hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Samthar State
Samthar State was a 11 gun salute princely state in India during the British Raj. 
The state was administered as part of the Bundelkhand Agency of Central India. Its capital was Samthar town, located in a level plain in the Bundelkhand region crossed by the Pahuj and the Betwa rivers. The Samthar State was ruled by Bargujar Rajput clan.

The founder was Ranjith Singh who in 1760, profiting from the troubled times of the Maratha invasion, proclaimed his state independent and was acknowledged as a Raja by the Marathas. In 1817 Samthar was recognized as a state by the British. They received a sanad of adoption in 1862. In 1884 the state had to cede some territories for the construction of the railways. In 1947 it signed Instrument of Accession merging into Union of India in August 1947.

Samthar Fort once the center of governance is still being used as residence by royal family.

Betwa River
The Betwa (Sanskrit: वेत्रावती) is a river in central and northern India, and a tributary of the Yamuna. It rises in the Vindhya Range (Raisen) just north of Hoshangabad (Narmadapuram) in Madhya Pradesh and flows northeast through Madhya Pradesh before entering Uttar Pradesh after flowing through Orchha. Nearly half of its course, which is not navigable, runs over the Malwa Plateau. The confluence of the Yamuna and the Betwa rivers is in Hamirpur district in Uttar Pradesh, where Yamuna flows northward and Betwa approaches from south of Hamirpur.

The Indian Navy named one of its frigates INS Betwa in honour of the river.
Around the World in 80 Gardens
Around the World in 80 Gardens is a television series of 10 programmes in which British gardener and broadcaster Monty Don visits 80 of the world's most celebrated gardens. The series was filmed over a period of 18 months and was first broadcast on BBC Two at 9pm on successive Sundays from 27 January to 30 March 2008. A book based on the series was also published.

The title of the series was a reference to Jules Verne's novel Around the World in Eighty Days.

Around the World in Eighty Days
Around the World in Eighty Days (French: Le Tour du monde en quatre-vingts jours) is an adventure novel by the French writer Jules Verne, first published in French in 1872. In the story, Phileas Fogg of London and his newly employed French valet Passepartout attempt to circumnavigate the world in 80 days on a wager of £20,000 (equivalent to £2.3 million in 2023) set by his friends at the Reform Club. It is one of Verne's most acclaimed works.
Rhinoplocephalus
Rhinoplocephalus is a genus of venomous snake in the family Elapidae. The genus is monotypic, containing the sole species Rhinoplocephalus bicolor, known commonly as the square-nosed snake, Müller's snake, or Muller's [sic] snake. The species is endemic to south-western Australia.

Venomous snake
Venomous snakes are species of the suborder Serpentes that are capable of producing venom, which they use for killing prey, for defense, and to assist with digestion of their prey. The venom is typically delivered by injection using hollow or grooved fangs, although some venomous snakes lack well-developed fangs. Common venomous snakes include the families Elapidae, Viperidae, Atractaspididae, and some of the Colubridae. The toxicity of venom is mainly indicated by murine LD50, while multiple factors are considered to judge the potential danger to humans. Other important factors for risk assessment include the likelihood that a snake will bite, the quantity of venom delivered with the bite, the efficiency of the delivery mechanism, and the location of a bite on the body of the victim. Snake venom may have both neurotoxic and hemotoxic properties. There are about 600 venomous snake species in the world.
1984 Belgian Grand Prix
The 1984 Belgian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Circuit Zolder on 29 April 1984. It was the third race of the 1984 Formula One World Championship. It was the 42nd Belgian Grand Prix, and the tenth and last to be held at Zolder. The race was held over 70 laps of the 4.26-kilometre (2.65 mi) circuit for a race distance of 298.3 kilometres (185.4 mi).

The race was won from pole position by Italian driver Michele Alboreto, driving a Ferrari. It was the third Grand Prix victory for Alboreto, who also became the first Italian driver to win for Ferrari since Ludovico Scarfiotti at the 1966 Italian Grand Prix. British driver Derek Warwick finished second in a Renault, some 42 seconds behind, with Alboreto's French teammate René Arnoux third.

Warwick moved into second place in the Drivers' Championship, five points behind Frenchman Alain Prost, who failed to finish in his McLaren-TAG.

Johnny Cecotto
Johnny Alberto Cecotto Persello (born 25 January 1956), better known as Johnny Cecotto, is a Venezuelan former professional Grand Prix motorcycle racer and auto racer. He rose to prominence as a teenage prodigy in 1975 when he became the youngest motorcycle road racing world champion at the age of 19. Despite the auspicious beginning to his motorcycle racing career, he suffered numerous injuries and mechanical problems which curtailed his success in motorcycle Grand Prix racing.

At the age of 24, Cecotto turned his attention to auto racing where he reached the pinnacle of the sport as a Formula One driver. He later became a successful Touring Car racer. He is the last of a select group of competitors who competed at the highest level in motorcycle and auto racing, which includes John Surtees and Mike Hailwood among others.
Violet (L.S. Dunes album)
Violet is the second studio album by American rock supergroup L.S. Dunes. It was released on January 31, 2025, by Fantasy Records and distributed through Concord. The album was supported by four singles: "Fatal Deluxe", "Machines", "Paper Tigers", and "Violet".

Will Yip
William Yip (Chinese: 葉浩仁; born February 18, 1987) is a Grammy-winning American record producer, audio engineer, songwriter and musician. Yip is an owner of Studio 4 Recording in Conshohocken, Pennsylvania. Yip is also the owner of Memory Music, an independent record label that he launched in June 2015, that features projects worked on at Studio 4.

Yip's partial discography includes producing, engineering, mixing, and mastering recordings for artists such as Lauryn Hill, Panic! at the Disco, Circa Survive, Code Orange, Anthony Green, Blacklisted, Title Fight, Turnstile, The Wonder Years, The Disco Biscuits, King Sunny Adé, The Fray, Keane, Balance and Composure, Superheaven, mewithoutYou, and Movements.

Yip is also a studio and live drummer. He was the drummer and music director for hip hop emcee Schoolly D and his band International Supersport.
Lehigh Gap
The Lehigh Gap or Lehigh Water Gap is a water gap located in the townships of Lehigh, Washington, Lower Towamensing, and East Penn in the Lehigh Valley and Coal Region regions of eastern Pennsylvania. It was formed by the Lehigh River, where it cuts through the Blue Mountain in Pennsylvania.

The gap allows easy travel between Carbon County to the north and Lehigh and Northampton counties to the south of the mountain.  One of the gap's more distinctive features is Devil's Pulpit, a rock formation that reminds hikers of a church pulpit.

Lehigh Gap is also the name of a village once known as Weider's Crossing at the south end of the gap in Lehigh and Northampton Counties.

Water gap
A water gap is a gap that flowing water has carved through a mountain range or mountain ridge and that still carries water today. Such gaps that no longer carry water currents are called wind gaps. Water gaps and wind gaps often offer a practical route for road and rail transport to cross the mountain barrier.
David Arthur Lafortune
David Arthur Lafortune (October 4, 1848 – October 19, 1922) was a lawyer and political figure in Quebec. He represented Montcalm from 1909 to 1917 and Jacques Cartier from 1917 to 1922 in the House of Commons of Canada as a Liberal.

He was born in Saint-Ésprit, Canada East, the son of Joachim Lafortune and Félicité Beaupré, and was educated at the Collège de L'Assomption and the Université Laval. Lafortune was married twice: to Mary Hedwige Messier in 1874 and to Christina-Corinne Lussier in 1898. He was called to the Quebec bar in 1883. He ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the Quebec assembly in 1886 and 1904. Lafortune was appointed Crown Prosecutor for Montreal in 1905. In 1906, he was named King's Counsel. Lafortune was first elected to the House of Commons in a 1909 by-election held after François Octave Dugas was named a judge. He died in office in Montreal at the age of 74.

Montcalm (federal electoral district)
Montcalm (French pronunciation: [mɔ̃kalm]) is a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, which has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1917 and since 2004.

In the 2004 election, the Bloc Québécois won a larger percentage of the vote than in any other riding, with 71% of the vote. It held the seat until 2011, when it was defeated by the NDP.
HMS Zulu
Three ships of the British Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Zulu, after the African Zulu people:

HMS Zulu (1909), a 1905 Tribal-class (or F-class) destroyer that served in World War I

HMS Zulu (F18), launched in 1937, a 1936 Tribal-class destroyer that served in World War II

HMS Zulu (F124), launched in 1962, a Tribal-class frigate

Tribal-class frigate
The Type 81, or Tribal class, frigates were ordered and built as sloops to carry out similar duties to the immediate post-war improved Black Swan-class sloops and Loch-class frigates in the Persian Gulf. In the mid-1960s, the seven Tribals were reclassified as second-class general-purpose frigates to maintain frigate numbers. After the British withdrawal from East of Suez in 1971, the Tribals operated in the NATO North Atlantic sphere with the only update being the fitting of Seacat missiles to all by 1977, limited by their single propeller and low speed of 24 knots. In 1979–80, age and crew and fuel shortages saw them transferred to the stand-by squadrons; three were reactivated in 1982 during the Falklands War for training and guardship duties in the West Indies.
Alan Whiticker
Alan James Whiticker (born 1958) is an Australian non-fiction author and publisher, with over 50 published books on history, sport, biography, true crime and lifestyle.

Whiticker writes primarily on matters pertaining to the history of the sport of rugby league in Australia, but he has also published works on subjects as diverse as classical film, pop culture, the Wanda Beach Murders and an adaptation of Homer's Iliad. He is a former teacher and commissioning editor for a publishing company but now works as a freelance writer.

Classical Hollywood cinema
In film criticism, classical Hollywood cinema is both a narrative and visual style of filmmaking that first developed in the 1910s to 1920s during the later years of the silent film era. It then became characteristic of United States cinema during the Golden Age of Hollywood from 1927, with the advent of sound film, until the 1960s and the arrival of New Hollywood productions such as Bonnie and Clyde and The Graduate. During the intervening forty years, it was the most powerful and pervasive style of filmmaking worldwide.

Similar or associated terms include classical Hollywood narrative, Old Hollywood, and classical continuity. The period is also referred to as the studio era, which may also include films of the late silent era but ended before the 1970s with the studios’ loss of both their own movie theaters and the creative talent they had held under contract.
Robert L. McHatton
Robert Lytle Mchatton (November 17, 1788 – May 20, 1835) was a U.S. representative from Kentucky.

Born in Fayette County, Virginia (now Kentucky), Mchatton attended the common schools.
He engaged in agricultural pursuits. He owned slaves.
He served as a member of the State house of representatives 1814–1816.
He served as major of the Seventy-seventh Regiment of state militia in 1816.

Mchatton was elected as a Jacksonian to the Nineteenth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of James Johnson.
He was reelected as a Jacksonian to the Twentieth Congress and served from December 7, 1826, to March 3, 1829.
He resumed agricultural pursuits.
He died in Marion County, Indiana, May 20, 1835.
He was interred in the Old Cemetery, Georgetown, Kentucky.

Fayette County, Kentucky
Fayette County is a county located in the central part of the U.S. state of Kentucky and is consolidated with the city of Lexington. As of the 2020 census, the population was 322,570, making it the second-most populous county in the commonwealth. Since 1974, its territory, population and government have been shared with Lexington. Fayette County is part of the Lexington-Fayette, KY Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Applicative programming language
In the classification of programming languages, an applicative programming language is built out of functions applied to arguments. Applicative languages are functional, and applicative is often used as a synonym for functional. However, concatenative languages can be functional, while not being applicative.

The semantics of applicative languages are based on beta reduction of terms, and Side effect such as mutation of state are not permitted.

Lisp and ML are applicative programming languages.

ML (programming language)
ML (Meta Language) is the metalanguage developed for the Edinburgh LCF theorem prover in the 1970s. It is an early statically typed, functional language with polymorphic type inference in the Hindley–Milner style, and other features like exceptions and mutable variables. ML's design in LCF directly inspired the later ML family (notably Standard ML, Caml, and their derivatives) and influenced subsequent functional language development.
Kestner
Kestner is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:

(Georg Christian) August Kestner (1777, Hanover - 1853), German antiquarian and diplomat
Kestner-Museum, Hanover, Germany, founded in 1889
kestnergesellschaft, an art gallery in Hanover, Germany, founded in 1916

Boyd Kestner (born 1964), American actor

Charlotte Kestner, née Buff (1753 - 1828), wife of Johann Christian Kestner

Jens Kestner (born 1971), German politician

Johann Christian Kestner (1741 - 1800), German jurist and archivist

Charlotte Buff
Charlotte Sophie Henriette Kestner  (née Buff, 11 January 1753, Wetzlar – 16 January 1828, Hanover) was a youthful acquaintance of the poet Goethe, who fell in love with her. She rejected him and instead married Johann Christian Kestner (1741–1800), vice-archivist and privy councillor to the Hanoverian court. The character of Charlotte, in Goethe's novel The Sorrows of Young Werther, is partly based on her. Their relationship was characterized by heartiness and lack of constraint. Goethe bought the wedding rings for her and Kestner, in Frankfurt am Main. Charlotte and Kestner had four daughters and eight sons, among them August Kestner.
Thomas Mann wrote a novel, published in 1939, "Lotte in Weimar", about a trip she made to Weimar in 1816 when she was 62 and a widow to see her family and also to meet Goethe.
Parliament in the Making
Parliament in the Making was a programme of events organised by the Parliament of the United Kingdom to commemorate a series of anniversaries in 2015 including:

the sealing of Magna Carta, on 15 June 1215, 800 years earlier

the first representative parliament, Simon de Montfort's Parliament, on 20 January 1265, 750 years earlier

the Battle of Agincourt on 25 October 1415, 600 years earlier

the Battle of Waterloo on 18 June 1815, 200 years earlier

the death of Winston Churchill on 24 January 1965, 50 years earlier

the first Race Relations Act on 8 December 1965, 50 years earlier

Race Relations Act 1965
The Race Relations Act 1965 (c. 73) was the first legislation in the United Kingdom to address racial discrimination.

The act outlawed discrimination on the "grounds of colour, race, or ethnic or national origins" in public places in Great Britain.

It also prompted the creation of the Race Relations Board in 1966. This would consist of a chairman and two other members appointed by the Secretary of State. Its remit was to consider complaints under the Act.
Battle of Beit Imrin
The Battle of Beit Imrin occurred on September 29, 1936 in Beit Imrin, when British forces besieged Arab forces operating under the command of Fawzi al-Qawuqji while in the village. The rebels withdrew after receiving heavy losses estimated at 42 dead.

Fawzi al-Qawuqji
Fawzi al-Qawuqji (Arabic: فوزي القاوقجي, Turkish: Fevzi Kavukçu;‎ 19 January 1890 – 5 June 1977) was an Arab nationalist military figure in the interwar period. He served briefly in Palestine in 1936 fighting the British Mandatory suppression of the Palestinian Revolt. A political decision by the British enabled him to flee the country in 1937. He was a colonel in the Nazi Wehrmacht during World War II and served as the Arab Liberation Army (ALA) field commander during the 1948 Palestine War.
Nye Islands
Nye Islands (66°10′S 110°25′E﻿ / ﻿66.167°S 110.417°E﻿ / -66.167; 110.417) are two small islands lying between Midgley Island and Pidgeon Island, in the Windmill Islands. The two islands were photographed by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump (1946–47) and U.S. Navy Operation Windmill (1947–48).Though rather clearly shown in the photography, they were not shown on the resulting charts. Named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Harvey M. Nye, meteorological electronics technician at Wilkes Station in 1959.

Operation Windmill
Operation Windmill (OpWml) was the United States Navy's Second Antarctica Developments Project, an exploration and training mission to Antarctica in 1947–1948. This operation was a follow-up to the First Antarctica Development Project known as Operation Highjump (1946–1947). The expedition was commanded by Commander Gerald L. Ketchum, USN, and the flagship of Task Force 39 was the icebreaker USS Burton Island.

Missions during Operation Windmill varied including supply activities, helicopter reconnaissance of ice flows, scientific surveys, underwater demolition surveys, and convoy exercises. Malcolm Davis collected live animals, such as penguins and leopard seals, for zoological studies.

The icebreaker USS Edisto (AG-89) sailed on 1 November 1947 for the Panama Canal to rendezvous with the Burton Island for the expedition.
Sherwood Family Estate
Sherwood Family Estate is a historic farm and national historic district located at Delhi in Delaware County, New York. The district contains four contributing buildings and one contributing site.  It was developed over the period 1801 to about 1925 and is composed of six estate buildings, a designed landscape, and an agricultural landscape.  Buildings include the residence, ice house, garage, laundry, and spring house.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.

Spring house
A spring house, or springhouse, is a small building, usually of a single room, constructed over a spring.  While the original purpose of a springhouse was to keep the spring water clean by excluding fallen leaves, animals, etc., the enclosing structure was also used for refrigeration before the advent of ice delivery and, later, electric refrigeration.  The water of the spring maintains a constant cool temperature inside the spring house throughout the year.  Food that would otherwise spoil, such as meat, fruit, or dairy products, could be kept there, safe from animal depredations as well. Springhouses thus often also served as pumphouses, milkhouses and root cellars.

The Tomahawk Spring spring house at Tomahawk, West Virginia, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.
Public figure
A public figure is a person who has achieved fame, prominence or notoriety within a society, whether through achievement, luck, action, or in some cases through no purposeful action of their own.

In the context of defamation actions (libel and slander) as well as invasion of privacy, a public figure cannot succeed in a lawsuit on incorrect harmful statements in the United States unless there is proof that the writer or publisher acted with actual malice by knowing the falsity or by reckless disregard for the truth. The legal burden of proof in defamation actions is thus higher in the case of a public figure than in the case of an ordinary person.

The tort of defamation depends on jurisdiction: for example, the law of defamation in England and Wales differs from Scotland or the State of Florida.

Law of Florida
The law of Florida consists of several levels, including constitutional, statutory, and regulatory law, as well as case law and local law. The Florida Statutes form the general statutory law of Florida.
Satellite Business 2.0
"Satellite Business 2.0" is a song by the British musicians Sampha and Little Simz, which was released on 16 July 2024 as the first single from the deluxe edition of Sampha's Lahai album. It is a reworking of the Lahai track "Satellite Business", and was first performed with Little Simz at Sampha's sold-out Alexandra Palace shows in April 2024.

Speaking about the collaboration with Simz, Sampha said "Satellite Business was one of the last tracks to be recorded for Lahai and I'd always imagined a guest verse to expand on it. Simz's music has been close to my heart and ears for sometime now which makes her being on this song that more special. She’s one of my favourite artists."

Little Simz added that she was "so honoured to be a part of this record with Sampha", labeling him "one of the most important voices in music today". She added: "We have great musical chemistry and respect of each other's process. Glad I got to stand alongside him on this."

Lahai
Lahai is the second studio album by English musician Sampha, released on 20 October 2023 through Young, after a six year hiatus. The album is named after Sampha's paternal grandfather. The album features contributions from Yaeji, Léa Sen, Sheila Maurice Grey, Ibeyi, Morgan Simpson, Yussef Dayes, Laura Groves, Kwake Bass, and Little Simz. Lahai was released to widespread critical acclaim. In the United Kingdom, the album debuted at number 21 on the UK Albums chart and number 1 on the UK R&B Albums chart.
Don't Tell Me the Time
"Don't Tell Me the Time" is a song by American singer-songwriter Martha Davis, which was released in 1987 as the lead single from her debut solo studio album Policy. The song was written by Davis and produced by Richie Zito. "Don't Tell Me the Time" peaked at number 80 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number 8 on the Australian Kent Music Report chart.

Kent Music Report
The Kent Music Report was a weekly record chart of Australian music singles and albums which was compiled by music historian David Kent from May 1974 through to January 1999. The chart was re-branded the Australian Music Report (AMR) in July 1987. From June 1988, the Australian Recording Industry Association, which had been using the top 50 portion of the report under licence since mid-1983, chose to produce their own listing as the ARIA Charts.

Before the Kent Report, Go-Set magazine published weekly Top 40 Singles from 1966, and albums chart from 1970 until the magazine's demise in August 1974.

David Kent later published Australian charts from 1940 to 1973 in a retrospective fashion, using state by state chart data obtained from various Australian radio stations.
Tomomi Itano
Tomomi Itano (板野 友美, Itano Tomomi; born July 3, 1991) is a Japanese recording artist, songwriter, dancer, model, and actress. She is a former member of the Japanese idol girl group AKB48. She was born in Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture. In 2011 she debuted solo with a single titled "Dear J", which was followed the same year by "Fui ni" (number 1 in Japan), and later by "10nen Go no Kimi e" (2012) and "1%" (2013).

Bad Boys (manga)
Bad Boys (stylized as BADBOYS) is a manga series written and illustrated by Hiroshi Tanaka. It was adapted into an OVA and a live action film and it was adapted into a Japanese television drama series. As of 2021, the manga has sold 55 million copies, making it one of the best-selling manga series.