hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
LGBTQ history in Latvia
The treatment of homosexuality in Latvia has varied greatly throughout its history, as the country has gone through periods of conquest and independence. Typically, laws targeting the LGBT community and particularly gay men have been harsher under periods of Russian or Soviet control than during periods of independence. Shortly after the fall of the Soviet Union, homosexuality in Latvia was decriminalised in 1992. However, homophobic attitudes remain entrenched, and Latvia is considered one of the least hospitable countries for the LGBT community in the EU.

Conquest
Conquest involves achieving control of another entity's territory through war or coercion. Historically, conquests occurred frequently in the international system, and there were limited normative or legal prohibitions against conquest.

The onset and diffusion of nationalism (the belief that nation and state should be congruent), especially in the 19th century, made the idea of conquest increasingly unacceptable to popular opinion. Prohibitions against conquest were codified with the establishment of the League of Nations following World War I and of the United Nations at the end of World War II.

Scholars have debated the strength of a norm against conquest since 1945. Conquest of large swaths of territory has been rare since the end of World War II. However, states have continued to pursue annexation of small territories.
Como's Golden Records
Como's Golden Records is a compilation album by Perry Como released by RCA Victor in late 1954 or early 1955.

According to Billboard, the album's title referred to the fact that the songs it compiled were "Golden Records" — the ones that "sold over a million". It had songs from as early as 1945 and up to one of Como's (then) latest hits – "Wanted".

Wanted (Perry Como song)
"Wanted" is a popular song written by Jack Fulton and Lois Steele.  A recording by Perry Como was the most popular version, reaching No. 1 in the US.  Al Martino also recorded the song, which reached No. 4 in the UK.
Onitis
Onitis is a genus of Scarabaeidae or scarab beetles in the superfamily Scarabaeoidea and typical of the tribe Onitini. This genus is mainly distributed in Africa, Palaearctic and Oriental region with more than 140 species from the Afrotropical region. All species of this genus are tunnellers meaning they build tunnel under the dung in the soil and bring dung in the tunnel to lay eggs.

Scarabaeoidea
Scarabaeoidea is a superfamily of beetles, the only subgroup of the infraorder Scarabaeiformia. Around 35,000 species are placed in this superfamily and some 200 new species are described each year.  Some of its constituent families are undergoing revision, and the family list below is provisional. This superfamily includes some of the largest beetles extant today, including rhinoceros beetles (Dynastinae), especially the Hercules beetle (Dynastes hercules) and the Goliath beetles (Goliathus sp.).

The oldest confirmed member of the group is the extinct genus Alloioscarabaeus from the Middle Jurassic period Jiulongshan Formation of Inner Mongolia, China.
Piana di Monte Verna
Piana di Monte Verna is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Caserta in the Italian region Campania, located about 40 kilometres (25 mi) north of Naples and about 11 kilometres (7 mi) north of Caserta.

Piana di Monte Verna borders the following municipalities: Caiazzo, Capua, Castel di Sasso, Castel Morrone, Limatola.

Province of Caserta
The province of Caserta (Italian: provincia di Caserta) is a province in the Campania region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Caserta, situated about 36 kilometres (22 mi) by road north of Naples. The province has an area of 2,651.35 square kilometres (1,023.69 mi2), and a population of 907,442. The Palace of Caserta is located near to the city, a former royal residence which was constructed for the Bourbon kings of Naples. It was the largest palace and one of the largest buildings erected in Europe during the 18th century. In 1997, the palace was designated a World Heritage Site.
John Palmer (rugby union)
John Anthony Palmer (born 13 February 1957) is an English former rugby union international who represented England in three Test matches between 1984 and 1986.

Palmer, born in Malta, studied at Prior Park College in Bath, Somerset.

An England Under-23s representative, Palmer earned an England call up for the 1984 tour of South Africa and featured as a centre in both Tests against the Springboks. He also played in a Five Nations Test against Ireland at Twickenham in 1986, coming on as a substitute, but would announce his retirement from international rugby later that year aged 29.

Palmer captained Bath to the 1985–86 John Player Cup title.

1985–86 John Player Cup
The 1985–86 John Player Special Cup was the 15th edition of England's premier rugby union club competition at the time. Bath won the competition for the third consecutive year defeating Wasps in the final. The event was sponsored by John Player cigarettes and the final was held at Twickenham Stadium.
Levels of the Game
Levels of the Game is a 1969 creative nonfiction book by John McPhee that covers the 1968 US Open match between Arthur Ashe and Clark Graebner. Nominally about tennis and tennis players, it additionally explores deeper issues of race, class, and politics.

Creative nonfiction
Creative nonfiction (also known as literary nonfiction, narrative nonfiction or verfabula) is a genre of writing that uses literary styles and techniques to create factually accurate narratives. Creative nonfiction contrasts with other non-fiction, such as academic, technical, or journalistic writing, which are also rooted in accurate fact but not written to entertain based on prose style. Many writers view creative nonfiction as overlapping with the essay.
1916 Black Friday storm
The 1916 Black Friday storm was a large storm that passed over Lake Erie on Friday, October 20, 1916. Dubbed "Black Friday", the "perfect storm" sank four large ships, killing forty-nine people. The ships that were sunk by the violent weather were James B. Colgate, Marshall F. Butters, D. L. Filer and Mérida. In the western part of the lake, "the convergence of two high pressure systems and a minor hurricane" created the large storm that day.

James B. Colgate (ship)
42°5′22.6788″N 81°44′16.8612″W﻿ / ﻿42.089633000°N 81.738017000°W﻿ / 42.089633000; -81.738017000

James B. Colgate was a whaleback steamer that sank off the shores of Long Point, Ontario, Canada, in Lake Erie on 20 October 1916.  This day was dubbed "Black Friday" because of its fierce winds and towering waves wreaking havoc on numerous vessels traveling on Lake Erie's waters.  The James B. Colgate, loaded with coal, left on its final voyage from Buffalo, New York, heading for Fort William, Ontario today known as Thunder Bay.  The vessel had a tonnage of 1,713 tons and measured 308 feet (94 m) in length. Captain Walter Grashaw was the only surviving member of the 26-man crew.
Sheridan Township, Calhoun County, Michigan
Sheridan Township is a civil township of Calhoun County in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is part of the Battle Creek, Michigan Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 1,809 at the 2020 census.

Battle Creek, Michigan
Battle Creek is a city in northwestern Calhoun County, Michigan, United States, at the confluence of the Kalamazoo and Battle Creek rivers. As of the 2020 census, the city had a total population of 52,731. It is the principal city of the Battle Creek metropolitan statistical area, which encompasses all of Calhoun County. Nicknamed "Cereal City", it is best known as the home of WK Kellogg Co and the founding city of Post Consumer Brands. In Battle Creek, the Kellogg brothers invented the first cereal by accident in an attempt to make granola.
Beale's Crossing
Beale's Crossing was a river crossing on the Colorado River, near the head of the Mohave Valley, between New Mexico Territory (now Arizona) and California along the 35th Parallel route of Beale's Wagon Road. It was at what became the site of Fort Mohave in what is now Fort Mohave, Arizona, west of Beaver Lake, Nevada. It was named for Edward Fitzgerald Beale, who lead the expedition that built what came to be called Beale's Wagon Road from Albuquerque, New Mexico to Beale's Crossing in California, then by way of the Mohave Trail/Old Spanish Trail, and another old route west from the Mojave River to Fort Tejon, California.

Fort Mohave, Arizona
Fort Mohave is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Mohave County, Arizona, United States. It is named for a nearby fort that was used during the Mohave War. As of the 2020 census, the population of Fort Mohave was 16,190, up from 14,364 in 2010 and 8,919 in 2000. It is a suburb of Bullhead City. Its recent growth has made it the most populous unincorporated community in Mohave County.

The largest single employer in Fort Mohave is Valley View Medical Center. In 2013, Fort Mohave became the home of a 200+ acre photovoltaic solar generating plant. The plant was built east of Vanderslice Road between Joy Lane and Lipan Boulevard.
Bobby Sherman
Robert Cabot Sherman Jr. (July 22, 1943 – June 24, 2025) was an American singer and actor who was a teen idol in the late 1960s and early 1970s. He had a series of successful singles, notably the million-seller "Little Woman" (1969). Sherman left show business in the 1970s for a career as a paramedic and a deputy sheriff, but performed occasionally into the 1990s.

Paramedic
A paramedic is a healthcare professional trained in the medical model, whose main role has historically been to respond to emergency calls for medical help outside of a hospital. Paramedics work as part of the emergency medical services (EMS), most often in ambulances. They also have roles in emergency medicine, primary care, transfer medicine and remote/offshore medicine.  The scope of practice of a paramedic varies between countries, but generally includes autonomous decision making around the emergency care of patients.

Not all ambulance personnel are paramedics, although the term is sometimes used informally to refer to any ambulance personnel. In some English-speaking countries, there is an official distinction between paramedics and emergency medical technicians (or emergency care assistants), in which paramedics have additional educational requirements and scope of practice.
Scott McGrory
Scott Anthony McGrory OAM (born 22 December 1969) is an Australian former professional racing cyclist. He was an Australian Institute of Sport scholarship holder.

McGrory won a gold medal (with Brett Aitken) in the Madison at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, a silver in the Madison at the 1996 UCI Track Cycling World Championships in Manchester, and a bronze medal at the 1988 Summer Olympics in the team pursuit.

He represented Australia in the road race events at both the 1998 Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (8th), and the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games.

1998 Commonwealth Games
The 1998 Commonwealth Games (Malay: Sukan Komanwel 1998), officially known as the XVI Commonwealth Games (Malay: Sukan Komanwel ke-16), were a multi-sport event held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The 1998 Games were the first to be held in Asia, and the last Commonwealth Games of the 20th century. For the first time ever, the Games included team sports. Around 3,638 athletes from 70 Commonwealth member nations participated at the Games, which featured 214 events in 15 sports with 34 of them collected medals.
Silter
Silter is an Italian hard cheese made within the Lombardy region, around province of Brescia and surrounding areas, and traditionally produced with unpasteurised cows milk during summer months and September, is brined, and aged for a minimum of 6 months.

As of 2015, within the EU, it has PDO certification.

Cheese ripening
Cheese ripening, alternatively cheese maturation or affinage, is a process in cheesemaking. It is responsible for the distinct flavour of cheese, and through the modification of "ripening agents", determines the features that define many different varieties of cheeses, such as taste, texture, and body. The process is "characterized by a series of complex physical, chemical and microbiological changes" that incorporates the agents of "bacteria and enzymes of the milk, lactic culture, rennet, lipases, added moulds or yeasts, and environmental contaminants". The majority of cheese is ripened, except for fresh cheese.
Starbotton
Starbotton is a village of around 60 houses in Upper Wharfedale in the county of North Yorkshire, England. It is situated in the Yorkshire Dales National Park, by the River Wharfe. The resident population is around 48 and many village houses are used for holiday accommodation. There are two working farms - one at either end of the village, the rest having been converted for other uses. The village is on the opposite bank of the Wharfe to the Dales Way halfway between Kettlewell and Buckden.

Until 1974 it was part of the West Riding of Yorkshire. From 1974 to 2023 it was part of the district of Craven, it is now administered by the unitary North Yorkshire Council.

Dales Way
The Dales Way is an 78.5-mile (126.3 km) long-distance footpath in Northern England, from (south-east to north-west) Ilkley, West Yorkshire, to Bowness-on-Windermere, Cumbria. This walk was initially devised by the West Riding Ramblers' Association with the 'leading lights' being Colin Speakman and Tom Wilcock (Footpath Secretary). The route was announced to the public in 1968 and the first recorded crossing was by a group of Bradford Grammar School Venture Scouts in 1969.

The Dales Way passes through two National Parks: the Yorkshire Dales National Park and  the Lake District National Park.  The first half of the walk follows the River Wharfe upstream to the main watershed of Northern England at Ribblehead.  The second half follows several river valleys (Dentdale, River Mint, River Kent) to descend to the shores of Windermere.
Nathwani
Nathwani is an Indian (Gujarati) surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Narendra Nathwani (1913–1993), Indian politician

Parimal Nathwani (born 1956), Indian politician and industrialist

Yadav Nathwani (born 1983), American politician

Narendra Nathwani
Narendra Pragji Nathwani (3 January 1913 – 1 September 1993) was an Indian politician of Sindhi Hindu origin. He was elected to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India from Junagadh, Gujarat.

Nathwani died in Bombay on 1 September 1993, at the age of 80.
Ruchanki
Ruchanki is a flat, oval racuszki from bread dough (providing a light sour taste) or sponge cake (sweet taste), fried on hot fat.

Formerly, ruchanki were produced from leftover bread dough. The rye bread dough version was popularly eaten instead of bread for breakfast. Ruchanki baked from wheat flour and yeast were traditionally baked for carnivals. These are served hot, topped with powdered sugar or white sugar. In Kashubia these are served with apples.

Ruchanki are enlisted on the list of traditional produce of the Pomeranian Voivodeship. The official list states, that the average diameter of ruchanki should be between 5 and 7 cm and their thickness at 0.5 cm.

Sponge cake
Sponge cake is a light cake made with egg whites, flour and sugar, sometimes leavened with baking powder. Some sponge cakes do not contain egg yolks, such as angel food cake, but most do.

The sponge cake is thought to be one of the first non-yeasted cakes, and the earliest attested sponge cake recipe in English is found in a book by the poet Gervase Markham, The English Huswife (1615). The cake was more like a cracker: thin and crisp.

The modern sponge cakes arose when bakers started using beaten eggs as a leavening agent in the mid-19th century. The creation of baking powder by a British food manufacturer in 1843 allowed the addition of butter, permitting the creation of the Victoria sponge.  A sponge cake is different from a butter cake.
Here and Somewhere Else
Here and Somewhere Else is an album by the American band the Samples, released in 1998. It marked a return to What Are Records?, following 1996's MCA Records-released Outpost. The band supported the album with a North American tour that included shows with Ziggy Marley and the Melody Makers. Several of the album's songs were marketed to adult album alternative radio stations.

Adult album alternative
Adult album alternative (also triple-A, AAA, or adult alternative) is a radio format. Its roots trace to both the "classic album stations of the '70s as well as the alternative rock format that developed in the '80s." AAA programming is carried on more than 150 broadcast outlets in the United States, with a roughly even split between commercial and public stations.
Casa del Popolo
Casa del Popolo is a bar, bistro, and music venue in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, on Saint Laurent Boulevard in the borough of Le Plateau-Mont-Royal. Its name is Italian for "House of the People".

It was established in September 2000 by Mauro Pezzente and his partner Kiva Stimac. Since then, the Casa has hosted performances by Arcade Fire, Buck 65, ...And You Will Know Us By The Trail Of Dead, Do Make Say Think, Moldy Peaches, Carla Bozulich, and many more. The Casa has also hosted non-musical performances, including slideshows by Seth and book launches by Jonathan Goldstein.

Fodor's describes Casa del Popolo as "one of (Montreal's) top venues for indie rock music", and Frommer's has compared it to CBGB.

Bar (establishment)
A bar, also known as a saloon, a tavern or tippling house, or sometimes as a pub or club, is a retail business that serves alcoholic beverages, such as beer, wine, liquor, cocktails, and other beverages such as mineral water and soft drinks. Bars often also sell snack foods, such as chips (crisps) or peanuts, for consumption on their premises. Some types of bars, such as pubs, may also serve food from a restaurant menu. The term "bar" refers both to the countertop where drinks are prepared and served and also by extension to the entirety of the establishment in which the bar is located.

The term derives from the metal or wooden bar (barrier) that is often located along the length of the "bar". Over many years, heights of bars were lowered, and high stools added, and the brass bar remains today.
Ella Sekatau
Ella Wilcox-Thomas Sekatau, or Firefly-Song of Wind, (May 10, 1928 — April 7, 2014) was a poet, historian, and ethnohistorian and medicine woman of the Narragansett Indian Nation. Instrumental in the Narragansett's federal recognition in 1983, she was a powerful cultural and political presence in her community and across the Native American community of New England. Sekatau was one of the first Native American interpreters to partner with Brown University's Heffenreffer Museum of Anthropology in their education program, and was also a key figure for the Wampanoag history program at Plimoth Plantation, now Plimoth Patuxet.

Narragansett Bay
Narragansett Bay is a bay and estuary on the north side of Rhode Island Sound covering 147 square miles (380 km2), 120.5 square miles (312 km2) of which is in Rhode Island. The bay forms New England's largest estuary, which functions as an expansive natural harbor and includes a small archipelago. Small parts of the bay extend into Massachusetts.

There are more than 30 islands in the bay; the three largest ones are Aquidneck Island, Conanicut Island, and Prudence Island. Bodies of water that are part of Narragansett Bay include the Sakonnet River, Mount Hope Bay, and the southern, tidal part of the Taunton River. The bay opens on Rhode Island Sound and the Atlantic Ocean; Block Island lies less than 20 miles (32 km) southwest of its opening.
Louis Lemoine
Louis Lemoine (23 November 1764 – 23 January 1842) commanded a French infantry division during the French Revolutionary Wars. He enlisted in the French Royal Army in 1783 and rose to the rank of sous-officer. Elected lieutenant colonel of a volunteer battalion in 1791, he led his troops at Jemappes in 1792 and Neerwinden in 1793. Transferred to the Army of the Eastern Pyrenees and promoted to general of brigade, he fought at Peyrestortes, Boulou and San Lorenzo de la Muga where he was wounded. In 1795 he led his troops at Quiberon, was promoted to general of division the next year and fought at Neuwied in 1797. He commanded an infantry division at Novi and Genola in 1799. During the First French Empire he commanded posts in the interior. His surname is one of the names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe, on Column 6.

Divisional general
Divisional general (alternatively general of division) is a general officer rank who commands an army division. The rank originates from the French Revolutionary System, and is used by a number of countries.  The rank is above a brigade general, and normally below an army corps general.

The rank is mostly used in countries where it is used as a modern alternative to a previous older rank of major-general or lieutenant-general.
The Man in Search of His Murderer
The Man in Search of His Murderer (German: Der Mann, der seinen Mörder sucht) is a 1931 German comedy film directed by Robert Siodmak and starring Heinz Rühmann, Lien Deyers and Hans Leibelt. The film is partially lost; of the original 9 acts, only five (50 minutes) remain. It was one of the early leading roles for upcoming German star Heinz Rühmann. Co-writer Billy Wilder was at the beginning of his long career. It was shot at the Babelsberg Studios in Berlin and premiered at the city's Gloria-Palast. The film's sets were designed by the art director Robert Herlth and Walter Röhrig. It was remade in 1952 as You Only Live Once.

Gloria-Palast
52°30′16″N 13°20′00″E﻿ / ﻿52.504572°N 13.333282°E﻿ / 52.504572; 13.333282The Gloria-Palast was a German cinema located on the Kurfürstendamm in the German capital Berlin. It was constructed in 1924 and replaced the existing neo-Baroque Romanischen Hauses designed by Franz Heinrich Schwechten. It became a common location for Berlin premieres of new films. In 1930 the hit The Blue Angel first screened at the Palast. In 1943 the cinema was gutted by a fire caused by an Allied bombing raid during the Second World War. After the war, the cinema was refurbished and reopened in what was now West Berlin during the Cold War. Other prestige cinemas located in the area included the Marmorhaus. In 2017 the redevelopment of the cinema was approved and it was demolished the following year.
Sarda cattle
The Sarda is a breed of small beef cattle from the Italian island of Sardinia. It is one of the sixteen minor Italian cattle breeds of limited diffusion recognised and protected by the Ministero delle Politiche Agricole Alimentari e Forestali, the Italian ministry of agriculture.

Beef cattle
Beef cattle are cattle raised for meat production (as distinguished from dairy cattle, used for milk (production)). The meat of mature or almost mature cattle is mostly known as beef.
In beef production there are three main stages: cow-calf operations, backgrounding, and feedlot operations.  The production cycle of the animals starts at cow-calf operations; this operation is designed specifically to breed cows for their offspring. From here the calves are backgrounded for a feedlot. Animals grown specifically for the feedlot are known as feeder cattle, the goal of these animals is fattening. Animals not grown for a feedlot are typically female and are commonly known as replacement heifers.
While the principal use of beef cattle is meat production, other uses include leather, and beef by-products used in candy, shampoo, cosmetics, and insulin.