hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2025 in arthropod paleontology
In 2025, several new arthropod fossil taxa, including arachnids, crustaceans, trilobites, and other arthropods (for insects, see 2025 in paleoentomology) were announced or described. Other significant arthropod paleontological discoveries and events also occurred in 2025.

Cf.
The abbreviation cf. (for Latin confer or conferatur, both meaning 'compare') is generally used in writing to refer the reader to other material to make a comparison with the topic being discussed. Different style guides offer differing advice.

In Italian, the abbreviation "cfr." (confronta, 'confront') is more common than "cf."
Premiership of Morarji Desai
The premiership of Morarji Desai lasted from 24 March 1977 to 15 July 1979, following the Janata Party's victory in the 1977 Indian general election against the Congress party. Upon taking office, Morarji Desai became the first Indian Prime Minister not belonging to the Congress party.

1977 Indian general election
General elections were held in India between 16 and 20 March 1977 to elect the members of the sixth Lok Sabha. The elections took place during the Emergency period, which expired on 21 March 1977, shortly before the final results were announced.

The elections resulted in a heavy defeat for the Indian National Congress (R), with the incumbent Prime Minister and INC(R) party leader Indira Gandhi losing her seat in Rae Bareli, while her son Sanjay lost his seat in Amethi. An attempt at an auto-coup failed and Morarji Desai of the Janata Party took office as the first non-Congress Prime Minister on 24 March. The call for restoration of democracy by revoking the Emergency is considered to be a major reason for the sweeping victory for the opposition Janata Alliance, At 81, Desai became the oldest man to be elected Prime Minister of India.
1804 in New Zealand
As most sealing is taking place in Bass Strait, although the rookeries there are declining, there is little interest in Dusky Sound, the rookeries of which are also declining. It is however still being used as a provisioning stop and rendezvous by sealers looking for new sealing grounds to the south and east of New Zealand. Foveaux Strait is discovered in December but its existence does not become widely known for some time. There is a marked increase in the number of whalers operating in the north of New Zealand, due in part to attacks on British boats in the South Atlantic as a result of the Napoleonic wars. There is also an increase in American ships from New England.

Bass Strait
Bass Strait is a strait separating the island state of Tasmania from the Australian mainland (more specifically the coast of Victoria, with the exception of the land border across Boundary Islet). The strait provides the most direct waterway between the Great Australian Bight and the Tasman Sea, and is also the only maritime route into the economically prominent Port Phillip Bay.

Formed 8,000 years ago by rising sea levels at the end of the last glacial period, the strait was named after English explorer and physician George Bass (1771–1803) by European colonists.
Komorní Lhotka
Komorní Lhotka (Polish: Ligotka Kameralna, German: Kameral Ellgoth) is a municipality and village in Frýdek-Místek District in the Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,500 inhabitants. The municipality has a significant Polish minority. The folk architecture in the village is well preserved and is protected as a village monument zone.

Moravian-Silesian Region
The Moravian-Silesian Region (Czech: Moravskoslezský kraj) is one of the 14 administrative regions of the Czech Republic. Before May 2001, it was called the Ostrava Region (Czech: Ostravský kraj). The region is located in the north-eastern part of its historical region of Moravia and in most of the Czech part of the historical region of Silesia. The region borders the Olomouc Region to the west and the Zlín Region to the south. It also borders two other countries – Poland (Opole and Silesian Voivodeships) to the north and Slovakia (Žilina Region) to the east.

It is a highly industrialized region, its capital Ostrava was actually called the "Steel Heart of the Republic". In addition, it has several mountainous areas where the landscape is relatively preserved. Nowadays, the economy of the region benefits from its location in the Czech/Polish/Slovak borderlands.
Armengol de Aspa
Armengol de Aspa (died after April 1191), also known as Hermangard d'Asp, was the ninth Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller, holding the office from 1188 until his resignation in 1189 or 1190. He succeeded William Borrel who was interim Grand Master. It was under his magistracy that the headquarters of the Order was transferred from Jerusalem to Tyre. It was probably during the winter of 1189 or 1190 that Armengol's magistracy ceased, but this was not due to his death, since he appears again as lord of Amposta from December 1190 to April 1191. We have no information on what this first abdication in the history of the Order was, but he was succeeded by Garnier de Nablus sometime in 1190.

Tyre, Lebanon
Tyre is a city in Lebanon, and one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. It was one of the earliest Phoenician metropolises and the legendary birthplace of Europa, her brothers Cadmus and Phoenix, and Carthage's founder Dido (Elissa). The city has many ancient sites, including the Tyre Hippodrome, and was added as a whole to the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 1984. The historian Ernest Renan described it as "a city of ruins, built out of ruins".

Tyre is the fifth-largest city in Lebanon after Beirut, Tripoli, Sidon, and Baalbek. It is the capital of the Tyre District in the South Governorate. There were approximately 200,000 inhabitants in the Tyre urban area in 2016, including many refugees, as the city hosts three of the twelve Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon: Burj El Shimali, El Buss, and Rashidieh.
Gheorghe Cartianu-Popescu
Gheorghe Cartianu-Popescu (8 August 1907 – 26 June 1982) was a Romanian engineer.

He was born in Borca, Neamț County. After attending elementary school in his native commune and in Dobrovăț, Iași County, he went to high school in Bacău, graduating in 1926. Cartianu-Popescu then went to  Politehnica University of Bucharest to study engineering, while also attending courses at the Faculty of Mathematics of the University of Bucharest. He received his engineering degree from Politehnica University in 1932, and in 1968 he obtained a Ph.D. degree in engineering from the same university.

Cartianu-Popescu designed the Bod Transmitter, which was built in 1933–1934. He was elected a corresponding member of the Romanian Academy in 1963.

In 1930, he married Ana Cartianu, née Tomescu. He died in Bucharest in 1982.

University of Bucharest
The University of Bucharest (UB) (Romanian: Universitatea din București) is a public research university in Bucharest, Romania. It was founded in its current form on 4 July 1864 (1864-07-04) by a decree of Prince Alexandru Ioan Cuza to convert the former Princely Academy into the current University of Bucharest, making it one of the oldest Romanian universities. It is one of the five members of the Universitaria Consortium (a group of elite Romanian universities).

The University of Bucharest offers study programmes in Romanian and English and is classified as an advanced research and education university by the Ministry of Education.
King Saud Sport City Stadium
King Saud Sports City (Arabic: مَدِيْنَة ٱلْمَلِك سُعُوْد ٱلرِّيَاضِيَّة, romanized: Madīnat Al-Malik Suʿūd Ar-Riyāḍiyyah) is a multi-use Saudi sports facility which is located in the city of Al-Bahah.

Al-Baha
Al-Baha also spelled as Al-Bahah (Arabic: ٱلْبَاحَة‎, romanized: al-Bāḥa) is a city in the Hejaz region of Saudi Arabia, located in the Sarawat Mountains. It is the capital and administrative center of Al-Baha Province and is considered one of the country's notable tourist destinations.
Di shkhita
Di shkhita was an 1899 Yiddish play by Jacob Gordin. The title refers to the Kosher slaughter of animals, and has been variously rendered in English as The Butchery or The Slaughter. The play is a protest against arranged marriage.

The central character—played in the original production by Keni Liptzin—is a young woman, married off to a butcher with a mistress and three grown children by a previous marriage. Her overbearing husband drives her mad; in the play's climax, she murders him with the ritual slaughter knife.

Shechita
In Judaism, shechita (anglicized: /ʃəxiːˈtɑː/; Hebrew: שחיטה; [ʃχiˈta]; also transliterated shehitah, shechitah, shehita) is ritual slaughtering of certain mammals and birds for food according to kashrut. One who practices this, a kosher butcher, is called a shochet.
Edgley Optica
The Edgley EA-7 Optica is a British light aircraft designed for low-speed observation work, and intended as a low-cost alternative to helicopters. The Optica has a loiter speed of 130 km/h (70 kn; 81 mph) and a stall speed of 108 km/h (58 kn; 67 mph).

The aircraft's distinctive appearance has led to it being known as the "bug-eye" in some popular reports.

Surveillance aircraft
Surveillance aircraft or observation aircraft are aircraft used for aerial surveillance. They are primarily operated by military forces and government agencies in roles including intelligence gathering, maritime patrol, battlefield and airspace surveillance, observation (e.g. artillery spotting), and law enforcement.

Surveillance aircraft usually carry limited defensive armament, if any. They do not require high-performance capability or stealth characteristics and may be modified civilian aircraft. Surveillance aircraft have also included moored balloons (e.g. TARS) and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).
Big Ten men's ice hockey tournament
The Big Ten Men's Ice Hockey Tournament is the conference tournament for the Big Ten Conference. The winner of the tournament receives an automatic berth into the NCAA Tournament.

The tournament was first held in 2014, the first year of conference play; the first four tournaments alternated between Xcel Energy Center in Saint Paul, Minnesota and Joe Louis Arena in Detroit, Michigan. Due to the addition of Notre Dame to conference play, a new playoff format was introduced for the 2018 tournament, utilizing campus sites instead.

NCAA Division I men's ice hockey tournament
The annual NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament is a college ice hockey tournament held in the United States by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) to determine the top men's team in Division I. Like other Division I championships, it is the highest level of NCAA men's hockey competition. This tournament is somewhat unique among NCAA sports as many schools which otherwise compete in Division II or Division III compete in Division I for hockey.

Since 1999, the semifinals and championship game of the tournament have been branded as the "Frozen Four", a reference to the NCAA's long-time branding of its basketball semi-finals as the "Final Four".
First Voyages
First Voyages is an anthology of science fiction short stories edited by Damon Knight, Martin H. Greenberg and Joseph D. Olander, first published in paperback by Avon Books in May 1981. It is a compilation of the first published stories of twenty prominent authors in the genre, and an expansion of Knight's earlier First Flight: Maiden Voyages in Space and Time (Lancer Books, 1963), which covered ten of the same stories and authors.

Lancer Books
Lancer Books was a publisher of paperback books founded by Irwin Stein and Walter Zacharius that operated from 1961 through 1973. While it published stories of a number of genres, it was noted most for its science fiction and fantasy, particularly its 12 book series of Robert E. Howard's Conan the Barbarian tales, the first publication of many in paperback format. It published the controversial novel Candy by Terry Southern and Mason Hoffenberg, and Ted Mark's ribald series The Man from O.R.G.Y. Lancer paperbacks had a distinctive appearance, many bearing mauve or green page edging.
GCR Class 9K
The Great Central Railway 9K and 9L classes were two related classes of 4-4-2T Atlantic steam locomotives. They were both intended for suburban passenger services. After the 1923 Grouping, they served the LNER as classes C13 and C14.

Their designer was John G. Robinson. The design was based on the earlier Pollitt Class 9G 2-4-2T locomotives, but with a lengthened boiler and a leading bogie to carry it. This extension of running gear also resembled an early Robinson design for the Irish Waterford, Limerick and Western Railway.

All passed into British Railways service and the first was not withdrawn until 1952. Most were withdrawn between 1955 and 1959. The last examples of each class, 9K 67417 and 9L 67450, were scrapped in 1960. None were preserved.

2-4-2
Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 2-4-2 represents the wheel arrangement of two leading wheels on one axle, four powered and coupled driving wheels on two axles and two trailing wheels on one axle. The type is sometimes named Columbia after a Baldwin 2-4-2 locomotive was showcased at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition held at Chicago, Illinois.
Lindsay McKenzie
Lindsay McKenzie (born 28 June 1985) is a Scottish actress who starred in BBC One children's show, Raven: The Island, playing the part of Princess Erina. She attended Kilmarnock Academy and then went to study acting at Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts (LIPA).

Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts
The Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts (LIPA) is a performing arts higher education institution in Liverpool, founded by Paul McCartney and Mark Featherstone-Witty and opened in 1996. It is a member of the Federation of Drama Schools.

The Education Guardian has previously ranked LIPA No. 1 in the UK for several of its degree courses, and it is regularly ranked as one of the top 10 specialist institutions.

In September 2003, LIPA launched LIPA 4–19, a part-time performing arts academy for 4-to-19-year-olds. LIPA started its own primary free school in 2014 and its own sixth form free college in 2016.
Uppåkra temple
Uppåkra temple are the remains of an Iron Age building interpreted as the possible remains of a temple were excavated in Uppåkra, south of Lund in Scania, Sweden, from 2000–2004.

The building was rebuilt six times on the same floor plan, on the site of an older (3rd century) longhouse, and was likely in existence during the 6th to 10th centuries. It measured 13 by 6.5 meters (43 by 21 ft) and had three doors. The central part was elevated and supported by four pillars. 
Lars Larsson (2007) argued that the find represents "the first Scandinavian building for which the term 'temple' can be justly claimed".

Lund
Lund (/lʊnd/, US also /lʌnd/ LU(U)ND; Swedish: [ˈlɵnːd] ⓘ) is a city in the province of Scania, southern Sweden. The town had 94,393 inhabitants out of a municipal total of 130,288 as of 2023. It is the seat of Lund Municipality, Scania County. The Öresund Region, which includes Lund, is home to more than 4.2 million people.

Archeologists date the founding of Lund to around 990, when Scania was part of Denmark. From 1103 it was the seat of the Catholic Archdiocese of Lund, and the towering Lund Cathedral, built c. 1090–1145, still stands at the centre of the town. Denmark ceded the city to Sweden in the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658.

Lund University, established in 1666, is one of Scandinavia's oldest and largest institutions for education and research.  The university and its buildings dominate much of the centre of the city, and have led to Lund becoming a regional centre for high-tech industry.
Harry Morton Fitzpatrick
Harry Morton Fitzpatrick (27 June 1886 – 8 December 1949), was an American mycologist. He was professor of mycology at Cornell. He is known for his work on the Phycomycetes. His book on the Lower Fungi was the standard text and reference work on the Phycomycetes. He trained Clark Thomas Rogerson and Richard P. Korf, two prominent mycologists.

Mycological Society of America
The Mycological Society of America (MSA) is a learned society that serves as the professional organization of mycologists in the U.S. and Canada. It was founded in 1932. The Society's constitution states that "The purpose of the Society is to promote and advance the science of mycology and to foster and encourage research and education in mycology in all its aspects."  Members of the MSA meet annually to exchange information and build understanding of fungi.
Such Great Heights EP
Such Great Heights is an EP by the Florida singer-songwriter Iron & Wine.  It was released in 2006 on the Sub Pop record label.

The title track is a cover of a popular song by The Postal Service. Iron & Wine's version originally appeared on The Postal Service's Such Great Heights single, released in 2003, and was used in the 2004 film Garden State and its soundtrack. (The Postal Service also had an EP entitled Such Great Heights which contained both bands' versions of the song; it also included a cover of the song "We Will Become Silhouettes" performed by The Shins and an original song entitled "There's Never Enough Time".)

Garden State (film)
Garden State is a 2004 American romantic comedy drama film, written and directed by Zach Braff, and starring him, Natalie Portman, Peter Sarsgaard and Ian Holm. The film centers on Andrew Largeman (Braff), a 26-year-old actor/waiter who returns to his hometown in New Jersey after his mother dies. Braff based the film on his real life experiences. It was filmed in April and May 2003 and released on July 28, 2004. New Jersey was the main setting and primary shooting location.

Garden State received positive reviews and  was a box office success. It was an official selection of the Sundance Film Festival. The film's soundtrack, selected by Braff, won a Grammy Award for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media.
Miles Smith
Miles Smith is the name of:

Miles Smith (bishop) (1554–1624), English theologian, Bishop of Gloucester

Miles Smith (sprinter) (born 1984), American sprinter

Miles Staniforth Cater Smith (1869–1934), Australian politician and colonial administrator

See also

Miles Smith Farm, beef farm in Loudon, New Hampshire

Myles Smith, British singer

Miles Smith (sprinter)
Miles Smith (born September 24, 1984 in St. Louis, Missouri) is an American professional sprinter. By finishing sixth at the 2005 USATF Outdoor Championships in the 400 m, he was selected to represent the United States at the 2005 World Championships in Athletics in the 4 × 400 m, where he won a gold medal by virtue of running in the preliminary rounds.

Despite an unspectacular high school career, Smith was able to achieve success as a collegiate and professional athlete. His coach Joey Haines once said, "Miles thinks he's the best in the world. He thinks he can do anything."

In 2013, Smith began coaching sprinters at Southeast Missouri State University.
Michael Sussmann
Michael A. Sussmann (born 1964) is the Chair of the Privacy and Cybersecurity Practice at Fenwick & West. He is a former federal prosecutor and former partner at the law firm Perkins Coie, where he focused on privacy and cybersecurity law. Sussmann represented the Democratic National Committee (DNC) and retained CrowdStrike to examine its servers after Russian hackers penetrated DNC networks during the 2016 U.S. elections.

In September 2016, Sussmann met with FBI General Counsel James Baker to present data alleging communications between Alfa-Bank servers and the Trump Organization. In 2021, Special Counsel John Durham indicted Sussmann for making a false statement, alleging he told Baker he was not acting on behalf of any client when he was representing the Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign. Sussmann pleaded not guilty and was acquitted by a jury in May 2022.

CrowdStrike
CrowdStrike Holdings, Inc. is an American cybersecurity technology company based in Austin, Texas. It provides endpoint security, threat intelligence, and cyberattack response services.

Crowdstrike has investigated several high-profile cyberattacks, including the 2014 Sony Pictures hack, the 2015–16 cyberattacks on the Democratic National Committee (DNC), and the 2016 email leak involving the DNC. On July 19, 2024, it issued a faulty update to its security software that caused global computer outages that disrupted air travel, banking, broadcasting, and other services.
Wilavan Apinyapong
Wilavan Apinyapong (Thai: วิลาวัณย์ อภิญญาพงศ์; RTGS: Wilawan Aphinyaphong, born June 6, 1984) is a Thai professional volleyball player who plays for Azerbaijan Club Igtisadchi Baku in the  Azerbaijan Super League and the Thai National Team as an Outside Hitter. She was the captain for the Thailand women's national volleyball team from 2008 to 2016 when Pleumjit took the captain role.

Apinyapong led the Thai team to win the first gold medal at 2009 Asian Women's Volleyball Championship and beaten China 3-1 for the first time in history. She again led the team to victory in the 2013 Asian Women's Volleyball Championship where she also received the MVP award of the event.

Bangkok Glass Volleyball Club
Bangkok Glass Volleyball Club (Thai: สโมสรวอลเลย์บอลบางกอกกล๊าส) was a Thai professional volleyball club based in Pathum Thani Province and was managed by BG FC Sport Co., Ltd. which was a subsidiary of Bangkok Glass Group of Companies.

Bangkok Glass FC played in the Thailand League after their club was founded in 2014. Their home stadium was BG Sport Hall which has a capacity of 4,000.

Bangkok Glass won their first Thailand League title in 2014–15 season and the Super League in 2015. In season 2014–15, Bangkok Glass were the triple champions winning the (2014–15 Thailand League, 2015 Thailand Super League, and 2015 Asian Club Championship).

The club dissolved on May 8, 2018, due to severe differences between the club's policy and the national federation's policy about the national team, the latter considered to suffocate the professional clubs. The licence was sold to Air Force Volleyball Club Company.
Pats Lake
Pats Lake is a small alpine lake in Elmore County, Idaho, United States, located in the Sawtooth Mountains in the Sawtooth National Recreation Area.  The lake is accessed from Sawtooth National Forest trail 494 along Johnson Creek.

Pats Lake is in the Sawtooth Wilderness, and a wilderness permit can be obtained at a registration box at trailheads or wilderness boundaries.  The lake is just downstream of Arrowhead Lake.

Sawtooth National Recreation Area
The Sawtooth National Recreation Area (SNRA) is a national recreation area in central Idaho, United States that is managed as part of Sawtooth National Forest. The recreation area, established on August 22, 1972, is managed by the U.S. Forest Service, and includes the Sawtooth, Hemingway–Boulders, and Cecil D. Andrus–White Clouds wilderness areas. Activities within the 730,864-acre (2,957.70 km2) recreation area include hiking, backpacking, White water rafting, camping, rock climbing, kayaking, mountain biking, fishing, and hunting.

The SNRA headquarters are about seven miles (11 km) north of Ketchum on Highway 75. SNRA also has a ranger station in Stanley, near its northern boundary.
Adrian Hansen
Adrian Hansen (born 21 November 1971) is a South African former professional squash player. He reached a career-high Professional Squash Association (PSA) ranking of 63 in the world, in April 1998. Hansen represented his country in the Commonwealth Games in 2006.

Professional Squash Association
The Professional Squash Association, or simply the PSA, is the governing body for the men's and women's professional squash circuit. The body operates in a similar fashion to the ATP and the WTA for tennis. The PSA's highest professional level, the PSA Squash Tour involves over 250 tournaments annually around the world. Over 1,200 players from five continents and more than 60 countries are registered with the PSA. Rankings are updated weekly based on performances.