hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Charles Howard Walker
Charles Howard Walker F.A.I.A. (January 9, 1857 – April 12, 1936) was an architect, designer and educator in Boston, Massachusetts, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He was associated with the architecture department at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and was affiliated with Boston's Society of Arts and Crafts.

Fellow of the American Institute of Architects
Fellow of the American Institute of Architects (FAIA) is a postnominal title or membership, designating an individual who has been named a fellow of the American Institute of Architects (AIA).

Fellowship is bestowed by the institute on AIA-member architects who have made outstanding contributions to the profession through design excellence, contributions in the field of architectural education, or to the advancement of the profession. In 2014, fewer than 3,200 of the more than 80,000 AIA members were fellows. Honorary Fellowship (Hon. FAIA) is awarded to foreign (non-U.S. citizen) architects, and to non-architects who have made substantial contributions to the field of architecture or to the institute.
Dagestan Museum of Fine Arts
The Dagestan Museum of Fine Arts named after P. S. Gamzatova is a cultural institution, located at Gorky Street, Building 8, in the city of Makhachkala in the Republic of Dagestan, in the North Caucasus of Russia.

Gimry
Gimry (Russian: Гимры, Avar: Генуб, romanized: Genub) is a rural locality (a selo) in Untsukulsky District of the Republic of Dagestan, Russia. It is known as the birthplace of two Dagestani imams, Ghazi Muhammad and Shamil, who resisted Russian expansion into the region in the nineteenth century. Population: 4,654 (2010 Census); 3,362 (2002 Census).
Saunders v Vautier
Saunders v Vautier [1841] EWHC J82, (1841) 4 Beav 115  is a leading English trusts law case. It laid down the rule of equity which provides that, if all of the beneficiaries in the trust are of adult age and under no disability, the beneficiaries may require the trustee to transfer the legal estate to them and thereby terminate the trust. The rule has been repeatedly affirmed in common law jurisdictions, and is commonly referred to as "the rule in Saunders v Vautier" for shorthand.

Age of majority
The age of majority is the legal age of adulthood as declared in law. It is the moment when a person ceases to be considered a minor, and assumes legal control over their person, actions, and decisions, gaining rights denied to them prior to that moment, while also terminating the rights a parent has over them.

Most countries set the age of majority at 18, but some jurisdictions have a higher age and others lower. The word majority here refers to having greater years and being of full age as opposed to minority, the state of being a minor. The law in a given jurisdiction may not actually use the term "age of majority". The term refers to a collection of laws bestowing the status of adulthood.
Agriculture in Qatar
Agriculture in Qatar is inherently limited in scope due to the harsh climate and lack of arable land. In spite of this, small-scale farming, nomadic herding, and fishing were the predominant means of subsistence in the region prior to the 20th century. Sea-based activities such as pearling and fishing served as the primary sources of income for Qataris until the commencement of oil drilling in 1939.

Although the relative importance of these activities has declined as a means of livelihood (with commercial pearling disappearing completely), the government has attempted to encourage agriculture and fishing to provide a degree of self-sufficiency in food.

Orthent
Orthents are soils defined in USDA soil taxonomy as entisols that lack horizon development due to either steep slopes or parent materials that contain no permanent weatherable minerals (such as ironstone).

Typically, Orthents are exceedingly shallow soils. They are often referred to as skeletal soils or, in the United Nations FAO soil classification, as lithosols.

The basic requirement for recognition of an orthent is that any former soil has been either completely removed or so truncated that characteristics typical of all orders other than entisols are absent.
Herschel Heights
The Herschel Heights (71°53′S 69°38′W﻿ / ﻿71.883°S 69.633°W﻿ / -71.883; -69.633) are a complex of nunataks of which Mimas Peak on the east is the highest, located southwest of the Enceladus Nunataks and near the head of Saturn Glacier in southeastern Alexander Island, Antarctica. The eastern part of this feature was photographed by Lincoln Ellsworth, November 23, 1935, in the course of his trans-Antarctic flight and was plotted from the air photos by W.L.G. Joerg. The heights were named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee from association with Mimas and Enceladus, after Sir William Herschel, the British astronomer who discovered these two satellites of Saturn in 1789.

Alexander Island
Alexander Island, also known as Alexander I Island, Alexander I Land, Alexander Land, Alexander I Archipelago, and Zemlja Alexandra I, is the largest island of Antarctica. It lies in the Bellingshausen Sea west of Palmer Land, Antarctic Peninsula from which it is separated by Marguerite Bay and George VI Sound. The George VI Ice Shelf entirely fills George VI Sound and connects Alexander Island to Palmer Land. The island partly surrounds Wilkins Sound, which lies to its west. Alexander Island is about 390 kilometres (240 mi) long in a north–south direction, 80 kilometres (50 mi) wide in the north, and 240 kilometres (150 mi) wide in the south. Alexander Island is the second-largest uninhabited island in the world, after Devon Island.
Burgio
Burgio (Sicilian: Burgiu) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Agrigento in the Italian region Sicily, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) south of Palermo and about 40 kilometres (25 mi) northwest of Agrigento.

Burgio borders the following municipalities: Caltabellotta, Chiusa Sclafani, Lucca Sicula, Palazzo Adriano, Villafranca Sicula.

Province of Agrigento
The province of Agrigento (Italian: provincia di Agrigento; Sicilian: pruvincia di Girgenti) was a province in the autonomous island region of Sicily in Italy, situated on its south-western coast. Following the suppression of the Sicilian provinces, it was replaced in 2015 by the Free Municipal Consortium of Agrigento (Italian: libero consorzio comunale di Agrigento). As of 2025, the area has a population of 408,059 in an area of 3,052.59 square kilometres (1,178.61 sq mi) across its 43 municipalities (comuni).
Pamela Vásquez
Pamela Vásquez (born March 10, 1981) is a Honduran former swimmer, who specialized in middle-distance freestyle events. Vasquez competed only in the women's 200 m freestyle at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. She received a ticket from FINA, under a Universality program, in an entry time of 2:12.87. She participated in heat one against two other swimmers Nisha Millet of India and Marella Mamoun of Syrian Arab Republic. She raced to the second seed in a time of 2:15.83, trailing behind leader Millet by almost seven seconds. Vasquez failed to advance into the semifinals, as she placed thirty-eighth overall in the prelims.

Hondurans
Hondurans (Spanish: Hondureños; also called catrachos) are the citizens of Honduras. Most Hondurans live in Honduras, although there is also a significant Honduran diaspora, particularly in the United States, Spain, and many smaller communities in other countries around the world.
Nina Castagna
Cristina Castagna (/kəˈstɑːnjə/ kə-STAHN-yə; born June 21, 2000) is an American rowing coxswain. She represented the United States in the women's eight at the 2024 Summer Olympics, where they placed fifth.

Coxswain (rowing)
In a rowing crew, the coxswain (/ˈkɒksən/ KOK-sən or /ˈkɒksweɪn/ KOK-swayn; colloquially known as the cox or coxie) is a crewmember who does not row but directs the boat. The coxswain sits facing the bow, unlike the rowers, and is responsible for steering the boat and coordinating the power and rhythm of the rowers. The coxswain's role while on the water is similar to that of an assistant coach or team captain, and they are sometimes also called upon to implement the training regimen or race plan.

In most racing, coxswains may be of either sex regardless of the sex of the rowers. Often they are women, since women are more likely to be near the ideal weight of a cox, which is 110 lbs or 120 lbs for USRowing and 55 kg for World Rowing (see Sex, and Weight, below).
Shaheen-II
The Shaheen-II (Urdu:شاهين–اا; Military designation: Hatf-VI, Trans: Target-6), is a land-based medium-range ballistic missile currently in deployed in military service with the strategic command of the Pakistan Army.

Designed and developed by the National Engineering & Scientific Commission, Shaheen-II is a capable of nuclear weapons-delivery at vast range, and it is described as "highly capable missile which fully meets Pakistan's strategic needs towards maintenance of desired deterrence stability in the region" by the Pakistani military.

The National Air and Space Intelligence Center of the United States Air Force estimates that "as of 2017 fewer than 50 Shaheen-II were operationally deployed.

Army Strategic Forces Command (Pakistan)
The Pakistan Army Strategic Forces Command (ASFC) is a strategic and missile formation of the Pakistan Army.: 338  Headquartered at the Joint Staff HQ in Chaklala near Rawalpindi,: 388  the strategic command controls the land-based ballistics and cruise missile systems—both nuclear and conventional.: 240

Its organizational structure is model based on the conventional corps with its operations similar to Regiment of Artillery, and responsible only for the ground-based strategic nuclear deterrence.
Take a Message
"Take a Message" is a song written, produced and performed by Canadian R&B singer Remy Shand, issued as the lead single from his only studio album The Way I Feel. Released in 2001, the song is Shand's only entry on the US Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number 89 in 2002. "Take a Message" was one of the top 25 most played songs on radio in Canada in 2002. In 2003, the song was nominated for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance and Best R&B Song at the Grammy Awards.

Grammy Award for Best R&B Song
The Grammy Award for Best R&B Song (sometimes known as the R&B Songwriter's Award) has been awarded since 1969. From 1969 to 2000, it was known as the Grammy Award for Best Rhythm and Blues Song. Beyoncé has won it a record five times, while Babyface, Stevie Wonder, Bill Withers and Alicia Keys  have three wins each.

The award goes to the songwriter. If the winning song contains samples or interpolations of songs, the original songwriter and publisher can apply for a Winner’s Certificate. Only Stevie Wonder and SZA have won the award back to back. The performing artist does not receive an award unless they are also credited as a songwriter.

Years reflect the year in which the grammy Awards were presented, for music released in the previous year.
Albemarle Gallery
Albemarle Gallery was an art gallery located in Mayfair, London. The gallery opened in 1986 and featured figurative to hyper-realist artwork by local and international contemporary painters and sculptors. This gallery closed in 1993.

Hyperrealism (visual arts)
Hyperrealism is a genre of painting and sculpture resembling a high-resolution photograph.  Hyperrealism is considered an advancement of photorealism by the methods used to create the resulting paintings or sculptures.  The term is primarily applied to an independent art movement and art style in the United States and Europe that has developed since the early 1970s. Carole Feuerman is the forerunner in the hyperrealism movement along with Duane Hanson and John De Andrea.
1906 Targa Florio
The 1906 Targa Florio was the inaugural running of the Targa Florio, an open road endurance automobile race held in the mountains of Sicily near Palermo. Founded by wealthy Sicilian wine producer, Vincenzo Florio, it was held at Madonie on 6 May 1906 and run over 3 laps of the 92.473 mile circuit, totalling 277.42 miles.

The entry list was badly affected by a dock strike in Genoa but the race was won by the Italian driver Alessandro Cagno in an Itala.

Madonie
The Madonie (Italian pronunciation: [madoˈniːe]; Sicilian: Madunìi) are one of the principal mountain ranges on the island of Sicily, located in the Northern part of the island.

Its name comes from the feud of Madonìa which belonged to the noble family of La Farina from Palermo and then to the Marquises Crescimanni of Madonìa.
1921 Penn State Nittany Lions football team
The 1921 Penn State Nittany Lions football team represented the Pennsylvania State College in the 1921 college football season. Known as the "Mystery Team", they were coached by Hugo Bezdek and played their home games in New Beaver Field in State College, Pennsylvania.

The Lions were again undefeated, but tied Harvard and rival Pittsburgh on the road. The season concluded in December with a long trip to Seattle and a 21–7 win over struggling Washington.

1921 Harvard Crimson football team
The 1921 Harvard Crimson football team represented Harvard University in the 1921 college football season. The Crimson finished with a 7–2–1 record under third-year head coach Bob Fisher. Walter Camp selected one Harvard player, guard John Fiske Brown, as a first-team member of his 1921 College Football All-America Team.
Stern (magazine)
Stern (pronounced [ʃtɛʁn] ⓘ, German for "Star", stylized in all lowercase) is an illustrated, broadly left-liberal, weekly current affairs magazine published in Hamburg, Germany, by Gruner + Jahr, a subsidiary of Bertelsmann. Under the editorship (1948–1980) of its founder Henri Nannen, it attained a circulation of between 1.5 and 1.8 million, the largest in Europe's for a magazine of its kind.

Unusually for a popular magazine in post-war West Germany, and most notably in the contributions to 1975 of Sebastian Haffner, Stern investigated the origin and nature of the preceding tragedies of German history. In 1983, however, its credibility was seriously damaged by its purchase and syndication of the forged Hitler Diaries. A sharp drop in sales anticipated the general fall in newsprint readership in the new century.  By 2019, circulation had fallen under half a million.

Bertelsmann
Bertelsmann SE & Co. KGaA, commonly known as Bertelsmann (German pronunciation: [ˈbɛʁtl̩sˌman] ⓘ), is a German private multinational conglomerate corporation based in Gütersloh, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is one of the world's largest media conglomerates and is also active in the service sector and education.

Bertelsmann was founded as a publishing house by Carl Bertelsmann in 1835. After World War II, Bertelsmann, under the leadership of Reinhard Mohn, went from being a medium-sized enterprise to a major conglomerate, offering not only books but also television, radio, music, magazines and services. Its principal divisions include the RTL Group, Penguin Random House, BMG, Arvato, the Bertelsmann Marketing Services, the Bertelsmann Education Group and Bertelsmann Investments.

Bertelsmann is an unlisted and capital market-oriented company, which remains primarily controlled by the Mohn family.
Mal O'Hara
Malachai O'Hara (born 28 July 1979) is a Northern Irish politician, activist and community worker who has been the leader of the Green Party Northern Ireland since August 2022, having previously served as deputy leader from 2019 to 2022. O'Hara was a Belfast City Councillor for the Castle electoral area from 2019, until 2023. In 2024, he was elected unopposed to Seanad Éireann, in a by-election to the Administrative Panel.

2023 Belfast City Council election
The 2023 election to Belfast City Council was held on 18 May 2023, alongside other local elections in Northern Ireland, two weeks after local elections in England. The Northern Ireland elections were delayed by 2 weeks to avoid overlapping with the coronation of King Charles III.

Voters returned 60 members to the council via single transferable vote. Typical for Northern Ireland, the council remained with no overall control but Sinn Féin remained the single largest party, but fell short of a majority despite a net gain of 4 seats.
The Left (North Macedonia)
The Left (Macedonian: Левица, romanized: Levica) is a far-left, nationalist and eurosceptic political party in North Macedonia. Led by Dimitar Apasiev, a professor of Law at the Goce Delčev University of Štip, the party is anti-NATO and promotes anti-clericalism, anti-fascism, anti-imperialism, and socialism. They have a youth wing called Red Youth (Macedonian: Црвена Младина).

Romanization of Macedonian
The romanization of Macedonian is the transliteration of text in Macedonian from the Macedonian Cyrillic alphabet into the Latin alphabet. Romanization can be used for various purposes, such as rendering of proper names in foreign contexts, or for informal writing of Macedonian in environments where Cyrillic is not easily available. Official use of romanization by North Macedonia's authorities is found, for instance, on road signage and in passports. Several different codified standards of transliteration currently exist and there is widespread variability in practice.

Although used for transliteration, Macedonian Latin script is neither widespread nor used in any formal or semi-formal communication in Macedonia. The language law of Macedonia emphasizes Cyrillic as the only alphabet of Macedonian language.
Michael Astrapas and Eutychios
Michael Astrapas and Eutychios (Greek: Μιχαήλ Αστραπάς και Ευτύχιος; fl. 1294–1317) were Byzantine Greek painters from Thessaloniki. They had a very active workshop in the area and some of their work survived.  Famous Thessalonian painter Manuel Panselinos was active around the same period.  Thessaloniki was considered the second capital of the Byzantine Empire.  The region featured many iconographic workshops.  Most historians consider Thessaloniki the epicenter of the Macedonian School of painting during the  Palaeologan Renaissance.  Other prominent Byzantine artists were Ioannis Pagomenos, Theophanes the Greek and Theodore Apsevdis.  The Byzantine style influenced countless Italian and Greek artists.  The style eventually evolved into the Maniera Greca.

Palaeologan Renaissance
The Palaeologan Renaissance or Palaiologan Renaissance is the final period in the development of Byzantine art. Coinciding with the reign of the Palaiologoi, the last dynasty to rule the Byzantine Empire (1261–1453), it was an attempt to restore Byzantine self-confidence and cultural prestige after the empire had endured a long period of foreign occupation. The legacy of this era is observable both in Greek culture after the empire's fall and in the Italian Renaissance. Scholars of the time utilized several classical texts.
Iramsiphai
Iramsiphai is a village situated in Manipur. The village is separated into two parts by the Imphal River. The northern part of the village belongs to Thoubal district and the southern part belongs to the Imphal West district of Manipur. The Thoubal part belongs to the Lilong Constituency and the Imphal West part comes under the Wangoi Assembly constituency.

Lilong (Thoubal)
Lilong is a town under Municipal Council in Thoubal district in the Indian state of Manipur. It is also the headquarters of the Lilong Subdivision in the Thoubal district. Lilong is one of the original settlements of Meitei Pangals (Manipuri Muslims), with land allotted to them here by the then ruler of Manipur, and it continues to be one of their largest settlements to the present day.
Thomas Colls
Thomas Colls (1822 – 2 March 1898) was a politician and hotelier in New South Wales.

He was born in Liverpool to Thomas Colls and Sarah Perkins. He attended a boarding school near Campbelltown before being apprenticed to a wheelwright. In 1847 he moved to Yass, working as a wheelwright, blacksmith and farrier. He became a hotelier in 1848, retiring in 1873. His first marriage was to Elizabeth Clegg in 1842 and produced ten children; the second was to Minnie Linsley in 1894. In around 1874 Colls was elected a Yass alderman and was elected Mayor of Yass in December 1874, re-elected in 1875. He continued to serve as an alderman until 1897.

serving four times as mayor. In 1886, he was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly as the member for Yass Plains. A Protectionist, he held the seat until his defeat in 1894 when the district was renamed Yass.

Colls died at Yass in 1898 (aged 75–76)   .

Campbelltown, New South Wales
Campbelltown is a suburb in Outer South Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It is located 53 kilometres (33 mi) south-west of the Sydney central business district by road. Campbelltown is the administrative centre for the City of Campbelltown local government area.
Penhelig railway station
Penhelig railway station (Welsh: Penhelyg) serves the eastern outskirts of the seaside resort of Aberdyfi in Gwynedd, Wales. It was opened by the Great Western Railway in 1933.

Its situation is unusual, being located on a short length of sharply curved single track between two tunnels. The station is an unstaffed halt on the Cambrian Coast Railway with passenger services to Tywyn, Barmouth, Harlech, Porthmadog, Pwllheli, Machynlleth and Shrewsbury. Trains stop on request.

Barmouth
Barmouth (formal Welsh: Abermaw, or Abermawddach; colloquially Y Bermo) is a seaside town and community in the county of Gwynedd, north-west Wales; it lies on the estuary of the Afon Mawddach and Cardigan Bay. Located in the historic county of Merionethshire, the Welsh form of the name is derived from aber (estuary) and the river's name, Mawddach. The English form of the name is a corruption of the earlier Welsh form Abermawdd. The community includes the villages of Llanaber, Cutiau and Caerdeon.
Coso artifact
The Coso artifact is an object claimed by its discoverers to be a spark plug encased in a geode. Discovered on February 13, 1961, by Wallace Lane, Virginia Maxey, and Mike Mikesell while they were prospecting for geodes near the town of Olancha, California, it has long been claimed as an example of an out-of-place artifact. The artifact has been identified as a 1920s-era Champion spark plug encased in a concretion.

A spark plug encased in a 500,000-year-old "geode" would represent a substantial scientific and historical anomaly, as spark plugs were invented in the 19th century. The stone matrix containing the artifact is not a geode but a concretion that can be explained by natural processes that can take place over decades or years, not millennia.

Prospecting
Prospecting is the first stage of the geological analysis (followed by exploration) of a territory. It is the search for minerals, fossils, precious metals, or mineral specimens. It is also known as fossicking.

Traditionally prospecting relied on direct observation of mineralization in rock outcrops or in sediments. Modern prospecting also includes the use of geologic, geophysical, and geochemical tools to search for anomalies which can narrow the search area. Once an anomaly has been identified and interpreted to be a potential prospect direct observation can then be focused on this area.

In some areas a prospector must also stake a claim, meaning they must erect posts with the appropriate placards on all four corners of a desired land they wish to prospect and register this claim before they may take samples. In other areas publicly held lands are open to prospecting without staking a mining claim.