hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Defensible space theory
The defensible space theory of architect and city planner Oscar Newman encompasses ideas about crime prevention and neighborhood safety. Newman argues that architectural and environmental design plays a crucial part in increasing or reducing criminality. The theory was developed in the early 1970s, and he wrote his first book on the topic, Defensible Space, in 1972.  The book contains a study from New York that pointed out that higher crime rate existed in high-rise housing projects than in low-rise complexes. This, he concluded, was because residents felt no control or personal responsibility for an area occupied by so many people.  Throughout his study, Newman focused on explaining his ideas on social control, crime prevention, and public health in relation to community design.

Social control
Social control is the regulations, sanctions, mechanisms, and systems that restrict the behaviour of individuals in accordance with social norms and orders. Through both informal and formal means, individuals and groups exercise social control both internally and externally. As an area of social science, social control is studied by researchers of various fields, including anthropology, criminology, law, political science, and sociology.

Social control is considered one of the foundations of social order. Sociologists identify two basic forms of social control. Informal means of control refer to the internalization of norms and values through socialization. Formal means comprise external sanctions enforced by government to prevent the establishment of chaos or anomie in society. Some theorists, such as Émile Durkheim, refer to formal control as regulation.
Tarrywile Park
Tarrywile Park is a large municipal park in the city of Danbury, Connecticut.  The park consists of 722 acres (292 ha) of rolling hills with woodlands, fields, and ponds.  It also includes the Tarrywile Mansion, probably the finest Shingle Style house in the city.  The house and its 11-acre (4.5 ha) property, including a gatehouse, carriagehouse, and greenhouse, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.  The park also includes Hearthstone Castle, an 1895 castle-like summer house that is in poor condition.

The park has a variety of trails, and is open for hiking, picnicking, and other outdoor activities.  The mansion can be toured by appointment, and is rentable for private functions.

Shingle style architecture
The shingle style is an American architectural style made popular by the rise of the New England school of architecture, which eschewed the highly ornamented patterns of the Eastlake style in Queen Anne architecture. In the shingle style, English influence was combined with the renewed interest in Colonial American architecture which followed the 1876 celebration of the Centennial. The plain, shingled surfaces of colonial buildings were adopted, and their massing emulated.

Aside from being a style of design, the style also conveyed a sense of the house as continuous volume. This effect—of the building as an envelope of space, rather than a great mass, was enhanced by the visual tautness of the flat shingled surfaces, the horizontal shape of many shingle style houses, and the emphasis on horizontal continuity, both in exterior details and in the flow of spaces within the houses.
Tight span
In metric geometry, the metric envelope or tight span of a metric space M is an injective metric space into which M can be embedded. In some sense it consists of all points "between" the points of M, analogous to the convex hull of a point set in a Euclidean space. The tight span is also sometimes known as the injective envelope or hyperconvex hull of M. It has also been called the injective hull, but should not be confused with the injective hull of a module in algebra, a concept with a similar description relative to the category of R-modules rather than metric spaces.

The tight span was first described by Isbell (1964), and it was studied and applied by Holsztyński in the 1960s. It was later independently rediscovered by Dress (1984) and Chrobak & Larmore (1994); see Chepoi (1997) for this history. The tight span is one of the central constructions of T-theory.

Injective hull
In mathematics, particularly in algebra, the injective hull (or injective envelope) of a module is both the smallest injective module containing it and the largest essential extension of it.  Injective hulls were first described in (Eckmann & Schopf 1953).
Rtiče
Rtiče (pronounced [əɾˈtiːtʃɛ]; in older sources also Artiče, formerly Sveti Bric, German: Sankt Brizi) is a settlement west of Podkum in the Municipality of Zagorje ob Savi in central Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Central Sava Statistical Region.

Municipality of Zagorje ob Savi
The Municipality of Zagorje ob Savi (pronounced [zaˈɡoːɾjɛ ɔp ˈsaːʋi]; Slovene: Občina Zagorje ob Savi) is a municipality in central Slovenia. The seat of the municipality is the town of Zagorje ob Savi. The area is part of the traditional region of Upper Carniola. The entire municipality is now included in the Central Sava Statistical Region. The population of the municipality is about 17,000.

Archaeological evidence shows that the area was already settled in the Late Bronze Age and Iron Age.
Diocese of Périgueux
The Diocese of Périgueux and Sarlat (Latin: Dioecesis Petrocoricensis et Sarlatensis; French: Diocèse de Périgueux et Sarlat) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in France. Its episcopal see is Périgueux, in the département of Dordogne, in the région of Aquitaine. The Diocese of Périgueux is a suffragan diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Bordeaux. The current bishop is Philippe Mousset, who was appointed in 2014.

Aquitaine
Aquitaine (UK: /ˌækwɪˈteɪn/, US: /ˈækwɪteɪn/; French: [akitɛn] ⓘ; Occitan: Aquitània [akiˈtanjɔ]; Basque: Akitania; Poitevin-Saintongeais: Aguiéne), archaic Guyenne or Guienne (Occitan: Guiana), is a historical region of southwestern France and a former administrative region. Since 1 January 2016 it has been part of the administrative region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. It is situated in the southwest corner of metropolitan France, along the Atlantic Ocean and the Pyrenees mountain range on the border with Spain. It is composed of five departments: Dordogne, Lot-et-Garonne, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, Landes, and Gironde. The Romans established Gallia Aquitania as a province. In the Middle Ages, Aquitaine was a kingdom and a duchy whose boundaries fluctuated considerably. For most of Aquitaine's written history, Bordeaux has been a vital port and administrative centre.
Varietease
Varietease is a 1954 American burlesque film and the first such directed by Irving Klaw.  According to its plot, the iconic pin-up model Bettie Page performs a burlesque show alongside Lili St. Cyr, Chris La Chris, Vicki Lynn, Bobby Shields, and others.

Pin-up model
A pin-up model is a model whose mass-produced pictures and photographs have wide appeal within the popular culture of a society. Pin-up models are usually glamour, actresses, or fashion models whose pictures are intended for informal and aesthetic display, known for being pinned onto a wall. From the 1940s, pictures of pin-up girls were also known as cheesecake in the U.S.

The term pin-up refers to drawings, paintings, and photographs of semi-nude women and was first attested to in English in 1941. Images of pin-up girls were published in magazines and newspapers. They were also displayed on postcards, lithographs, and calendars. The counterpart of the pin-up girl is the male pin-up, also known as beefcake, including celebrated actors and athletes such as the actor James Dean, the singer Jim Morrison, and the model Fabio.
Otago rugby league team
The Otago Rugby League Team are New Zealand rugby league team that represents the Otago Rugby League. They are known as the Whalers. In the past they have been nicknamed the Storm, the Raiders and the 45er's.

Caledonian Ground
The Caledonian Ground, often simply known as "The Caley", is a major sports venue in the New Zealand city of Dunedin. It is primarily used for football (soccer) and athletics, and has a capacity of 7,500.
Kennst du die Stars
"Kennst du die Stars" (German: "Do you know the Stars") is the third single by German rapper Bushido featuring comedian Oliver Pocher, from his album, Heavy Metal Payback. The song based on a hip-hop beat and a horns loop.

Detlef Soost
Detlef Soost (born 2 July 1970), also using the name D! (formerly Dee!), most often called Detlef D! Soost, is a German television personality, dancer and choreographer who gained recognition as one of the jury members of the German talent show Popstars.
Hypostomus alatus
Hypostomus alatus is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the basin of the Das Velhas River, which itself is part of the São Francisco River basin in the coastal drainage of eastern Brazil. It is also known to occur in Argentina and Uruguay. The species reaches 28.8 cm (11.3 inches) SL.

Loricariidae
Loricariidae is the largest family of catfish (order Siluriformes), with over 90 genera and just over 680 species. Loricariids originate from freshwater habitats of Costa Rica, Panama, and tropical and subtropical South America. These fish are noted for the bony plates covering their bodies and their suckermouths. Several genera are sold as "plecos", notably the suckermouth catfish, Hypostomus plecostomus, and are popular as aquarium fish.
Pan Pacific
Pan Pacific or Pan Pac can refer to:

Pan-Pacific Auditorium, a former auditorium in Los Angeles

Pan-Pacific Championship, an association football championship, begun in 2008

Pan Pac Forest Products Ltd, a forestry company based in New Zealand

Pan Pacific Hotels and Resorts

Pan Pacific Swimming Championships, begun in 1985

Toray Pan Pacific Open, a WTA Tour affiliated professional tennis tournament for women

Pan Pacific International Holdings (PPIH), the Japan-based parent company of Don Quijote, Marukai Corporation U.S.A., and Times Supermarkets

Pan Pac Forest Products Ltd
39°22′41″S 176°53′24″E﻿ / ﻿39.378°S 176.890°E﻿ / -39.378; 176.890

Pan Pac Forest Products Ltd is a forest products company based at Whirinaki, near Napier, New Zealand. The company includes forestry operations, manufacturing and sales of wood pulp and lumber products, employing approximately 360 staff. Originally majority-owned by a New Zealand company and producing mechanical pulp, it is now wholly owned by a Japanese company and producing thermo-mechanical pulp.
Yucca Theater (Midland, Texas)
The Yucca Theater is a theatre in Midland, Texas. In 1927, oilman and former Montana senator Thomas S. Hogan announced plans to build a theatre to complement the nearby Petroleum Building.  Opened in 1929, the Yucca Theatre started as a movie and vaudeville house. The theatre is a Texas historic landmark. The Summer Mummers is a yearly production presented at the Yucca, and runs on Friday and Saturday nights from the first weekend in June to Labor Day weekend. There are typically 30 performances each summer.  The show comprises a locally written melodrama, followed by the olio.

Olio (musical number)
An olio is a vaudeville number, a short dance or song, or a set of same, performed as an encore after the performance of a dramatic play. The term can also refer to a set of such performances, or to the curtain used during the set.
Albert von Schrenck-Notzing
Albert Freiherr von Schrenck-Notzing (18 May 1862 – 12 February 1929) was a German physician, psychiatrist and notable psychical researcher, who devoted his time to the study of paranormal events connected with mediumship, hypnotism and telepathy. He investigated Spiritualist mediums such as Willi Schneider, Rudi Schneider, and Valentine Dencausse. Prior to his exposure as a fraud, Schrenk-Notzig would entertain famous and prestigious clients, including Elisabeth Petznek, the daughter of the late Crown Prince Rudolf von Habsburg He is credited as the first forensic psychologist by Guinness World Records.

Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria
Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria (Rudolf Franz Karl Josef; 21 August 1858 – 30 January 1889) was the only son and third child of Emperor Franz Joseph I and Empress Elisabeth of Austria. He was heir apparent to the imperial throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire from birth. In 1889, he died in a suicide pact with his mistress Baroness Mary Vetsera at the Mayerling hunting lodge. The ensuing scandal made international headlines.
Sickles Tavern
Sickles Tavern, also known as Hickory Inn, is a historic inn and tavern located near Wayland, Clark County, Missouri. It was built about 1846, and is a two-story, rectangular, vernacular frame dwelling with full basement and attic.  It is an example of a "two-thirds house" - a two-story structure one room wide and two rooms deep, with an end hallway.  During the 19th century, it is believed that the house was a tavern
and stopping place for the mail and passenger coaches passing from Iowa into Kansas and beyond.: 5, 7

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

Tavern
A tavern is a type of business where people gather to drink alcoholic beverages and be served food such as different types of roast meats and cheese, and (mostly historically) where travelers would receive lodging. An inn is a tavern that has a licence to put up guests as lodgers. The word derives from the Latin taberna whose original meaning was a shed, workshop, stall, or pub.

Over time, the words "tavern" and "inn" became interchangeable and synonymous. In England, inns started to be referred to as public houses or pubs and the term became standard for all drinking houses.
Artur Vallner
Artur Vallner (18 October 1887 Tallinn – 1939 (or 4 November 1937)) was an Estonian educator and politician.

In 1917 he was Chairman of Estonian Provincial Assembly. Vallner was executed during the Great Purge.

Estonian Provincial Assembly
The Estonian Provincial Assembly or Estonian State Diet, also known by its Estonian language name Maapäev, was elected in May–June 1917 during the Russian Revolution as the provincial parliament (diet) of the autonomous Governorate of Estonia. On 28 November 1917, after the Bolshevik coup in Petrograd (then Saint Petersburg, capital of Russia), the Assembly declared itself the sole sovereign power in the governorate of Estonia and called for the elections of Estonian Constituent Assembly. On the eve of the German occupation of Estonia during World War I the council of elders the Maapäev elected the Estonian Salvation Committee, who went on to issue the Estonian Declaration of Independence on 24 February 1918.
A Glass of Beer
A Glass of Beer (Hungarian: Egy pikoló világos) is a 1955 Hungarian comedy film directed by Félix Máriássy and starring Éva Ruttkai, Tibor Bitskey and Elma Bulla. It is also known as A Half Pint of Beer.

Cinema of Hungary
Hungary has had a cinema industry since the beginning of the 20th century including Hungarians  within and beyond the country's borders. Directors include István Szabó, Béla Tarr, and Miklós Jancsó. Producer William Fox and Adolph Zukor, the founders of Fox Studios and Paramount Pictures respectively, and Alexander Korda, who played a leading role in the early period of British cinema had Hungarian roots. Examples of successful Hungarian films include Merry-go-round, Mephisto, Werckmeister Harmonies and Kontroll.
Sker House
Sker House is a historic building in Wales. Originally built as a monastic grange of the Cistercian order over 900 years ago, it is situated just outside the town of Porthcawl, near Bridgend. Little remains of the original structure and it was completely rebuilt in the late sixteenth century. Its residential form appears to have been determined by the preceding monastic grange.

The house is largely famous as the basis of R. D. Blackmore's book The Maid of Sker, the 1955 novel Sker House by Ronald Welch, as well as the 2014 video game Maid of Sker and it's sequel Sker Ritual.

R. D. Blackmore
Richard Doddridge Blackmore (7 June 1825 – 20 January 1900), known as R. D. Blackmore, was one of the most famous English novelists of the second half of the nineteenth century. He won acclaim for vivid descriptions and personification of the countryside, sharing with Thomas Hardy a Western England background and a strong sense of regional setting in his works.

Blackmore, often referred to as the "Last Victorian", was a pioneer of the movement in fiction that continued with Robert Louis Stevenson and others. He has been described as "proud, shy, reticent, strong-willed, sweet-tempered, and self-centred." Apart from his novel Lorna Doone, which has enjoyed continuing popularity, his work has gone out of print.

He was also a barrister, as per his census entry for 1881 in the National Census of England and Wales, at the age of 55, with his residence listed in Teddington, Middlesex.
Leonard W. Levy
Leonard Williams Levy (April 9, 1923 – August 24, 2006) was an American historian, the Andrew W. Mellon All-Claremont Professor of Humanities and chairman of the Graduate Faculty of History at the Claremont Graduate School, California, who specialized in the history of basic American constitutional freedoms.

Claremont Graduate University
The Claremont Graduate University (CGU) is a private postgraduate research university in Claremont, California, United States. Founded in 1925, CGU is a member of the Claremont Colleges consortium which includes five undergraduate and two graduate institutions of higher education.

The university is organized into seven separate units: the School of Arts & Humanities; School of Community & Global Health; Drucker School of Management; School of Educational Studies; the School of Social Science, Policy, & Evaluation; the Center for Information Systems & Technology; and the Institute of Mathematical Sciences. It is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity."
2006 Solomon Islands general election
General elections were held in the Solomon Islands on 5 April 2006. No party won more than four of the fifty seats, while thirty seats went to independent candidates. A number of those subsequently formed an Association of Independent Members of Parliament, with Snyder Rini as their leader. Rini was elected prime minister by Parliament on 18 April, amidst "widespread street protests" in Honiara, which caused particular damage in the city's Chinatown. Rioters "alleged corruption and insisted that Mr. Rini had been unfairly favouring Chinese businessmen". While the riots ceased with the arrival of Australian and New Zealand peacekeeping troops the next day, the opposition soon lodged a motion of no confidence in Rini's premiership. Rini resigned on 26 April, having been Prime Minister for just eight days. Opposition parties united in a coalition and succeeded in having Manasseh Sogavare, of the Solomon Islands Social Credit Party, elected Prime Minister on 4 May.

Prime Minister of Solomon Islands
The prime minister of Solomon Islands is Solomon Islands' head of government, as elected by the National Parliament. Jeremiah Manele has served as the Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands since May 2024.

Solomon Islands is a Commonwealth realm; the functions of the head of state are performed on behalf of the monarch of Solomon Islands by the governor-general of Solomon Islands, who is nominated by Parliament.

The prime minister's official residence is Red House in Honiara.
Adonis Durado
Adonis Durado is a Filipino poet, visual journalist, and graphic designer of Cebuano descent. His poetry collection "Who Steps Upon is Stepped Upon" was awarded the 2023 Philippine National Book Awards. He was born in 1975 in Cebu City, Philippines. He is a fine arts graduate from the University of San Carlos. In 2017, he received the Knight Fellowship from the School of Visual Communication at Ohio University. He is currently an associate professor at the School of Visual Communication within Ohio University's Scripps College of Communication.

Cebuano people
The Cebuano people (Cebuano: Bisaya) are the largest subgroup of the larger ethnolinguistic group Visayans. They constitute the largest Filipino ethnolinguistic group in the country. They originate from the region of Central Visayas, including Cebu, Siquijor, Bohol, Negros Oriental, western and southern Leyte, western Samar, Masbate, and (from recent migrations) large parts of Mindanao.

In general, "Cebuano" is a demonym that refers to the native speakers of the Cebuano language in various regions in the Philippine archipelago. In the narrower definition, Cebuano (Cebuano: Sugbuanon) refers to the native inhabitants of Cebu Island.
Racha uezd
The Racha uezd was a county (uezd) of the Kutaisi Governorate of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. It bordered the Terek Oblast to the north, the Lechkhumi uezd to the west, the Kutaisi and Shorapani uezds to the south, and the Gori uezd of the Tiflis Governorate to the east. The area of the uezd corresponded to most of the contemporary Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti region of Georgia. The administrative centre of the Racha uezd was Oni.

Gori uezd
The Gori uezd was a county (uezd) of the Tiflis Governorate of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire, and then of Democratic Republic of Georgia, with its administrative center in Gori. The area of the county roughly corresponded to the contemporary Shida Kartli region of Georgia.
Peter Ronson
Peter Ronson (April 22, 1934 – January 16, 2007), born Pétur Rögnvaldsson, was an Icelandic-born athlete and actor.

He competed in the 110 metres hurdles at the 1960 Summer Olympics. As an actor, he played Hans Bjelke and was credited as a technical adviser in the 1959 film adaptation of Journey to the Center of the Earth.

He had two sons, Brian and Stephen, with his wife Marie, and three children from a previous relationship, Lisa, Pétur Jr., and Kristine. He died of natural causes in 2007 in Orange County, California.

Technical advisor
In film production, a technical advisor is someone who advises the director on the convincing portrayal of a subject. The advisor's expertise adds realism both to the acting and to the setting of a movie.

Nipo T. Strongheart was a noted technical advisor on several movies dealing with Native Americans.
Pedro Passos Coelho
Pedro Manuel Mamede Passos Coelho (European Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈpeðɾu mɐˈnwɛl mɐˈmɛðɨ ˈpasuʃ ˈkwɐʎu]; born 24 July 1964) is a Portuguese politician and university guest lecturer who was the 
117th prime minister of Portugal, in office from 2011 to 2015. He was the leader of the Social Democratic Party (PSD) between 2010 and 2018.

Passos Coelho started very early in politics and was the national leader of the youth branch of PSD. He led the XIX Governo Constitucional (19th Constitutional Government of Portugal) and the XX Governo Constitucional (20th Constitutional Government of Portugal) as head of government from 21 June 2011 to 26 November 2015. His term in office oversaw the application of the European troika bailout to Portugal (requested by the previous Prime Minister, José Sócrates of the Socialist Party) and was marked by a wave of widespread austerity in both Portugal and abroad.

Troika (European group)
The Troika is a term used to refer to the single decision group created by three entities, the European Commission (EC), the European Central Bank (ECB) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). It was formed due to the European debt crisis as an ad hoc authority with a mandate to manage the bailouts of Cyprus, Greece, Ireland and Portugal, in the aftermath of their prospective insolvency caused by the 2008 financial crisis.

Earlier, "troika" had been used as the designation of a triumvirate that represented the European Union in its foreign relations, in particular concerning its common foreign and security policy (CFSP), until the Treaty of Lisbon was ratified in 2009.