hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Mara Z
The Mara Z (stylized as Mara Z) is an Android smartphone in the Maraphone series, manufactured in Rwanda. It was officially announced and released on 7 October 2019 in both Kigali, Rwanda, and Durban, South Africa, alongside the Mara X. At launch, it retailed for approximately 175,000 Rwandan francs (US$190 at the time).

Rwandan franc
The Rwandan franc (Kinyarwanda: ifaranga ry'u Rwanda; abbreviation: FRw; ISO code: RWF) is the currency of Rwanda. It is technically divided into 100 centimes, though they have never been issued in physical form. The National Bank of Rwanda is mandated to issue the national currency.
Shin Seok Jeong
Shin Seok-jung was a Korean poet. He was born in 1907 in Buan, North Jeolla Province. After graduating from Buan public school, he went to Seoul and studied Buddhist texts for a year in Gangwon Province, at the predecessor of Dongguk University.

In 1931, he began his career as a member of the 'Simunhak'(시문학, The meaning of 'poetic literature', a monthly magazine specializing in poetry).
He established a unique position by publishing an idyllic poetry. He served as a schoolteacher at Buan Middle School and Jeonju High School.

In July 1976, Shin Seok-Jeong's tombstone was constructed in Jeonju Deokjin Park.

Gangwon Province, South Korea
Gangwon Province (Korean: 강원도; RR: Gangwon-do), officially Gangwon State (강원특별자치도; lit. Gangwon Special Self-Governing Province), is a Special Self-Governing Province of South Korea. It is known as the largest and least densely populated subdivision of South Korea. Gangwon is one of the three provinces in South Korea with special self-governing status, the others being Jeju Province and Jeonbuk State. Gangwon is bordered on the east by the East Sea(Or Sea of Japan), it borders Gyeonggi Province to the west, North Gyeongsang Province and North Chungcheong Province to the south, and the Military Demarcation Line to the north, separating it from North Korea. In the 1945 division of Korea, the historical Gangwon Province was divided in half, and remains so to this day.

Pyeongchang County in Gangwon hosted the 2018 Winter Olympics and 2018 Winter Paralympics. Gangwon also hosted the 2024 Winter Youth Olympics.
Mikheil Tsinamdzghvrishvili
Mikheil Tsinamdzghvrishvili (1882–1956) was a Georgian physician and academic, member of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences from 1946.

Born on 22 May [O.S. 10 May] 1882 in Surami, Georgia (then in the Russian Empire), Tsinamdzghvrishvili studied medicine at Kharkov University. He came back to his native Georgia in 1915 and settled in Tbilisi. He worked at the Faculty of Medicine, later the Tbilisi Medical Institute. In 1946 he founded the Institute of Cardiology, which he headed until his death.

Tsinamdzghvrishvili died in Tbilisi on 28 December 1956, and the Institute of Cardiology was named after him in 1957. A street in central Tbilisi also bears his name. He was awarded the Order of Lenin and the Order of the Red Banner of Labour.

VN Karazin Kharkiv National University
The V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University (Ukrainian: Харківський національний університет імені В.Н. Каразіна, romanized: Kharkivskyi natsionalnyi universytet imeni V.N. Karazina), also known as Kharkiv National University or Karazin University, is a public university in Kharkiv, Ukraine. It was founded in 1804 through the efforts of Vasily Karazin, becoming the second oldest university, and the oldest continuously operating one, in modern-day Ukraine.

During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, all buildings were partially or fully destroyed by attacks from Russian forces.
CrDroid
crDroid is a customized fork of Android, based on LineageOS. It has offered unofficial releases of Android 10 up to Android 16.

As of January 2026, the crDroid website list 143 supported devices, along with the date of the latest release for each.

Android 10
Android 10 (codenamed Android Q during development) is the tenth major release and the 17th version of the Android mobile operating system. It was first released as a developer preview on March 13, 2019, and was released publicly on September 3, 2019.

Android 10 was officially released on September 3, 2019, for supported Google Pixel devices, as well as the third-party Essential Phone and Redmi K20 Pro in selected markets. The OnePlus 7T was the first device with Android 10 pre-installed. In October 2019, it was reported that Google's certification requirements for Google Mobile Services will only allow Android 10-based builds to be approved after January 31, 2020.

As of December 2025, 4.65% of Android devices (mobile & tablet) ran Android 10 (which has ceased receiving security updates in March 2023).
Compensating transaction
In transaction processing and distributed computing, a compensating transaction is a transaction that reverses the effects of a previously committed transaction. It is a core concept in the saga design pattern, used to maintain data consistency across multiple services or databases in scenarios where traditional ACID transactions are not feasible or practical.

A compensating transaction is necessary when a business process, which may consist of several individual transactions, fails after one or more of its steps have already been successfully completed (committed). Unlike a database rollback, which discards uncommitted changes, a compensating transaction is a new transaction that applies business logic to semantically undo the work of a completed transaction, thereby restoring the system to a consistent state.

Business Process Execution Language
The Web Services Business Process Execution Language (WS-BPEL), commonly known as BPEL (Business Process Execution Language), is an OASIS standard executable language for specifying actions within business processes with web services. Processes in BPEL export and import information by using web service interfaces exclusively.
Pullalur
Pullalur or Pollilur  is a village in the Kanchipuram taluk of Kanchipuram district in Tamil Nadu, India. The village has been the site of three historic battles - the Battle of Pullalur fought between the Chalukya king Pulakesin II and the Pallava king Mahendravarman I in 611-12, the Battle of Pollilur (1780) and Battle of Pollilur (1781) of the Second Anglo-Mysore War between Hyder Ali and the East India Company.

Battle of Pollilur (1781)
The Battle of Pollilur was fought on 27 August 1781, between forces of the Kingdom of Mysore under Hyder Ali and British East India Company forces led by General Eyre Coote. The battle was fought on the site of a 1780 encounter in which a Company force was almost completely routed or captured.

In the 1781 battle, the company's army was organized into two lines. One line fought against the troops under Tipu Sultan. But Hyder Ali's army faced severe casualties and retreated to Kanchipuram.

After the battle, a shortage of provisions led Coote to move his forces toward Tripassore. Both the sides retreated in a drawn battle and both claimed victory by firing a salute though the British claimed "dubious victory".
Burnell
Burnell is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alf Burnell (1924–2019), English rugby player

Arthur Coke Burnell (1840–1882), British translator

Barker Burnell (1798–1843), U.S. Representative from Massachusetts

Cassandra Burnell Southwick (c. 1600–1660), English American Quaker

Charles Burnell (1876–1969), British rower

Fiona Burnell (born 1979), Canadian-American physicist

Isaiah Burnell (1871–1941), British music teacher and composer

Jocelyn Bell Burnell (born 1943), Northern Irish astrophysicist

Joe Burnell (born 1980), English footballer

Paul Burnell (born 1965), Scottish rugby player

Robert Burnell (1239–1292), English bishop

Arthur Coke Burnell
Arthur Coke Burnell (11 July 1840 – 12 October 1882) was an English civil servant who served in the Madras Presidency who was also a scholar in Sanskrit and Dravidian languages. He catalogued the Sanskrit manuscripts in southern India, particularly those in the collections of the Tanjore court collections. He was, with Henry Yule, a co-compiler of the Hobson-Jobson, a compendium of Anglo-Indian terms.
Ascending aorta
The ascending aorta (AAo) is a portion of the aorta commencing at the upper part of the base of the left ventricle, on a level with the lower border of the third costal cartilage behind the left half of the sternum.

Ventricle (heart)
A ventricle is one of two large chambers located toward the bottom of the heart that collect and expel blood towards the peripheral beds within the body and lungs. The blood pumped by a ventricle is supplied by an atrium, an adjacent chamber in the upper heart that is smaller than a ventricle. Interventricular means between the ventricles (for example the interventricular septum), while intraventricular means within one ventricle (for example an intraventricular block).

In a four-chambered heart, such as that in humans, there are two ventricles that operate in a double circulatory system: the right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary circulation to the lungs, and the left ventricle pumps blood into the systemic circulation through the aorta.
Attilio Ariosti
Attilio Malachia Ariosti (or Frate Ottavio) (5 November 1666 – 1729) was a Servite Friar and Italian composer in the Baroque style. He produced more than 30 operas and oratorios, numerous cantatas and instrumental works.

Friar
A friar is a member of one of the mendicant orders in the Catholic Church. There are also friars outside of the Catholic Church, such as within the Evangelical-Lutheran Churches and Anglican Communion. The term, first used in the 12th or 13th century, distinguishes the mendicants' itinerant apostolic character, exercised broadly under the jurisdiction of a superior general, from the older monastic orders' allegiance to a single monastery formalized by their vow of stability. A friar may be in holy orders or be a non-ordained brother. The most significant orders of friars are the Dominicans, Franciscans, Augustinians, and Carmelites.
John O'Connell (Gaelic footballer)
John O'Connell is a former Gaelic footballer from County Laois.

He played on the Laois senior football team in the late 1980s and early 1990s, primarily as a forward but also in midfield.

In 1991, he played on the Laois team beaten by Meath in the final of the Leinster Senior Football Championship but won an O'Byrne Cup medal with Laois earlier that year.

With his club Courtwood, he won a Laois Junior Football Championship in 1986 and a Laois Intermediate Football Championship in 1987.

Laois Intermediate Football Championship
The Laois Intermediate Football Championship is an annual Gaelic football competition contested by mid-tier Laois GAA clubs. The Laois County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association has organised it since 1907.

Park–Ratheniska are the title holders (2025), having defeated Arles–Kilcruise in the final.
Pegs'n Co
Pegs'n Co was a French software company that developed a traditional animation software package called Pegs, and is now part of Canadian company Toon Boom Animation. It was based in Paris, France. Pegs was used for several animated feature films, shorts, and television series, and it powered the French animation industry until the 2000s as it was used by studios like Millimages, Alphanim, and Animage, but it was also used by studios in other countries, most notably Saerom Animation, CineGroupe, and Mike Young Productions. In total, Pegs was used by over 100 studios worldwide.

Gaumont Animation
Gaumont Animation (formerly known as Alphanim and Gaumont Alphanim) is a French animation studio owned by Gaumont founded in February 1997 by Christian Davin. The company's animated catalog comprises over 800 half-hours, broadcast in over 130 countries.

Its productions include Mona the Vampire, Robotboy, Galactik Football, Calimero, Noddy, Toyland Detective (after the rights were acquired from DreamWorks Animation in 2013), Trulli Tales, Belle and Sebastian, Furiki Wheels, F is for Family, and Samurai Rabbit: The Usagi Chronicles. Film projects in development include Plunder and a musical adaptation of Paul McCartney's novel High in the Clouds.
Spreča
The Spreča (Serbian Cyrillic: Спреча) is a river of northeastern Bosnia and Herzegovina, a tributary of the Bosna. Its source is located in the village of Snagovo in Zvornik municipality, and it reaches the Bosna at the city of Doboj. A damming of the Spreča in the municipality of Lukavac forms Modrac Lake. The 138.8-kilometre-long (86.2 mi) river also flows through the town of Gračanica.

Gračanica, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Gračanica (Cyrillic: Грачаница) is a city located in Tuzla Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is one of the most developed cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Asher of Stolin (I)
Rabbi Asher Perlow of Stolin (Hebrew: אשר פרלוב מסטולין; Yiddish: דער גרויסער רבי אשר, romanized: Der Groyser Rebbe Asher, lit. 'Rabbi Asher the Elder') (1759 – 27 October 1826) was the son of Rabbi Aharon the Great of Karlin and the third Admor of the Karlin dynasty, and the founder of its Stolin subdynasty.

Rebbe
A rebbe (Yiddish: רבי, romanized: rebe) or admor (Hebrew: אדמו״ר) is the spiritual leader in the Hasidic movement, and the personalities  of its dynasties. The titles of rebbe and admor, which used to be a general honorific even before the beginning of the movement, became, over time, almost exclusively identified with its Tzadikim.
ORSC
ORSC may denote:

Oxidizer-rich staged combustion, in rocket engineering

Open Root Server Confederation, in computing

Oak Ridges Soccer Club, in sports

Organization Science (journal)

Journal of the Operations Research Society of China

Staged combustion cycle
The staged combustion cycle (sometimes known as topping cycle, preburner cycle, or closed cycle) is a power cycle of a bipropellant rocket engine. In the staged combustion cycle, propellant flows through multiple combustion chambers, and is thus combusted in stages. The main advantage relative to other rocket engine power cycles is high fuel efficiency, measured through specific impulse, while its main disadvantage is engineering complexity.

Typically, propellant flows through two kinds of combustion chambers; the first called preburner and the second called main combustion chamber. In the preburner, a small portion of propellant is partly combusted under non-stoichiometric conditions, increasing the volume of flow driving the turbopumps that feed the engine with propellant. The gas is then injected into the main combustion chamber and combusted completely with the other propellant to produce thrust.
Kwon Soon-woo
Kwon Soon-woo (Korean: 권순우; born 2 December 1997) is a South Korean professional tennis player. He has been ranked as high as world No. 52 ranking by the ATP, achieved in November 2021 and a doubles ranking of world No. 224, attained in December 2022. Kwon has won two ATP, three ATP Challenger Tour and five ITF World Tennis Tour singles titles.

He broke into the top 100 of the ATP singles rankings in August 2019 after reaching the quarterfinals at the Los Cabos Open and contested his first ATP Tour final at the Astana Open in September 2021, where he won his maiden title and made his top 60 debut. In January 2023, he won his second ATP Tour title at the Adelaide International as a lucky loser, becoming the first Korean to win multiple ATP titles and the tenth lucky loser champion overall in the Open Era.

Alex de Minaur
Alex de Miñaur Román (born 17 February 1999) is an Australian professional tennis player. He has been ranked by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) as high as world No. 6 in singles, which he achieved on 15 July 2024, and No. 58 in doubles, attained on 12 October 2020. He is the current No. 1 singles player from Australia.

De Minaur has won eleven ATP Tour titles in singles and one in doubles. He has reached seven major quarterfinals. He represents Australia at the Davis Cup.
EMD F45
The EMD F45 is a C-C cowled diesel-electric locomotive built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division between 1968 and 1971. Power was provided by an EMD 645E3 20-cylinder engine which generated 3,600 hp (2,680 kW).

AAR wheel arrangement
The AAR wheel arrangement system is a method of classifying locomotive (or unit) wheel arrangements that was developed by the Association of American Railroads. Essentially a simplification of the European UIC classification, it is widely used in North America to describe diesel and electric locomotives (including third-rail electric locomotives). It is not used for steam locomotives anywhere, which use the Whyte notation instead, except geared steam locomotives, which are instead classified by their model and their number of trucks (bogies in Commonwealth English). The AAR system (like UIC) counts axles, unlike Whyte notation, which counts wheels.
Damar, Murgul
Damar (meaning mineral ore) is a village in the Murgul District, Artvin Province, Turkey. It lies just to the south east of Murgul. The town was once a district center, but in 1950 its status was reduced to a township (belde). At the 2013 reorganisation, it became a village. Damar is a mining town and is one of the main producers of copper in Turkey.

2013 Turkish local government reorganisation
Municipalities (Turkish: belediyeler)  are the basic units of local government in Turkey.  According to the Turkish Statistical Institute the population of Turkey was 76,667,864 as of 31 December 2013. The majority of the population live in settlements with municipalities.  The number of municipalities in Turkey was 2,947 in 2009.  But in 2013, most of the small town (Turkish: belde) municipalities were merged to district (Turkish: ilçe) municipalities by the Act 6360 which came into effect at the 2014 local elections sharply decreased the number of municipalities to 1,394.
Dawa Lake
Dawa (Tibetan: ཟླ་བ་མཚོ, Wylie: zla ba mtsho; Chinese: 达瓦措; pinyin: Dáwǎ Cuò), or Dawacuo, is a lake in Coqên County in the Ngari Prefecture of the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. It is located several kilometres northwest of Coqên Town. Daxiong is a village located beyond its northeastern bank. The name of lake means "Moon Lake" in Tibetan language.

Daxiong
Guo Jingxiong, known as Daxiong (Daa-Shong) (born December 25, 1975), is a comic book artist, editor and publisher.
In 2022, he participated in the creation of Eternal Spring, a partially animated documentary film by Jason Loftus, about Falun Gong's 2002 hijacking of broadcast television stations in Changchun.
The Lorelais' First Day at Yale
"The Lorelais' First Day at Yale" is the second episode of the fourth season of the American comedy-drama series Gilmore Girls. It originally aired on the WB in the United States on September 30, 2003. The episode was co-written by series creator Amy Sherman-Palladino and executive producer Daniel Palladino. It was directed by Chris Long.

Olivia Hack
Olivia Catherine Hack (born June 16, 1983) is an American actress, best known for providing the voice of Ty Lee in Nickelodeon's Avatar: The Last Airbender and Rhonda Wellington Lloyd in Hey Arnold!. She is also known for playing Cindy Brady in the 1990s theatrical Brady Bunch films. Olivia has also done voice work for Fillmore!, Bratz as Cloe, Family Guy and Blood+. She appeared in Star Trek Generations, Party of Five and Gilmore Girls.
1875–1876 Australia scarlet fever epidemic
The 1875–1876 Australia scarlet fever epidemic was a severe outbreak of scarlet fever in the British colonies of Victoria and New South Wales in Australia. Part of a series of measles and scarlet fever epidemics in Victoria as a result of poor sanitation in the post-gold rush era, the epidemic claimed in both colonies the lives of over 8,000 people, mainly children. The epidemic became Australia's third deadliest disaster by terms of death toll, and Victoria's worst, but also last major outbreak of scarlet fever.

Colony of New South Wales
The Colony of New South Wales was a colony of the British Empire from 1788 to 1901, when it became a State of the Commonwealth of Australia. At its greatest extent, the colony of New South Wales included the present-day Australian states of New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, Tasmania, and South Australia, the Northern Territory as well as New Zealand.

The first responsible self-government of New South Wales was formed on 6 June 1856 with Sir Stuart Alexander Donaldson appointed by Governor Sir William Denison as its first Colonial Secretary.
John McCarthy (computer scientist)
John McCarthy (September 4, 1927 – October 24, 2011) was an American computer scientist and cognitive scientist. He was one of the founders of the discipline of artificial intelligence, and part of just a small group of artificial intelligence researchers in the 1950s and 1960s. He co-authored the proposal for the Dartmouth workshop which coined the term "artificial intelligence" (AI), led the development of the symbolic programming language family Lisp and had a large influence in the language ALGOL, popularized time-sharing, and created garbage collection.

McCarthy spent most of his career at Stanford University. He received many accolades and honors, such as the 1971 Turing Award for his contributions to the topic of AI, the United States National Medal of Science, and the Kyoto Prize.

Cognitive science
Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary, scientific study of the mind and its processes. It examines the nature, the tasks, and the functions of cognition (in a broad sense). Mental faculties of concern to cognitive scientists include perception, memory, attention, reasoning, language, and emotion. To understand these faculties, cognitive scientists borrow from fields such as psychology, philosophy, artificial intelligence, neuroscience, linguistics, and anthropology. The typical analysis of cognitive science spans many levels of organization, from learning and decision-making to logic and planning; from neural circuitry to modular brain organization. One of the fundamental concepts of cognitive science is that "thinking can best be understood in terms of representational structures in the mind and computational procedures that operate on those structures."
Robert J. Ross
Robert J. (Bob) Ross is Chairman and CEO of Inasmuch Foundation. Founded in 1982 by Edith Kinney Gaylord, Inasmuch Foundation awards $25 million plus in grants each fiscal year to nonprofits supporting initiatives in community and civic engagement, education, human services, and journalism.

Ethics and Excellence in Journalism Foundation
The Ethics and Excellence in Journalism Foundation (EEJF) was a grant-making foundation based in Oklahoma City that provided grants to journalism institutions throughout the United States.

Edith Kinney Gaylord established EEJF and Inasmuch Foundation in 1982 as two separate entities, and in 2014, the corporate entities merged and EEJF became a wholly owned subsidiary of Inasmuch Foundation. The transition was completed in 2020 with the launch of a new, consolidated brand and website.
23rd Empire Awards
The 23rd Empire Awards ceremony (officially known as the Rakuten Empire Awards), presented by the British film magazine Empire, honored the best films of 2017. The ceremony took place on 18 March 2018 in London, England at the Roundhouse Theatre. The nominees were announced on 18 January 2018.

These are the last Empire Awards to be held so far.

Roundhouse Theatre
The Roundhouse Theatre is a theatre-in-the-round located in the Kelvin Grove Urban Village, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It is Australia's only purpose-built theatre in the round. The building is owned by Queensland University of Technology and used by the La Boite Theatre Company.