hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Archaic Dutch declension
The Dutch language in its modern form does not have grammatical cases, and nouns only have singular and plural forms. Many remnants of former case declensions remain in the Dutch language, but few of them are productive. One exception is the genitive case, which is still productive to a certain extent. Although in the spoken language the case system was probably in a state of collapse as early as the 16th century, cases were still prescribed in the written standard up to 1946/1947.

Nominative case
In grammar, the nominative case (abbreviated NOM), subjective case, straight case, or upright case is one of the grammatical cases of a noun or other part of speech, which generally marks the subject of a verb, or (in Latin and formal variants of English) a predicative nominal or adjective, as opposed to its object, or other verb arguments. Generally, the noun "that is doing something" is in the nominative, and the nominative is often the form listed in dictionaries.
Butalia
Butalia is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Pankaj Butalia (born 1950), Indian documentary filmmaker

Romola Butalia (fl. 2003), Indian writer

Urvashi Butalia (born 1952), Indian writer

Romola Butalia
Romola Butalia is an Indian writer, a journalist and a website editor. She was born in Kolkata. Her many passions in life have included travel, people, writing, communication and the Himalayas. She teaches Yoga and Vedic Sciences and is a practitioner in the tradition of the Himalayan yogis
Ninian MacWhannell
Ninian MacWhannell (15 October 1860 – 23 December 1939) was a Scottish architect, author, and footballer.

Born in Hutchesontown, MacWhannell attended Glasgow High School and Glasgow School of Art before becoming an architect.

He played football for Queen's Park, making five appearances for them, including appearing in the 1885 FA Cup Final.

He also wrote books about the Doric language and Robert Burns. He served as a councillor and magistrate.

MacWhannell was a prominent humanist and rationalist, serving as the President of the Glasgow branch of the Rationalist Press Association from its formation. On his death, he had a secular funeral, at the Western Crematorium, led by J. McCormick, Vice President of the Glasgow R.P.A.

Hutchesontown
Hutchesontown is an inner-city area in Glasgow, Scotland. Mostly residential, it is situated directly south of the River Clyde and forms part of the wider historic Gorbals district, which is covered by the Southside Central ward under Glasgow City Council.

The area is linked to Glasgow Green public park on the north side of the river by St. Andrew's Suspension Bridge and King's Bridge. At its north-western edge, Albert Bridge is the closest crossing point towards Glasgow city centre. In McNeill Street, Hutchesontown has one of Glasgow's original Carnegie libraries, deftly designed by the Inverness-born architect James Robert Rhind. James Stokes, recipient of the Victoria Cross, was from the area.
Zuleikha (novel)
Zuleikha (Russian: Зулейха́ открыва́ет глаза́, romanized: Zuleykha otkryvayet glaza) [“Zuleykha Opens Her Eyes”] is a debut novel written in 2015 by the Russian author Guzel Yakhina. It describes the lives of various people, including the titular protagonist, struggling to survive in exile in Siberia from 1930 to 1946.

The book won the Yasnaya Polyana Literary Award and the Big Book Award in 2015. It has been translated into twenty-one languages.

The first sentence of the novel is "Zuleihka opens her eyes." This sentence in the novel serves as a leitmotiv. Whenever Zuleihka begins to notice or learn something new about herself or her surroundings, the sentence "Zuleihka opens her eyes" is repeated multiple times throughout the novel. The novel is considered a bildungsroman because it deals with Zuleihka's personal transformations as a result of the life experiences she gains, and her journey of becoming a strong woman by achieving freedom.

Yasnaya Polyana Literary Award
The Yasnaya Polyana Literary Award is an annual all-Russian literary award that was founded in 2003 by the Leo Tolstoy Museum Estate and Samsung Electronics. It is presented to the best traditional-style novel written in Russian or translated into Russian.

The award maintains classical literature traditions by commemorating the authors of outstanding works and also supports contemporary literarure by noting talented writers. These two aspects allow the award to remain balanced and harmonious.

As of 2024, the award categories are:

Modern Russian Prose

Foreign Fiction

New Adult / Youth

Personality of the Year

Missed Masterpiece

Readers' Choice

Yasnaya Polyana School of Criticism Review

Modern Russian Prose and Foreign Fiction are considered the two most esteemed categories by the award maker. Most of the categories go through multiple stages of decision, including a longlist and shortlist by a jury. The Readers' Choice is determined by popular vote online.
Géza Kralován
Géza Kralován (8 June 1946 – 19 January 2025) was a Hungarian sprint canoer who competed in the early to mid-1970s. He won a gold medal in the K-4 10000 m at the 1973 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in Tampere. Kralován died on 19 January 2025, at the age of 78.

1973 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships
The 1973 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships were held in lake Kaukajärvi, Tampere, Finland. Kaukajärvi Canoe/Kayak venue on map..

The men's competition consisted of six Canadian (single paddle, open boat) and nine kayak events. Three events were held for the women, all in kayak.

This was the tenth championships in canoe sprint.
Tetramethylammonium
Tetramethylammonium (TMA) is the simplest quaternary ammonium cation. It has the chemical formula [Me4N]+ and consists of four methyl groups (−CH3, denoted Me) attached to a central nitrogen atom. The cation is isoelectronic with neopentane (Me4C). It is positively-charged and can only be isolated in association with a counter-ion. Common salts include tetramethylammonium chloride and tetramethylammonium hydroxide. Tetramethylammonium salts are used in chemical synthesis and in pharmacological research.  It confers no color to its salts.

Neopentane
Neopentane, also called 2,2-dimethylpropane, is a double-branched-chain alkane with five carbon atoms, with the chemical formula C(CH3)4.  Neopentane is a flammable gas at room temperature and pressure which can condense into a highly volatile liquid on a cold day, in an ice bath, or when compressed to a higher pressure.

Neopentane is the simplest alkane with a quaternary carbon, and has achiral tetrahedral symmetry.  It is one of the three structural isomers with the molecular formula C5H12 (pentanes), the other two being n-pentane and isopentane.  Out of these three, it is the only one to be a gas at standard conditions; the others are liquids.

It was first synthesized by Russian chemist Mikhail Lvov in 1870.
Export of cryptography
The export of cryptography is the transfer from one country to another of devices and technology related to cryptography.

In the early days of the Cold War, the United States and its allies developed an elaborate series of export control regulations designed to prevent a wide range of Western technology from falling into the hands of others, particularly the Eastern bloc. All export of technology classed as 'critical' required a license. CoCom was organized to coordinate Western export controls.

Many countries, notably those participating in the Wassenaar Arrangement, introduced restrictions. The Wassenaar restrictions were largely loosened in the late 2010s.

Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls
The Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls (CoCom) was established in 1949 at the beginning of the Cold War to coordinate controls on exports from Western Bloc countries to the Soviet Union and its allies. Operating through informal consensus, CoCom maintained extensive control lists covering arms, nuclear materials, and dual-use technologies. However, CoCom faced criticism for weak enforcement and inconsistent application among member states. CoCom officially disbanded on March 31, 1994. However, many of its export restrictions remained in effect among member nations until they were formally replaced by the Wassenaar Arrangement in 1996. CoCom's legacy continues to influence contemporary export control regimes, highlighting its enduring relevance in nonproliferation and technology policy.
Dedicato a te
"Dedicato a te" ('Dedicated to you') is an Italian song composed by Francesco Sarcina. It was the debut single of the Italian rock band Le Vibrazioni.

The song topped the Italian Singles charts for 14 weeks, selling over 100,000 copies and being certified platinum. The lyrics recount the real love story the lead singer Sarcina had in his twenties with a girl, Giulia.

A music video was shot in continuous take at Naviglio Pavese in Milan, and it stars the band and the actress Angelica Cacciapaglia as Giulia. The music video became viral, and spawned remakes and parodies, including the music videos of Elio e le storie tese's "Shpalman®" and Frankie Hi-NRG MC's "Chiedi chiedi". In 2020, the band released a new version of the song, known as "Dedicato a te – Acqua Version", which was used as theme song of the Canale 5 TV-series Il silenzio dell’acqua.

Francesco Sarcina
Francesco Sarcina (Italian pronunciation: [franˈtʃesko ˈsartʃina]; born 30 October 1976) is an Italian singer-songwriter, best known for being the frontman of rock band Le Vibrazioni.

Besides his activity with Le Vibrazioni, he started a solo career in 2013 with the single "Tutta la notte". He released two studio albums, Io (2014) and Femmina (2015). Sarcina participated in the Sanremo Music Festival four times as a member of Le Vibrazioni (2005, 2018, 2020, 2022) and one time as a solo artist in 2014, with the song "Nel tuo sorriso".
Tukey depth
In statistics and computational geometry, the Tukey depth  or half-space depth is a measure of the depth of a point in a fixed set of points. The concept is named after its inventor, John Tukey. Given a set of n points  in d-dimensional space, Tukey's depth of a point x is the smallest fraction (or number) of points in any closed halfspace that contains x.

Tukey's depth measures how extreme a point is with respect to a point cloud. It is used to define the bagplot, a bivariate generalization of the boxplot.

For example, for any extreme point of the convex hull there is always a (closed) halfspace that contains only that point, and hence its Tukey depth as a fraction is 1/n.

John Tukey
John Wilder Tukey (/ˈtuːki/; June 16, 1915 – July 26, 2000) was an American mathematician and statistician, best known for the development of the fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm and the box plot. The Tukey range test, the Tukey lambda distribution, the Tukey test of additivity, and the Teichmüller–Tukey lemma all bear his name. He is also credited with coining the term bit and the first published use of the word software.
Church of Saint Demetrius, Bitola
The Church of Saint Demetrius (Macedonian: Црква „Св. Димитриј“, romanized: Crkva „Sv. Dimitrij“) is the main Macedonian Orthodox church of Bitola, North Macedonia, part of the Prespa-Pelagonia Diocese. It was built in 1830 and its most remarkable feature is considered to be its wood-carved iconostasis. The church bell tower was built in 1936. Saint Demetrius is listed as an Object of Cultural Heritage by the Ministry of Culture.

The iconostasis includes icons from 1842, done by Mihail Aganost and his son Nikolai Mihailov. Icons depicting Jesus Christ, the Introduction of the Virgin, the Baptism of Christ, the Entering into Jerusalem, the Crucifixion, Pentecost, and the Denial of Thomas, dated around 1730 and painted by David Selenica are today housed in the Museum of Macedonia in Skopje.

David Selenica
David Selenica (Albanian pronunciation: [daˈvid sɛlɛˈnitsa]; 17th century – 18th century), also commonly known as Selenicasi, was an Albanian Orthodox icon and fresco painter of the Post-Byzantine period in the seventeenth century. Alongside Onufri and Kostandin Shpataraku, he is regarded as one of the most prominent figures of medieval Albanian art.

Selenicasi, also known as David of Selenica was born in the late 17th century in Selenicë, a village in the region of Kolonjë. He died in the mid-18th century near Korçë.
Drew Macias
Andres Apolonio "Drew" Macias (born March 7, 1983) is an American former professional baseball outfielder. Macias made his MLB debut in 2007 for the San Diego Padres.

Macias attended Chaffey College and was drafted in the 35th round by the Padres in the 2002 Major League Baseball draft and signed on May 18, 2003.

Portland Beavers
The Portland Beavers was the name of separate minor league baseball teams, which represented Portland, Oregon, in the Pacific Coast League (PCL). The team was established in 1903, the first year of the PCL.
Cleve, South Australia
Cleve is a small agriculturally based town on Central Eyre Peninsula in South Australia. It is 226 km southwest of Port Augusta and 143 km north of Port Lincoln. At the 2006 census, Cleve had a population of 738.
The town has its origins in the 1850s, with the town established some twenty years later.

Cleve is a hub for farmers and suppliers on the Eyre Peninsula and hosts a field day held each second year to offer the newest in farming equipment and stock.

Field day (agriculture)
A field day is a large trade show for agricultural industry and equipment, especially for broadacre farming. It contrasts with an agricultural show in that a show focuses on livestock and judging, a field day focuses on equipment, demonstrations and processes.

A field day may include events such as ploughing competitions not usually associated with shows due to the larger space required. The events are good sources of agricultural information, as organizers can arrange for guest speakers to talk on a range of topics.
Makhammetgeldi Annaamanov
Makhammetgeldi Annaamanov (born 1959)   is a Turkmen politician. He is the current Minister of Education of Turkmenistan.

Born in Ashgabat, he graduated from the Turkmen Institute of National Economy and gained a master's degree in economic sciences. Since 2004 he has been rector of the Turkmen Institute of National Economy and Minister of Education since 2006.

Ashgabat
Ashgabat is the capital and largest city of Turkmenistan. It lies between the Karakum Desert and the Köpetdag mountain range in Central Asia, approximately 50 km (30 mi) away from the Iran-Turkmenistan border. The city has a population of 1,030,063 (2022 census).

The city was founded in 1881 on the basis of an Ahal Teke tribal village, and made the capital of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic in 1924 when it was known as Poltoratsk. Much of the city was destroyed by the 1948 Ashgabat earthquake, but has since been extensively rebuilt under the rule of Saparmyrat Nyýazow's "White City" urban renewal project, resulting in monumental projects sheathed in costly white marble. The Soviet-era Karakum Canal runs through the city, carrying waters from the Amu Darya from east to west.

Today, as the capital of an independent Turkmenistan, Ashgabat retains a multiethnic population, with ethnic Turkmen as the majority. In 2021, it celebrated 140 years of its written history.
Pequawket Brook
Pequawket Brook is a 6.4-mile-long (10.3 km) stream near the White Mountains of New Hampshire in the United States. It lies within the watershed of the Saco River, which flows to the Atlantic Ocean in Maine. The brook is under the jurisdiction of the New Hampshire Comprehensive Shoreland Protection Act.

Pequawket Brook rises in the town of Madison, New Hampshire, near a low height of land north of Silver Lake. The brook flows north past extensive sand and gravel excavations to Conway, where it enters Pequawket Pond, a natural pond that has been enlarged by an impoundment in the center of Conway village. Below the pond dam, the brook flows north for one-half mile to the Swift River, just one-half mile above the confluence with the Saco River.

New Hampshire Route 113 follows the brook in northern Madison.  NH-16 follows the brook from NH-113 to Conway village.

The Conway Branch rail line follows the brook and ponds.

Portsmouth, Great Falls and Conway Railroad
The Portsmouth, Great Falls and Conway Railroad (PGF&C) (later known as the Conway Branch of the Boston and Maine Railroad) is a former rail line between Rollinsford and Intervale, New Hampshire, in the United States. At Rollinsford, the line connected to other lines to provide service between the White Mountains and coastal cities such as Boston. At Intervale, it connected to the Mountain Division of the Maine Central Railroad. The rail line takes its name from the city of Portsmouth, near its southern terminus; the city of Somersworth (formerly known as "Great Falls"); and the town of Conway, near its northern terminus. Today, the infrastructure of the former PGF&C is owned by different entities, including the State of New Hampshire, the Conway Scenic Railroad, and the New Hampshire Northcoast Corporation. Some segments are still operated as freight or heritage railways, while other segments are being maintained as rail trails.
Oijärvi
Oijärvi is a medium-sized lake of northern Finland in the Kuivajoki main catchment area. It is located in the Northern Ostrobothnia region and Ii municipality. A big part of the lake belongs to the Natura 2000 protection program due to its good environment for birds.

Ii, Finland
Ii (Finnish pronunciation: [iː]; Swedish: Ijo) is a municipality of Finland. It is situated by the Bothnian Bay, at the mouth of river Iijoki, and it is part of the North Ostrobothnia region. The municipality has a population of 9,800 (30 June 2025) and covers an area of 2,872.44 km2 (1,109.06 sq mi) of which 1,256.69 km2 (485.21 sq mi) is water. The population density is 6.07/km2 (15.7/sq mi).

The municipality is unilingually Finnish.

Ii merged with Kuivaniemi on 1 January 2007. The new municipality retained the name Ii, but adopted the coat of arms of Kuivaniemi.

Beginning in 2008, Ii is home to the ART Ii Biennale of Northern Environmental and Sculpture Art, an international art fair.

The city has the ambition to become the first zero waste town in the world, and its municipal manager claims that it does not use fossil fuels for energy.
Ohel Chana
Ohel Chana is an Orthodox Jewish seminary for women located in Melbourne, Australia. It is part of the Chabad Lubavitch hasidic movement. The center is managed by Rebbetzin Rivkah Groner. The seminary is named after Chana Schneerson, the mother of the last Rebbe of Chabad Lubavitch, Menachem Mendel Schneerson. The center was founded in 1971.

Rebbe
A rebbe (Yiddish: רבי, romanized: rebe) or admor (Hebrew: אדמו״ר) is the spiritual leader in the Hasidic movement, and the personalities  of its dynasties. The titles of rebbe and admor, which used to be a general honorific even before the beginning of the movement, became, over time, almost exclusively identified with its Tzadikim.
Cyclooctyne
Cyclooctyne is the cycloalkyne with a formula C8H12.  Its molecule has a ring of 8 carbon atoms, connected by seven single bonds and one triple bond.

Cyclooctyne is the smallest cycloalkyne that is stable enough to be isolated, although the chemical is still highly reactive. The alkyne region of the structure attempts to adopt a linear molecular geometry, but the nature of the ring creates substantial ring strain. As a result, cyclooctyne and other compounds containing this ring structure readily react in ways that reduce the ring strain by converting the alkyne to a functional group that does not require linear geometry. An important application of this reactivity is in click chemistry, where cyclooctynes undergo cycloaddition reactions with azides or nitrones, forming triazoles or isoxazolines, respectively.

Triazole
A triazole is a heterocyclic compound featuring a five-membered ring of two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with molecular formula C2H3N3. Triazoles exhibit substantial isomerism, depending on the positioning of the nitrogen atoms within the ring.

Many triazoles are versatile, biologically active compounds commonly used as fungicides and plant retardants.  However, triazoles are also useful in bioorthogonal chemistry, because the large number of nitrogen atoms causes triazoles to react similar to azides.  Lastly, the many free lone pairs in triazoles make them useful as coordination compounds, although not typically as haptic ligands.
Didi (footballer, born 1976)
Sebastião Pereira do Nascimento (born 24 February 1976), also known as Didi, is a Brazilian  former professional footballer who played as a striker.

In 1999, German club VfB Stuttgart signed him for $2.2 million, because they hoped he could fill the gap caused by Fredi Bobic, who had left Stuttgart for fellow German club Borussia Dortmund, but he was only substituted in twice, and because he always felt bad, he was finally forced to go into a medical control. There, the inability of the player was finally found out: cartilage damage in the knee. Stuttgart finally annulled the contract pretty quickly, and later on, various other clubs seemed to be unaware of his inability and signed him although the cartilage always remained.

He played for several clubs in the domestic leagues and Busan I'Park in South Korean K-League. Above all, he spent the peak of his career at Mexican clubs including Chiapas, Tigres and San Luis.

Jaguares F.C.
Jaguares Fútbol Club, simplified as Jaguares FC, is a Mexican professional football club based in Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas. It competes in Liga Premier, the third level division of Mexican football, and plays its home  matches at the Estadio Victor Manuel Reyna. Founded in 2002 as Jaguares de Chiapas Fútbol Club, the club changed its name to Chiapas Fútbol Club in 2013. The San Luis franchise was moved to Tuxtla Gutiérrez, after the original Jaguares franchise was moved to Querétaro in 2013. The club was disaffiliated and dissolved after its relegation in 2017, and refounded in 2024 under its current name.
Battlefords Bridge
The Battlefords Bridge is a twin-span, four lane concrete and steel girder highway bridge that carries the Trans-Canada Yellowhead Highway across the North Saskatchewan River in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. The bridge connects the town of Battleford on the south shore and the city of North Battleford on the north shore. With the completion of the second span in 2002, the original downstream bridge across the river that connected the two communities was closed to through highway traffic.

Three highways, 16, 4, and 40, run concurrently across the bridge.

Saskatchewan Highway 4
Highway 4 is a major provincial highway in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It runs from U.S. Route 191 at the United States border near Monchy to Highway 224 / Highway 904 in Meadow Lake Provincial Park. Highway 4 is about 652 kilometres (405 mi) long.

Major communities that Highway 4 passes through are Swift Current, Rosetown, Biggar, Battleford, North Battleford, and Meadow Lake. It also passes The Battlefords Provincial Park.