hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Religious disaffiliation
Religious disaffiliation is the act of leaving a faith, or a religious group or community. It is in many respects the reverse of religious conversion. Several other terms are used for this process, though each of these terms may have slightly different meanings and connotations.

Researchers employ a variety of often pejorative terms to describe disaffiliation, including defection, apostasy and disengagement. This is in contrast to excommunication, which is disaffiliation from a religious organization imposed punitively on a member, rather than willfully undertaken by the member.

If religious affiliation was a big part of a leaver's social life and identity, then leaving can be a wrenching experience, and some religious groups aggravate the process with hostile reactions and shunning.: 91  Some people who were not particularly religious see leaving as not "all that big a deal" and entailing "few personal consequences", especially if they are younger people in secularized countries.

Faith
In religion, faith is the "belief in God or in the doctrines or teachings of religion".

Religious people often think of faith as confidence based on a perceived degree of warrant, or evidence, while others who are more skeptical of religion tend to think of faith as belief without evidence.

According to Thomas Aquinas, faith is "an act of the intellect assenting to the truth at the command of the will".
Religion has a long tradition, since the ancient world, of analyzing divine questions using common human experiences such as sensation, reason, science, and history that do not rely on revelation—called natural theology.
Dan Ryan branch
The Dan Ryan branch is a 9.4 mi (15.1 km) long section of the Chicago "L" system located on the South Side of Chicago, Illinois. It is operated by the Chicago Transit Authority, as part of its Red Line service and is normally through-routed downtown towards the North Side via the State Street subway. As of February 2013, the branch serves (on average) 45,355 passengers per weekday. As part of the CTA's busiest rapid transit line, it is operated 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. The branch serves the Chinatown, Armour Square, Fuller Park, Englewood, Greater Grand Crossing, Chatham and Roseland neighborhoods.

Chatham, Chicago
Chatham is one of the 77 community areas of Chicago in Illinois, United States. It is located on the city's South Side.

The community area includes the neighborhoods of Chatham-Avalon, Chatham Club, Chesterfield, East Chatham, West Chatham and the northern portion of West Chesterfield. Its residents are predominantly African American, and it is home to former Senator Roland Burris. Housing many city employees and other officials, Chatham has been a central area for Chicago's middle-class African Americans since the late 1950s.
Balmacara Square
Balmacara Square (Scottish Gaelic: Ceàrnag Bhaile Mac Carra) is a small village, close to Balmacara, in Lochalsh, Scottish Highlands and is in the council area of Highland.

Balmacara Square was traditionally the centre of the Balmacara Estate, some 6,400 acres (26 km2) in size, with a number of crofts, farmhouses and a steading being built, until it gradually developed to over 40 households. In 1946, the village was bequeathed to the National Trust for Scotland. It recently underwent extensive renovation which is still continuing.

National Trust for Scotland
The National Trust for Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Urras Nàiseanta na h-Alba) is a Scottish conservation organisation. It is the largest membership organisation in Scotland and describes itself as "the charity that cares for, shares and speaks up for Scotland's magnificent heritage".

The trust owns and manages around 130 properties and 76,000 hectares (190,000 acres; 760 km2) of land, including castles, ancient small dwellings, historic sites, gardens, coastline, mountains and countryside. It is similar in function to the National Trust, which covers England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, and to other national trusts worldwide.
Venezuela at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Venezuela competed in the 1948 Summer Olympic Games held in London, United Kingdom. The country's first appearance at the Games, it sent one athlete, the cyclist Julio César León, and won no medals. León faced several difficulties before he could compete in the Games, receiving no support from the Venezuelan Olympic Committee until his arrival in London. He competed in two track cycling events, placing joint-ninth in the Sprint and 14th in the Time trial.

Repechage
Repechage (/ˌrɛpɪˈʃɑːʒ/ ⓘ REP-ish-AHZH, UK also /ˈrɛpɪʃɑːʒ/ REP-ish-ahzh; French: repêchage [ʁəpɛʃaʒ] ⓘ, lit. 'fishing out'  or 'rescuing') is a practice in series competitions that allows participants who failed to meet qualifying standards by a small margin to continue to the next round. A well-known example is the wild card system.
Night Train (1999 film)
Night Train is a 1999 American drama film directed by Les Bernstien and starring  John Voldstad, Barry Cutler, Nikoletta Skarlatos, Pedro Aldana, Donna Pieroni and Dan Shor. Night Train was filmed almost entirely in the border city of Tijuana, Mexico.

Dan Shor
Daniel Shor (born November 16, 1956) is an American actor, director, writer, and acting teacher with a career spanning over 40 years. His most recognized roles include Enoch Emery in John Huston's Wise Blood (1979), Pete Brady in Strange Behavior (1981), Ram in Tron (1982), and Billy the Kid in Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure (1989).
Scarpati
Scarpati is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Giulio Scarpati (born 1956), Italian actor

Joe Scarpati (born 1943), American football player

John Scarpati (born 1960), American professional photographer

Joe Scarpati
Joseph Henry Scarpati Jr. (born March 5, 1943) is an American former professional football player who was a safety for seven seasons with the Philadelphia Eagles and New Orleans Saints of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the NC State Wolfpack

Scarpati was first drafted by the Boston Patriots but instead chose to sign with Vince Lombardi's Green Bay Packers. He was released during the exhibition games and signed with the Minnesota Vikings, but was released a few days later. He then signed with the Philadelphia Eagles, where he would spend the next six seasons of his career. In 1970, he spent the season with the New Orleans Saints, and was the holder for Tom Dempsey's record breaking 63-yard field goal. He attempted to return for an eighth season back with the Eagles but suffered an injury in training camp and retired shortly afterwards.
1991 Lokhandwala Complex shootout
The 1991 Lokhandwala Complex shootout was a shootout that occurred on 16 November 1991 at the Lokhandwala Complex in Mumbai, India, between seven gangsters led by Maya Dolas and members of the Bombay Police and the Anti-Terrorism Squad (ATS) led by then-Additional Commissioner of Police Aftab Ahmed Khan. The four-hour shootout was dubbed India's "first daylight encounter" and was videographed and conducted in full view of the public. It ended with the deaths of all seven gangsters.

Shootout
A shootout, also called a firefight, gunfight, or gun battle, is a confrontation in which parties armed with firearms exchange gunfire. The term can be used to describe any such fight, though it is typically used in a non-military context or to describe combat situations primarily using firearms (generally excluding crew-served weapons, combat vehicles, armed aircraft, or explosives).

Shootouts often pit law enforcement against criminals, though they can also involve parties outside of law enforcement, such as rival gangs, militias, or individuals. Military combat situations are rarely titled "shootouts", and are almost always considered battles, engagements, skirmishes, exchanges, or firefights.

Shootouts are often depicted in action films, Westerns, and video games.
Africa Today
Africa Today is a peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary academic journal with articles about contemporary Africa. It was founded in 1954 and is published quarterly by the Indiana University Press. The editors accept submissions based on original research in any humanities and social science discipline. The journal publishes research articles, commentaries, and book reviews. Past special issues have focused on migration and social class, the future of African artistic practices, and family-based healthcare in Ghana. According to Project MUSE, it "publishes peer-reviewed, scholarly articles and book reviews in a broad range of academic disciplines on topics related to contemporary Africa" and "seek[s] to be a venue for interdisciplinary approaches, diverse perspectives and original research in the humanities and social sciences." It is indexed in CABI, EBSCOhost, Scopus, Gale, ProQuest, and Sage Publications, Inc., among other places.

Project Muse
Project MUSE, a non-profit collaboration between libraries and publishers, is an online database of peer-reviewed academic journals and electronic books. As of 2024, Project Muse hosts over 800 journals and 100,000 books in digital humanities and social sciences, sourced from approximately 400 university presses and scholarly societies worldwide. It is an aggregator of digital versions of academic journals, all of which are free of digital rights management (DRM). It operates as a third-party acquisition service like EBSCO, JSTOR,  OverDrive, and ProQuest. Project Muse's online journal collections are available on a subscription basis to academic, public, special, and school libraries.
Chaavu Kaburu Challaga
Chaavu Kaburu Challaga (transl. Notifying death news coldly) is a 2021 Indian Telugu-language romantic comedy-drama film written and directed by Peggalapati Koushik and produced by Bunny Vasu and Allu Aravind under GA2 Pictures. The film stars Kartikeya and Lavanya Tripathi with Murali Sharma, Aamani, and Rajitha play supporting roles. The film was released on 19 March 2021.

Allu Aravind
Allu Aravind (born 10 January 1949) is an Indian film producer, film distributor, and businessman. He is regarded as one of the most successful producers in South Indian cinema. He is the founder of Geetha Arts, a major film production house in the Telugu film industry. He is also the co-owner of Aha, an online streaming service, and the Indian Super League club, Kerala Blasters FC. Aravind won the Filmfare Lifetime Achievement and two Nandi Awards for his work as a producer.

Some of his notable works as a producer include Bantrothu Bharya (1974), Subhalekha (1982), Pasivadi Pranam (1987), Attaku Yamudu Ammayiki Mogudu (1989), Mappillai (1989), Master (1997), Ninaithen Vandhai (1998), Mangalyam Tantunanena (1998), Annayya (2000), Jalsa (2008), Ghajini (2008), Magadheera (2009), Sarrainodu (2016), Ala Vaikuntapuramulo (2020).
Wilson Scott
Hugh Wilson Scott (18 December 1927 – 17 April 2018) was an Irish first-class cricketer.

Scott was born at Belfast and educated in the city at Belfast Technical High School. Playing club cricket for Cliftonville in Belfast, Scott made a single appearance in first-class cricket for Ireland against Scotland in 1958 at Alloway. Wilson wasn't required to bat in the match and bowled five wicket-less overs of medium pace. He also played three minor matches for Ireland in 1958; playing once against Worcestershire and twice against the touring New Zealanders. Following Cliftonville's league relegation at the end of the 1950s, Scott joined Woodvale. Outside of cricket he worked as an accounts manager. He died at Belfast in April 2018.

Seam bowling
Seam bowling is a bowling technique in cricket, in which the ball is deliberately bowled to hit the ground on its seam, to cause a random deviation when it bounces. A bowler who uses this technique is called a seam bowler or seamer.

Seam bowling is a form of fast bowling, although seam can also be a factor in medium-pace bowling. Although there are specialist seamers that make deliberate use of off cutter and leg cutter at the expense of bowling slower than regular fast bowlers, most bowlers employ the seam to some effect and so the terms "seamer" and "fast bowler" are largely synonymous. This was far less the case in the past, even the recent past. Bowlers such as Tom Cartwright and Derek Shackleton bowled seamers at a pace in the low 70mphs and were very successful due to their mastery of control and variation.
James Shouldice
James Shouldice (November 5, 1850 – May 9, 1925) was a Canadian politician, rancher and philanthropist. He was active in Ontario politics during the first half of his life, though he is best known today for his contributions to the development of Calgary in the early twentieth century.

Bruce County
Bruce County is a county in Southwestern Ontario, Canada. It has eight lower-tier municipalities with a total 2021 population of 73,396. It is named for James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin and 12th Earl of Kincardine, the sixth Governor General of the Province of Canada. The Bruce name is also linked to the Bruce Trail and the Bruce Peninsula.

The county has three distinct areas. The Bruce Peninsula is part of the Niagara Escarpment and is known for its views, rock formations, cliffs, and hiking trails. The Lakeshore includes nearly 100 km of fresh water and soft sandy beaches. Finally, the Interior Region has a strong history in farming.
Mandjelia humphreysi
Mandjelia humphreysi is a species of mygalomorph spider in the Barychelidae family. It is endemic to Australia. It was described in 1994 by Australian arachnologists Robert Raven and Tracey Churchill. The specific epithet humphreysi honours Dr Bill Humphreys, Curator of Ecology and Biogeography at the Western Australian Museum, for his contributions to arachnology in Western Australia.

Robert Raven
Robert John Raven is an Australian arachnologist, being the Head of Terrestrial Biodiversity and the Senior Curator (Arachnida) at the Queensland Museum. Dr Raven has described over 450 species of spider in Australia and elsewhere, and is spider bite consultant to the Royal Brisbane Hospital, leading to much work on spider toxins.
Wen Hui
Wen Hui (c.178 - c.223), courtesy name Manji, was an official who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty and Three Kingdoms period of China. He held various positions under the Han government, including county/commandery administrative offices, Registrar to the Imperial Chancellor, and Inspector of Yang Province. He served as the Administrator of Wei Commandery under the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. In 223, he was promoted to Inspector of Liang Province and Colonel Who Protects the Qiang, but died en route to assuming his new offices.

Qiang (historical people)
Qiang (Chinese: 羌; pinyin: Qiāng; Wade–Giles: Ch'iang) was a name given to various groups of people at different periods in ancient China. The Qiang people are generally thought to have been of Tibeto-Burman origin, though there are other theories.

The Tangut people of the Tang, Song and Yuan dynasties may have been of Qiang descent. The modern Qiang people as well as Tibetans may also have been descended in part from the ancient Qiang.
Lilies of the Field (1963 film)
Lilies of the Field is a 1963 American comedy drama film directed and produced by Ralph Nelson. Adapted by James Poe from William Edmund Barrett’s 1962 novel, the film takes its title from the Sermon on the Mount. It stars Sidney Poitier as Homer Smith, an itinerant handyman, who encounters a group of East German nuns in the Arizona desert. Led by the determined Mother Maria Marthe, played by Lilia Skala, the nuns believe Homer has been sent by God to build them a chapel.

Praised by critics, Lilies of the Field earned five Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture and Best Supporting Actress for Skala. Poitier won the Academy Award for Best Actor, becoming the first Black actor to win in a leading role. The film also features an early score by Jerry Goldsmith. In 2020, it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Sermon on the Mount
The Sermon on the Mount (translated from Vulgate Latin section title Sermo in monte) is a collection of sayings spoken by Jesus of Nazareth found in chapters 5, 6, and 7 of the Gospel of Matthew that summarizes his moral teachings. It is the first of five discourses in the Gospel and has been one of the most widely quoted sections of the Gospels.
Olof Ås
Olof Alvar Hage Ås (21 September 1892 – 4 September 1949) was a Swedish theater and film actor stage manager.

Ås was born in Stockholm, and begin his career on the stage. He then began a career in the 1910s as a stage manager. Some of his work as a stage manager includes films such as Victor Sjöström's The Lass from the Stormy Croft (Swedish: Tösen från Stormyrtorpet) (1917) and Mauritz Stiller's Gösta Berlings saga (1922), for which he also worked on special effects.

Ås made his film debut in the 1912 Paul Garbagni-directed I lifvets vår and would appear in nearly 30 films (most of them directed by either Stiller or Sjöström) until his death in Tureberg, Sollentuna Municipality, following a road accident, aged 56.

Gösta Berling's Saga
Gösta Berling's Saga (Swedish: Gösta Berlings saga [ˈjœ̂sːta ˈbæ̂ːɭɪŋs ˈsɑ̂ːɡa]), also known as The Story of Gösta Berling or The Saga of Gösta Berling, is the debut novel of Swedish Nobel Prize-winning author Selma Lagerlöf, published in 1891. It was made into a 1924 silent film directed by Mauritz Stiller starring Greta Garbo (in her first leading role in a film), Lars Hanson and Gerda Lundequist. A 1925 opera  I cavalieri di Ekebù by Riccardo Zandonai was also based on it.
Nicolò Vittori
Nicolò Vittori (12 March 1909 – 26 May 1988) was an Italian rower who competed in the 1928 Summer Olympics and in the 1936 Summer Olympics.

Vittori was born in Izola in 1909, which at that time belonged to Austria-Hungary. After WWI, the town was part of Italy and Vittori represented that country. In 1928 he won the gold medal as a member of the Italian boat in the coxed four event. Eight years later he was part of the Italian boat which was eliminated in the repêchage of the coxed four competition.

Repechage
Repechage (/ˌrɛpɪˈʃɑːʒ/ ⓘ REP-ish-AHZH, UK also /ˈrɛpɪʃɑːʒ/ REP-ish-ahzh; French: repêchage [ʁəpɛʃaʒ] ⓘ, lit. 'fishing out'  or 'rescuing') is a practice in series competitions that allows participants who failed to meet qualifying standards by a small margin to continue to the next round. A well-known example is the wild card system.
Roshchino, Leningrad Oblast
Roshchino (Russian: Ро́щино; Finnish: Raivola), Raivola  before 1948, is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) in Vyborgsky District of Leningrad Oblast, Russia, and a station on the Saint Petersburg-Vyborg railroad. It is situated on the Karelian Isthmus 60 kilometers (37 mi) northwest of St. Petersburg, approximately halfway to Vyborg. Population:  13,439 (2010 census); 9,393 (2002 census); 8,436 (1989 Soviet census).

In the wooded areas surrounding Roshchino there are multiple marshes and small lakes. Lintula larch forest is located some 3 kilometers (1.9 mi) to the west from the railroad station.

Riihimäki–Saint Petersburg railway
The Riihimäki–Saint Petersburg railway is a 385-kilometre (239 mi) long segment of the Helsinki–Saint Petersburg connection, which is divided between Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast in Russia and the province of Southern Finland in Finland.
All That Was East Is West of Me Now
All That Was East Is West of Me Now is the fifth studio album by Irish singer-songwriter Glen Hansard, released on 20 October 2023 through Plateau Records and Anti-. It received positive reviews from critics.

Anti- (record label)
Anti- is an American record label founded in 1999 as a sister label to Epitaph Records.

Founded by Andy Kaulkin, Anti- first gained attention by releasing Tom Waits's Grammy Award–winning Mule Variations in 1999. Other veteran recording artists such as rhythm and blues singers Solomon Burke, Bettye LaVette, Mavis Staples and Marianne Faithfull have signed to Anti- after leaving other labels.
Martín Olleta
Martín Olleta was a Chono chieftain who was an important broker between Spanish authorities in Chiloé Archipelago and indigenous people of the fjords and channels of Patagonia. He is known for rescuing the survivors of the wreck of HMS Wager in 1742. He was identified as chieftain by the British and referred to as "gobernadorcillo de dicha nación chonos" ("little governor of the Chono nation") by the Spanish governor of Chiloé Victoriano Martínez de Tineo. He used a rod with a silver handle as symbol of authority.

HMS Wager (1739)
HMS Wager was a square-rigged sixth-rate Royal Navy ship of 28 guns. It was built as an East Indiaman in about 1734 and made two voyages to India for the East India Company before the Royal Navy purchased her in 1739. It formed part of a squadron under Commodore George Anson and was wrecked on the south coast of Chile on 14 May 1741. The wreck of Wager became famous for the subsequent adventures of the survivors who found themselves marooned on the desolate Wager Island in the middle of a Patagonian winter, and in particular because of the Wager Mutiny that followed.
Cape Bidlingmaier
Cape Bidlingmaier (53°1′S 73°32′E﻿ / ﻿53.017°S 73.533°E﻿ / -53.017; 73.533) is a rocky cape at the east side of the entrance to Mechanics Bay, on the north side of Heard Island in the southern Indian Ocean. The feature appears to have been known to American sealers as Morgan's Point, as shown by Captain H.C. Chester's 1860 sketch map of the island. The name Negros Head was also in use by American sealers during the 1860–1870 period. The name Bidlingmaier was applied by the First German Antarctica Expedition, under Erich von Drygalski, who made a running survey and landing along the north side of the island in 1902. Friedrich Bidlingmaier served as magnetician and meteorologist with the expedition.

Cape (geography)
In geography, a cape is a headland, peninsula or promontory extending into a body of water, usually a sea. A cape usually represents a marked change in trend of the coastline, often making them important landmarks in sea navigation. This also makes them prone to natural forms of erosion, mainly tidal actions, resulting in a relatively short geological lifespan.
Baltic Ice Lake
The Baltic Ice Lake is a name given by geologists to a freshwater lake that evolved in the Baltic Sea basin as glaciers retreated from that region at the end of the last ice age. The lake's existence  was first understood in 1894. The lake existed between about 16,000 and 11,700 years ago with well defined evidence from the warming of the Bølling–Allerød Interstadial to the period of cooling called the Younger Dryas before the Holocene, the onset of which is close in time to the end of the ice lake. The lake drained into the raising world ocean on two occasions and when water levels became the same on the second, with a sea level passage in the Billingen region of southern Sweden, it became the Yoldia Sea.

Scandza
Scandza was described as a "great island" by Gothic-Byzantine historian Jordanes in his work Getica. The island was located in the Arctic regions of the sea that surrounded the world. The location is usually identified with Scandinavia.

Jordanes was a Roman citizen living in Constantinople but described himself as being of Gothic descent. His Getica, written in 551 AD, gives a history of the Goths, beginning in Scandza from where they later migrated to Gothiscandza, near the mouth of the Vistula River. The Swedish archaeologist Göran Burenhult describes this account as a unique glimpse into the tribes of Scandinavia in the 6th century.