hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2023 in climate change
This article documents events, research findings, scientific and technological advances, and human actions to measure, predict, mitigate, and adapt to the effects of global warming and climate change—during the year 2023.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (often abbreviated PNAS or PNAS USA) is a peer-reviewed multidisciplinary scientific journal. It is the official journal of the National Academy of Sciences, published since 1915, and publishes original research, scientific reviews, commentaries, and letters. According to Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2024 impact factor of 8.9. PNAS is the second most cited scientific journal, with more than 1.9 million cumulative citations from 2008 to 2018. In the past, PNAS has been described by US local newspapers as "prestigious", "renowned" and "high impact".

PNAS is a delayed open-access journal, with an embargo period of six months that can be bypassed for an author fee (hybrid open access). Since September 2017, open access articles are published under a Creative Commons license. Since January 2019, PNAS has been online-only, although print issues are available on demand.
Koréahinou
Koréahinou is a village in western Ivory Coast. It is in the sub-prefecture of Buyo, Soubré Department, Nawa Region, Bas-Sassandra District.

Koréahinou was a commune until March 2012, when it became one of 1,126 communes nationwide that were abolished.

Soubré Department
Soubré Department is a department of Nawa Region in Bas-Sassandra District, Ivory Coast. In 2021, its population was 587,441 and its seat is the settlement of Soubré. The sub-prefectures of the department are Grand-Zattry, Liliyo, Okrouyo, and Soubré.
Siege of Slunj
The siege of Slunj was an armed conflict in the territory of the municipality of Slunj in 1991 during the Croatian War of Independence. It was fought between the Croatian Army (HV) on one side, and the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) on the other. It was the largest Croatian enclave that was separated from the rest of Croatia during the conflict. After the JNA took over Slunj, over 16,000 Croats were expelled from the enclave and hundreds were murdered in war crimes during the occupation until the end of the war.

Plitvice Lakes National Park
Plitvice Lakes National Park is one of the oldest and largest national parks in Croatia. In 1979, Plitvice Lakes National Park was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage list, for its outstanding and picturesque series of tufa lakes, caves, and connected waterfalls.

The national park was founded in 1949 and is in the mountainous karst area of central Croatia, at the border with Bosnia and Herzegovina. The important north–south road that passes through the national park area connects the Croatian inland with the Adriatic coastal region.

The protected area extends over 296.85 km2 (114.61 sq mi). About 90% of this area is part of Lika-Senj County, while the remaining 10% is part of Karlovac County.
Fontainejean Abbey
Fontainejean Abbey, otherwise Fontaine-Jean Abbey (French: Abbaye de Fontainejean or Fontaine-Jean), was a Cistercian monastery in the commune of Saint-Maurice-sur-Aveyron in the Gâtinais in the département of Loiret, France.

It was founded in 1124 as a daughter house of Pontigny Abbey by Miles de Courtenay, who had previously also founded Les Écharlis Abbey. Fontainejean became the burial place of the Courtenay family. It was occupied by Protestant troops in 1562, when the church was ruined. The abbey was suppressed during 1791 in the French Revolution.

Little remains of the structures except for the north arm of the transept of the church with chapels and part of the wall of the choir, and also part of the 13th-century grange.

Loiret
Loiret (/lwɑːˈreɪ/; French: [lwaʁɛ]) is a department in the Centre-Val de Loire region of north-central France. It takes its name from the river Loiret, which is contained wholly within the department. In 2019, Loiret had a population of 680,434.

Its prefecture is Orléans, which is about 110 km (68 mi) southwest of Paris. As well as being the regional prefecture, it is a historic city on the banks of the Loire. It has a large central area with many historic buildings and mansions. Orléans Cathedral, dating back to the 13th century, was rebuilt after Protestant forces destroyed it in 1568. Loiret has two subprefectures, in Montargis and Pithiviers. It is famous for its several châteaux.
Bureau of International Information Programs
The U.S. Department of State's Bureau of International Information Programs (IIP) supported the department's public diplomacy efforts by providing and supporting the places, content, and infrastructure to influence foreign audiences. It was headed by the Coordinator for International Information Programs. IIP was one of three bureaus that reported to the Undersecretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs.  The Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs and the Bureau of Public Affairs were its sister bureaus. On May 28, 2019, IIP merged with the Bureau of Public Affairs into the Bureau of Global Public Affairs, and the duties of IIP Coordinator merged into the duties of the Assistant Secretary of State for Global Public Affairs.

Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs
The Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs (ECA) of the United States Department of State fosters mutual understanding between the people of the United States and the people of other countries around the world. It is responsible for the United States' cultural exchange programs.

As of February 4, 2025, Darren Beattie is the senior official and acting Assistant Secretary of State for Educational and Cultural Affairs.
Dangchang Kingdom
Dangchang (Chinese: 宕昌), also known as the Dangchang Qiang (宕昌羌), was a state established by the Qiang ethnic group that existed during the Northern and Southern dynasties period in China. Its area was equivalent to the southern part of present-day Gansu Province, China. Its capital was Dangchang City (now in the west of Tanchang County, Gansu). Their rulers had the surname of Liang (梁), and the first recorded leader in history was Liang Qin.

Book of Zhou
The Book of Zhou (Zhōu Shū) records the official history of the Xianbei-led Western Wei and Northern Zhou dynasties of China, and ranks among the official Twenty-Four Histories of imperial China. Compiled by the Tang dynasty historian Linghu Defen, the work was completed in 636 CE and consists of 50 chapters, some of which have been lost and replaced from other sources.

The book was criticised by Liu Zhiji for its attempt to glorify the ancestors of Tang dynasty officials of the time.
Long Bình, Đồng Nai
Long Binh is a ward of Đồng Nai Province of Vietnam. It has an area of about 44.91 square kilometres (17.34 sq mi) and the population in 2025 was 168.614. Currently, it is the largest ward, also one of the most populous ward of the city.

Established in 1994, from the separation of two wards Tam Hòa and Phước Tân (the latter ward previously belonged to Long Thành district then). The ward is 7km away to the east from the city center.

Đồng Nai province
Đồng Nai is a province in the Southeast region of Vietnam, located east and northeast of Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon). The capital of Đồng Nai Province is Trấn Biên Ward.

In June 2025, the province was merged with Bình Phước province, forming the new Đồng Nai Province with an area of 12.737,18 km2 and a population of 4,576,125 people.
WBVX
WBVX (92.1 FM) is a classic rock–formatted radio station licensed to Carlisle, Kentucky, United States, and serving the Lexington metropolitan area and Bluegrass region of central Kentucky.  The station is currently owned by LM Communications part of a conglomerate with Lexington–licensed ESPN Radio–affiliated sports radio station WLXG (1300 AM), Paris–licensed classic hits station WGKS (96.9 FM), Versailles–licensed Adult Top 40 station WCDA (106.3 FM), and Midway–licensed urban contemporary station WBTF (107.9 FM).   The station's studios are located at Triangle Center in downtown Lexington, and its transmitter is located in far northeast Fayette County, Kentucky.

Bluegrass region
38°00′N 84°30′W﻿ / ﻿38.0°N 84.5°W﻿ / 38.0; -84.5

The Bluegrass region is a geographic region in the U.S. state of Kentucky. It makes up the central and northern part of the state,  roughly bounded by the cities of Frankfort, Paris, Richmond and Stanford. It is part of the Interior Low Plateaus ecoregion.

"Bluegrass" is a common name given in the United States for grass of the Poa genus, the most famous being the Kentucky bluegrass. Despite its name, Kentucky bluegrass is native to North Africa and was likely introduced around 1600.
Long-string instrument
The long-string instrument is a musical instrument in which the string is of such a length that the fundamental transverse wave is below what a person can hear as a tone (±20 Hz). If the tension and the length result in sounds with such a frequency, the tone becomes a beating frequency that ranges from a short reverb (approx 5–10 meters) to longer echo sounds (longer than 10 meters). Besides the beating frequency, the string also gives higher pitched natural overtones. Since the length is that long, this has an effect on the attack tone. The attack tone shoots through the string in a longitudinal wave and generates the typical science-fiction laser-gun sound as heard in Star Wars. The sound is also similar to that occurring in upper electricity cables for trains.

Beat (acoustics)
In acoustics, a beat is an interference pattern between two sounds of slightly different frequencies, perceived as a periodic variation in volume, the rate of which is the difference of the two frequencies.

With tuning instruments that can produce sustained tones, beats can be readily recognized. Tuning two tones to a unison will present a peculiar effect: when the two tones are close in pitch but not identical, the difference in frequency generates the beating. The volume varies as in a tremolo while the sounds alternately interfere constructively and destructively. As the two tones gradually approach unison, the beating slows down and may become so slow as to be imperceptible. As the two tones get further apart, their beat frequency begins approaching the range of human pitch perception, the beating starts to sound like a note, and a combination tone is produced.
Momentum Bank Ballpark
Momentum Bank Ballpark (formerly First American Bank Ballpark, Citibank Ballpark, and Security Bank Ballpark) is a ballpark in Midland, Texas. It is primarily used for baseball, and is the home field of the Double-A Midland RockHounds minor league baseball team of the Texas League. Opened in 2002, the stadium holds 6,669 people with 4,709 fixed seats and the rest in berm seating.

Ballpark
A ballpark, or baseball park, is a type of sports venue where baseball is played. The playing field is divided into two field sections called the infield and the outfield. The infield is an area whose dimensions are rigidly defined in part based on the placement of bases, and the outfield is where dimensions can vary widely from ballpark to ballpark. A larger ballpark may also be called a baseball stadium because it shares characteristics of other stadiums.
Prior, Missouri
Prior is an unincorporated community in Douglas County, Missouri, United States. The community is located on Missouri Route 95, just north of the intersection with Missouri Route 76 and 2.5 miles north of Vanzant. The community sits on a ridge between Fox Creek to the west and Clifty Creek to the east, at an elevation of 1,243 ft (379 m).

Douglas County, Missouri
Douglas County is a county located in the south-central portion of the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 census, the population was 11,578. The county seat and only incorporated community is Ava. The county was officially organized on October 19, 1857, and is named after U.S. Senator Stephen A. Douglas (D-Illinois) and later Democratic presidential candidate.
Guaraculén
Guaraculén was a large hacienda and hamlet, located near Villa Alegre, in the current province of Linares, in the Maule Region of Chile. 
Guaraculén was the birthplace of the famed Jesuit Priest, naturalist and chronicler Juan Ignacio Molina (Abate Molina), who was forced to leave Chile in 1768 when the Jesuits were expelled. Molina later settled in Bologna, Italy where he became professor of natural sciences.

Villa Alegre, Chile
Villa Alegre (Spanish for "joyous town") a commune and city located in Linares Province, Maule Region of Chile. With an area of 189.8 km2 (73 sq mi), Villa Alegre is the smallest commune in the Maule Region. It sits 92 m (302 ft) above sea level.
Veterans' Glass City Skyway
The Veterans' Glass City Skyway, commonly called the Toledo Skyway Bridge, is a cable-stayed bridge on Interstate 280 in Toledo, Ohio.  After many delays, it opened in 2007. The bridge has taken traffic and reduced delays on the Robert Craig Memorial Bridge, a bascule bridge that was, until its transfer to local control, one of the last moveable bridges on the Interstate highway system. The Skyway is Ohio Department of Transportation's (ODOT) biggest single construction project.

Bascule bridge
A bascule bridge (also referred to as a drawbridge or a lifting bridge) is a moveable bridge with a counterweight that continuously balances a span, or leaf, throughout its upward swing to provide clearance for boat traffic. It may be single- or double-leafed.

The name comes from the French term for balance scale, which employs the same principle. Bascule bridges are the most common type of movable span because they open quickly and require relatively little energy to operate, while providing the possibility for unlimited vertical clearance for marine traffic.
Multiple sclerosis functional composite
The Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC) is a clinical trial outcome measure of assessing the severity of multiple sclerosis primarily used in research. The score is based on a combination of timed tests of walking, arm function, and cognitive ability. It was developed over two years from 1994 to 1996 by the National Multiple Sclerosis Society.

MSFC was developed to improve the standard measure of MS disability for clinical trials and to create a multidimensional metric of overall MS clinical status. The evaluation includes  a three-part performance scale:

Timed 25-Foot Walk (T25FT) -  assessment of leg function by moving a short walking distance

9-Hole Peg Test (9HPT) - assessment of arm function using breadboard test

Paced Auditory Serial Addition test (PASAT) - attention/concentration test to assess cognitive functions

An integrated MSFC score is calculated using z-scores.

National Multiple Sclerosis Society
The National Multiple Sclerosis Society (NMSS) is an American nonprofit organization founded in 1946. It is dedicated to supporting individuals affected by multiple sclerosis (MS) and funding research to find a cure for the disease. It provides resources, support services, advocacy, and educational programs to improve the lives of people with MS, and their families.
Sandra Studer
Sandra Studer (born 10 February 1969 in Zürich), also known as Sandra Simó, is a Swiss television presenter and singer. She represented Switzerland in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991, where she placed fifth with the song "Canzone per te". She co-hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 2025 alongside Hazel Brugger, with Michelle Hunziker joining for the final.

Insieme: 1992
"Insieme: 1992" (Italian pronunciation: [inˈsjɛːme ˌmilleˌnɔveˈtʃɛnto noˌvantaˈduːe]; "Together: 1992") is a song written and recorded by Toto Cutugno. It represented Italy in the Eurovision Song Contest 1990, held in Zagreb, resulting in the country's second victory in the contest.
Margo Smith (1986 album)
Margo Smith is a re-recorded studio album by American country music artist Margo Smith. It was released in 1986 in conjunction with Dot Records and MCA Records. The project was Smith's second eponymous release and contained ten tracks of material. While all the material was newly recorded, the songs chosen for the album were re-recordings of music Smith first cut during the 1970s.

Little Things Mean a Lot
"Little Things Mean a Lot" is a popular song, with lyrics by Edith Lindeman and music by Carl Stutz, published in 1953. Lindeman was the leisure editor of the Richmond Times-Dispatch, and Stutz, a disc jockey from Richmond, Virginia. Stutz and Lindeman are also known for writing Perry Como's 1959 hit, "I Know" (which reached No.47 on the U.S. Billboard chart, No.32 in Canada, and No.13 on the UK Singles Chart).

The best known recording of "Little Things Mean a Lot," by Kitty Kallen (Decca 9-29037), reached No.1 on the Billboard chart in 1954, and also reached No.1 on the Cash Box chart the same year. Billboard ranked it as the No. 1 song of 1954. In addition, the track climbed to the top spot in the UK Singles Chart in September of that same year.
Johnson City Independent School District
Johnson City Independent School District is a public school district based in Johnson City, Texas (USA).

Located in Blanco County, small portions of the district extend into Hays, Llano and Travis counties.

In 2009, the school district was rated "academically acceptable" by the Texas Education Agency.

Llano County, Texas
Llano County (/ˈlænoʊ/) is a county located on the Edwards Plateau in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 21,243. Its county seat is Llano, and the county is named for the Llano River.
Pegasus (Mt. Olympus Water and Theme Park)
Pegasus is the name of a wooden roller coaster located at Mt. Olympus Water & Theme Park in Wisconsin Dells, Wisconsin.  The coaster was built by Custom Coasters International, and its trains were built by the Philadelphia Toboggan Company.

Pegasus opened in 1996, one year after Cyclops, another Custom Coasters International project at Mt. Olympus.

Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters
Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters (PTC) is one of the oldest existing roller coaster manufacturing companies in the world. Based in Hatfield, Pennsylvania, it was established in 1904 by Henry B. Auchy and Chester Albright under the name Philadelphia Toboggan Company. The company manufactured carousels, wooden roller coasters, toboggans (roller coaster cars) and later, roller coaster trains.
Assal al-Ward
Assal al-Ward (Arabic: عسال الورد; also spelled Asal el-Ward) is a town in southern Syria, administratively part of the Rif Dimashq Governorate, located northeast of Damascus along the Syrian–Lebanese borders. Nearby localities include Hala, Hosh Arab and al-Qutayfah to the southeast, Rankous, Saidnaya, Douma and al-Tawani to the south. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics, Assal al-Ward had a population of 5,812 in the 2004 census. The town is also the administrative center of the Assal al-Ward nahiyah which consists of three towns with a combined population of 8,766. Its inhabitants are predominantly Sunni Muslims.

Al-Qutayfah
Al-Qutayfah (Arabic: ٱلْقُطَيْفَة, romanized: al-Quṭayfah) is a city in Syria, administratively belonging to the Rif Dimashq Governorate, capital of the al-Qutayfah District. It is located approximately 40 kilometers (25 mi) east of Damascus. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), al-Qutayfah had a population of 26,671 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Sunni Muslims.
Good Times Bad Times
"Good Times Bad Times" is a song by the English rock band Led Zeppelin, featured as the opening track on their 1969 debut album Led Zeppelin.  The song was Led Zeppelin's first single released in the US, where it reached the Billboard Hot 100 chart.

John Paul Jones (musician)
John Paul Jones (born John Richard Baldwin; 3 January 1946) is an English musician and record producer who was the bassist and keyboardist for the rock band Led Zeppelin.  He was a session musician and arranger when he formed the band with Jimmy Page in 1968. Jones developed a solo career after drummer John Bonham died and Led Zeppelin disbanded in 1980. He has collaborated with musicians in a variety of genres, including the supergroup Them Crooked Vultures with Dave Grohl, Josh Homme, and Alain Johannes. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995 as a member of Led Zeppelin.
Bernard Donaghey
Bernard Donaghey (23 December 1882 – 1 July 1916), sometimes known as Barney Donaghey, was an Irish professional footballer, who played as an inside forward in the Football League for Burnley and Manchester United. He also played in the Scottish League for Hibernian and in his native Ireland for Derry Celtic (four spells), Ulster, Belfast Celtic and Glentoran. Donaghey was capped by Ireland at international level and represented the Irish League.

Association football in Northern Ireland
Association football in Northern Ireland, widely known as football or sometimes as soccer (to avoid confusion with Gaelic football), is one of the most popular sports in Northern Ireland. The governing body in Northern Ireland is the Irish Football Association (IFA) (not to be confused with the Football Association of Ireland (FAI) in the Republic of Ireland). Gaelic football, rugby union and association football are the most popular sports in Northern Ireland.
Richard Price (Radnor MP)
Richard Price (1773 – 10 April 1861) was a Tory politician from Wales. He was the member of parliament (MP) for Radnor from 1799 to 1847.

Price was the eldest son Richard Price, a lawyer of Norton Manor, Knighton whose brother was Chase Price, the MP for Radnorshire. He was educated at University College, Oxford.

The Radnor seat was under the patronage of the 5th Earl of Oxford, whose uncle secured the seat for Price when a vacancy arose in 1799. Price developed his own support base, and within ten years was opposing Oxford's interests in Radnor.

He was a largely silent MP, supporting Tory administrations, and by 1832 had spoken in the House of Commons only to oppose parliamentary reform.

He died 10 April 1861, aged 88.

Knighton, Powys
Knighton (Welsh: Tref-y-clawdd [trɛvəˈklauð] ⓘ or Trefyclo) is a market town and community on the River Teme in Powys, Wales. It is located on the England–Wales border, and a small part of the town, including its railway station, lies over the border in the Shropshire parish of Stowe.

Originally an Anglo-Saxon settlement, Knighton is located on Offa's Dyke, the ancient earthwork that divided the two countries. It later became a Norman defensive border town. It was historically in Radnorshire.
2009 Abierto Internacional Varonil Club Casablanca – Doubles
Carsten Ball and Robert Smeets were the defenders of championship title, but they chose not to defend their 2009 win.
Sanchai Ratiwatana and Sonchat Ratiwatana defeated Víctor Estrella and João Souza (6–3, 6–3).

João Souza
João Olavo Soares de Souza (Portuguese pronunciation: [ʒuˈɐ̃w ˈso(w)zɐ]; born 27 May 1988) is a Brazilian former professional tennis player. Souza competed mainly on the ATP Challenger Tour, both in singles and doubles. He reached his highest ATP singles ranking of world No. 69 on 6 April 2015, and his highest doubles ranking of No. 70, on 7 January 2013. Souza is also known as "Feijão" (Portuguese for Bean). He received a lifetime ban for match-fixing in 2020.
Baseball at the 1995 Pan American Games
Baseball at the 1995 Pan American Games was contested between teams representing Argentina, Brazil, Cuba, Guatemala, Mexico, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, and the United States. The 1995 edition was the 12th Pan American Games, and was hosted by Mar del Plata.

Cuba entered the competition as the six-time defending champions, having won each gold medal dating back to 1971. They successfully defended their title, with Nicaragua finishing second.

Guatemala national baseball team
The Guatemala national baseball team is the national baseball team of Guatemala. The team is controlled by the Amateur Baseball Federation of Guatemala, and represents the nation in international competitions. The team is a member of the Pan American Baseball Confederation.