hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Mortar methods
In numerical analysis, mortar methods are discretization methods for partial differential equations, which use separate finite element discretization on nonoverlapping subdomains. The meshes on the subdomains do not match on the interface, and the equality of the solution is enforced by Lagrange multipliers, judiciously chosen to preserve the accuracy of the solution. Mortar discretizations lend themselves naturally to the solution by iterative domain decomposition methods such as FETI and balancing domain decomposition In the engineering practice in the finite element method, continuity of solutions between non-matching subdomains is implemented by multiple-point constraints.

Similar to penalty methods, mortar methods are explicit in their nature, i.e. they require the contacting surfaces to be defined. This is in contrast to fully implicit methods, such as the third medium contact method, where contacting surfaces do not need to be defined.

Penalty method
In mathematical optimization, penalty methods are a certain class of algorithms for solving constrained optimization problems.

A penalty method replaces a constrained optimization problem by a series of unconstrained problems whose solutions ideally converge to the solution of the original constrained problem.  The unconstrained problems are formed by adding a term, called a penalty function, to the objective function that consists of a penalty parameter multiplied by a measure of violation of the constraints.  The measure of violation is nonzero when the constraints are violated and is zero in the region where constraints are not violated.
Westenhanger Castle
Westenhanger Castle is a fortified manor house once owned by royalty, located next to Westenhanger railway station and the grandstand of Folkestone Racecourse in Kent. The castle has endured a period of steady decline to near ruination in recent years, but the current owners have engaged a programme of consolidation, conservation and restoration to the castle and adjoining buildings. It is now being used as a conference and wedding venue.

Westenhanger railway station
Westenhanger railway station is on the South Eastern Main Line in England, serving the villages of Westenhanger and Stanford, and was near the now-closed Folkestone Racecourse, in Kent. It is 64 miles 15 chains (103.3 km) down the line from London Charing Cross. The station and all trains that call are operated by Southeastern.
Transport in Kazakhstan
The vast territory of Kazakhstan spans across 2,700,000 km2 (1,000,000 sq mi). The population density is low in Kazakhstan, and the centers of industry and agriculture are spread out and remote from world markets.

Oskemen
Öskemen (Kazakh: Өскемен [ʉ̯ɵskʲeˈmʲen] listenⓘ) or Ust-Kamenogorsk (Russian: Усть-Каменогорск, IPA: [ˌʊsʲtʲ kəmʲɪnɐˈgorsk]) is the largest city in eastern Kazakhstan and the administrative center of the East Kazakhstan Region.
Les Corons
"Les Corons" is a song by French singer-songwriter Pierre Bachelet and was written by Jean-Pierre Lang and music composed by Bachelet himself. "Les corons" is a regional hymn for the Northern miners of France. The iconic song describes the pride of France's miners, their life and struggle and their feasts, also integrating the music and folklore of the region. The single was released in 1982 on the Polydor record label. It was also included in the self-titled album Pierre Bachelet.

The supporters of the football club RC Lens use it as a chant. It also became a popular song of the students of École des Mines de Douai.

Miner
A miner is a person who extracts ore, coal, chalk, clay, or other minerals from the earth through mining. There are two senses in which the term is used. In its narrowest sense, a miner is someone who works at the rock face; cutting, blasting, or otherwise working and removing the rock. In a broader sense, a "miner" is anyone working within a mine, not just a worker at the rock face.

Cave-ins, explosions, toxic air, and extreme temperatures are some of the most dangerous mining accidents. The overall long-term health effects of underground mining conditions is also a hazard. In some countries, miners lack social guarantees and in case of injury may be left to cope without assistance.

In regions with a long mining tradition, many communities have developed cultural traditions and aspects specific to the various regions, in the forms of particular equipment, symbolism, music, and the like.
Kovilpatti
Kovilpatti, also known locally as Hockeypatti, is an industrial city and a special grade municipality in Thoothukudi District, Tamil Nadu, India.

Kovilpatti is located 65 km (40 mi) from Thoothukudi, 102 km (63 mi) from Madurai, and 565 km (351 mi) from Chennai. It serves as the headquarters of Kovilpatti taluk and is the second largest city in Thoothukudi district after Thoothukudi itself.

The nearest airport is Tuticorin Airport (TCR) at Vaagaikulam, approximately 73 km (45.3 mi) away, with daily flights to Chennai and Bangalore. The closest international airports are Madurai International Airport, about 99 km (61.5 mi) away, and Thiruvananthapuram International Airport (TRV), approximately 210 km (130.5 mi) away. The nearest seaport is Thoothukudi Port, located 70 km (43.4 mi) from the city.

Kovilpatti Assembly constituency
Kovilpatti is one of the 234 state legislative assembly constituencies in Tamil Nadu in southern India. It is also one of the six state legislative assembly constituencies included in Thoothukkudi Lok Sabha constituency. It is one of the oldest assembly segments in Tamil Nadu, having existed since independence.
2005 in Philippine television
The following is a list of events affecting Philippine television in 2005. Events listed include television show debuts, finales, cancellations, and channel launches, closures and rebrandings, as well as information about controversies and carriage disputes.

Eat Bulaga!
Eat Bulaga! (transl. eat surprise!; stylized as Eat... Bulaga!) is a Philippine television variety show broadcast by Radio Philippines Network, ABS-CBN, GMA Network and TV5. Originally hosted by Tito Sotto, Vic Sotto, Joey de Leon, Chiqui Hollmann and Richie D'Horsie, it premiered on Radio Philippines Network on July 30, 1979, on the network's afternoon line up. The show moved to ABS-CBN on February 18, 1989, and later on GMA Network on January 28, 1995. By 2024, TV5 airs the show. It is the longest-running variety show in the Philippines. The show is currently produced by TVJ Productions, Inc. and hosted by Tito Sotto, Vic Sotto, Joey de Leon, Jose Manalo, Allan K., Wally Bayola, Paolo Ballesteros, Pauleen Luna, Ryan Agoncillo, Ryzza Mae Dizon, Maine Mendoza, Miles Ocampo, Carren Eistrup, Atasha Muhlach, R'Bonney Gabriel, Ian Red  and Julia Barretto.
305th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)
The 305th Infantry Division (German: 305. Infanterie-Division) was a German Army unit that saw extensive front-line action during World War II. This division was present at the Battle of Stalingrad, the Battle of Monte Cassino, and surrendered to U.S. Army's 88th Infantry Division in Northern Italy near Trento in late April 1945.

88th Readiness Division
The 88th Infantry Division was an infantry division of the United States Army that saw service in both World War I and World War II. It was one of the first of the Organized Reserve divisions to be called into federal service, created nearly "from scratch" after the implementation of the draft in 1940. Previous divisions were composed of a core of either Regular Army or National Guard personnel plus draftees. Much of the experience in reactivating it was used in the subsequent expansion of the U.S. Army.

By the end of World War II the 88th Infantry fought its way to the northernmost extreme of Italy. In early May 1945 troops of its 349th Infantry Regiment joined the 103d Infantry Division of the VI Corps of the U.S. Seventh Army, part of the 6th Army Group, which had raced south through Bavaria into Innsbruck, Austria, in Vipiteno in the Italian Alps.
Les Esprits Animaux
Les Esprits Animaux is a Netherlands-based baroque band created in 2009. The group is devoted to the historically informed performance of baroque music. The ensemble is named after a philosophical term used in the baroque period which defines a certain kind of “subtle stream” that runs through the bodies of human beings and is able to affect the passions of the soul.

Ambronay Festival
The Ambronay Festival is a French opera festival and early music festival.

The festival has been running in October for 30 years and previously produced recordings with labels such as the Auvidis label. 7 of 14 early recordings were with Jordi Savall. Since 2005 the Festival has been issuing recordings on its own label, Ambronay Éditions. More recently Leonardo García-Alarcón has been a regular performer and recording artist.

The main venue is the Benedictine Abbey Notre-Dame d'Ambronay of the village of Ambronay. The abbey has an exceptional acoustic. In the abbey performing spaces are: Tour Dauphine, Chapiteau, Abbatiale. Other venues include the Théâtre de Bourg-en-Bresse, Monastery of Brou, also at Bourg-en-Bresse, Théâtre des Augustins in Montluel, the Abbaye Saint-Martin d'Ainay, Lyon, and Belley Cathedral.
Saanch Ko Aanch Nahin
Saanch Ko Aanch Nahin (alternative: Truth Needs No Support) is a 1979 Bollywood drama film directed by Satyen Bose. This film was inspired by the story Panch Parmeshwar, written by the famous writer Premchand. The film was produced by Tarachand Barjatya. The film stars Arun Govil, Om Shivpuri and Urmila Bhatt, and also marked the debut of actress Madhu Kapoor.

Arvind Deshpande
Arvind Deshpande (31 May 1932  – 3 January 1987) was an acclaimed Indian film, theatre and television actor and theatre director. Apart from Marathi theatre as well as Hindi theatre in Mumbai, he acted in many mainstream Bollywood as well as art house films as a character actor, apart from TV series and plays.
The Problem with Apu
The Problem with Apu is a 2017 American documentary film written by and starring comedian Hari Kondabolu and produced and directed by Michael Melamedoff. It focuses on the character Apu Nahasapeemapetilon, an Indian immigrant in the animated sitcom The Simpsons who, for a period, was the only figure of Indian heritage to appear regularly on mainstream American television. The film explores encounters with negative stereotypes, minstrelsy, racial microaggressions, and slurs against people of Indian and South Asian heritage.

Stereotype
In social psychology, a stereotype is a generalized belief about a particular category of people. It is an expectation that people might have about every person of a particular group. The type of expectation can vary; it can be, for example, an expectation about the group's personality, preferences, appearance or ability. Stereotypes make information processing easier by allowing the perceiver to rely on previously stored knowledge in place of incoming information. Stereotypes are often faulty, inaccurate, and resistant to new information. Although stereotypes generally have negative implications, they are not necessarily so; they may be positive, neutral, or negative. They can be broken down into two categories: explicit stereotypes, which are conscious, and implicit stereotypes, which are subconscious.
Dovid Kronglas
Dovid Kronglas (May 6, 1908 – December 16, 1972) was an Orthodox Rabbi in Baltimore, Maryland, who was the Mashgiach Ruchni (spiritual supervisor) of Yeshivas Ner Yisroel of Baltimore, and wrote on Talmudic topics and on Mussar literature.

Kronglas was born in Kobryn on May 6, 1908. to his father, Ezra, and his mother Chaya, and was orphaned at a young age. He studied in the Mirrer Yeshiva where he was known as "Dovid Kobryner" and was a disciple of Rabbi Yeruchom Levovitz. During World War II he traveled with the yeshiva to Shanghai. In 1948, he married Baila, who died on September 15, 2020.

During his years studying in the Mirrer Yeshiva, he oversaw the students from Germany and the United States. As a result, Kronglas became acquainted with Herman N. Neuberger who later joined the leadership of Ner Yisroel and was responsible for bringing Kronglas to join the staff of Ner Yisroel.

Herman N. Neuberger
Herman Naftali Neuberger (26 June 1918 – 21 October 2005) was an Orthodox Jewish rabbi who for over fifty years was the leader of Ner Israel Rabbinical College. He was the brother of the physician Albert Neuberger.
The Oot n' Oots
The Oot n' Oots are a Canadian kids' folk-rock band from Kelowna, British Columbia. They are most noted for their album Ponderosa Bunchgrass and the Golden Rule, which was a Juno Award nominee for Children's Album of the Year at the Juno Awards of 2022.

The band consists of brothers Gabe, Matthew, Ari, and Ezra Cipes, along with Ezra's daughter Ruth on lead vocals.

They released their debut album, Songs and Tales from the Great Blue Whale, in 2016, and received a nomination for Children's Artist of the Year at the 2017 Western Canadian Music Awards. They followed up in 2018 with Electric Jellyfish Boogaloo, which was a Canadian Folk Music Award nominee for Children's Album of the Year at the 14th Canadian Folk Music Awards, and with Ponderosa Bunchgrass and the Golden Rule in 2021.

Western Canadian Music Awards
The Western Canadian Music Awards (WCMAs) is an annual awards event for music in the western portion of Canada. The awards are provided by the Western Canada Music Alliance, which consists of six member music industry organizations from British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Yukon, and The Northwest Territories.

The Western Canadian Music Awards presentation gala takes place on the final evening of the Breakout West music conference & festival, which takes place in a different Western Canadian city each year.
Établissement scolaire français Blaise-Pascal
Établissement scolaire français Blaise-Pascal (ESFBP) is a French international school in Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is named after Blaise Pascal.

Established in 2009, it first opened in September of that year. It is a part of the Mission laïque française (MLF), and it operates classes for toute petite until seconde (first year of lycée - equivalent to sixth form college/high school) directory, then première and terminale (final two years of lycée) with the distance education programme from the National Centre for Distance Education (CNED). As of 2020 it has about 340 students.

National Centre for Distance Education
The National Centre for Distance Education (Centre national d'enseignement à distance or Cned in French) is a French public institution under the oversight of the Department of Education dedicated to providing distance learning material. It is the largest university in Europe by number of students.

It was created in 1939 and has been providing on-line material since the mid-1990s. The 3000 programs it offers range from kindergarten to university level. In 2022, about 350,000 students were registered, 30,000 living outside France. Of these, approximately 245,000 are higher education students ranging from polytechnic through to masters level. CNED offer the opportunity to study at a high level, while living in any country, or travelling around the globe. Students can study with books, or online (computer equipment used to study online is easier to carry when travelling).
Dariusz Drągowski
Dariusz Drągowski (born 3 November 1970) is a Polish former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He is the father of Bartłomiej Drągowski.

He graduated from the Mechanical School in Białystok. He is the product of the local Jagiellonia's youth system, and won the national junior championship in 1988 under Jerzy Brzęczek. He debuted in the senior team the same year, and stayed until 1995, amassing 88 caps, of which 12 in the top division.

He then played for Siarka Tarnobrzeg, with 21 top division caps in the 1995–96 season. Having stayed another season after relegation, he returned to Białystok in 1997 to play for Hetman. He was loaned out to Wigry Suwałki in 2000, before retiring in 2002.
After retirement, he became a customs officer.

Jagiellonia Białystok
Jagiellonia Białystok (Polish pronunciation: [jaɡʲɛ(l)ˈlɔɲa bjaˈwɨstɔk]) is a Polish professional football club based in Białystok that plays in the Ekstraklasa, the top level of Polish football. The club was founded in 1920 by soldiers in the 42nd Infantry Regiment Reserve Battalion in Białystok. Jagiellonia play their home games at the Chorten Arena.

Jagiellonia is the most accomplished football club of north-eastern Poland. The club won the Polish Cup and Super Cup in 2010 and qualified to play in the third round qualification of the UEFA Europa League, their first appearance in European tournaments. The club's most successful season was the 2023–24 Ekstraklasa when they were crowned champions for the first time in the club's history.
The Jacket
The Jacket is a 2005 American science-fiction psychological thriller film directed by John Maybury and starring Adrien Brody, Keira Knightley, Kris Kristofferson and Jennifer Jason Leigh. It is partly based on the 1915 Jack London novel The Star Rover, published in the United Kingdom as The Jacket. Massy Tadjedin wrote the screenplay based on a story by Tom Bleecker and Marc Rocco. The original music score is composed by Brian Eno and the cinematography is by Peter Deming.

The Jacket premiered at the 2005 Sundance Film Festival, and was released in theaters in the United States by Warner Independent Pictures on March 4, 2005. It grossed $21.1 million on a budget of $28.5 million and received mixed reviews from critics.

2005 Sundance Film Festival
The 2005 Sundance Film Festival was held in Utah from January 20 to 30, 2005.

It was held in Park City, with screenings in Salt Lake City; Ogden; and the Sundance Resort. It was the 21st iteration of the Sundance Film Festival.
2023 European Pairs Speedway Championship
The 2023 European Pairs Speedway Championship was the 20th edition of the European Pairs Speedway Championship. The final was held at the Marian Spychała Speedway Stadium in Opole, Poland on 1 October.

The first semi final was held at the Varkaus Speedway Stadion in Varkaus, Finland on 15 July, where defending champions Denmark were first on 21 points and qualified for the final along with Finland (20) and Great Britain (18). Sweden, Norway and a Finland/Latvia team were eliminated. The second semi final was held at the Nagyhalász Speedway Ring in Nagyhalász, Hungary on 2 September, which resulted in a win for Italy on 23 points followed by Slovenia and Latvia on 21 points.

In the final the home team Poland won the event for the ninth time.

Varkaus
Varkaus, before 1929 known as Warkaus, is a Middle-Savonian industrial town and municipality of Finland. It is located in the former province of Eastern Finland and is part of the North Savo region, between the city of Kuopio and the town of Savonlinna.

The municipality has a population of 19,603 (30 June 2025) and covers an area of 524.48 square kilometres (202.50 sq mi) of which 138.45 km2 (53.46 sq mi) is water. The population density is 50.84 inhabitants per square kilometre (131.7/sq mi).

The municipality is unilingually Finnish. In old Finnish 'Varkaus' meant strait, and this city is located in the lake district on straits between two parts of Lake Saimaa. An extension of the Saimaa Canal passes through the town.
Bramble, During the Summer
Bramble, During the Summer (Russian: Костяника. Время лета, romanized: KostyaNika. Vremya leta)  is a Russian film produced in 2006. It was based on the novel "Kostya nickname The Tale" by the well-known children's writer Tamara Kryukova, who is writing fiction for teenagers.

Cinema of Russia
The cinema of Russia refers to the film industry in Russia, engaged in production of motion pictures in Russian language.

It began in the Russian Empire, widely developed in the Soviet Union and in the years following its dissolution. The Russian film industry would remain internationally recognized. In the 21st century, Russian cinema has become known internationally with films such as Hardcore Henry (2015), Leviathan (2014), Night Watch (2004) and Brother (1997). The Moscow International Film Festival began in Moscow in 1935. The Nika Award is the main annual national film award in Russia.
Hakubutsukan-Dōbutsuen Station
Hakubutsukan-Dobutsuen Station (Japanese: 博物館動物園駅) is a former station of the Keisei Electric Railway in Taito-ku, Tokyo. It is located between Nippori Station and Keisei Ueno Station. It opened in 1933, but was closed on 1 April 1997 due to the length of the platform being too short for most trains. The station was formally abandoned in April 2004. The station building and platform are still in existence and have been renovated and opened to the public in 2018.

Taitō
Taitō (台東区, Taitō-ku) is a special ward in the Tokyo Metropolis in Japan. In English, it is known as Taitō City.

As of May 1, 2015, the ward has an estimated population of 186,276, and a population density of 18,420 persons per km2. The total area is 10.11 square kilometres (3.90 sq mi). This makes Taito ward the smallest of Tokyo's wards in area, and third-smallest in population.
Church of All Saints, Publow
The Church of All Saints in Publow, Somerset, England, dates from the 14th century, and has a 15th-century tower with gargoyles. The pulpit is Jacobean. It has been designated a Grade I listed building.

The church consists of a west tower, nave, north aisle and porch, south aisle and porch, and chancel. The west tower, which was built around 1467, has four stages with set-back buttresses terminating in diagonally set pinnacles at the bell chamber stage. One of the bells is engraved with the arms of Sir Francis Popham.

The nave has a clerestory of four 2-light trefoil-headed windows. The east end of the chancel has an early Perpendicular (restored) 3-light window with reticulated tracery. The pulpit dates from the early 17th century and is made of oak with carved, arcaded panels to the upper part and rosettes on the lower part.

Major reconstruction was undertaken around the 1890s to plans developed by Arthur Blomfield at a cost of £1,400.

The register dates from 1569.

Arthur Blomfield
Sir Arthur William Blomfield ARA FRIBA (6 March 1829 – 30 October 1899) was an English architect. He became president of the Architectural Association in 1861; a Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1867 and vice-president of the RIBA in 1886. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he studied Architecture.