (105,000 sq mi), which is 24% of the country's area and where 66% of its population lives.
Tohoku Gakuin University
Tohoku Gakuin University (東北学院大学, Tōhoku Gakuin Daigaku; (TGU)) is a private university in Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. It was founded in 1886 under the influence of the German Reformed Church missionaries. Miyagi Gakuin Women's University is its sister school.

Reformed Church in the United States
Reformed Christianity portal

The Reformed Church in the United States (RCUS) is a Protestant Christian denomination in the United States. The present RCUS is a conservative, Reformed denomination. It affirms the principles of the Reformation: Sola scriptura (Scripture alone), Solus Christus (Christ alone), Sola gratia (Grace alone), Sola fide (Faith alone), and Soli Deo gloria (Glory to God alone). The RCUS has membership concentrated in the Midwest and California.
Bothriocyrtum
Bothriocyrtum is a genus of mygalomorph spiders in the family Halonoproctidae, first described by Eugène Simon in 1891. They are native to Mexico, Taiwan, and the southern United States. It was separated from Cyrtocarenum in 1891 for several reasons, including an increased width of separation and a distinctly different arrangement of the eyes. As of April 2019 it contains only three species: B. californicum, B. fabrile, and B. tractabile.

Eugène Simon
Eugène Louis Simon (French pronunciation: [øʒɛn lwi simɔ̃]; 30 April 1848 – 17 November 1924) was a French naturalist who worked particularly on insects and spiders, but also on birds and plants. He is by far the most prolific spider taxonomist in history, describing over 4,000 species.
Fouquieria burragei
Fouquieria burragei, known commonly as the gulf ocotillo or pichilingue, is a species of perennial plant in the genus Fouquieria (referred to as ocotillos), native to the gulf coast of Baja California Sur. It is a shrub to small tree distinguished by its white to rose-red flowers, which are unique among the ocotillo species on the peninsula. It is the only ocotillo endemic to the peninsula, and is threatened by invasive species (particularly feral goats), tourism, coastal development and  other human activities.

Baja California peninsula
The Baja California peninsula (Spanish: Península de Baja California, lit. 'Lower California peninsula') is a peninsula in northwestern Mexico. It separates the Gulf of California from the Pacific Ocean. The peninsula extends from Mexicali, Baja California, in the north to Cabo San Lucas, Baja California Sur, in the south.

With a length of 1,247 km (775 miles), its width ranges from 40 km (25 miles) at its narrowest to 320 km (200 miles) at its widest point and has approximately 3,000 km (1,900 miles) of coastline and approximately 65 islands. The total area of the Baja California peninsula is 143,390 km2 (55,360 sq mi).

The peninsula is separated from mainland Mexico by the Gulf of California and the Colorado River. There are four main desert areas on the peninsula: the San Felipe Desert, the Central Coast Desert, the Vizcaíno Desert, and the Magdalena Plain Desert.
Satisfaction season 1
Season one of Satisfaction began airing on 5 December 2007, on Foxtel's Showcase and finished on 30 January 2008. Airing 10 episodes, the show explored the lives of 6 women who are sex workers in a high class brothel. Cast includes Alison Whyte, Madeleine West, Peta Sergeant, Kestie Morassi, Bojana Novakovic, and Diana Glenn. Using the slogan "Six Women. Two Lives. One Profession" to promote the show.

Foxtel
NXE Australia Pty Ltd, trading as the Foxtel Group, is an Australian pay television company that operates direct broadcast satellite television, and IPTV streaming services. It was formed in April 2018, superseding an earlier company from 1995. The service was established as a 50/50 joint venture between News Corp Australia (which held a controlling 65% stake) and Telstra (which held the remaining 35%).

Since 2025, the company is owned by DAZN. It shares many features with the Sky service in the UK and Ireland – including the iQ box, the electronic programme guide, a similar remote control, and Red Button Active.
Taves
Taves is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Ann Taves (born 1952), American religious studies scholar

Ernest H. Taves (1916–2003), American psychiatrist and UFO skeptic

Josh Taves (born 1972), American football player

Ann Taves
Ann Taves (born 1952) is Distinguished Professor of Religious Studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara. She is a former president of the American Academy of Religion (2010). From July 2005–December 2017, she held the Cordana Chair in Catholic Studies at UC Santa Barbara. Taves is especially known for her work Religious Experience Reconsidered (2009), stressing the importance of the findings and theoretical foundations of cognitive science for modern religionists.