hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Stefan number
The Stefan number  (St or Ste) is defined as the ratio of sensible heat to latent heat. It is given by the formula

where

cp is the specific heat,
cp is the specific heat of solid phase in the freezing process while cp is the specific heat of liquid phase in the melting process.

∆T is the temperature difference between phases,

L is the latent heat of melting.

It is a dimensionless parameter that is useful in analyzing a Stefan problem. The parameter was developed from Josef Stefan's calculations of the rate of phase change of water into ice on the polar ice caps and coined by G.S.H. Lock in 1969. The problems origination is fully described by Vuik and further commentary on its place in Josef Stefan's larger career can be found in 
Same number exist for vapor to liquid phase change, Nombre de Jakob.

Phase transition
In physics, chemistry and biology, a phase transition (or phase change) is the physical process of transition between one state of a medium and another. Commonly the term is used to refer to changes among the basic states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas, and in rare cases, plasma. A phase of a thermodynamic system and the states of matter have uniform physical properties. During a phase transition of a given medium, certain properties of the medium change as a result of the change of external conditions, such as temperature or pressure. This can be a discontinuous change; for example, a liquid may become gas upon heating to its boiling point, resulting in an abrupt change in volume. The identification of the external conditions at which a transformation occurs defines the phase transition point.
1999 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior men's race
The Senior men's race at the 1999 IAAF World Cross Country Championships was held at the Barnett Demesne/Queen’s University Playing Fields in Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom, on March 28, 1999.  Reports of the event were given in The New York Times, in the Glasgow Herald, and for the IAAF.

Complete results for individuals, for teams, medallists, and the results of British athletes who took part were published.

The Herald (Glasgow)
The Herald is a Scottish broadsheet newspaper founded in 1783. The Herald is the longest running national newspaper in the world and is the eighth oldest daily paper in the world. The title was simplified from The Glasgow Herald in 1992. Following the closure of the Sunday Herald, the Herald on Sunday was launched as a Sunday edition on 9 September 2018.
Qabatiya
Qabatiya (Arabic: قباطية, also spelled Qabatia, Qabatya, and Kabatiya) is a city in Jenin Governorate, West Bank, Palestine. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) census, the town had a population of 19,197 in 2007 and 24,439 by 2017.

Its entire land area is 50,547 dunams (50.5 km2; 19.5 sq mi), and its elevation is roughly 256 meters (840 feet). Qabatiya is famous for its olive groves, modern agriculture, and limestone industry.

Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics
The Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS; Arabic: الجهاز المركزي للإحصاء الفلسطيني, romanized: al-Jihāz al-Markazī lil-Iḥṣāʼ al-Filasṭīnī) is the official statistical institution of Palestine. Its main task is to provide credible statistical figures at the national and international levels. It is a state institution that provides service to the governmental, non – governmental and private sectors in addition to research institutions and universities. It is established as an independent statistical bureau. The PCBS publishes the Statistical Yearbook of Palestine and the Jerusalem Statistical Yearbook annually.

The head office of the agency is in Ein Munjed Quarter, Ramallah.
M. Sivakumar
Sivakumar a/l Munusamy (born 6 March 1984) is a Malaysian footballer who plays for Petaling Jaya City FC in Malaysia Super League. Sivakumar mainly plays as a defensive midfielder but also can play as a centre-back or as a central midfielder.

Malaysian names
Personal names in Malaysia vary greatly according to ethno-cultural group. Personal names are, to a certain degree, regulated by the national registration department, especially since the introduction of the National Registration Identity Card (NRIC).

Malays, Orang Asli, some Bumiputera of Sabah and Sarawak, and Malaysian Indians adopt patronymic naming customs. On the other hand, Malaysian Chinese, some Malays and Bumiputera of Sabah and Sarawak use family names.
Actantial model
In structural semantics, the actantial model, also called the actantial narrative schema, is a tool used to analyze the action that takes place in a story, whether real or fictional. It was developed in 1966 by semiotician Algirdas Julien Greimas.

The model considers an action as divided into six facets, called actants. Those actants are a combined framework inspired mainly between Vladimir Propp's and Étienne Souriau's actantial theories.

Greimas took the term actant from linguist Lucien Tesnière, who coined the term in his discussion of the grammar of noun phrases.

Action fiction
Action fiction is a genre in literature that focuses on stories involving high-stakes, high-energy, and fast-paced events. This genre includes a wide range of subgenres, such as spy novels, adventure stories, tales of terror, intrigue ("cloak and dagger"), and mysteries.  These kinds of stories utilize suspense, the tension that is built up when the reader wishes to know how the conflict between the protagonist and antagonist is going to be resolved or the solution to a mystery of a thriller.

The intricacies of human relationships or the nuances of philosophy and psychology are rarely explored in action fiction, typically being fast-paced mysteries that merely seek to provide the reader with an exhilarating experience.

Action fiction can also be a plot element of non-literary works such as graphic novels and film.
Frederikke Sofie
Frederikke Sofie Falbe-Hansen is a Danish fashion model. She has notably starred in campaigns for Céline, Chloé, Ralph Lauren, and H&M. Her beauty has been compared to the Greek goddess Aphrodite and she is known for her fashionable "geeky" eyeglasses. In 2016, she was a nominee for Models.com Model of the Year Award's Breakout Star of the Year and was runner-up for Street Style Star of the Year.

H&M
H & M Hennes & Mauritz AB, commonly known by its brand name H&M, is a Swedish multinational clothing company headquartered in Stockholm. Built on a fast fashion business model, the retailer sells apparel, accessories, and homeware. The company operates thousands of stores across 75 geographical markets and employs over 171,000 people worldwide.

H&M is the second-largest international clothing retailer after Inditex. H&M was founded by Erling Persson in 1947 under the name Hennes. The CEO of H&M from 2020 to 2024 was Helena Helmersson. The current CEO, as of January 2024, is Daniel Ervér.
Gavin Hayes
Gavin Hayes (born May 14, 2004) is an American professional ice hockey player who is a left winger for the Rockford IceHogs of the American Hockey League (AHL) as a prospect to the Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was selected by the Blackhawks in the third round, 66th overall, of the 2022 NHL entry draft.

2022 NHL entry draft
The 2022 NHL entry draft was the 60th entry draft for the National Hockey League. It was held on July 7–8, 2022, at the Bell Centre in Montreal, Quebec. Montreal were originally scheduled to host the 2020 draft but were unable to do so due to the COVID-19 pandemic. For the first time since 1985, the team hosting the draft selected first overall.

The first three selections were Juraj Slafkovsky by the hosting Montreal Canadiens, Simon Nemec by the New Jersey Devils, and Logan Cooley by the Arizona Coyotes. The selections of Slovak players Slafkovsky and Nemec made this the second time that the top two draftees came from a single European country, after Russians Alexander Ovechkin and Evgeni Malkin in 2004.
St. Eustatius Church (Oranjestad)
St. Eustatius Church (Dutch: Sint Eustatius Kerk) is a parish of the Catholic Church in Oranjestad, Sint Eustatius, the capital of the Caribbean island of St. Eustatius, in the Dutch Caribbean.

It is part of the Catholic Diocese of Willemstad (Dioecesis Gulielmopolitana), based on the island of Curacao. It is very close to two island attractions Fort Oranje and St. Eustatius Historical Museum.

Dutch Caribbean
The Dutch Caribbean (historically known as the Dutch West Indies) are the New World territories, colonies, and countries (former and current) of the Dutch colonial empire and the Kingdom of the Netherlands located in the Caribbean Sea, mainly the northern and southwestern regions of the Lesser Antilles archipelago.

The Dutch Caribbean comprises the constituent countries of Curaçao, Aruba and Sint Maarten (the 'CAS' islands) and the special municipalities of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba (BES islands). The term "Dutch Caribbean" is sometimes also used for the Caribbean Netherlands, an entity consisting of the three special municipalities forming part of the constituent country of the Netherlands since 2010. The population of the Dutch Caribbean is 337,617 as of January 2019.
1951 UCI Road World Championships
The 1951 UCI Road World Championships was the 24th edition of the UCI Road World Championships. It took place on Saturday 1 and Sunday 2 September 1951 in Varese, Italy.

The amateurs had to complete 7 laps of about 24.6 kilometres on Saturday for a total distance of 172 km, the professionals on Sunday 12 laps or about 295 kilometres.

Swiss rider Ferdi Kübler became world champion in a group sprint, ahead of Italians Fiorenzo Magni and Antonio Bevilacqua. In the amateurs' race, the Italians celebrated a double success with Gianni Ghidini beating his compatriot Rino Benedetti and Dutchman Jan Plantaz in a bunch sprint.

In the same period, the 1950 UCI Track Cycling World Championships was organized in the Stade Velodromo Vigorelli in Milan, Italy.

1950 UCI Track Cycling World Championships
The 1950 UCI Track Cycling World Championships were the World Championship for track cycling. They took place in Rocourt, Belgium in 1950. Five events for men were contested, three for professionals and two for amateurs.

In the same period, the 1950 UCI Road World Championships was organized in Moorslede, Belgium.
Kristo Kono
Kristo Kono (17 July 1907 – 22 January 1991) was an Albanian composer and recipient of the People's Artist title in 1961, the highest artistic recognition title during the communist era. He was one of the early contributors to Albanian music and opera who spent all his life in their service; one of the symbols of the cultural traditions of his hometown of Korçë, same as other musicians as Tefta Tashko-Koço, Jorgjia Truja, and Kristaq Antoniu; and one of the main personalities of the early generation of Albanian composers together with Nikolla Zoraqi, Tish Daija, Tonin Harapi, and Feim Ibrahimi.

People's Artist (Albania)
The People's Artist (Albanian: Artist i Popullit; Artiste e Popullit) was an honorary title for outstanding art performers of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania, whose merits were exceptional in the sphere of development of the performing arts (theatre, music, cinema and art). It was created by law in 1960 and amended in 1980. The title is no longer given in Albania after the law was amended in 1996. The equivalent of it became the "Grand Master of Work" title, that was also substituted with the "Grand Master" title after a 2001 amendment of the 1996 law.
Iruttu Kadai
Iruttu Kadai (transl. Dark shop) is an Indian sweets and snacks shop located in Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu. It is known for "Iruttu Kadai Halwa", a type of Indian sweet halwa made of wheat, sugar and ghee. The store has become a landmark for the city of Tirunelveli over the decades.

Halva
Halva (also halvah, halwa, halua; Persian: حلوا) is a type of confectionery that is spread throughout the Middle East and North Africa, East Africa, Eastern Europe, and the Balkans, Central Asia, and South Asia. The name refers to a broad variety of recipes, generally a thick paste made from flour, butter, oil, saffron, rosewater, milk, turmeric powder, and sugar.
John Edwards (missionary)
John Edwards  (1828-1903) was an American missionary who was sent to the homeland of the Choctaw Indians in the mid 19th century. Born in Bath, New York on January 21, 1828, he graduated from Princeton Seminary in 1848, and sent to the Choctaw Nation (now part of Southeastern Oklahoma), in 1851. He soon succeeded Alfred Wright as superintendent of the Wheelock Mission, but was forced to flee Indian Territory when a band of Confederate-supporting Choctaws and Texas troops threatened to hang him because he refused to support their side in 1861. Although he returned to Wheelock and attempted to help rebuild the mission complex, his health was too poor to let him remain. Instead, he died in Oakland, California on February 18, 1903. He was most noted for his services to Wheelock Mission (near what is now Eagletown, Oklahoma.)

Eagletown, Oklahoma
Eagletown is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in McCurtain County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 404 at the 2020 census, down from 528 in 2010. Located on the Mountain Fork River, approximately 6 miles (10 km) west of the Oklahoma-Arkansas border, it was the first permanent Choctaw settlement in the Indian Territory, who called it o̱ssi tamaha ("Eagle"). Eagletown was an important town from 1834 to 1906, and after 1850, served as county seat for the Choctaw Nation's Eagle County. The town name was officially changed to "Eagle Town" in 1850, then changed to the present Eagletown in 1892. When Indian Territory was preparing to unite with Oklahoma Territory to form the new state of Oklahoma in 1906, Eagletown lost its county seat status and became just another unincorporated community in the new McCurtain County.
Via di qua
"Via di qua" (English: "Get out of here") is a song written by Massimiliano Pani and Giorgio Calabrese. It was recorded by Italian singers Mina and Fausto Leali for 1986 album Sì, buana. Released as a single, the song peaked at number eight on the Italian chart. "Via di qua" was also used as the opening theme for Enzo Dell'Aquila's program Trent'anni della nostra storia, dedicated to the history of RAI broadcasting company.

Giorgio Calabrese
Giorgio Calabrese (28 November 1929 – 31 March 2016) was an Italian songwriter and frequent collaborator with French pop music star Charles Aznavour.

Calabrese wrote the original Italian lyrics for the popular song "Softly, as I Leave You", and the Italian version of Aznavour's famous song, "She", titled "Lei". He also wrote the Italian lyrics for the song, "E se domani", composed by Carlo Alberto Rossi and recorded by Mina. It was entered in the 1964 Sanremo Music Festival.
RailsWest Railroad Museum
RailsWest Railroad Museum is a railroad museum operated by the Historical Society of Pottawattamie County at 16th Avenue and South Main Street and illustrates the history of railroads in Council Bluffs, Iowa.

Pottawattamie County, Iowa
Pottawattamie County (/ˌpɑːtəˈwɑːtəmiː/) is a county located in the U.S. state of Iowa. At the 2020 census, its population was 93,667, and was estimated to be 93,529 in 2024, making it the tenth-most populous county in Iowa. The county takes its name from the Potawatomi Native American tribe. The county seat and the largest city is Council Bluffs.

Pottawattamie County is included in the Omaha–Council Bluffs, NE–IA metropolitan statistical area.
N40 road (Ireland)
The N40 road (commonly known as the Cork South Ring Road, or locally the South Ring) is a national primary road in Cork, Ireland. It is partial ring road skirting the southern suburbs of the city, from the N22 west of Ballincollig, via the Jack Lynch Tunnel under the River Lee, to the Dunkettle Interchange where it meets the N25 and N8/M8.  The present N40 designation was created on 23 February 2012 via statutory instrument by renaming parts of the N22 and N25. The N40 serves as both a commuter route and a bypass of the city centre for traffic between parts southwest and east.  The National Transport Strategy envisages building a  "Cork North Ring Road" to complete the circuit in the 2030s.

Ring road
A ring road (also known as circular road, beltline, beltway, circumferential (high)way, loop or orbital) is a road or a series of connected roads encircling a town, city or country. The most common purpose of a ring road is to assist in reducing traffic volumes in the urban centre, such as by offering an alternate route around the city for drivers who do not need to stop in the city core. Ring roads can also serve to connect suburbs to each other, allowing efficient travel between them.
Jalu Municipality
Jalu Municipality (Arabic: جالو) was one of the municipalities (baladiyah) of Libya, from 1983 to 1987. Its capital was Jalu.

Located in the country's northeast, the area was part of Ajdabiya District from 2001 to 2007. As of 2007, it was subsumed within the enlarged Al Wahat District.

Ajdabiya District
Ajdabiya (Arabic: إجدابيا) is a former district of Libya. It lay in the northeastern part of the country. Its capital was Ajdabiya. As of 2007, it was subsumed within the enlarged Al Wahat District.

When Ajdabiya district was in existence from 2001 to 2007, it had, in the north, a short stretch of coastline on the Mediterranean Sea. On land, it bordered the following districts:

Hizam al Akhdar - northeast

Al Wahat - east

Kufra - southeast

Jufra - southwest

Sirte - west

Ajdabiya district previously also existed from 1987 to 1995 when it covered a larger area, including all of the 2001-2007 Al Wahat District, and some additional area to the south.
2016 Gran Piemonte
The 100th edition of the Gran Piemonte one-day cycling classic race, also known as the Giro del Piemonte, was held on 20 September 2016, one day after Milano–Torino and two days before Il Lombardia, as part of the Trittico di Autunno. It covered a distance of 209 kilometres (130 mi), starting in Diano d'Alba and ending in Agliè. Italian Giacomo Nizzolo won the race in a bunch sprint before Fernando Gaviria and Daniele Bennati.

Trittico di Autunno
The Trittico di Autunno is an unofficial trio of cycling classics held in October in northern Italy. It is not an official competition like its counterpart, the Trittico Lombardo. Three one day races, Milano–Torino, Giro del Piemonte and Giro di Lombardia, are held within a 4-day timeframe in the Lombardy and Piedmont regions. Before 1987, Milano–Torino was organized in the spring, which was also the case in 2005, 2006 and 2007.
Jean Tragodara
Jean Carlo Tragodara Gálvez (born 16 December 1985 in Lima) is a Peruvian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Sport Boys.

Tragodara previously played for Universitario de Deportes, Atlético Minero, Inti Gas Deportes, Universidad César Vallejo, Universidad Técnica de Cajamarca, Colombian club Once Caldas and Comerciantes Unidos

Universidad Técnica de Cajamarca
The Universidad Técnica de Cajamarca (usually referred to as UTC) is a Peruvian football club based in the city of Cajamarca, Peru. It was founded in 1964 and play in the Peruvian Primera División which is the top tier of Peruvian football. The team plays its home games at the Estadio Héroes de San Ramón.
2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election
The 2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election (Hindi: झारखण्ड विधानसभा  चुनाव) was held on 20 January 2014 to elect the members of the 4th Jharkhand Legislative Assembly. The results were announced on January 20, 2014. The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) won the elections defeating The Indian National Congress (INC) and its major allies Rashtriya Janata Dal, Janata Dal (United) and Jharkhand Mukti Morcha (JMM).

The term of the legislative assembly of Jharkhand ended on January 20, 2014.  The Chief Election Commissioner announced five-phased assembly elections to be held in Jharkhand along with Jammu and Kashmir beginning January 20.  Results were announced on January 20, 2014. Voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT) along with EVMs were used in 7 of the 81 assembly seats. The seven seats were from Jamshedpur East, Jamshedpur West, Bokaro, Dhanbad, Ranchi, Kanke and Hatia.

Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
Jharkhand Mukti Morcha (JMM; lit. 'Jharkhand Liberation Front') is a political party in the Indian state of Jharkhand, founded by Binod Bihari Mahato, Shibu Soren, and A. K. Roy. Hemant Soren is the president of the JMM. JMM is also an influential political party in the state of Odisha and parts of neighbouring states. Its election symbol in Jharkhand is the Bow and Arrow.

The party was officially created on the birthday of Birsa Munda, the 19th-century tribal warrior of Jharkhand, who fought against the British rule in present-day Jharkhand. The State of Jharkhand also came into existence on Birsa Munda's birthday in 2000.
Hindon (UK Parliament constituency)
Hindon was a parliamentary borough consisting of the village of Hindon in Wiltshire, which elected two Members of Parliament (MPs) to the House of Commons from 1448 until the borough was abolished by the Reform Act 1832. It was one of the most notoriously corrupt of the rotten boroughs, and bills to disfranchise Hindon were debated in Parliament on two occasions before its eventual abolition.

William Beckford (politician)
Sir William Beckford (December 1709 – 21 June 1770) was a British Whig politician who twice served as Lord Mayor of London in 1762 and 1769. One of the best known political figures in Georgian era London, his vast wealth derived from the sugar plantations and hundreds of slaves he owned in the British colony of Jamaica. In Britain, Beckford was a supporter of the Whig party, including Prime Minister William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham. He also publicly supported progressive causes and frequently championed the London public.
Jeenbekov
Jeenbekov is a masculine surname, its feminine counterpart is Jeenbekova. Notable people with the surname include:

Aigul Jeenbekova, First Lady of Kyrgyzstan

Asylbek Jêênbekov (born 1963), Kyrgyz politician

Sooronbay Jeenbekov (born 1958), Kyrgyz politician, elected President of Kyrgyzstan

Asylbek Jeenbekov
Asylbek Jeenbekov (Kyrgyz: Асылбек Шарип уулу Жээнбеков; born 27 August 1963) is a Kyrgyz politician. He was elected the Speaker of the 5th and 6th Supreme Council of Kyrgyzstan in 2006 and 2011, respectively. His brother, Sooronbay Jeenbekov, is a former Kyrgyz President and Prime Minister.
Tournament of Champions 2013
The Men's J. P. Morgan Tournament of Champions 2013 is the men's edition of the 2013 Tournament of Champions, which is a PSA World Series event Gold (Prize money : 115 000 $). The event took place at the Grand Central Terminal in New York City in the United States from 18 January to 24 January. Ramy Ashour won his third Tournament of Champions trophy, beating Grégory Gaultier in the final.

Ramy Ashour
Ramy Mohamed Ashour (Arabic: رَامِي مُحَمَّد عَاشُور; born September 30, 1987, in Cairo, Egypt), is a retired professional squash player from Egypt. Widely considered as one of the greatest squash players of all time, having won three World titles in 2008, 2012 and 2014. He became the youngest player to reach number one in the world since the 1980s, as well as the first ever two-time World Junior Squash Champion.