hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
3rd Lancashire Artillery Volunteers
The 3rd Lancashire Artillery Volunteers was a unit of Britain's part-time Volunteer Force recruited from Blackburn and the surrounding area in 1860. It became a brigade of the Royal Field Artillery in the Territorial Force in 1908, and served through the First World War with the 42nd (East Lancashire) Division at Gallipoli, in Egypt and on the Western Front. Its second line unit also served on the Western Front in 1917–18. During the Second World War, its batteries operated in the light anti-aircraft role in Norway, France,  Greece, Crete, North Africa and Italy. It was reformed postwar, but disappeared in a merger in 1955.

Second Battle of El Alamein
The Second Battle of El Alamein (23 October – 11 November 1942) was a battle of the Second World War that took place near the Egyptian railway halt of El Alamein. The First Battle of El Alamein and the Battle of Alam el Halfa had prevented the Axis from advancing further into Egypt.

In October 1942 Lieutenant-General Bernard Montgomery,  commander of Eighth Army, opened his offensive against the Axis forces. In a 13-day battle the Axis Panzerarmee Afrika was crushed and forced to retreat from Egypt and Libya to the borders of Tunisia. The Allied victory at El Alamein was the beginning of the end of the Western Desert Campaign.

The battle ended the Axis threat to the Middle East and Iran and revived the morale of the western Allies, being their first big success against the Axis since Operation Crusader in late 1941. The end of the battle coincided with the Allied invasion of French North Africa in Operation Torch on 8 November, which opened a second front in North Africa.
Deaths in April 1983
The following is a list of notable deaths in April 1983.

Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence:

Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent country of citizenship (if applicable), reason for notability, cause of death (if known), and reference.

Liver failure
Liver failure  is the inability of the liver to perform its normal synthetic and metabolic functions as part of normal physiology. Two forms are recognised, acute and chronic (cirrhosis). Recently, a third form of liver failure known as acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is increasingly being recognized.
Teagan O'Dell
Teagan O'Dell (born November 28, 2006) is an American competitive swimmer. She is the 200 meter backstroke champion in 2023 World Junior Championships, who also won gold in the 4×100 m mixed medley and a silver medal in the 4×100 m freestyle. At the 2022 Junior Pan Pacific Swimming Championships, she placed fourth in the 200 meter individual medley, won the B-final of the 200 meter backstroke, and placed second in the B-final of the 100 meter backstroke.

2020 United States Olympic trials (swimming)
The 2020 USA Swimming Olympic trials was held at CHI Health Center Omaha in Omaha, Nebraska, for a fourth consecutive time. Originally scheduled from June 21 to 28, 2020, it was rescheduled to June 4 to 7, 2021, (wave I) and June 13 to 20, 2021, (wave II) due to the COVID-19 pandemic resulting in the postponement of the 2020 Summer Olympics to 2021. The meet served as the national championships in swimming for the United States. Those qualifying competed for the United States in swimming at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan.
Oskar Hardmeier
Oskar Hardmeier (21 August 1925 – before 2003) was a Swiss sprinter. He competed in the men's 400 metres at the 1948 Summer Olympics.

Hardmeier finished third behind Jim Reardon in the 440 yards event at the 1947 AAA Championships.

Athletics at the 1948 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metres
The men's 400 metres sprint event at the 1948 Olympic Games took place between August 4 and August 5. Fifty-three athletes from 28 nations competed. The maximum number of athletes per nation had been set at 3 since the 1930 Olympic Congress. The final was won by 0.2 seconds by Jamaican Arthur Wint coming from almost 10 meters back to catch teammate and world record holder Herb McKenley. This was Jamaica's first Olympic gold medal in their debut participation at the Games, and broke a string of 3 straight American victories in the men's 400 metres.
Westergaardites
Westergaardites is an Upper Cambrian trilobite that is known from the Eastern Tian Shan (Central Asia). It is related to Triarthrus, but can easily be distinguished from it by an extremely long exoskeleton, anteriorly placed eyes, a thorax of 19 segments with an extremely wide axis, and very narrow pleural regions, pleural spines, and a pygidium with marginal spines.

Tian Shan
The Tian Shan, also known as the Tengri Tagh or Tengir-Too, is a large system of mountain ranges in Central Asia. The highest peak is Jengish Chokusu at 7,439 metres (24,406 ft) high and located in Kyrgyzstan. Its lowest point is at the Turpan Depression, which is 154 m (505 ft) below sea level.

The Tian Shan is sacred in Tengrism. Its second-highest peak is known as Khan Tengri, which can be translated as "Lord of the Spirits". At the 2013 Conference on World Heritage, the eastern portion of Tian Shan in western China's Xinjiang Region was listed as a World Heritage Site. The western portion in Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan was then listed in 2016.
Edna Sheen
Edna Mae Sheen (November 18, 1943 – January 20, 2012) was an American make-up artist whose credits includes Philadelphia and Courage Under Fire working directly for star Denzel Washington. She also worked on television, notably for Family Matters.

In 2005, she was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award in the category Outstanding Makeup for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special for her work on the television film Lackawanna Blues. Her nomination was shared with Denise Pugh-Ruiz and Karen Westerfield.

Sheen died on January 20, 2012, at the age of 68.

Lackawanna Blues (film)
Lackawanna Blues is a 2005 American biographical drama television film directed by George C. Wolfe and written by Ruben Santiago-Hudson. It aired on HBO on February 12, 2005. It is based on the play of the same name by Santiago-Hudson. Wolfe had commissioned the stage version.

For her work in the movie, S. Epatha Merkerson won a Primetime Emmy Award, a Golden Globe Award, and a Screen Actors Guild Award in 2006.
AYC
AYC is an acronym for any of the following articles:

African Youth Charter

All Youth Channels

American Youth Congress

Adventist Youth Conference

Active Yaw Control, Mitsubishi Motors' automotive technology

Ameson Year in China, a program run by Ameson Education and Cultural Exchange Foundation

Am Yisrael Chai

All Youth Channels
All Youth Channels, Inc. (AYC) is a cable TV and concert management company based in Pasig, Philippines. The company is currently the co-owner of cable channel Nickelodeon. AYC was also the final co-owner of MTV Philippines, which was closed down in 2010, and formerly operates two FM radio stations in Metro Manila U92 and Radio High 105.9. The current CEO is Francis Lumen, former radio executive of Nation Broadcasting Corporation.

The company's headquarters are located at Silver City, Ortigas East, Pasig.
Bud Whitehead
Ruben Agnus "Bud" Whitehead (born January 1, 1939) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive back for the San Diego Chargers of the American Football League (AFL). A 16th-round selection (128th overall pick) of the 1961 AFL draft, Whitehead played eight seasons with the Chargers (1961–1968). He had 10 interceptions in his senior year of college football for the Florida State Seminoles.

1961 American Football League draft
The 1961 American Football League draft, was held in 1960 because another league was in competition for the class of 1961 college stars, the American Football League draft for 1961 graduates. A six-round telephone draft was held on November 21 and 22, 1960, that saw the Buffalo Bills select Auburn's Ken Rice as the overall first draft pick.  The draft was completed on December 5 and 6, with rounds seven through thirty.  The San Diego Chargers were still the "Los Angeles Chargers" in this draft, as their relocation was not announced until late January 1961.
Key2Audio
key2audio is a copy restriction system for Audio CDs, developed by Sony DADC. The system gained notoriety after it was discovered that one can effectively disable the system by tracing the outer edge of a CD with a felt-tip marker.

The system works by applying a bogus data track onto the disc during glass master manufacturing.  Since computers are designed to read data before music, this  prevents playback on  a PC and thereby prevents ripping as well as ordinary listening using a computer. CD players ignore any non-audio tracks on a disc, and can therefore play the CD unimpeded - Enhanced CDs also take advantage of this factor.

Currently there are two major versions of the key2Audio protection: the original key2Audio, and key2AudioXS.

Sony Digital Audio Disc Corporation
Sony Digital Audio Disc Corporation (Sony DADC) is a manufacturer of CDs, DVDs, UMDs, and Blu-ray Discs, operating numerous plants worldwide. While primarily serving Sony Music Entertainment-owned record labels, Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, and Sony Interactive Entertainment, it also produces discs for other labels, home entertainment distributors, and video game publishers.
John C. Bagby
John Courts Bagby (January 24, 1819 – April 4, 1896) was a U.S. Representative from Illinois.

Born in Glasgow, Kentucky, Bagby attended the public schools. He graduated as a civil engineer from Bacon College, Harrodsburg, Kentucky, in June 1840, and studied law. He was admitted to the bar in March 1845 and commenced practice in Rushville, Illinois, in April 1846.

Bagby was elected as a Democrat to the Forty-fourth Congress (March 4, 1875 – March 3, 1877). He was not a candidate for renomination in 1876. He resumed the practice of his profession in Rushville, Illinois. He served as judge of Schuyler County 1882–1885. He served as judge of the sixth judicial circuit court of Illinois 1885–1891. He resumed the practice of law. He died in Rushville, Illinois on April 4, 1896, aged 77. He was interred in Rushville Cemetery.

44th United States Congress
The 44th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1875, to March 4, 1877, during the seventh and eighth years of Ulysses S. Grant's presidency.  The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the 1870 United States census. For the first time  since the American Civil War, the House had a Democratic majority. The Senate maintained a Republican majority.
Edson Zampronha
Edson Zampronha (born June 2, 1963) is a Brazilian composer dedicated to contemporary experimental music. His works include pieces for orchestra, symphonic band, electroacoustic music, chamber music, sound installations, interactive works and music for films. His music makes an extensive use of rhetoric strategies to create new forms of musical tensions and musical discourses. His research focus on musical signification and it takes semiotics, music theory and technology as backgrounds.

Electroacoustic music
Electroacoustic music is a genre of Western art music in which composers use recording technology and audio signal processing to manipulate the timbres of acoustic sounds in the creation of pieces of music. It originated around the middle of the 20th century, following the incorporation of electronic sound production into formal compositional practice. The initial developments in electroacoustic music composition to fixed media during the 20th century are associated with the activities of the Groupe de recherches musicales at the ORTF in Paris, the home of musique concrète, the Studio for Electronic Music in Cologne, where the focus was on the composition of elektronische Musik, and the Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center in New York City, where tape music, electronic music, and computer music were all explored. Practical electronic music instruments began to appear in the early 20th century.
Stavich Bike Trail
The Stavich Bike Trail is a National Recreation Trail located in Mahoning County, Ohio and Lawrence County, Pennsylvania. The rail trail is 9.9 miles long and goes from Lowellville to Union Township in Lawrence County, traveling directly through Lowellville. It was constructed on the former Penn-Ohio Electric System trolley line along the Mahoning River in 1983, adjacent to the CSX New Castle Subdivision tracks. Considered an early example of rail-trails, its 1983 construction was dependent on a donation from the Stavich family, who ran many aluminum mills in the Youngstown area.

Lawrence County, Pennsylvania
Lawrence County is a county in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. As of the 2020 census, the population was 86,070. The county seat and largest city is New Castle.

The county was created on March 20, 1849, from parts of Beaver and Mercer counties. The county is part of the Greater Pittsburgh region of the commonwealth.
2018 United States Senate election in Michigan
The 2018 United States Senate election in Michigan took place on November 6, 2018, in order to elect the Class 1 U.S. Senator from the State of Michigan, concurrently with a gubernatorial election, as well as other elections to the U.S. House of Representatives. This was one of ten Democratic-held Senate seats up for election in a state that Donald Trump won in the 2016 presidential election.

Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Debbie Stabenow won reelection to a fourth term.  On August 7, 2018, John James won the Republican nomination, defeating businessman Sandy Pensler. On May 5, 2018, Marcia Squier received the endorsement and nomination of the Green Party of Michigan at the state convention in Flint.

Stabenow was re-elected by a 6.5% margin and a difference of 275,660 votes, making this the second-closest U.S. Senate election in Michigan since Stabenow was first elected in 2000.

Eric Leutheuser
Eric Leutheuser (born October 8, 1959) was a Republican member of the Michigan House of Representatives from 2015 to 2021

Prior to his election to the House, Leutheuser was president of an auto dealership and on the boards of the Hillsdale County Community Foundation and the Hillsdale Economic Development Commission. He is a member of the Hillsdale County Rotary Club and Right to Life.
Oceanside Transit Center
Oceanside Transit Center is a major railway interchange in Oceanside, California, serving both intercity and suburban/commuter services. The station is used by Amtrak on the route of its Pacific Surfliner service between San Diego and San Luis Obispo. It is also a terminus for two different regional transit operators – Metrolink, the commuter rail operator for the Los Angeles area, has two of its services, the Orange County Line and Inland Empire–Orange County Line, that terminate at Oceanside (the only Metrolink station in San Diego County), while the North County Transit District (NCTD), the operator for most of the public transport in the North County, has its COASTER and SPRINTER services also terminating at Oceanside. Oceanside Transit Center is also served by Greyhound Lines and numerous NCTD BREEZE buses.

North County (San Diego area)
North County is a region in the northern area of San Diego County, California. It is the second-most populous region in the county (after San Diego), with an estimated population of 869,322. North County is well known for its sprawl and its affluence, especially in Encinitas, Carlsbad, Del Mar, Rancho Santa Fe, Poway and Solana Beach, where house prices range, on average, above $1,000,000. Cities along the 78 freeway (Oceanside, Vista, San Marcos and Escondido) have more mixed incomes.

Beach culture is prominent in the area, and many of the region's beaches and lagoons are protected areas to help ensure the environment remains pristine, though there has been pressure from commercial entities to develop some of these areas.
1878 South Northumberland by-election
The 1878 South Northumberland by-election was fought on 17 April 1878.  The by-election was fought due to the succession to a peerage of the incumbent Conservative MP, Lord Eslington.  It was won by the Conservative candidate Edward Ridley.

The original count for this by-election had both candidates receiving 2,912 votes.

Baron Ravensworth
Baron Ravensworth, of Ravensworth Castle in the County Palatine of Durham and of Eslington Park in the County of Northumberland, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.

It was created in 1821 for Sir Thomas Liddell, 6th Baronet. The title of Baron Ravensworth had previously been created in the Peerage of Great Britain in 1747 for the fourth Baronet, but this had become extinct in 1784. The second Baron of this second creation was made Earl of Ravensworth and Baron Eslington, but these titles also became extinct in 1904.
Grégoire Courtine
Grégoire Courtine (born (1975-01-09)9 January 1975) is a French neuroscientist and a professor at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), where he is the co-director of the Defitech center for interventional neurotherapies (NeuroRestore). His research focuses on the field of neurotechnology, with the aim to restore locomotor functions in patients with central nervous system disorders such as spinal cord injuries.

Neuroscientist
A neuroscientist (or neurobiologist) is a scientist specializing in neuroscience that deals with the anatomy and function of neurons, neural circuits, and glia, and their behavioral, biological, and psychological roles in health and disease.

Neuroscientists generally work as researchers within a college, university, government agency, or private industry setting. In research-oriented careers, neuroscientists design and conduct scientific experiments on the nervous system and its functions. They can engage in basic or applied research. Basic research seeks to expand current understanding of the nervous system, whereas applied research seeks to address a specific problem, such as developing a treatment for a neurological disorder.

Neuroscientists have numerous career opportunities outside of academic research, including careers in industry, science writing, government program management, science advocacy, and education. A neuroscientist commonly holds a doctorate in a medical science.
Eucalyptus staigeriana
Eucalyptus staigeriana, commonly known as the lemon-scented ironbark, is a species of small ironbark tree that is endemic to the Cape York Peninsula. It has rough ironbark on the trunk and branches, lance-shaped to egg-shaped leaves that smell of lemons when crushed, flower buds in groups of seven, white flowers and oval to spindle-shaped fruit.

Cape York Peninsula
The Cape York Peninsula is located in Far North Queensland, Australia. It is the largest wilderness in northern Australia. The land is mostly flat and about half of the area is used for grazing cattle. The relatively undisturbed eucalyptus-wooded savannahs, tropical rainforests and other types of habitat are now recognised and preserved for their global environmental significance. Although much of the peninsula remains pristine, with a diverse repertoire of endemic flora and fauna, some of its wildlife may be threatened by industry and overgrazing as well as introduced species and weeds.

The northernmost point of the peninsula is Cape York.
The land has been occupied by a number of Aboriginal Australian peoples for tens of thousands of years. In 1606, Dutch sailor Willem Janszoon on board the Duyfken was the first European to land in Australia, reaching the Cape York Peninsula.
German Startups Group
German Startups Group VC GmbH is a venture capital provider that supports the set-up, development, funding, and – at the appropriate time – exit of young growth companies by providing them with business expertise and venture capital to create shareholder value. Since the second half of 2013, German Startups Group also engages in acquiring secondary shares from founders and business angels. German Startups Group was founded by Christoph Gerlinger in May 2012. The operating business was launched in June 2012, and the public release was on 27 July 2012.

German Startups Group went public on 11 November 2015 and became listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange.

Secondary shares
In an IPO, secondary shares (in contrast to primary shares) refer to existing shares of common stock that are sold to investors in an offering (see Secondary Market Offering).
The selling of these secondary shares may be from existing shareholders.  Since these shares do not increase the number of total shares outstanding, the offering is referred to as "non-dilutive" (to EPS).
Liam Sammon
Liam Sammon (born 1946 in Galway) is an Irish former Gaelic football manager, coach, writer and former player. He played football with his local clubs Father Griffins and Salthill–Knocknacarra and was a member of the senior Galway county team from 1966 until 1979.

He won an All-Ireland Senior Football Championship in his first year with the team, 1966. He won All Stars in 1971 and 1973.

Sammon later served as manager of the senior Galway inter-county team from 2007 until 2009.

Salthill–Knocknacarra GAA
Salthill–Knocknacarra (Irish: Bóthar na Trá–Cnoc na Cathrach) is a Gaelic games club based in the city of Galway in the west of Ireland. It is a member of the Galway GAA branch of the Gaelic Athletic Association. Centred on the parishes of Salthill and Knocknacarra in Galway city, the club fields teams in four codes: Gaelic football, hurling, Ladies' football and camogie.
Broke baronets
There have been two baronetcies created for persons with the surname Broke, one in the Baronetage of England and one in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. Both creations are extinct.

The Broke Baronetcy, of Nacton in the County of Suffolk, was created in the Baronetage of England on 21 May 1661 for Robert Broke, subsequently Member of Parliament for Suffolk. He was a descendant of Sir Richard Broke, Chief Baron of the Exchequer during the reign of Henry VIII. The title became extinct on Sir Robert's death in 1694. The Broke estates passed to his nephew Robert Broke, who was the grandfather of Philip V. Broke, who was created a baronet in 1813 (see below).

The Broke, later Broke-Middleton Baronetcy, of Broke Hall in the County of Suffolk, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 2 November 1813. For more information on this creation, see Broke-Middleton baronets.

Suffolk (UK Parliament constituency)
Suffolk was a County constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of England from 1290 to 1707, then of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801, which returned two Members of Parliament (MPs) to the House of Commons until 1832, when it was split into two divisions.
Marco Island Historical Museum
Marco Island Historical Museum is a history museum on Marco Island, Florida, Collier County, Florida. It is operated by the Marco Island Historical Society and is part of the Collier County Museum System. Its exhibitions include information on the Calusa Indians and the history of development on Marco Island.

Marco Island, Florida
Marco Island is a city and barrier island in Collier County, Florida, 20 miles (32 km) south of Naples on the Gulf Coast of the United States. It is the largest barrier island in Southwest Florida's Ten Thousand Islands area, which extends southerly to Cape Sable. Marco Island is home to an affluent beach community with resort amenities.

Marco Island is a principal city of the Naples–Marco Island Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 15,760 at the 2020 census, down from 16,413 at the 2010 census. The population more than doubles during the winter.

Parts of the island have scenic, high elevations relative to the generally flat south Florida landscape. The island has a tropical climate; specifically, a tropical wet and dry or savanna type (Aw under the Köppen system). It is known for its distinct wet and dry seasons, with most of the rainfall between June and October.