hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Polygyny in India
Polygamy is outlawed in India, except for Muslims. While it was not prohibited in Ancient India and was common among aristocrats and emperors, it is believed that it was not a major cultural practice. The lack of prohibition was in part due to the separation between land laws and religion (independence of the judiciary), and partially since all of the major religions of India portrayed polygamy in a neutral light.

In contrast to Europe, polygamy prevailed in ancient India for rulers and kings. It was common for rulers (for example Bhupinder Singh of Patiala and Fateh Singh of Udaipur and Mewar). Some wealthy individuals (for example Ramkrishna Dalmia, Gajanan Birla and P. Rajagopal) had multiple wives.

The British colonial Empire of India permitted Islamic provinces to allow husbands to have multiple wives. When Maharaja Ranjit Singh was cremated in Lahore, four of his wives and seven concubines took to sati, and their urn-like memorials exist at his Samadhi.

Bhupinder Singh of Patiala
Sir Bhupinder Singh (12 October 1891 – 23 March 1938) was the Maharaja of Patiala and a cricket player. Singh's reign as Maharaja of the princely state of Patiala, in British India, lasted from 1900 to 1938. He was a member of the Phulkian dynasty. During his reign, Singh was most noted for his extravagance, contributions to sports, and for being an ally to the British Raj. Many of Singh's children married notable individuals and through his children, Singh has many notable descendants.
Suomen Radioamatööriliitto
The Suomen Radioamatööriliitto  (SRAL) (in English, Finnish Amateur Radio League) is a national non-profit organization for amateur radio enthusiasts in Finland.  SRAL was founded in 1921 and has approximately 3,500 members.  SRAL supports amateur radio operators in Finland by sponsoring amateur radio operating awards and radio contests.  SRAL was one of the sponsor organizations for the 2002 World Radiosport Team Championships held near Helsinki.  The SRAL also represents the interests of Finnish amateur radio operators and shortwave listeners before Finnish and international telecommunications regulatory authorities.  SRAL is the national member society representing Finland in both Nordic Radio Amateur Union and International Amateur Radio Union.

Amateur radio operator
An amateur radio operator is someone who uses equipment at an amateur radio station to engage in two-way personal communications with other amateur operators on radio frequencies assigned to the amateur radio service. Amateur radio operators have been granted an amateur radio license by a governmental regulatory authority after passing an examination on applicable regulations, electronics, radio theory, and radio operation. As a component of their license, amateur radio operators are assigned a call sign that they use to identify themselves during communication. About three million amateur radio operators are currently active worldwide.

Amateur radio operators are also known as radio amateurs or hams. The term "ham" as a nickname for amateur radio operators originated in a pejorative usage (like "ham actor") by operators in commercial and professional radio communities, and dates to wired telegraphy. The word was, in the 1920s, adopted by amateur radio operators.
Le cheval de bronze
Le Cheval de bronze (The Bronze Horse) is an opéra comique by the French composer Daniel Auber, first performed on 23 March 1835 by the Opéra-Comique at the Salle de la Bourse in Paris. The libretto (in three acts) is by Auber's regular collaborator, Eugène Scribe and the piece was a great success in its day. In 1857, it was transformed into an opera-ballet, but this did not hold the stage. The overture is one of Auber's most popular. The first-act finale expands on the final phrases from the first-act finale of Mozart's Così fan tutte. The composer tried to reflect the Chinese setting of the story in the music.

Overture
Overture (from French ouverture, lit. "opening") is a music instrumental introduction to a ballet, opera, or oratorio in the 17th century. During the early Romantic era, composers such as Beethoven and Mendelssohn composed overtures which were independent, self-existing, instrumental, programmatic works that foreshadowed genres such as the symphonic poem. These were "at first undoubtedly intended to be played at the head of a programme".

The idea of an instrumental opening to opera existed during the 17th century. Peri's Euridice opens with a brief instrumental ritornello, and Monteverdi's L'Orfeo (1607) opens with a toccata, in this case a fanfare for muted trumpets. More important was the prologue, consisting of sung dialogue between allegorical characters which introduced the overarching themes of the stories depicted.
Impatiens
Impatiens /ɪmˈpeɪʃəns/ is a genus of more than 1,000 species of flowering plants, widely distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere and the tropics. Together with the genus Hydrocera (one species), Impatiens make up the family Balsaminaceae.

Common names in North America include impatiens, jewelweed, touch-me-not, snapweed and patience. As a rule-of-thumb, "jewelweed" is used exclusively for Nearctic species, and balsam is usually applied to tropical species. In the British Isles by far the most common names are impatiens and busy lizzie, especially for the many varieties, hybrids and cultivars involving Impatiens walleriana. "Busy lizzie" is also found in the American literature. Impatiens glandulifera is commonly called policeman's helmet in the UK, where it is an introduced species.

Toxicity
Toxicity is the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substances can damage an organism. Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as an animal, bacterium, or plant, as well as the effect on a substructure of the organism, such as a cell (cytotoxicity) or an organ such as the liver (hepatotoxicity). Sometimes the word is more or less synonymous with poisoning in everyday usage.

A central concept of toxicology is that the effects of a toxicant are dose-dependent; even water can lead to water intoxication when taken in too high a dose, whereas for even a very toxic substance such as snake venom there is a dose below which there is no detectable toxic effect. Toxicity is species-specific, making cross-species analysis problematic. Newer paradigms and metrics are evolving to bypass animal testing, while maintaining the concept of toxicity endpoints.
Wolffia angusta
Wolffia angusta is a species of duckweed (Lemnoideae) in the family Araceae, native to the warmer regions of Australia, New Guinea, and with a disjunct presence in Peninsular Malaysia. It has been listed by the Guinness Book of World Records as the smallest flowering plant on record, measuring 0.6 millimetres (0.02 in) long and 0.33 mm (0.01 in) wide. However, more recently Wolffia globosa has been described as the smallest, at 0.1–0.2 mm (0.004–0.008 in) in diameter. According to Guinness World Records the fruit of Wolffia angusta is the smallest of any flowering plant, only 0.25 mm long, and weighs only 70 μg.

Araceae
The Araceae are a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants in which flowers are borne on a type of inflorescence called a spadix. The spadix is usually accompanied by, and sometimes partially enclosed in, a spathe (or leaf-like bract). Also known as the arum family, members are often colloquially known as aroids. This family of 114 genera and about 3,750 known species is most diverse in the New World tropics, although also distributed in the Old World tropics and northern temperate regions.
Sieber (surname)
Sieber is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Al Sieber (1843–1907), German-American chief of scouts

Bodo Sieber (born 1979), German rugby player

Caroline Sieber (born 1982), Austrian fashion stylist

Christoph Sieber (born 1971), Austrian sailor

Christopher Sieber (born 1969), American actor

Ernst Sieber (1927–2018), Swiss pastor and politician

Fiona Sieber (born 2000), German chess master

Franz Sieber (1789–1844), German botanist

Günter Sieber (1930–2006), German politician

Josef Sieber (1900-1962), German film actor

Lothar Sieber (1922–1945), German test pilot

Ernst Sieber
Ernst Sieber (German pronunciation: [ɛʁnst ˈziːbɐ] ⓘ; 24 February 1927 – 19 May 2018) was a Swiss pastor, social activist and politician who served one term as a member of the National Council (Switzerland) for the Evangelical People's Party. Sieber was one of the most popular and best known personalities associated with the Swiss Reformed Church. He was ordained in the Evangelical Reformed Church of the Canton of Zürich.

In 1963 he initiated the basis for the relief organisation Sozialwerke Pfarrer Sieber, founded in 1988 for "disadvantaged people, to help to alleviate the hardships around addiction, disease, violence and homelessness". This was primarily financed by his activities as an author.
2013 São Paulo Challenger de Tênis – Women's singles
This was a new event on the 2013 ITF Women's Circuit at São Paulo's Clube Hebraica as the men's ATP Challenger Tour came to the Brazilian city again after April's IS Open de Tênis.

Roxane Vaisemberg was the defending champion from 2012's $10,000 event at São Paulo's Clube Painieras do Morumby, but lost in the first round to Bianca Botto.

Botto went on to win the tournament, defeating Gabriela Cé in the final, 7–6(7–2), 5–7, 6–2.

2013 ATP Challenger Tour
The ATP Challenger Tour is the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). The 2013 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprised 149 tournaments, with prize money ranging from $35,000 up to $220,000.
Hip-hop feminism
Hip-hop feminism is a sub-set of black feminism that centers on intersectional subject positions involving race and gender in a way that acknowledges the contradictions in being a black feminist, such as black women's enjoyment in hip-hop music and culture, rather than simply focusing on the victimization of black women in hip hop culture due to interlocking systems of oppressions involving race, class, and gender.

What's the 411?
What's the 411? is the debut album by American R&B singer Mary J. Blige. It was released on July 28, 1992, by Uptown Records and MCA Records. After signing a record contract with Uptown, Blige began working on the album with producer Sean "Puffy" Combs. Other producers and songwriters included DeVante Swing, Tony Dofat, Dave Hall, Mark Morales and Mark "Cory" Rooney. The resulting music covered hip hop soul, contemporary R&B, and new jack swing styles.

What's the 411? was also met with positive reviews from critics, who applauded Blige's singing and the combination of hip hop and soul music, which led to her being named the "Queen of Hip Hop Soul". The album peaked at number six on the US Billboard 200 and topped the US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. It was certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and eventually sold 3.5 million copies.
Fencing at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's épée
The women's épée competition in fencing at the 2012 Olympic Games in London was held on 30 July at the ExCeL Exhibition Centre.

Yana Shemyakina from Ukraine won the gold medal. After a time-keeping error by a games volunteer in the second semi final, Shin A-Lam controversially lost her match to her German opponent in extra time.

Excel London
Excel London (formerly styled as ExCeL, an abbreviation for Exhibition Centre London) is an international exhibition and convention centre in the Custom House area of Newham, East London. The facility is situated on a 100-acre (0.40 km2) site on the northern quay of the Royal Victoria Dock in London Docklands, located between Canary Wharf and London City Airport.
Steib Metallbau
Steib Metallbau, later trading as Josef Steib Spezialfabrik für Seitenwagen, was a German company based in Nuremberg that manufactured sidecars. The company was founded in 1914 by Josef Steib Senior and began making sidecars in 1928 following a commission from the motorcycle manufacturer Ardie. The company closed in 1957.

The product range included a variety of designs with the LS 200 for motorcycles up to 200 cc (12 cu in), the LS. 350 for motorcycles of 250 cc (15 cu in) to 350 cc (21 cu in) and the S 500 L and TR-500 for motorcycles above 500 cc (31 cu in)amongst the most common. Replica outfits remain in production today.

Sidecar
A sidecar is a one-wheeled device attached to the side of a motorcycle, scooter, or bicycle, making the whole a three-wheeled vehicle. The combination of a motorcycle with a sidecar is sometimes called a hack, outfit, rig, tricycle, or tuk-tuk.
Sigela eoides
Sigela eoides, the youthful sigela moth, is a species of moth in the family Erebidae. It was first described by William Barnes and James Halliday McDunnough in 1913 and it is found in North America.

The MONA or Hodges number for Sigela eoides is 8435.

James Halliday McDunnough
James Halliday McDunnough (10 May 1877 – 23 February 1962) was a Canadian linguist, musician, and entomologist best known for his work with North American Lepidoptera, but who also made important contributions about North American Ephemeroptera.
Catla
Catla (Labeo catla; Bengali: কাতলা, romanized: kātlā) also known as the major South Asian carp, is an economically important South Asian freshwater fish in the carp family Cyprinidae. It is native to rivers and lakes in northern India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal, and Pakistan, but has also been introduced elsewhere in South Asia and is commonly farmed.

In Nepal and neighbouring regions of India, up to Odisha, it is called Bhakura.

Catla is a fish with large and broad head, a large protruding lower jaw, and upturned mouth. It has large, greyish scales on its dorsal side with a whitish belly. It reaches up to 182 cm (6.0 ft) in length and 38.6 kg (85 lb) in weight.

Catla is a surface and midwater feeder. Adults feed on zooplankton using large gill rakers, while young ones feed on both zooplankton and phytoplankton. Catla attains sexual maturity at an average age of two years and an average weight of 2 kg (4.4 lb).

Cyprinidae
Cyprinidae is a family of cyprinoid freshwater fishes commonly referred to as the carp family, which includes the carps, barbs, and barbels, among others. These cyprinids also share sister taxa with the danionins and minnows under the suborder Cyprinoidei. Cyprinidae is the largest and most diverse fish family, and the largest family of vertebrates overall, with roughly 1,780 species split into 166 valid genera.

Cyprinids range from the 12 mm (0.5 in)-long glassfishes, to the 3 m (9.8 ft) giant barb (Catlocarpio siamensis). The family name is derived from the Greek word kyprînos (κυπρῖνος 'carp').
Doug Hinds (athlete)
Douglas Hinds (born 15 April 1958) is a Canadian retired sprinter who competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics in the 400 metres and 4 × 400 metres relay.

Hinds attended Lamar University, where he was a member of the track team.

Hinds was part of the 1980 Olympic team for Canada, but did not compete due to the 1980 Summer Olympics boycott. At the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles, he competed in the 400 metres finishing 24th. He also was a member of the 4 × 400 m relay team (with Michael Sokolowski, Brian Saunders, and Tim Bethune) which set a Canadian record of 3:04.47 in their first heat, and finishing eighth overall, with Hinds running his leg of the relay in 45.04 seconds.

Hinds' brothers Sterling and Jerry were also members of the Canadian track team.

Athletics at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metres
The men's 400 metres was an event at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California. It was held from August 4 to August 8. Eighty athletes from 56 nations competed. The maximum number of athletes per nation had been set at 3 since the 1930 Olympic Congress. The event was won by 0.27 seconds by Alonzo Babers, returning the United States to the top of the podium for the first time since 1972 (and the 13th time overall). Gabriel Tiacoh won the Ivory Coast's first Olympic medal in any event, with a silver.
Charlie Skinner
Charles Skinner (2 January 1912 – 26 November 1972) was an Australian rules footballer who played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

Skinner, a wingman, won North Melbourne's Best and Fairest award in 1936. He played for Braybrook after leaving North Melbourne.

Syd Barker Medal
The Syd Barker Medal is awarded to the North Melbourne Football Club player who has been judged the best and fairest of the footy season. The award has been given out continuously since 1937. Before then it was known as the Syd Barker Memorial Trophy.

The award is named after Syd Barker who was a popular captain of the North Melbourne Football Club in 1915–1919, 1921 & 1927. He was a brilliant ruckmen of his time, starring in North Melbourne's 1910, 1914, 1915 and 1918 premiership sides, and captaining the famous "Invincibles" side that went undefeated in a record 58 games.

The voting system as of the 2017 AFL season, consists of each player earning up to 20 votes in a match, with votes from their best 20 games and finals counting towards their final total.
Bogdănești, Bacău
Bogdănești is a commune in Bacău County, Western Moldavia, Romania located on the Oituz River valley. It is composed of two villages, Bogdănești and Filipești.

The commune is situated on the Moldavian Plateau, at an altitude of 272 m (892 ft), on the banks of the Oituz River. It is located in the southwestern part of the county, 10.7 km (6.6 mi) from Onești municipality and 56 km (35 mi) from the county seat, Bacău. Bogdănești is traversed by the national road DN11, which connects Onești with Târgu Secuiesc, crossing the Carpathian Mountains through the Oituz Pass.

Western Moldavia
Western Moldavia (Romanian: Moldova Occidentală, Moldova de Apus, or Moldova de Vest), also known as Romanian Moldavia, is the core historic and geographical part of the former Principality of Moldavia situated in eastern and north-eastern Romania. Until its union with Wallachia in 1859, the Principality of Moldavia also included, at various times in its history, the regions of Bessarabia (with the Budjak), all of Bukovina, and Hertsa; the larger part of the former is nowadays the independent state of Moldova, while the rest of it, the northern part of Bukovina, and Hertsa form territories of Ukraine.

Romanian Moldavia consists of eight counties, spanning over 18% of Romania's territory. Six out of the 8 counties make up Romania's designated Nord-Est development region, while the two southern counties are included within Romania's Sud-Est development region. It comprises roughly 48.67% of the wider region of Moldavia.
Carlton Sports
Carlton Sports is a British sports equipment brand, focused on badminton and table tennis. Originally established in 1946, Carlton is currently part of the Frasers Group (formerly, "Sports Direct International").

Badminton equipment by Carlton include rackets, shuttlecocks, sportswear, athletic shoes, and bags. For table tennis, Carlton offers rackets, balls, nets and post sets.

Table tennis racket
A table tennis racket is used by table tennis players. It is usually made from laminated wood covered with rubber on one or two sides depending on the player's grip. Unlike a conventional "racket", it does not include strings strung across an open frame. Table tennis rackets come in various types, including All-Wood Racket, Carbon Fiber Racket, and hundreds of different types of table tennis rackets with different combinations of materials, structures, and brands. The differences among different types of table tennis rackets are often based on control, spin, speed, and power. Players should choose their racket based on their playing style, skill level, and personal preferences. Though the official ITTF term is "racket", the US generally uses the term "paddle", while Europe and Asia use the term "bat".
Westborn Market
Westborn Market is a small chain of gourmet supermarkets located in the Metropolitan Detroit area of southeast Michigan. Currently, Westborn Market operates four main stores, which are located in Dearborn, Livonia, Plymouth and Berkley.

Westborn Market is primarily a fruit market, but also features large selections of beverages and wine, a full-service deli, and many specialty grocery items as well. All four Westborn locations also feature an extensive floral market.

Metro Detroit
Metro Detroit is a major metropolitan area in the U.S. state of Michigan, consisting of the city of Detroit and over 200 municipalities in the surrounding area. There are varied definitions of the area, including the official statistical areas designated by the Office of Management and Budget, a federal agency of the United States.

Metro Detroit is known for its automotive heritage, arts, entertainment, popular music, food, cultural diversity, and sports. The area includes a variety of natural landscapes, parks, and beaches, with a recreational coastline linking the Great Lakes. Metro Detroit also has one of the largest metropolitan economies in the U.S. with 17 Fortune 500 companies.
Right-to-left shunt
A right-to-left shunt is a cardiac shunt which allows blood to flow from the right heart to the left heart.  This terminology is used both for the abnormal state in humans and for normal physiological shunts in reptiles.

Anomalous pulmonary venous connection
Anomalous pulmonary venous connection (or anomalous pulmonary venous drainage or anomalous pulmonary venous return) is a congenital heart defect of the pulmonary veins. It can involve either all four pulmonary veins being incorrectly positioned (total anomalous pulmonary venous connection) or only some veins being incorrectly positioned (partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection).
Inah Machado Sandoval
Inah Machado Sandoval (27 May 1906 - 30 July 2003), also known as "Tia Inah" or Aunt Inah, was a Brazilian composer and pianist. She composed more than 150 choros, waltzes, Brazilian tangos,  mazurcas, and other salon genres for piano. In 1977, her choro for piano Soneca was one of the finalists of the first "Festival Nacional do Choro - Brasileirinho", sponsored by the Brazilian TV network Bandeirantes, among 1,200 entries. Her works were influenced by the musical styles of Ernesto Nazareth, Marcello Tupynambá, Eduardo Souto, Francisco Mignone, and Frederic Chopin.

The scores of all her piano works are currently available for download at the Instituto Piano Brasileiro after they were donated by her nephew, Cesario Ramos Machado in 2016.

Francisco Mignone
Francisco Paulo Mignone (September 3, 1897, São Paulo – February 19, 1986, Rio de Janeiro) was one of the most significant figures in Brazilian classical music, and one of the most significant Brazilian composers after Heitor Villa-Lobos. In 1968 he was chosen as Brazilian composer of the year.
Seto-Chūō Expressway
The Seto-Chūō Expressway (瀬戸中央自動車道, Seto-Chūō Jidōsha-dō) is a tolled expressway that connects Okayama and Kagawa prefectures in Japan across a series of five small islands in the Seto Inland Sea. Built between 1978 and 1988, it is one of the three routes of the Honshu-Shikoku Bridge Expressway Company connecting Honshū and Shikoku islands. The route is signed E30 under Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism's  "2016 Proposal for Realization of Expressway Numbering."

Okayama Prefecture
Okayama Prefecture (岡山県, Okayama-ken; Japanese pronunciation: [o.kaꜜ.ja.ma, o.ka.ja.maꜜ.keɴ]) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūgoku region of Honshu. Okayama Prefecture has a population of 1,815,165 (1 October 2025) and has a geographic area of 7,114 km2 (2,746 sq mi). Okayama Prefecture borders Tottori Prefecture to the north, Hyōgo Prefecture to the east, and Hiroshima Prefecture to the west.

Okayama is the capital and largest city of Okayama Prefecture, with other major cities including Kurashiki, Tsuyama, and Sōja. Okayama Prefecture's south is located on the Seto Inland Sea coast across from Kagawa Prefecture on the island of Shikoku, which are connected by the Great Seto Bridge, while the north is characterized by the Chūgoku Mountains.