hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
1817–1818 Massachusetts legislature
The 38th Massachusetts General Court, consisting of the Massachusetts Senate and the Massachusetts House of Representatives, met in 1817 and 1818 during the governorship of John Brooks. John Phillips served as president of the Senate and Timothy Bigelow served as speaker of the House. On February 10, 1818, the General Court issued the corporate charter for the Suffolk Bank to a group of the Boston Associates (including Patrick Tracy Jackson and Daniel Pinckney Parker).

The Boston Associates
The Boston Associates is the term historians use for an inter-linked group of investors in 19th-century New England. They included Nathan Appleton, Patrick Tracy Jackson, Abbott Lawrence, and Amos Lawrence. Often related directly or through marriage, they were based in Boston, Massachusetts. The Boston Associates  built a vast business empire between 1810 and 1860 that included textile manufacturing, transportation companies, and financial institutions. Their motivation was not just profit, but a desire to maintain their own social standing and secure the status of their children. This drive to preserve class position led them to innovate in business while also reinforcing social hierarchies and class consciousness through large-scale philanthropy. The Boston Associates’ pursuit of social stability and class continuity drove them to create new forms of industrial capitalism, reinforce class structures, and shape the economic and social landscape of 19th-century New England.
Jeep Liberty (KJ)
The Jeep Liberty (KJ), or Jeep Cherokee (KJ) outside North America, is a compact SUV that was produced by Jeep from 2002 to 2007. Introduced in May 2001  as a replacement for the Cherokee (XJ), the unibody Liberty was priced between the Wrangler and Grand Cherokee. It was the smallest of the 4-door Jeep SUVs up until the car platform-based 4-door Compass and Patriot arrived for 2007.

Vehicle frame
A vehicle frame, also historically known as its chassis, is the main supporting structure of a motor vehicle to which all other components are attached, comparable to the skeleton of an organism.

Until the 1930s, virtually every car had a structural frame separate from its body, known as body-on-frame construction. Both mass production of completed vehicles by a manufacturer using this method, epitomized by the Ford Model T, and supply of rolling chassis to coachbuilders for both mass production (as by Fisher Body in the United States) and to smaller firms (such as Hooper) for bespoke bodies and interiors was practiced.

By the 1960s, unibody construction in passenger cars had become common, and the trend towards building unibody passenger cars continued over the ensuing decades.

Nearly all trucks and buses, and most pickups continue to use a separate frame as their chassis.
Charles Pratt and Company
Charles Pratt and Company was an oil company that was formed in 1867 by Charles Pratt and Henry H. Rogers in Brooklyn, New York. It became part of John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil organization in 1874.

Oil City, Pennsylvania
Oil City is the largest city in Venango County, Pennsylvania, United States. Known for its prominence in the initial exploration and development of the petroleum industry, it is located at a bend in the Allegheny River at the mouth of Oil Creek. The population was 9,608 at the 2020 census, and it is the principal city of the Oil City micropolitan area.

Initial settlement of Oil City was sporadic, and tied to the iron industry. After the first oil wells were drilled in 1861, it became central to the petroleum industry while hosting headquarters for the Pennzoil, Quaker State, and Wolf's Head motor oil companies. Tourism plays a prominent role in the region by promoting oil heritage sites, nature trails, and Victorian architecture.
D 80 road (United Arab Emirates)
The D 80 (Salahuddin Road)  is a road passing in Al Muraqqabat, Al Muteena and Al Khabisi in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. There are four metro stations passing this road, specifically Baniyas Square, Salah Al Din, Abu Baker Al Siddique, and Abu Hail. The road starts in Baniyas Square intersection then ends in the D80-D91 intersection nearby Abu Hail Metro Station

Salah Al Din (Dubai Metro)
Salah Al Din (Arabic: صلاح الدين) is a rapid transit station on the Green Line of the Dubai Metro in the Deira area of Dubai, UAE.

The station opened as part of the Green Line on 9 September 2011.

The station is close to the Reef Mall and Al Ghurair Center. The station is also close to a number of bus routes.
John Lingshaw
John George Lingshaw (4 September 1909 – 1975) was a British collaborator who worked in Germany on Nazi propaganda during World War II. In 1946, he was convicted of offences under the Defence Regulations and sentenced to five years penal servitude.

Emergency Powers (Defence) Act 1939
The Emergency Powers (Defence) Act 1939 (2 & 3 Geo. 6. c. 62) was emergency legislation passed just prior to the outbreak of World War II by the Parliament of the United Kingdom to enable the British government to take up emergency powers to prosecute the war effectively. It contained clauses giving the government wide powers to create Defence Regulations by Order in Council. These regulations governed almost every aspect of everyday life in the country during the War. Two offences under the regulations (forcing safeguards and looting) were punishable with death. Following the conclusion of the war, the 1939 Act was repealed, with the individual regulations gradually following suit. As of 2023, at least one Regulation (relating to the use of service personnel to perform agricultural and other "urgent work of national importance") remains in force.
The Third-Class Carriage
The Third-Class Carriage (French: "Le Wagon de troisième classe") is the name of at least three oil paintings entitled made by the French painter Honoré Daumier. In a realistic manner, Daumier depicts the poverty and fortitude of working class travellers in a third class railway carriage. One oil-on canvas version, dated to c. 1862–1864 but left unfinished, is in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, and a similar but completed painting dated to c. 1863–1865 is in the National Gallery of Canada in Ottawa. A third oil-on-panel version, dated to c. 1856–1858, with a different arrangement of the main three figures, is held by the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco.

Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco
The Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco (FAMSF),
comprising the de Young Museum in Golden Gate Park and the Legion of Honor in Lincoln Park, is the largest public arts institution in the city of San Francisco. FAMSF's combined attendance was 1,158,264 visitors in 2022, making it the fifth most attended art institution in the United States. In 2024, the two combined museums were ranked 15th in The Washington Post's list of the best art museums in the U.S.

Opened in 1895, the de Young is home to American art from the 17th century through today, textile arts and costumes, African art, Oceanic art, arts of the Americas, and contemporary art. Opened in 1924, the Legion of Honor showcases European painting, sculpture, and decorative arts, ancient art, graphic arts, and contemporary art in dialogue with its historical collections and Beaux-Arts style building. In total the collection holds 130,000 objects.
Medical logic module
A medical logic module (MLM) is an independent unit in a healthcare knowledge base that represents the knowledge published on a requirement for treating a patient according to a single medical decision.

Possible usage is with an event monitor program in an intensive care ward or with hospital information system on occurrence of defined conditions. See Arden syntax reference for examples. Early introduction is given with monographs.

Decision-making
In psychology, decision-making (also spelled decision making and decisionmaking) is regarded as the cognitive process resulting in the selection of a belief or a course of action among several possible alternative options. It could be either rational or irrational. The decision-making process is a reasoning process based on assumptions of values, preferences and beliefs of the decision-maker. Every decision-making process produces a final choice, which may or may not prompt action.

Research about decision-making is also published under the label problem solving, particularly in European psychological research.
Chris Scott (Australian footballer)
Christopher Michael Scott (born 3 May 1976) is a former Australian rules footballer in the Australian Football League (AFL) best known for being a dual premiership player with the Brisbane Lions and a dual premiership coach at Geelong in 2011 and 2022.

He has been the senior coach of Geelong since 2011.

2022 AFL season
The 2022 AFL season was the 126th season of the Australian Football League (AFL), the highest-level senior men's Australian rules football competition in Australia, which was known as the Victorian Football League until 1989. The season featured eighteen clubs and ran from 16 March until 24 September, comprising a 22-game home-and-away season followed by a finals series featuring the top eight clubs.

The premiership was won by the Geelong Football Club for the tenth time, after defeating Sydney by 81 points in the 2022 AFL Grand Final.
Riceboro Southern Railway
The Riceboro Southern Railway (reporting mark RSOR) began operations in 2004 on about 33 miles of track, some of which is leased from CSX Transportation. The track on which it runs is part of the ex-Seaboard Air Line route from Savannah, Georgia to Jacksonville, Florida.  It runs generally from Ogeechee, Georgia, where the line splits from the CSX Savannah Subdivision, which is the former Atlantic Coast Line Railroad's Savannah-Jacksonville route, and Riceboro. It does not have any of its own locomotives; it uses Georgia Central power.

Savannah Subdivision
The Savannah Subdivision is a railroad line owned by CSX Transportation in the U.S. state of Georgia. Through the middle of Savannah, the Savannah Subdivision splits into an east route and a west route.  The East Route runs from Savannah, Georgia, to Ogeechee, Georgia, for a total of 15.6 miles (25.1 km). At its north end it continues south from the Charleston Subdivision and the Columbia Subdivision both of the Florence Division and at its south end it continues south as the Nahunta Subdivision. The West Route is located in Savannah, Georgia, and is 9.7 miles (15.6 km) in length. At its north end it branches off of the Savannah Subdivision East Route and at its south end it comes back into the Savannah Subdivision East Route.
Lykes Brothers Steamship Company
Lykes Bros. Steamship Co., also called Lykes Lines, was a cargo shipping company acting from the beginning of the 20th century to 2005 having its main business in the trade to and from the United States.

Hapag-Lloyd
Hapag-Lloyd AG is a German international shipping and container transportation company, the 5th-largest in the world by total TEU capacity. It was formed in 1970 through a merger of two German maritime transportation companies.
G8012 Mi'le–Chuxiong Expressway
The G8012 Mi'le–Chuxiong Expressway (Chinese: 弥勒—楚雄高速公路), also referred to as the Michu Expressway (Chinese: 弥楚高速公路), is an expressway in Yunnan, China that connects the cities of Mi'le and Chuxiong via Yuxi.

Yuxi
Yuxi (Chinese: 玉溪; pinyin: Yùxī) is a prefecture-level city in the central part of Yunnan province of the People's Republic of China. The administrative center of Yuxi is Hongta District. Yuxi is approximately 90 kilometres (56 mi) south of Kunming.By the end of 2024, the resident population of the city will be 2.266 million.
Back Door Man
"Back Door Man" is a blues song written by American musician Willie Dixon and recorded by Howlin' Wolf in 1960. The lyrics draw on a Southern U.S. cultural term for an extramarital affair.  The song is one of several Dixon-Wolf songs that became popular among rock musicians, including the Doors who recorded it for their 1967 self-titled debut album.

Ray Manzarek
Raymond Daniel Manzarek Jr. (/mænˈzɛɪrək/ man-ZAYR-ik; né Manczarek; February 12, 1939 – May 20, 2013) was an American keyboardist. He is best known as a member of the rock band the Doors, co-founding the group in 1965 with fellow UCLA Film School graduate Jim Morrison. Manzarek is credited for his innovative playing and abilities on organ-style keyboard instruments.

Manzarek was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1993 as a Doors member. He was a co-founding member of Nite City from 1977 to 1978 and of Manzarek–Krieger from 2001 until he died in 2013. USA Today described him as "one of the best keyboardists ever".
Vivekananda Sarovar, Raipur
Vivekananda Sarovar, popularly called Swami Vivekananda Sarovar or Budha Talab, is a lake in Raipur, the capital city of Chhattisgarh, India. It is located in Budhapara area near the Balbir Singh Juneja Indoor Stadium and it is spread in 30 hectares.

Balbir Singh Juneja Indoor Stadium
Balbir Singh Juneja Indoor Stadium is an Indoor stadium in Raipur, Chhattisgarh. The stadium is only indoor stadium in city and was named after Balbir Singh Juneja who was born in the city with capacity of 4,000. It is owned and managed by  Raipur Municipal Corporation.The stadium has facilities for games like basketball, volleyball, tennis, squash, table-tennis, badminton, and gymnastics. The stadium is home for Chhattisgarh's first professional sports team called Raipur Rangers which plays in Champions Tennis League.
San Fernando National Reserve
The San Fernando National Reserve (Spanish: Reserva Nacional San Fernando, RNSF) is a protected area in southern Peru, located in the districts of Santiago (Ica Province), and Changuillo, Nazca, and Marcona (Nazca Province), within the Ica Region. It covers an area of approximately 154,716 hectares.

The reserve is composed of two distinct sectors. In the north, the mouths of the Ica River and the Grande River support riparian forests that contrast with the surrounding desert. Seasonal wetlands form near sandy beaches around Punta Caballas. The southern sector includes the San Fernando Inlet, coastal hills, and steep, rugged cliffs such as those on Mount Huasipara—the highest coastal elevation in Peru at 1,790 meters above sea level. This mountain was uplifted by the subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South American Plate.

Ica River
The Ica River (Río Ica) is a 220 kilometer long river in Peru which flows south from highlands in Huancavelica Region to the Pacific Ocean through Ica Region and passing the region's capital, the city of Ica.

The river is normally dry during much of the year, but can flood and do major damage as the flood disaster in the city of Ica in 1998 (likely linked to the 1997-98 El Niño event). The Ica valley has an average rainfall of 3 mm a year and a fairly uniform temperature throughout the year with a maximum monthly average of 25 °C in February and a minimum of 17 °C in July.

The natural catchment area for the Ica was 7711 km ², but a project that sought to increase and regulate the water supply, using lake Chuqlluqucha, added 392 km ².
Lepperton
Lepperton is a small village in  North Taranaki, New Zealand. It is approximately 6 km (3.7 mi) inland from Waitara township, 5 km (3.1 mi) west of the Waitara River, and 1 km (0.62 mi) east of State Highway 3A, which connects Inglewood to Waitara.

Waitara River
The source of the Waitara River lies in the very steep hill country to the east of Mount Taranaki/Egmont, near Tahora. After proceeding in a southwesterly direction toward Central Taranaki, the river abruptly turns to flow in a northwesterly direction to the Tasman Sea: meeting it at the coastal town of Waitara.

The river once had a dock in Waitara, where export meat from the town's Thos. Borthwick & Sons freezing-works was loaded onto ships. However, this trade was subsequently conducted from New Plymouth's Port Taranaki until the works closed in 1995.

The Waitara is the first mud-bottomed river to the north of Cape Egmont. It is prone to flooding, and there are stop banks (levees) to the west of the river (upstream from the bridge) and on both sides downstream.

The historic Bertrand Road suspension bridge, (one of only a few such road bridges in New Zealand)      is several kilometres from State Highway 3 (just up from the town).
Michael Verelst
Michael Verelst (born c. 1675, probably in Venice) was the fourth surviving child of Herman Verelst and Cecilia Fend, originally from Venice.   Herman was an established portrait painter in Amsterdam but, with the collapse of the art market in the Low Countries in the late 1660s onwards, moved his family through Europe, starting in Venice and, in 1683, escaping the siege of Vienna to flee to London.  Michael was born in Venice.: p. 5  Michael presumably was Herman's pupil.

A licence was issued for the marriage of Michael Verelst and Sarah Laverne on 5 April 1697 but there is no evidence that marriage was conducted.: p. 146  Michael Verelst married Mary Bennett of Queniborough, Leicestershire in 1699 or early 1700.  They lived in Nottingham having seven children of whom only one lived to adulthood.

Michael Verelst's wife, Mary, probably died in 1740.  He was buried at St Margaret's, King’s Lynn on 30 June 1752.

King's Lynn
King's Lynn, known until 1537 as Bishop's Lynn and colloquially as Lynn, is a port and market town in the borough of King's Lynn and West Norfolk in the county of Norfolk, England. It is 36 miles (58 km) north-east of Peterborough, 44 miles (71 km) north-north-east of Cambridge, 44 miles (71 km) west of Norwich, and about 5 miles (8 km) inland from The Wash estuary.
Colchicum × byzantinum
Colchicum × byzantinum, the Byzantine meadow saffron, is a species of flowering plant in the family Colchicaceae with a long history of cultivation, and no certain place of origin. It is thought to be a hybrid of other species.

It shares many traits with Colchicum cilicicum. The flowers, which appear in autumn, have no scent and are light pink with a prominent central white stripe. Each tepal has a purple tip, even white selections.  This plant is very reliable in gardens, and has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit (confirmed 2017).

Colchicums resemble crocuses. However, they belong to a different family, and unlike crocuses are toxic if eaten.

The specific epithet byzantinum means "from Byzantium" (now Istanbul).

Byzantium
Byzantium (/bɪˈzæntiəm, -ʃəm/) or Byzantion (Ancient Greek: Βυζάντιον) was an ancient Greek city in classical antiquity that became known as Constantinople in late antiquity and Istanbul in modern times. The Greek name Byzantion and its Latinization Byzantium continued to be used as a name of Constantinople sporadically and to varying degrees during the thousand-year existence of the Eastern Roman Empire, which also became known by the former name of the city as the Byzantine Empire. Byzantium was colonized by Greeks from Megara in the 7th century BCE and remained primarily Greek-speaking until its conquest by the Ottoman Empire in 1453 CE.
Province Public Service Commission (Madhesh Province)
The Province Public Service Commission (Madhesh Province) (PPSC MP) is a government agency of Madhesh Province constituted to recruit candidates for various government jobs under the Government of Madhesh Province through competitive examinations. It is headquartered in Janakpur, Dhanusha, Madhesh, and functions through its own secretariat. The commission was established on 21 September 2019. Dr. Shivaram Yadav is the present chairman of the commission.

Madhesh Province
Madhesh Province (Nepali: मधेश प्रदेश, romanized: Madhēś pradēś) is a province of Nepal in the Terai region with an area of 9,661 km2 (3,730 sq mi) covering about 6.5% of the country's total area. It has a population of 6,114,600 as per the 2021 Nepal census, making it Nepal's most densely populated province and the smallest province by area.
It borders Koshi Pradesh to the east and the north, Bagmati Province to the north, and India’s Bihar state to the south and the west.
The border between Chitwan National Park and Parsa National Park acts as the provincial boundary in the west, and the Kosi River forms the provincial border in the east. The province includes eight districts, from Parsa in the west to Saptari in the east.
It is a centre for religious and cultural tourism.
1981 Iranian Air Force C-130 crash
On 29 September 1981, an Iranian Air Force C-130 military cargo aircraft crashed into a firing range near Kahrizak, Iran. The plane was flying from Ahvaz, Khuzestan province to Tehran, while returning from an inspection tour of Iranian military gains in the Iran–Iraq War.

The crashed killed 80 people, including former Defence Minister Javad Fakoori, then-Defence Minister Mousa Namjoo, then-Chief-of-Staff of the Army Valiollah Fallahi, and then-commander of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Mohammad Jahanara.

Joint Staff of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army
The Joint Staff of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army (Persian: ستاد مشترک ارتش جمهوری اسلامی ایران), acronymed SEMAJA (Persian: سماجا), is the chief of staff of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army, the conventional military of Iran, with an aim to coordinate its four military branches. The Joint Staff has Central Provost and University of Command and Staff under control.
The Vermilion Pencil
The Vermilion Pencil is a 1922 American silent drama film directed by Norman Dawn, and produced and distributed by Robertson–Cole. It is based on the eponymous 1908 novel by Homer Lea. The film stars Japanese actor Sessue Hayakawa in multiple roles, and white actors Ann May, Bessie Love, and Sidney Franklin, all in Asian roles. It is now a lost film.

After completing this film, Hayakawa learned that members of the studio who made the film were active in the anti-Japanese movement, and he left Hollywood for over a decade.

Norman Dawn
Norman O. Dawn (25 May 1884 – 2 February 1975) was an early American film director. He made several improvements on the matte shot to apply it to motion picture, and was the first director to use rear projection in film production.
Truck Festival
Truck Festival is an annual independent music festival in Oxfordshire, England. Truck Festival started in 1998, founded by the Bennett family (including the brothers Robin and Joe of the band Goldrush). The Bennett family decided that mainstream festivals such as Glastonbury had become too commercial and predictable. Truck Festival is held in July at Hill Farm in Steventon, Oxfordshire, which lies between Abingdon, Didcot and Wantage. The festival also gave birth to the Truck Records label in 1999.

The main stage was originally constructed from three large flatbed trucks, giving rise to a common misperception is that this is where the name of the festival comes from. However, in 2007 Robin Bennett wrote on the official Truck website: "Contrary to popular belief, the name Truck actually came from a compilation CD I picked up, 'Ten Trucking Greats', the soundtrack of the movie Convoy."

Didcot
Didcot (/ˈdɪdkɒt, -kət/ DID-kot, -⁠kət) is a railway town and civil parish in South Oxfordshire, England, located 15 miles (24 km) south of Oxford, 10 miles (16 km) east of Wantage and 15 miles (24 km) north west of Reading. Historically part of Berkshire, the town is noted for its railway heritage, Didcot station opening as a junction station on the Great Western Main Line in 1844.

Today the town is known for the railway museum and as the gateway town to the Science Vale: three large science and technology centres in the surrounding villages of Milton (Milton Park), Culham (Culham Science Centre) and Harwell (Harwell Science and Innovation Campus which includes the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory).