hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Yam (route)
The yam or jam (Russian: ям), also called the örtöö (Mongolian: өртөө, lit. 'checkpoint'), was a Mongol postal system or supply point route messenger system. It was extensively used and expanded by Ögedei Khan and also used by subsequent khans and great khans.

Relay stations provided food, shelter and spare horses for Mongol army messengers. Ögedei Khan gave special attention to the yam because Mongol armies travelled quickly; their messengers had to be even faster, and they covered 200–300 kilometres (120–190 mi) per day. The system was used to speed up the process of information and intelligence.

The system was preserved in Russia after the disintegration of the Golden Horde in the 15th century.

Courier
A courier is a person or organization that delivers a message, package or letter from one place or person to another place or person. Typically, a courier provides their courier service on a commercial contract basis; however, some couriers are government or state agency employees (for example: a diplomatic courier).
Georgia Burke
Georgia Burke (February 27, 1878 — November 28, 1985) was an American actress who had performed on television, radio, and Broadway theatre between the 1930s and the 1960s. In 1934 Burke made her debut in Broadway in They Shall Not Die, and in 1944 she won a Donaldson Award as the third choice for Best Supporting Actress in Edward Chodorov's play, Decision. Burke had performed in the 1952 U.S. State Department-sponsored international production of Porgy and Bess and had taken a role as a nurse in the radio program When a Girl Marries, which had been broadcast for 18 years. She had also performed in the 1944 Broadway production of Anna Lucasta and its second film counterpart in 1958.

Burke has been credited as one of the early appearances of the "stereotyped humorous black maid" in entertainment since her appearance in the radio soap opera Betty and Bob.

She died in 1985 at the age of 107, at the De Witt Nursing Home in Manhattan.

Blackbirds of 1928
Blackbirds of 1928 was a hit Broadway musical revue that starred Adelaide Hall, Bill Bojangles Robinson, Tim Moore and Aida Ward, with music by Jimmy McHugh and lyrics by Dorothy Fields. It contained the hit songs "Diga Diga Do", the duo's first hit, "I Can't Give You Anything But Love", "Bandanna Babies" and "I Must Have That Man" all sung by Hall.
Kentish Council
Kentish Council is a local government body in Tasmania, situated in the north-west of the state, to the south and inland from Devonport. Kentish is classified as a rural local government area and has a population of 6,324, the major towns of the municipality are Sheffield, Railton and Wilmot.

Sheffield, Tasmania
Sheffield is a town 23 kilometres (14 mi) inland from Devonport, a city on the north-west coast of Tasmania. Sheffield has long been the rural hub for the Mount Roland area. The Sheffield area is well known for its high quality butterfat production via dairy farming. The district is also suitable for lamb and beef production. The town of Railton is nearby. At the 2021 census, Sheffield had a population of 1,602.
Benington High Wood
Benington High Wood is a 20.7-hectare (51-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Benington, Hertfordshire. The planning authority is East Hertfordshire District Council.

The site is ancient woodland, described by Natural England as "one of the best remaining examples in the county of the pedunculate oak-hornbeam of the ash-maple variety". Shrub species include field maple and hazel, with a higher ground flora diversity in clearings and rides.

There is access from a footpath between Walkern Road and Lordship Farm.

East Hertfordshire
East Hertfordshire is one of ten local government districts in Hertfordshire, England. Its council is based in Hertford, the county town of Hertfordshire. The largest town in the district is Bishop's Stortford, and the other main towns are Ware, Buntingford and Sawbridgeworth. At the 2011 Census, the population of the district was 137,687. By area it is the largest of the ten local government districts in Hertfordshire. The district borders North Hertfordshire, Stevenage, Welwyn Hatfield and Broxbourne in Hertfordshire, and Epping Forest, Harlow and Uttlesford in Essex.

In the 2006 edition of Channel 4's "Best and Worst Places to Live in the UK", East Hertfordshire was rated the seventh-best district to live in. In 2012, East Hertfordshire came ninth in Halifax bank's annual survey of most desirable places to live. It came first in this survey in 2020.
Frederick Garling
Frederick Garling (17 February 1775 – 2 May 1848) was an English attorney and solicitor, and was one of the first solicitors admitted in Australia and was regarded as the first senior solicitor of the second Supreme Court established in the colony of New South Wales. Garling is recognised as being one of the first Crown Solicitors in Australia.

Supreme Court of New South Wales
The Supreme Court of New South Wales is the highest state court of the Australian state of New South Wales. It has unlimited jurisdiction within the state in civil matters, and hears the most serious criminal matters. Whilst the Supreme Court is the highest New South Wales court in the Australian court hierarchy, an appeal by special leave can be made to the High Court of Australia.

Matters of appeal can be submitted to the New South Wales Court of Appeal and Court of Criminal Appeal, both of which are constituted by members of the Supreme Court, in the case of the Court of Appeal from those who have been commissioned as judges of appeal.

The Supreme Court consists of 52 permanent judges, including the Chief Justice of New South Wales, currently Andrew Bell, the President of the Court of Appeal, 10 Judges of Appeal, the Chief Judge at Common Law, and the Chief Judge in Equity.

The Supreme Court's central location is the Law Courts Building in Queen's Square, Sydney.
Circinaria calcarea
Circinaria calcarea is a species of crustose lichen in the family Megasporaceae. It was first described as a new species by Carl Linnaeus in his 1753 work Species Plantarum. Linnaeus named it Lichen calcareus, as he classified all lichens in the eponymously named genus. The species has had an extensive taxonomic history, resulting in dozens of synonyms. In 2010, it was placed in its current genus, Circinaria, following molecular phylogenetic analysis of the Megasporaceae.

Circinaria calcarea has a cosmopolitan distribution, having been recorded from the Arctic, Asia, Australasia, Europe, Oceania, Central America, South America, and North America. It is a saxicolous lichen, and grows on calcareous, calciferous, and basic rock.

Calciferous sandstone
Calciferous sandstone is an obsolete geological term relating to strata at the base of the Carboniferous formation, below the coal measures. The rocks of this formation are now considered part of the Inverclyde Group and Strathclyde Group.

Typically this geological sequence, as in the Touch Hills and Fintry Hills to the west of Stirling contains a mixture of lavas and sedimentary rocks, including sandstone and mudstone, and lies unconformably on top of older Devonian strata.
Volusia County Schools
Volusia County Schools is the public school district for Volusia County, Florida, United States. The district serves the 16 cities of Daytona Beach, DeBary, DeLand, DeLeon Springs, Deltona, Edgewater, Enterprise, Holly Hill, Lake Helen, New Smyrna Beach, Oak Hill, Orange City, Ormond Beach, Osteen, Pierson, and Port Orange. It is the 57th largest school district in the United States and serves approximately 63,000 students. The district is composed of 45 elementary schools, 12 middle schools, and 9 high schools. In addition there are 8 alternative schools, 7 charter schools, 1 combination schools (6-12), and 1 district virtual instruction program. The district is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools/AdvancED.

Edgewater, Volusia County, Florida
Edgewater is a city in Volusia County, Florida, United States, situated along the Indian River North, adjacent to the Mosquito Lagoon. It is a part of the Deltona–Daytona Beach–Ormond Beach, FL metropolitan statistical area. As of the 2020 US census, the city had a population of 23,097.

A settlement in the area was established by John Milton Hawks. It was incorporated in 1915 as the Town of Hawks Park, and kept the name Hawks Park until 1924, when the Florida Legislature renamed it as the City of Edgewater.
Coșula Monastery
Coșula Monastery is a monastery of monks located in the village of Coșula (in Botoșani County), at a distance of 20 kilometers southeast of Botoșani city. This is reached by walking 3 km on a county road on the right DN 28 B. Coșula Monastery dates from the year 1535, when the great treasurer Mateiaș built a monastic complex here. The Coșula monastery was the only one in Botosani county that also had the painted exterior. It is also known for its 500-year-old fresco and the legendary Yellow Coșula. On the fresco are represented the scene of Pentecost and the "Savior's Cross".

It is listed as a historic monument by Romania's Ministry of Culture and National Identity.

Botoșani
Botoșani (Romanian pronunciation: [botoˈʃanʲ] ⓘ) is the capital city of Botoșani County, in the northern part of Moldavia, Romania. Today, it is best known as the birthplace of many celebrated Romanians, including Mihai Eminescu, Nicolae Iorga and Grigore Antipa.
Lake Otún
Lake Otún (Laguna del Otún) is a small lake in the Nevados National Park, in the Risaralda department of Colombia.  It located at an altitude of 3,900 m over an extinct crater and has an area of 1.5 square kilometres.  The lake is of glacial origin and is fed by meltwaters of the Nevado Santa Isabel.  Lake Otún is the source of the Otún River, which supplies drinking water to the cities of Pereira and Dosquebradas.

Lake Otún is an important breeding ground for several threatened or endangered bird species, including the Colombian torrent duck (Merganetta armata columbiana), the Colombian ruddy duck (Oxyura jamaicensis andina), the Andean teal (Anas andium) and the Andean snipe (Gallinago jamesoni).

Lake Otún contains a large population of rainbow trout, introduced for recreational fishing and a major attraction for visitors to the lake.

Jameson's snipe
Jameson's snipe (Gallinago jamesoni or Chubbia jamesoni) or the Andean snipe, is a small, stocky wader. It breeds in the Andes in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela. It appears to be entirely sedentary, with no evidence of migration.

It is sometimes considered conspecific with the Fuegian snipe, Gallinago stricklandii, which is also known as the Cordilleran snipe. The scientific name of the Jameson's snipe commemorates the Scottish botanist William Jameson.
Peter Mark
Peter Mark is an Irish hairdressing chain founded in June 1961 by brothers Peter and Mark Keaveney. The first shop they opened was on the first floor of 87 Grafton Street, Dublin. It opened a second salon at 72 Grafton Street in 1964, and a third at Stillorgan Shopping Centre in 1966. It opened its first unisex salon on North Earl Street, Dublin in 1970, and its first training school in 1971. By 1989, the business had 50 salons around the island of Ireland, which  grew to 69 by 2025. The company  operates is own hairdresser training schools, and recruits approximately 100 apprentices each year for its three-year training programme.

In 2019 their profits were reported to have increased. Following the 2020 Coronavirus pandemic, they increased prices and closed one branch. The business is still operated by members of the Keaveney family.

Hairdresser
A hairdresser is a person whose occupation is to cut or style hair in order to change or maintain a person's image. This is achieved using a combination of hair coloring, haircutting, and hair texturing techniques. A hairdresser may also be referred to as a 'barber' or 'hairstylist'.
Frank Chester Robertson
Frank Chester Robertson (January 12, 1890 – July 29, 1969) was an American author best known for his western novels.  He published over 150 hard cover books and countless other short stories, serials and newspaper articles. In later years, he also wrote a column for the Provo Herald called "The Chopping Block".

Daily Herald (Utah)
The Daily Herald is a daily newspaper that covers news and community events in Utah County, central Utah. Much of the coverage focuses on the Provo-Orem metropolitan area in Utah Valley.

The Daily Herald is owned by Ogden Newspapers. The paper has a daily circulation of 32,000, with a Thursday circulation of 42,000 and a Sunday circulation of 36,000, as of 2013. It also owns nine community publications in Utah and Sanpete counties.
Leptosphaerulina
Leptosphaerulina is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. 
The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class was unknown in 2007 until it was placed within the Didymellaceae family in the	Pleosporales order. The genus was first described by Australian plant pathologist Daniel McAlpine in 1902.

Situation: A range of cool season grasses.

Turf damage: Uniform yellow or brown lesions may extend down to the leaf sheath. Water-soaked lesions, which quickly fade to a bleached white, may also occur on the leaf blades.

Occurrence: Disease outbreaks can occur during warm, humid weather on fescue, ryegrass or bentgrass. Large turf areas become uniformly blighted or appear patchy with individual leaves dying back from the tip.

Didymellaceae
The Didymellaceae are a family of fungi in the order Pleosporales. They have a world-wide distribution.

Recent phylogenetic examination of some of the larger genera of the Pleosporales, particularly Phoma, has led to considerable reorganisation of the order, many of the species being placed in this family.

It was originally described including the genera Atradidymella, Boeremia, Chaetopyrena, Didymella, Endophoma, Leptosphaerulina, Macroventuria, Peyronellaea, Phoma, Platychora and Stagonosporopsis.

Atradidymella is now placed within Pleosporales order, and Endophoma (is unplaced).
1997 Westar Rules Grand Final
The 1997 Westar Rules Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the South Fremantle Football Club and the East Fremantle Football Club, on 21 September 1997 at Subiaco Oval, to determine the premier team of the Westar Rules (known previously and since as the West Australian Football League, WAFL) for the 1997 season. South Fremantle won the game by 6 points, 13.7 (85) to 11.13 (79), with David Hynes of South Fremantle winning the Simpson Medal as best on ground.

East Fremantle Football Club
The East Fremantle Football Club, nicknamed the Sharks and colloquially referred to as East Freo, is an Australian rules football club playing in the West Australian Football League (WAFL) and WAFL Women's (WAFLW). The team's home ground is East Fremantle Oval. East Fremantle is the most successful club in WAFL history, winning 30 premierships since their entry into the competition in 1898. East Fremantle's last premiership was in 2023, when they defeated Peel Thunder.
Karen Simpson Nikakis
Karen Simpson Nikakis, known commonly as K. S. Nikakis, is an Australian fantasy author, writer and poet who lives at Melton, who has written the fantasy novel The Whisper of Leaves (2007). She was nominated for an Aurealis Awards twice in 2020.

Melton, Victoria
Melton is a suburb on the outskirts of Melbourne, Victoria. The suburb is located 37 kilometres (23 mi) west of  Melbourne's Central Business District on the city's western rural-urban fringe. It is the administrative centre of the City of Melton local government area. As of the 2021 Australian census, the suburb has a population of 7,953.

Originally a country town along the Ballarat — Melbourne growth corridor, Melton was designated a satellite city of Melbourne in 1974. Along with the rest of the City of Melton, it forms a part of Greater Melbourne and counts as part of its population statistic. In 2023, Melbourne's significant urban area boundary was expanded to include Melton.

Like the overall local government area, Melton was named after Melton Mowbray in the United Kingdom.
Christian Siriano
Christian Vincent Siriano (born November 18, 1985) is an American fashion designer and member of the Council of Fashion Designers of America. Siriano first gained attention after winning the fourth season of American design competition show Project Runway in 2007, becoming the series' youngest winner. He launched his eponymous Christian Siriano collection in 2008, which brought in revenue of over $1.2 million by 2010 and was estimated to have reached $5 million by 2012.

Siriano was included in Time magazine's 100 Most Influential People of 2018.

Pejorative
A pejorative word, phrase, slur, or derogatory term is a word or grammatical form expressing a negative or disrespectful connotation, a low opinion, or a lack of respect toward someone or something. It is also used to express criticism, hostility, or disregard. Sometimes, a term is regarded as pejorative in some social or ethnic groups but not in others or may be originally pejorative but later adopt a non-pejorative sense (or vice versa) in some or all contexts.
Steel fibre-reinforced shotcrete
Steel fibre-reinforced shotcrete (SFRS) is shotcrete (spray concrete) with steel fibres added. It has higher tensile strength than unreinforced shotcrete and is quicker to apply than weldmesh reinforcement. It has often been used for tunnels.

Ultimate tensile strength
Ultimate tensile strength (also called UTS, tensile strength, TS, ultimate strength or  in notation) is the maximum stress that a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before breaking. In brittle materials, the ultimate tensile strength is close to the yield point, whereas in ductile materials, the ultimate tensile strength can be higher.

The ultimate tensile strength is usually found by performing a tensile test and recording the engineering stress versus strain. The highest point of the stress–strain curve is the ultimate tensile strength and has units of stress. The equivalent point for the case of compression, instead of tension, is called the compressive strength.

Tensile strengths are rarely of any consequence in the design of ductile members, but they are important with brittle members. They are tabulated for common materials such as alloys, composite materials, ceramics, plastics, and wood.
McCarrick
McCarrick is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Annie McCarrick (born 1966; presumed murdered), American who disappeared in Ireland in 1993

Mark McCarrick (born 1962), English former professional footballer

Martin McCarrick (born 1962), English cellist, keyboardist and guitarist

Theodore McCarrick (1930–2025), defrocked American prelate, former Catholic cardinal and archbishop

Cardinal McCarrick High School, Catholic secondary school located in South Amboy, New Jersey, United States

Cardinal McCarrick High School
Cardinal McCarrick High School (CMHS), later known as Cardinal McCarrick/St. Mary's High School, was a Catholic secondary school located in South Amboy, New Jersey, that operated under the supervision of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Metuchen. The school closed at the end of the 2014–15 school year, in the wake of an increasing financial deficit.

As of the 2009–10 school year, the school had an enrollment of 328 students and 25.6 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.8:1.
Falua
Falua, also spelled faluwa, is a traditional open-deck boat of the Ivatan people from the islands of Sabtang and Batan in the Philippines. It is about 8 to 12 m (26 to 39 ft) long and has one mast. It can also be propelled by six to ten pairs of rowers. It can carry thirty passengers and is used to ferry goods between the islands. Modern falua are generally motorized. Falua is similar in shape to the chinarem but differs in that it is usually larger and has a flat transom.

Ivatan people
The Ivatan people are an Austronesian ethnolinguistic group native to the Batanes and Babuyan Islands of the northernmost Philippines. They are genetically closely related to other ethnic groups in Northern Luzon, but also share close linguistic and cultural affinities with the Tao people of Orchid Island in Taiwan.

The culture of the Ivatans is partly influenced by the environmental conditions of Batanes. Unlike the old-type nipa huts common in the Philippines, Ivatans have adopted their distinctive stone houses made of coral and limestone, designed to protect against the hostile climate.
2014 Rakuten Japan Open Tennis Championships
The 2014 Rakuten Japan Open Tennis Championships was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 41st edition of the event known this year as the Rakuten Japan Open Tennis Championships, and part of the 500 Series of the 2014 ATP World Tour. It was held at the Ariake Coliseum in Tokyo, Japan, from September 29 till October 5, 2014.

Ariake Coliseum
35°38′11″N 139°47′25″E﻿ / ﻿35.6364°N 139.7903°E﻿ / 35.6364; 139.7903

Ariake Coliseum (有明コロシアム, Ariake Koroshiamu) is an indoor sporting arena in Ariake Tennis Park located in Ariake, Kōtō, Tokyo, Japan. It has a capacity of 10,000 and is one of the few professional tennis venues which has a retractable roof.

When Ariake Coluseum first opened, it had no roof, but its sliding roof was installed in April 1991, making it the first stadium in Japan with a retractable roof, and the third overall after the Rod Laver Arena in Melbourne and the SkyDome in Toronto.
Minister responsible for Canada-U.S. Trade, Intergovernmental Affairs and One Canadian Economy
The minister responsible for Canada-U.S. trade, intergovernmental affairs and one Canadian economy is a minister of the Crown with a multi-role portfolio in the Canadian Cabinet. Supported by Global Affairs Canada, the minister manages trade negotiations with the United States and the overall bilateral trade relationship. The minister oversees federal relations with provinces and territories, and directs the Intergovernmental Affairs Secretariat in the Privy Council Office as minister of intergovernmental affairs.

Dominic LeBlanc has held the role since it was created on May 13, 2025, and concurrently serves as the president of the King's Privy Council for Canada. LeBlanc has held the intergovernmental affairs portfolio since 2020 and previously from 2018 to 2019. The minister is selected by the prime minister and appointed by the Crown.

Global Affairs Canada
Global Affairs Canada (GAC; French: Affaires mondiales Canada; AMC) is the department of the Government of Canada that manages Canada's diplomatic and consular relations, promotes Canadian international trade, and leads Canada's international development and humanitarian assistance. It is also responsible for maintaining Canadian government offices abroad with diplomatic and consular status on behalf of all government departments.

According to the OECD, Canada's total official development assistance (ODA) (US$7.8 billion, preliminary data) increased in 2022 due to exceptional support to Ukraine and its pandemic response in developing countries, increased costs for in-donor refugees as well as higher contributions to international organizations, representing 0.37% of gross national income (GNI).