hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Portland Duffs
The Portland Duffs were a minor league baseball team based in Portland, Maine. From 1913 to 1915, the Portland "Duffs" played as members of the Class B level New England League, winning the 1915 league championship.

The Duffs were named after their owner/manager, Baseball Hall of Fame member Hugh Duffy. After the New England league folded following the 1915 season, the Duffs played the 1916 and 1917 seasons in the Eastern League. Portland returned to New England League membership for the 1919 and 1926 to 1930 seasons, with Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame member Duffy Lewis managing the team for three seasons.

The Portland teams hosted home New England League and Eastern League minor league games at Bayside Park. The ballpark was built for the 1913 season after Hugh Duffy founded the New England League team.

The Portland Duffs teams were preceded in minor league play by 1908 Portland Blue Sox who played in the final season of the Maine State League.

Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame
The Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame was instituted in 1995 to recognize the careers of selected former Boston Red Sox players, coaches and managers, and non-uniformed personnel. A 15-member selection committee of Red Sox broadcasters and executives, past and present media personnel, and representatives from The Sports Museum of New England and the BoSox Club are responsible for nominating candidates.
Star (graph theory)
In graph theory, the star Sk is the complete bipartite graph K1, k, that is, it is a tree with one internal node and k leaves.  Alternatively, some authors define Sk to be the tree of order k with maximum diameter 2, in which case a star of k > 2 has k − 1 leaves.

A star with 3 edges is called a claw.

The star Sk is edge-graceful when k is even and not when k is odd. It is an edge-transitive matchstick graph, and has diameter 2 (when k > 1), girth  (it has no cycles), chromatic index k, and chromatic number 2 (when k > 0). Additionally, the star has large automorphism group, namely, the symmetric group on k letters.

Stars may also be described as the only connected graphs in which at most one vertex has degree greater than one.

Diameter (graph theory)
In graph theory, the diameter of a connected undirected graph is the farthest distance between any two of its vertices. That is, it is the diameter of a set for the set of vertices of the graph, and for the shortest-path distance in the graph. Diameter may be considered either for weighted or for unweighted graphs. Researchers have studied the problem of computing the diameter, both in arbitrary graphs and in special classes of graphs.

The diameter of a disconnected graph may be defined to be infinite, or undefined.
Batey (game)
Batéy was the name given to a special plaza around which the Caribbean Taino built their settlements. It was usually a rectangular area surrounded by stones with carved symbols (petroglyphs).

The batey was the area in which batey events (e.g. ceremonies, the ball game, etc.) took place. The batey ceremony (also known as batu) can be viewed from some historical accounts as more of a judicial contest rather than a game. Because historical accounts of the game and court space come from (mostly Spanish) European explorers, the true nature, history, and function of the batey is still contested. Neighboring tribes may have used batey matches to resolve differences without warfare.

Ethnic groups in Europe
Europeans are the focus of European ethnology, the field of anthropology related to the various ethnic groups that reside in the states of Europe. Groups may be defined by common ancestry, language, faith, historical continuity, etc. There are no universally accepted and precise definitions of the terms "ethnic group" and "nationality", but in the context of European ethnography in particular, the terms ethnic group, people, nationality and ethno-linguistic group are used as mostly synonymous. Preference may vary in usage with respect to the situation specific to the individual countries of Europe, and the context in which they may be classified by those terms.

The total number of national minority populations in Europe is estimated at 105 million people, or 14% of 770 million Europeans in 2002. The Russians are the most populous among Europeans, with a population of roughly 120 million.
Hansen Lake (Kenora District)
Hansen Lake is a lake in the Unorganized Part of Kenora District in Northwestern Ontario, Canada. It is in the Hudson Bay drainage basin, and is within Woodland Caribou Provincial Park.

The primary inflows are the Rostoul River, arriving at the southeast from Glenn Lake, and Domain Creek, at the northeast. The primary outflow, at the northwest and leading towards Rostoul Lake, is the Rostoul River, which flows via the Gammon River, the Bloodvein River, Lake Winnipeg, and the Nelson River to Hudson Bay.

Kenora District
Kenora District is a district and census division in Northwestern Ontario, Canada. The district seat is the City of Kenora.

It is geographically the largest division in Ontario: at 407,213.01 square kilometres (157,225.82 sq mi), it covers 38 percent of the province's area, making it larger than Newfoundland and Labrador, and slightly smaller than Sweden or roughly the land size of California. Kenora District also has the lowest population density of any of Ontario's census divisions (it ranks 37th out of 50 by total population).

The district was created in 1907 from parts of Rainy River District. The northern part (north of the Albany River) only became part of Ontario in 1912 (transferred from the Northwest Territories). The separate Patricia District upon transfer, it was in 1937 annexed to Kenora District and known sometimes as the Patricia Portion.
Black bag operation
Black bag operations or black bag jobs are covert or clandestine entries into structures to obtain information for human intelligence operations.

Some of the tactics, techniques, and procedures associated with black bag operations are lock picking, safe cracking, key impressions, fingerprinting, photography, electronic surveillance (including audio and video surveillance), mail manipulation (flaps and seals), and forgery. The term "black bag" refers to the small bags in which burglars stereotypically carry their tools.

Lock picking
Lock picking is the practice of unlocking a lock by manipulating the components of the lock device without a key.

Although lock-picking can be associated with criminal intent, it is an essential skill for the legitimate profession of locksmithing, and is also pursued by law-abiding citizens as a useful skill to learn, or simply as a hobby (locksport).

In some countries, such as Japan, lock-picking tools are illegal for most people to possess, but in many others, they are available and legal to own as long as there is no intent to use them for criminal purposes.
Kobina
Kobina is a Ghanaian name. It is also the female form of the East Slavic surname Kobin. Notable people with this name include:

Frank Kobina Parkes (1932–2004), Ghanaian journalist and poet

Isaac Kobina Abban  (1933–2001), Ghanaian judge

John Kobina Richardson (1936-2010), Ghanaian industrialist

Kobina Arku Korsah (1894–1967), Ghanaian judge

Kobina Nyarko, Ghanaian artist

Kobina Sekyi (1892–1956), Ghanaian lawyer and politician

Kobina Tahir Hammond, Ghanaian lawyer and politician

Samuel Kobina Annim, Ghanaian academic

Kobina Daniel Gwira, Ghanaian diplomat

Frank Kobina Parkes
Frank Kobina Parkes (8 March 1932 – 23 May 2004) was a Ghanaian journalist, broadcaster and poet. He was the author of one book, Songs from the Wilderness (University of London Press, 1965), but is widely anthologised and is perhaps best known for his poem "African Heaven", which echoes the title of Carl Van Vechten's controversial 1926 novel Nigger Heaven, and was selected by Langston Hughes for inclusion in the groundbreaking anthology of African writing An African Treasury (1960). Parkes' poetic style, an intelligent, rhythmic free verse brimming with confidence and undercut with humour, is believed to owe much to the Senegalese poet David Diop, one of the pioneers of the négritude movement. Reviewing Songs from the Wilderness, Mbella Sonne Dipoko said: "Mr Parkes is one of the fine poets writing today about Africa and the world." The book was hailed as "...a landmark not only in Ghanaian poetry but in African poetry as a whole".
Lord Lieutenant of Down
This is a list of lords lieutenants of County Down.

There were lieutenants of counties in Ireland until the reign of James II, when they were renamed governors. The office of Lord Lieutenant was recreated on 23 August 1831.

Lord-lieutenant
A lord-lieutenant (UK: /lɛfˈtɛnənt/ lef-TEN-ənt) is the British monarch's personal representative in each lieutenancy area of the United Kingdom. Historically, each lieutenant was responsible for organising the county's militia. In 1871, the lieutenant's responsibility over the local militia was removed. However, it was not until 1921 that they formally lost the right to call upon able-bodied men to fight when needed.

Lord-lieutenant is now an honorary titular position usually awarded to a notable person in the county, and despite the title of the office, may be either male or female, peer or not.
Bradawn Breever
Bradawn Breever (25 February 1989 – after 1994) was an Irish Thoroughbred racehorse. He showed his best form as a two-year-old in 1991 when he ran eleven times and won the Group 1 Phoenix Stakes on his eighth start. He remained in training for a further three seasons, winning further races including the Testimonial Stakes in 1993 before retiring with a record of five wins from thirty-eight starts. Apart from his victories he was placed in the Ballyogan Stakes, Flying Five Stakes, Chesham Stakes and Concorde Stakes. He did not stand as a breeding stallion.

Testimonial Stakes
The Testimonial Stakes is a Listed flat horse race in Ireland open to thoroughbreds aged three years or older. It is run at The Curragh over a distance of 6 furlongs (1,207 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in September.
Scouting and Guiding in Ireland
Scouting and Guiding in Ireland began six months after Baden Powell founded the first Scouts' association near the Isle of Wight, England.

The first Scouting groups in Ireland were founded in Dublin and Dundalk. These were both established near British Army bases which resulted in Catholic boys not joining these groups. A Catholic Scouting group was set up by Tom Farrell, a curate, in 1927.

The first Guiding group was established in Ireland in 1911 in Harold's Cross in Dublin, a year after Powell's sister, Agnes Baden-Powell, founded the first Girl Guides Association.

The Scout and Guide movement in Ireland are now served by a number of groups.

Agnes Baden-Powell
Agnes Smyth Baden-Powell (16 December 1858 – 2 June 1945) was the younger sister of Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell, and was most noted for her work in establishing the Girl Guide movement as a female counterpart to her older brother's Scouting Movement.
Manganese(II) chloride
Manganese(II) chloride is the dichloride salt of manganese, MnCl2. This inorganic chemical exists in the anhydrous form, as well as the dihydrate (MnCl2·2H2O) and tetrahydrate (MnCl2·4H2O), with the tetrahydrate being the most common form. Like many Mn(II) species, these salts are pink, with the paleness of the color being characteristic of transition metal complexes with high spin d5 configurations.

Anhydrous
A substance is anhydrous if it contains no water. Many processes in chemistry can be impeded by the presence of water; therefore, it is important that water-free reagents and techniques are used. In practice, however, it is very difficult to achieve perfect dryness; anhydrous compounds gradually absorb water from the atmosphere so they must be stored carefully.

Substances that contain water or its constituent elements are called hydrates.
2008 Los Angeles County Measure R
Measure R was a ballot measure during the November 2008 elections in Los Angeles County, California, that proposed a half-cent sales taxes increase on each dollar of taxable sales (originating in or made from Los Angeles County) for thirty years in order to pay for transportation projects and improvements. The measure was approved by voters with 67.22% of the vote, just over the two-thirds majority required by the state of California to raise local taxes. The project was touted as a way to "improve the environment by getting more Angelenos out of their cars and into the region's growing subway, light rail, and bus services." It will result in the construction or expansion of a dozen rail lines in the county.

Sales tax
A sales tax is a tax paid to a governing body for the sales of certain goods and services. Usually laws allow the seller to collect funds for the tax from the consumer at the point of purchase.

When a tax on goods or services is paid to a governing body directly by a consumer, it is usually called a use tax. Often laws provide for the exemption of certain goods or services from sales and use tax, such as food, education, and medicines. A value-added tax (VAT) collected on goods and services is related to a sales tax. See Comparison with sales tax for key differences.
Đorđe Gagić
Đorđe Gagić (Serbian Cyrillic: Ђорђе Гагић, born 28 December 1990) is a Serbian professional basketball player who recently played for Lietkabelis Panevėžys of the Lithuanian Basketball League (LKL). He also represented the Serbian national basketball team in international competitions. Standing at 6 ft 11 in (2.11 m), he plays at the center position.

Basketball League of Serbia
The Basketball League of Serbia (Serbian: Кошаркашка лига Србије, romanized: Košarkaška liga Srbije), commonly abbreviated as KLS, is a top-tier men's professional basketball league in Serbia. Founded in 2006. It is currently not run by the Basketball Federation of Serbia (KSS).
Buckmanville Historic District
Buckmanville Historic District is a national historic district located at Buckmanville, Upper Makefield Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania.  The district includes 12 contributing buildings and 1 contributing structure in the village of Buckmanville.  All of the buildings were built between 1820 and 1875, and reflective of the Greek Revival and Federal styles. Notable buildings are the William Atkinson / William Ellis House, Samuel Atkinson Farm, George Buckman House and Property, Silas L. Atkinson House, William Worthington / Lewis Worstall House, Barclay J. Smith / Alice Leedom House, and Barclay J. Smith Double House.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.

Bucks County, Pennsylvania
Bucks County is in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. As of the 2020 census, the population was 646,538, making it the fourth-most populous county in Pennsylvania. Its county seat is Doylestown. The county is named after the English county of Buckinghamshire. The county is part of the Southeast region of the commonwealth.

The county represents the northern boundary of the Philadelphia–Camden–Wilmington, PA–NJ–DE–MD metropolitan statistical area.

To its southwest, Bucks County borders Montgomery County and Philadelphia, the nation's sixth-largest city. To its east, the county borders the Delaware River and U.S. state of New Jersey. To its north, the county borders Lehigh and Northampton counties in the state's Lehigh Valley region. The county is approximately 30 miles (48 km) southeast of Allentown, the state's third-largest city, and 40 miles (64 km) north of Philadelphia, the state's largest city.
Karnal district
Karnal district is one of the 22 districts of Haryana, a state in North India which constitutes the National Capital Region (NCR) of the country. The city of Karnal is a part of the National Capital Region (NCR) and is the administrative headquarters of the district.

As it lies on National highway 44 (old NH-1), it has a well connected transport system to the nearby major cities like Delhi and Chandigarh. Karnal District is also well connected via railways. Karnal Junction lies on Delhi-Kalka line and major trains stops at this station. The district headquarter also has a small aerodrome known as karnal airport.

Haryanvi language
Haryanvi (हरियाणवी or हरयाणवी) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken primarily in the Indian state of Haryana and the territory of Delhi. Haryanvi is considered to be part of the dialect group of Western Hindi, which also includes Khariboli and Braj. It is written in the Devanagari script.

The Rangri dialect of Haryanvi of the Ranghar community is still spoken by Muhajir emigres in the Pakistani provinces of Punjab and Sindh, though it has become extinct within Haryana itself. The dialect is written in the Nastaliq variant of the Perso-Arabic script.
Christophe Galtier
Christophe Galtier (French pronunciation: [kʁistɔf ɡaltje]; born 23 August 1966) is a French professional football manager and former player who is the head coach of Saudi Pro League club Neom. A defender, Galtier spent many of his 15 years as a player at Marseille with spells at six other clubs, four in France and one each in Italy and China.

With Saint-Étienne, Galtier won the Manager of the Year award at the 2013 Trophées UNFP du football, which he shared with Carlo Ancelotti; he won again in 2019 after Lille finished in second place during the 2018–19 Ligue 1 season. Galtier won the trophy for a third time in 2021 after guiding Lille to their fourth Ligue 1 title in club history. After a one-year spell at Nice, Galtier joined Paris Saint-Germain in 2022, where he won the Ligue 1 title again.

Coupe de la Ligue
The Coupe de la Ligue (French pronunciation: [kup də la liɡ]), known outside France as the French League Cup, was a knockout cup competition in French football organized by the Ligue de Football Professionnel. The tournament was established in 1993 and, unlike the Coupe de France, was only open to professional clubs in France which play in country's top three football divisions, though the third is not fully professional.

The most successful team in the competition was Paris Saint-Germain with nine wins, including the last edition in 2019–20. The LFP voted to suspend the competition indefinitely to "reduce the season schedule".
Uplift (science fiction)
In science fiction, uplift is the intervention in the evolution of species of low-intelligence or even nonsapient species in order to increase their intelligence. This is usually accomplished by cultural, technological, or evolutionary interventions such as genetic engineering. The earliest appearance of the concept is in H. G. Wells's 1896 novel The Island of Doctor Moreau. The term was popularized by David Brin in his Uplift series in the 1980s.

Intelligence
Intelligence (/ˌɪntɛlɪˈdʒəns/) has been defined in many ways: the capacity for abstraction, logic, understanding, self-awareness, learning, emotional knowledge, reasoning, planning, creativity, critical thinking, and problem-solving. It can be described as the ability to perceive or infer information and to retain it as knowledge to be applied to adaptive behaviors within an environment or context.

The term rose to prominence during the early 1900s. Most psychologists believe that intelligence can be divided into various domains or competencies.

Intelligence has been long-studied in humans, and across numerous disciplines. It has also been observed in the cognition of non-human animals. Some researchers have suggested that plants exhibit forms of intelligence, though this remains controversial.
Doddapaneni
Doddapaneni (Telugu: దొడ్డపనేని) is a Telugu surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Doddapaneni Kalyankrishna (born 1983), Indian cricketer

Doddapaneni Rushi Raj (born 1986), Indian cricketer

Doddapaneni Kalyankrishna
Doddapaneni Kalyankrishna is an Indian first-class cricketer from Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh. He plays for Andhra cricket team. He played 51 Ranji matches since 2002. Kalyankrishna was part of the Deccan Chargers roster for the IPL season of 2007–2008.
Minuscule 453
Minuscule 453 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), A πρ40 (in the Soden numbering), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on a parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 14th century. 
Formerly it was labelled by 81a.

Johann Martin Augustin Scholz
Johann Martin Augustin Scholz (8 February 1794 – 20 October 1852) was a German Roman Catholic orientalist, biblical scholar and academic theologian. He was a professor at the University of Bonn and travelled extensively throughout Europe and the Near East in order to locate manuscripts of the New Testament.
Nameless Heroes (film)
Nameless Heroes (German:Namenlose Helden) is a 1925 German silent film directed by Curtis Bernhardt. Only a fragment of the film still survives. It was made by the Communist-controlled Prometheus Film.

Mezhrabpomfilm
Mezhrabpomfilm (Russian: Межрабпомфильм), from the word film, and the Russian acronym for Workers International Relief or Workers International Aid (Russian: Международная рабочая помощь, was a German-Russian film studio, formerly Mezhrabpom-Rus, from 1928-1936. Currently  “Gorky Film Studio”
Rashid Nezhmetdinov
Rashid Gibyatovich Nezhmetdinov (Russian: Раши́д Гибя́тович Нежметди́нов, Tatar: Рәшит Һибәт улы Нәҗметдинов, Räşit Hibät ulı Näcmetdinov; IPA: [ræˈʃit næʑmetˈdinof]; 15 December 1912 – 3 June 1974) was a Soviet chess player, chess writer, International Master and checkers player. Although he never attained the title of Grandmaster, he was a renowned tactician and created several brilliant games. Biographer Alex Pishkin compares him to Chigorin, Réti and Spielmann.

Mikhail Chigorin
Mikhail Ivanovich Chigorin (also Tchigorin; Russian: Михаи́л Ива́нович Чиго́рин; 12 November [O.S. 31 October] 1850 – 25 January [O.S. 12 January] 1908) was a Russian chess player. He played two World Championship matches against Wilhelm Steinitz, losing both times. The last great player of the Romantic chess style, he also served as a major source of inspiration for the "Soviet chess school", which dominated the chess world in the middle and latter parts of the 20th century.
Lady Ōnu
Lady Ōnu (蘇我大蕤娘 Soga no Ōnu-no-iratsume; d. 6 August 724) was a Japanese noblewoman. She was the daughter of Soga no Akae and bunin to Emperor Tenmu, with whom she had three children:

Prince Hozumi (穂積皇子) (d. 715)

Princess Ki (紀皇女) (?–?)

Princess Takata (田形皇女) (d. 728), Saiō in Ise Shrine (706–707), and married to Prince Mutobe later

Noblewoman
A noblewoman is a female member of nobility. Historically, while some women were ennobled in their own right, many noblewomen held their status through birth or marriage. Noblewomen have performed political, religious and cultural roles, served as patrons of the arts, and, in certain periods, exercised influence in warfare and governance.
York Factory First Nation
York Factory First Nation (Cree: ᑭᐢᒋ ᐚᐢᑳᐦᐃᑲᐣ, Kischi Wáskáhikan)—sometimes referred to as York Landing First Nation or York Factory Cree Nation—is a First Nations community in northern Manitoba, Canada.

Its main reserve is York Landing (ᑲᐍᒋᐚᓯᐠ, Kawéchiwásik; 56°05′20″N 96°06′06″W﻿ / ﻿56.08889°N 96.10167°W﻿ / 56.08889; -96.10167), which is located along the eastern bank of the Nelson River, roughly halfway between Lake Winnipeg and Hudson Bay, as well as located 116 kilometres from Thompson, Manitoba.

As of 2016, the York Landing reserve has a population of 443 and it consists of 138 dwellings. It is served by the York Landing Airport.

Northern Manitoba
Northern Manitoba (also known as NorMan or Nor-Man) is a geographic and cultural region of the Canadian province of Manitoba. Manitoba originally encompassed only a small square around the Red River Colony, but it was extended north to the 60th parallel in 1912, thus acquiring a large northern region. The region's specific boundaries vary, as "northern" communities are considered to share certain social and geographic characteristics, regardless of latitude.