hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Abbott v Abbott
Abbott v Abbott [2007] UKPC 53 was a decision by the Privy Council on a case from the Court of Appeal of Antigua and Barbuda that became important for English land law and constructive trusts.

The case involved a married couple disputing their respective ownership shares in property, where the husband held legal title but the wife claimed a beneficial interest. The Privy Council's ruling was significant because it established that courts should consider the parties' entire course of conduct when determining property rights, rather than focusing narrowly on direct financial contributions. This broader approach made it easier for individuals to establish equitable interests in property where they had contributed through non-financial means, marking an important shift away from the more restrictive principles established in Lloyds Bank plc v Rosset. The decision has particular relevance for protecting the property rights of spouses and cohabiting partners.

Constructive trust
In trust law, a constructive trust is an equitable remedy imposed by a court to benefit a party that has been wrongfully deprived of its rights due to either a person obtaining or holding a legal property right which they should not possess due to unjust enrichment or interference, or due to a breach of fiduciary duty, which is intercausative with unjust enrichment and/or property interference. It is a type of implied trust (i.e., it is created by conduct, not explicitly by a settlor).

In the United States (in contrast to England), a constructive trust remedy generally does not recognize or create any continuing fiduciary relationship — that is, a constructive trust is not actually a trust except in name. Rather, it is a fiction declaring that the plaintiff has equitable title to the property at issue, and ordering the defendant to transfer legal ownership and possession to the plaintiff. For instance, in some states the slayer rule is implemented in the form of a constructive trust.
CCGS Private Robertson V.C.
CCGS Private Robertson V.C. is the first vessel of the Canadian Coast Guard's Hero-class patrol vessels. The ship entered service in 2012, tasked with enforcing Canadian maritime law within Canada's nautical borders. The ship is in active service and is based at the Bedford Institute of Oceanography in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia. It was previously based at CCG Patricia Bay in Sidney, British Columbia.

Dartmouth, Nova Scotia
Dartmouth (/ˈdɑːrtməθ/ DART-məth) is a built-up community of the Halifax Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia, Canada. Located on the eastern shore of Halifax Harbour, Dartmouth has 72,139 residents as of 2021.
Miss Grand France 2023
Miss Grand France 2023 was the 5th edition of the Miss Grand France pageant, held at the La Salicorne Restaurant, Saujon, on 13 August 2023. Nine contestants, who were elected by different regional organizers, competed for the title. Of whom, a 19-year-old model representing Poitou-Charentes, Clémence Drouhaud, was announced the winner, while Aya Kadjo of Alsace was named the first vice-miss.

Drouhaud later represented France at the international parent stage, Miss Grand International 2023 in Vietnam, and was placed among the top 20 finalists, making her the third France representative to obtain the placement at Miss Grand International, following Eline Lamboley in 2015 and Elodie Sirulnick in 2021.

This year's edition was also considered the first Miss Grand France organized by Celesta Productions with Philippe Blockelet and Robles Yanez as co-directors.

Miss Grand International
Miss Grand International, also known as Miss Grand, is an international beauty pageant franchise that is based in Thailand. It consists of the annual national pageant Miss Grand Thailand, as well as the international competition Miss Grand International, to which participating rights are licensed to organizers in other countries. The franchise has been owned and run by a Thai stock exchange-listed company with the same name, also known as MGI PCL, since its inception in 2013, with Nawat Itsaragrisil as the president.

The current Miss Grand International is Emma Mary Tiglao of the Philippines. Her title marked the first back-to-back victory in Miss Grand International history.
Colombo East Electoral District
Colombo East electoral district was an electoral district of Sri Lanka between July 1977 and February 1989. The district was named after the city of Colombo in Colombo District, Western Province. The district was created by the division of the Colombo South Electoral District into Colombo East and Colombo West electoral districts in July 1977. The 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka introduced the proportional representation electoral system for electing members of Parliament. The existing 160 mainly single-member electoral districts were replaced with 22 multi-member electoral districts. Colombo East electoral district was replaced by the Colombo multi-member electoral district at the 1989 general elections, the first under the PR system, though Colombo East continues to be a polling division of the multi-member electoral district.

Colombo District
Colombo District (Sinhala: කොළඹ දිස්ත්‍රික්කය kol̠am̆ba distrikkaya; Tamil: கொழும்பு மாவட்டம் Koḻumpu Māvaṭṭam) is one of the 25 districts of Sri Lanka, the second level administrative division of the country. The district is administered by a District Secretariat headed by a District Secretary (previously known as a Government Agent) appointed by the central government of Sri Lanka. The capital of the district is the city of Colombo. The district of Colombo was officially recorded in 2016 as having the highest income on average, per household. There are smaller places like Kottawa
White Bear Lake, Minnesota
White Bear Lake is a city in Ramsey County in the state of Minnesota, United States. A small portion of the city also extends into Washington County. The population was 24,883 at the 2020 census. The city is located on White Bear Lake, one of the largest lakes in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area. The lake is a large lake that is home to many different species of fish including largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, northern pike, and a variety of other species.

Hill-Murray School
Hill-Murray School is a coeducational private Catholic school serving grades 6–12. It is on a 40-acre (16 ha) site in Maplewood, Minnesota, United States, a suburb of Saint Paul. Located in the Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis, it was established in 1971 as a result of the consolidation of Archbishop Murray Memorial High School and Hill High School. The student population is drawn from the Twin Cities, surrounding suburban areas, and nearby Wisconsin communities. Hill-Murray is one of 21 Minnesota high schools accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools.
Arthur Thibault
Arthur Joseph Thibault (February 21, 1914 – February 22, 1983) was a farmer and political figure in Saskatchewan. He represented Kinistino from 1959 to 1971 Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) member and from 1975 to 1978 as a New Democratic Party (NDP) member and Melfort-Kinistino from 1971 to 1975 as an NDP member in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan.

He was born in Bonne Madone, Saskatchewan, the son of Eugene Thibault and Emma McGary, and went on to farm in the Tarnopol district. He served as reeve of Invergordon, as a member of the local school board and as a member of the Saskatchewan Farmers' Union. In 1941, he married Doris Lepine. Thibault was first elected to the Saskatchewan assembly in a 1959 by-election held following the death of Henry Begrand. From 1978 to 1981, he worked at the St. Louis Alcoholism Rehabilitation Centre in Prince Albert.

Kinistino (Saskatchewan provincial electoral district)
Kinistino was a provincial electoral district for the Legislative Assembly of the province of Saskatchewan, Canada. Located in north-central Saskatchewan, it was centred on the town of Kinistino. This constituency was one of 25 created for the 1st Saskatchewan general election in 1905.

Dissolved and combined with the Melfort riding in 1971, the district was reconstituted before the 18th Saskatchewan general election in 1975. It was dissolved again in 1995 into Saskatchewan Rivers, Melfort-Tisdale, Humboldt and a small part to Prince Albert Carlton.

It is now part of the constituencies of Batoche, Melfort, and Saskatchewan Rivers.
Kirovo-Chepetsk
Kirovo-Chepetsk (Russian: Ки́рово-Чепе́цк) is a town in Kirov Oblast, Russia, located at the confluence of the Cheptsa and the Vyatka Rivers, 20 kilometers (12 mi) east of Kirov. Population:  80,921 (2010 census); 90,303 (2002 census); 92,382 (1989 Soviet census).

Vyatka (river)
The Vyatka is a river in Kirov Oblast and Tatarstan in Russia. It is a right tributary of the Kama. It is 1,314 kilometres (816 mi) long, and its drainage basin covers 129,000 square kilometres (50,000 mi2).

The Vyatka begins in the northern parts of Udmurtia. It freezes over in the early November and remains so until the second half of April. The Vyatka teems with fish, including bream, roach, tench, sheat fish, pike, European perch, zander, etc.

The Vyatka is navigable from its mouth to the city of Kirov, 700 kilometres (430 mi) upriver. Kirov was formerly known as Vyatka after the river before it was renamed  in 1934. The main ports are Kirov, Kotelnich, Sovetsk, and Vyatskiye Polyany.
2018 in reptile paleontology
Paleontology portal

History of science portal

Dinosaurs portal

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2018.

Albian
The Albian is both an age of the geologic timescale and a stage in the stratigraphic column. It is the youngest or uppermost subdivision of the Early/Lower Cretaceous Epoch/Series. Its approximate time range is 113.2 ± 0.3 Ma to 100.5 ± 0.1 Ma (million years ago). The Albian is preceded by the Aptian and followed by the Cenomanian.
Panjshir Front
Panjshir Front was a military association of the Afghan opposition in the Panjshir Valley during the Soviet–Afghan War (1979–1989) under the command of field commander Ahmad Shah Massoud. The Panjshir Front played a leading role in organizing and coordinating the military and political activities of the fronts by the type of the Islamic Army – the Islamic Society of Afghanistan – in five (5) northeastern provinces adjacent to Panjshiru: Kunduz, Baghlan, Takhar, Parvan, Kapisa.

Later, on the basis of the Panjshir and the northeastern fronts, the so-called "Supervisory Council" was created, which resolved military-political and economic tasks in organizing the activities of the anti-government forces of the entire region. Later such associations began to be established in the west and south of Afghanistan, the main role in them was played by the Islamic Society of Afghanistan party.

Kunduz
Kunduz, also written as Qunduz, is a city in northern Afghanistan, serving as the capital of Kunduz Province. It is within the jurisdiction of Kunduz District and has an estimated population of 413,996 people as of September 2025.
Mawlavi Gul Mohammad Elyas is the mayor of the city.

Kunduz has a domestic airport and an industrial park, including a growing number of public parks, markets, hospitals, mosques, universities, guesthouses and restaurants. The Kunduz University is located in the middle part of the city.

Kunduz is in the historical Tokharistan region of Bactria, near the confluence of the Kunduz River with the Khanabad River. The city is linked by a road network with Imam Sahib to the north, Taloqan to the east, Baghlan to the south, Mazar-i-Sharif to the west, and Sher Khan Bandar to the northwest. Many foreign tourists coming from Tajikistan pass through the city.
Main Street Garden Park
Main Street Garden Park is a 1.75-acre (0.71 ha) public park located in downtown Dallas, Texas, United States  The $17.4 million park was primarily funded through the City of Dallas’ 2003 and 2006 bond programs and is the first of several planned downtown core parks, including Pacific Plaza Park and Belo Garden Park. Main Street Garden replaced Pegasus Plaza as the site for major downtown events throughout the year.

Downtown
Downtown is a term primarily used in American and Canadian English to refer to a city's sometimes commercial, cultural and often the historical, political, and geographic heart. It is often synonymous with its central business district (CBD). It may also be a center for shopping and entertainment. Downtowns typically contain a small percentage of a city's employment but are concentrated in services, including high-end services (office or white-collar jobs). Sometimes, smaller downtowns include lower population densities and lower incomes than nearby suburbs. It is often distinguished as a hub of public transit and culture.
Monroe Crossing
Monroe Crossing Mall (Monroe Crossing) is a 395,000 square feet (37,000 m2) regional mall located in Monroe, Union County, North Carolina, United States.  The mall houses a mix of local and national retailers and anchor stores.

Monroe Crossing is on West Roosevelt Boulevard, in front of US Route 74, which is the primary route to Charlotte and carries more than 54,000 cars per day.
Monroe Crossing is anchored by Belk and Roses. Other tenants include Bath & Body Works, Chick-fil-A, Red Bowl Asian Bistro and Vanric Games

Monroe Crossing Mall runs a club called “Just KID-ding Around”, which hosts monthly themed events for children.  Monroe Crossing often partners with local charities.

U.S. Route 74
U.S. Route 74 (US 74) is an east–west United States highway that runs for 515 miles (829 km) from Chattanooga, Tennessee to Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina. Primarily in North Carolina, it serves as an important highway from the mountains to the sea, connecting the cities of Asheville, Charlotte and Wilmington. It is known as Andrew Jackson Highway throughout most of North Carolina.
Cypress Creek Town Center
Cypress Creek Town Center is a large retail development in  Lutz, FL. It is anchored by Hobby Lobby, Burlington, Five Below, Earth Fare, HomeGoods, Costco, At Home, and a Simon Outlet Mall, the Tampa Premium Outlets.

Simon Property Group
Simon Media Properties, LLC, doing business as Simon Property Group, Inc., is an American real estate investment trust that invests in shopping malls, outlet centers, and community/lifestyle centers. It is the largest owner of shopping malls in the United States and is headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana. As of December 31, 2024, it owned  interests in 232 properties.
Ishikawa District, Fukushima
List of Provinces of Japan > Tōsandō > Iwaki Province > Ishikawa District

Japan > Tōhoku region > Fukushima Prefecture > Ishikawa District

Ishikawa (石川郡, Ishikawa-gun) is a district located in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2020, the district has an estimated population of 37,723 and a density of 82.63 persons per km2. The total area is 456.70 km2.

Districts of Japan
In Japan, a district (郡, gun) is composed of one or more rural municipalities (towns or villages) within a prefecture. Districts have no governing function, and are only used for geographic or statistical purposes such as mailing addresses. Cities are not part of districts.

Historically, districts have at times functioned as an administrative unit.  From 1878 to 1921 district governments were roughly equivalent to a county of the United States, ranking below prefecture and above town or village, on the same level as a city. District governments were entirely abolished by 1926.
Latter-day Saint settlements in Canada
The following communities were founded by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in Alberta:

1887 — Cardston

1888 — Aetna

1890 — Mountain View

1891 — Beazer

1893 — Leavitt

1897 — Kimball

1898 — Caldwell, Magrath, Stirling, Taylorville

1901 — Orton, Raymond

1902 — Frankburg, Taber

1908 — Glenwood

1910 — Hillspring

The following communities were founded by LDS Church members or missionaries:

Woolford

Jefferson

Del Bonita

Aetna, Alberta
Aetna is a hamlet in southern Alberta, Canada within Cardston County, located 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) east of Highway 2, approximately 70 kilometres (43 mi) southwest of Lethbridge.

Settlement of the Aetna area began in 1888. Until 1893, the area was known as Snake Creek. In 1893 the community was named after Mount Etna by John W. Taylor, apostle for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, who said a nearby hill resembled the Sicilian mountain.
Ralph Jecha
Ralph Jecha (December 1, 1931 – May 15, 2018) was an American professional football guard and linebacker. He played for the Chicago Bears in 1955 and for the Pittsburgh Steelers in 1956.

He died on May 15, 2018, in Oak Lawn, Illinois at age 86.

Oak Lawn, Illinois
Oak Lawn is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States. The population was 58,362 at the 2020 census. Oak Lawn is a suburb of Chicago, located southwest of the city. It shares borders with the city in two areas but is surrounded mostly by other suburbs.
Robbie Collin
Robbie Collin is a British film critic.

Collin studied aesthetics and the philosophy of film at the University of St Andrews, Scotland. He edited the university's student newspaper, The Saint.

Collin has been the chief film critic at The Daily Telegraph since 2011. From 2007 to 2011 he wrote a weekly film column for the News of the World until the newspaper's closure. That year he was shortlisted for Critic of the Year at the British Press Awards, and was shortlisted again in 2017, when he was highly commended by the jury.

He appeared on the Channel 4 Vue Film Show, presented by Edith Bowman, and contributed to the BBC Radio 2 Arts Show with Claudia Winkleman. In August 2013 he guest presented BBC Radio 4's Film programme. He guest-presents Kermode and Mayo's Film Review, also with Edith Bowman, Sanjeev Bhaskar and Ben Bailey Smith.

In 2018 Collin compiled a list of the 100 greatest films of all time for the Telegraph, with Singin' in the Rain at number one.

Film... (TV programme)
Film '71 – Film 2018 is a British film review television programme, which was usually broadcast on BBC One. The title of the show changed each year to incorporate the year of broadcast until its cancellation in December 2018.
New Freedom, Pennsylvania
New Freedom is a borough in York County, Pennsylvania, United States. As of the 2020 census, the borough had a population of 4,874. Once an industrial/railroad town, the community has evolved into a predominantly residential community.

Borough (Pennsylvania)
In the United States Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, a borough (sometimes spelled boro) is a self-governing municipal entity, equivalent to a town in most jurisdictions, usually smaller than a city, but with a similar population density in its residential areas.  Sometimes thought of as "junior cities", boroughs generally have fewer powers and responsibilities than full-fledged cities.
Lawrence Tierney
Lawrence James Tierney (March 15, 1919 – February 26, 2002) was an American film and television actor who is best known for his many screen portrayals of mobsters and "tough guys" in a career that spanned over fifty years. His roles mirrored his own frequent brushes with the law. In 2005, film critic David Kehr of The New York Times described "the hulking Tierney" as "not so much an actor as a frightening force of nature".

Dave Kehr
David Kehr (born 1953) is an American museum curator and film critic.  For many years a critic at the Chicago Reader and the Chicago Tribune, he later wrote a weekly column for The New York Times on DVD releases. He later became a curator within the department of film at the Museum of Modern Art.
Amanita prairiicola
Amanita prairiicola is an American fungus. Its cap is white, 6–20 centimetres (2+1⁄2–8 inches) across, and usually flat to convex. The gills are a cream to gold hue, free, crowded, and broad. The stalk is 15–20 by 2–4 cm (6–8 by 1–1+1⁄2 in), and is also cream colored.

The species is native to western North America from Oregon to Arizona and eastward to Kansas. One specimen has been described in Argentina, though it may have been imported with soil. Unlike most Amanita species, it does not appear to need a mycorrhizal host and has been found in areas with no potential for a host, such as open cultivated fields and deserts.

Pileus (mycology)
In mycology, the pileus (pl.: pilei) is the cap or cap-like part of a basidiocarp or ascocarp (fungal fruiting body) that supports a spore-bearing surface, the hymenium. The hymenium (hymenophore) may consist of lamellae, tubes, or teeth, on the underside of the pileus. A pileus is characteristic of agarics, boletes, some polypores, tooth fungi, and some ascomycetes.

The word pileus comes from the Latin for a type of felt cap.
Alexis Santos
Alexis Manaças da Silva Santos (born 23 March 1992) is a Portuguese medley swimmer.

He competed at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships and at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. At club level, he represents Sporting CP.

Sporting CP (swimming)
Sporting Clube de Portugal has a swimming section, based in Lisbon, Portugal, since 1921, and competes in Campeonato Nacional de Clubes de Natação (National Club Championship of Swimming). The club has achieved multiple trophies, especially in men, where is champion for the eighth consecutive year.

Sporting pools are located in Multidesportivo Sporting, a building near the José Alvalade Stadium.
Nagabhata I
Nagabhata I (r. c. 730 – 760 CE) was the founder of the imperial Pratihara dynasty in northern India. He ruled the Avanti (or Malava) region in present-day Madhya Pradesh, from his capital at Ujjain. He may have extended his control over Gurjaradesa, which includes parts of present-day Gujarat and Rajasthan. He repulsed an Arab invasion from Sindh, probably led by Junayd ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Murri or Al Hakam ibn Awana.

R. C. Majumdar
Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (known as R. C. Majumdar; 4 December 1888 – 11 February 1980) was an Indian historian and professor known for promoting Hindu nationalist views. He principally studied the history of India.
Chris Phoenix (nanotechnologist)
Chris Phoenix (born December 25, 1970) is the co-founder (with Mike Treder) and Director of Research of the Center for Responsible Nanotechnology (CRN), and has worked in the field of advanced nanotechnology for over 15 years.  He obtained his BS in Symbolic Systems and MS in Computer Science from Stanford University in 1991.  Since 2000, he has studied and written about molecular manufacturing.  Phoenix, who lives in northern California, is a published author in nanotechnology and nanomedical research best known for his peer-reviewed paper, "Design of a Primitive Nanofactory", as well as his comprehensive outline of Thirty Essential Nanotechnology Studies.  Phoenix has authored or co-authored many papers and essays published by the Society in connection with his work for CRN.

Phoenix also serves on the Scientific Advisory Board for Nanorex, Inc.

Molecular assembler
A molecular assembler, as defined by K. Eric Drexler,  is a "proposed device able to guide chemical reactions by positioning reactive molecules with atomic precision". A molecular assembler is a molecular machine.  Some biological molecules such as ribosomes fit this definition as biological machines. This is because they receive instructions from messenger RNA and then assemble specific sequences of amino acids to construct protein molecules.