hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gersem of Axum
Gersem (c. 600) was a King of the Kingdom of Aksum in Northeast Africa. He is primarily known through the Aksumite currency that was minted during his reign.

Stuart Munro-Hay suggests that either Gersem or Armah were the last Aksumite Kings to issue coins. However, no gold coins belonging to Armah have been found, and the Gersem mint is assumed to be the last coin in gold.

Egyptologist E. A. Wallis Budge theorised that this king's named was influenced by the Biblical name Gershom.

E. A. Wallis Budge
Sir Ernest Alfred Thompson Wallis Budge (27 July 1857 – 23 November 1934) was an English Egyptologist, Orientalist, and philologist who worked for the British Museum and published numerous works on the ancient Near East. He made numerous trips to Egypt and Anglo-Egyptian Sudan on behalf of the British Museum to buy antiquities, and helped it build its collection of cuneiform tablets, manuscripts, and papyri. He published many books on Egyptology, helping to bring the findings to larger audiences. In 1920, he was knighted for his service to Egyptology and the British Museum.
RugbyWA Premier Grade
The RugbyWA Premier Grade, known as the Fortescue Premier Grade under a naming rights deal, is the highest level of domestic club rugby played in Western Australia. It was formed in 1928 and was the first consistent competition for rugby union in Western Australia. It is competed annually form early April to the end of August, the annual pre-season tournament, the Rendezvous Hotel Perth Scarborough Challenge Cup commencing in March. The competition is managed by RugbyWA. The Premier Grade is contested by 11 teams from the Greater Perth area.

The RugbyWA Premier Grade is offered in two competitions – the Men's Premier Grade and Women's Premier Grade. The Women's Premier Grade runs from early May until the end of August, with seven teams forming the competition.

In 2022, RugbyWA partnered with Stan Sport to broadcast one Premier Grade game per round, with occasional double headers alongside the Women's competition.

Fortescue (company)
Fortescue is a global metal mining company headquartered in Australia. Fortescue focused on iron ore mining under the name of Fortescue Metals Group (FMG) until July 2023. As of 2017, Fortescue is the fourth-largest iron ore producer in the world. The company has holdings of more than 87,000 km2 (34,000 square miles) in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, making it the largest tenement holder in the state, larger than both BHP and Rio Tinto.
Piret Hartman
Piret Hartman (born 10 August 1981) is an Estonian politician. She served as Minister of Culture in the second cabinet of Prime Minister Kaja Kallas.

Since 29 April 2024, she is serving as Minister of Regional Affairs in the third cabinet of Kaja Kallas, continuing the role of Minister of Regional Affairs and Agriculture in the cabinet of Kristen Michal .

Kaja Kallas's second cabinet
The second cabinet of Kaja Kallas, (sometimes referred to as the Viljandi government (Estonian: Viljandi valitsus) due to the negotiations of the government coalition having taken place there)  was the cabinet of Estonia from 18 July 2022 until 17 April 2023 when it was succeeded by the third Kallas cabinet following the 2023 election.
Crestuma–Lever Dam
Crestuma–Lever Dam (Portuguese: Barragem de Crestuma-Lever) is a concrete gravity dam on the Douro. It is located in the municipality Vila Nova de Gaia, in Porto District, Portugal.

Construction of the dam began in 1976. The dam was completed in 1985. It is owned by Companhia Portuguesa de Produção de Electricidade (CPPE).

Vila Nova de Gaia
Vila Nova de Gaia (European Portuguese: [ˈvilɐ ˈnɔvɐ ðɨ ˈɣajɐ] ⓘ), or simply Gaia, is a city and a municipality in Porto District in Norte Region, Portugal. It is located south of the city of Porto on the other side of the Douro River.  The city proper had a population of 178,255 in 2001. The municipality has an area of 168.46 square kilometres (65.04 mi2) and a population of 303,824 inhabitants in 2021, making it the most populous municipality in Norte Region, and the third most populous in the country, after Lisbon and Sintra. Gaia along with Porto and 16 other municipalities make up the Porto metropolitan area.

The city contains many cellars (locally known as "caves") where port wine is stored and aged. These cellars have become a major tourist attraction.
Mastabat al-Fir'aun
The Mastabat al-Fir'aun (Arabic: مصطبة الفرعون Romanised: Maṣṭabat al-Firʿawn), also referred to in Egyptological literature as the Mastaba el-Faraun, Mastabat el-Faraun or Mastabat Faraun, and meaning "Bench of the Pharaoh") is the grave monument of the ancient Egyptian king Shepseskaf (reign c. 2510–2503 BC), the last king of the Fourth Dynasty documented to date. It is located in South Saqqara halfway between the Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara and the pyramids of Sneferu, the founder of the Fourth Dynasty, at Dahshur. The structure is located close to the pyramid of Pepi II, a ruler of the Sixth Dynasty. The stone quarry for the structure is located west of the Red Pyramid of Sneferu.

Dahshur
Dahshur (in English often called Dashur; Arabic: دهشور Dahšūr  pronounced [dɑhˈʃuːɾ]) is an ancient Egyptian pyramid complex and necropolis and shares the name of the nearby village of Manshiyyat Dahshur (Arabic: منشأة دهشور) in markaz Badrashin, Giza.

Dahshur is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and is located on the Western Desert plateau at the edge of the cultivated plain, and along with the pyramid complexes at Saqqara, Abusir, and Giza,  to its north, forms the pyramid fields of the ancient capital city of Memphis. It is known chiefly for several pyramids, mainly Sneferu's Bent Pyramid and the Red Pyramid, which are among the oldest, largest and best preserved in Egypt, built from 2613 to 2589 BC.
Taphioporus
Taphioporus is an extinct genus of leaf beetles in the subfamily Eumolpinae. It is known from Baltic and Rovno amber from the upper Eocene.

The generic name is a combination of the generic names Taphius (the old name for Pathius) and Cleoporus.

Amber
Amber is fossilized tree resin. It has been appreciated for its color (orange, brown and, sometimes, red) and natural beauty since the Neolithic times, and worked as a gemstone since classical antiquity. Amber is used in jewelry and as a healing agent in folk medicine.

There are five classes of amber, defined on the basis of their chemical constituents. Because it originates as a soft, sticky tree resin, amber sometimes contains animal and plant material as inclusions. Amber occurring in coal seams is also called resinite, and the term ambrite is applied to that found specifically within New Zealand coal seams.
Castillon (Canton of Arthez-de-Béarn)
Castillon (French pronunciation: [kastijɔ̃] ⓘ, officially Castillon (Canton of Arthez-de-Béarn), sometimes referred to as Castillon-d'Arthez; Occitan: Castilhon) is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in south-western France.

Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Pyrénées-Atlantiques (French pronunciation: [pi.ʁe.nez‿at.lɑ̃.tik] ⓘ; Gascon Occitan: Pirenèus Atlantics; Basque: Pirinio Atlantikoak) is a department located in the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine in the southwest corner of metropolitan France. Named after the Pyrenees mountain range and the Atlantic Ocean, it covers the French Basque Country and the Béarn. It is divided in three arrondissements and its prefecture is Pau. In 2019, it had a population of 682,621.
Poularde Albufera
Poularde Albufera (Albufera Pullet) is a chicken dish attributed to French chef Adolphe Dugléré which was named in honour of the Duke of Albufera.  It consists of poached chicken (poularde) with a garnish of vol-au-vents filled with quenelles, cocks' kidneys, mushrooms and truffles in Albufera sauce.

Albufera sauce
Albufera sauce (French: sauce Albuféra) is a daughter sauce of French cuisine. It is based on a suprême sauce, which itself derives from the mother sauce velouté.

Escoffier shares a recipe in Le Guide culinaire which consists of a base of suprême sauce to which is added meat glaze in order to lend the latter an ivory-white tint which characterizes it. It is served chiefly with poultry and  sweetbreads. Louis Gabriel Suchet (1770–1826), one of Napoleon's generals and Marshal of France for a time, was named duc d'Albufera after a lake near Valencia, Spain, to mark his victory there during the Peninsular War. Marie-Antoine Carême created several dishes in the duke's honor, including duck, beef, and the sauce that accompanies this chicken.
Atlas wild ass
The Atlas wild ass (Equus africanus atlanticus), also known as Algerian wild ass, is a purported extinct subspecies of the African wild ass that was once found across North Africa and parts of the Sahara.

It was last represented in a villa mural ca. 300 AD in Bona, Algeria, and may have become extinct as a result of Roman sport hunting.

Trophy hunting
Trophy hunting is a form of hunting for sport in which parts of the hunted wild animals are kept and displayed as trophies. The animal being targeted, known as the "game", is typically a mature male specimen from a popular species of collectable interests, usually of large sizes, holding impressive horns, antlers, furs, or manes. Most trophies consist of only select parts of the animal, which are prepared for display by a taxidermist. The parts most commonly kept vary by species but often include the head, hide, tusks, horns, or antlers.

Trophies are often displayed in trophy rooms or game rooms, or in gun rooms along with the hunter's gun collection.

Trophy hunting has strong supporters and opponents. The controversy focuses on the morality of hunting for pleasure rather than for practical use, as well as questions about the extent to which big-game hunting benefits conservation efforts.
Foreign Military Sales Act of 1968
The Foreign Military Sales Act of 1968, Pub. L. 90–629, 82 Stat. 1320-2, enacted October 22, 1968, was supplemental legislation to the Arms Control and Disarmament Act of 1961 and the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961. The Act discloses the United States commitment and sustainment to a world free from the dangers of armaments and the scourge of war.

The Foreign Military Sales Act supported the policy of regional arms control, disarmament agreements, and the discouragement of arm races. The H.R. 15681 bill authorized the sales of military equipment by the United States government. The United States law explicitly declares the sales of defense services and military articles to benevolent countries with the economic means to maintain and support a military force of adequate strength.

The H.R. 15681 legislation was passed by the 90th U.S. Congressional session and endorsed by the 36th President of the United States Lyndon Johnson on October 22, 1968.

United States Statutes at Large
The United States Statutes at Large, commonly referred to as the Statutes at Large and abbreviated Stat., are an official record of Acts of Congress and concurrent resolutions passed by the United States Congress.

Each act and resolution of Congress is originally published as a slip law, which is classified as either public law (abbreviated Pub.L.) or private law (Pvt.L.), and designated and numbered accordingly. At the end of a congressional session, the statutes enacted during that session are compiled into bound books, known as "session law" publications. The United States Statutes at Large is the name of the session law publication for U.S. Federal statutes. The public laws and private laws are numbered and organized in chronological order.

U.S. Federal statutes are published in a three-part process, consisting of slip laws, session laws (Statutes at Large), and codification (United States Code).
Hristiana Tabaki
Hristiana Tabaki (often written Tambaki, born 13 January 1973) is a retired Greek hurdler who specialized in the 100 metres hurdles.

She finished eighth at the 1993 Mediterranean Games and fourth at the 2001 Mediterranean Games. She won the 1999 and 2001 Balkan Games and the 1998 and 2000 Balkan Championships. She competed at the 1997 World Championships, the 1999 Universiade, and the 2002 European Championships without reaching the final. Domestically, she became Greek champion in 1993, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2002 and 2003; and several times indoor champion.

Her personal best time was 12.98 seconds, achieved in June 2004 in Athens. In the 60 metres hurdles she had 8.26 seconds from February 1999 in Piraeus.

Athletics at the 2001 Mediterranean Games
At the 2001 Mediterranean Games, the athletics events were held in Tunis and Radès in Tunisia from 11 to 14 September 
2001. Italy topped the medal table with 9 gold medals and 30 medals in total, shortly followed by France which also had 9 golds but 23 medals overall. Greece had the next greatest medal haul and the host Tunisia won 9 medals, two of which were gold. A total of 10 new Games records were set during the competition.

A total of 46 events were contested, of which 23 by male and 23 by female athletes. This was the first time that the male and female event programmes had reached parity as a number of new events were introduced for women, including: 3000 metres steeplechase, pole vault and hammer throw. Two women's events were modified: the javelin model was changed and the 10 km racewalk was extended to a 20 kilometres racewalk. This was also the final time that marathon races were held at the Mediterranean Games as they were replaced by the half marathon from 2005 onwards.
June 2025 Gaza Freedom Flotilla
The June 2025 Gaza Freedom Flotilla was an aid vessel organized by the Freedom Flotilla Coalition (FFC) with the intention of breaking the Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip and delivering aid in response to the famine and humanitarian crisis in Gaza. The vessel, Madleen, departed from Catania, Sicily, on 1 June 2025 and contained baby formula, 100 kg (220 lb) of flour, 250 kg (550 lb) of rice, diapers, medical kits, and crutches. In the early hours of 9 June, Israeli forces intercepted, attacked with a chemical spray, boarded, and seized the Madleen in international waters, preventing it from reaching the Gaza Strip, and transported the twelve people on board to detention in Israel. The people onboard included Swedish activist Greta Thunberg and French MEP Rima Hassan. The detained crew members were later deported from Israel.

Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel)
The Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Hebrew: מִשְׂרַד הַחוּץ, romanized: Misrad HaHutz; Arabic: وزارة الخارجية الإسرائيلية) is one of the most important ministries in the Israeli government. The ministry's role is to implement Israel's foreign policy, and promote economic, cultural, and scientific relations with other countries.

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is located in the government complex in Givat Ram, Jerusalem. Gideon Sa'ar currently holds the Foreign Ministry post.
Hendrik Zoesius
Hendrik Zoesius (Latin: Henricus Zoesius; 1571– 26 February 1627) was a Dutch jurist active at the University of Leuven. He is known for his academic career in canon law and for legal-theological commentaries that continued to circulate into the 18th century.

Old University of Leuven
The Old University of Leuven is the name historians give to the university, or studium generale, founded in Leuven, Brabant (then part of the Burgundian Netherlands, now part of Belgium), in 1425. The university was closed in 1797, a week after the cession to the French Republic of the Austrian Netherlands and the principality of Liège (jointly the future Belgium, by and large) by the Treaty of Campo Formio.

The name was in medieval Latin Studium generale Lovaniense or Universitas Studii Lovaniensis, in humanistical Latin Academia Lovaniensis, and most usually, Universitas Lovaniensis, in Dutch Universiteyt Loven and also Hooge School van Loven.

It is commonly referred to as the University of Leuven or University of Louvain, sometimes with the qualification "old" to distinguish it from the Catholic University of Leuven (established 1835 in Leuven). This might also refer to a short-lived but historically important State University of Leuven, 1817–1835.
Sir Thomas Birch, 2nd Baronet
Sir Thomas Bernard Birch, 2nd Baronet DL (18 March 1791 – 3 March 1880) was a British baronet and Whig politician.

He was the only son of Sir Joseph Birch, 1st Baronet and his wife Elizabeth Mary, third daughter of Benjamin Heywood. Birch was educated at Rugby School and went then to Jesus College, Cambridge, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 1813 and a Master of Arts three years later. In 1817, he was called to the bar by Lincoln's Inn and in 1833, he succeeded his father as baronet.

From 1827 Birch was private secretary to William Lamb (later Lord Melbourne) in his capacity as Chief Secretary for Ireland.  He was appointed High Sheriff of Lancashire in 1841 and served as a Deputy Lieutenant for that county. In 1847, he entered the British House of Commons, sitting for Liverpool until 1852.

Birch was unmarried and childless. With his death the baronetcy became extinct.

Rugby School
Rugby School is a private boarding school for pupils aged 13–18, located in the town of Rugby, Warwickshire in England.

Founded in 1567 as a free grammar school for local boys, it is one of the oldest independent schools in Britain. Up to 1667, the school remained in comparative obscurity. Its re-establishment by Thomas Arnold during his time as Headmaster, from 1828 to 1841, was seen as the forerunner of the Victorian public school. It was one of nine schools investigated by the Clarendon Commission of 1864 and later regulated as one of the seven schools included in the Public Schools Act 1868. Originally a boys' school, it became fully co-educational in 1992.

The school's alumni – or "Old Rugbeians" – include a UK prime minister, a French prime minister, several bishops, poets, scientists, writers and soldiers.

Rugby School is the birthplace of rugby football.
Echuca
Echuca (/əˈtʃuːkə/ ə-CHOO-kə) is a town on the banks of the Murray River and Campaspe River in Victoria, Australia. The border town of Moama is adjacent on the northern side of the Murray River in New South Wales. Echuca is the administrative centre and largest settlement in the Shire of Campaspe. As of the 2021 census, Echuca had a population of 15,056, and the population of the combined Echuca and Moama townships was 22,568.

Echuca lies within traditional Yorta Yorta country. The town's name is a Yorta Yorta word meaning "meeting of the waters". Echuca is close to the junction of the Goulburn, Campaspe, and Murray Rivers. Its position at the closest point of the Murray to Melbourne contributed to its development as a thriving river port city during the 19th century.

Yorta Yorta language
Yorta Yorta (Yotayota) is a dialect cluster, or perhaps a group of closely related languages, spoken by the Yorta Yorta people, Indigenous Australians from the junction of the Goulburn and Murray Rivers in present-day northeast Victoria. Dixon considers it an isolate.

Yorta Yorta clans include the Bangerang, Kailtheban, Wollithiga, Moira, Penrith, Ulupna, Kwat Kwat and Nguaria-iiliam-wurrung. The name is also spelled Jotijota, Jodajoda, Joti-jota, Yodayod, Yoda-Yoda, Yoorta, Yota, Yoti Yoti, Yotta-Yotta, Youta; other names are  Arramouro, Boonegatha, Echuca, Gunbowerooranditchgoole, Gunbowers, Kwart Kwart, Unungun, Wol-lithiga ~ Woollathura.

The Yaliba Yaliba language of the Pikkolaatpan tribe is about 70% similar to the dialect of the Bangerang, suggesting they may be closely related languages rather than dialects.
Olivia Prosper Feldman
Olivia F. Prosper Feldman (published as Olivia Prosper) is a French-born American mathematical biologist, applied mathematician, and epidemiologist, whose research involves mathematically modeling the spread and dynamic behavior of infectious diseases. She is an associate professor of mathematics at the University of Tennessee.

Applied mathematics
Applied mathematics is the application of mathematical methods by different fields such as physics, engineering, medicine, biology, finance, business, computer science, social science, and industry. Thus, applied mathematics is a combination of mathematical science and specialized knowledge. The term "applied mathematics" also describes the professional specialty in which mathematicians work on practical problems by formulating and studying mathematical models.

In the past, practical applications have motivated the development of mathematical theories, which then became the subject of study in pure mathematics where abstract concepts are studied for their own sake. The activity of applied mathematics is thus intimately connected with research in pure mathematics.
Heather (fabric)
In clothing, heather refers to a color effect created by mixing two or more different colored fibers or yarns. It is interwoven yarns of mixed colors, and possibly the type of fiber, producing another color.  It is typically used to mix multiple shades of grey or grey with another color to produce a muted shade (e.g., heather green), but any two colors can be mixed, including bright colors. A mixed fabric color is achieved by using different colors of fiber and mixing them together (a good example is a grey heather t-shirt). Black and white fiber mixed will combine to give grey heather fiber. Heather is blended fibers combined to create a multicolored effect. Heather effect is also known as melange effect.

Fiber
Fiber (spelled fibre in British English; from Latin: fibra) is a natural or artificial substance that is significantly longer than it is wide. Fibers are often used in the manufacture of other materials. The strongest engineering materials often incorporate fibers, for example carbon fiber and ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene.

Synthetic fibers can often be produced very cheaply and in large amounts compared to natural fibers, but for clothing natural fibers have some benefits, such as comfort, over their synthetic counterparts.
Little Salkehatchie River
The Little Salkehatchie River is a stream in Barnwell, Bamberg, and Colleton counties in the U.S. state of South Carolina. It originates in the Town of Blackville and accepts drainage from
Lake Cynthia, Guess Pond, Brooker Pond, Ghants Branch, Halfmoon Branch, and Long Gall Branch.
Further downstream, the river accepts drainage from Long Pond, Ben Rice Bay, Colston Branch (Ben
Rice Branch, Doussoss Bay, Indian Camp Branch, McMillian Branch), and Long Branch (Little Clear
Pond, Clear Pond). There are a total of 111.7 stream miles and 397.4 acres (1.608 km2) of lake waters in this
watershed, all classified freshwater.

Blackville, South Carolina
Blackville is a small town in Barnwell County, South Carolina, United States. As of the 2020 census, Blackville had a population of 1,923.

The town was named after Alexander Black, a railroad promoter.
Morkoka (river)
The Morkoka (Russian: Моркока; Yakut: Моркуока, Morkuoka) is a river in Sakha Republic, Russia. It is a right tributary of the Markha. It has a length of 841 km (523 mi), and it has a basin size of 32,400 km2 (12,500 sq mi). The river sources from Lake Bayyttakh and travels through the Vilyuy Plateau.

Vilyuy Plateau
The Vilyuy Plateau (Russian: Вилюйское плато, romanized: Vilyuyskoye Plato) is a mountain plateau in Krasnoyarsk Krai and the Sakha Republic (Yakutia), Siberia, Russia. It is a part of the Central Siberian Plateau and it is made up mainly of the upper course section of the Vilyuy River.

Permafrost thickness up to 1,500 metres (4,900 ft), the largest in the world, was discovered under the Vilyuy Plateau.