hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Chitinase A N-terminal domain
In molecular biology, the chitinase A N-terminal domain is found at the N-terminus of a number of bacterial chitinases and similar viral proteins. It is organised into a fibronectin III module domain-like fold, comprising only beta strands. Its function is not known, but it may be involved in interaction with the enzyme substrate, chitin. It is separated by a hinge region from the catalytic domain; this hinge region is probably mobile, allowing the N-terminal domain to have different relative positions in solution.

Chitinase
Chitinases (EC 3.2.1.14, chitodextrinase, 1,4-β-poly-N-acetylglucosaminidase, poly-β-glucosaminidase, β-1,4-poly-N-acetyl glucosamidinase, poly[1,4-(N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminide)] glycanohydrolase, (1→4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucan glycanohydrolase; systematic name (1→4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucan glycanohydrolase) are hydrolytic enzymes that break down glycosidic bonds in chitin. They catalyse the following reaction:

Random endo-hydrolysis of N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminide (1→4)-β-linkages in chitin and chitodextrins

As chitin is a component of the cell walls of fungi and exoskeletal elements of some animals (including mollusks and arthropods), chitinases are generally found in organisms that either need to reshape their own chitin or dissolve and digest the chitin of fungi or animals.
Battle of Salem Church
38°17′20″N 77°31′51″W﻿ / ﻿38.28889°N 77.53083°W﻿ / 38.28889; -77.53083

The Battle of Salem Church, took place on May 4 respectively, 1863, in Spotsylvania County, Virginia, as part of the Chancellorsville Campaign of the American Civil War.

Spotsylvania County, Virginia
Spotsylvania County is a county in the Commonwealth of Virginia. It is a part of the Northern Virginia region. As of 2024, Spotsylvania County is the 14th most populated county in Virginia with 149,588 residents. Its county seat is Spotsylvania Courthouse.

Located along the Rappahannock River bordering the City of Fredericksburg and Stafford County, Spotsylvania County is part of the Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area. Since 2010, the population has increased by 19.3%; for comparison, Virginia's population has only increased 7.7% in that time period. Spotsylvania County is currently the 74th highest-income county in America.
Independence National Forest
Independence National Forest in Nevada was established as the Independence Forest Reserve by the U.S. Forest Service on 5 November 1906 with 135,019 acres (546.40 km2).  It became a National Forest on 4 March 1907. On 1 July 1908 the entire forest was combined with Humboldt National Forest and the name was discontinued.

National forest (United States)
In the United States, national forest is a classification of protected and managed federal lands that are largely forest and woodland areas. They are owned collectively by the American people through the federal government and managed by the United States Forest Service, a division of the United States Department of Agriculture. The U.S. Forest Service is also a forestry research organization that provides financial assistance to the state and local forestry industry. There are 154 national forests in the United States.
Hymenophyllum tenerum
Hymenophyllum tenerum is a species of fern in the family Hymenophyllaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador.  Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.

Hymenophyllaceae
The Hymenophyllaceae, the filmy ferns and bristle ferns, are a family of two to nine genera (depending on classification system) and about 650 known species of ferns, with a subcosmopolitan distribution, but generally restricted to very damp places or to locations where they are wetted by spray from waterfalls or springs. Fossil evidence shows that ferns of the family Hymenophyllaceae have existed since at least the Upper Triassic.
Rugby union in Romania
Rugby union is a moderately popular team sport played in Romania with a tradition of more than 100 years. In past eras, the game had been more popular and Romanian national teams had been relatively highly ranked in world rugby, but their standing declined since the dawn of professionalism and the end of communism. The Romanian men's national team are currently 21st in the World Rugby Rankings as of 6 August 2025.

World Rugby Rankings
The World Rugby Rankings is a ranking system for national teams in rugby union, managed by World Rugby, the sport's governing body. The teams of World Rugby's member nations are ranked based on their game results, with the most successful teams being ranked highest. A point system is used, with points being awarded on the basis of the results of World Rugby-recognized international matches. Rankings are based on the team's performance, with more recent results and more significant matches being more heavily weighted to help reflect the current competitive state of a team. The men's ranking system was introduced the month before the 2003 Rugby World Cup, with the first new rankings issued on 8 September 2003, when they were called the "IRB Rankings".
Hanzan, Kagawa
Hanzan (飯山町, Hanzan-chō) was a town located in Ayauta District, Kagawa Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 17,183 and a density of 857.86 persons per km2. The total area was 20.03 km2.

On March 22, 2005, Hanzan, along with the town of Ayauta (also from Ayauta District), was merged into the expanded city of Marugame and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

Municipalities of Japan
Municipalities are a level of administration in Japan. The country has three levels of governments: national, prefectural, and municipal.

The nation is divided into 47 prefectures (within these, one metropolis, one regional prefecture, and two urban prefectures). Each prefecture consists of numerous municipalities, with 1,718 in total as of October 2018.

There are four types of municipalities in Japan: cities (市, shi), towns (町, chō), villages (村, son) and special wards of Tokyo (区, ku). In Japanese, this system is known as shikuchōson (市区町村), where each kanji in the word represents one of the four types of municipalities. In Tokyo, because the wards are at the center, the system is officially referred to as kushichōson (区市町村), with the wards first, and cities second.

Some designated cities also have further administrative subdivisions, also known as wards, but, unlike the special wards of Tokyo, these wards are not municipalities.
Nowa Wieś, Gmina Nowe Ostrowy
Nowa Wieś [ˈnɔva ˈvjɛɕ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowe Ostrowy, within Kutno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 18 km (11 mi) north-west of Kutno and 64 km (40 mi) north of the regional capital Łódź.

Kutno County
Kutno County (Polish: powiat kutnowski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Łódź Voivodeship, central Poland. It came into being on 1 January 1999 as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Kutno, which lies 51 kilometres (32 mi) north of the regional capital Łódź. The county also contains the towns of Żychlin, lying 18 km (11 mi) east of Kutno, and Krośniewice, 14 km (9 mi) west of Kutno.

The county covers an area of 886.29 square kilometres (342.2 sq mi). As of 2006, its total population was 104,124, out of which the population of Kutno was 47,557, that of Żychlin is 8,880, that of Krośniewice was 4,647, and the rural population was 43,040.
Maqun station
Maqun station (simplified Chinese: 马群站; traditional Chinese: 馬群站; pinyin: Mǎqún Zhàn) is a station of Line 2 and Line S6 of the Nanjing Metro. It started operations on 28 May 2010 along with the rest of Line 2. The theme of this station's decorations is the New Year.

Line S6 (Nanjing Metro)
Line S6 of the Nanjing Metro is a rapid transit line connecting Nanjing and Jurong, Zhenjiang in Jiangsu Province, China. It is 43.64 kilometres (27.12 mi) long and has a maximum operating speed of 120 kilometres per hour (75 mph). It has opened on 28 December 2021. The line operates with a mixed express and local services using passing loops to allow for express trains to pass local ones.

The line started construction on December 21, 2018. The line is a joint venture between Nanjing Metro and the Jurong local government.
Kiul River
The Kiul River (Hindi: किऊल नदी) is a tributary of the Ganges. It originates in Giridih in the state of Jharkhand and flows through Lakhisarai, Sheikhpura and Jamui districts of the state of Bihar and joins the Harohar river in the Diara region.

Giridih
Giridih is headquarters of the Giridih district of Jharkhand state, India. The city of Giridih is known for its industrial and health sectors, as well as its scenery. Giridih houses the Giridih Coalfield which is one of the oldest coalfields to be worked in India. Giridih is one of the six Data Processing Centres of Data Processing Division (DPD) of National Sample Survey Office (NSSO). Before 1972, Giridih was part of Hazaribagh district.
Lynn Volcanic Complex
The Lynn Volcanic Complex is a suite of Proterozoic felsic volcanic rocks, situated in a block north of the Boston Basin. It includes rhyolite, rhyodacite, welded ash flows, tuff and some andesite and basalt (although some of these may actually be part of the Middlesex Fells Volcanic Complex). Unlike the neighboring Mattapan Volcanic Complex, the Lynn complex lacks volcanic breccia and has a greater variety of texture and composition in its rhyolitic rocks.

It lies unconformably on top of the Dedham Granite. A mass of Dedham Granite at Pine Hill in Medford, Massachusetts contains inclusions of the Lynn complex.

Felsic
In geology, felsic is a modifier describing igneous rocks that are relatively rich in elements that form feldspar and quartz. It is contrasted with mafic rocks, which are richer in magnesium and iron. Felsic refers to silicate minerals, magma, and rocks which are enriched in the lighter elements such as silicon, oxygen, aluminium, sodium, and potassium. Molten felsic magma  and lava is more viscous than molten mafic magma and lava. Felsic magmas and lavas have lower temperatures of melting and solidification than mafic magmas and lavas.

Felsic rocks are usually light in color and have specific gravities less than 3. The most common felsic rock is granite. Common felsic minerals include quartz, muscovite, orthoclase, and the sodium-rich plagioclase feldspars (albite-rich).
Flute beatboxing
Flute beatboxing (or fluteboxing) is an extended technique of the flute, or an extension in sound resonators for beatboxing. Involving the production of distinct and stereoscopic flute tones (producing two separate sounds by humming while blowing into the flute) combined with vocal percussion and aural prestidigitation (sleight-of-ear), flute beatboxing enables the use of the flute as a rhythmic instrument.

Greg Pattillo developed a system of essentially traditional notation for flute beatboxing, with one staff for the flute and another for the percussive effects, the latter similar to that for drum kits since beatboxing is based on the three sounds of the hi-hat, snare rimshot, and bass drum.

In May 2010, Pattillo premiered a concerto for beatbox flute, composed by Randall Woolf and performed with the UNCSA Symphony Orchestra.

Humming
A hum (/hʌm/ ⓘ) is a sound made by producing a wordless tone with the mouth closed, forcing the sound to emerge from the nose.  To hum is to produce such a sound, often with a melody. It is also associated with thoughtful absorption, 'hmm'.

A hum has a particular timbre (or sound quality), usually a monotone or with slightly varying tones.  There are other similar sounds not produced by human singing that are also called hums, as the sound produced by machinery in operation, such as a microwave, or by an insect in flight.  The hummingbird was named for the sound that bird makes in flight which sounds like a hum.
Johnny Graham (footballer, born 1947)
Johnny Graham (30 December 1947 – 28 June 2022) was a Scottish footballer who played for Dumbarton.

Graham began his footballing career with Arthurlie juniors in 1967, before being snapped up by Dumbarton in February 1968. From then on he was a permanent fixture in the Dumbarton midfield for 10 years, before being released in 1977. He was part of the Division 2 Championship winning side of 1971-72 and played a total of 385 games for Dumbarton, still a record for the club.

Following his release from Dumbarton, Graham joined Renfrew Juniors for a short period before moving to Rutherglen Glencairn in 1978.  Whilst there, he won 6 Scotland Junior International Caps, and retired in 1984 whilst playing with Johnstone Burgh.

Graham died on 28 June 2022, at the age of 74. Shortly before his death, Graham was inducted into the Dumbarton hall of fame.

Dumbarton F.C.
Dumbarton Football Club is a semi-professional football club in Dumbarton, Scotland. Founded on 23 December 1872, they are one of the oldest football clubs in Scotland.

The club plays home games at the Dumbarton Football Stadium next to Dumbarton Castle. They currently play in Scottish League Two.
Veturia gens
The gens Veturia, originally Vetusia, was an ancient patrician family of the Roman Republic.  According to tradition, the armourer Mamurius Veturius lived in the time of Numa Pompilius, and made the sacred ancilia.  The Veturii occur regularly in the Fasti Consulares of the early Republic, with Gaius Veturius Geminus Cicurinus holding the consulship in 499 BC.  Like other old patrician gentes, the Veturii also developed plebeian branches.  The family declined in the later Republic, with the last consular Veturius holding office in 206 BC, during the Second Punic War.

Fasti
In ancient Rome, the fasti (Latin plural) were chronological or calendar-based lists, or other diachronic records or plans of official and religiously sanctioned events. After Rome's decline, the word fasti continued to be used for similar records in Christian Europe and later Western culture.

Public business, including the official business of the Roman state, had to be transacted on dies fasti, "allowed days". The fasti were the records of this business. In addition to the word's general sense, there were fasti that recorded specific kinds of events, such as the fasti triumphales, lists of triumphs celebrated by Roman generals. The divisions of time used in the fasti were based on the Roman calendar.

The yearly records of the fasti encouraged the writing of history in the form of chronological annales, "annals", which in turn influenced the development of Roman historiography.
Diocese of Conversano-Monopoli
The Diocese of Conversano-Monopoli (Latin: Dioecesis Conversanensis-Monopolitana) is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church  in Apulia. It has existed since 1986, when the diocese of Monopoli was united with the historic diocese of Conversano. The diocese is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Bari-Bitonto.

Theatines
The Theatines, officially named the Congregation of Clerics Regular (Latin: Ordo Clericorum Regularium; abbreviated CR), are members of a Catholic order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men. The order was founded in virtue of faculties granted by Pope Clement VII on 24 June 1524 in the Brief Exponi Nobis.
Africa Uncensored
Africa Uncensored is a Kenya-based media outlet known mostly for its investigative journalism. Its work includes documentary and feature production, fact-checking, podcasting, training and more.

It publishes its work online through its website and a YouTube channel as well as on other online platforms. Its content also regularly features on Kenya's mainstream TV stations. As part of its commercial dealings, its work has aired on the Maisha Magic East and Maisha Magic Plus channels on DSTV since 2020.

One of its latest investigative documentaries, Fertile Deception, resulted in impeachment proceedings against then Kenya's Agriculture Cabinet Secretary Mithika Linturi.

DStv
Digital Satellite Television, abbreviated DStv, is a Sub-Saharan African direct broadcast satellite service owned by MultiChoice and based in South Africa, with headquarters in Randburg. DStv provides audio, radio and television channels and services to subscribers across 50 countries, mostly in South Africa, Nigeria and Zimbabwe.
Islam in Brazil
Brazil is a predominantly Christian country with Islam being a minority religion, first brought by African slaves and then by Lebanese and Syrian immigrants. Due to the secular nature of Brazil's constitution, Muslims are free to proselytize and build places of worship in the country. However, Islam is not independently included in charts and graphics representing religions in Brazil due to its very small size, being grouped in "other religions", which generally represent about 1% of the country's population. The number of Muslims in Brazil, according to the 2010 census, was 35,207 out of a population of approximately 191 million people. This corresponds to 0.018% of the Brazilian population.

2010 Brazilian census
The Brazilian 2010 Census was the XXXVI census of Brazil, organized by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), with the reference date being August 1, 2010. The population was found to be a record 190,755,799, an increase of 12.5%. The population aged, with the median age now being 29, compared to 25 in 2000.

The following census took place on August 1, 2022, after two postponements, one due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the other caused by budgetary constraints.
John F. McJunkin
John Ferguson McJunkin (September 23, 1830 – January 1, 1883) was an American politician and lawyer.

Born in Washington County, Pennsylvania, McJunkin taught school and studied law. In 1858, he was admitted to the Pennsylvania bar. In 1859, McJunkin moved to Washington, Iowa and continued to practice law. From 1864 to 1868, McJunkin served in the Iowa State Senate and was a Republican. Then from 1877 to 1881, McJunkin served as the Iowa Attorney General. McJunkin died from heart problems at his home in Washington, Iowa.

Iowa Senate
41°35′28″N 93°36′14″W﻿ / ﻿41.591°N 93.604°W﻿ / 41.591; -93.604

The Iowa Senate is the upper house of the Iowa General Assembly. There are 50 seats in the Iowa Senate, representing 50 single-member districts across the state of Iowa with populations of approximately 63,807 per constituency, as of the 2020 United States census. Each Senate district is composed of two House districts. The Senate meets at the Iowa State Capitol in Des Moines.

Unlike the lower house, the Iowa House of Representatives, senators serve four-year terms, with no term limits. Terms are staggered so that half the Senate is up for reelection every two years.
Amar Kudin
Amar Kudin (9 August 1992 – 18 November 2024) was a Croatian-born Italian rugby union player and police officer, who played as a hooker. He competed for Fiamme Oro in the Top12.

Born in Croatia, Kudin moved to Italy at a young age, spending most of his time at local rugby youths. Amar spent a couple years with Treviso Youth before joining Rugby San Dona on a professional contract. After a few successful seasons, he returned to his old club after Treviso's clearing out of half the team. In 2014–15 Pro12 season, he played for Benetton.

In 2011, Kudin was named to the Italy Under 20 squad.

Italy national under-20 rugby union team
The Italy national under-20 rugby union team has competed in both the IRB Junior World Championship and IRB Junior World Rugby Trophy. They were one of four teams relegated in 2009 to the Junior World Trophy after finishing at the bottom of the tournament. They were again promoted to the 2011 IRB Junior World Championship after winning the 2010 IRB Junior World Rugby Trophy.

Italy finished in last place at the 2012 IRB Junior World Championship and had again been relegated to the Junior World Trophy for 2013. Then they won the 2013 IRB Junior World Rugby Trophy so Italy participated in the 2014 IRB Junior World Championship that was played in New Zealand.

Since 2008, its first edition, they participate in the Six Nations Under 20s Championship.
Super High Speed Silver-37
In shogi, Super High Speed Silver-37 or Ultra Quick Right Silver (超速3七銀 or 超速▲3七銀 chōsoku san-nana gin) is a rapid attacking formation used with a Static Rook opening by Black often against White's Cheerful Central Rook. It was developed by then-3-dan Yoshitaka Hoshino, who went on to become the second apprentice professional to win the Masuda Award in 2010.

Black aims to advance their right silver through 37 to 46. White likewise can answer Black's advancing silver by moving their left silver to 44.

Yoshitaka Hoshino
Yoshitaka Hoshino (星野 良生, Hoshino Yoshitaka; born August 10, 1988) is a Japanese professional shogi player ranked 5-dan. He also holds an Esports professional shogi player license from the Japan eSports Union (JeSU).
O'Plérou
O'Plérou Grebet is an Ivorian artist, graphic designer and illustrator known to have designed more than 365 free emojis that portrays West African culture. He was named in the Forbes Africa 30 Under 30 list. He also co-authored the proposals for a hamsa and libation emoji, which were added to Unicode 14.0 in September 2021.

Libation
A libation is a ritual pouring of a liquid as an offering to a deity or spirit, or in memory of the dead. It was common in many religions of antiquity and continues to be offered in cultures today.

Various substances have been used for libations, most commonly wine or other alcoholic drinks, olive oil, honey, and in India, ghee. The vessels used in the ritual, including the patera, often had a significant form which differentiated them from secular vessels. The libation could be poured onto something of religious significance, such as an altar, or into the earth.  On the other hand, one or more libations began most meals and occasions when wine was drunk in Greco-Roman and other ancient societies, mostly using normal cups or jugs.
Billy MacKinnon
William Muir MacKinnon (18 January 1852 – 24 May 1942) was a Scottish footballer who played for Queen's Park and the Scotland national team in the 1870s.

With Queen's Park, MacKinnon won the first three Scottish Cup competitions in 1874, 1875 and 1876 (being no relation of teammate Angus MacKinnon), as well as the first Glasgow Merchants Charity Cup in 1877. He was also capped by Scotland, making nine appearances between 1872 and 1879, scoring five goals. As a player, he was described as "a brilliant dribbling artist".

MacKinnon was the only player who appeared in all of the first seven official international matches between Scotland and England, making him the first caps record holder in international football history. He held the Scotland record until March 1881, when Henry McNeil earned his 10th cap.

Outside the game he was an ironworks engineer and had a great interest in music with a talent for singing.

1872 Scotland v England football match
The 1872 association football match between the national teams of Scotland and England is officially recognised by FIFA as the first international. It took place on 30 November 1872 at Hamilton Crescent, the West of Scotland Cricket Club's ground in Partick, Glasgow. The match was watched by 4,000 spectators and finished as a 0–0 draw.