hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Chance seedling
A chance seedling is a plant that is the product of unintentional breeding.

Identifying the parent plants of a chance seedling may be difficult. It may be necessary to genetically analyse the seedling and surrounding plants to be sure. Plants that come from the artificial union of gametes from a maternal and paternal source are not chance seedlings.

A chance seedling may be a genetically unique individual with desirable characteristics that is then intentionally bred. The Kindred Spirit Hybrid Oak and the Granny Smith, Wolf River, Lady Alice, Red Delicious, Gravenstein, Braeburn, Samarbehisht Chausa, Calville Blanc d'hiver, Belle de Boskoop and Baldwin apples are examples of varieties that started with chance seedlings that were selected and assigned cultivar status owing to their desirable properties.

Gravenstein
Gravenstein (Danish: Gråsten, meaning "graystone", after Gråsten Palace) is a triploid apple cultivar that originated in the 17th century or earlier. The fruit has a tart flavor, and it is heavily used as a cooking apple, especially for apple sauce and apple cider. It does not keep well, and it is available only in season. This is in part because neither cold storage, nor regular controlled atmosphere keeps the apples' distinctive aroma, although the Nova Scotia Fruit Growers' Association states that "recently however, low oxygen CA storage has shown promise in retaining this harvest-time quality".
Inangahua County
Inangahua County was one of the counties of New Zealand on the South Island.

During the period 1853 to 1876, the area that would become Inangahua County was administered as part of Nelson Province. With the Abolition of Provinces Act 1876, Inangahua County was created, taking over administration of its area in January 1877. The county council's administrative headquarters was located in Reefton.

Inangahua County existed until the 1989 local government reforms, when the Buller District was formed through the amalgamation of the Inangahua County, Buller County and Westport Borough administrative areas.

1989 New Zealand local government reforms
The 1989 New Zealand local government reform was the most significant reform of local government in New Zealand in over a century. Some 850 local bodies were amalgamated into 86 local authorities, on regional and territorial levels. The new authorities were established on 1 November, following the election of members on 14 October 1989.
Gymnastics at the 2023 Pan American Games
Gymnastics competitions at the 2023 Pan American Games in Santiago, Chile, took place between October 21 and November 4, 2023, at the Training Center for Collective Sport in the National Stadium Cluster.

The artistic competitions took place between October 21 and 25. The rhythmic competition took place between November 1 and 4. The trampoline competition took place between November 3 and 4.

26 medal events were contested; 14 in artistic gymnastics (eight for men, six for women), eight in rhythmic (all for women), and four in trampoline (two per gender). Synchronized trampoline was contested for the first time. A total of 197 gymnasts competed: 118 in artistic (59 per gender), 53 in rhythmic, and 26 in trampoline (13 per gender).

2023 Pan American Games
The 2023 Pan American Games (Spanish: Juegos Panamericanos de 2023), officially the XIX Pan American Games (Spanish: XIX Juegos Panamericanos) and commonly known as Santiago 2023, were an  international multi-sport event governed by the Panam Sports Organization, held in Santiago, Chile from 20 October to 5 November 2023; preliminary rounds in certain events began on 18 October 2023. These are the first Pan American Games to be held in Chile, and the eighth to be held in South America.

The games were held in 39 venues across the Santiago Metropolitan Region and another three regions of Chile. The Pan American Games and the 2023 Parapan American Games were organized by the Santiago Organizing Committee for the 2023 Pan and Parapan American Games.
Arthur Bethell
John Arthur Lionel Bethell (18 December 1940 – 21 November 2023) was a Barbadian cricketer. He played sixteen first-class matches for Barbados between 1963 and 1970, and captained the side in the 1969 Shell Shield. He is the grandfather of Warwickshire and England cricketer Jacob Bethell.

Playing for the Barbados Second-XI ("Colts"), Bethell scored 157 against Australia during their tour of the West Indies in 1964–65, and he captained them when the M.C.C. toured the West Indies in 1967–68. His highest first-class score of 84 not out was made for Barbados against Nottinghamshire at Trent Bridge in August 1969.
Bethell later held several top positions in the insurance industry, and died on 21 November 2023, aged 82.

Trent Bridge
Trent Bridge Cricket Ground is a cricket ground mostly used for Test, One-Day International and county cricket located in West Bridgford, Nottinghamshire, England, just across the River Trent from the city of Nottingham. Trent Bridge is also the headquarters of Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club. As well as international cricket and Nottinghamshire's home games, the ground has hosted the Finals Day of the Twenty20 Cup twice and has hosted One-Day Cup since 2021.

In 2009, the ground was used for the ICC World Twenty20 and hosted the semi-final between South Africa and Pakistan. The site takes its name from the nearby main bridge over the Trent and it is also close to Meadow Lane and the City Ground, the football stadiums of Notts County and Nottingham Forest respectively.
Record (surname)
Record is an English surname. Notable people with this surname include:

Eugene Record (1940–2005), American soul singer, original member of The Chi-Lites

Samuel J. Record (1881–1945), American botanist

Taylor I. Record (1846-1912), American politician

Eugene Record
Eugene Booker Record (December 23, 1940 – July 22, 2005) was an American singer, songwriter, arranger, and record producer. He was best known as the lead vocalist of the Chicago-based vocal group The Chi-Lites. He had international hits with "Oh Girl," "Have You Seen Her," "Soulful Strut," and "(For God's Sake) Give More Power to the People". His writing contributions earned him a Grammy Award.
Vesela Dolyna, Odesa Oblast
Vesela Dolyna (Ukrainian: Весела Долина; Romanian: Cleaștița or Cleaștiț; German: Klöstitz) is a village in Bolhrad Raion, Odesa Oblast (province) of Ukraine. It belongs to the Borodino settlement hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.

Before 1940, the village was a settlement of Bessarabia Germans.

Until 18 July 2020, Vesela Dolyna was located in Tarutyne Raion. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions in Odesa Oblast to seven. The area of Tarutyne Raion was merged into Bolhrad Raion.

According to the 2001 census, the majority of the population of the commune was Russian speaking (87.56%), with Ukrainian (6.38%), Bulgarian (3.23%) and Romanian (2.57%) speaking in the minority.

Odesa Oblast
Odesa Oblast (Ukrainian: Одеська область, romanized: Odeska oblast), also referred to as Odeshchyna (Одещина), is an oblast (province) of southwestern Ukraine, located along the northern coast of the Black Sea. Its administrative centre is the city of Odesa. Population: 2,351,382 (2022 estimate).

The length of coastline (sea-coast and estuaries) reaches 300 km (190 mi), while the state border stretches for 1,200 km (750 mi). The region has eight seaports and five of the biggest lakes, including Yalpuh Lake, in Ukraine. With over 80,000 ha (200,000 acres) of vineyards, it is also the largest wine-growing region in Ukraine.
Fang Hongwei
Fang Hongwei (Simplified Chinese: 方红卫; Traditional Chinese: 方紅衛; born June 1966) was a Chinese politician and entrepreneur from Fuping, Shaanxi. He graduated from the Department of Automotive Engineering at Tsinghua University. He previously served as Chairman of Shaanxi Automobile Group, Chinese Communist Party Deputy Committee Secretary, Mayor, and Party Secretary of Hanzhong, Party Secretary of Shaanxi, and Party Secretary Xi’an.

In November 2025, Fang was placed under disciplinary review and investigation for serious violations of discipline and law.

Fuping County, Shaanxi
Fuping County (Chinese: 富平县; pinyin: Fùpíng Xiàn) is a county located in the center of Shaanxi Province, China. It is the westernmost county-level division of the prefecture-level city of Weinan.

The Fuping County has an area of 1,233 km2 (476 sq mi) and a population of 750,000. Its postal code is 711700. It comprises 24 towns, 337 administrative villages.

A particular breed of persimmons originating from the area, the Fuping persimmon (富平尖柿, literally translated to Fuping pointy-tipped persimmon), is named after this place. It is a type of astringent persimmon of the species Diospyros kaki. When dried, it is highly coveted domestically.

Xi Jinping, the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, traces his ancestry here. His father, former Vice-Premier Xi Zhongxun was from here.
Einstein Gravity in a Nutshell
Einstein Gravity in a Nutshell is a textbook by Anthony Zee. It is intended for undergraduates enrolled in a course on general relativity, autodidacts, as well as physicists who wish to learn or review this subject. It assumes familiarity with classical mechanics and electrodynamics, but not quantum mechanics, quantum field theory, or differential geometry.

The book begins with elementary considerations—even discussing units of some fundamental constants, namely Newton's gravitational constant , the speed of light in vacuum , and the reduced Planck constant —before exploring the relevance of relativity, curved spacetime, and differential geometry. Most standard topics in general relativity are covered. Towards the end of the book, Zee covers a number of advanced topics, including those not yet well established, such as conformal transformations, topological field theory, and the Kaluza-Klein theory. Zee emphasizes the use of action and symmetry.

Kaluza–Klein theory
In physics, Kaluza–Klein theory (KK theory) is an attempt at creating a unified field theory of gravitation and electromagnetism based on the idea of a fifth dimension of space beyond the conventional four-dimensional spacetime of general relativity. According to this proposal, there are three dimensions of space and one of time but with an additional spatial dimension in the shape of a tiny circle. The Kaluza-Klein theory is named after Theodor Kaluza and Oskar Klein. It is not supported by experiments, but is a precursor to supergravity and modern string theory (in eleven-dimensional spacetime).
Willie Williams (cricketer)
Willie Williams (born John Michael Williams on 11 June 1941) was an English cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman and right-arm medium-fast bowler who played for Buckinghamshire. He was born in Stourport-on-Severn.

Williams, who represented Buckinghamshire in the Minor Counties Championship in 1972, made a single List A appearance for the side during the same season, against Cambridgeshire. from the lower-middle order, he scored a duck in the only innings in which he batted.

Cambridgeshire County Cricket Club
Cambridgeshire County Cricket Club is one of twenty minor county clubs within the domestic cricket structure of England and Wales. It represents the historic county of Cambridgeshire including the Isle of Ely.

The original Cambridgeshire club, established in 1844, is classified as important from 1857 to 1863, and as first-class from 1864 to 1871.

The present club, founded in 1891, has always had minor status. It did play List A matches occasionally from 1964 until 2004, but it is not classified as a List A team per se. The club is based at The Avenue Sports Club Ground, March, though they have played a number of matches at Fenner's, Cambridge University's ground, and occasionally play games there still. In recent years, matches have also been held at Wisbech and Saffron Walden (in northeastern Essex).
Liu Fang
Liu Fang (Chinese: t 劉芳, s 刘芳, p Liú Fāng; b. 1974) is a Chinese–Canadian musician who is one of the most prominent pipa players in the world. Described in the media as the "empress of pipa" (L'actualité), "divine mediator" (World), "the greatest ambassadress of the art of the pipa", Liu Fang is known as "possessing virtuoso technique, grace and a unique empathy toward the music she plays – whether it is a traditional and folk tune or a modern Western composition" (All Music Guide). "She has an extraordinary focused, poised presence in her manner and her playing. In a lesser player this is just a trained formality; the body of material and techniques for her instruments is extremely highly developed, passed down through centuries. But Liu Fang’s total devotion to her playing has moved her beyond perfect execution to the creativity and flexibility that marks a true musician."(in the fRoots Magazine, 06.2006).

L'actualité
L'actualité is a Canadian French-language news and general interest magazine published in Montreal by Rogers Communications until 2016, then by Mishmash (XPND Capital). The magazine has over a million readers, according to Canada's Print Measurement Bureau, from its circulation which is mainly subscribers. Eighty-six percent of its readership are Québécois.
Made in U.S.A. (1966 film)
Made in U.S.A is a 1966 French crime comedy film written and directed by Jean-Luc Godard, and starring Anna Karina, László Szabó, Jean-Pierre Léaud, Marianne Faithfull, Yves Afonso, and Jean-Claude Bouillon. It was a loose and unauthorized adaptation of the 1965 novel The Jugger by Richard Stark (an alias of Donald E. Westlake), and was also inspired by the 1946 Howard Hawks film The Big Sleep (which was, in turn, an adaptation of the 1939 novel of the same name by Raymond Chandler).

Because neither Godard nor the producer got permission or paid for the rights to adapt The Jugger, Westlake brought legal action, and the film was not released in the United States for over four decades. A newly restored print of the film was distributed by Rialto Pictures in 2009, starting with a screening at the Castro Theatre in San Francisco on April 1, which was three months after Westlake's death. The Criterion Collection released the film on DVD in July 2009.

László Szabó (actor)
László Szabó (born 24 March 1936) is a Hungarian actor, film director and screenwriter. Since 1952, he has appeared in more than 120 films.  These include seven films that have been screened at the Cannes Film Festival.
Yusuf Shehata
Yusuf Shehata (born 16 January 1996) is an Egyptian-American basketball player who plays for Al Ittihad Alexandria of the Egyptian Basketball Super League. He also plays for the Egypt national basketball team, with whom he appeared at the AfroBasket 2021 tournament.

Born in Tucson, Arizona, Shehata played one season of college basketball for the Bellevue Bruins, and two seasons for the Point Loma Nazarene Sea Lions.

Shehata won the 2024 Egyptian Basketball Cup with Ittihad.

FIBA AfroBasket 2021
FIBA AfroBasket 2021 was the 30th edition of the FIBA AfroBasket, a men's basketball continental championship of Africa. The tournament was hosted by Rwanda for the first time. It was originally scheduled to take place between 17 and 29 August 2021, but it was moved back a week due to the COVID-19 pandemic, to 24 August to 5 September 2021.

The tournament featured 16 teams, with South Sudan debuting at the AfroBasket stage. Tunisia was the defending champion, having won the 2017 tournament and they defended their title with a final win over Ivory Coast, while Senegal won the bronze medal.
Biofertilizer
A biofertilizer is a substance containing living micro-organisms which, when applied to seeds, plant surfaces, or soil, colonize the rhizosphere or the interior of the plant and promotes growth by increasing the supply or availability of primary nutrients to the host plant.

Biofertilizers add nutrients through the natural processes of nitrogen fixation, solubilizing phosphorus, and stimulating plant growth through the synthesis of growth-promoting substances. The micro-organisms in biofertilizers restore the soil's natural nutrient cycle and build soil organic matter. Through the use of biofertilizers, healthy plants can be grown, while enhancing the sustainability and the health of the soil. Biofertilizers can be expected to reduce the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, but they are not yet able to replace their use. As of 2024, more than 340 biofertilizer products have been approved for commercial use in the US.

Rhizobium
Rhizobium is a genus of Gram-negative soil bacteria that fix nitrogen. Rhizobium species form an endosymbiotic nitrogen-fixing association with roots of (primarily) legumes and other flowering plants.

The bacteria colonize plant cells to form root nodules, where they convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia using the enzyme nitrogenase. The ammonia is shared with the host plant in the form of organic nitrogenous compounds such as glutamine or ureides. The plant, in turn, provides the bacteria with organic compounds made by photosynthesis. This mutually beneficial relationship is true of all of the rhizobia, of which the genus Rhizobium is a typical example. Rhizobium is also capable of solubilizing phosphate.
Kirklees Valley Local Nature Reserve
Kirklees Valley Local Nature Reserve is a nature reserve in the Metropolitan Borough of Bury, that stretches from Greenmount in the north, Bury in the south, and Tottington in the west. It was declared a nature reserve in October 2010 under the 1949 National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act.

The nature reserve contains numerous footpaths, lodges and landmarks, as well as farmland and historic mill sites.

National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949
The National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949 (12, 13 & 14 Geo. 6. c. 97) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which created the National Parks Commission which later became the Countryside Commission (later Countryside Council for Wales in Wales) and then the Countryside Agency in England, later merging with English Nature to form Natural England in 2006. The Act provided the framework for the creation of National Parks and Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty in England and Wales, and also addressed public rights of way and access to open land.
Royal Theater Carré
The Royal Theater Carré (Dutch: Koninklijk Theater Carré) is a Neo-Renaissance theatre in Amsterdam, located near the river Amstel. When the theatre was founded in 1887, it was originally meant as a permanent circus building. Currently, it is mainly used for musicals, cabaret performances and pop concerts. Carré is located next to the Amstel, close to Waterlooplein. Its address is Amstel 115 and has approximately 1,700 seats.

Waterlooplein
Waterlooplein (Waterloo Square) is a square in the centre of Amsterdam in the Netherlands. The square near the Amstel river is named after the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. Prominent buildings on the square are the Stopera city hall and opera building and the Mozes en Aäronkerk church.

The daily flea market on the square is popular with tourists. The market has some 300 stalls and is open every day except Sunday.

Waterlooplein is a stop on the common part of Amsterdam Metro lines 51, 53, and 54. Tram line 14 and the Museumboot water taxi also stop at Waterlooplein. There is a taxi stand and parking garage.

The area of Amsterdam that includes Waterlooplein is also called Groot Waterloo district.
Saskatchewan Highway 365
Highway 365 is a provincial highway in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It connects Highway 2 (Veterans Memorial Highway) in the town of Watrous, Manitou Beach regional park, to Highway 16 (Yellowhead Highway) at Plunkett. It is about 35 kilometres (22 mi) long.

Numbered highways in Canada
Numbered highways in Canada are split by province, and a majority are maintained by their province or territory transportation department. With few exceptions, all highways in Canada are numbered. Nonetheless, every province has a number of highways that are better known locally by their name rather than their number. Some highways have additional letters added to their number: A is typically an alternate route, B is typically a business route, and other letters are used for bypass (truck) routes, connector routes, scenic routes, and spur routes. The territory of Nunavut has no highways.
Viktor Alksnis
Viktor Imantovich Alksnis (Russian: Виктор Имантович Алкснис, Latvian: Viktors Alksnis; 21 June 1950 – 1 January 2025) was a Russian politician and Soviet Air Force colonel of Latvian descent. He was the chairman of the Russian Center of Free Technologies, an organization intended to promote Free Software and open standards in Russia. He was a member of the USSR Supreme Soviet, a member of the Russian All-People's Union and also represented the Rodina (Motherland-National Patriotic Union) party in the Russian State Duma. From 2003 to 2007, he represented the People's Union party in the Fourth Duma. From 2013 to 2015, Alksnis was the mayor of the city of Tuchkovo in the Moscow Oblast.

Due to his political views and personal style, Alksnis was nicknamed "the Black Colonel", an allusion to the Soviet term "Black Colonels" (Russian: Чёрные полковники) for the Greek military junta of 1967–1974.

Latvians
Latvians (Latvian: latvieši) are a Baltic ethnic group and nation native to Latvia and the immediate geographical region, the Baltics. They are occasionally also referred to as Letts, especially in older bibliography. Latvians share a common Latvian language, culture, history and ancestry.
Hesperilla donnysa
Hesperilla donnysa, also known as the donnysa skipper or varied sedge skipper, is a species of butterfly in the family Hesperiidae. It is found in the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia.

The wingspan is about 30 mm for males and 35 mm for females.

The larvae feed on various sword grass species, including Gahnia sieberiana. Other recorded food plants include Gahnia decomposita, Gahnia aspera, Gahnia clarkei, Gahnia deusta, Gahnia erythrocarpa, Gahnia filifolia, Gahnia grandis, Gahnia lanigera, Gahnia microstachya, Gahnia radula, Gahnia subaequiglumis and Gahnia trifida.

Gahnia lanigera
Gahnia lanigera, also known as the black grass saw-sedge, desert saw-sedge or little saw-sedge, is a species of flowering plant in the sedge family that is found in southern Australia. The specific epithet lanigera means 'woolly'.
Thayiya Madilalli
Thayiya Madilalli is a 1981 Indian Kannada-language film directed by B. Subba Rao and produced by A. L. Abbaiah Naidu. The film stars Ashok, Aarathi, Udaykumar and Balakrishna. The musical score was composed by Satyam. Aarathi and Ashok, who played a brother-sister duo for the second time in this film (the first being Pavana Ganga), were a popular romantic pair of the time.

Satyam (composer)
Chellapilla Satyanarayana Sastry (1933 – 12 January 1989), known mononymously as Satyam, was an Indian music composer. He was popular in the Telugu and Kannada film industries in the 1960s to 1980s. Sathyam is best remembered as "Andhra R. D. Burman". He also composed a handful of Bengali, Bhojpuri, and Hindi films.