hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Laurence Wolsey
Laurence Alexander Wolsey is a Belgian-English mathematician working in the field of integer programming. His mother Anna Wolsey-Mautner was the daughter of the Viennese Industrialist Konrad David Mautner. He is a former president and research director of the Center for Operations Research and Econometrics (CORE) at Université catholique de Louvain in Belgium. He is professor emeritus of applied mathematics at the engineering school of the same university.

Integer programming
An integer programming problem is a mathematical optimization or feasibility program in which some or all of the variables are restricted to be integers. In many settings the term refers to integer linear programming (ILP), in which the objective function and the constraints (other than the integer constraints) are linear.

Integer programming is NP-complete (the difficult part is showing the NP membership). In particular, the special case of 0–1 integer linear programming, in which unknowns are binary, and only the restrictions must be satisfied, is one of Karp's 21 NP-complete problems.

If some decision variables are not discrete, the problem is known as a mixed-integer programming problem.
Rabia Sharvashidze
Rabia Sharvazhidze (Georgian რაბია, Abkhaz Рабиа) was the second ruling prince of the Principality of Abkhazia and a member of the House of Sharvashidze. He ruled from circa 1451 to 1465.

Not much about his life is known. He was mentioned in a letter by King George VIII to Philip the Good in 1459 regarding the Georgian coalition against the Ottoman Empire.

Abkhaz language
Abkhaz, also known as Abkhazian, is a Northwest Caucasian language most closely related to Abaza. It is spoken mostly by the Abkhaz people. It is one of the official languages of Abkhazia, where around 190,000 people speak it. Furthermore, it is spoken by thousands of members of the Abkhazian diaspora in Turkey, Georgia's autonomous republic of Adjara, Syria, Jordan, and several Western countries. 27 October is the day of the Abkhazian language in Georgia.
Heitman
Heitman is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Betty Heitman (1929-1994), American activist

Dana Heitman (born 1966), American musician

Jack Heitman (1906–1977), Australian politician

Nils Peter Laberg Heitman (1874–1938), Norwegian physician and civil servant

Betty Heitman
Betty Green Heitman (November 27, 1929 – February 1, 1994) was a Republican activist from Baton Rouge, Louisiana.  From 1978 to 1980 she was president of the National Federation of Republican Women. During her tenure the organization achieved financial independence from the Republican National Committee in Washington, D.C. She also prodded U.S. Presidents Ronald W. Reagan and George Herbert Walker Bush to appoint more women to executive government offices.
12 Songs (Neil Diamond album)
12 Songs is the twenty-sixth studio album by Neil Diamond, released in 2005. It was his first studio album since 2001's Three Chord Opera. It was produced by Rick Rubin.

The original pressing of the album was copy-protected using Sony's controversial XCP technology.

Copy protection
Copy protection, also known as content protection, copy prevention and copy restriction, is any measure to enforce copyright by preventing the reproduction of software, films, music, and other media.

Copy protection is most commonly found on videotapes, DVDs, Blu-ray discs, HD-DVDs, computer software discs, video game discs and cartridges, audio CDs and some VCDs. It also may be incorporated into digitally distributed versions of media and software.

Some methods of copy protection have also led to criticism because it caused inconvenience for paying consumers or secretly installed additional or unwanted software to detect copying activities on the consumer's computer.
Danny Burmeister
Daniel Joseph Burmeister (born September 13, 1963) is an American former professional football player who was a safety for one season with the Washington Redskins of the National Football League (NFL) in 1987.

He played college football for the North Carolina Tar Heels.  In 1982, he was named a Parade High School Football All-American while playing for Oakton High School in Fairfax County, Virginia.

Oakton High School
Oakton High School is a public high school in unincorporated Fairfax County, Virginia, in proximity to Vienna, Virginia, in the United States. It is part of Fairfax County Public Schools in Northern Virginia. As of the 2023–24 school year, it had 2,620 students, according to National Center for Education Statistics data.
Waterford Film Festival
The Waterford Film Festival, also known as the Waterford International Film Festival, was established in 2007 in Waterford, Ireland, with the objective of "promoting local and national filmmakers and writers, but in particular independent film".  It celebrated its tenth year in 2016, giving awards to 13 films.

A number of films and scripts first surfaced at the Waterford Film Festival (WFF) have gone on to screenings and award wins at other festivals, including Paradox Pictures' Lost and Found, which was screened internationally and received an 'honourable mention' at the Chicago Irish Film Festival. Peter McNamara's Narcan went on from the WFF to win 'best narrative short' at the New York Metropolitan Film Festival. Lead Peter Halpin also won the best actor award for the film at the Williamsburg Independent Film Festival.

Peter McNamara
Peter McNamara (5 July 1955 – 20 July 2019) was an Australian tennis player and coach.

McNamara won five singles titles and nineteen doubles titles in his career. A right-hander, McNamara reached his highest singles ATP-ranking on 14 March 1983 when he became world No. 7. McNamara and fellow Australian Paul McNamee won the 1980 and 1982 men's doubles championship at Wimbledon and the Australian Open doubles in 1979. McNamara's highest rank in doubles was No. 3.

After retiring as a player, McNamara coached professionals including Mark Philippoussis, Grigor Dimitrov, Matthew Ebden and Wang Qiang.

McNamara died on 20 July 2019, at the age of 64, from prostate cancer.
Caricatures of Twenty-five Gentlemen
Caricatures of Twenty-five Gentlemen is a book of twenty-five caricatures by English caricaturist, essayist and parodist Max Beerbohm. It was published in 1896 by Leonard Smithers and Co and was Beerbohm's first book of caricatures.

Published with an introduction by Leonard Raven-Hill, Caricatures of Twenty-five Gentlemen appeared the same year as Beerbohm's  first collection of essays, The Works of Max Beerbohm. Caricatures of Twenty-five Gentlemen includes portraits of many prominent writers and artists of the 1890s, including Richard Le Gallienne, Frank Harris, Rudyard Kipling, Aubrey Beardsley and George Bernard Shaw.

The collection established Beerbohm's reputation as the cruelest caricaturist of his day. Beerbohm was aged 24 when the book was published.

Richard Le Gallienne
Richard Le Gallienne (20 January 1866 – 15 September 1947) was an English author and poet. The British-American actress Eva Le Gallienne (1899–1991) was his daughter by his second marriage to Danish journalist Julie Nørregaard (1863–1942).
Aperture-to-medium coupling loss
In telecommunications, aperture-to-medium coupling loss is the difference between the theoretical antenna gain of a very large antenna, such as the antennas in beyond-the-horizon microwave links, and the gain that can be realized in practice.

Note 1: Aperture-to-medium coupling loss is related to the ratio of the scatter angle to the antenna beamwidth.

Note 2:  The "very large antennas" are referred to in wavelengths; thus, this loss can apply to line-of-sight systems also.

Optical medium
In optics, an optical medium is material through which light and other electromagnetic waves propagate.  It is a form of transmission medium.  The permittivity and permeability of the medium define how electromagnetic waves propagate in it.
Nishiguchi
Nishiguchi (written: 西口) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Akira Nishiguchi (西口 彰, 1925–1970), Japanese serial killer and fraudster

Daisuke Nishiguchi (西口 大輔, born 1988), Japanese footballer

Fumiya Nishiguchi (西口 文也, born 1972), Japanese baseball player

Ryo Nishiguchi (西口 諒, born 1990), Japanese footballer

Yasuo Nishiguchi (西口 泰夫, born 1943), Japanese businessman

Fumiya Nishiguchi
Fumiya Nishiguchi (西口 文也, Nishiguchi Fumiya), (born September 26, 1972) is a Japanese former professional baseball right-handed pitcher and current manager for the Saitama Seibu Lions of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB). He played 21 seasons in NPB, all for the Lions.
Sekong province
Sekong (also sometimes Xekong, Lao: ເຊກອງ, pronounced [séː kɔ̀ːŋ]) is a province of Laos in the southeast of the country. It is the second smallest province in Laos, covering an area of 7,665 square kilometres (2,959 sq mi). It is bordered by Vietnam to the east, Attapeu province to the south, Salavan province to the north, and Champasak province to the west. Sekong has the smallest population (129,398 as of 2020) and the lowest population density of any province. It was created in 1984 by splitting Salavan province. It is the most diverse province in Laos with 14 ethnic groups. The Sekong River, which divides the province, flows in a southerly direction into Cambodia and is navigable. The Dakchung Plateau and Xe Xap National Biodiversity Conservation Area are among the areas under protection.

Lao Theung
The Lao Theung or Lao Thoeng (Lao: ລາວເທິງ pronounced [láːw tʰɤ́ːŋ]) is one of the traditional divisions of ethnic groups living in Laos (the others being the Lao Loum and the Lao Soung). It literally indicates the "midland Lao", and comprises a variety of different ethnic groups of mostly Austro-Asiatic origin.  In 1993, the Lao Theung formed 24% of the country's population.
Boulder Collegians
The Boulder Collegians are a collegiate summer baseball team located in Boulder, Colorado, founded in 1964 by Bauldie Moschetti, folded in 1980, and restarted in 2013 by Matt Jensen. The Collegians played many of the best semi-pro teams including the Humboldt Crabs, Alaska Goldpanners, and Anchorage Glacier Pilots. The Collegians beat the Alaska Goldpanners in the Midnight Sun Game 5–2 in 1969. The Collegians competed in the National Baseball Congress World Series every year from 1965 to 1980, winning the NBC World Series in 1966, 1967, 1975, and 1978. The team updated its nickname to "64s" in 2025 when it moved to the Front Range League.

Alaska Goldpanners of Fairbanks
The Alaska Goldpanners of Fairbanks are a collegiate summer baseball team which was founded in 1960 as an independent barnstorming team. The Goldpanners were charter members of the Alaska Baseball League at the league's inception in 1974, but left the league in 2015 to return to a barnstorming schedule. The Goldpanners play their home games at Growden Memorial Park in Fairbanks, Alaska, United States. They also host the annual Midnight Sun Game at their home venue.

Like other amateur collegiate summer baseball teams, the Goldpanners operate in a similar manner to professional minor league organizations: playing a nightly schedule, using wooden bats, and with lengthy road trips facing advanced competition. Due to Fairbanks' isolated location, the Goldpanners often play teams from the rest of Alaska and the West Coast of the Lower 48.
Atit Sheth
Atit Sheth (born 3 February 1996) is an Indian cricketer who plays for Baroda. He made his first-class debut on 30 October in the 2015–16 Ranji Trophy. He made his List A debut for Baroda in the 2016–17 Vijay Hazare Trophy on 25 February 2017.

He was the leading wicket-taker for Baroda in the 2017–18 Ranji Trophy, with 21 dismissals in six matches. In July 2018, he was named in the squad for India Green for the 2018–19 Duleep Trophy.

In December 2018, he was named in India's team for the 2018 ACC Emerging Teams Asia Cup.

Baroda cricket team
The Baroda cricket team is a domestic cricket team based in the city of Vadodara, Gujarat. The home ground of the team is the Baroda Cricket Association Stadium. It is one of the three first-class cricket teams based in the Indian state of Gujarat (the other two being the Saurashtra cricket team and the Gujarat cricket team).

The team is run by the Baroda Cricket Association. It has been one of the most successful teams in the Ranji Trophy in the new millennium. Baroda were runners-up in the 2005/06 Ranji Trophy.
Cameron Howieson
Cameron Drew Neru Howieson (born 22 December 1994) is a New Zealand professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for A-League club Auckland FC and the New Zealand national team.

Howieson signed a professional two-and-a-half-year contract with Burnley in March 2012, having joined from the Asia–Pacific Football Academy in July 2011, having previously played for Mosgiel AFC. He made his first-team debut in April 2012. He represented New Zealand at youth level, winning the 2011 OFC U-17 Championship and 2013 OFC U-20 Championship, before making his senior international debut in 2012, later winning the 2024 OFC Men's Nations Cup.

2017–18 New Zealand Football Championship
The 2017–18 New Zealand Football Championship season (currently known as the ISPS Handa Premiership for sponsorship reasons) was the fourteenth season of the NZFC since its establishment in 2004. Ten teams competed in the competition with Team Wellington and Auckland City representing the ISPS Handa Premiership in the 2018 OFC Champions League after finishing Champions and Premiers respectively in the 2016–17 competition.
Live electronic music
Live electronic music (also known as live electronics) is a form of music that can include traditional electronic sound-generating devices, modified electric musical instruments, hacked sound generating technologies, and computers. Initially the practice developed in reaction to sound-based composition for fixed media such as musique concrète, electronic music and early computer music. Musical improvisation often plays a large role in the performance of this music. The timbres of various sounds may be transformed extensively using devices such as amplifiers, filters, ring modulators and other forms of circuitry. Real-time generation and manipulation of audio using live coding is now commonplace.

Electronic filter
Electronic filters are a type of signal processing filter in the form of electrical circuits.  This article covers those filters consisting of lumped electronic components, as opposed to distributed-element filters.  That is, using components and interconnections that, in analysis, can be considered to exist at a single point.  These components can be in discrete packages or part of an integrated circuit.

Electronic filters remove unwanted frequency components from the applied signal, enhance wanted ones, or both. They can be:

passive or active

analog or digital

high-pass, low-pass, band-pass, band-stop (band-rejection; notch), or all-pass.

discrete-time (sampled) or continuous-time

linear or non-linear

infinite impulse response (IIR type) or finite impulse response (FIR type)

The most common types of electronic filters are linear filters, regardless of other aspects of their design. See the article on linear filters for details on their design and analysis.
Type 635 hydrographic survey ship
Type 635 hydrographic survey ship is a series of hydrographic survey ships developed by China for its People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN). More successful than Type 625 of the same era, Type 635 still remains active in PLAN after half a century of service, even after its successor Type 636 has entered service. Type 635 series in PLAN service are designated by a combination of two Chinese characters followed by three-digit number. The second Chinese character is Ce (测), meaning survey in Chinese, because these ships are classified as survey ship. The first Chinese character denotes which fleet the ship is service with, with East (Dong, 东) for East Sea Fleet, North (Bei, 北) for North Sea Fleet, and South (Nan, 南) for South Sea Fleet. However, pennant numbers may have changed due to the change of Chinese naval ships naming convention.

Survey vessel
A survey vessel is any type of ship or boat that is used for underwater surveys, usually to collect data for mapping or planning underwater construction or mineral extraction. It is a type of research vessel, and may be designed for the purpose, modified for the purpose or temporarily put into the service as a vessel of opportunity, and may be crewed, remotely operated, or autonomous. The size and equipment vary to suit the task and availability.
Wotter
Wotter is a village near Shaugh Prior on the south western edge of Dartmoor, in the English county of Devon. The village was founded in 1906: previously, there had only been a farm and two houses between Shaugh Prior and Lee Moor.

Plympton
Plympton is a suburb of the city of Plymouth in Devon, England. It is in origin an ancient stannary town. It was an important trading centre for locally mined tin, and a seaport before the River Plym silted up and trade moved down river to Plymouth and was the seat of Plympton Priory the most significant local landholder for many centuries.

Plympton is an amalgamation of several villages, including St Mary's, St Maurice, Colebrook, Woodford, Newnham, Langage and Chaddlewood.

There is a handful of Primary schools, and 2 Secondary schools in Plympton. The majority of these are an academy converter.
Keythe Farley
Keythe Farley is an American actor.

Farley is a graduate of UCLA and is an active member of The Actors' Gang and Evidence Room theatre companies. He has written, produced or voice-directed episodes of Rugrats, As Told by Ginger and The Wild Thornberries for Klasky Csupo.

Farley is also the co-author, with Brian Flemming and Laurence O'Keefe, of Bat Boy: The Musical, which was the recipient of the 2001 Outer Critics Circle and Lucille Lortel Awards for Best Off-Broadway Musical.

Brian Flemming
Brian Flemming is an American film director, playwright and activist. His films include Hang Your Dog in the Wind, Nothing So Strange, and The God Who Wasn't There. His musicals include Bat Boy: The Musical, which won the LA Weekly Theater Award, Lucille Lortel Award, and Outer Critics Circle Award. He advocates for the free-culture movement and is an outspoken atheist.
2010 Connecticut State Treasurer election
The 2010 Connecticut State Treasurer election took place on November 2, 2010, to elect the Connecticut State Treasurer. Incumbent Democratic State Treasurer Denise L. Nappier won re-election to a fourth term, defeating Republican mayor of Newington Jeff Wright.

Connecticut Republican Party
The Connecticut Republican Party is the Connecticut affiliate of the national Republican Party.

Republicans control neither chamber of the state legislature, no constitutional state offices, none of the state's five seats in the U.S. House, and neither of its two U.S. Senate seats. The last Republican to represent the state in the U.S. House was Chris Shays, who lost his seat in 2008 to Jim Himes. The last Republican to represent the state in the U.S. Senate was Lowell Weicker, who lost his seat in 1988 to Joe Lieberman.
Mel Roach
Melvin Earl Roach (January 25, 1933 – July 31, 2023) was an American professional baseball player. His career derailed by his bonus player status, military service and injury, he appeared in 227 games played over all or parts of eight years in Major League Baseball as a utilityman for the Milwaukee Braves (1953–54 and 1957–61), Chicago Cubs (1961) and Philadelphia Phillies (1962). Roach was born in Richmond, Virginia and attended John Marshall High School; he threw and batted right-handed and was listed as 6 feet 1 inch (1.85 m) tall and 190 pounds (86 kg).

Milwaukee Braves
The Milwaukee Braves were a Major League Baseball team that played in Milwaukee, from 1953 to 1965, having previously played in Boston, Massachusetts, as the Boston Braves. After relocating to Atlanta, Georgia in 1966, they were renamed the Atlanta Braves. The 13-season tenure in Milwaukee at Milwaukee County Stadium saw varying degrees of success for the franchise, winning the 1957 World Series and the National League pennant in 1958. The team never finished with a losing record.

The Milwaukee Braves had an overall win–loss record of 1,146–890–8 (.563) during their 13 years in Milwaukee. Three former Milwaukee Braves players were elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame.
Jayne Baxter
Jayne Baxter (born 5 November 1955) is a Scottish Labour Party politician.  She was a Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for the Mid Scotland and Fife region from 2012 to 2016. She succeeded John Park when he resigned his list seat to take up a position with the Community trades union.

A lifelong resident of Fife, she graduated from Edinburgh Napier University in 1995. She currently serves as constituency agent for Mid Scotland and Fife MSP Alex Rowley.

Baxter was Labour's second candidate on the Scotland constituency list in the 2019 European Parliament election.

Member of the Scottish Parliament
Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP; Scottish Gaelic: Ball Pàrlamaid na h-Alba, BPA; Scots: Memmer o the Scots Pairliament, MSP) is the title given to any one of the 129 individuals elected to serve in the Scottish Parliament.
Stéphanie St-Pierre
Stéphanie St-Pierre (born August 2, 1985) is a Canadian freestyle skier. St-Pierre competes in moguls.

Born in Victoriaville, Quebec, St-Pierre  made her World Cup debut in January 2002 at Tignes. Her first World Cup podium came at Fernie, British Columbia in 2003, where she won a dual moguls event.

Over her career, St-Pierre has earned eight podium places at World Cup events, with two of these being victories. Her most successful season came in 2007, when she placed 5th overall in the World Cup standings. She also won a bronze medal at the 2003 World Championships in Deer Valley.

St-Pierre competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics. She finished 17th in the opening round of the women's moguls, good enough to advance in the final. In the final, she improved her score to end up 12th overall.

Fernie, British Columbia
Fernie is a city in the Elk Valley area of the East Kootenay region of southeastern British Columbia, Canada, located on BC Highway 3 on the western approaches to the Crowsnest Pass through the Rocky Mountains. Founded in 1898 and incorporated as the City of Fernie in July 1904, the municipality has a population of over 5,000 with an additional 2,000 outside city limits in communities under the jurisdiction of the Regional District of East Kootenay. A substantial seasonal population swells the city during the winter months.

Fernie lies on the Elk River, along Canada's southernmost east-west transportation corridor through the Rockies that crosses the range via the Crowsnest Pass, 40 kilometres (25 miles) to the east. As the largest and longest-established community between Cranbrook and Lethbridge, Fernie serves as a minor regional centre, particularly for its fellow Elk Valley communities.
Jon Minnis
Jon Minnis is a Canadian animator. He is most noted for his 1984 short film Charade, which was the winner of the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film at the 57th Academy Awards, and the Genie Award for Best Theatrical Short Film at the 6th Genie Awards.

Genie Awards
The Genie Awards were given out annually by the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television to recognize the best of Canadian cinema from 1980–2012. They succeeded the Canadian Film Awards (1949–1978). In 2013, the Academy merged the Genie Awards with its sister presentation for television, the Gemini Awards, to form the Canadian Screen Awards.

Genie Award candidates were selected from submissions made by the owners of Canadian films or their representatives, based on the criteria laid out in the Genie Rules and Regulations booklet which were distributed to Academy members and industry members. Peer-group juries, assembled from volunteer members of the Academy, met to watch the submissions and select a group of nominees. Academy members then voted on these nominations.