hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Turbidity
Turbidity is the cloudiness or haziness of a fluid caused by large numbers of individual particles that are generally invisible to the naked eye. The measurement of turbidity is a key test of both water clarity and water quality.

Fluids can contain suspended solid matter consisting of particles of many different sizes. While some suspended material will be large enough and heavy enough to settle rapidly to the bottom of the container if a liquid sample is left to stand (the settable solids), very small particles will settle only very slowly or not at all if the sample is regularly agitated or the particles are colloidal. These small solid particles cause the liquid to appear turbid.

Turbidity (or haze) is also applied to transparent solids such as glass or plastic. In plastic production, haze is defined as the percentage of light that is deflected more than 2.5° from the incoming light direction.

Fluid
In physics, a fluid is a liquid, gas, or other material that may continuously move and deform (flow) under an applied shear stress, or external force. They have zero shear modulus, or, in simpler terms, are substances which cannot resist any shear force applied to them.
Siegershausen railway station
Siegershausen railway station (German: Bahnhof Siegershausen) is a railway station in the village of Siegershausen, within the municipality of Kemmental, in the Swiss canton of Thurgau. It is an intermediate stop on the standard gauge Wil–Kreuzlingen line of Thurbo, and is served as a request stop by local trains only.

Thurgau
Thurgau (/ˈtʊərɡaʊ/ TOOR-gow, Swiss Standard German: [ˈtuːrɡaʊ] ⓘ; French: Thurgovie; Italian: Turgovia; Romansh: Turgovia), anglicized as Thurgovia, and formally as the Canton of Thurgau, is one of the 26 cantons forming the Swiss Confederation. It is composed of five districts. Its capital is Frauenfeld.

Thurgau is part of Eastern Switzerland. It is named after the river Thur, and the name Thurgovia was historically used for a larger area, including part of this river's basin upstream of the modern canton. The area of what is now Thurgau was acquired as subject territories by the cantons of the Old Swiss Confederacy from the mid 15th century. Thurgau was first declared a canton in its own right at the formation of the Helvetic Republic in 1798.

The population, as of December 2020, is 282,909. In 2007, there were a total of 47,390 resident foreigners, constituting 19.9% of the population.
Bailly Lake (Saint-Cyr River South)
Bailly Lake is a body of freshwater in the north-eastern part of Senneterre in the Vallée-de-l'Or Regional County Municipality (RCM), in the administrative region of Abitibi-Témiscamingue, in the province of Quebec, in Canada.

Lake Bailly is crossed to the South Saint-Cyr River South. Lake Bailly is located entirely in the canton of Bailly. Forestry is the main economic activity of the sector. Recreational tourism activities come second.

The hydrographic slope of Lake Bailly is accessible via a forest road (North-South direction) on the east side of the Saint-Cyr River South Valley; in addition, another forest road (East-West direction) serves the northern part of the Bailly Lake Biodiversity Reserve and connects R1015 to the west.

The surface of Bailly Lake is usually frozen from early November to mid-May, however, safe ice circulation is generally from mid-November to mid-April.

Senneterre
Senneterre (French pronunciation: [sɛntɛʁ]) is a town in the Abitibi-Témiscamingue region of northwestern Quebec, Canada. It is in La Vallée-de-l'Or Regional County Municipality.

There are three schools in the town: St-Paul elementary school, Chanoine-Delisle elementary school and La Concorde High school. The town centre is mainly surrounded by Parent Lake and Tiblemont Lake. The main street of the town is called Avenue 10e (10th Avenue). The arena is named Centre sportif André Dubé. The economy of the town is mainly based on forestry.
Colin Thornton-Kemsley
Sir Colin Norman Thornton-Kemsley, OBE, TD (2 September 1903 – 17 July 1977) was a Conservative and National Liberal politician in the United Kingdom.  He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Kincardine and Western Aberdeenshire from 1939 to 1950, and for North Angus and Mearns from 1950 until his retirement at the 1964 general election.

North Angus and Mearns (UK Parliament constituency)
Angus North and Mearns was a county constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1950 to 1983. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post voting system.

It was unsuccessfully contested in 1950 by the actor James Robertson Justice.
Kumam people
The Kumam people  are part of a Hamites ethnic group of about 720,000 census 2024, living mainly Kumam Sub-Region of Kaberamaido, Soroti, Soroti City, Kalaki, parts of Serere, Dokolo and Amolatar respectively in the western areas of Teso sub-region and the south-east of Lango sub-region. The Kumam are an ethnic group of people found in Kaberamaido, Soroti,  Kalaki, Dokolo, Amolatar districts and the  Lake Kyoga Basin Area in Eastern Uganda.  They share Soroti district with the Iteso and some parts of formerly Lira district with the Langi. In the Lango region, they are now found in Dokolo district which was detached from Lira District. They are found at the shores of Lake Kyoga (Namasale). In Soroti district, they are found in Serere, Asuret, Kamuda, katine, Soroti city, Arapai as well as the outskirts of Soroti district neighboring Kaberamaido.

They speak Kumam language similar to the language spoken by the Lango, with some Ateso vocabulary.

Kalaki District
Kalaki is a district of Uganda located in the Eastern Region. It was formerly a county of the Kaberamaido District, before being made into its own county during July 2019. Its seat is the settlement of Kalaki.
Bryonympha
Bryonympha is a monotypic moth genus in the family Immidae. Its only species, Bryonympha silvana, is found on Grande Comore of the Comoros in the Mozambique Channel off the eastern coast of Africa. Both the genus and species were first described by Edward Meyrick in 1930.

Grande Comore
Grande Comore (French pronunciation: [ɡʁɑ̃d kɔmɔʁ]; Swahili: Ngazidja) is an island in Comoros off the coast of Africa. It is the largest island in the Comoros nation. Most of its population is of the Comorian ethnic group. Its population as of 2006 is about 316,600. The island's capital is Moroni, which is also the national capital. The island is made up of two shield volcanoes, with Mount Karthala being the country's highest point at 2,361 m (7,746 ft) above sea level. Inl line with the 2009 revision of the constitution of 2002, it is governed by an elected governor, as are the other islands, with the federal government being much reduced in power. The name Ngazidja is sometimes seen in the now nonstandard form Njazidja.
Vernon Lyman Kellogg
Vernon Lyman Kellogg (December 1, 1867 – August 8, 1937) was an American entomologist, evolutionary biologist, and science administrator. A major contribution was his study of bird lice and their hosts. He established the Department of Zoology at Stanford University in 1894, and served as the first permanent secretary of the National Research Council in Washington, D.C.

Kellogg was an elected member of both the American Philosophical Society and the United States National Academy of Sciences.

Emporia State University
Emporia State University (Emporia State or ESU) is a public university in Emporia, Kansas, United States. Established in March 1863 as the Kansas State Normal School, Emporia State is the third-oldest public university in the state of Kansas. Emporia State is one of six public universities governed by the Kansas Board of Regents.

The university offers degrees through seven schools, one college, and one institute: the School of Business and Technology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, School of Library and Information Management, School of Science and Mathematics, School of Visual and Performing Arts, School of Applied Health Sciences, The Teachers College, and the Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies. Prior to the 2023–24 school year, Emporia State only had two schools and colleges.
Reginald E. Beauchamp
Reginald E. Beauchamp (December 8, 1910 – December 20, 2000) was an American sculptor whose works include Penny Franklin (1971), Whispering Bells of Freedom (1976), and a bust of Connie Mack that sits in the Baseball Hall of Fame.

Born in London, Beauchamp immigrated to the United States at age 2 with his family, who lived for five years in Rensselaer, New York, before settling in Philadelphia. He worked as the director of special events and then the head of public relations and personnel at the Philadelphia Bulletin newspaper from 1945 to 1975. He was also involved in various community groups, including Rotary International, the Philadelphia Sketch Club, the Poor Richard Club, and the Philadelphia Public Relations Association, which named him the first member of its hall of fame in 1972.

Philadelphia Bulletin
The Philadelphia Bulletin (or The Bulletin as it was commonly known) was a daily evening newspaper published from 1847 to 1982 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was the largest circulation newspaper in Philadelphia for 76 years and was once the largest evening newspaper in the United States. Its widely known slogan was: "In Philadelphia, nearly everybody reads The Bulletin."

Describing the Bulletin's style, publisher William L. McLean once said: "I think the Bulletin operates on a principle which in the long run is unbeatable. This is that it enters the reader's home as a guest. Therefore, it should behave as a guest, telling the news rather than shouting it." As Time magazine later noted: "In its news columns, the Bulletin was solid if unspectacular. Local affairs were covered extensively, but politely. Muckraking was frowned upon."
Palace Theatre (Canton, Ohio)
The Palace Theater is a historic movie palace in downtown Canton, Ohio, United States.  Constructed during the heyday of the movie palace in the 1920s, it has been named a historic site. The 21' x 46' screen is the largest in Canton as of 2019. It contains a Kilgen theater organ which is still playing to this day, thanks to an eight month restoration effort in 1992. Only a few dozen such organs are still operational at their original sites.

Historic site
A historic site or heritage site is an official location where pieces of political, military, cultural, or social history have been preserved due to their cultural heritage value. Historic sites are usually protected by law, and many have been recognized with official historic status. A historic site may be any building, landscape, site or structure that is of local, regional, national, or global significance. Usually this also means the site must be at least 50 years or older.
Over Somebody Else's Shoulder
"Over Somebody Else's Shoulder" is a hit song written by Al Sherman & Al Lewis in 1934 at the end of the Tin Pan Alley era.  It was introduced by singer and bandleader, Ozzie Nelson who enjoyed great success with the song.  It was further covered by Freddy Martin and his Orchestra with the vocal performed by Elmer Feldkamp.  The original release of the song was on February 13, 1934 to coincide with Valentine's Day.  It was also covered by Eddie Cantor.  Twenty four years later, in 1958 country singer, Sonny James covered the song on his album entitled, Honey which was released by Capitol Records (Capitol T-988).

Al Lewis (lyricist)
Al Lewis (April 18, 1901 – April 4, 1967) was an American lyricist, songwriter and music publisher. He is thought of mostly as a Tin Pan Alley era lyricist; however, he did write music on occasion as well.  Professionally he was most active during the 1920s working into the 1950s.  During this time, he most often collaborated with songwriters such as Al Sherman and Abner Silver. Among his most famous songs are "Blueberry Hill" and "You Gotta Be a Football Hero".
Mein Schiff 4
Mein Schiff 4 (My Ship 4) is a cruise ship owned by TUI Cruises. Built by Meyer Turku Shipyard in Turku, Finland, she was floated out on 10 October 2014, delivered to TUI Cruises on 8 May 2015, and christened by former Olympic swimmer Franziska van Almsick in Kiel, Germany, on 5 June 2015.

For the most part, Mein Schiff 4 is a copy of her sister ship, Mein Schiff 3.

TUI Cruises
TUI Cruises is a cruise line based in Germany. It was formed in 2007 as a joint venture between the German tourism company TUI AG and the American cruise line operator Royal Caribbean Group, each of which owns a 50% stake in the company.
Broadway Extension
Broadway Extension can refer to one of the following:

A planned extension of the Gloucestershire Warwickshire Railway in England

Millennium Line Broadway extension, a planned extension of the Millennium Line in Vancouver, Canada

A section of U.S. Route 77 in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States

A section of U.S. Route 169 in Kansas City, Missouri, United States

U.S. Route 77 in Oklahoma
U.S. Highway 77 (US-77) in Oklahoma is a 267.21-mile-long (430.03 km) U.S. Highway in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. It travels from south to north, paralleling Interstate 35 (I-35), connecting Texas to Kansas through the central part of the state. It travels through many major cities, including Ardmore, Oklahoma City and its suburbs, Guthrie, and Ponca City. It has four lettered spur routes.

US-77 was the first highway in Oklahoma to be paved entirely across the state from state line to state line. It has been a paved roadway since 1930.
2014 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Women's 100 metre butterfly
The women's 100 metre butterfly competition at the 2014 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships took place on August 23 at the Gold Coast Aquatic Centre.  The last champion was Dana Vollmer of US.

This race consisted of two lengths of the pool, all in butterfly.

Butterfly stroke
Butterfly (shortened to fly) is a swimming stroke swum on the front, with both arms moving symmetrically, accompanied by the butterfly kick (also known as the "dolphin kick") along with the movement of the hips and chest.

It is the newest swimming style swum in competition, first swum in the early 1950s and originating from breaststroke.

For most competitive swimmers, butterfly is the second fastest stroke, only slower than front crawl.
Catholic Church in Andorra
The Catholic Church in Andorra is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome.

There are about 60,000 Catholics in Andorra, making up 88% of the total population, and the country forms part of the Spanish Diocese of Urgell, whose bishop is also one of the country's Co-Princes.

Few official statistics are available on religion; estimates of the Catholic population in 2020 range from 89.5% and 99.21%.

Co-princes of Andorra
The co-princes of Andorra are jointly the heads of state (Catalan: cap d'estat) of the Principality of Andorra, a landlocked microstate lying in the Pyrenees between France and Spain. The co-princes are the bishop of Urgell and the president of France.

Founded in 1278 by a treaty between the bishop of Urgell and the count of Foix, this unique diarchical arrangement has persisted through the Middle Ages to the present. Following the transfer of the count of Foix's claims to the Crown of France and, subsequently, to the head of state of the French Republic, the current arrangement has the bishop of Urgell (Josep-Lluís Serrano Pentinat) serving as the episcopal co-prince and the president of France (Emmanuel Macron) as the lay co-prince. Each co-prince appoints a personal representative. The episcopal co-prince is currently represented by Eduard Ibáñez and the lay co-prince by Patrice Faure.
1991 Welwyn Hatfield District Council election
The 1991 Welwyn Hatfield District Council election took place on 2 May 1991 to elect members of Welwyn Hatfield District Council in England. This was on the same day as other local elections.

The council was elected on partial new ward boundaries, leading to some wards electing all of their councillors, while other wards only elected one councillor as normal. The total number of councillors increased by 4 from 43 to 47.

Welwyn Hatfield
Welwyn Hatfield is a local government district with borough status in the county of Hertfordshire, England. Its council is based in Welwyn Garden City. The borough borders Hertsmere, St Albans, North Hertfordshire, East Hertfordshire, Broxbourne, and the London Borough of Enfield.

The borough includes the two towns of Welwyn Garden City and Hatfield, along with numerous smaller settlements from Woolmer Green in the north to Cuffley in the south. The borough has six railway stations on the Great Northern Railway; five being on the main line and one on the Hertford loop line. The Digswell Viaduct is a local landmark. The A1 road passes through the borough.

Much of the borough lies within the Metropolitan Green Belt which surrounds London. Welwyn Garden City is notable as being one of only two Garden Cities in the country, and is uniquely both a Garden City and a designated New Town. The University of Hertfordshire has its main campus at Hatfield.
Richard A. Brealey
Richard A. Brealey is a British economist and author. He is an emeritus professor at the London Business School and a Fellow of the British Academy. He co-authored Principles of Corporate Finance with Stewart C. Myers and Franklin Allen (now in its thirteenth edition).

He was a full-time faculty member of the London Business School from 1968 to 1998. He has held the posts of Director of the American Finance Association and president of the European Finance Association.  He is a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, Journal of Empirical Finance, and European Finance Review.

Professor Brealey is a director of the Swiss Helvetia Fund and a former director of HSBC Investor Funds, Sun Life Assurance Company of Canada UK Holdings plc, and Tokai Derivative Products Ltd. He was formerly a special adviser to the Governor of the Bank of England.

He was educated at Exeter College, Oxford, with an M.A. in Philosophy, Politics and Economics.

Philosophy, politics and economics
Philosophy, politics and economics, or politics, philosophy and economics (PPE), is an interdisciplinary degree that combines study from three disciplines. The first institution to offer degrees in PPE was the University of Oxford in the 1920s. The Oxford PPE course has produced many notable graduates, including numerous British politicians and leaders of other countries. PPE degrees began to be offered at other universities in the 1980s and are now offered at many colleges and universities around the world.
Stokkvågen
Stokkvågen is a village and ferry port located in Lurøy Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. The village lies on the mainland coast of Lurøy, about 60 kilometres (37 mi) west of the town of Mo i Rana. The port has ferries that connect the mainland to the islands of Onøya, Lovund, Sleneset/Moflag, and Træna to the west and to the town of Sandnessjøen to the south. The village of Stokkvågen is located along Norwegian County Road 17, along the Sjona fjord.

Lovund
Lovund is an island and village in Lurøy Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. The island is located west of the Solvær islands and southeast of  Træna Municipality, a neighboring island municipality. Lovund is notable for the large puffin breeding colony located on the rocky north slope of the island.

The village of Lovund (also known as Strand) is located in the northeastern part of the island. The 0.53-square-kilometre (130-acre) village has a population (2023) of 512 and a population density of 966 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,500/sq mi). Lovund Church, located in the village, serves the people of the island.

In June 2024 a new museum was opened to house the oaken Lovund Boat, dated around 1460, close to where its wreck was found. The remnants had been raised from the sandy bottom in 2017. The state of preservation was sufficient to enable a full-scale replica to be made, including tarred wool for keeping the vessel watertight.
John F. Andrews
John F. Andrews, OBE (November 2, 1942 – May 4, 2025) was an American Shakespeare scholar, writer, editor, educator, event producer, and founder of The Shakespeare Guild, a global nonprofit organization designed to foster a deeper appreciation of the author.

Carlsbad, New Mexico
Carlsbad (/ˈkɑːrlzbæd/ KARLZ-bad) is a city in and the county seat of Eddy County, New Mexico, United States. As of the 2020 census, the city population was 32,238. Carlsbad is centered at the intersection of U.S. Routes 62/180 and 285, and is the principal city of the Carlsbad-Artesia Micropolitan Statistical Area, which has a total population of 62,314. Located in the southeastern part of New Mexico, Carlsbad straddles the Pecos River and sits at the eastern edge of the Guadalupe Mountains.

Carlsbad is a hub for potash mining, petroleum production, and tourism. Carlsbad Caverns National Park is located 20 miles (32 km) southwest of the city, and Guadalupe Mountains National Park lies 54 miles (87 km) southwest across the Texas border. The Lincoln National Forest is to the northwest of town.
Edward S. Merrill
Edward Strong Merrill (June 20, 1879 – March 29, 1951) was an American track athlete, college football player and coach, and osteopathic physician. He served as the head football coach at Lawrence University (1902), Colorado College (1903) and Occidental College (1905–1906). Merrill attended Beloit College in Wisconsin, starring in football, baseball, and track before graduating in 1902.

Merrill was born in 1879, in San Francisco. Merrill graduated from the Pacific College of Osteopathy in 1907. He resigned from his post as athletic coach at Occidental in the spring of 1907 and opened an osteopathic medicine practice with an office at the Bradbury Building in downtown Los Angeles. Merrill was succeeded by John Lawrence Goheen as Occidental's coach.

Merrill died on March 29, 1951, at his home in Los Angeles, at the age of 71.

Lawrence University
Lawrence University is a private liberal arts college and conservatory of music in Appleton, Wisconsin, United States. Founded in 1847, its first classes were held on November 12, 1849. Lawrence was the second college in the U.S. to be founded as a coeducational institution.
Mean Creek (band)
Mean Creek was a four-piece American rock band based in Boston, Massachusetts. Formed in 2006, the lineup consisted of Chris Keene (lead vocals, guitar), Aurore Ounjian (lead guitar, backing vocals), Mikey Holland (drums), and Kevin Macdonald (bass).

The band released four albums over the course of their career.

The Improper Bostonian
The Improper Bostonian was a glossy lifestyle magazine first published in August 1991 "highlighting the people and places that make Boston a world-class city."

After 28 years, publisher Wendy Semonian Eppich announced that the magazine ceased publication effective April 25, 2019.
Bioactive agents
Bioactive agents are substances that can influence an organism, tissue or cell. Examples include enzymes, drugs, vitamins, phytochemicals, and bioactive compounds.

Bioactive agents can be incorporated into polymers, which has applications in drug delivery and commercial production of household goods and biomedical devices. In drug delivery systems, bioactive agents are loaded into enzyme-responsive polymers which can then be cleaved by target enzymes. Activation of the bioactive agents leads to the release of therapeutic cargos.

Bioactive compound
A bioactive compound is a compound that has an effect on a living organism, tissue or cell, usually demonstrated by basic research in vitro or in vivo in the laboratory. While dietary nutrients are essential to life, bioactive compounds have not been proved to be essential – as the body can function without them – or because their actions are obscured by nutrients fulfilling the function.

Bioactive compounds lack sufficient evidence of effect or safety, and consequently they are usually unregulated and may be sold as dietary supplements.