hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
1945 in film
The year 1945 in film involved some significant events. With 1945 being the last year of World War II, the many films released this year had themes of patriotism, sacrifices, and peace. In the United States, there were more than eighteen thousand movie theatres operating in 1945, a figure that grew by a third from a decade earlier.

Lou Costello
Louis Francis Cristillo (March 6, 1906 – March 3, 1959), better known as Lou Costello, was an American comedian, actor and producer. He was best known for his double act with Bud Abbott and their routine "Who's on First?".

Abbott and Costello, who teamed in burlesque in 1936, were among the most popular and highest-paid entertainers in the world during World War II. During a national tour in 1942, they sold $85 million in war bonds in 35 days. By 1955, their popularity waned from overexposure, and their film and television contracts lapsed. Their partnership ended in 1957, after which Costello made numerous solo appearances on TV and starred in one film.
Jaromír
Jaromír is a Czech male given name. It is composed from the old Czech words jaryj ('strong') and mir ('peaceful'). An obsolete version of the name is Jaroměr. The feminine counterpart is Jaromíra. Notable people with the name include:

Czech name
Czech names are composed of a given name and a family name (surname). Czechs typically get one given name – additional names may be chosen by themselves upon baptism but they generally use one. With marriage, the bride typically adopts the bridegroom's surname.
Alessandro Nova
Alessandro Ferruccio Nova (born 15 May 1954) is an Italian art historian who specialises in the Renaissance. He is Director Emeritus of the Art History Institute of Florence (KHI) – the Max-Plank-Institute and Honorary Professor of Goethe University Frankfurt (Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main).

Courtauld Institute of Art
The Courtauld Institute of Art (/ˈkɔːrtəʊld/) is a self-governing college of the University of London specialising in the study of the history of art and conservation.

The art collection is known particularly for its French Impressionist and Post-Impressionist paintings, and is housed in the Courtauld Gallery. The Courtauld is based in Somerset House, in the Strand in London. In 2019, the Courtauld's teaching and research activities temporarily relocated to Vernon Square, London, while its Somerset House site underwent a major regeneration project.
Linux Mint
Linux Mint is a community-developed Linux distribution based on Ubuntu. First released in 2006, Linux Mint is often noted for its ease of use, out-of-the-box functionality, and appeal to desktop users. It comes bundled with a selection of free and open-source software. The default desktop environment is Cinnamon, developed by the Linux Mint team, with MATE and Xfce available as alternatives. A Debian based version of Linux Mint also exists, called Linux Mint Debian Edition (LMDE). Linux Mint is available for x86-64 systems.

KDE
KDE is an international free software community that develops free and open-source software. As a central development hub, it provides tools and resources that enable collaborative work on its projects. Its products include the KDE Plasma graphical shell, KDE Frameworks, and the KDE Gear range of applications including Kate, digiKam, and Krita. Many KDE applications are cross-platform and can run on Unix and Unix-like operating systems as well as Microsoft Windows. KDE is legally represented by KDE e.V. based in Germany, which also owns the KDE trademarks and funds the project.
Southeast Banking Corporation
Southeast Banking Corporation was a bank holding company based in Miami, Florida. On Friday, September 19, 1991, during the savings and loan crisis, Southeast failed and was seized by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency. It was placed into the receivership of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), who sold almost all of Southeast's assets to First Union. The bank failure is notable since it is one of the first instances of the FDIC liquidating a bank using loss sharing provisions. As a result of several mergers over the next two decades, most of what was once Southeast is now part of Wells Fargo.

Bank holding company
A bank holding company is a company that controls one or more banks, but does not necessarily engage in banking itself. The compound bancorp (banc/bank + corp[oration]) or bancorporation is often used to refer to such companies as well, particularly in the United States.
Bitter Blood
Bitter Blood: A True Story of Southern Family Pride, Madness, and Multiple Murder (1988) is a non-fiction crime tragedy written by American author Jerry Bledsoe that reached #1 on the New York Times bestseller list.  Bitter Blood is composed of various newspaper articles (from the Greensboro News and Record) and personal eyewitness accounts of several homicides in 1984 and 1985. The setting for the majority of the book is Rockingham County and Guilford County in rural North Carolina.

News & Record
The News & Record is an American, English language newspaper with the largest circulation serving Guilford County, North Carolina, and the surrounding region. It is based in Greensboro, North Carolina, and produces local sections for Greensboro and Rockingham County, North Carolina.
Beijing Suburban Railway
BCR (Beijing City Rail) also known as Beijing Suburban Railway is a commuter rail service that connects urban Beijing with outlying districts beyond the reach of the city's Beijing Subway network. The suburban rail services run on existing China Railway lines.

The suburban rail services are managed by the China Railway Beijing Group, an agency of the Ministry of Railways that is not affiliated with the operators of Beijing Subway.

There are 4 suburban railway corridors currently in operation: Line S2, Sub-Central line, Huairou–Miyun line and Tongmi line.

China Railway
China State Railway Group Co., Ltd. (Chinese: 中国国家铁路集团有限公司), short form China Railway (CR), is the state-owned rail transport operator and rail infrastructure manager in Mainland China.

China Railway operates passenger and freight transport throughout China with 18 regional bureaus. China has the highest railway usage in the world.
Legend of the Black Shawarma
Legend of the Black Shawarma is the seventh studio album by the Israeli psychedelic trance duo Infected Mushroom released on September 8, 2009. The album is named after a shawarma, a Middle Eastern wrap/sandwich; the equivalent of the döner kebab in Turkey or the gyros in Greece. The title was also inspired by Shawarma Hazan, a shawarma restaurant where Erez and Amit used to eat in their hometown, Haifa.

Shawarma
Shawarma (/ʃəˈwɑːrmə/; Arabic: شاورما) is a Middle Eastern dish that originated in the Levant during the Ottoman Empire, consisting of meat that is cut into thin slices, stacked in an inverted cone, and roasted on a slow-turning vertical spit. Traditionally made with lamb or mutton, it may also be made with chicken, turkey meat, beef, falafel or veal. The surface of the rotisserie meat is routinely shaved off once it cooks and is ready to be served. Shawarma is a popular street food throughout the Arab world, Israel and the Greater Middle East.
Alice Low (suffragist)
Alice Low, OBE (1877–1954) was a British suffragist, who spoke up for peaceful means of achieving women's rights to vote, and fairer laws, including reducing sweated labour. She was a leader in Edinburgh and Berwickshire National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) and a touring speaker (with Dr Elsie Inglis and Chrystal MacMillan, Millicent Fawcett and others) in the early twentieth century. She was also a lead member of Queen Mary's Army Auxiliary Corps. (QMAAC) in World War One (and continued its fellowship) and an amateur actress taking lead roles with the British Empire Shakespeare Society.

National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies
The National Union of Women Suffrage Societies (NUWSS), also known as the suffragists (not to be confused with the suffragettes) was an organisation founded in 1897 of women's suffrage societies around the United Kingdom. In March 1919 it was renamed the National Union of Societies for Equal Citizenship.
Deaths in April 2021
The following is a list of notable deaths in April 2021.

Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence:

Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent country of citizenship (if applicable), reason for notability, cause of death (if known), and reference.

Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha
A Member of Parliament in the Lok Sabha (abbreviated: MP) is the representative of a legislative constituency in the Lok Sabha; the lower house of the Parliament of India. Members of parliament of Lok Sabha are chosen by direct elections on the basis of the adult suffrage. The maximum permitted strength of members of parliament in the Lok Sabha is 550. This includes the maximum 530 members to represent the constituencies and states and up to 20 members to represent the union territories (both chosen by direct elections). Between 1952 and January 25, 2020, two seats were reserved for members of the Anglo-Indian community. The current elected strength of the Lok Sabha is 543. The party—or coalition of parties—having a majority in the Lok Sabha chooses the Prime Minister of India.

All Members of Lok Sabha rank 21st in the Order of Precedence of India.
Gregory Bicskei
Gregory Bicskei (Hungarian: Bicskei Gergely; died 7 September 1303) was a prelate in the Kingdom of Hungary at the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries. He was the elected Archbishop of Esztergom between 1298 and 1303. Supporting the claim of the Capetian House of Anjou, he was a tough opponent of Andrew III of Hungary. He crowned Charles I king with a provisional crown in 1301. He was murdered in Anagni by soldiers whom Philip IV of France had sent to Italy to capture Pope Boniface VIII.

Capetian House of Anjou
The Capetian House of Anjou, or House of Anjou-Sicily was a royal house and cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty. It is one of three separate royal houses referred to as Angevin, meaning "from Anjou" in France. Founded by Charles I of Anjou, the youngest son of Louis VIII of France, the Capetian king first ruled the Kingdom of Sicily during the 13th century. The War of the Sicilian Vespers later forced him out of the island of Sicily, leaving him with the southern half of the Italian Peninsula, known as the Kingdom of Naples. The house and its various branches would go on to influence much of the history of Southern and Central Europe during the Middle Ages until it became extinct in 1435.

Historically, the house ruled the Counties of Anjou, Maine, Touraine, Provence and Forcalquier; the Principalities of Achaea and Taranto; and the Kingdoms of Sicily, Naples, Hungary, Croatia, Albania and Poland.
Chechen genocide
The Chechen genocide refers to the mass casualties suffered by the Chechen people since the beginning of the Chechen–Russian conflict in the 18th century. The term has no legal effect, although the European Parliament recognized the 1944 forced deportation of the Chechens, which killed around a third of the total Chechen population, as an act of genocide in 2004. Similarly, in 2022, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine condemned the "genocide of the Chechen people" by Russia during the First Chechen War and the Second Chechen War.

InoSMI
inoSMI (Russian: иноСМИ, a derivation from "foreign mass media") is an internet media project that monitors and translates articles published in foreign and Western media into Russian, and is part of the state media group Russia Today.
Marat Zhaparov
Marat Zhaparov (born August 25, 1985 in Ridder) is a Kazakhstani ski jumper.

Zhaparov competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics for Kazakhstan. He placed 49th in the normal hill qualifying round, failing to advance, and 48th in the large hill qualifying round.

Zhaparov made his World Cup debut in November 2013. As of September 2014, his best finish is 10th, in a pair of team events in 2013–14. His best individual finish is 50th, at a large hill event at Kuusamo in 2013–14.

Kuusamo
Kuusamo (Finnish: [ˈkuːsɑmo]; Northern Sami: Guossán; Inari Sami: Kuáccám; Russian: Куусамо) is a town and municipality in Finland. It is located in Koillismaa, the northeastern part of the Northern Ostrobothnia region. The municipality has a population of 14,784 (30 June 2025) and covers an area of 5,808.92 square kilometres (2,242.84 sq mi) of which 830.81 km2 (320.78 sq mi) is water. The population density is 2.97 inhabitants per square kilometre (7.7/sq mi).

The municipality is unilingually Finnish.

Kuusamo is a major center for winter sports and receives approximately a million tourists every year. One of the largest ski resorts in Finland, Ruka, is situated in Kuusamo. Ruka is also the host of many international competitions in ski jumping, cross-country skiing, and Nordic combined. The 2005 World Championships of Freestyle Skiing was held in Kuusamo. Kuusamo Airport is located 6 kilometres (4 mi) northeast of Kuusamo's town centre.
2017 Ýokary Liga
2017 Ýokary Liga season was the 25th edition of the top tier professional Yokary Liga football annual competition in Turkmenistan administered by the Football Federation of Turkmenistan. It ran from March to December 2017.

Three times title winner Altyn Asyr successfully defended its 2016 title winning the 2017 title.

Football Federation of Turkmenistan
The Football Federation of Turkmenistan  (Turkmen: Türkmenistanyň Futbol Federasiýasy; TFF) is the governing body of football and futsal in Turkmenistan. It is responsible for the national team, as well as club competitions
David Fee
David Walter Fee (born December 15, 1976) is an American former rugby union player who played for the United States national teams (7's and 15's), where he primarily played wing.  Fee earned 28 caps for the 15's US national team from 2002 to 2005 and started all four games in the 2003 Rugby World Cup. Fee also played on the 7's team, competing in the 2005 Rugby World Cup Sevens in Hong Kong.

2005 Rugby World Cup Sevens
The 2005 Rugby World Cup Sevens or the Melrose Cup was the fourth edition of the Rugby World Cup Sevens. The tournament was held in Hong Kong at Hong Kong Stadium. Fiji defeated New Zealand in the final to take the Melrose Cup for the second time, becoming the first team to win the competition twice. The Tournament broke all previous broadcast and attendance records, attracting a capacity audience of 120,000 spectators across for three competition days, while television coverage of the event reached over 450 million homes.
Phainodina
Phainodina is a genus of leaf beetles in the subfamily Eumolpinae, that is distributed in New Guinea. It resembles the genera Rhyparida and Rhyparidella, but differs from the former by its lack of a "Y"-shaped suture on the frontoclypeus (a combined frons and clypeus, making up part of the face), and from the latter by having a larger tooth on the underside of each femur on the legs, having a more swollen prothorax that generally lacks punctures, and being generally quite convex and evenly rounded at the sides. The name of the genus refers to the beetles being shiny and Nodina-shaped.

Clypeus
The clypeus is one of the sclerites that make up the face of an arthropod. In insects, the clypeus delimits the lower margin of the face, with the labrum articulated along the ventral margin of the clypeus. The mandibles bracket the labrum, but do not touch the clypeus. The dorsal margin of the clypeus is below the antennal sockets. The clypeus is often well-defined by sulci ("grooves") along its lateral and dorsal margins, and is most commonly rectangular or trapezoidal in overall shape.

The post-clypeus is a large nose-like structure that lies between the eyes and makes up much of the front of the head in cicadas.

In spiders, the clypeus is generally the area between the anterior edge of the carapace and the anterior eyes.
Canadian Justice, Indigenous Injustice
Canadian Justice, Indigenous Injustice: The Gerald Stanley and Colten Boushie Case is a 2019 nonfiction book by Kent Roach, a law professor at the University of Toronto about the trial of Gerald Stanley, who was found not guilty of the 2016 killing of Colten Boushie—a twenty-two-year-old resident of the Red Pheasant First Nation by an all-white jury in an infamous court case in Battleford, Saskatchewan. The book was published by McGill-Queen’s University Press.

Kent Roach
Kent Roach CM is a professor of law at the University of Toronto Faculty of Law. He is well known for his expertise and writings on criminal law, the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, and more recently anti-terrorism law. He is a graduate of the university and served as a law clerk to Justice Bertha Wilson of the Supreme Court of Canada. Roach is a recipient of the Pierre Elliott Trudeau Foundation Fellowship (2013). He was appointed a Member of the Order of Canada in 2015.
Leucopogon amplexicaulis
Leucopogon amplexicaulis, commonly known as beard-heath, is a species of flowering plant in the heath family Ericaceae and is endemic to eastern New South Wales. It is a scrambling or straggly shrub with egg-shaped, stem-clasping leaves with hairy edges, and spikes of small white flowers.

Ericaceae
The Ericaceae (/ˌɛrɪˈkeɪsi.aɪ, -iː/) are a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the heath or heather family, found most commonly in acidic and infertile growing conditions. The family is large, with about 4,250 known species spread across 124 genera, making it the 14th most speciose family of flowering plants. The many well known and economically important members of the Ericaceae include the cranberry, blueberry, huckleberry, rhododendron (including azaleas), and various common heaths and heathers (Erica, Cassiope, Daboecia, and Calluna for example).
Panjer recursion
The Panjer recursion is an algorithm to compute the probability distribution approximation of a compound random variable

where both  and  are random variables and of special types. In more general cases the distribution of S is a compound distribution. The recursion for the special cases considered was introduced in a paper  by Harry Panjer (Distinguished Emeritus Professor, University of Waterloo). It is heavily used in actuarial science (see also systemic risk).

Systemic risk
In finance, systemic risk is the risk of collapse of an entire financial system or entire market, as opposed to the risk associated with any one individual entity, group or component of a system, that can be contained therein without harming the entire system. It can be defined as "financial system instability, potentially catastrophic, caused or exacerbated by idiosyncratic events or conditions in financial intermediaries". It refers to the risks imposed by interlinkages and interdependencies in a system or market, where the failure of a single entity or cluster of entities can cause a cascading failure, which could potentially bankrupt or bring down the entire system or market. It is also sometimes erroneously referred to as "systematic risk".
Marjeta na Dravskem Polju
Marjeta na Dravskem Polju (pronounced [maˈɾjéːta na ˈdɾàːwskɛm ˈpóːlju]; German: Sankt Margarethen am Draufelde) is a village in the Municipality of Starše in northeastern Slovenia. It lies on the right bank of the Drava River southeast of Maribor. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included in the Drava Statistical Region.

Maribor
Maribor (UK: /ˈmærɪbɔːr/ MARR-ib-or, US: /ˈmɑːr-/ MAR-, Slovene: [ˈmáːɾibɔɾ] ⓘ; also known by other historical names) is the second-largest city in Slovenia and the largest city of the traditional region of Lower Styria. It is the seat of the Urban Municipality of Maribor and the Drava Statistical Region. Maribor is also the economic, administrative, educational, and cultural centre of eastern Slovenia.

Maribor was first mentioned as a castle in 1164, as a settlement in 1209, and as a city in 1254. Like most Slovene ethnic territory, Maribor was under Habsburg rule until 1918, when Rudolf Maister and his men secured the city for the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, which then joined the Kingdom of Serbia to form the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. In 1991 Maribor became part of independent Slovenia.

Maribor, along with the Portuguese city of Guimarães, was selected as the European Capital of Culture for 2012.
Javan owlet
The Javan owlet (Glaucidium castanopterum) is a species of owl in the family Strigidae.
It is native to the islands of Java and Bali.

Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.

Owl
Owls are birds from the order Strigiformes (/ˈstrɪdʒəfɔːrmiːz/), which includes over 200 species of mostly solitary and nocturnal birds of prey typified by an upright stance, a large, broad head, binocular vision, binaural hearing, sharp talons, and feathers adapted for silent flight. Exceptions include the diurnal northern hawk-owl and the gregarious burrowing owl.

Owls are divided into two families: the true (or typical) owl family, Strigidae, and the barn owl and bay owl family, Tytonidae. Owls hunt mostly small mammals, insects, and other birds, although a few species specialize in hunting fish. They are found in all regions of the Earth except the polar ice caps and some remote islands.

A group of owls is called a "parliament".
Meisho Mambo
Meisho Mambo (Japanese: メイショウマンボ, 25 February 2010 – 25 April 2025) was a Japanese Thoroughbred racehorse who won the second and third legs of the Japanese Fillies' Triple Crown in 2013. She showed some promise as a juvenile in 2012 when winning on her debut. In the following spring she won the Grade II Fillies' Revue and rebounded from a poor run in the Oka Sho to win the Grade I Yushun Himba. She returned in the autumn to win the Shuka Sho before defeating older fillies and mares in the Queen Elizabeth II Commemorative Cup. She won the JRA Award for Best Three-Year-Old Filly of 2013. She stayed in training for three more seasons but failed to win again.

Shūka Sho
The Shūka Shō (秋華賞)  is a  Grade 1 flat horse race in Japan for three-year-old thoroughbred fillies run over a distance of 2,000 metres (approximately 1 1/4 miles) at the Kyoto Racecourse, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto Prefecture in October.

The Shūka Shō is the final leg of the Japanese Fillies' Triple Crown, preceded by the Oka Sho in early April and the Yushun Himba in May.  In 1996 it was established as Domestic Grade 1 race, and in 2009 it was granted International Grade 1 status.
L-rhamnose 1-dehydrogenase
In enzymology, L-rhamnose 1-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.173) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

The two substrates of this enzyme are L-rhamnofuranose and oxidised nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Its products are L-rhamnono-1,4-lactone, reduced NADH, and a proton.

This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-rhamnofuranose:NAD+ 1-oxidoreductase. This enzyme participates in fructose and mannose metabolism.

Fructose
Fructose (/ˈfrʌktoʊs, -oʊz/), or fruit sugar, is a common monosaccharide, i.e. a simple sugar. It is classified as a reducing hexose, more specifically a ketonic simple sugar found in many plants, where it is often bonded to glucose to form the disaccharide sucrose. A white, water-soluble solid, it is one of the three dietary monosaccharides, along with glucose and galactose.
Fructose is found in honey, tree and vine fruits, flowers, berries, and most root vegetables.