hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Scientific American Mind
Scientific American Mind was a bimonthly American popular science magazine concentrating on psychology, neuroscience, and related fields. By analyzing and revealing new thinking in the cognitive sciences, the magazine tries to focus on the biggest breakthroughs in these fields. Scientific American Mind is published by Nature Publishing Group which also publishes Scientific American and was established in 2004. The magazine has its headquarters in New York City.

The May/June 2017 issue was the last issue published in print; subsequent issues are available through digital platforms.

Cognitive science
Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary, scientific study of the mind and its processes. It examines the nature, the tasks, and the functions of cognition (in a broad sense). Mental faculties of concern to cognitive scientists include perception, memory, attention, reasoning, language, and emotion. To understand these faculties, cognitive scientists borrow from fields such as psychology, philosophy, artificial intelligence, neuroscience, linguistics, and anthropology. The typical analysis of cognitive science spans many levels of organization, from learning and decision-making to logic and planning; from neural circuitry to modular brain organization. One of the fundamental concepts of cognitive science is that "thinking can best be understood in terms of representational structures in the mind and computational procedures that operate on those structures."
HMS Scott (J79)
HMS Scott (J79) was a Halcyon-class minesweeper (officially, "fleet minesweeping sloop") of the British Royal Navy completed as an unarmed survey ship with an enlarged bridge and a large chart room abaft the extended forecastle deck. She served through World War II and the two following decades.

Deck (ship)
A deck is a permanent covering over a compartment or a hull of a ship. On a boat or ship, the primary or upper deck is the horizontal structure that forms the "roof" of the hull, strengthening it and serving as the primary working surface. Vessels often have more than one level both within the hull and in the superstructure above the primary deck, similar to the floors of a multi-storey building, that are also referred to as decks, as are certain compartments and decks built over specific areas of the superstructure. Decks for some purposes have specific names.
1978 St. Louis Tennis Classic
The 1978 St. Louis Tennis Classic, also known as the St. Louis WCT, was a men's professional tennis tournament that was part of the World Championship Tennis series of tournaments that were incorporated into the 1978 Grand Prix circuit. It was played on indoor carpet courts at the Checkerdome in St. Louis, Missouri in the United States. It was the eighth and last edition of the tournament and was held from February 6 through February 12, 1978. Unseeded Sandy Mayer won the singles title and earned $30,000 first-prize money.

St. Louis Arena
St. Louis Arena (known as the Checkerdome from 1977 to 1983) was an indoor arena in St. Louis, Missouri. The country's second-largest indoor entertainment venue when it opened in 1929, it was home to the St. Louis Blues and other sports franchises. The Arena sat across U.S. 40 (now I-64) from Forest Park's Aviation Field.

The Arena hosted conventions, concerts, political rallies, horse shows, circuses, boxing matches, professional wrestling, Roller Derby competitions, indoor soccer matches, the 1973 and 1978 NCAA men's basketball Final Four, the NCAA Men's Midwest Regional finals in 1982, 1984, and 1993, the 1992–94 Missouri Valley Conference men's basketball tournament, the 1968, 1969, and 1970 Stanley Cup Finals, and the 1975 NCAA men's Frozen Four ice hockey finals.

It was demolished in 1999.
Hjalti Árnason
Hjalti 'Úrsus' Árnason (born 18 February 1963), is an Icelandic former strongman, powerlifter and a strength sports promoter.

Known by the nickname 'The Great Ursus', Hjalti coached and trained together with Jón Páll Sigmarsson. He won the highly acclaimed Le Defi Mark Ten International in 1988 and podiumed at World Muscle Power Championships in 1990. Hjalti also competed with Magnús Ver Magnússon in Pure Strength team competitions in 1989 & 1990, and won gold and silver.

World Muscle Power Classic
The World Muscle Power Classic (WMPC) (sometimes known as the World Muscle Power Championships) was one of the most enduring annual strongman competitions, running for twenty years and in that time attaining the position of the second most prestigious strongman contest in the world, after the World's Strongest Man.

It was notable for that reason and for the quality of the strength athletes it attracted, which included every winner of the World's Strongest Man competition from 1980 onwards including Jón Páll Sigmarsson, Geoff Capes and Bill Kazmaier from the 1980s right up to the five time WSM champion Mariusz Pudzianowski and four time WSM champion Žydrūnas Savickas, both of whom were never able to capture the WMPC title.
Flip angle
In magnetic resonance imaging, the flip angle, also called the nutation angle, pulse angle, tip angle, or excitation angle, refers to the angle that the magnetization vector is tipped or rotated away from the z-axis by a radiofrequency pulse, relative to the main magnetic field. The flip angle is generally measured in degrees or radians; for example, a 90-degree flip angle will deflect all longitudinal magnetization into the transverse, or xy plane. Changing the amplitude or duration of the pulse will change the flip angle.

The Ernst angle, named for Richard R. Ernst who described it, refers to the flip angle that will produce the maximal intensity of a signal for a given T1 relaxation time and repetition time.

Richard R. Ernst
Richard Robert Ernst (14 August 1933 – 4 June 2021) was a Swiss physical chemist and Nobel laureate.

Ernst was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1991 for his contributions towards the development of Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy while at Varian Associates and ETH Zurich. These underpin applications to both to chemistry with NMR spectroscopy and to medicine with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

He humbly referred to himself as a "tool-maker" rather than a scientist.
Helen Asemota
Helen Nosakhare Asemota is a biochemist and agricultural biotechnologist based in Jamaica. She is Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Director of the Biotechnology Centre at the University of the West Indies at Mona, Jamaica. Her research develops biotechnology strategies for production and improvement of tropical tuber crops. She is notable for leading large international biotechnology collaborations, as well as for acting as an international biotechnology consultant for the United Nations (UN).

Mona, Jamaica
Mona is a neighbourhood in southeastern Saint Andrew Parish, approximately eight kilometres from Kingston, Jamaica.  A former sugarcane plantation, it is the site of a reservoir serving the city of Kingston and the main campus of the University of the West Indies.
Karaka Bays
Karaka Bays is a suburb of Wellington, New Zealand. It lies on the northeast coast of the Miramar Peninsula, 6 km east-south-east of the city centre, and has an expansive view of Wellington Harbour. It takes its name from a New Zealand native tree, the karaka (or the New Zealand laurel).

The suburb consists of residential properties close to the shores of two bays, Scorching Bay in the north and Karaka Bay in the south. Nearby suburbs are Miramar and Maupuia. Prominent features of Karaka Bays include the Scorching Bay Domain and a recreational park at the northern end of the suburb. The Cook Strait ferry passes the coast of Karaka Bay on its way between Picton and Wellington.

The area was historically connected with whaling - Coombe Rocks, a series of rocky islets off the coast, were used as a watching-place for cetaceans. In recent years marine mammals have returned to the area, with seals commonly sighted along the coast and orca occasionally visible offshore.

Arctocephalus forsteri
Arctocephalus forsteri (common names include  the Australasian fur seal, South Australian fur seal, New Zealand fur seal, Antipodean fur seal, or long-nosed fur seal) is a species of fur seal found mainly around southern Australia and New Zealand. The name New Zealand fur seal is used by English speakers in New Zealand; kekeno is used in the Māori language. As of 2014, the common name long-nosed fur seal has been proposed for the population of seals inhabiting Australia.

Although the Australian and New Zealand populations show some genetic differences, their morphologies are very similar, and thus they remain classed as a single species. After the arrival of humans in New Zealand, and particularly after the arrival of Europeans in Australia and New Zealand, hunting reduced the population to near-extinction.
Robert Desino
Robert "Rob" Desino is a former champion collegiate rower who rowed with the Penn Athletic Club Rowing Association. In the 1996 National Collegiate Rowing Championship, Desino and his brother Chris won first place in the men's double scull race, and were part of the first-place 4+ team, thus helping the Penn team to their best showing at the Nationals since 1985.

Desino competed at the 1997 World Rowing Championships.

The Desino brothers were later named to the USRowing Team and spent the next four years living in Philadelphia training for the Olympics. During that time Robert suffered a career-ending injury.

1997 World Rowing Championships
The 1997 World Rowing Championships were World Rowing Championships that were held from 31 August to 7 September 1997 at the Lac d'Aiguebelette, France. The annual week-long rowing regatta was organized by FISA (the International Rowing Federation), and held at the end of the northern hemisphere summer. In non-Olympic years it is the highlight of the international rowing calendar.
Lucy Walker steamboat disaster
The Lucy Walker steamboat disaster was an 1844 steamboat accident caused by the explosion of the boilers of the steamboat Lucy Walker near New Albany, Indiana, on the Ohio River. The explosion occurred on the afternoon of Wednesday, October 23, 1844, when the steamer's three boilers exploded, set the vessel on fire, and sank it.  It was one of a number of similar accidents of early 19th-century riverine transportation that led to important federal legislation and safety regulations. The vessel's owner was a Native American; her crew were African-American slaves, and her passengers represented a cross-section of frontier travelers.

Chief Vann House Historic Site
The Chief Vann House is the first brick residence in the Cherokee Nation, and has been called the "Showplace of the Cherokee Nation". Owned by the Cherokee Chief James Vann, the Vann House is a Georgia Historic Site on the National Register of Historic Places and one of the oldest remaining structures in the northern third of the state of Georgia.  It is located in Murray County, on the outskirts of Chatsworth in northwest Georgia, which has a commanding view of the land around it and of the Cohutta Mountains, about 10 miles (16 km) to the east.
Sri Lanka Mitra Vibhushana
The Sri Lanka Mitra Vibhushana (Sinhala: ශ්‍රී ලංකා මිත්‍ර විභූෂණ, Tamil: சிறீ லங்கா மித்ர விபூஷண, Sri Lankan Friendship Decoration)  is a distinguished honor awarded by the Government of Sri Lanka to foreign Heads of State and Heads of Government. Established in February 2008 by President Mahinda Rajapaksa, this accolade recognizes exceptional and distinguished service to the nation, particularly in fostering friendly relations and solidarity with the people of Sri Lanka.

President of Sri Lanka
The president of Sri Lanka (Sinhala: ශ්‍රී ලංකා ජනාධිපති Śrī Laṅkā Janādhipati; Tamil: இலங்கை ஜனாதிபதி Ilaṇkai janātipati) is the head of state and head of government of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka. The president is the chief executive of the union government and the commander-in-chief of the Sri Lanka Armed Forces. The powers, functions and duties of prior presidential offices, in addition to their relation with the Prime minister and Government of Sri Lanka, have over time differed with the various constitutional documents since the creation of the office. The president appoints the Prime Minister of Sri Lanka who can command the confidence of the Parliament of Sri Lanka.

Anura Kumara Dissanayake is the 10th and current president, having assumed office on 23 September 2024, after being declared the winner of the 2024 presidential election.
St. Gallen–Trogen railway
The St. Gallen–Trogen railway, or Trogenerbahn (TB), is a 9.8 kilometres (6.1 mi) long railway line in Switzerland. It links the city of St. Gallen, in the canton of St. Gallen, with Speicher and Trogen, both in the canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden. Passenger service on the line now forms part of the St. Gallen S-Bahn, branded as the S21.

The line was opened in 1903, and was built as an interurban. Whilst much of the line has been upgraded, this is still apparent in the long stretches of roadside track, and in its exit from St. Gallen over street track. With a gradient of 7.6%, it is the steepest narrow-gauge adhesion railway in Switzerland.

The line is owned and operated by the Appenzell Railways company, which also operates several other railway lines in the two Appenzell cantons. It has been operated as part of the Appenzell–St. Gallen–Trogen railway since 6 October 2018.

St. Gallen
St. Gallen is a Swiss city and the capital of the canton of St. Gallen. It evolved from the hermitage of Saint Gall, founded in the 7th century. Today, it is a large urban agglomeration (with around 167,000 inhabitants in 2019) and represents the center of eastern Switzerland. Its economy consists mainly of the service sector. The city is home to the University of St. Gallen, one of the best business schools in Europe.

The main tourist attraction is the Abbey of Saint Gall, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Abbey's renowned library contains books from the 9th century. The official language of St. Gallen is (the Swiss variety of Standard) German, but the main spoken language is the local variant of Alemannic Swiss German. The city has good transport links to the rest of the country and to neighbouring Germany and Austria. It also functions as the gate to the Appenzellerland.
Monee Township, Illinois
Monee Township is one of 24 townships in Will County, Illinois. As of the 2010 census, its population was 15,669 and it contained 6,182 housing units.  Monee Township used to be known as Carcy Township, but the name was changed at an unknown date.

Park Forest, Illinois
Park Forest is a village and south suburb of Chicago in Cook County, Illinois, United States, with a small southern portion in Will County. The village was originally designed by Loebl Schlossman & Bennett as a planned community for veterans returning from World War II. As of the 2020 census, the village had a population of 21,687.

Park Forest is bordered by Olympia Fields to the north, Chicago Heights to the east, University Park to the south, and Richton Park and Matteson to the west. The village has multiple public and private schools. In addition to the arts and culture scene including Tall Grass Arts Association and the Illinois Theatre Center, residents also have access to a myriad of recreational opportunities for both children and adults such as the Park Forest Aqua Center.
Shabnam Behesht
Shabnam Behesht (Persian: شبنم بهشت; born 30 December 1998 in Dehdasht) is an Iranian footballer who plays as a forward for Kowsar Women Football League club Shahrdari Sirjan. She has also played for the Iran women's national team.

Iranian Kowsar Women League
The Iranian Kowsar Women Football League (Persian: لیگ کوثر بانوان فوتبال ایران, Lig-e Kâuser-e Banuan-e Futbal-e Iran) is a women's football league, run by the Football Federation Islamic Republic of Iran. At the top of the Iranian football league system, it is the country's primary competition for the sport. It was established in 2007.
SbcD RNA motif
The  sbcD RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure identified using bioinformatics. sbc RNAs are found some species of bacteria classified under the family Burkholderiaceae, and usually reside in plasmids.  They are always located in what might be the 5' untranslated regions of operons that include sbcD genes.  sbcD genes are involved in DNA repair.

Five prime untranslated region
The five prime untranslated region (5′ UTR), or leader sequence, transcript leader, or leader RNA, is the region of a messenger RNA (mRNA) that is directly upstream from the initiation codon. This region is important for the regulation of translation of a transcript by differing mechanisms in viruses, prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Despite its name, the 5′ UTR, or a portion of it, is sometimes translated into a protein product. This product may involve in regulation of transcription, and translation of the main coding sequence of the mRNA, such as the sex-lethal gene in Drosophila. Regulatory elements within 5′ UTRs have also been linked to mRNA export. In many organisms, however, the 5′ UTR is completely untranslated, instead forming a complex secondary structure to regulate translation.
Planispiral
Planispiral is a condition in which a tubicolous shell is coiled in a single horizontal plane and the diameter increases away from the axis of coiling. This term is usually used for describing gastropod shells. Many cephalopods and tubeworms can also have a planispiral shell (Allaby and Allaby, 1999).

Tube worm
A tubeworm is any worm-like sessile invertebrate that anchors its tail to an underwater surface and secretes around its body a mineral tube, into which it can withdraw its entire body.

Tubeworms are found among the following taxa:

Annelida, the phylum containing segmented worms
Polychaetea, the class containing bristle worms
Canalipalpata, the order containing bristle-footed annelids or fan-head worms
Siboglinidae, the family of beard worms
Riftia pachyptila, a species known as giant tube worms
Lamellibrachia, a genus
Serpulidae, a family
Sabellidae, the family containing feather duster worms

Phoronida, the phylum containing horseshoe worms

Microconchida, an order of extinct tubeworms

Kuphus polythalamia , a bivalve mollusk species whose common name is giant tube worm
Combinatorial optimization
Combinatorial optimization is a subfield of mathematical optimization  that consists of finding an optimal object from a finite set of objects, where the set of feasible solutions is discrete or can be reduced to a discrete set. Typical combinatorial optimization problems are the travelling salesman problem ("TSP"), the minimum spanning tree problem ("MST"), and the knapsack problem. In many such problems, such as the ones previously mentioned, exhaustive search is not tractable, and so specialized algorithms that quickly rule out large parts of the search space or approximation algorithms must be resorted to instead.

Combinatorial optimization is related to operations research, algorithm theory, and computational complexity theory. It has important applications in several fields, including artificial intelligence, machine learning, auction theory, software engineering, VLSI, applied mathematics and theoretical computer science.

Finite set
In mathematics, a finite set is a collection of finitely many different things; the things are called elements or members of the set and are typically mathematical objects, such as numbers, symbols, points in space, lines, other geometric shapes, variables, or other sets.

Informally, a finite set is a set which one could in principle count and finish counting.  For example,

is a finite set with five elements. The number of elements of a finite set is a natural number (possibly zero) and is called the cardinality (or the cardinal number) of the set. A set that is not a finite set is called an infinite set. For example, the set 

of all positive integers is infinite.

Finite sets are particularly important in combinatorics, the mathematical study of counting. Many arguments involving finite sets rely on the pigeonhole principle, which states that there cannot exist an injective function from a larger finite set to a smaller finite set.
Dominic Rigby
Dominic Anthony John Rigby (born 17 November 1970) is a Scottish former cricketer and administrator.

Rigby was born at Ayr in November 1970. He initially played club cricket in Scotland for Prestwick Cricket Club, he was a member of Scotland's fifteen man squad which toured Zimbabwe in 1994, where he played minor matches against Zimbabwean provincial sides. Rigby later played two List A one-day matches for Scotland against the Lancashire Cricket Board at Aberdeen in the 2nd round of the 2003 Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy (played in 2002) and Somerset at Edinburgh in the 3rd round of the same competition (played in 2003). He scored 19 runs in these matches, with a highest score of 15 not out against the Lancashire Cricket Board. Rigby later played club cricket in Ireland for Clontarf Cricket Club until 2013.

Club cricket
Club cricket is a mainly amateur, but still formal form of the sport of cricket, usually involving teams playing in competitions at weekends or in the evening. There is a great deal of variation in game format although the Laws of Cricket are observed. The main nations that club cricket is played in include Pakistan, England, Australia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, West Indies, New Zealand, Bangladesh, Nepal, Zimbabwe, Kenya, Ireland, Wales, Scotland, Netherlands, Hong Kong and in some of the major cities in India. Club cricket is also now played in the United States and Canada, as both countries have large communities of immigrants from mainstream cricket-playing regions such as the Caribbean, Europe, Asia, Africa and Australasia.
Lloegyr
Lloegyr is the medieval Welsh name for a region of Britain (Prydain). The exact borders are unknown, but some modern scholars hypothesize it ran south and east of a line extending from the Humber Estuary to the Severn Estuary, exclusive of Cornwall and Devon. The people of Lloegyr were called Lloegyrwys without distinction of ethnicity, the term applying to both Britons and Anglo-Saxons.

The modern form of the word is Lloegr (pronounced [ˈɬɔɨɡr̩] or [ˈɬɔiɡr̩]) and it has become generalised through the passage of time to become the Welsh word for "England" as a whole, and not restricted to its original, smaller extent. The word has been anglicised and Latinised into such forms as Logres, Logris, and Loegria, among others, and is perhaps most widely recognised as the name of King Arthur's realm in the body of literature known as the Matter of Britain. The word is known to date from the 10th century or earlier, as it appears in the literary Armes Prydein.

Matter of Britain
The Matter of Britain (French: matière de Bretagne; Welsh: Mater Prydain; Cornish: Mater Brythain; Breton: Afer Breizh-Veur) is the body of medieval literature and legendary material associated with Great Britain and Brittany and the legendary kings and heroes associated with it, particularly King Arthur. The 12th-century writer Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae (History of the Kings of Britain) is a central component of the Matter of Britain.

It was one of the three great Western story cycles recalled repeatedly in medieval literature, together with the Matter of France, which concerned the legends of Charlemagne and his companions, as well as the Matter of Rome, which included material derived from or inspired by classical mythology and classical history. Its pseudo-chronicle and chivalric romance works, written both in prose and verse, flourished from the 12th to the 16th century.