hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
R v Morrisey
R v Morrisey, [2000] 2 S.C.R. 90, 2000 SCC 39 is a leading Supreme Court of Canada decision on the right to be free of cruel and unusual punishment under section 12 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The Court held that there can be exemptions for mandatory prison sentences where the sentence is unreasonable or has an effect upon the accused that may be considered harsh.

Cruel and unusual punishment
"Cruel and unusual punishment"  is a phrase in common law describing punishment that is considered unacceptable due to the suffering, pain, or humiliation it inflicts on the person subjected to the sanction.  The precise definition varies by jurisdiction, but typically includes punishments that are arbitrary, unnecessary, or overly severe compared to the crime.
Flux (Bloc Party song)
"Flux" is a song by English rock band Bloc Party. It was released as a single on 12 November 2007 and produced by Jacknife Lee, along with several other new songs, during the band's week in the studio after their performances at the Carling Weekend: Reading and Leeds Festivals. The song uses mostly electronic instruments and features vocalist Kele Okereke's voice manipulated through Auto-Tune. It was first performed live on 26 September 2007 at Covington's Madison Theater.

CD1 of the set was only released as a free CD through the 14 November 2007 issue of NME. The song peaked at number 8 in the UK Singles Chart as the band's fourth UK Top 10 single. "Flux" is featured on the re-released version of Bloc Party's second studio album A Weekend in the City and on the North American version of their third album Intimacy.

For Japan, the song was released as part of a 13-track remix album, also entitled "Flux".

Remix album
A remix album is an album consisting of remixes or rerecorded versions of an artist's earlier released material. The first act who employed the format was American singer-songwriter Harry Nilsson (Aerial Pandemonium Ballet, 1971). As of 2007, the best-selling remix album of all time is Michael Jackson's Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix (1997).
McKenzie Lake (Timiskaming District)
McKenzie Lake (French: lac McKenzie) is a lake in geographic Speight Township in the Unorganized West Part of Timiskaming District in Northeastern Ontario, Canada. It is part of the Saint Lawrence River drainage basin, and is about 20 kilometres (12 mi) southwest of the community of Kenabeek.

The lake has two unnamed inflows: one at the south, arriving from Harebell Lake, and one at the west. The primary outflow is an unnamed creek at the north which flows via Spray Creek, Spring Creek, the Montreal River and the Ottawa River to the Saint Lawrence River.

Kenabeek
Kenabeek (/ˈkɛnəˌbɛk/ KEN-ə-bek) is a locality and unincorporated community in geographic Henwood Township in the Unorganized West Part of Timiskaming District, in northeastern Ontario, Canada. The community is located on Ontario Highway 65, approximately halfway between Elk Lake and New Liskeard.
Cleitagora
Cleitagora or Clitagora or Kleitagora (Greek: Κλειταγόρα) was a lyric poet mentioned by Aristophanes in his Wasps and his lost play the Danaïdes; a fragment of Cratinus also mentions her.  A drinking song named "Cleitagora" is mentioned in Aristophanes' Lysistrata.

According to a scholiast on Lysistrata and the Suda she was a Spartan.  However, the scholiast on the Wasps says that Cleitagora was Thessalian, and Hesychius says that she was from Lesbos. Sarah Pomeroy argues that a Spartan origin is more likely. As Spartan women, unlike other Greek women, drank wine in their daily life rather than only at religious festivals, it makes sense to name a drinking song after a Spartan woman. If Cleitagora was Spartan, this would explain why the song "Cleitagora" was said to be more appropriate to sing than "Telamon" when the Spartan women are visiting in Lysistrata.

Nothing further is known of either Cleitagora or the song named after her.

Lyric poetry
Modern lyric poetry is a formal type of poetry that expresses personal emotions or feelings, typically spoken in a first-person narrative.
The term for both modern lyric poetry and modern song lyrics derives from a form of Ancient Greek literature, the Greek lyric, which was defined by its musical accompaniment, usually on an instrument known as a kithara, a seven-stringed lyre (hence "lyric"). These three are not equivalent, though song lyrics are often in the lyric mode and Ancient Greek lyric poetry was principally chanted verse.

The term owes its importance in literary theory to the division developed by Aristotle among three broad categories of poetry: lyrical, dramatic, and epic. Lyric poetry is one of the earliest forms of literature.
Gregg Schlanger
Gregg Schlanger is a Professor of Art and Chair of the Department of Art at Central Washington University in Ellensburg, Washington. He received his BFA from Boise State University in 1987 and his MFA from Northern Illinois University in 1989. Formerly an art professor at Austin Peay State University, he moved to Central Washington University as chair in 2011. He works in installation art, often with an environmental theme.

Boise State University
Boise State University (BSU) is a public research university in Boise, Idaho, United States. Founded in 1932 by the Episcopal Church, it became an independent junior college in 1934 and has been awarding baccalaureate and master's degrees since 1965. It became a public institution in 1969.

Boise State offers more than 100 graduate programs, including a variety of MBA programs and the MAcc program in the College of Business and Economics; master's and PhD programs in the Colleges of Engineering, Arts & Sciences, and Education; MPA program in the School of Public Service; and the MPH program in the College of Health Sciences. It is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity". In the 2024 fiscal year, Boise State reported total research awards exceeding $83 million and research expenditures surpassing $70 million.

The university's intercollegiate athletic teams, the Broncos, compete in NCAA Division I as a member of the Mountain West Conference.
Douglas L. Dorset
Douglas (Doug) L. Dorset (August 29, 1942 – December 8, 2016) was an American crystallographer who, along with Jerome Karle, pioneered the field of electron crystallography.

Dorset studied chemistry at Juniata College in Pennsylvania, and obtained his Ph.D. at University of Maryland, Baltimore in biophysics under Albert Hybl in 1973. He worked at Roswell Park Cancer Institute and at Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute. In 2000, he moved to ExxonMobil, where he investigated the structure of wax crystals and how these change in the presence of modifiers.

Dorset received the A. L. Patterson Award from the American Crystallographic Association in 2002.

Juniata College
Juniata College (/ˌdʒuːniˈætə/) is a private liberal arts college in Huntingdon, Pennsylvania. Founded in 1876 as a co-educational normal school, it was the first college started by members of the Church of the Brethren. It was originally founded as a center for vocational learning for those who could not afford formal education.
Strachów, Łódź Voivodeship
Strachów [ˈstraxuf] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Świnice Warckie, within Łęczyca County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 6 km (4 mi) north-east of Świnice Warckie, 16 km (10 mi) west of Łęczyca, and 46 km (29 mi) north-west of the regional capital Łódź.

Łęczyca
Łęczyca (pronounced [wɛnˈt͡ʂɨt͡sa]; in full the Royal Town of Łęczyca, Polish: Królewskie Miasto Łęczyca; German: Lentschitza; Yiddish: לונטשיץ, romanized: Lintshits, Luntshits) is a town of 13,587 inhabitants in central Poland. Situated in the Łódź Voivodeship, it is the county seat of the Łęczyca County. Łęczyca is a capital of the historical Łęczyca Land.
Mexikanemi
Mexikanemi, also known as the Texas Mexican Mafia, is a Mexican-American prison and street gang established in the Texas state prison system in 1984. It functions separately from the original California Mexican Mafia, and members consider themselves primarily tied to the area of Aztlán, formerly Mexican territories in the southwestern United States. The group engages in a wide range of illegal activities including drug trafficking, loan sharking, and money laundering.

Texas Department of Criminal Justice
The Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ) is a department of the government of the U.S. state of Texas. The TDCJ is responsible for statewide criminal justice for adult offenders, including managing offenders in state prisons, state jails, and private correctional facilities, funding and certain oversight of community supervision, and supervision of offenders released from prison on parole or mandatory supervision. The TDCJ operates the largest prison system in the United States.

The department has its headquarters in the Brad Livingston Administrative Headquarters in Huntsville and offices at the Price Daniel Sr. Building in downtown Austin.
Bel Ami (1955 film)
Bel Ami is a 1955 historical drama film directed by Louis Daquin and starring Anne Vernon, Renée Faure and Jean Danet. It was a co-production of Austria, France and East Germany. The film was shot in the Soviet-controlled Rosenhügel Studios in Vienna.

It is an adaptation of the 1885 novel Bel Ami by Guy de Maupassant.

Lukas Ammann
Lukas Ammann (29 September 1912 – 3 May 2017) was a Swiss actor who appeared mainly in German and Swiss films and television shows. He  continued to work steadily for over 60 years. He is best known for his title role in the German television series Graf Yoster.
Lalomie Washburn
Lalomie (Lomie) Washburn (25 August 1941 – 18 December 2004) was an American R&B singer and songwriter.

She was born on August 25, 1941, in Memphis, Tennessee, and went on to sing backup with such legends as Ray Charles, Ike & Tina Turner and Chaka Khan. She wrote songs for and with Rufus & Chaka Khan, New Birth, Buddy Miles, The Brothers Johnson and Aretha Franklin.

In 1977, Washburn signed with the Parachute label, where she released her first album, My Music is Hot. She went on to launch a solo career, which drew a large following in Germany in the 1970s and 1980s. In 1992, she released several 12" singles, and in 1997 a second (self-titled) solo album. She came back to Omaha, Nebraska, to do a small tour when in her mid-fifties.

She died on September 18, 2004, in Los Angeles, California.

In 2005, she was inducted into the Omaha Black Music Hall of Fame.

The Brothers Johnson
The Brothers Johnson was an American funk and R&B band consisting of the American brothers George ("Lightnin' Licks") and Louis E. Johnson ("Thunder Thumbs"). They achieved their greatest success from the mid-1970s to early 1980s, with three singles topping the R&B charts ("I'll Be Good to You", "Strawberry Letter 23", and "Stomp!").
Placerias
Placerias (meaning 'broad body') is an extinct genus of dicynodonts that lived during the Carnian and Norian stages of the Triassic period (230–215 million years ago). Placerias belongs to a clade of dicynodonts called Kannemeyeriiformes, which was the last known group of dicynodonts before the taxon became extinct at the end of the Triassic.

Stage (stratigraphy)
In chronostratigraphy, a stage is a succession of rock strata laid down in a single age on the geologic timescale, which usually represents millions of years of deposition.  A given stage of rock and the corresponding age of time will by convention have the same name, and the same boundaries.

Rock series are divided into stages, just as geological epochs are divided into ages. Stages are divided into smaller stratigraphic units called chronozones or substages, and added together into superstages.

The term faunal stage is sometimes used, referring to the fact that the same fauna (animals) are found throughout the layer (by definition).
Bobby Limb
Robert "Bobby" Limb  (10 November 1924 – 11 September 1999) was an Australian-born entertainment pioneer, comedian, band leader and musician and legend of radio, television and theatre of the 1960s and 1970s, he also founded the film and TV production company NLT Productions, with Jack Neary and Les Tinker. One of its main products was adventure serial The Rovers, which was aimed at breaking the international market.

The Rovers (TV series)
The Rovers was an Australian ocean-based family adventure television show originally screened from 21 August 1969  until 12 June 1970 and was broadcast on the 0-Ten network, the precursor of Network Ten
Nathaniel Lloyd (architectural historian)
Nathaniel Lloyd OBE FSA (5 March 1867 – 8 December 1933) was a British printer and businessman who, later in life, studied architecture as a pupil of Sir Edwin Lutyens and became an architectural historian and author.  He owned the Grade I listed house Great Dixter in East Sussex, now a legacy left to the nation by his youngest child, Christopher Lloyd, the gardener and author.

Great Dixter
Great Dixter is a house in Northiam, East Sussex, England. It was built in 1910–12 by architect Edwin Lutyens, who combined an existing mid-15th century house on the site with a similar structure brought from Benenden, Kent, together with his own additions. It is a Grade I listed building. The garden, widely known for its continuous tradition of sophisticated plantsmanship, is Grade I listed in the National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.
Unalaska collared lemming
The Unalaska collared lemming (Dicrostonyx unalascensis), also known as the Umnak Island collared lemming, is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae, which includes the voles, lemmings and related species. This species is found on two islands, Umnak and Unalaska, in the Aleutian Archipelago of Alaska in the United States. Its natural habitat is tundra.

Vole
Voles are small rodents that are relatives of lemmings and hamsters, but with a stouter body; a longer, hairy tail; a slightly rounder head; smaller eyes and ears; and differently formed molars (high-crowned with angular cusps instead of low-crowned with rounded cusps). They are sometimes known as meadow mice or field mice.

Vole species form the subfamily Arvicolinae with the lemmings and the muskrats. There are approximately 155 different vole species.
Ten Reasons
Ten Reasons (Lithuanian: Desimt priezasciu) is a Lithuanian film written and directed by Andrius Blaževičius and released in 2011.

The film addresses the theme of Lithuanian youth in the 2000s, social alienation, and identity issues after Lithuania's independence in 1991.

2011 in film
The following is an overview of the events of 2011 in film, including the highest-grossing films, film festivals, award ceremonies and a list of films released and notable deaths. More film sequels were released in 2011 than any other year before it, with 27 sequels released.
Cache Valley virus
Cache Valley virus (CVV) is a member of the class Bunyaviricetes, genus Orthobunyavirus, and serogroup Bunyamwera, which was first isolated in 1956 from Culiseta inornata mosquitos collected in Utah's Cache Valley. CVV is an enveloped arbovirus, nominally 80–120 nm in diameter, whose genome is composed of three single-stranded, negative-sense RNA segments. The large segment of related bunyaviruses is approximately 6800 bases in length and encodes a probable viral polymerase. The middle CVV segment has a 4463-nucleotide sequence and the smallest segment encodes for the nucleocapsid, and a second non-structural protein. CVV has been known to cause outbreaks of spontaneous abortion and congenital malformations in ruminants such as sheep and cattle. CVV rarely infects humans, but when they are infected it has caused encephalitis and multiorgan failure.

Serotype
A serotype or serovar is a distinct variation within a species of bacteria or virus or among immune cells of different individuals. These microorganisms, viruses, or cells are classified together based on their shared reactivity between their surface antigens and a particular antiserum, allowing the classification of organisms to a level below the species. A group of serovars with common antigens is called a serogroup or sometimes serocomplex.

Serotyping often plays an essential role in determining species and subspecies. The Salmonella genus of bacteria, for example, has been determined to have over 2600 serotypes. Vibrio cholerae, the species of bacteria that causes cholera, has over 200 serotypes, based on cell antigens. Only two of them have been observed to produce the potent enterotoxin that results in cholera: O1 and O139.

Serotypes were discovered in hemolytic streptococci by the American microbiologist Rebecca Lancefield in 1933.
Mynachdy
Mynachdy (from Welsh 'monastery') is a district of the city of Cardiff, Wales. Mynachdy is situated between Gabalfa, Birchgrove and Cathays. Mynachdy is often paired with neighbouring Gabalfa, and shares its councillors. It is close to a few universities such as Cardiff University and the Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama, as well as student accommodation.

Cathays
Cathays (/kəˈteɪz/ kə-TAYZ; standardised Welsh: Cathays; sometimes Y Waun Ddyfal, 'the constant meadow') is a district and community in the centre of Cardiff, capital of Wales. It is an old suburb of Cardiff established in 1875. It is  densely populated and contains many Victorian terraced houses. The area falls into the Cathays ward. It is the third most populous community in Cardiff, having a population of 18,002 in 2011.
12th International Emmy Awards
The 12th Annual International Emmy Awards took place on November 19, 1984, in New York City and was hosted by Regis Philbin. The award ceremony, presented by the International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences(IATAS), honors all programming produced and originally aired outside the United States.

The Jewel in the Crown (TV series)
The Jewel in the Crown is a 1984 British television serial about the final days of the British Raj in India during and after World War II, based on British author Paul Scott's Raj Quartet novels. Granada Television produced the series for the ITV network.
2024 Croatia Open Umag – Singles
Francisco Cerúndolo won the singles title at the 2024 Croatia Open Umag, defeating Lorenzo Musetti in the final, 2–6, 6–4, 7–6(7–5). It was his third ATP Tour title.

Alexei Popyrin was the defending champion, but lost to Jakub Menšík in the first round.

Alexei Popyrin
Alexei Popyrin (born 5 August 1999) is an Australian professional tennis player. He has a career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 19 achieved on 4 August 2025 and a best doubles ranking of No. 118 reached on 23 February 2026. He is the current No. 2 male singles player from Australia.

Popyrin has won three ATP Tour singles titles, the most significant at the 2024 Canada Open, an ATP 1000-level event. He represents Australia at the Davis Cup.
Mandawali Fazalpur, Delhi
Mandawali Fazalpur is a political constituency of East Delhi. It is one of the biggest village in Delhi. It has one of the biggest market in east Delhi. It is one of the oldest village of Delhi. Previously an unauthorized colony, Mandawali was regularized in 2012. It comes under Municipal Corporation of East Delhi. It comes under the jurisdiction on Municipal Corporation of Delhi or MCD. Cheapest market for vegetables and fruits...   Mostly populated by gujjars and Brahmins...

Municipal Corporation of Delhi
The Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) is the municipal corporation that governs most of Delhi, a union territory of India. The MCD is among the largest municipal bodies in the world providing civic services to a population of about 20 million citizens in Delhi, apart from the capital New Delhi and Delhi Cantonment.

It is headed by the Mayor of Delhi, who presides over elected councillors from 250 wards. The municipal corporation covers an area of 1,397.3 km2 (539.5 mi2). The annual budget of the corporation for the fiscal year 2025-26 exceeds ₹17,000 crore (approximately US$2 billion).

MCD is one of three municipalities in the National Capital Territory of Delhi, the others being the New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC), which administers the New Delhi municipality, and the Delhi Cantonment Board, which administers the Delhi Cantonment. It is the largest and only municipality of Delhi which is directly elected by the people.
Hejing County
Hejing County is located in the central-southern part of the Tian Shan mountains of Xinjiang, in the north-west of Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture. The northernmost county-level division of Bayingolin, it borders Ürümqi City to the north, from which it is 190 km (120 mi) away, and Korla City (the prefectural capital) to the south, which is 80 km (50 mi) away. It borders 15 cities and counties and is the most bordered county in the world.

Administrative divisions of China
The administrative divisions of China have consisted of several levels since 1412, due to mainland China's large population and geographical area. In the People's Republic of China, the constitution provides for three levels of government. However in practice, there are five levels of local government; the provincial (province, autonomous region, municipality, and special administrative region), prefecture, county, township, and village.

Since the 17th century, provincial boundaries in mainland China have remained largely static. Major changes since then have been the reorganization of provinces in the northeast after the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949 and the formation of autonomous regions, based on Soviet ethnic policies. The provinces serve an important cultural role in China, as people tend to identify with their native province.
Sardar (Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps)
Sardar (Persian: سردار), roughly equivalent to "General", is the honorific title used for officers of high rank, ranking Second Brigadier General and higher in the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and commanders of the Law Enforcement Force of Islamic Republic of Iran (Police) who have previously served in the former military or the Islamic Revolution Committees, as well as the commanders of the disbanded Jihad of Construction. Sardars are often graduates of the University of Command and Staff.

The title is equivalent to "Amir" or "Timsar" in the Islamic Republic of Iran Army.

Ranks being addressed by the title include:

Honorific
An honorific is a title that conveys esteem, courtesy, or respect for position or rank when used in addressing or referring to a person. Sometimes, the term "honorific" is used in a more specific sense to refer to an honorary academic title. It is also often conflated with systems of honorific speech in linguistics, which are grammatical or morphological ways of encoding the relative social status of speakers. Honorifics can be used as prefixes or suffixes depending on the appropriate occasion and presentation in accordance with style and customs.

Typically, honorifics are used as a style in the grammatical third person, and as a form of address in the second person. Some languages have anti-honorific (despective or humilific) first person forms (expressions such as "your most humble servant" or "this unworthy person") whose effect is to enhance the relative honor accorded to the person addressed.