hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Tell Makhadah
Tell Makhadah (Arabic: تل مخاضة), also known as Berijah (برجناية), is a village near Tell Tamer in western al-Hasakah Governorate, northeastern Syria. Administratively it belongs to the Nahiya Tell Tamer.

The village is inhabited by Assyrians belonging to the Assyrian Church of the East. At the 2004 census, it had a population of 72.

Al-Hasakah Governorate
Al-Hasakah Governorate (Arabic: محافظة الحسكة, romanized: Muḥāfaẓat al-Ḥasakah), officially known as Hasakah Governorate (Kurdish: Parêzgeha Hesekê; Classical Syriac: ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܚܣܟܗ, romanized: Huparkiyo d'Ḥasake, and also known as ܓܙܪܬܐ, Gozarto) is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria. It is located in the far north-east corner of Syria and distinguished by its fertile lands, plentiful water, natural environment, and more than one hundred archaeological sites. It was formerly known as Al-Jazira Province. Prior to the Syrian civil war nearly half of Syria's oil was extracted from the region. It is the lower part of Upper Mesopotamia.

Most of the territory is controlled by the Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (DAANES), which as part of the ongoing Rojava conflict, on 21 January 2014 declared democratic autonomy on the area of Al-Hasakah Governorate as the Jazira Region, the largest of the three original regions of DAANES.
Fundamental theorem of linear programming
In mathematical optimization, the fundamental theorem of linear programming states, in a weak formulation, that the maxima and minima of a linear function over a convex polygonal region occur at the region's corners. Further, if an extreme value occurs at two corners, then it must also occur everywhere on the line segment between them.

Convex polygon
In geometry, a convex polygon is a polygon that is the boundary of a convex set. This means that the line segment between two points of the polygon is contained in the union of the interior and the boundary of the polygon. In particular, it is a simple polygon (not self-intersecting).  Equivalently, a polygon is convex if every line that does not contain any edge intersects the polygon in at most two points.
Garnet Bay
Garnet Bay is an arm of the Foxe Basin in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada. It is located on the northern coast of Foxe Peninsula, in western Baffin Island. The closest community is Kinngait, situated 137 km (85 mi) to the south, while Nuwata—a former settlement, is situated 106 km (66 mi) to the west.

Foxe Peninsula
Foxe Peninsula is a peninsula found at the southern end of Baffin Island in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada. It juts out from the southern end of the island in a southwestern direction, dividing Foxe Basin and Hudson Strait. Its western extremity is Cape Queen; to the southeast lies the Inuit hamlet of Kinngait. At the western coast is Inuksuk Point, which contains more than 100 inuksuit.

The peninsula is 241 km (150 mi) long and 80 km (50 mi) to 161 km (100 mi) wide.

The peninsula is named for the English explorer Luke Foxe.
Francis A. Thomas
Francis A. Thomas (1826 – September 28, 1899) was a prominent physician and Republican politician in New York City's 19th ward.

Born in Lewis County, New York, Thomas graduated from the Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1853. In 1854, he was appointed as house physician for Blackwell's Island, serving for one year.

Thomas was a prominent Republican, helping to found the Sons of Freedom during the Civil War. The Sons of Freedom later merged into the Union League Club.

Elected in 1865, Thomas served as a councilman from the Seventh District from 1866 to 1867. In 1868, Thomas ran on the Republican ticket for the United States House of Representatives against Democrat Fernando Wood, losing in a close and bitterly contested election.a He subsequently was made Police Surgeon, and held that office for ten years.

On September 26, 1899, Thomas was struck by a Lexington Avenue cable car while crossing 85th Street near his home and died two days later at Presbyterian Hospital.

Lexington Avenue
Lexington Avenue, often colloquially abbreviated as "Lex", is an avenue on the East Side of Manhattan in New York City. The avenue carries southbound one-way traffic from East 131st Street to Gramercy Park at East 21st Street. Along its 5.5-mile (8.9-kilometer), 110-block route, Lexington Avenue runs through Harlem, Carnegie Hill, the Upper East Side, Midtown, and Murray Hill to a point of origin that is centered on Gramercy Park. South of Gramercy Park, the axis continues as Irving Place from 20th Street to East 14th Street.

Lexington Avenue was not one of the streets included in the Commissioners' Plan of 1811 street grid, so the addresses for cross streets do not start at an even hundred number, as they do with avenues that were originally part of the plan.
Turgun Alimatov
Turgun Alimatov (Uzbek: Turgʻun Alimatov; 20 January 1922 – 17 December 2008) was a leading Uzbek classic music and shashmaqam player and composer of 20th century folk and classic music. He was a master performer of tanbur, dutar, and sato. He was recognized as People's artist of Uzbekistan.

The musical community knows Alimatov for being a player of tanbur, dutar, and sato.

He has found a new style and technique of performance on the dutar, sato, and tanbur which became popular around Uzbekistan, and his way of playing in these instruments is followed by many performers.

Alimatov's music is used in many Uzbek houses to put to sleep babies and kids, also in hospitals and treatment centers in Uzbekistan.

People's Artist of Uzbekistan
People's Artist of Uzbekistan (Uzbek: Oʻzbekiston xalq artisti) is an honorary title of the Republic of Uzbekistan. It is presented to the prominent artists of theatre, music, film, pop music, circus, TV and radio broadcast who contributed to the development of the art in the republic.
2008 in spaceflight
The year 2008 contained several significant events in spaceflight, including the first flyby of Mercury by a spacecraft since 1975, the discovery of water ice on Mars by the Phoenix spacecraft, which landed in May, the first Chinese spacewalk in September, the launch of the first Indian Lunar probe in October, and the first successful flight of a privately developed orbital launch vehicle by SpaceX's Falcon 1.

Proton-M
The Proton-M, (Протон-М) GRAU index 8K82M or 8K82KM, is an expendable Russian heavy-lift launch vehicle derived from the Soviet-developed Proton. It is built by Khrunichev, and launched from sites 81/24 and 200/39 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. Commercial launches are marketed by International Launch Services (ILS), and generally use Site 200/39. The first Proton-M launch occurred on 7 April 2001.

Proton flew its most recent mission on February 12, 2026. As of August 2020, a number of Roscosmos and other Russian government missions remain on Proton launch manifest.
Alpine, King County, Washington
Alpine was a town in the Cascade Mountains, near Skykomish, Washington. Founded in the late 19th century and originally named Nippon, it was first built to house Japanese railway workers. Another nearby railway town, Corea, housed Korean workers. About 8 miles (13 km) west of Stevens Pass, Alpine had only rail access, and was a mile from the nearest road.

The local lumber baron changed the town's name from Nippon to Alpine in 1903. In 1917 it was reported as a station on the Great Northern Railway. Its population peaked at 200–300 people; after the nearby woods were logged out, it was evacuated and intentionally burned, around 1929.

Author Mary Daheim, whose family, the Dawsons, lived in Alpine approximately 1916–1922 (before she was born) sets her "Emma Lord" mystery novels in a fictional, surviving town of Alpine.

Stevens Pass
Stevens Pass (elevation 4,061 ft (1,238 m)) is a mountain pass through the Cascade Mountains located at the border of King County and Chelan County in Washington, United States. U.S. Route 2 travels over the pass, reaching a maximum elevation of 4,061 feet (1,238 m).  The Pacific Crest Trail crosses the highway at Stevens Pass. The BNSF Railway's Cascade Tunnel lies 1,180 feet (400 m) below the pass summit.

The pass is near Stevens Pass Ski Area, which is on Cowboy Mountain and Big Chief Mountain.
Richard Langford (priest)
Richard Langford was a Welsh Anglican priest in the late 17th and early 18th centuries.

Langford was  born in Llanfwrog, Denbighshire and educated at St Alban Hall, Oxford. He held livings at Penmorfa, Bosbury, Llanrhaeadr-ym-Mochnant and Goodrich.  Langford was appointed Archdeacon of Merioneth in 1716.

St Alban Hall, Oxford
St Alban Hall, sometimes known as St Alban's Hall or Stubbins, was one of the medieval halls of the University of Oxford, and one of the longest-surviving. It was established in the 13th century, acquired by neighbouring Merton College in the 16th century but operated separately until the institutions merged in the late 19th century. The site in Merton Street, Oxford, is now occupied by Merton's Edwardian St Alban's Quad.
BMW R2
The BMW R2 was a 198 cc overhead valve single-cylinder motorcycle produced by BMW between 1931 and 1936, the smallest motorcycle ever to enter series production with the firm (In 1948, a 125cc 2 stroke flat twin, designated R10, was developed but did not enter production). Despite its much smaller design and engine capacity, the R2 retained many features of the larger boxer twin motorcycles in the range, such as cardan shaft drive and a pressed-steel duplex frame. The R2 was the smallest in the range of singles produced during the 1930s by BMW, with its big brothers being the 305 cc R3 and the 400 cc R4.

Motorcycle frame
A motorcycle frame is a motorcycle's core structure. Its main function is to provide a torsionally rigid connection between the steering head at the front and the swinging-arm bearing at the rear for predictable handling and safety. It also supports the engine, the rider and any passenger or luggage. Also attached to the frame are the fuel tank and battery. At the front of the frame is found the steering head tube that holds the pivoting front fork, while at the rear there is a pivot point for the swingarm suspension motion. Some motorcycles include the engine as a load-bearing stressed member; while some other bikes do not use a single frame, but instead have a front and a rear subframe attached to the engine.
Moloch in literature and popular culture
The Biblical term Moloch has traditionally been understood as a Canaanite god to whom child sacrifice was offered. In post-classical rabbinical tradition, this supposed deity was associated with Greco-Roman reports of Carthaginian child sacrifice to the god Baal Hammon. In later Christian tradition, Moloch was often described as a demon. Moloch is depicted in John Milton's epic poem Paradise Lost as one of the greatest warriors of the rebel angels, vengeful and militant.

In the 19th century, "Moloch" came to be used allegorically for any idol or cause requiring excessive sacrifice.
Bertrand Russell in 1903 used Moloch to describe oppressive religion, and Winston Churchill in his 1948 history The Gathering Storm used "Moloch" as a metaphor for Adolf Hitler's cult of personality.

Baal Hammon
Baal Hammon, properly Baʿal Ḥamon (Phoenician and Punic: 𐤁𐤏𐤋 𐤇𐤌𐤍, romanized: Baʿl Ḥamōn), meaning "Lord Hammon", was a Punic-Libyan syncretic deity and the chief god of ancient Carthage. He was a weather god considered responsible for the fertility of vegetation and esteemed as king of the gods. He was depicted as a bearded older man with curling ram's horns. Baal Ḥammon's female cult partner was Tanit. Baal Hammon was worshipped only in North Africa and Carthaginian colonies of the western mediterranean including Iberia, Sicily, Sardinia and the Balearic Islands.

In Carthage and North Africa, Baʿal Hammon was especially associated with the ram and was also worshiped as the horned deity Baʿal Qarnaim "Lord of the Two Horns", He had several temples in Volubilis, Cirta, Iol, Hippo Regius, Timgad and many others however his chief temple was in an open-air sanctuary at Jebel Boukornine ("the two-horned hill") across the bay from Carthage, in Tunisia.
Oakland County Cruisers
The Oakland County Cruisers were a professional baseball team based in Waterford Township, Michigan, in the United States. They were a member of the East Division of the Frontier League, which is not affiliated with Major League Baseball. The team became the London Rippers in 2012.

The name "Cruisers" is a reference to Oakland County's location in Metropolitan Detroit, home of the three major American automobile companies: Ford, Chrysler, and General Motors.  All three companies have significant investments in Oakland County. Each August, the county hosts the Woodward Dream Cruise.

Oakland County, Michigan
Oakland County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is a principal county of the Detroit metropolitan area, containing the bulk of Detroit's northern suburbs. Its county seat is Pontiac, and its largest city is Troy. As of the 2020 census, its population 1,274,395, making it the second-most populous county in Michigan (behind neighboring Wayne County), and the most populous county in the United States without a city of 100,000 residents.

Founded in 1819 and organized the following year, Oakland County is composed of 62 cities, villages, and townships. In 2010, Oakland County was among the ten wealthiest counties in the United States to have over one million residents. It is also home to Oakland University, a large public institution that straddles the border between the cities of Auburn Hills and Rochester Hills.
Al-Qaeda in the Sinai Peninsula
Al-Qaeda in the Sinai Peninsula (Arabic: القاعدة في شبه جزيرة سيناء, romanized: al-Qā‘idah fī shibh Jazīrat Sīnāʼ), or AQSP, was an Egyptian militant jihadist organization possibly formed by a merger between al-Qaeda operatives in Sinai and Ansar al Jihad. It was Al-Qaeda's branch in the Sinai Peninsula, and is composed of many Al-Qaeda factions in the area. AQSP made international headlines in November 2014 when the organization pledged allegiance to the Islamic State (IS) in a nine-minute audio speech released on Twitter.

Ansar al-Jihad al-Alami
Ansar al-Jihad al-Alami (أنصار الجهاد العالمي, Anṣār al-Jihād al-‘Alāmī, "helpers of the global jihad") is a jihadist group that came to international attention in the immediate aftermath of the 2011 Norway attacks, when it was reported that the group had claimed responsibility for the attacks.

The group was described by Karen J. Greenberg, executive director of the Center on Law and Security at New York University School of Law as a Kurdistan-based affiliate of Al-Qaeda led by Abu Suleiman al-Nasser.
Merestone
Merestone, also known as the John S. Reese, IV, House, is an American historic estate that is located in New Garden Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania, and New Castle County, Delaware. Spanning the border of the two states, the estate encompasses the Merestone House, the guest house/garage, a milk house, and a stone shed.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.

New Castle County, Delaware
New Castle County is the northernmost of the three counties of the U.S. state of Delaware (New Castle, Kent, and Sussex). As of the 2020 census, the population was 570,719, making it the most populous county in Delaware, with nearly 60% of the state's population of 989,948. The county seat is Wilmington, which is also the state's most populous city. New Castle County is included in the Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD Metropolitan Statistical Area. The county is named after William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle (c. 1593–1676). New Castle County has the highest population and population density of any Delaware county, and it is the smallest county in the state by area. It has more people than the other two counties, Kent and Sussex, combined. It is also the most economically developed of the three.
Opinion polling for the 2007 Scottish Parliament election
This is a list of opinion polls for the 2007 Scottish Parliament election. The first figure for each party is for the 1st, first-past-the-post, constituency, vote; the second figure is for the 2nd, proportional representation, regional, vote. The Scottish Greens and the Scottish Socialist Party ran only one constituency candidate each in the 2007 election (the Greens in Glasgow Kelvin and the SSP in Paisley North) so constituency values in polls for those parties have little meaning.

ICM, Ipsos MORI, Populus, YouGov and TNS System Three (a subsidiary of Taylor Nelson Sofres) are all members of the British Polling Council (BPC), and therefore fully disclose the methodology used, and publish tables of the detailed statistical findings. Scottish Opinion (a brand of Progressive Partnership) and mruk are not BPC members.

Populus Ltd
Populus is a market research company in the United Kingdom formed in 2003.

Populus co-founded the British Polling Council in 2004 and regularly publishes opinion polls on voting intention and as well as other political and commercial issues. It is also a member of the Market Research Society.

Populus conduct telephone research using random digit dialing.

In 2020 Populus became part of Yonder Consulting.
1991 European Ladies' Team Championship
The 1991 European Ladies' Team Championship took place 10–14 July at Wentworth Club in Virginia Water, Surrey, England, United Kingdom. It was the 17th women's golf amateur European Ladies' Team Championship.

Wentworth Club
Wentworth Club is a privately owned golf club and country club in Virginia Water, Surrey, on the south western fringes of London, not far from Windsor Castle. The club was founded in 1922. Beijing-based Reignwood Group bought the club in September 2014 and implemented a new debenture membership structure, starting at £100,000. The debenture is now estimated at £200,000.

Wentworth is home to the headquarters of the PGA European Tour, the professional golf tour. Each year, it hosts the Tour's PGA Championship, which is played on the club's West Course. Wentworth was the venue of the 1953 Ryder Cup and of the World Match Play Championship from 1964 until 2007.
Kii-Katsuura Station
Kii-Katsuura Station (紀伊勝浦駅, Kii-Katsuura-eki) is a passenger railway station in located in the town of Nachikatsuura, Higashimuro District, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan, operated by West Japan Railway Company (JR West).

Higashimuro District, Wakayama
Higashimuro District (東牟婁郡, Higashimuro-gun) is a rural district on the southeastern coast of Wakayama Prefecture, on the southern (Kii) Peninsula of Honshū, Japan. The district occupies an area of rugged coastline, steep mountains and deep river valleys; it contains several small towns and villages that are notable for their connection to the ancient Kumano pilgrimage routes, coastal fisheries, and forestry.
Tower house
A tower house is a particular type of stone structure, built for defensive purposes as well as habitation. Tower houses began to appear in the Middle Ages, especially in mountainous or limited access areas, to command and defend strategic points with reduced forces. At the same time, they were also used as an aristocrat's residence, around which a castle town was often constructed.

Castle town
A castle town is a settlement built adjacent to or surrounding a castle. Castle towns were common in Medieval Europe.  Castle towns were sometimes made by the people who made the castle. Some examples include small towns like Alnwick and Arundel, which are still dominated by their castles. In Western Europe, and England particularly, it is common for cities and towns that were not castle towns to instead have been organized around cathedrals.

Towns organized around Japanese castles are called jōkamachi (城下町). Castles are typically built near towns to gain and equip supplies.
The Collector (1965 film)
The Collector is a 1965 psychological horror film directed by William Wyler, adapted by Stanley Mann and John Kohn from the 1963 novel by John Fowles. It stars Terence Stamp as a young man who abducts a beautiful art student, played by Samantha Eggar, holding her captive in the basement of his rural farmhouse.

The film premiered at the 1965 Cannes Film Festival, where both Stamp and Eggar won the awards for Best Actor and Best Actress, respectively. Upon its theatrical release in June 1965, the film received largely favorable reviews. Eggar won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama for her performance, and was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress, while Wyler received his 12th and final nomination for Best Director.

Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama
The Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama is a Golden Globe Award that was first awarded by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association as a separate category in 1951. Previously, there was a single award for "Best Actress in a Motion Picture", but the splitting allowed for recognition of it and the Best Actress – Comedy or Musical.

The formal title has varied since its inception. In 2005, it was officially called "Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama". As of 2013, the wording is "Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama".
Ideology and Organization in Communist China
Ideology and Organization in Communist China is a 1966 book by the American sociologist and sinologist Franz Schurmann that offers a sociological analysis of the Chinese Communist revolution  It was first published by University of California Press in 1966, then in enlarged editions in 1968 and 1971. Schurmann used the sociological tools developed by Max Weber to analyze Mao Zedong's "dialectical conception of Chinese society" and how Mao structured his organizational approach to the Chinese Communist Party and the government.

David Stafford, writing in the American Sociological Review called it a "near classic, widely recognized as scholarly and authoritative."

American Sociological Review
The American Sociological Review (abbreviated ASR) is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes original research and book reviews in the field of sociology and related social sciences. It is published by SAGE Publications on behalf of the American Sociological Association. It was established in 1936. Along with the American Journal of Sociology, it is considered one of the top journals in the academic field of sociology. The editors-in-chief are David Cort (University of Massachusetts Amherst), Laurel Smith-Doerr (University of Massachusetts Amherst), and Donald Tomaskovic-Devey (University of Massachusetts Amherst).
Mayer Eisenstein
Mayer Eisenstein (January 26, 1946 – December 22, 2014) was an American pediatrician and family physician known for his opposition to vaccines. He was also known for promoting the use of Lupron as a treatment for autism, a practice originally developed by Mark Geier which has been heavily criticized. He founded and ran the Homefirst practice in suburban Chicago in 1973, and ran it until he died in 2014. Homefirst was known for providing physician-attended home births. In the 1990s, he attended John Marshall Law School along with his son, Jeremy.

University of Illinois Chicago School of Law
The University of Illinois Chicago School of Law (UIC Law) is the law school of the University of Illinois Chicago, a public research university in Chicago, Illinois. Founded in 1899, it became affiliated with the university in 2019. The school offers programs for both part-time and full-time students, with both day and night classes available, and offers January enrollment.