hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Stressed environment
In radio communications, a stressed environment is an environment that is under the influence of extrinsic factors that degrade communications integrity, such as when (a) the beginning communications medium is disturbed by natural or man-made events (such as an intentional nuclear burst), (b) the received signal is degraded by natural or man-made interference (such as jamming signals or co-channel interference), (c) an interfering signal can reconfigure the network, and/or (d) an adversary threatens successful communications, in which case radio signals may be encrypted in order to deny the adversary an intelligible message, traffic flow information, network information, or automatic link establishment (ALE) control information.

Automatic link establishment
Automatic Link Establishment, commonly known as ALE, is the worldwide de facto standard for digitally initiating and sustaining HF radio communications. ALE is a feature in an HF communications radio transceiver system that enables the radio station to make contact, or initiate a circuit, between itself and another HF radio station or network of stations. The purpose is to provide a reliable rapid method of calling and connecting during constantly changing HF ionospheric propagation, reception interference, and shared spectrum use of busy or congested HF channels.
Olga Sukhenko
Olga Petrivna Sukhenko (Ukrainian: Ольга Петрівна Сухенко; 19 October 1971 – 24 March 2022), also known as Olha Sukhenko, was a Ukrainian politician who served as village head of Motyzhyn, Kyiv Region, and was killed by Russian soldiers during the Bucha massacre.

Kyiv Oblast
Kyiv Oblast (Ukrainian: Київська область, romanized: Kyivska oblast, IPA: [ˈkɪjiu̯sʲkɐ ˈɔblɐsʲtʲ]), also called Kyivshchyna (Київщинa, IPA: [ˈkɪjiu̯ʃtʃɪnɐ]), is an oblast (province) in central and northern Ukraine. It surrounds, but does not include, the city of Kyiv, which is administered as a city with special status. However, Kyiv also serves as the administrative center of the oblast. The Kyiv metropolitan area extends out from Kyiv city into parts of the oblast, which is significantly dependent on the urban economy and transportation of Kyiv.

The population of Kyiv Oblast is 1,795,079 (2022 estimate). Its largest city is Bila Tserkva, with a population over 200,000.

The Chernobyl Exclusion Zone is in the northern part of Kyiv Oblast. It is administered separately from the oblast and public access is prohibited.
Vienna Ball of Sciences
The Vienna Ball of Sciences is a ball held annually in January in Vienna, Austria. It combines classic traditions with contemporary impulses from the field of science communication. Since its establishment in 2015, the Science Ball has quickly gained a reputation as one of the most successful and largest events in the Viennese ball season

Austrian Academy of Sciences
The Austrian Academy of Sciences (German: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften; ÖAW) is a legal entity under the special protection of the Republic of Austria. According to the statutes of the Academy its mission is to promote the sciences and humanities in every respect and in every field, particularly in fundamental research.
Panduwasnuwara Electoral District
Panduwasnuwara electoral district was an electoral district of Sri Lanka between July 1977 and February 1989. The district was named after the town of Panduwasnuwara in Kurunegala District, North Western Province. The 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka introduced the proportional representation electoral system for electing members of Parliament. The existing 160 mainly single-member electoral districts were replaced with 22 multi-member electoral districts. Panduwasnuwara electoral district was replaced by the multi-member electoral district at the 1989 general elections, the first under the proportional representation system.

Elections in Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka elects on the national level a head of state – the president – and a legislature. Sri Lanka has a multi-party system, with two dominant political parties. All elections are administered by the Election Commission of Sri Lanka.
Ponte Buriano
The Ponte Buriano is a 1277 stone seven-arch bridge that is located north of the town of Arezzo in the Tuscany region of central Italy. Some references tell that the bridge was used by Leonardo da Vinci in the lower-right quadrant of his painting Mona Lisa.

Arch bridge
An arch bridge is a bridge with abutments at each end shaped as a curved arch. Arch bridges work by transferring the weight of the bridge and its loads partially into a horizontal thrust restrained by the abutments at either side, and partially into a vertical load on the arch supports. A viaduct (a long bridge) may be made from a series of arches, although other more economical structures are typically used today.
Osborne Park, New South Wales
Osborne Park is a former urban place on the North Shore of Sydney in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Osborne Park was located in the eastern part of the suburb of Lane Cove.  Its designation as an urban place was withdrawn in 1999.

The locality was called after 'Osborne Park' (later called 'Kermadec') in Osborne Road, built by the future Prime Minister, Billy Hughes in 1906.

The Osborne Park Progress Association, founded in 1926, has developed tennis courts and other projects for community benefit.

North Shore (Sydney)
The North Shore is a region within Northern Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia, generally referring to suburbs located on the northern side of Sydney Harbour up to Hornsby, and suburbs between Middle Harbour and the Lane Cove River. The term "North Shore", used to describe this region of Sydney is customary, not legal or administrative, and is often subjective.

Due to the area's greenery and manicured lawns, it has earned the nickname the 'Leafy North Shore'.
Thakkolam
Thakkolam is a panchayat town in Ranipet district, Chennai Metropolitan Area region of Tamil Nadu, India.  In Thakkolam  there is a famous Siva temple, named Jalantheeswarar Temple, the main lord is Jalanadheeshwaran. It is one among 276 Paadal Petra Sthalam. The temple is the scene for the Battle of Takkolam.

Nagar panchayat
A nagar panchayat (transl. 'town council') or town panchayat or Notified Area Council (NAC) in India is a settlement in transition from rural to urban and therefore a form of an urban political unit comparable to a municipality. An urban centre with more than 12,000 and less than 40,000 inhabitants is classified as a nagar panchayat. The population requirement for a town panchayat can vary from state to state.

Such councils are formed under the panchayati raj administrative system. In census data, the abbreviation T.P. is used to indicate a "town panchayat". Tamil Nadu was the first state to introduce the panchayat town as an intermediate step between rural villages and urban local bodies (ULB). The structure and the functions of the nagar panchayat are decided by the state government.
Yann Kerr
Yann Kerr is an electrical engineer with the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) in Toulouse, France. He was named a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2013 for his contributions to two-dimensional L-band microwave interferometer design.

Two-dimensional space
A two-dimensional space is a mathematical space with two dimensions, meaning points have two degrees of freedom: their locations can be locally described with two coordinates or they can move in two independent directions. Common two-dimensional spaces are often called planes, or, more generally, surfaces. These include analogs to physical spaces, like flat planes, and curved surfaces like spheres, cylinders, and cones, which can be infinite or finite. Some two-dimensional mathematical spaces are not used to represent physical positions, like an affine plane or complex plane.
Understanding Islam (TV program)
Understanding Islam is a United Arab Emirates weekly educational television program that broadcasts on Dubai One TV, a channel of Dubai Media Incorporated, and the broadcast covers the Middle East, Europe and Africa, on nilesat 101, Arabsat BADR-4, AsiaSat 5 and Yahsat in HD. It has aired since 2011.

Each Friday, the show highlights some of the tenets of Islam, and it aims at explaining the foundations of the Muslims faith by exploring it from different angles, from the simplest fundamentals to the most complex questions of how faith applies to everyday lives.

Understanding Islam is prepared and presented by Dr. Mohammed Alkobaisi, a grand Mufti at the Islamic Affairs and Charitable Activities Department in Dubai.

Islamic Affairs and Charitable Activities Department
The Islamic Affairs and Charitable Activities Department (IACAD) is an agency of the government of Dubai, United Arab Emirates.

It was founded on October 24,1969. The Department was originally known as the Department of Awqaf, and it was responsible for awqaf (in Islamic law, a religious endowment). Subsequently Islamic affairs were added to the department's responsibilities.
Arvo Jantunen
Arvo Johannes Jantunen (April 29, 1929 – July 20, 2018) was a Finnish basketball player and coach who also played handball, football and pesäpallo at the national top-tier level. In basketball, Jantunen represented Tampereen Pyrintö that has retired his jersey. He also played for Finnish national team in three EuroBasket editions.

EuroBasket 1961
The 1961 FIBA European Championship, commonly called FIBA EuroBasket 1961, was the twelfth FIBA EuroBasket regional basketball championship, held by FIBA Europe. Nineteen national teams affiliated with the International Basketball Federation (FIBA) took art in the competition. The tournament was hosted by Yugoslavia, and was held at the Belgrade City Fair.
Pudzian Band
Pudzian Band is a Polish disco polo and dance group founded in 2005 by the strongman Mariusz Pudzianowski and his younger brother Krystian. They had various tours in 2006 and 2007 and in one concert were seen by 190,000 people. The music video of their song "Zdobyć Świat" (Conquer the World) appeared in December 2006.

Disco polo
Disco polo is a genre of popular dance music, created in Poland in the 1980s. It was initially known as sidewalk music (Polish: muzyka chodnikowa) or backyard music (Polish: muzyka podwórkowa). This genre, a type of Polish urban folk music, had great popularity in the 1990s, peaking in 1995–1997, then gradually declining in popularity through the early 21st century. The genre then had a resurgence in the winter of 2007. The Polish PWN dictionary defines the genre as a Polish variant of disco music, with simple melodies and often ribald lyrics.
Flavobacterium-1 RNA motif
The Flavobacterium-1 RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure discovered by bioinformatics.
Flavobacterium-1 motif RNAs are found in metagenomic samples from the environment, and only one example of this motif is present in a classified organism.  This organism is Flavobacterium sp. SCGC AAA160-P02, which belongs to the bacterial phylum Bacteroidota.

Flavobacterium-1 RNAs likely function in trans as small RNAs, and do not exhibit a clear association with any type of protein-coding gene.  Most genes near Flavobacterium-1 RNAs fail to match known conserved protein domains, suggesting that they participate in a poorly studied biological process.

Bacteroidota
The phylum Bacteroidota (synonym Bacteroidetes) is composed of three large classes of Gram-negative, nonsporeforming, anaerobic or aerobic, and rod-shaped bacteria that are widely distributed in the environment, including in soil, sediments, and sea water, as well as in the guts and on the skin of animals.

Although some Bacteroides spp. can be opportunistic pathogens, many Bacteroidota are symbiotic species highly adjusted to the gastrointestinal tract. Bacteroides are highly abundant in intestines, reaching up to 1011 cells g−1 of intestinal material. They perform metabolic conversions that are essential for the host, such as degradation of proteins or complex sugar polymers. Bacteroidota colonize the gastrointestinal tract already in infants, as non-digestible oligosaccharides in mother milk support the growth of both Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium spp. Bacteroides spp. are selectively recognized by the immune system of the host through specific interactions.
Emil Frey Racing
Emil Frey Racing is a Swiss racing team. Established in 2011, the team debuted with a bespoke Jaguar XK-based GT3 race car in the 2012 Blancpain Endurance Series. After serving as a Lexus factory team from 2015 to 2018, the team switched affiliation to Lamborghini in 2019 and to Ferrari in 2023. The team now competes across multiple European championships with the Ferrari 296 GT3, including DTM and Ferrari Challenge Europe.

Ferrari Challenge
The Ferrari Challenge is a single-marque motorsport championship that was created in 1993, initially catering to owners of the 348 Challenge who wanted to race their cars. The first European season took place in 1993, with a North American series added in 1994. It now encompasses five official series in Europe, North America, Japan, The United Kingdom & Australasia. Competitors from each series are brought together at the annual World Finals (Finali Mondiali) event.

In the course of more than 30 years of history, the one-make championship has featured nine cars from the Maranello marque: the 348 Challenge, F355 Challenge, 360 Challenge, F430 Challenge, 458 Challenge, 458 Challenge Evo, 488 Challenge, 488 Challenge Evo and currently the 296 Challenge.
Everything (Jason McCoy album)
Everything is the sixth studio album by Canadian country music artist Jason McCoy. It was released by Open Road Recordings on March 1, 2011.

Everything was nominated for Country Album of the Year at the 2012 Juno Awards.

Juno Award for Country Album of the Year
The Juno Award for "Country Recording of the Year" has been awarded since 1970, as recognition each year for the best country music artist in Canada.  A number of previous award categories have been combined under this name, including "Best Country Male Artist", "Best Country Female Artist" and "Country Group or Duo of the Year".
Nemaschema
Nemaschema is a genus of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae, containing the following species:

Nemaschema baladicum (Montrouzier, 1861)

Nemaschema chlorizans Fauvel, 1906

Nemaschema collarti Breuning, 1958

Nemaschema flavovittatum Breuning, 1976

Nemaschema griseum Fauvel, 1906

Nemaschema lamberti (Montrouzier, 1861)

Nemaschema limbicolle (Fauvel, 1906)

Nemaschema lineatum Fauvel, 1906

Nemaschema macilentum Fauvel, 1906

Nemaschema mulsanti Perroud, 1864

Nemaschema nitidulum Fauvel, 1906

Nemaschema ochreovittatum Breuning, 1978

Nemaschema olivaceum Breuning, 1950

Nemaschema parteflavoantennatum Breuning, 1969

Nemaschema puberulum (Montrouzier, 1861)

Nemaschema quadrisulcatum Breuning, 1940

Nemaschema sanguinicolle (Chevrolat, 1858)

Nemaschema viridipes (Fauvel, 1906)

Lamiinae
Lamiinae, commonly called flat-faced longhorns, are a subfamily of the longhorn beetle family (Cerambycidae). The subfamily includes over 750 genera, rivaled in diversity within the family only by the subfamily Cerambycinae.
Yarramundi Reach
Yarramundi Reach is a small peninsula on the western end of Lake Burley Griffin, in the Australian Capital Territory, close to Scrivener Dam. It is also the name for the area of water on Lake Burley Griffin between it and Weston Park.

The park on the peninsula has a picnic area and a public washroom, and access is provided off the nearby Tuggeranong Parkway. Lindsay Pryor National Arboretum is located on the peninsula as well. The peninsula is mainly grassland and woodland.

In 1993 the Keating government proposed Yarramundi Reach as the location for a National Museum of Australia. The new Liberal government in 1996 also said they would develop a museum at Yarramundi Reach; however, it was changed later in the year to Acton Peninsula, where the National Museum of Australia is now located.

Scrivener Dam
Scrivener Dam is a concrete gravity dam that impounds the Molonglo River in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. The dam creates Lake Burley Griffin, which was established for recreational and ornamental purposes. Named in honour of surveyor Charles Scrivener, the dam was officially inaugurated on 20 September 1963 (1963-09-20) and the official filling of the lake commemorated on 17 October 1964 (1964-10-17) by the Prime Minister, Robert Menzies.

The dam wall is located on Lady Denman Drive and is adjacent to the National Zoo & Aquarium and a viewing area for the official residence of the Governor-General of Australia.
James Bradbeer
Cuthbert James Hunt Bradbeer (1880 – 18 August 1937) was an English professional golfer who played in the early 20th century. His best finish in a major championship was a tie for seventh in the 1913 Open Championship held on 23–24 June at Royal Liverpool Golf Club in Hoylake, England. He made his own gutta-percha golf balls and was also a club maker. Bradbeer was a frequent competitor in the Open Championship—having made at least 15 starts—and made his final appearance in 1935 at age 54.

Sphere and Tatler Foursomes Tournament
The Sphere and Tatler Foursomes Tournament was a professional golf tournament played annually from 1911 to 1914. Total prize money was £350 provided by the owners of The Sphere and The Tatler. The winners received individual silver trophies. It followed a similar format to that used for the popular News of the World Matchplay except that it was a foursomes event rather than singles.
Long Lye
Long Lye (grid reference ST265122) is an 11.7 hectare (29.0 acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest at Buckland St Mary in the Blackdown Hills, Somerset, notified in 1988.

This site along with the adjoining Long Lye Meadow were considered to be under threat from a scheme to widen the A303.

Long Lye is a traditionally managed neutral grassland of a type which was once characteristic of lowland Britain but has now become increasingly rare due to agricultural intensification. Mature broadleaved woodland and wet flush communities add considerable diversity to this site. Fifteen species of butterfly have been recorded here. They include the silver-washed fritillary (Argynnis paphia), of which the valenzia form has been found, purple hairstreak (Quercusia quercus) and marbled white (Melanargia galathea).

Purple hairstreak
The purple hairstreak (Favonius quercus) is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae distributed throughout much of Europe, North Africa, Anatolia, Caucasia, and Transcaucasia.
The larva feeds on Quercus robur, Quercus petraea,  Quercus cerris  and Quercus ilex.
Strand Life Sciences
Strand Life Sciences (formerly Strand Genomics) is an Indian bioinformatics and computational biology company headquartered in Bangalore. It develops software and analytical tools for life sciences research, including applications in data mining, predictive modelling, and computational chemistry. Strand also offers custom solutions based on its intellectual property. In 2021, Reliance Industries' subsidiary Reliance Strategic Business Ventures acquired a controlling stake in Strand Life Sciences.

Controlling interest
A controlling interest is an ownership interest in a corporation with enough voting stock shares to prevail in any stockholders' motion. A majority of voting shares (over 50%) is always a controlling interest. When a party holds less than the majority of the voting shares, other present circumstances can be considered to determine whether that party is still considered to hold a controlling ownership interest.

In the United States, Delaware corporations have a 2/3 vote requirement for a motion to pass. In theory, this would mean that a controlling interest would have to be over two-thirds of the voting shares.

A 2019 study published in the Virginia Law Review said dual-class stock structures, common to newly public technology companies, creates governance risks and costs, including the potential loss of economic value for non-voting shares held by public investors.
Calabrese (surname)
Calabrese is an Italian surname, meaning literally "Calabrian" or "from Calabria". Notable people with the surname:

Anthony O. Calabrese (1907–1991), Democratic Party politician in Ohio

Anthony O. Calabrese Jr. (fl. 1960s–2000s), son of the above and a judge and Republican Party politician in Ohio

Edward Calabrese, American toxicologist

Elizabeth Calabrese, New Jersey Democratic Party politician

Frank Calabrese Sr. (1937–2012), Chicago mobster

Gerald Calabrese (1925–2015), former college and professional basketball player and Democratic politician in New Jersey

Giovanni Calabrese (born 1966), Italian rower and winner of a bronze medal in the 2000 Olympics

Greg Calabrese, American soap opera actor

John Calabrese, member of the Canadian band Danko Jones

Karyn Calabrese (born 1947), American raw foodist and restaurateur

Mike Calabrese, member of the band Lake Street Dive

Salvatore Calabrese (1903–1973), Italian physician

Anthony O. Calabrese Jr.
Anthony Orlando Calabrese Jr. of Cleveland, Ohio, United States, is an Ohio state court judge of the Republican Party.

Calabrese attended Benedictine High School in Cleveland and earned a bachelor's degree from John Carroll University. In 1961, he was awarded a law degree by Cleveland State University College of Law.

Calabrese, the son of Democratic Ohio state Sen. Anthony O. Calabrese, practiced private law before serving as a member of the Cleveland-Cuyahoga County Port Authority for 10 years.

Calabrese was then elected to a seat in the Ohio House of Representatives, where he served for three terms, from 1960 to 1966.

From 1991 to 2003, Calabrese served as a judge of the Cuyahoga County, Ohio, Court of Common Pleas.

In 2002, Calabrese was elected to the bench of the Ohio Court of Appeals, Eighth Appellate District, and began serving there in February 2003.
Jarosław Bogoria of Skotniki
Jarosław Bogoria of Skotniki (Polish: Jarosław Bogoria ze Skotnik, Jarosław Bogoria Skotnicki) (c. 1276 – 17 September 1376) was a Polish nobleman and bishop, member of the Bogoriowie family of the Bogorya.

Bogoria, Poland
Bogoria [bɔˈɡɔrja] is a town in Staszów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Bogoria. It lies approximately 12 km (7 mi) north-east of Staszów and 53 km (33 mi) south-east of the regional capital Kielce. Bogoria belongs to historic Lesser Poland.

It is notable for its 18th-century baroque church of Holy Trinity, which was built by the castellan of Sandomierz Michał Konarski, in 1748–1778, replacing a wooden church from 1620.
McGill University School of Computer Science
The School of Computer Science is an academic department in the Faculty of Science at McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The School is the second most funded computer science department in Canada. As of 2024, it has 46 faculty members, 60 Ph.D. students and 100 Master's students.

David Avis
David Michael Avis (born March 20, 1951) is a Canadian and British computer scientist known for his contributions to geometric computations. Avis is a professor in computational geometry and applied mathematics in the School of Computer Science, McGill University, in Montreal. Since 2010, he belongs to Department of Communications and Computer Engineering, School of Informatics, Kyoto University.

Avis received his Ph.D. in 1977 from Stanford University. He has published more than 70 journal papers and articles. Writing with Komei Fukuda, Avis  proposed a reverse-search algorithm for the
vertex enumeration problem; their algorithm generates all of the vertices of a convex polytope.[AF92][AF96]