hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Timeline of antisemitism in the 19th century
This timeline of antisemitism chronicles the acts of antisemitism, hostile actions or discrimination against Jews as a religious or ethnic group, in the 19th century. It includes events in the history of antisemitic thought, actions taken to combat or relieve the effects of antisemitism, and events that affected the prevalence of antisemitism in later years. The history of antisemitism can be traced from ancient times to the present day.

Some authors prefer to use the terms anti-Judaism or religious antisemitism for religious sentiment against Judaism before the rise of racial antisemitism in the 19th century. For events specifically pertaining to the expulsion of Jews, see Jewish refugees.

Religious antisemitism
Religious antisemitism is the aversion to or discrimination against Jews as a whole based on religious doctrines of supersession, which expect or demand the disappearance of Judaism and the conversion of Jews to other faiths. This form of antisemitism has frequently served as the basis for false claims and religious antisemitic tropes against Judaism. Sometimes, it is called theological antisemitism.

Some scholars have argued that modern antisemitism is primarily based on nonreligious factors, John Higham is emblematic of this school of thought. However, this interpretation has been challenged. In 1966, Charles Glock and Rodney Stark first published public opinion polling data, which showed that most Americans based their stereotypes of Jews on religion. Since then, further opinion polling in America and Europe has supported this conclusion.
Bloor streetcar line
The Toronto Transit Commission operated the Bloor streetcar line along Bloor Street and Danforth Avenue, extending at its longest from Jane Street (Jane Loop) in the west end of the city to Luttrell Avenue (Luttrell Loop) in the east. Both Luttrell and Jane loops at the termini were transfer points between streetcars and suburban bus routes. The line was discontinued in 1966 with the opening of the Bloor-Danforth subway line, except for two stubs of the line discontinued in 1968.

Bloor Street
Bloor Street is an east–west arterial street in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Bloor Street runs from the Prince Edward Viaduct, which spans the Don River Valley, westward into Mississauga where it ends at Central Parkway. East of the viaduct, Danforth Avenue continues along the same right-of-way. The street, approximately 25 kilometres (16 mi) long, contains a significant cross-sample of Toronto's ethnic communities. It is also home to Toronto's famous shopping street, the Mink Mile.

A portion of Line 2 of the Bloor-Danforth subway line runs along Bloor from Kipling Avenue to the Don Valley Parkway, and then continues east along Danforth Avenue.
I Miss You (Sarah Engels song)
"I Miss You" is a song recorded by Sarah Engels from her first studio album Heartbeat. It features vocals from Pietro Lombardi. It was written and produced by DSDS jury member Dieter Bohlen. The song was released on 17 June 2011.

Dieter Bohlen
Dieter Bohlen (German: [ˈdiːtɐ ˈboːlən]; born Dieter Günter Bohlen on 7 February 1954) is a German songwriter, producer, singer and television personality. He first achieved fame as a member of the pop duo Modern Talking in the 1980s, and has since produced numerous German and international artists. He is also a judge on casting shows Deutschland sucht den Superstar and Das Supertalent.
David Van Wie (engineer)
David M. Van Wie is an American aerospace engineer. He became the ninth director of the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) on July 14, 2025. He is known for his expertise in hypersonics, aerospace systems, and national defense technology.

Missile defense
Missile defense is a system, weapon, or technology involved in the detection, tracking, interception, and also the destruction of attacking missiles. Conceived as a defense against nuclear-armed intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), its application has broadened to include shorter-ranged non-nuclear tactical and theater missiles.

China, France, India, Iran, Israel, Italy, Russia, Taiwan, the United Kingdom and the United States have all developed such air defense systems.
The Brother and Sister Who Became the Sun and Moon
"The Brother and Sister Who Became the Sun and Moon" (Korean: 해와 달이 된 오누이; RR: Haewa Dari Doen Onui) is a traditional Korean tale that explains the origins of the Sun and Moon. It is also called "The Reason Sorghum is Red". This fairy tale was featured in the Korean post stamp.

Korean folklore
Stories and practices that are considered part of Korean folklore go back several thousand years. These tales derive from a variety of origins, including Korean Shamanism, Confucianism, Buddhism, and more recently Christianity.

Many folk traditions developed in rural areas such as villages. They often relate to households and farming, and reinforce family and communal bonds. The performance of folk tales reflects this, with performers often encouraging and eliciting audience involvement. Traditions and stories were passed down orally, although written examples appear beginning in the 5th century.

While many traditions have become less practiced or modernized, folklore remains deeply embedded in Korean society, continuing to influence fields such as religion, stories, art, and customs.
OGF
OGF can refer to:

Open Gaming Foundation for role-playing games

Open Grid Forum for grid computing

Ordinary generating function in mathematics

Opioid growth factor, an alternative name for met-enkephalin

OpenGeofiction, an online collaborative fantasy mapping project

Met-enkephalin
Met-enkephalin, also known as metenkefalin (INN), sometimes referred to as opioid growth factor (OGF), is a naturally occurring, endogenous opioid peptide that has opioid effects of a relatively short duration. It is one of the two forms of enkephalin, the other being leu-enkephalin. The enkephalins are considered to be the primary endogenous ligands of the δ-opioid receptor, due to their high potency and selectivity for the site over the other endogenous opioids.
Ołowianka
Ołowianka  is an island located east of the city center in Gdańsk, Poland. The island is enclosed by the Motława from the north and west and Stepka Channel from the east. It is one of the two islands located on the Motława, alongside Granary Island.

Motława
The Motława (German: Mottlau; Kashubian: Mòtława) is a river in Eastern Pomerania in Poland. Its source is in Szpęgawskie Lake, northeast from the town of Starogard Gdański. The Motlawa goes through Rokickie Lake to Martwa Wisła, a branch of the Vistula. The total length of the river is estimated at 68 km, and its drainage basin is 1511.3 km2.

The city of Gdańsk is situated at its mouth in the Martwa Wisła. In Gdańsk, the Motława ferry crosses the river, a service that has run since the year 1687.

The Polish name Motława is derived from Old Prussian language. In German the river is known as Mottlau.

A common theory for the etymology of the cities Gdańsk and Gdynia is that they are named after an older Polish and Kashubian name for the river, Gdania.
Griffin McDaniel
Griffin Connor Isip McDaniel (born March 30, 2000) is a professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Regionalliga Nord club SV Drochtersen/Assel. Born in the United States, he plays for the Philippines national team.

Regionalliga Nord
The Regionalliga Nord (English: Regional League North) is the fourth tier of the German football league system in the states of Lower Saxony, Schleswig-Holstein, Bremen and Hamburg. It is one of five leagues at this level, together with the Regionalliga Bayern, Regionalliga Nordost, Regionalliga Südwest and the Regionalliga West. Until the introduction of the 3. Liga in 2008 it was the third tier.

From 1963 to 1974, a Regionalliga Nord existed as the second tier of the German football league system, but it is not related to the current Regionalliga.
Mudgee railway station
Mudgee railway station is a heritage-listed disused railway station on the Gwabegar railway line in Mudgee, Mid-Western Regional Council, New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by John Whitton and built from 1883 to 1884; the property was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

Though no trains run through the station, it is served by NSW TrainLink coaches running between Lithgow railway station and Coonabarabran.

Mid-Western Regional Council
The Mid-Western Regional Council is a local government area in the Central West region of New South Wales, Australia. The area is located adjacent to the Castlereagh Highway that passes through the middle of the area in an approximate southeast–northwest direction.

Mid-Western Regional Council was proclaimed on 26 May 2004 and incorporates the whole of the former Mudgee Shire Council and parts of the former Merriwa and Rylstone Shires. The Mid-Western Regional Council also incorporated the area of the historic Wyaldra Shire, which was abolished in an earlier round of local government amalgamations. A historic building in Gulgong, built in 1910, served as the former shire headquarters. On 26 November 2004, it assumed the assets and operations of the former Mid-Western County Council.

The mayor of Mid-Western Regional Council is Cr. Des Kennedy, who is unaligned with any political party.
Yuman music
Yuman music is the music of Yumans, a group of Native American tribes from what is now Southern California and Baja California. They include Paipai, Havasupai, Yavapai, Walapai, Mohave, Quechan, Maricopa, Tipai-Ipai, Cocopa, and Kiliwa people. Folk songs in Yuma culture are said to be given to a person while dreaming.  Many individuals who are in emotional distress go to a secluded area for a few weeks, there to receive new songs.

Cocopah
The Cocopah (Cocopah: Xawiƚƚ Kwñchawaay) are Native Americans who live in Baja California, Mexico, and Arizona, United States.

In the United States, Cocopah people belong to the federally recognized Cocopah Tribe of Arizona.
Richard Hurst (cricketer)
Richard Hurst (1818 – 1873) was an English first-class cricketer.

Hurst was born at Cowley in 1818. He made a single appearance in first-class cricket for Oxford University against the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) at Lord's in 1843, though his overall association with the University of Oxford is unknown. Batting twice against the MCC, he was dismissed for 8 runs in the Oxford first innings by Jemmy Dean, while in their second innings he was dismissed by the same bowler for 12 runs. Playing in the same Oxford side were possible relations John Hurst and Edmund Hurst. He died at Headington in 1873.

Headington
Headington is an eastern suburb of Oxford, in the county of Oxfordshire, England. It is at the top of Headington Hill overlooking the city in the Thames valley below, and bordering Marston to the north-west, Cowley to the south, and Barton and Risinghurst to the east. The life of the large residential area is centred upon London Road, the main road between London and Oxford.
Bélier (rocket)
Bélier is the designation of a French sounding rocket family. Three versions of the Bélier were launched between 1961 and 1970 at the CIEES launch facility at Hammaguir, the Salto di Quirra and Ile du Levant missile ranges, and Kourou Space Center.

After its retirement, the Bélier was used as a stage for a family of solid-propellant rockets, including the Centaure, the Dragon, the Dauphin and the Éridan.

Sounding rocket
A sounding rocket or rocketsonde, sometimes called a research rocket or a suborbital rocket, is an instrument-carrying rocket designed to take measurements and perform scientific experiments during its sub-orbital flight. The rockets are often used to launch instruments from 50 to 150 km (30 to 90 mi) above the surface of the Earth, the altitude generally between weather balloons and satellites; the maximum altitude for balloons is about 40 km (25 mi), and the minimum for satellites is approximately 120 km (75 mi).

Due to their suborbital flight profile, sounding rockets are often much simpler than their counterparts built for orbital flight. Certain sounding rockets have an apogee between 1,000 and 1,500 km (600 and 900 mi), such as the Black Brant X and XII. Sounding rockets may be flown to altitudes as high as 3,000 km (2,000 mi) to allow observing times of around 40 minutes to provide geophysical observations of the magnetosphere, ionosphere, thermosphere, and mesosphere.
Catwalk (film)
Catwalk is a 1995 American documentary film by Robert Leacock, following model Christy Turlington during Spring Fashion Week in Milan, Paris and New York City. Despite being filmed in 1993, it premiered in 1995.

Gianni Versace
Giovanni Maria "Gianni" Versace (Italian: [dʒoˈvanni maˈriːa ˈdʒanni verˈsaːtʃe]; 2 December 1946 – 15 July 1997) was an Italian fashion designer and businessman. He was the founder of Versace, an international luxury-fashion house that produces accessories, fragrances, make-up, home furnishings and clothes. He also designed costumes for theatre and films. As a friend of Eric Clapton, Princess Diana, Whitney Houston, Naomi Campbell, Kate Moss, Madonna, Elton John, Tupac Shakur, Joan Collins and many other celebrities, he was one of the first designers to link fashion to the music world. He and his partner Antonio D'Amico were regulars on the international party scene. The place where he was born and raised, Reggio di Calabria, greatly influenced his career.

On 15 July 1997, he was murdered outside his Miami Beach mansion, Casa Casuarina, by spree killer Andrew Cunanan.
Entertainment journalism
Entertainment journalism is any form of journalism that focuses on popular culture and the entertainment business and its products. Like fashion journalism, entertainment journalism covers industry-specific news while targeting general audiences beyond those working in the industry itself. Common forms include lifestyle, television and film, theater, music, video game, and celebrity coverage.

Fashion journalism
Fashion journalism is a component of fashion media, with a focus on writing and photojournalism. Fashion journalists write about and critique fashion events and trends as well as cultivate and maintain relationships with stylists and designers. Fashion journalists are either employed full-time by a publication, or submit articles on a freelance basis. Fashion photography, which supplanted fashion illustration in the 1900s, is a type of photojournalism used in fashion journalism. The Internet has given rise to several outlets for amateur fashion journalism, such as blogs and vlogs.
The Big One (George Strait song)
"The Big One" is a song written by Gerry House and Devon O'Day, and recorded by American country music artist George Strait.  It was released in September 1994 as the lead single from his album Lead On. The song reached number one on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart and number 4 on the Canadian RPM Country Tracks chart. It was his 26th number-one hit in the United States.

Lead On
Lead On is the fifteenth studio album by American country music artist George Strait. The album was released on November 8, 1994 by MCA Nashville and was certified platinum in the U.S. for sales of one million copies. It includes the singles "The Big One", "You Can't Make a Heart Love Somebody", "Lead On", and "Adalida", which respectively reached No. 1, No. 1, No. 7 and No. 3 on the Hot Country Songs charts between 1994 and 1995. The album's title track was co-written by Alabama bass guitarist Teddy Gentry. "I Met a Friend of Yours Today" was originally recorded by Mel Street.
Ben Curtis (golfer)
Ben Clifford Curtis (born May 26, 1977) is an American professional golfer and four-time winner on the PGA Tour, best known for winning the 2003 Open Championship.

In January 2018, Curtis told Golf Digest that he has stopped playing golf competitively, opting to teach instead.

Golf Digest
Golf Digest is a monthly golf magazine published by Warner Bros. Discovery through its TNT Sports unit. It is a generalist golf publication covering recreational golf and men's and women's competitive golf. The magazine was co-founded by William H. Davis, Howard Gill, and John F. Barnett in Chicago in 1950, moved to Connecticut in 1964 and was sold to The New York Times Company in 1969. The Times company sold their magazine division to Condé Nast in 2001. The headquarters of Golf Digest is in New York City, relocated from Connecticut. On May 13, 2019, Discovery, Inc. acquired Golf Digest from Condé Nast to integrate with GolfTV.
Casa Casuarina
Casa Casuarina, also known as the Versace Mansion, is an American property built in 1930, renowned for being owned by and the place of the murder of the Italian fashion designer Gianni Versace; he lived there from 1992 until his death in 1997. It is located at 1116 Ocean Drive in the South Beach neighborhood of Miami Beach, Florida, in the Miami Beach Architectural District. Since 2015, it has been adapted into and operates as a luxury boutique hotel known as The Villa Casa Casuarina.

Boutique hotel
Boutique hotels are small-capacity hotels that provide more personalized service than typical hotels. They typically have fewer than a hundred rooms, and are considered more "trendy" and "intimate", often due to their location in urban areas. They will usually also display a strong sense of aesthetic, and have a unique, un-homogenized character. They may be themed too, such as by having a focus on nature, environment, cuisine, history, community and cultural immersion, attentive service, or well-being.
G. Harold Watkins
G. Harold Watkins (January 3, 1903 – August 4, 1991) was an American politician who served as a Republican member of the Pennsylvania State Senate from 1941 to 1944 and as a Commonwealth judge from 1957 until 1978.

Pennsylvania State Senate
The Pennsylvania State Senate is the upper house of the bicameral Pennsylvania General Assembly, the Pennsylvania state legislature. Senators are elected for four-year terms, staggered every two years, such that half of the seats are contested at each election. Even- and odd-numbered district seats are contested in separate election years. The State Senate meets in the State Capitol building in Harrisburg, and has been meeting since 1791.

The president of the Senate is the lieutenant governor, who has no vote except to break a tie. The president pro tempore becomes the lieutenant governor in the event of the sitting lieutenant governor's removal, resignation or death. In this case the president pro tempore and lieutenant governor would be the same person.
14th Air and Air Defence Forces Army
The 14th Air and Air Defence Forces Army (Russian: 14-я армия ВВС и ПВО) is an air army of the Russian Aerospace Forces, part of the Central Military District and headquartered at Yekaterinburg.

It was formed in 1998 from the 14th Independent Air Defence Army when the Russian Air Force was reorganized to combine both Air Force and Air Defence Forces units.

It was redesignated as the 2nd Air and Air Defence Forces Command when the Russian Air Force reorganized its armies into commands in 2009, but returned to its original name in 2015 when the commands became armies again.

Air Forces Monthly
Air Forces Monthly (AFM) is a military aviation magazine published by Key Publishing Ltd, based at Stamford in the English county of Lincolnshire in the United Kingdom.  Established in 1988,  the magazine provides news and analysis on military aviation, technology, and related topics.

The Independent newspaper claims that "Air Forces Monthly is widely read in the MoD and in the defence industry, both in Britain and in the US".

In 1997, an AFM report that a military aircraft crash during takeoff at Boscombe Down on 26 September 1994 involved a classified Aurora aircraft prompted denials from the Ministry of Defence and the United States Defense Department.

Sister publications from Key Publishing include Air International, Air Enthusiast, Airliner World, and FlyPast.
Claude P. Dettloff
Claude P. Dettloff (July 7, 1899 – July 18, 1978) was an American photographer who gained fame for the picture which has become known as Wait for Me, Daddy. Dettloff began his career with the Minneapolis Journal in 1923 and worked for eleven years with The Winnipeg Tribune. He joined the Vancouver newspaper The Province in 1936, becoming the chief photographer.

Dettloff took the picture on October 1, 1940, as The British Columbia Regiment (Duke of Connaught's Own) went to war. The picture appeared on October 2, 1940, in The Province. The picture was named one of ten best pictures of the 1940s by Life. The picture was taken at 9 meters with a 3¼ × 4¼ Speed Graphic and a 13.5 C. M. Zeiss lens and the exposure was 1/200 of a second at F.8, using Agfa film.

British Columbia Regiment (Duke of Connaught's Own)
The British Columbia Regiment (Duke of Connaught's Own) is a Primary Reserve armoured reconnaissance (recce) regiment of the Canadian Army; the regiment is subordinate to 39 Canadian Brigade Group of the 3rd Canadian Division. Established in 1883, it is the oldest military unit in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It parades at the Beatty Street Drill Hall at the corner of Dunsmuir and Beatty in Downtown Vancouver. The regiment has been variously designated as garrison artillery, rifles, infantry, and armoured, but has been reconnaissance since 1965. It has received 41 battle honours, and has been a unit of the Royal Canadian Armoured Corps since 1942.
Philippine Hockey Association
The Philippine Hockey Association, also known as Larong Hockey sa Pilipinas, Inc. (lit. 'Hockey Sport in the Philippines') is the national governing body for field hockey in the Philippines. It is recognized by the Asian Hockey Federation (AHF) and the International Hockey Federation (IHF).

POC President Peping Cojuangco was appointed as the federation's chairman. In the POC general assembly held on January 27, 2016, the local Olympic body granted their recognition to LHP. Cojuangco resigned in 2021.

In 2019, the Philippine indoor hockey national teams debuted at the Men's and Women's Indoor Hockey Asia Cup.

The Philippines men's and women's hockey5s team debuted at the 2025 SEA Games. Both teams finished as bronze medalists as the losing semifinalists.

Sports governing body
A sports governing body is a sports organization that has a regulatory or sanctioning function.

Sports governing bodies come in various forms and have a variety of regulatory functions, including disciplinary procedure for rule infractions and deciding on rule
changes in the sport that they govern. Governing bodies have different scopes. They may cover a range of sport at an internationally acceptable level, such as the International Olympic Committee and the International Paralympic Committee, or only a single sport at a national level, such as the Rugby Football League. National bodies will largely have to be affiliated with international bodies for the same sport. The first international federations were formed at the end of the 19th century.