hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gauss–Legendre method
In numerical analysis and scientific computing, the Gauss–Legendre methods are a family of numerical methods for ordinary differential equations. Gauss–Legendre methods are implicit Runge–Kutta methods. More specifically, they are collocation methods based on the points of Gauss–Legendre quadrature. The Gauss–Legendre method based on s points has order 2s.

All Gauss–Legendre methods are A-stable.

The Gauss–Legendre method of order two is the implicit midpoint rule. Its Butcher tableau is:

The Gauss–Legendre method of order four has Butcher tableau:

The Gauss–Legendre method of order six has Butcher tableau:

The computational cost of higher-order Gauss–Legendre methods is usually excessive, and thus, they are rarely used.

Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations
Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations are methods used to find numerical approximations to the solutions of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Their use is also known as "numerical integration", although this term can also refer to the computation of integrals.

Many differential equations cannot be solved exactly. For practical purposes, however – such as in engineering – a numeric approximation to the solution is often sufficient. The algorithms studied here can be used to compute such an approximation. An alternative method is to use techniques from calculus to obtain a series expansion of the solution.

Ordinary differential equations occur in many scientific disciplines, including physics, chemistry, biology, and economics. In addition, some methods in numerical partial differential equations convert the partial differential equation into an ordinary differential equation, which must then be solved.
Board of Commissioners of Currency of Ceylon
The Board of Commissioners of Currency of Ceylon was the currency board of the crown colony of Ceylon which functioned from 1884 to 1950, when its functions were transferred to the Monitory Board of the Central Bank of Ceylon. It was established under the Paper Currency Ordinance of 1884 following the 1884 Ceylonese banking and monetary crisis. The currency board issued currency notes in exchange of Indian silver rupee, ensuring a 100% reserve, taking over the issuing of bank notes from the local exchange banks. The Board of Commissioners consisted of the Colonial Secretary of Ceylon, the Treasurer of Ceylon, and the Auditor-General of Ceylon.

Currency board
In public finance, a currency board is a mechanism by which a monetary authority is required to maintain a fixed exchange rate with a foreign currency by fully backing the commitment with foreign holdings, or reserves. This policy objective requires the conventional objectives of a central bank to be subordinated to the exchange rate target.

Although a currency board is a common (and simple) way of maintaining a fixed exchange rate, it is not the only way. Countries often keep exchange rates within a narrow band by regulating balance of payments through various capital controls, or though international agreements, among other methods. Thus, a rough peg may be maintained without a currency board.
Richard Dugdale
Richard Dugdale is the name of:

Richard Dugdale (alleged demoniac) (born 1670), English gardener, alleged to have been possessed by the devil

Richard Louis Dugdale (1841–1883), American merchant and sociologist

Richard Dugdale (alleged demoniac)
Richard Dugdale (c.1670 - ??), a domestic gardener and servant from Surey, near Whalley, Lancashire, became notable as a result of the publication of a number of pamphlets describing his apparent possession by the devil, and subsequent exorcism.
Longtou, Sichuan
Longtou (simplified Chinese: 龙头; traditional Chinese: 龍頭; pinyin: Lóngtóu; lit. 'dragon head (faucet)') is a town in Changning County, in southeastern Sichuan province, China, located at the edge of the Sichuan Basin. As of 2011, it has two residential communities (社区) and 14 villages under its administration. It is about 19 km (12 mi) south of the county seat, Changning Town (长宁镇), and 44 km (27 mi) southeast of Yibin city proper.

Yibin
Yibin (simplified Chinese: 宜宾; traditional Chinese: 宜賓; pinyin: Yíbīn; Wade–Giles: I-pin; Sichuanese Pinyin: ȵi2bin1; Sichuanese pronunciation: [ɲi˨˩pin˥]) is a prefecture-level city in the southeastern part of Sichuan province, China, located at the junction of the Min and Yangtze Rivers. Its population was 4,588,804 inhabitants, according to the 2020 census, of whom 2,158,312 lived in the built-up area comprising three urban districts.
Perkins-Rockwell House
The Perkins-Rockwell House is a historic house museum at 42 Rockwell Street in Norwich, Connecticut.  Built in 1818, it is locally distinctive as a well-preserved stone house of the Federal period, and for its association with the locally prominent Perkins and Rockwell families; this house was home to John A. Rockwell, a prominent local lawyer who married into the Perkins family, and also served as a member of Congress.  The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 17, 1985.  The house is currently owned by the Faith Trumbull Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR), along with the adjacent Nathaniel Backus House.

Norwich, Connecticut
Norwich (/ˈnɔːrwɪtʃ/ NOR-wich) is a city in New London County, Connecticut, United States. The Yantic, Shetucket, and Quinebaug Rivers flow into the city and form its harbor, from which the Thames River flows south to Long Island Sound. The city is part of the Southeastern Connecticut Planning Region. The population was 40,125 at the 2020 United States Census.
Oberharz (Samtgemeinde)
Oberharz (German pronunciation: [ˈoːbɐhaːɐ̯ts]) is a former Samtgemeinde ("collective municipality") in the district of Goslar, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It was situated in the western part of the Harz, approx. 15 km southwest of Goslar. Its seat was in the town Clausthal-Zellerfeld. It was disbanded in January 2015, when its member municipalities merged into the town Clausthal-Zellerfeld.

The Samtgemeinde Oberharz consisted of the following municipalities:

Altenau

Clausthal-Zellerfeld

Schulenberg im Oberharz

Wildemann

Harz
The Harz (German: [haːɐ̯ts] ⓘ), also called the Harz Mountains, is a highland area in northern Germany. It has the highest elevations for that region, and its rugged terrain extends across parts of Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, and Thuringia. The name Harz derives from the Middle High German word Hardt or Hart (hill forest). The name Hercynia derives from a Celtic name and could refer to other mountain forests, but has also been applied to the geology of the Harz. The Brocken is the highest summit in the Harz with an elevation of 1,141.1 metres (3,744 ft) above sea level. The Wurmberg (971 metres (3,186 ft)) is the highest peak located entirely within the state of Lower Saxony.
Calycadenia pauciflora
Calycadenia pauciflora is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common name smallflower western rosinweed. It is endemic to northern California, where it grows in the Coast Ranges north of the San Francisco Bay Area from Napa County to Tehama County, often on serpentine soils.

Calycadenia pauciflora is an annual herb producing a slender, crooked, branching stem coated with hairs, growing up to 50 centimeters (20 inches) tall. The leaves are linear in shape and up to 5 centimeters (2 inches) long. The inflorescence bears bracts studded with large resin glands and small clusters of flower heads. The hairy, glandular flower head has a center of a few disc florets and one or two white or red triple-lobed ray florets. Each ray floret has three lobes at the tip, the middle lobe being shortest. The fruit is an achene; those developing from the disc florets have a pappus of scales.

Tehama County, California
Tehama County (/təˈheɪmə/ ⓘ tə-HAY-mə) is a county located in the northern part of the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, the population was 65,829. The county seat and largest city is Red Bluff. Tehama County comprises the Red Bluff, California micropolitan statistical area, which is also included in the Redding-Red Bluff, California combined statistical area. The county is bisected by the Sacramento River.
Dave Carpenter
Dave Carpenter (November 4, 1959 – June 24, 2008) was an American bass player. During his early professional career he played with jazz musicians Buddy Rich, Maynard Ferguson and Woody Herman. During the late 1990s he was a touring member of the Allan Holdsworth Group. In Los Angeles studios he performed on over two hundred recordings, including television, film theme and soundtracks.

Pino Daniele
Giuseppe "Pino" Daniele (19 March 1955 – 4 January 2015) was an Italian singer-songwriter and musician. His influences covered a wide number of genres, including pop, blues, jazz, and Italian and Middle Eastern music.
When I Get Old
"When I Get Old" is a song by the American punk rock band the Descendents, released as the second single from their 1996 album Everything Sucks. The single also includes "Sick-O-Me" from the album and "Gotta", a B-side written by and featuring the band's original bassist Tony Lombardo.

The music video for "When I Get Old" was directed by Dave Robinson. It depicts the band performing the song in a house full of fans, interspersed with footage of the band members riding bicycles and flip book animations of the band's Milo caricature acting out themes from the song's lyrics.

Caricature
A caricature is a rendered image showing the features of its subject in a simplified or exaggerated way through sketching, pencil strokes, or other artistic drawings (compare to: cartoon). Caricatures can be either insulting or complimentary, and can serve a political purpose, be drawn solely for entertainment, or for a combination of both. Caricatures of politicians are commonly used in newspapers and news magazines as political cartoons, while caricatures of movie stars are often found in entertainment magazines. In literature, a caricature is a distorted representation of a person in a way that exaggerates some characteristics and oversimplifies others.
Transport in Cornellà de Llobregat
Public transport in Cornellà de Llobregat (Catalonia, Spain, Cornellà henceforth) is an important part of the transportation network spanning the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona. The city of Cornellà, a mostly working-class area with strong dormitory town traits, is one of the most populated in the Baix Llobregat with about 90,000 inhabitants and a daily destination for thousands of commuters in the urban area of the capital.

Cornellà de Llobregat
Cornellà de Llobregat (Catalan pronunciation: [kuɾnəˈʎa ðə ʎuβɾəˈɣat]; Spanish: Cornellá de Llobregat) is a municipality in the comarca of the Baix Llobregat in Catalonia, Spain. It is situated on the left bank of the Llobregat River. It is in the south-western part of the Barcelona metropolitan area and is part of the wider urban area. It is home to RCD Espanyol.
Ohrid–Debar uprising
The Ohrid–Debar uprising (Macedonian: Охридско-Дебaрско вoстание, romanized: Ohridsko-Debarsko vostanie; Bulgarian: Охридско-Дебърско въстание, romanized: Ohridsko-Debarsko vastanie; Albanian: Kryengritja e Ohrit dhe Dibrës) was an uprising by the population in Western Macedonia, then Kingdom of Serbia, in September 1913. It was organized by the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) and Albania against the Serbian capture of the regions of Ohrid, Debar and Struga after the Balkan Wars (1912–13).

Debar
Debar (Macedonian: Дебaр [ˈdɛbar] ⓘ; Albanian: Dibër, Albanian definite form: Dibra or Dibra e Madhe) is a city in the western part of North Macedonia, near the border with Albania, off the road from Struga to Gostivar. It is the seat of Debar Municipality. Debar has an ethnic Albanian majority and is North Macedonia's only city where ethnic Macedonians do not rank first or second demographically. The official languages are Macedonian and Albanian.
The Remix Album...Diamonds Are Forever
The Remix Album...Diamonds Are Forever is a remix album by Welsh singer Shirley Bassey, released in 2000. It contains some of Bassey's most popular songs, along with lesser-known Bassey tracks, remixed by contemporary DJs and producers such as Kenny "Dope" Gonzalez, Kurtis Mantronik, Nightmares on Wax, Groove Armada, Mark Brydon from Moloko (under the alias DJ Skymoo), and Propellerheads, who had collaborated with Bassey three years earlier on their single, "History Repeating".

The awayTEAM remix of Bassey's 1971 hit, "Where Do I Begin", was released as a single, reaching number 100 in the UK Singles Chart in 2000.

(Where Do I Begin?) Love Story
"(Where Do I Begin?) Love Story" is a popular song published in 1970, with music by Francis Lai and lyrics by Carl Sigman. The song was first introduced as an instrumental theme in the 1970 film Love Story after the film's distributor, Paramount Pictures, rejected the first set of lyrics that were written. Andy Williams eventually recorded the new lyrics and took the song to number nine on Billboard magazine's Hot 100 and number one on their Easy Listening chart.
Butyl rubber
Butyl rubber, sometimes just called butyl, is a synthetic rubber, a copolymer of isobutylene with isoprene. The abbreviation IIR stands for isobutylene isoprene rubber. Polyisobutylene, also known as "PIB" or polyisobutene, (C4H8)n, is the homopolymer of isobutylene, or 2-methyl-1-propene, on which butyl rubber is based. Butyl rubber is produced by polymerization of about 98% of isobutylene with about 2% of isoprene. Structurally, polyisobutylene resembles polypropylene, but has two methyl groups substituted on every other carbon atom, rather than one. Polyisobutylene is a colorless to light yellow viscoelastic material. It is generally odorless and tasteless, though it may exhibit a slight characteristic odor.

Isoprene
Isoprene, or 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene, is a common volatile organic compound with the formula CH2=C(CH3)−CH=CH2. In its pure form it is a colorless volatile liquid. It is produced by many plants and animals (including humans) and its polymers are the main component of natural rubber.
Chebo people
The Chebo or Chabo are an ethnic group of the Southwest Shewa Zone  and West Shewa Zone in the Oromia Region of south-west Ethiopia. The Chebo speak the Oromo language and never claim as they were descended from Gurage ethnic group. Their religion is Ethiopia Orthodox Christianity, 
the livelihood of the Chebo-Inchini area is described as enset (Ethiopian banana), barley, and cattle.

West Shewa Zone
West Shewa Zone (Oromo: Shawaa Lixaa/Dhihaa) is a zone in Oromia Region of Ethiopia. This zone takes its name from the kingdom or former province of Shewa. West Shewa is bordered on the south by the Southwest Shewa Zone and the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region, on the southwest by Jimma, on the west by East Welega Zone, on the northwest by Horo Gudru Welega Zone, on the north by the Amhara Region, on the northeast by North Shewa, and on the east by Oromia Special Zone Surrounding Addis Abeba. Its highest point is Mount Wenchi (3386 meters); other notable peaks include Mount Mengesha and Mount Wechacha. Towns and cities in West Shewa include Ambo.

Between 2002 and 2005, a number of districts were separated from West Shewa to create South West Shewa Zone.
Paracotalpa ursina
Paracotalpa ursina, also known as the little-bear scarab beetle or simply little bear, is a species of shining leaf chafer in the family of beetles known as Scarabaeidae. It is found in the western United States and Mexico.

Scarabaeidae
The family Scarabaeidae, as currently defined, consists of over 35,000 species of beetles worldwide; they are often called scarabs or scarab beetles. The classification of this family has undergone significant change. Several groups formerly treated as subfamilies have been elevated to family rank (e.g., Bolboceratidae, Geotrupidae, Glaresidae, Glaphyridae, Hybosoridae, Ochodaeidae, and Pleocomidae), and some reduced to lower ranks. The subfamilies listed in this article are in accordance with those in Catalog of Life (2023).
Fountain (markup language)
Fountain is a free and open-source plain text markup language that makes it possible to write a formatted screenplay in any text editor, on any device, using any software that edits text files.

Fountain (which got its name from Fountain Avenue, the famous Hollywood shortcut) was inspired by John Gruber’s Markdown, and has its origins in two different and non-related projects: Scrippets, developed by John August and Nima Yousefi, and Screenplay Markdown, developed by Stu Maschwitz.

John Gruber
John Gruber (born 1973) is a technology blogger, UI designer, and creator of the Markdown markup language. Gruber writes the Apple enthusiast blog Daring Fireball and hosts its accompanying podcast, The Talk Show.
2025 Slovenian NATO membership referendum
A one question non-binding referendum was proposed be held in Slovenia in 2025 regarding Slovenia's NATO membership.

On 18 July 2025, the Slovenian Parliament voted to annul the decision to hold a referendum.

Slovenian Parliament
The Slovenian Parliament (Slovene: Slovenski parlament) is the informal designation of the general representative body of the Slovenian nation and the legislative body of the Republic of Slovenia.

According to the Constitution of Slovenia, the general representative body of the Slovenian nation is the National Assembly. The general public in Slovenia often refer to the National Assembly alone as the Slovenian Parliament. However, the National Council, the representative body of basic social groups, also performs a further, if minor, part of the legislative function.

The opinions of experts and of the general Slovenian public on whether the Slovenian Parliament is bicameral or unicameral differ, although most consider it to be incompletely bicameral. In 2008, the Constitutional Court of Slovenia recognized the Slovenian Parliament as incompletely bicameral.
Michael Akritas
Michael G. Akritas (born 1950) is a Greek American statistician and professor emeritus of Statistics at the Pennsylvania State University.

His research has focused on nonparametric statistics, factorial designs, censored data, high-dimensional data modeling, astrostatistics, and social statistics.

Akritas was elected Fellow of the American Statistical Association in 2001, and Fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics in 2001.

Nonparametric statistics
Nonparametric statistics is a type of statistical analysis that makes minimal assumptions about the underlying distribution of the data being studied. Often these models are infinite-dimensional, rather than finite dimensional, as in parametric statistics. Nonparametric statistics can be used for descriptive statistics or statistical inference. Nonparametric tests are often used when the assumptions of parametric tests are evidently violated.
Gyeongnam FC
Gyeongnam FC (경남 FC) is a South Korean professional football club based in South Gyeongsang Province that competes in the K League 2, the second tier of South Korean football. Its home stadium is the Changwon Football Center, located in Changwon. Gyeongnam FC was founded in 2006 and joined the K League as its 14th club for the 2006 season.

K League
K League (Korean: K리그) is South Korea's professional football league. It includes the first division K League 1 and the second division K League 2. Clubs competing in the K League have won a record total of twelve AFC Champions League titles, the top continental competition for Asian clubs.
McLaren M25
The McLaren M25 was an open-wheel racing car, designed by John Barnard, and developed and built by British constructor McLaren in 1973. It was based on the successful McLaren M23 Formula One car. It was originally built with the intention to be a Formula 5000 car, but it did not compete in any F5000 races, and didn't even contest in a motor race until 1976, which by that, was too late, since Formula 5000 racing (in its original guise) had folded. It then became a Formula One car for Emilio de Villota, and was equipped with a 3.0 L (180 cu in) Ford-Cosworth DFV V8 engine, where it only entered one World Championship Grand Prix, the 1978 Spanish Grand Prix. de Villota damaged the car in an accident during the practice session for the race, so the team reverted his car back to the M23.

Open-wheel car
An open-wheel car is a car with the wheels outside the car's main body, and usually having only one seat. Open-wheel cars contrast with street cars, sports cars, stock cars, and touring cars, which have their wheels below the body or inside fenders. Open-wheel cars are built both for road racing and oval track racing. Open-wheel cars licensed for use on public roads (street legal), such as the Ariel Atom, are uncommon, as they are often impractical for everyday use.
Pre-Columbian Honduras
The territory of current Honduras was inhabited by two culturally distinct peoples: the cultures of Mesoamerican and nahua influence and the cultures of the intermediate area that had certain influences from Circum-Caribbean and Chibcha groups. Although the Mesoamerican influence was the one that remained as the dominant influence in the territory.

The pre-Columbian past of Honduras is still under study and much of it is still an enigma. But the archaeological remains of organized nomadic and semi-nomadic groups date back at least 11,000 to 12,000 years. Although it is possible that there was human presence in the territory much earlier. Archaeologists have been found dating back to more than a thousand years before Christ with societies already established in the Honduran territory.

Yarumela
Yarumela also known as El Chircal, is one of the archeological sites located in Honduras and based around the Middle Formative era in Mesoamerican history, occupied between 1000 BC and AD 250 by the ancestors of the Lencan culture, also known as the Proto-Lencan people. During its heyday at the end of the Preclassic mesoamerican period was a popular trade center, especially for precious commodities.
Euarne (mythology)
In Greek mythology, Euarne or Evarne (Ancient Greek: Εὐάρνη Euarnê) was the "lovely of shape and without blemish of form" Nereid of marble rocks. She was the sea-nymph daughter of the 'Old Man of the Sea' Nereus and the Oceanid Doris.

Old Man of the Sea
In Greek mythology, the Old Man of the Sea (Ancient Greek: ἅλιος γέρων, romanized: hálios gérōn; Greek: Γέροντας της Θάλασσας, romanized: Yérondas tis Thálassas) was a figure who could be identified as any of several water-gods, generally Nereus or Proteus, but also Triton, Pontus, Phorcys or Glaucus. He is the father of Thetis (the mother of Achilles).
Rebellion (2002)
The 2002 Rebellion was the fourth annual and final Rebellion professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by the American promotion, World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held exclusively for wrestlers from the promotion's SmackDown! brand division, which made it WWE's first-ever SmackDown!-exclusive PPV. The event took place on October 26, 2002, at the Manchester Arena in Manchester, England and was broadcast exclusively in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. It was the first Rebellion held under the WWE name, after the promotion had been renamed from World Wrestling Federation (WWF) to WWE in May earlier that year. Rebellion was discontinued after this event due to the promotion's discontinuation of UK-exclusive PPVs in 2003.

Professional wrestling holds
Professional wrestling holds include a number of set moves and pins used by performers to immobilize their opponents or lead to a submission. This article covers the various pins, stretches and transition holds used in the ring. Some wrestlers use these holds as their finishing maneuvers, often nicknaming them to reflect their character or persona. Moves are listed under general categories whenever possible.