hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Mass comparison
Mass comparison is a method developed by Joseph Greenberg to determine the level of genetic relatedness between languages. It is now usually called multilateral comparison. Mass comparison is rejected by most linguists, and its continued use is primarily restricted to fringe linguistics.

Some of the top-level relationships Greenberg named are now generally accepted thanks to analysis with other, more widely accepted linguistic techniques, though they had already been posited by others (e.g. Afro-Asiatic and Niger–Congo). Others are accepted by many though disputed by some prominent specialists (e.g. Nilo-Saharan), while others are almost universally rejected (e.g. Eurasiatic, Khoisan and Amerind).

Fringe theory
A fringe theory is an idea or a viewpoint that differs significantly from the accepted scholarship of the time within its field. Fringe theories include the models and proposals of fringe science, as well as similar ideas in other areas of scholarship, such as the humanities. In a narrower sense, the term fringe theory is commonly used as a pejorative, roughly synonymous with the terms pseudo-scholarship and conspiracy theory. Precise definitions distinguishing widely held viewpoints and unaccepted theories are difficult to construct. Issues of false balance or false equivalence can occur when fringe theories are presented as being equal to widely accepted theories.
Last Night on the Back Porch
"Last Night on the Back Porch (I Loved Her Best of All)" is a popular song with music by Carl Schraubstader and lyrics by Lew Brown, published in 1923. It was introduced in the Broadway revue George White's Scandals where it was performed by Winnie Lightner.

The song was popularized in 1924 by Paul Whiteman (recorded  for Victor on September 4, 1923, vocals by the American Quartet); and by a recording by Ernest Hare and Billy Jones, both of which reached the charts of the day.

Winnie Lightner
Winnie Lightner (born Winifred Josephine Reeves; September 17, 1899 – March 5, 1971) was an American stage and motion picture actress.

Perhaps best known as the man-hungry Mabel in Gold Diggers of Broadway (1929), Lightner was often typecast as a wise-cracking gold-digger and was known for her talents as a comedian and singer. She is also noted for introducing the song "Singin' in the Bathtub" in the 1929 motion picture The Show of Shows.
Michael Carter (Irish politician)
Michael Carter (died November 1954) was an Irish politician and farmer. He was first elected to Dáil Éireann at the June 1927 general election as a Farmers' Party Teachta Dála (TD) for the Leitrim–Sligo constituency. He lost his seat at the September 1927 general election. He stood as an independent candidate at the 1932 general election but was not elected.

Carter was an auctioneer and valuer and was also involved in the Ancient Order of Hibernians, once holding the position of Leitrim county president.

He was elected to Leitrim County Council in 1911, and from 1926 to 1934, he was chairman of the council.

He died at Ruskey, Carrick-on-Shannon, County Leitrim, in November 1954, at "over 80 years of age".

Leitrim County Council
Leitrim County Council (Irish: Comhairle Chontae Liatroma) is the local authority of County Leitrim, Ireland. As a county council, it is governed by the Local Government Act 2001. The council is responsible for housing and community, roads and transportation, urban planning and development, amenity and culture, and environment. The council has 18 elected members. Elections are held every five years and are by single transferable vote. The head of the council has the title of Cathaoirleach (chairperson). The county administration is headed by a chief executive, Joseph Gilhooly. The county town is Carrick-on-Shannon.
House of Acquaviva
The House of Acquaviva is an aristocratic Italian family from Naples. The head of the family was Duke of Atri in the Abruzzo from the 15th century, and Count of Conversano after an Orsini family marriage in 1546, among other titles.

Conversano
Conversano (Barese: Cunverséne) is an ancient town and comune in the  Metropolitan City of Bari, Apulia, south-eastern Italy. It is 30 kilometres (19 mi) southeast of Bari and 7 kilometres (4 mi) from the Adriatic coast, at 219 metres (719 ft) above sea level.

The counts of Conversano owned a stud that they used to breed black Neapolitan stallions with Barb and Andalusian genetic backgrounds: these horses had strong ram-like heads, short backs, and broad hocks. One horse born in 1767, Conversano,  became one of the principal stallions for establishing the Lipizzan horses (Lipizzaner).
Malevolent Grain
Malevolent Grain is an EP by Wolves in the Throne Room that precedes their third album Black Cascade. This is the first album to feature guitar by Will Lindsay from the now defunct Middian. Jamie Myers from the band Hammers of Misfortune also supplies guest vocals for the song "A Looming Resonance".

Middian
Middian was a doom metal band from Portland, Oregon, United States. The band comprised guitarist Mike Scheidt (founder of YOB), bass guitarist/vocalist Will Lindsay, and drummer Scott Headrick. They released one album, titled Age Eternal.
Josy Poueyto
Josy Poueyto (born 13 January 1954) is a French politician representing the Democratic Movement. She was elected to the French National Assembly on 18 June 2017, representing the 1st constituency of the department of Pyrénées-Atlantiques.

Democratic Movement (France)
The Democratic Movement (French: Mouvement démocrate, pronounced [muvmɑ̃ demɔkʁat]; MoDem [mɔdɛm]) is a centre to centre-right political party in France. MoDem was established by François Bayrou to succeed the Union for French Democracy (UDF) and contest the 2007 legislative election, after his strong showing in the 2007 presidential election. Initially named the Democratic Party (Parti démocrate), the party was renamed "Democratic Movement", because there was already a small Democratic Party in France.

MoDem secured an agreement with La République En Marche! (LRM) — later Renaissance (RE) — in the 2017 legislative election after Bayrou had endorsed the candidacy of Emmanuel Macron in February. The two parties have since been in alliance, as of late named Ensemble.

The party's founder and leader Bayrou served as Prime Minister of France from December 2024 to September 2025.
Simla Special
Simla Special is a 1982 Indian Tamil-language comedy film directed by Muktha Srinivasan, starring Kamal Haasan in the lead role. S. V. Shekher, Sripriya, Thengai Srinivasan, Y. G. Mahendran and Manorama appear in supporting roles. It was released on 14 April 1982.

S. Ve. Shekher
Sattanathapuram Venkataraman Shekher (born 26 December 1950) is an Indian actor, film director, screenwriter, politician and also a playwright in Tamil-language plays. In 2006, he was elected as an MLA for the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) from Mylapore. He is the founder of Federation of Brahmin associations of South India (FEBAS).
USS Harding
Two ships in the United States Navy have been named USS Harding, in honor of Seth Harding.

USS Harding (DD-91), was a Wickes-class destroyer in World War I

USS Harding (DD-625), was a Gleaves-class destroyer reclassified as DMS-28.

Wickes-class destroyer
The Wickes-class destroyers were a class of 111 destroyers built by the United States Navy in 1917–1919. Together with the six preceding ships of the Caldwell class and the succeeding 156 subsequent Clemson-class destroyers, they were grouped as the "flush-deck" or "four-stack" type. Only a few were completed in time to serve in World War I, including USS Wickes, the lead ship of the class.

While some were scrapped in the 1930s, the rest served throughout World War II. Most of these were converted to other uses; nearly all in U.S. service had half their boilers and one or more stacks removed to increase fuel and range or accommodate troops. Others were transferred to the British Royal Navy and the Royal Canadian Navy, some of which were later transferred to the Soviet Navy. All were scrapped within a few years after World War II.
Rigau
Rigau is a surname of Catalan-language origin. Notable people with the surname include:

Alfredo Rigau (born 1960), Spanish sailor

Carme García Rigau (born 1974), Spanish para-alpine skier and journalist

Félix Rigau Carrera (1894–1954), Puerto Rican pilot

Irene Rigau, Catalan nationalist politician

Jorge Rigau (born 1953), Puerto Rican architect and author

Marco Antonio Rigau (born 1946), Puerto Rican politician and attorney

Marco Rigau Gaztambide (1919–1985), Puerto Rican lawyer

Marco Rigau Gaztambide
Marco Antonio Rigau Gaztambide (March 5, 1919 – August 29, 1985) was as an associate justice of the Puerto Rico Supreme Court from 1961 until his resignation in 1981. He was a member of Fi Sigma Alfa fraternity.
Julia Jakob
Julia Jakob, formerly Julia Gross  (born 15 April 1991) is a Swiss orienteer. She was born in Richterswil and resides in Zürich.

She won a bronze medal in the sprint at the 2014 European Orienteering Championships in Palmela. At the 2017 World Orienteering Championships in Tartu, Estonia, she placed 15th in the long distance, 15th in the sprint final, and fourth in the relay with the Swiss team.

She won a gold medal in the relay at the 2018 World Orienteering Championships in Latvia, together with Elena Roos and Judith Wyder. She also won the Venla Relay in 2018 together with Tove Alexandersson, Anna Mårsell and Magdalena Olsson.

Palmela
Palmela (Portuguese pronunciation: [palˈmɛlɐ] ⓘ) is a town and municipality in Portugal. As of 2011, the population was 62,831, covering an area of 465.12 km².

The municipality is located in the Lisboa Region and Setúbal District, about 25 km (16 mi) south of Lisbon. The municipal holiday is celebrated on 1 June.
MV PFC William B. Baugh
MV PFC William B. Baugh (AK-3001) was one of the Strategic sealift ships of the U.S. Military Sealift Command. Built as the Eleo Maersk in 1979, it was purchased by the United States Maritime Administration in 1983, and underwent conversion for service as a strategic sealift ship. In this role it was renamed in honor of Private First Class William B. Baugh, a U.S. Marine who was awarded a Medal of Honor in the Korean War for sacrificing his life to save his comrades.  The ship was of the class known as the Corporal Louis J. Hauge Jr. class and was part of a prepositioning program of the U.S. Navy that deployed supply ships in key areas prior to actual need. The ship was 755 feet long and had a top speed of 17.5 knots. It was removed from service in 2008, and reverted to Maersk for commercial service, being renamed Maersk Texas. In 2017 it was scrapped in China.

Maersk
A.P. Møller – Mærsk A/S (Danish: [ˈɛˀ ˈpʰe̝ˀ ˈmølˀɐ ˈmɛɐ̯sk]), usually known simply as Maersk (English: /mɛərsk/ MAIRSK), is a Danish shipping and logistics company founded in 1904 by Arnold Peter Møller and his father Peter Mærsk Møller.

Maersk's business activities include port operation, supply chain management, warehousing and air freight. The company is based in Copenhagen, Denmark, with subsidiaries and offices across 130 countries and over 100,000 employees worldwide in 2024.

It is a publicly traded family business, as the company is controlled by the namesake Møller family through holding companies. The company's 2025 annual revenue was US$53.9 billion.
Shaft and chamber tomb
A shaft and chamber tomb is a type of chamber tomb used by some ancient peoples for burial of the dead. They consist of a shaft dug into the outcrops of rock with a square or round chamber excavated at the bottom where the dead were placed. These chambers can consist of a single shaft and chamber like the Mexican tombs or sometimes quite elaborate as was built in ancient Egypt.

Shaft and chamber tombs are found at Xemxija in Malta which are Neolithic and Dayeh-va-dokhtar tombs in Fars province of Iran. They were also employed by the ancient Egyptians. The late pre-Classic and early Classic Era cultures of west Mexico (what are now the states of Colima, Nayarit, and Jalisco) used tombs of this kind and much of what little is known about these cultures is known from art objects found in these tombs. As a result, these early West Mexico cultures are sometimes referred to as the West Mexico shaft tomb culture.

Colima
Colima, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Colima, is among the 31 states that make up the 32 federated entities of Mexico. It shares its name with its capital and main city, Colima.

Colima is a small state of western Mexico on the central Pacific coast, and includes the four oceanic Revillagigedo Islands. Mainland Colima shares borders with the states of Jalisco and Michoacán. In addition to the capital city of Colima, the main cities are Manzanillo, Villa de Alvarez and Tecomán. Colima is the fourth smallest state in Mexico and has the smallest population, but has one of Mexico's highest standards of living and the lowest unemployment. It is also the state with the highest murder rate per capita and one of the highest crime rates, due to its ports being a contested area for cartels.
1976–77 Player's No.6 Trophy
The 1976–77 Player's No.6 Trophy was a British rugby league knockout tournament. It was the sixth season that the competition was staged, which was once again known as the Player's No.6 Trophy because of its sponsorship.

Castleford won the final, beating Second Division side Blackpool Borough by the score of 25–15. The match was played at The Willows, Salford. The attendance was 4,512 and receipts were £2,919.

Blackpool Borough
Blackpool Borough was a rugby league club based in Blackpool, Lancashire, England, that played in the Rugby Football League from 1954 until 1993. The club moved to Wigan in 1987 and was renamed Springfield Borough; to Chorley in 1988 and was renamed Chorley Borough; to Altrincham in 1989 and was renamed Trafford Borough, and finally back to Blackpool in 1992 as Blackpool Gladiators. It folded in 1997.

The team wore tangerine, black and white jerseys.
Dobloug
Dobloug is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Jørgen Dobloug (1945–2018), Norwegian artist

Mikkel Dobloug (politician) (1844–1913), Norwegian merchant, wholesaler, philanthropist, and politician

Mikkel Dobloug (skier) (born 1944), Norwegian Nordic combined skier

Mikkel Dobloug (skier)
Mikkel Dobloug (born 7 July 1944) is a Norwegian Nordic combined skier.

He was born in Vang Municipality in Hedmark, and represented the club Vang Skiløperforening. He competed at the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble, where he placed 21st in the individual Nordic combined. He became Norwegian champion in individual Nordic combined in 1966.
Open-access mandate
An open-access mandate is a policy adopted by a research institution, research funder, or government which requires or recommends researchers—usually university faculty or research staff and/or research grant recipients—to make their published, peer-reviewed journal articles and conference papers open access (1) by self-archiving their final, peer-reviewed drafts in a freely accessible institutional repository or disciplinary repository ("Green OA") or (2) by publishing them in an open-access journal ("Gold OA") or both.

Wellcome Trust
The Wellcome Trust is a charitable foundation focused on health research based in London, United Kingdom. It was established in 1936 with legacies from the pharmaceutical magnate Henry Wellcome (founder of Burroughs Wellcome, one of the predecessors of GSK plc) to fund research to improve human and animal health. The aim of the Trust is to "support science to solve the urgent health challenges facing everyone." It had a financial endowment of £37.6 billion in 2025, making it the fourth wealthiest charitable foundation in the world. In 2012, the Wellcome Trust was described by the Financial Times as the United Kingdom's largest provider of non-governmental funding for scientific research, and one of the largest providers in the world. According to their annual report, the Wellcome Trust spent GBP £1.1 billion on charitable activities across their 2023/2024 financial year. According to the OECD, the Wellcome Trust's financing for 2019 development increased by 22% to US$327 million.
Zack Norman
Howard Jerrold Zuker (May 27, 1940 – April 28, 2024), known professionally as Zack Norman, was an American actor, comedian, film producer, and art collector. He was best known for his acting role as the cousin of Danny DeVito's character in 20th Century Fox's Romancing the Stone (1984).

As an art collector, Norman sold a Jean-Michel Basquiat piece for a then record-breaking $110.5 million in 2017.

Tracks (1976 film)
Tracks is a 1976 American drama film written and directed by Henry Jaglom and starring Dennis Hopper, Taryn Power and Dean Stockwell. The story involves a returned Vietnam veteran escorting a fellow soldier's coffin across the United States for burial.
Thermal Science
Thermal Science is a peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal founded in 1997 and published by Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences. The journal is focused on physics and chemistry, and aims to amplify recent scientific results accomplished in Serbia and Southeast Europe.

The editor-in-chief is Vukman Bakić (Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Serbia) and Editor-In-Chief Emeritus is Prof Simeon Oka (University of Belgrade, Serbia).
 
Since beginning of 2021 year, authors need to pay article processing charges, and they retain unrestricted copyrights and publishing rights.

Article processing charge
An article processing charge (APC), also known as a publication fee, is a fee which is sometimes charged to authors. Most commonly, it is involved in making an academic work available as open access (OA), in either a full OA journal or in a hybrid journal. This fee may be paid by the author, the author's institution, or their research funder. 
Sometimes, publication fees are also involved in traditional journals or for paywalled content.
Some publishers waive the fee in cases of hardship or geographic location, but this is not a widespread practice. An article processing charge does not guarantee that the author retains copyright to the work, or that it will be made available under a Creative Commons license.
Ernesto Franceschi
Ernesto Franceschi (26 March 1912 – 21 February 1943) was an Italian bobsledder who competed in the mid-1930s. He competed in the four-man event at the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, but did not finish.

1936 Winter Olympics
The 1936 Winter Olympics, officially known as the IV Olympic Winter Games (German: IV. Olympische Winterspiele) and commonly known as Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1936, were a winter multi-sport event held from 6 to 16 February 1936 in the market town of Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. Later that year, the country also hosted the 1936 Summer Olympics, which were held in Berlin. It was the last year in which the Summer and Winter Games both took place in the same country (the cancelled 1940 Olympics would have been held in Japan, with Tokyo hosting the Summer Games and Sapporo hosting the Winter Games).

The 1936 Winter Games were organized on behalf of the German League of the Reich for Physical Exercise (DRL) by Karl Ritter von Halt, who had been named president of the committee for the organization of the Fourth Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen by Reichssportführer Hans von Tschammer und Osten.
Psychosis (album)
Psychosis is the fourth studio album by American heavy metal band Cavalera Conspiracy. It was released on November 17, 2017, through Napalm Records. It is their last record with guitarist Marc Rizzo. "Insane" and "Spectral War" were released as singles. The album was produced by Arthur Rizk, who performed bass and synth on the record. None of the album’s tracks have been played live.

Napalm Records
Napalm Records is an Austrian independent record label focused on heavy metal, hard rock and folk/folk rock/folk metal. Originally, Napalm focused on black metal bands, such as Abigor and Summoning, and folk metal bands, such as Falkenbach and Vintersorg. The label later expanded its roster by adding gothic metal, symphonic metal, power metal, doom metal, metalcore and nu metal bands, as well as stoner rock acts Monster Magnet, Karma to Burn and Brant Bjork, thrash metal bands Exodus, Destruction and Flotsam and Jetsam, and even folk bands like Ye Banished Privateers. Napalm has its own publishing house named Iron Avantgarde Publishing.

In November 2020, Napalm acquired the German record label SPV GmbH.
Sweet Deception
Sweet Deception (French: La mandarine) is a 1972 French-Italian comedy film directed by Édouard Molinaro and starring Annie Girardot, Philippe Noiret and  Madeleine Renaud. It was shot at the Billancourt Studios in Paris and on location around the city, including at the Tuileries Garden and Hôtel Lancaster. The film's sets were designed by the art director François de Lamothe.

Tuileries Garden
The Tuileries Garden (French: Jardin des Tuileries, IPA: [ʒaʁdɛ̃ de tɥilʁi]) is a public garden between the Louvre and the Place de la Concorde in the 1st arrondissement of Paris, France. Created by Catherine de' Medici as the garden of the Tuileries Palace in 1564, it was opened to the public in 1667 and became a public park after the French Revolution. Since the 19th century, it has been a place for Parisians to celebrate, meet, stroll and relax. Covering an area of 25.5 hectares (63 acres), it is one of the most iconic parks in Paris. During the 2024 Summer Olympics and Paralympics, it was the site of the Olympic and Paralympic cauldron.
Scrobipalpa voltinella
Scrobipalpa voltinella is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Pierre Chrétien in 1898. It is found in southern Europe (Spain, southern France, Italy, Croatia, Serbia, Turkey, and Ukraine).

The wingspan is 11–12 mm (0.43–0.47 in). The larvae mine the leaves of their host plant, Leuzea conifera (=Rhaponticum coniferum) and Tanacetum corymbosum (these are taxonically distant hosts, rising suspicion that the information is erraneous).

Pierre Chrétien
Pierre Chrétien (1846 – 15 June 1934, in Nay, Pyrénées-Atlantiques) was a French entomologist who specialised in Lepidoptera. He was a member of Société entomologique de France. Trifurcula chretieni Z. & A. Lastuvka & van Nieukerken, 2013 is "named in honour of Pierre Chrétien (1846–1934), who discovered nepticulid mines on Bupleurum, including those on Bupleurum rigidum, and the first author to describe a number of Mediterranean species that are now placed in Trifurcula (Glaucolepis)." His collection is held by National Museum of Natural History in Paris.
Irvine Island
Irvine Island is located 11 km (6.8 mi) off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia in the Buccaneer Archipelago. It is about 250 km (160 mi) northeast of Broome and 140 km (87 mi) north of Derby. Irvine Island is located near Koolan and Cockatoo Islands, on the same iron-mineralized rock formation.
Irvine Island has a surface area of 893 hectares (2,207 acres) and is 5 kilometres (3 mi) west of Cockatoo Island.

Derby, Western Australia
Derby (/ˈdɜːrbi/ DUR-bee) is a town in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. At the 2021 census, Derby had a population of 3,222 with 41.5% of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander descent. Along with Broome and Kununurra, it is one of only three towns in the Kimberley to have a population over 2,000. Located on King Sound, Derby has the highest tides in Australia, with the differential between low and high tide reaching 11.8 metres (39 ft).