hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Qallwa
Qallwa (Quechua for a little branch, also for an instrument out of wood or bones which the weavers use to press the threads of the cloth, Hispanicized spelling Jallhua) is a 5,145-metre-high (16,880 ft) mountain in the Andes of Peru. It is located in the Arequipa Region, Castilla Province, on the border of the districts of Ayo, Chachas and Choco. Its ridge extents from northeast to southwest. Qallwa lies southwest of Sirani and northeast of Sukna.

Department of Arequipa
Arequipa (Quechua: Ariqipa) is a department of Peru. Located to the country's southwest, it is the sixth largest department in Peru, after Puno, Cuzco, Madre de Dios, Ucayali, and Loreto, its sixth most populous department, and its eleventh least densely populated department. It is bordered by the departments of Ica, Ayacucho, Apurímac and Cuzco to the north, Puno to the east, the Department of Moquegua to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It is administered by a regional government. Its capital, also called Arequipa, is Peru's second-largest city.
Nerbudda incident
The Nerbudda incident (Chinese: 吶爾不噠號事件) was the summary execution of 197 crewmembers of the British merchant ships Nerbudda and Ann on 10 August 1842 by Chinese authorities in Taiwan during the First Opium War. An additional 87 prisoners died from mistreatment in Chinese captivity.

In September 1841, Nerbudda was shipwrecked off northern Taiwan near Keelung, and in March 1842 Ann was shipwrecked at Da'an harbour. Surviving crewmembers from both ships—primarily Indian camp followers and lascars—were captured by Chinese forces and marched south to the prefectural capital of Taiwan, where they were imprisoned in a granary before being beheaded in August. The Daoguang Emperor ordered their execution on 14 May 1842 after Britain's victory over the Chinese at the Battle of Ningpo. Out of the nearly 300 survivors of both ships who landed or attempted to land in Taiwan, only 11 survived the war.

Summary execution
In civil and military jurisprudence, summary execution is the putting to death of a person accused of a crime without the benefit of a free and fair trial. The term results from the legal concept of summary justice to punish a summary offense, as in the case of a drumhead court-martial, but the term usually denotes the summary execution of a sentence of death. Under international law, it is defined as a combatant's refusal to accept an opponent's lawful surrender and the combatant's provision of no quarter, by killing the surrendering opponents.

Summary executions have been practiced by governments and paramilitary organizations during both peacetime and war, and are usually associated with war crimes and political persecution.
Arnie Hamilton
Arnie Hamilton (born 1948) is a former Canadian politician who served as a BC Liberal member of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia from 2001 to 2005, representing the riding of Esquimalt-Metchosin.

Esquimalt-Metchosin
Esquimalt-Metchosin is a former provincial electoral district for the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia, Canada. It existed with this name from 1991 to 2009, and again from 2017 to 2024. In the gap, the overlapping electoral district was called Esquimalt-Royal Roads. The "Royal Roads" in the district's name references the maritime passage that connects the Harbour to the sea and is the namesake of Royal Roads Military College.

The riding was reconfigured and brought back in the 2015 electoral redistribution and was contested again in the 2017 election. The 2021 redistribution that took effect for the 2024 election significantly altered electoral boundaries in the western communities: Metchosin was transferred to the new district of Juan de Fuca-Malahat while the balance of the district's territory was joined to Victoria West to form Esquimalt-Colwood.
ReAction GUI
ReAction GUI is the widget toolkit engine that is used in AmigaOS 3.2–4.1.

It is an evolution of ClassAct, which is an object-oriented system of classes that enhanced the aspect of the Workbench 2.0 GUI of AmigaOS.

Object-oriented programming
Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on objects – software entities that encapsulate data and function(s). An OOP computer program consists of objects that interact with one another. An OOP language is one that provides object-oriented programming features, but as the set of features that contribute to OOP is contested, classifying a language as OOP – and the degree to which it supports OOP – is debatable. As paradigms are not mutually exclusive, a language can be multi-paradigm (i.e. categorized as more than only OOP).

Notable languages with OOP support include Ada, ActionScript, C++, Common Lisp, C#, Dart, Eiffel, Fortran 2003, Haxe, Java, JavaScript, Kotlin, Logo, MATLAB, Objective-C, Object Pascal, Perl, PHP, Python, R, Raku, Ruby, Scala, SIMSCRIPT, Simula, Smalltalk, Swift, Vala and Visual Basic (.NET).
Arthur Galston
Arthur W. Galston (April 21, 1920 – June 15, 2008) was an American plant physiologist and bioethicist. As a plant biologist, Galston studied plant hormones and the effects of light on plant development, particularly phototropism. He identified riboflavin and other flavins as what are called phototropins, photoreceptor proteins for phototropism (the bending of plants toward light), challenging the prevailing view that carotenoids were responsible.

As a graduate student in 1943, Galston studied the use of 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) to encourage the flowering of soybeans and noted that high levels had a defoliant effect. The British and U.S. military later developed TIBA into Agent Orange which was employed extensively in Malaya and Vietnam. Galston became a bioethicist, and spoke out against such uses of science. As chairman of Yale's botany department, Galston's ethical objections led President Nixon to end the use of Agent Orange.

Botanical Society of America
The Botanical Society of America (BSA) represents professional and amateur botanists, researchers, educators and students in over 80 countries of the world. It functions as a United States nonprofit 501(c)(3)  membership society.
TvN10 Awards
tvN10 Awards is an award ceremony for excellence in television in South Korea, organized by tvN, one of the networks under the umbrella of CJ E&M. It was held at the KINTEX in Ilsanseo District, Goyang, Gyeonggi Province and was emceed by Kang Ho-dong and Shin Dong-yup on October 9, 2016.

Shin Dong-yup (comedian)
Shin Dong-yup (Korean: 신동엽; born February 17, 1971) is a South Korean comedian and television comedy show host. He graduated from the Seoul Institute of the Arts. He became popular after appearing in SBS's variety program Happy Saturday and MBC's sitcom Guys n Girls.
Duayaw Nkwanta
Duayaw Nkwanta is a town and the capital of Tano North Municipal District, a municipal in the Ahafo Region of Ghana. It is located close to Sunyani, the capital of the Bono Region. The infrastructure of Duayaw Nkwanta is well structured. Duayaw Nkwanta has a settlement population of 27,476. This town boasts of good schools such as Boakye Tromo Senior High Technical School, Serwaa Kesse Girls Senior High School, and Presbyterian Midwifery Training College, among others.

Sunyani
Sunyani (/sʌˈŋjəˈeɪ/ ⓘ) is a city and the capital of the Sunyani Municipal District and the Bono Region of Ghana. The city is located about 105 miles (169 km) northwest of Kumasi and 300 miles (480 km) away from Accra. It is the sixth-largest city in the country as of the 2010 census, with a population of 75,366 people. Ethnic groups such as the Akan, Northerner, Ewe, and Ga-Adangbe resided in the city along with others. As of 2024, the mayor of the municipality was Hon. Ansu Kumi.

Sunyani's economy is largely agrarian, with the city being known for its ever-growing cocoa bean production. The city is home to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Sunyani which is under Bishop Matthew Kwasi Gyamfi. Sunyani is also home to many educational institutions, such as the Sunyani Technical University and the University of Energy and Natural Resources.
Johann von Leuchselring
Johann von Leuchselring was Chancellor for the Free Imperial City of Augsburg from 1636 () through 1645 () and a leading Catholic negotiator in the Peace of Westphalia.

In the peace congress in Münster, starting in 1645, Johann von Leuchselring acted an envoy for the Catholic Council of the city of Augsburg and for the cities of Überlingen, Dinkelsbühl, Biberach, Ravensburg, Kaufbeuren, Buchhorn, Buchau, Rottweil, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Offenburg, Pfullendorf, Gengenbach, and Zell am Harmersbach.

In the second half of 1646 war returned to Augsburg. Johann von Leuchselring was the official representative of the council of the Catholic imperial estates including committee of the Protestant citizenship, in which the patrician Johann David Herwart played a leading role ensuring a balance in negotiations between Catholics and Protestants at the Peace of Westphalia.

Biberach an der Riß
Biberach an der Riß (German pronunciation: [ˈbiːbəʁax an deːɐ ˈʁɪs], lit. 'Biberach on the Riß'; Swabian: Bibra), often referred to as simply Biberach (German pronunciation: [ˈbiːbəʁax] ⓘ), is a town in southern Germany. It is the capital of Biberach district, in the Upper Swabia region of the German state (Land) of Baden-Württemberg. It is called Biberach an der Riß after the small river Riß which flows through the city to distinguish it from the other towns of similar names.
Rotuma Group
The Rotuma Group is a group of volcanic islands, with Rotuma Island being the main island, located at 12°35′S 177°10′E﻿ / ﻿12.583°S 177.167°E﻿ / -12.583; 177.167, approximately 465 km north of Fiji.

There are some islands located at a distance between 50 m and 2 km from the main island, but still within the fringing reef: Solnohu (south), Solkope (southeast), ʻAfgaha (far southeast), Husia (close southeast), as well as Hạua and Hạuameaʻmeʻa (close together northeast). Additionally, there is a separate chain of islands between three and six km northwest and west of the westernmost point of Rotuma Island. From northeast to southwest, those are Uea, Hạfhai with nearby Hạfhahoi, Hạfhaveiaglolo, Hatana and Hạfliua.

The islands have an aggregate area of 44 km2, of which the main island Rotuma occupies 43 km2. Only the main island is permanently inhabited.

The Rotuma Group comprises a Dependency of Fiji. The population of the dependency at the 1996 census was 2810.

Volcanic island
Geologically, a volcanic island is an island of volcanic origin. The term high island can be used to distinguish such islands from low islands, which are formed from sedimentation or the uplifting of coral reefs (which have often formed on sunken volcanoes).
Grandidier Channel
Grandidier Channel (65°35′S 64°45′W﻿ / ﻿65.583°S 64.750°W﻿ / -65.583; -64.750) is a navigable channel between the west coast of Graham Land, Antarctica, and the north end of the Biscoe Islands, extending from Penola Strait southwestward to the vicinity of Larrouy Island. It was first charted by the French Antarctic Expedition, 1903–05, and named by Jean-Baptiste Charcot for Alfred Grandidier, President of the Paris Geographical Society. Charcot applied the name to the entire body of water between the mainland and the Biscoe Islands but the name has since been restricted to the navigable portion described.

Cruising Grandidier Channel in January 2014

Iceberg in Grandidier Channel

Grandidier Channel

Nautical chart of Grandidier Channel

Grandidier Channel

Akademik Ioffe cruises Grandidier Channel in January 2014

Grandidier Channel in January 2014

MV Polar Star in Grandidier Channel, 2006

Biscoe Islands
Biscoe Islands is a series of islands, of which the principal ones are Renaud, Lavoisier (named Serrano by Chile and Mitre by Argentina), Watkins, Krogh, Pickwick and Rabot, lying parallel to the west coast of Graham Land and extending 150 km (81 nmi) between Southwind Passage on the northeast and Matha Strait on the southwest. Another group of islands are the Adolph Islands.

The islands are named for John Biscoe, the commander of an English expedition which explored the islands in March 1832.
David B. Wong
David Wong is an American philosopher. He is the Susan Fox Beischer and George D. Beischer Professor of Philosophy at Duke University. Wong has done work in ethics, moral psychology, comparative ethics, and Chinese philosophy.  He is known for his defense of a version of moral relativism.

Wong earned his Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1977 under the supervision of Gilbert Harman and his Bachelor of Arts degree from Macalester College in 1971.

He is the author of the book Natural Moralities: A Defense of Pluralistic Relativism, published in 2006.

Macalester College
Macalester College (/məˈkælɪstər/ mə-KAL-iss-tər) is a private liberal arts college in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States. Founded in 1874, Macalester is exclusively an undergraduate institution with an enrollment of 2,068 students in the fall of 2025. The college has Scottish and Presbyterian roots and emphasizes internationalism and multiculturalism.

In 2023, the college offered 39 majors, 40 minors, and 11 concentrations. Students also have the option to design their own major. Macalester's sports teams compete in the NCAA Division III-level Minnesota Intercollegiate Athletic Conference. The college's 60-acre main campus is bordered by Summit Avenue to the north and St. Clair Avenue to the south. The 300-acre Ordway Field Station, a nature reserve and research station, is on the outskirts of the Twin Cities, along the Mississippi River.
Jason Zada
Jason Zada is an American film director, music video director, screenwriter and digital marketeer, best known for Elf Yourself, an interactive viral holiday season campaign for OfficeMax, and for Take This Lollipop, an interactive horror short film created to raise awareness of the danger of placing too much personal information online.

Interaction model
In the context of e-learning, interactivity is defined as "the function of input required by the learner while responding to the computer, the analysis of those responses by the computer, and the nature of the action by the computer."
I Fell in the Water
"I Fell in the Water" is a song written by Jerry Salley and Jeff Stevens, and recorded by American country music artist John Anderson.  It was released in August 1993 as the second single from his album Solid Ground.  The song reached number 13 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in November 1993.

Solid Ground (John Anderson album)
Solid Ground is the thirteenth studio album by American country music artist John Anderson. It was released in 1993 under BNA Records. The album includes the singles "Money in the Bank" (his final Number One hit), I've Got It Made", "I Fell in the Water", and "I Wish I Could Have Been There". Also included is "Bad Love Gone Good", which was written by Dave Robbins, Van Stephenson, and Henry Paul, who comprised the band BlackHawk at the time. They later recorded this song on their 1995 album Strong Enough.
Dušan Petrović Šane
Dušan Petrović Šane (Serbian Cyrillic: Душан Петровић Шане; 28 June 1914 – 21 June 1977) was a Yugoslav communist soldier and politician who served as President of Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Serbia from 1963 to 1967.

A Partisan officer from World War II, Petrović was also a Hero of Socialist Labour and a People's Hero of Yugoslavia.

Socialist Republic of Serbia
The Socialist Republic of Serbia (Serbo-Croatian: Социјалистичка Република Србија / Socijalistička Republika Srbija), previously known as the People's Republic of Serbia (Serbo-Croatian: Народна Република Србија / Narodna Republika Srbija, lit. 'National Republic of Serbia'), commonly abbreviated as Republic of Serbia, SR Serbia or simply Serbia, was one of the six constituent republics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in what is now the modern day states of Serbia and the disputed territory of Kosovo. Its formation was initiated in 1941, and achieved in 1944–1946, when it was established as a federated republic within Yugoslavia. In that form, it lasted until the constitutional reforms from 1990 to 1992, when it was reconstituted, as the Republic of Serbia within the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. It was the largest constituent republic of Yugoslavia, in terms of population and territory. Its capital, Belgrade, was also the federal capital of Yugoslavia.
Enrico Lazzarotto
Enrico Lazzarotto (born 14 January 1973 in Bassano del Grappa) is an Italian slalom canoeist who competed from the early 1990s to the mid-2000s.

He won a gold medal in the K1 team event at the 2000 European Championships in Mezzana.

He finished 14th in the K1 event at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney.

Bassano del Grappa
Bassano del Grappa (Venetian: Basan or Bassan, pronounced [baˈsaŋ]) is a city and comune, in the Vicenza province, in the region of Veneto, in northern Italy. It bounds the communes of Cassola, Marostica, Solagna, Pove del Grappa, Romano d'Ezzelino, Valbrenta, Lusiana Conco, Rosà, Cartigliano and Nove. Some neighbourhoods of these communes have become in practice a part of the urban area of Bassano, so that the population of the whole conurbation totals around 70,000 people.

The 16th-century painter Jacopo Bassano was born, worked, and died in Bassano, and took the town name as his own surname.
Sayed Maqsood Hashemi
Sayed Maqsood Hashemi is an Afghan footballer who has played for Ordu Kabul F.C. in Afghanistan, as well as Afghanistan national football team. He has 2 goals. He wears number 6 and plays as a defensive midfielder.

Ordu Kabul F.C.
Ordu Kabul Football Club was a professional football team based in Kabul, Afghanistan. The club last competed in Kabul Premier League, the first domestic football club league in the country. Ordu FC became champions twice, in 2006 and 2007. In 2009, they got a new ground, Melat Stadium.
Caminito (song)
"Caminito" is a tango with music composed in 1926 by Juan de Dios Filiberto (music) and lyrics by Gabino Coria Peñaloza (lyrics). It was initially recorded by Carlos Gardel but gained popularity through a performance by Ignacio Corsini.

The lyrics of the song—written before the music—are inspired by the Caminito de Olta, a rural path in the town of Olta, in what is now the General Belgrano Department, in the province of La Rioja. It was part of an old rural path that led from the town to the nearby village of Loma Blanca. The music, on the other hand, is inspired by the Caminito in the La Boca neighborhood of Buenos Aires.

It is considered the third most famous tango in the world, after La cumparsita and El choclo. It has been performed by artists of many different styles and nationalities, with a notable version by The Three Tenors.

Tango music
Tango (/ˈtæŋɡoʊ/ or /ˈtɑːŋɡoʊ/; Spanish pronunciation: [ˈtaŋgo]) is a style of music in 24 or 44 time that originated in Uruguay and Argentina among European immigrants in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It has mainly Spanish, Italian, Gaucho, African, and French cultural roots. It is traditionally played on a solo guitar, guitar duo, or an ensemble, known as the orquesta típica, which includes at least two violins, flute, piano, double bass, and at least two bandoneóns. Sometimes guitars and a clarinet join the ensemble. Tango may be purely instrumental or may include a vocalist. Tango music and dance have become popular throughout the world.
Alfred Wood (footballer)
Alfred Spedding Wood (born 29 June 1879, date of death unknown) was an English professional footballer who played as a centre forward.

Wood was born in Workington, Cumberland in June 1879. He began his career at Blackpool, but did not make any League appearances in his one season with the club. He joined fellow Football League Second Division side Burnley in June 1905 and made his Clarets debut on 25 December in place of the unavailable Dick Smith. He scored in the 4–1 win against his former club Blackpool. Wood made four further appearances for the club, but failed to get on the scoresheet again. His final Burnley match came on 28 April 1906, the last day of the 1905–06 season, in the 1–3 defeat away at Stockport County. Wood left Burnley in May 1906 and returned to his hometown club, Workington.

Cumberland
Cumberland (/ˈkʌmbərlənd/ KUM-bər-lənd) is an area of North West England which was historically a county. The county was bordered by Northumberland to the north-east, County Durham to the east, Westmorland to the south-east, Lancashire to the south, and the Scottish counties of Dumfriesshire and Roxburghshire to the north. The county included the city of Carlisle, part of the Lake District and North Pennines, and the Solway Firth coastline.

Cumberland had an administrative function from the 12th century until 1974, when it was subsumed into Cumbria with Westmorland as well as parts of Yorkshire and Lancashire. It gives its name to the unitary authority area of Cumberland, which has similar boundaries but excludes Penrith.
Frank Walker (musicologist)
Frank Walker (June 10, 1907, Gosport – February 25, 1962, Tring) was an English musicologist and biographer. He was an authority on the composer Hugo Wolf and his book Hugo Wolf: A Biography  was published by J. M. Dent in 1951. It was later re-published by Alfred A. Knopf in 1968 and Princeton University Press in 1992. Walker also wrote a biography on Giuseppe Verdi, The Man Verdi, which was published by Alfred A. Knopf in 1962; the year that Walker died of suicide. Walker also contributed essays and other scholarly works to various periodicals, including Music & Letters, The Monthly Musical Record, Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association, Musical Quarterly, and The Musical Times. Many of his publications focused on Neapolitan music and aspects of early Italian music.

The Musical Quarterly
The Musical Quarterly is the oldest academic journal on music in America. Originally established in 1915 by Oscar Sonneck, the journal was edited by Sonneck until his death in 1928. Sonneck was succeeded by a number of editors, including Carl Engel (1930–1944), Gustave Reese (1944–45), Paul Henry Lang (1945–1973), Joan Peyser (1977–1984), and Eric Salzman (1984–1991).

Since 1993, The Musical Quarterly has been edited by Leon Botstein, president of Bard College and principal conductor of the American Symphony Orchestra. Originally published by G. Schirmer, Inc., it is now published by Oxford University Press.
OurTunes
ourTunes is a cross-platform Java-based file sharing client which allows users to connect to iTunes and share MP3 and AAC music files over a local area subnetwork. ourTunes v1.3.3 has been downloaded over 3,000,000 times.

The current version of ourTunes, v1.7g, works with all versions of iTunes up to at least iTunes 7 on Mac OS X and iTunes 11.02 on Microsoft Windows operating systems.

Local area network
A local area network (LAN) is a computer network that interconnects computers within a limited area such as a residence, campus, or building, and has its network equipment and interconnects locally managed. LANs facilitate the distribution of data and sharing network devices, such as printers.

The LAN contrasts the wide area network (WAN), which not only covers a larger geographic distance, but also generally involves leased telecommunication circuits or Internet links. An even greater contrast is the Internet, which is a system of globally connected business and personal computers.

Ethernet and Wi-Fi are the two most common technologies used for local area networks; historical network technologies include ARCNET, Token Ring, and LocalTalk.