hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Judy Stamps
Judy A. Stamps is a professor emerita and researcher within the Department of Evolution and Ecology at University of California, Davis.

Stamps' research focuses on conservation ecology and ethology. Specifically, her research has centered on behavioral ecology, habitat selection, animal personality, plasticity in lizard communication, and implications of developmental processes for problems in behavioral ecology and conservation biology.

Conservation biology
Conservation biology is the study of the conservation of nature and of Earth's biodiversity with the aim of protecting species, their habitats, and ecosystems from excessive rates of extinction and the erosion of biotic interactions. It is an interdisciplinary subject drawing on natural and social sciences, and the practice of natural resource management.

The conservation ethic is based on the findings of conservation biology.
Ivan Callan
Sir Ivan Roy Callan KCVO CMG (born 1942) is a retired British diplomat.

Educated at University College, Oxford, Callan joined the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) in 1969 and was appointed to HM Diplomatic Service in 1972. He was appointed Consul-General at the British Embassy in Baghdad in 1983 and then moved to Jerusalem where he was Consul-General from 1987 to 1990. After returning to the FCO, he was appointed High Commissioner of Brunei (1994–98) and then Ambassador to Oman, serving from 1999 until retirement in 2002.

Callan was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in the 1990 Birthday Honours. He was also appointed a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order in September 1998.

University College, Oxford
University College, formally The Master and Fellows of the College of the Great Hall of the University commonly called University College in the University of Oxford and colloquially referred to as "Univ", is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in England. It has a claim to being the oldest college of the university, having been founded by William of Durham in 1249.

As of 2024, the college had an estimated financial endowment of £156.679 million, and their total net assets amounted to £255.431 million.

The college is associated with a number of influential people, including Clement Attlee, Harold Wilson, Bill Clinton, Festus Mogae, Stephen Hawking, C. S. Lewis, R.F. Kuang, William Beveridge, Bob Hawke, Robert Cecil, Tom Hooper, Percy Bysshe Shelley and Christian Cole, the first Black student to graduate from the university.
Eastin
Eastin is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Delaine Eastin (1947–2024), American politician and educator

Ella Eastin (born 1997), American swimmer

Jeff Eastin (born 1967), American television producer and screenwriter

Matt Eastin (born 1979), American music video, documentary, and commercial director and editor

Shannon Eastin (born 1970), American NFL official

Steve Eastin (born 1948), American character actor

Zachariah Eastin (1777–1852), American officer in the War of 1812

Delaine Eastin
Delaine Andree Eastin (August 20, 1947 – April 23, 2024) was an American politician and educator from California. A professor by education, she was the first woman to be elected California State Superintendent of Public Instruction (1995–2003) since the office was first held in January 1851. Eastin represented parts of Alameda County and Santa Clara County in the California State Assembly between 1986 and 1994. She was a member of the Democratic Party.
Fake memoir
A fake memoir is a type of literary forgery in which a wholly or partially fabricated autobiography, memoir or journal of an individual is presented as fact. In some cases, the purported author of the work is also a fabrication.

Fake memoirs frequently feature claims of overcoming overwhelming issues, such as bereavement, abuse, addiction, poverty, or gang violence. These issues are written about in dramatic, sordid ways, which can make them come across as misery literature. They may also exaggerate or fabricate connections to a minority group or a culturally traumatic event.

Gang
A gang is a group or society of associates, friends, or members of a family with a defined leadership and internal organization that identifies with or claims control over territory in a community and engages, either individually or collectively, in illegal, and possibly violent, behavior, with such behavior often constituting a form of organized crime.
Parametric transformer
The Parametric transformer (or paraformer) is a particular type of transformer. It transfers the power from primary to secondary Windings not by mutual inductance coupling but by a variation of a parameter in its magnetic circuit.  First described by Wanlass, et al., 1968.

Assuming Faraday's law of induction,

it is possible to obtain a voltage at the secondary winding terminals also thanks to a variation of the inductance, so that

This can be accomplished by for example modulating the saturation of the core by means of an applied variable magnetic field. It works even if primary and secondary windings magnetic coupling is zero (when the fluxes are mutually orthogonal) (Burian 1972, p. 278).

Orthogonality
Orthogonality is a term with various meanings depending on the context.

In mathematics, orthogonality is the generalization of the geometric notion of perpendicularity. Although many authors use the two terms perpendicular and orthogonal interchangeably, the term perpendicular is more specifically used for lines and planes that intersect to form a right angle, whereas orthogonal is used in generalizations, such as orthogonal vectors or orthogonal curves.

The term is also used in other fields like physics, art, computer science, statistics, and economics.
1848 Newfoundland general election
The 1848 Newfoundland general election was held on November 20, 1848 to elect members of the 4th General Assembly of Newfoundland in the Newfoundland Colony. The House of Assembly and the Legislative Council were restored as separate bodies following an experiment by Governor John Harvey which had amalgamated the two legislatures. The Liberal Party continued to maintain a majority of seats with a Conservative opposition.

Lieutenant Governor of Newfoundland and Labrador
The lieutenant governor of Newfoundland and Labrador (/lɛfˈtɛnənt/) is the representative in Newfoundland and Labrador of the monarch, who operates distinctly within the province but is also shared equally with the ten other jurisdictions of Canada. The lieutenant governor of Newfoundland and Labrador is appointed in the same manner as the other provincial viceroys in Canada and is similarly tasked with carrying out most of the monarch's constitutional and ceremonial duties. The current, and 15th lieutenant governor of Newfoundland and Labrador is Joan Marie Aylward, who has served in the role since 14 November 2023.
Andy Karsner
Alexander Karsner (born April 5, 1967) is an American technology entrepreneur, venture capitalist, and energy and environmental policymaker.

Karsner was most recently Managing Partner at Emerson Collective, where he founded and led Elemental, its environmental practice. He is a Senior Strategist and Space Cowboy at X and a Precourt Energy Scholar at Stanford University. From 2006 to 2008, Karsner served in the United States Department of Energy as Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy.

In 2021 it made headlines when he was elected to the ExxonMobil Board of Directors as one of the first environment-friendly board members of this Big Oil company.

Emerson Collective
Emerson Collective, LLC is an American company founded by Laurene Powell Jobs. The company invests in entrepreneurs and innovators working in education, energy and the environment, immigration, media and journalism. Founded in 2011 in Palo Alto, California, Emerson Collective is considered to be one of the leading groups engaged in both venture capital investing and philanthropy. In 2017, the company acquired a majority interest in The Atlantic magazine.
Second expedition to Palembang
The second expedition to Palembang  was a punitive expedition by the Dutch against the Palembang Sultanate in 1821. The commander of the expedition, Hendrik Merkus de Kock, succeeded in coming to an agreement with Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II.

Punitive expedition
A punitive expedition is a military journey undertaken to punish a political entity or any group of people outside the borders of the punishing state or union. It is usually undertaken in response to perceived disobedient or morally wrong behavior by miscreants, as revenge or corrective action, or to apply strong diplomatic pressure without a formal declaration of war (e.g. surgical strike). In the 19th century, punitive expeditions were used more commonly as pretexts for colonial adventures that resulted in annexations, regime changes or changes in policies of the affected state to favour one or more colonial powers.

Stowell (1921) provides the following definition:

When the territorial sovereign is too weak or is unwilling to enforce respect for international law, a state which is wronged may find it necessary to invade the territory and to chastise the individuals who violate its rights and threaten its security.
Safed Dara
Safed Dara (Tajik: Caфeд Дapa — formerly Takob (Taкoб)) is a ski resort located in the Region of Republican Subordination (a region in Tajikistan), on the Safedorak Plateau (part of the Pamir Mountains), at heights from 2,100 metres (6,890 feet) up to 3,000 metres (9,842 feet) above sea level, 50 km (31.07 mi) north of Dushanbe.
In 2015, the Takob ski resort was renovated and a new name was given: Safed Dara (it means white valley). The old soviet-era hotel has been completely renovated and reopened on 7 January 2016. The two T-bar lifts of 1000 meters each are in working order. A new children's park has also been opened with a new baby-lift.

Ski and snowboard equipment, snow tubes and sledges can be rented directly at the ski resort.

Pamir Mountains
The Pamir Mountains are a range of mountains between Central Asia and South Asia. They are located at a junction with other notable mountains, namely the Tian Shan, the Karakoram, the Kunlun, the Hindu Kush, and the Himalayas. They are among the world's highest mountains.

Much of the range lies in the Gorno-Badakhshan region of Tajikistan. Spanning the border parts of four countries, to the south, they border the Hindu Kush mountains along Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor in Badakhshan Province, Chitral and Gilgit-Baltistan regions of Pakistan. To the north, they join the Tian Shan mountains along the Alay Valley of Kyrgyzstan. To the east, they extend to the range that includes China's Kongur Tagh, in the "Eastern Pamirs", separated by the Yarkand valley from the Kunlun Mountains.

Since the Victorian era, they have been known as the "Roof of the World", presumably a translation from Persian.
Saline Land
Saline Land (Chinese: 鹽分地帶) is a term in the history of Taiwanese literature that generally refers to a relatively unique literary group with a distinctive local color that spontaneously formed in the salty coastal areas in Beimen County, Tainan Prefecture, after the birth of New Taiwanese Literature during the Japanese rule period. On May 15, 1988, the group members organized the "Taiwan PEN Saline Land Branch", which became the first branch of the Taiwan PEN.

Beimen District
23°17′16.89″N 120°7′30.71″E﻿ / ﻿23.2880250°N 120.1251972°E﻿ / 23.2880250; 120.1251972

Beimen District (Chinese: 北門區; pinyin: Běimén Qū; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Pak-mn̂g-khu) is a coastal district of about 10,191 residents in Tainan, Taiwan.
Choi Ji-ho
Choi Ji-ho (born November 25, 1980) is a South Korean actor and model. He began his entertainment career in 2003 as part of Model Line's stable, walking the runways for Gucci, Armani, Nike, EXR, Lacoste, Dolce & Gabbana, as well as Korean designers Lee Ju-young, Choi Chang-ho and Noh Seung-eun. Choi then made his acting debut in 2007, and has since starred in stage musicals such as Finding Kim Jong-wook and Thrill Me, and the films Antique (2008) and Troubleshooter (2010).

Lacoste
Lacoste S.A. (/ləˈkɔːst, -ˈkɒst/; French: [lakɔst]) is a French designer sports fashion company, founded in 1933 by tennis player René Lacoste, and entrepreneur André Gillier. It sells clothing, footwear, sportswear, eyewear, leather goods, perfume, towels and watches. The company can be recognised by its green Crocodile logo. René Lacoste, the company's founder, was first given the nickname "the Crocodile" by the American press after he bet his team captain a crocodile-skin suitcase that he would win his match. He was later redubbed "the Crocodile" by French fans because of his tenacity on the tennis court. In November 2012, Lacoste was bought outright by Swiss family held group Maus Frères.
Mayes McLain
Mayes Watt McLain (April 16, 1905 – March 6, 1983), also known as Watt Mayes McLain, was an American football player and professional wrestler.  He played college football for the Haskell Institute from 1925 to 1926 and for the University of Iowa in 1928.  In 1926, he set college football's single-season scoring record with 253 points on 38 touchdowns, 19 extra point kicks, and two field goals.  His record of 38 touchdowns in a season stood for more than 60 years until 1988.

McLain later played in the National Football League (NFL), under the name Chief McLain, for the Portsmouth Spartans (1930-1931) and Staten Island Stapletons (1931).  After retiring from football, McLain worked as a professional wrestler, sometimes under the name the "Masked Manager", from 1933 to 1953.

Grand Olympic Auditorium
The Grand Olympic Auditorium is a former multi-purpose sports venue in southern Downtown Los Angeles, California. The venue was built in 1924 at 1801 South Grand Avenue, now just south of the Santa Monica Freeway. The grand opening of the Olympic Auditorium took place on August 5, 1925 and was a major media event, attended by celebrities Jack Dempsey and Rudolph Valentino among others. One of the last major boxing and wrestling arenas still in existence, the venue serves as a worship space for a Korean-American evangelical church, Glory Church of Jesus Christ.
James Bowstead
James Bowstead (1 May 1801 – 11 October 1843) was an Anglican clergyman who served in the Church of England as the Bishop of Sodor and Man (1838–1840) and Bishop of Lichfield (1840–1843).

Born in Great Salkeld, he was educated at Bampton grammar school and Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 1824 and a Doctorate of Divinity in 1834. He was a Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge (1824–1838) and also a tutor at the college (1832–1838). During that period, he was ordained a priest in the Anglican ministry in 1827 and became Rector of Rettendon, Essex in 1837.

He was nominated Bishop of Sodor and Man by Queen Victoria on 13 July 1838 and was consecrated by Archbishop William Howley of Canterbury on 22 July 1838. Eighteen months later, he was translated to the bishopric of Lichfield on 23 January 1840.

He died in office at Clifton, Bristol in 1843, aged 42.

Christianity portal

Great Salkeld
Great Salkeld is a small village and civil parish in Westmorland and Furness, Cumbria, England, a few miles to the north east of Penrith and bordering the River Eden. It was in the historic county of Cumberland until local government reorganisation in 1974. At the 2001 census the parish had a population of 445, decreasing to 412 at the 2011 Census.

The village is believed to have been connected at one time by a bridge over the River Eden to Little Salkeld. In the Middle Ages, the village was sometimes referred to in documents as Salkeld Regis as it was at times the property of the Crown.
1949 Major League Baseball All-Star Game
The 1949 Major League Baseball All-Star Game was the 16th annual midseason exhibition game for Major League Baseball all-stars between the American League (AL) and the National League (NL).  The AL continued its early dominance of the Midsummer Classic with an 11–7 win at Ebbets Field in Brooklyn, New York City, home field of the NL's Brooklyn Dodgers.  The win moved the AL's all-time record in the game to 12–4.

The 1949 All-Star Game was the first to have African Americans in the line-up.  Jackie Robinson of the Dodgers started for the NL at second base, while his teammates catcher Roy Campanella and pitcher Don Newcombe also played for the NL.  Cleveland Indians' outfielder Larry Doby played the final four innings of the game for the AL.

Pee Wee Reese
Harold Peter Henry "Pee Wee" Reese (July 23, 1918 – August 14, 1999) was an American professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball as a shortstop for the Brooklyn / Los Angeles Dodgers from 1940 to 1958. A ten-time All-Star, Reese contributed to seven National League championships for the Dodgers and was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1984. Reese is also famous for his support of his teammate Jackie Robinson, the first Black player in the major leagues' modern era, especially in Robinson's difficult first years, most notably when he put his arm around Robinson during a pre-game warmup in front of a heckling crowd.
Sala (given name)
Sala is a given name with several origins. In Hungarian, a short for the Biblical name Solomon and also a variant of the name Salah.  Notable people named Sala include:

Sala Baker (born 1976), New Zealand actor and stuntman

Sala Burton (1925–1987), United States Representative from California

Sala Fa'alogo (born 1977), New Zealand rugby league player

Sala, folk hero who killed a tiger; see Hoysala Empire#History

Salah (name)
Salah (Arabic: صلاح, romanized: Ṣalāḥ, pronounced [sˤɑˈlɑːħ]) is a Biblical and an Arabic given name and family name. Its meaning in the Bible is 'mission', or 'sending', whereas the Arabic meaning is 'righteousness', 'goodness', or 'peace'.
John Corye
John Corye (or Corey; fl. 1667) was an English playwright of the Restoration. All that is known is that he lived in Charles II's reign, and produced one comedy, which is a plagiarism from various authors — Quinault, Corneille, Randolph, and Beaumont and Fletcher. It was produced in 1667, licensed in 1671, and published in 1672 under the title of The Generous Enemies; or, The Ridiculous Lovers.

Thomas Randolph (poet)
Thomas Randolph (bapt.Tooltip baptised 15 June 1605 – March 1635) was an English poet and dramatist, recognised by his mentor Ben Jonson as being a promising writer of comedy, and amongst his contemporaries had a reputation as a wit.
Austrian Society for Railway History
The Austrian Society for Railway History (German: Österreichische Gesellschaft für Eisenbahngeschichte or ÖGEG) is an Austrian society that was formed from a group of railway fans, who got together around 1971 in order to look after working steam locomotives at the ÖBB depot of Linz.

DRG Class 44
The Class 44 (German: Baureihe 44 or BR 44) was a ten-coupled, heavy goods train steam locomotive built for the Deutsche Reichsbahn as a standard steam engine class (Einheitsdampflokomotive). Its sub-class was G 56.20 and it had triple cylinders. It was intended for hauling goods trains of up to 1,200 tonnes (1,200 long tons; 1,300 short tons) on the routes through Germany's hilly regions (Mittelgebirge) and up to 600 tonnes (590 long tons; 660 short tons) on steep inclines. They were numbered 44 001-44 1989.
Louisville Baseball Park
Louisville Baseball Park (or Grounds) was a baseball park located in Louisville, Kentucky. The park was home to the Louisville Grays of the National League from 1876 to 1877.

The field was located within a large block bounded by 4th Street (east); Hill Street (south); 6th Street (west); and Magnolia Avenue (north). The block was across the street to the south of Central Park, which still exists, and was also adjacent to a field used by the amateur Louisville Eagles.

A few years after the breakup of the club following the 1877 Louisville Grays scandal, the large block was redeveloped for other purposes. It was the home of the Southern Exposition from 1883 through 1887. By the 1890s, the large block had been cut into lots and developed into an upper-class neighborhood known as St. James Court.

Southern Exposition
The Southern Exposition was a five-year series of world's fairs held in Louisville, Kentucky, from 1883 to 1887 in what became Louisville's Old Louisville neighborhood. The exposition, held for 100 days each year on 45 acres (180,000 m2) immediately south of Central Park in what became the St. James–Belgravia Historic District, was essentially an industrial and mercantile show. At the time, the exposition was larger than any previous American exhibition with the exception of the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876. U.S. President Chester A. Arthur opened the first annual exposition on August 1, 1883.
Arkansas Highways
Arkansas Highways is a magazine that contains updates and information, as well as artistic photographs related to the state of Arkansas and the Arkansas Highway System. It is published bimonthly in Little Rock, Arkansas by the Public Information Office of the Arkansas Department of Transportation (ARDOT).

Fine-art photography
Fine-art photography is photography created in line with the vision of the photographer as artist, using photography as a medium for creative expression. The goal of fine-art photography is to express an idea, a message, or an emotion. This stands in contrast to representational photography, such as photojournalism, which provides a documentary visual account of specific subjects and events, literally representing objective reality rather than the subjective intent of the photographer; and commercial photography, the primary focus of which is to advertise products or services.
Meredith Duncan
Meredith Duncan (born March 25, 1980) is an American professional golfer.

Duncan was born in Shreveport, Louisiana. She won the Women's Western Amateur in 2000 and 2001. She won the 2001 North and South Women's Amateur at Pinehurst. She followed this up by capturing that year's U.S. Women's Amateur in a match that the USGA says "veteran observers called the greatest final in the history of the United States Golf Association championships". She also played on the U.S. team at the 2002 Curtis Cup.

Duncan graduated from Louisiana State University in 2003 with a degree in kinesiology having turned professional in 2002.

Duncan has played on the LPGA Tour and the Futures Tour.

Duncan now works at C.E. Byrd High School in Shreveport. She serves as the head golf coach, pep squad sponsor, assistant basketball coach, physical education instructor, and kind soul.

United States Golf Association
The United States Golf Association (USGA) is the United States national association of golf courses, clubs and facilities and the governing body of golf for the U.S. and Mexico. Together with The R&A, the USGA produces and interprets the rules of golf. The USGA also provides a national handicap system for golfers, conducts 14 national championships, including the U.S. Open, U.S. Women's Open and U.S. Senior Open, and tests golf equipment for conformity with regulations. The USGA and the USGA Museum are located in Liberty Corner, New Jersey. In 2024, the USGA moved its Testing Center from Liberty Corner, New Jersey to Pinehurst, North Carolina. The Testing Center is where all golf clubs and golf balls manufactured in the United States and Mexico are tested for conformance to the Rules of Golf.