hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Maximum-entropy random graph model
Maximum-entropy random graph models are random graph models used to study complex networks subject to the principle of maximum entropy under a set of structural constraints, which may be global, distributional, or local.

Complex network
In the context of network theory, a complex network is a graph (network) with non-trivial topological features—features that do not occur in simple networks such as lattices or random graphs but often occur in networks representing real systems. The study of complex networks is a young and active area of scientific research (since 2000) inspired largely by empirical findings of real-world networks such as computer networks, biological networks, technological networks, brain networks, climate networks and social networks.
Satu (Siti Nurhaliza concert)
SATU Konsert Eksklusif Dato' Siti Nurhaliza (referred to it as SATU; Malay: The One) is the sixth concert and the eighth solo concert by Malaysian pop singer Siti Nurhaliza to support her thirteenth studio album, Lentera Timur and in conjunction with the Father's Day on 21 June. This concert is her first colossal theatrical concert.

Lentera Timur
Lentera Timur was the fourteenth studio album by Malaysian pop singer-songwriter Dato' Siti Nurhaliza which was released on 26 December 2008, four years after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. It is the most anticipated album since her last traditional album, Sanggar Mustika, which was released in 2002. The album is set to sell more than 100,000 copies.
Operation Termite
Operation Termite was a British-led joint military operation conducted from July to August 1954 during the Malayan Emergency. It took place simultaneously in the Kinta Valley and the Raia Valley, both located in Perak, roughly 17 kilometres (11 mi) east of Ipoh city. The operation aimed to eliminate communist strongholds established by the Malayan Communist Party (MCP) in these areas.

As the largest military operation of the Emergency, it involved extensive coordination between air and ground forces. Around 50 aircraft and five battalions of troops were mobilised to launch simultaneous attacks on communist camps in both valleys. While the number of enemy casualties was relatively low, the operation successfully destroyed many camps and logistical facilities, significantly disrupting the communist presence in the region.

No. 1 Squadron RAF
Number 1 Squadron, also known as No. 1 (Fighter) Squadron, is a squadron of the Royal Air Force. It was the first squadron to fly a VTOL aircraft. It currently operates Eurofighter Typhoon aircraft from RAF Lossiemouth.

The squadron motto, In omnibus princeps ("First in all things") reflects the squadron's status as the RAF's oldest unit, having been involved in almost every major British military operation from the First World War to the present time. These include the Second World War, Suez Crisis, Falklands War, Kosovo War, and Operation Telic (Iraq).
Cooke-Murphy Oval
Cooke-Murphy Oval is a sports venue in Labrador, a suburb in the Gold Coast, Australia. It includes an Australian rules football ground.

It has been used by the NEAFL's Labrador Australian Football Club team as their home game base. The Gold Coast Suns reserves side also occasionally uses the ground for home matches.

North East Australian Football League
The North East Australian Football League (NEAFL /ˈniːfəl/ NEE-fəl) was an Australian rules football league in New South Wales, Queensland, the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory. The league was formed in November 2010, and its inaugural competition was in 2011. It was a second division league, sitting below the national Australian Football League (AFL) and featured the reserves teams of the region's four AFL clubs playing alongside six non-AFL affiliated NEAFL senior teams. Nine NEAFL seasons were contested between 2011 and 2019, before the 2020 season was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and the league was amalgamated into the Victorian Football League from 2021.
Seymour Blicker
Seymour Blicker (born 1940) is a Canadian playwright, screenwriter and novelist.

From 1978 to 1990, Blicker lectured on fiction writing at Concordia University.

He wrote the screenplay for The Kid (1997). Blicker also wrote episodes for Urban Angel and Barney Miller.

His is father to actor Jason Blicker. Both appeared in the 1995 film No Contest.

Jason Blicker
Jason Blicker is a Canadian film and television actor. He has had several small roles in television series including recurring roles on Robocop, F/X: The Series, State of Grace, NYPD Blue, and Boston Legal, as well as roles films such as Half Baked, The Day After Tomorrow and Hidden 3D.
Lunch meat
Lunch meats—also known as cold cuts, luncheon meats, cooked meats, sliced meats, cold meats, sandwich meats, delicatessens, and deli meats—are precooked or cured meats that are sliced and served cold or hot. They are typically served in sandwiches or on a tray. They can be purchased canned, pre-sliced (usually in vacuum packs), or they can be sliced to order, most often in delicatessens and charcuteries.

Lunch meats are processed meats designed for convenience. The preservatives added to extend the shelf life have been increasingly scrutinized due to potential links to certain diseases. In the US, Listeria infection is possible and has resulted in additional guidelines from the CDC for the elderly.

Canning
Canning is a method of food preservation in which food is processed and sealed in an airtight container (jars like Mason jars, and steel and tin cans). Canning provides a shelf life that typically ranges from one to five years, although under specific circumstances, it can be much longer. A freeze-dried canned product, such as canned dried lentils, could last as long as 30 years in an edible state.

In 1974, samples of canned food from the wreck of the Bertrand, a steamboat that sank in the Missouri River in 1865, were tested by the National Food Processors Association. Although appearance, smell, and vitamin content had deteriorated, there was no trace of microbial growth and the 109-year-old food was determined to be still safe to eat.
The Magic Candle II: The Four and Forty
The Magic Candle II is a 1991 role-playing video game for DOS. It was developed by Mindcraft Software Inc. and published by Electronic Arts, Inc.

The game takes place in a fantasy world, and has a feature to allow importing characters from the original game, The Magic Candle.

DOS
DOS (/dɒs/, /dɔːs/) is a family of disk-based operating systems for IBM PC compatible computers. It primarily consists of IBM PC DOS and a rebranded version, Microsoft's MS-DOS, both of which were introduced in 1981. Later, compatible systems from other manufacturers are DR-DOS (1988), ROM-DOS (1989), PTS-DOS (1993), and FreeDOS (1994). MS-DOS dominated the IBM PC compatible market between 1981 and 1995.

Although the name has come to be identified specifically with MS-DOS and compatible operating systems, DOS is a platform-independent acronym for disk operating system, whose use predates the IBM PC. Dozens of other operating systems also use the acronym, beginning with the mainframe DOS/360 from 1966. Others include Apple DOS, Apple ProDOS, Atari DOS, Commodore DOS, TRSDOS, and AmigaDOS.
Ashantee Medal
The Ashantee Medal is a British campaign medal instituted on 1 June 1874.  It was awarded to British, Colonial and allied native forces, under the command of Major General Sir Garnet Wolseley, who were deployed against the army of the Ashanti King Kofi Karikari, during the Third Anglo-Ashanti (or Ashantee) War, June 1873 to February 1874.

Forces present included a Royal Navy contingent exceeding 3,500, two battalions of the West India Regiment, and a battalion each from the Royal Welch Fusiliers, the Black Watch and the Rifle Brigade.

Black Watch
The Black Watch, 3rd Battalion, Royal Regiment of Scotland (3 SCOTS) is an infantry battalion of the Royal Regiment of Scotland. The regiment was created as part of the Childers Reforms in 1881, when the 42nd (Royal Highland) Regiment of Foot (The Black Watch) was amalgamated with the 73rd (Perthshire) Regiment of Foot. It was known as The Black Watch (Royal Highlanders) from 1881 to 1931 and The Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) from 1931 to 2006. Part of the Scottish Division for administrative purposes from 1967, it was the senior Highland regiment. It has been part of the Scottish, Welsh and Irish Division for administrative purposes since 2017.
Francesca Paci
Francesca Paci (born 30 April 1971) is an Italian journalist.

Paci was born in Rome in 1971. She graduated with a degree in modern literature and worked at the Gazzetta di Mantova before joining La Stampa, Turin's online newspaper, in 2000. Initially, her work focused on local immigration and Islam issues before shifting to foreign affairs and the Middle East. Paci became a correspondent for the paper, working in Jerusalem and London before being based in Rome. In 2007, Paci worked on the La7 television program Nirvana and with Radio Rai3 File Urbani. She also teaches in Rome at the Luiss School of Journalism. Paci has received several awards for her work.

Luiss University
Luiss University (Italian: Libera Università Internazionale degli Studi Sociali Guido Carli, lit. 'Guido Carli Free International University of Social Studies') is a private university located in Rome, Italy, founded in 1974 by Umberto Agnelli.

It provides undergraduate and postgraduate education, in addition to a range of Dual Degree programs, in the fields of finance, business, management, economics, law, and political science. It is located near the historical center of the city, between the Parioli and Trieste quarters. The university is supported by Confindustria, the Italian Confederation of Industries. Luiss has four different campuses: one in Viale Pola, one in Via Parenzo, one in Villa Blanc, and the last one in Viale Romania. It also has a library in Via di Santa Costanza.
Kalu (woreda)
Kalu (Amharic: ቃሉ), also known as Harbu, is one of the woredas in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Debub Wollo Zone, Kalu is bordered on the west by Dessie Zuria, on the north by Were Babu, on the south and east by the Oromia Zone, on the southeast by Argobba special woreda, and on the southwest by Abuko. The administrative center for this woreda is Harbu; other towns in Kalu include Ancharo, Gerba, and Degan. A highway linking Kombolcha and Afar bisects Kalu to two parts.

Districts of Ethiopia
Districts of Ethiopia, also called woredas (Amharic: ወረዳ; Oromo: woreda), are the third level of the administrative divisions of Ethiopia – after zones and the regional states.

These districts are further subdivided into a number of wards called kebele neighbourhood associations, which are the smallest unit of local government in Ethiopia.
1892 Missouri gubernatorial election
The 1892 Missouri gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1892, and resulted in a victory for the Democratic nominee, former Congressman William J. Stone, over the Republican candidate former Congressman William Warner, Populist candidate Leverett Leonard, and Prohibition candidate John Sobieski.

William J. Stone
William Joel Stone (May 7, 1848 – April 14, 1918) was a Democratic politician from Missouri who represented his state in the United States House of Representatives from 1885 to 1891, and in the U.S. Senate from 1903 until his death; he also served as the 28th governor of Missouri from 1893 to 1897.
Nuria Martínez Sanchis
Nuria Martínez Sanchis is a Spanish politician serving as minister of justice and public administration of the Valencian Community since 2024. From 2018 to 2023, she served as dean of the faculty of legal, economic and social sciences at the Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr.

Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr
Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr (in Spanish language Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir) is a private, catholic university, located in Valencia, Spain. It has campuses in Valencia, Godella, Burjassot, Torrent, Alzira and Xàtiva.

The university offers 26 undergraduate degrees and 58 master's, with 24 research institutes and 28 local volunteer programs and two abroad.
Α-Neoendorphin
α-Neoendorphin is an endogenous opioid peptide with a decapeptide structure and the amino acid sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Arg-Lys-Tyr-Pro-Lys.

α-Neoendorphin is a neuropeptide. Prodynorphin or Proenkephalin B is its precursor. Researchers and anatomists have not yet studied the distribution of α-neoendorphin in the human in detail. However, some studies have been done which supports the presence of α-neoendorphin immunoreactive fibers throughout the human brainstem. According to a study done by Duque, Ewing, Arturo Mangas, Pablo Salinas, Zaida Díaz-cabiale, José Narváez, and Rafael Coveñas; α-neoendorphin immunoreactive fibers can be found in the caudal part of the solitary nucleus, in the caudal and the gelatinosa parts of the spinal trigeminal nucleus, and only low density was found in the central grey matter of medulla.

Protein primary structure
Protein primary structure is the linear sequence of amino acids in a peptide or protein. By convention, the primary structure of a protein is reported starting from the amino-terminal (N) end to the carboxyl-terminal (C) end. Protein biosynthesis is most commonly performed by ribosomes in cells. Peptides can also be synthesized in the laboratory. Protein primary structures can be directly sequenced, or inferred from DNA sequences.
Gardner equation
The Gardner equation is an integrable nonlinear partial differential equation introduced by the mathematician Clifford Gardner in 1968 to generalize KdV equation and modified KdV equation. The Gardner equation has applications in hydrodynamics, plasma physics and quantum field theory

where  is an arbitrary real parameter.

Quantum field theory
In theoretical physics, quantum field theory (QFT) is a theoretical framework that combines field theory, special relativity and quantum mechanics.: xi  QFT is used in particle physics to construct physical models of subatomic particles and in condensed matter physics to construct models of quasiparticles. The current standard model of particle physics is based on QFT.

Despite its extraordinary predictive success, QFT faces ongoing challenges in fully incorporating gravity and in establishing a completely rigorous mathematical foundation.
Moscow City Duma District 9
Moscow City Duma District 9 is one of 45 constituencies in Moscow City Duma. Currently the district covers outer parts of North-Eastern Moscow.

The district has been represented since 2024 by United Russia deputy Larisa Kartavtseva, a doctor and three-term member, who was redistricted from District 10.

Losinoostrovsky District
Losinoostrovsky District  (Russian: Лосиноостро́вский райо́н) is an administrative district (raion) of North-Eastern Administrative Okrug, and one of the 125 raions of Moscow, Russia.  It is 14 km north of the Moscow city center, located just inside the Moscow Ring Road, with Moscow Oblast to the north, Severnoye Medvedkovo District to the west, Babushkinsky district to the south, and Yarosloavsky District to the east.  The area of the district is 5.54 square kilometers (2.14 sq mi).  Population: 72,100 (2017 est.). Although its name coincides with Losiny Ostrov National Park, the district does not even border the park. Its name in fact refers to Losinoostrovskaya railway station, in turn named after the park.
Western New York Little Three Conference
The Western New York Little Three Conference was an athletic conference that existed from 1946 to 1958. Its three member schools, Canisius College, Niagara University, and St. Bonaventure University, are Roman Catholic institutions located in Western New York.

Although the conference itself no longer exists, the three schools remain rivals and retain the use of the "Little Three" moniker when playing each other, especially in basketball. Niagara and Canisius are now in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference and St. Bonaventure resides in the Atlantic 10 Conference. The three schools also maintain a rivalry with the public University at Buffalo (of the Mid-American Conference), the only other Division I college in the region; the four-way rivalry by extension is known as the "Big 4," and all four teams have regularly scheduled each other as part of their non-conference schedules since UB returned to Division I in 1993.

Athletic conference
An athletic conference is a collection of sports teams which play competitively against each other in a sports league. In many cases conferences are subdivided into smaller divisions, with the best teams competing at successively higher levels. Conferences often, but not always, include teams from a common geographic region.
Rich Dumas
Richard Wayne Dumas Sr. (April 21, 1944 – November 19, 1991) was an American basketball player. A 6'5" shooting guard, he starred at Northeastern State before playing professionally for the Houston Mavericks in the American Basketball Association.

Northeastern State RiverHawks
The Northeastern State RiverHawks are the athletic teams that represent Northeastern State University, located in Tahlequah, Oklahoma, in intercollegiate sports as a member of the Division II ranks of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), primarily competing in the Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association (MIAA) for most of its sports since the 2012–13 academic year; while its men's soccer team competes in the Great American Conference (GAC). The RiverHawks previously competed as an NCAA D-II Independent during the 2011–12 school year; in the D-II Lone Star Conference (LSC) from 1997–98 to 2010–11; and in the Oklahoma Intercollegiate Conference (OIC) of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) from 1974–75 to 1996–97.
Mihai Popescu (handballer)
Mihai Popescu (born 15 March 1985 in Găești) is a Romanian handballer who plays for Romanian team Potaissa Turda and the Romanian national team.

He was given the award of Cetățean de onoare ("Honorary Citizen") of his hometown Găești in 2009.

Honorary citizenship
Honorary citizenship is a status bestowed by a city or other government on a foreign or native individual whom it considers to be especially admirable or otherwise worthy of the distinction. The honor usually is symbolic and does not confer any change to citizenship or nationality.
By the Way (Lindsay Ell song)
"By the Way" is a single by Canadian country singer Lindsay Ell. Written by Ell with Barry Dean and Luke Laird, the song was released in October 2015 and reached the country charts of the U.S. and Canada.

Barry Dean (songwriter)
Barry Dean (born c. 1967) is an American country and pop music songwriter based in Nashville, Tennessee. He has written multiple No. 1 singles including “Pontoon” (Little Big Town), “Day Drinking” (Little Big Town), "Somebody's Daughter" (Tenille Townes), and "Think a Little Less" (Michael Ray), along with a Top 40 hit with “Girls Chase Boys” (Ingrid Michaelson). He has been nominated for a Grammy for Best Country Song on Tim McGraw's "Diamond Rings and Old Barstools."
Umzinyathi District Municipality
The Umzinyathi District Municipality (Zulu: UMasipala wesiFunda sase Umzinyathi) is one of the 11 districts of the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa. Its seat is Dundee. As of 2011, a majority of its 456,452 inhabitants spoke isiZulu. The district code is DC24

Districts of South Africa
The nine provinces of South Africa are divided into 52 districts (sing. district, Zulu: isifunda; Xhosa: isithili; Afrikaans: distrikte; Northern Sotho: selete; Tswana: kgaolo; Sotho: setereke; Tsonga: xifundza; Swazi: sigodzi; Venda: tshiṱiriki; Southern Ndebele: isiyingi), which are either metropolitan or district municipalities. They are the second level of administrative division, below the provinces and (in the case of district municipalities) above the local municipalities.

As a consequence of the 12th amendment of the Constitution in December 2005, which altered provincial boundaries, the number of districts was reduced from 53. Another effect of the amendment is that each district is now completely contained within a single province, thus eliminating cross-border districts. The districts also cover the entire area of the continental republic.
Baqa ash-Sharqiyya
Baqa ash-Sharqiyya (Arabic: باقه الشرقية) is a Palestinian town in the northern West Bank, located 16 kilometers (9.9 mi) northeast of Tulkarm in the Tulkarm Governorate. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), the town had a population of 4,892 inhabitants in 2017. Refugees made up 20.4% of the Baqa ash-Sharqiyya's population in 1997.

Approximately 3 kilometers (1.9 mi) to the west, on the other side of the Green Line, lies Baqa al-Gharbiyye, ("the western bouquet of flowers") which is under Israeli jurisdiction. Prior to the Second Intifada, Baqa ash-Sharqiyya consisted of 4,000 dunams; Israel confiscated about 2,000 dunams of land in order to build the Israeli West Bank barrier.

Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics
The Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS; Arabic: الجهاز المركزي للإحصاء الفلسطيني, romanized: al-Jihāz al-Markazī lil-Iḥṣāʼ al-Filasṭīnī) is the official statistical institution of Palestine. Its main task is to provide credible statistical figures at the national and international levels. It is a state institution that provides service to the governmental, non – governmental and private sectors in addition to research institutions and universities. It is established as an independent statistical bureau. The PCBS publishes the Statistical Yearbook of Palestine and the Jerusalem Statistical Yearbook annually.

The head office of the agency is in Ein Munjed Quarter, Ramallah.
Security vote in Nigeria
Security vote in Nigeria is a monthly allowance that is allocated to the 36 states within the Federal Republic of Nigeria for the sole purpose of funding security services within such states. The monthly fund runs into billions of naira and vary based on the level of security required by the individual state.

The state governments are advised to use their discretion in ways on how to spend the funds.

Nigerian naira
The naira (sign: ₦; code: NGN; Yoruba: náírà, Hausa: نَيْرَ, romanized: naira, Igbo: naịra, Tyap: nera) is the currency of Nigeria. One naira is divided into 100 kobo.

The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) is the sole issuer of legal tender money throughout the Federal Republic of Nigeria. It controls the volume of money supplied in the economy in order to ensure monetary and price stability. The Currency Operations Department of the CBN is in charge of currency management, through the designs, procurement, distribution and supply, processing, reissue and disposal or disintegration of bank notes and coins.

A major cash crunch occurred in February 2023 when the Nigerian government used a currency note changeover—delivering too few of the new notes into circulation—to attempt to force citizens to use a newly created government-sponsored central bank digital currency.  This led to extensive street protests.