hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Friedrich Philipp Ritterich
Friedrich Philipp Ritterich (4 May 1782, Leipzig – 12 February 1866, Leipzig) was a German ophthalmologist.

He studied medicine in Leipzig and Jena, and following graduation continued his education in Vienna with ophthalmologists Georg Joseph Beer (1763–1821) and Johann Adam Schmidt (1759–1809). In 1807 he became privat-docent to the medical faculty at the University of Leipzig, where in 1820 he was appointed professor of ophthalmology. In 1820 he also founded a private eye clinic in Leipzig.

During the late 1850s he succumbed to severe amblyopia, causing him to quit his practice and limit his workload to literary pursuits. Eventually he went completely blind and died in 1866 at the age of 83.

Ritterich made contributions involving writings on squint, and investigations on diseases of the lachrymal nasal canal and the effect of the eye muscles (with anatomist Eduard Weber 1806–1871).

Extraocular muscles
The extraocular muscles, or extrinsic ocular muscles, are the seven extrinsic muscles of the eye in humans and other animals. Six of the extraocular muscles, the four recti muscles, and the superior and inferior oblique muscles, control movement of the eye. The other muscle, the levator palpebrae superioris, controls eyelid elevation. The actions of the six muscles responsible for eye movement depend on the position of the eye at the time of muscle contraction.

The ciliary muscle, pupillary sphincter muscle and pupillary dilator muscle sometimes are called intrinsic ocular muscles or intraocular muscles.
J. Allen Adams
Joseph Allen "Al" Adams (January 15, 1932 – March 24, 2017) was an American politician and lawyer.

Born in Greensboro, North Carolina, Adams went to Phillips Exeter Academy between 1945 and 1948 and Cambridge Rindge and Latin School in 1948. Adams went to Boston University in 1948 and 1949 and then to University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He received his law degree from University of North Carolina at Chapel hill and was admitted to the North Carolina bar in 1954. Adams served in the United States Navy. He practiced law in Charlotte, North Carolina. Adams served in the North Carolina House of Representatives and was a Democrat. He died at his home, Cheshire House, in Raleigh, North Carolina.

Phillips Exeter Academy
Phillips Exeter Academy (also known as Exeter or PEA) is an independent, co-educational, college-preparatory school in Exeter, New Hampshire. Established in 1781, it is America's sixth-oldest boarding school and educates an estimated 1,100 boarding and day students in grades 9 to 12, as well as postgraduate students.

Exeter houses the world's largest high school library. The academy admits students on a need-blind basis and offers free tuition to students with family incomes under $125,000. Its list of notable alumni includes U.S. president Franklin Pierce, U.S. politician Daniel Webster, over 35 U.S. congresspeople, six governors of U.S. states, Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg, three Medal of Honor recipients, and three Nobel Prize recipients.
Ballarat Banking Company
The Ballarat Banking Company was a long-lasting regional bank based in the city of Ballarat, Victoria, Australia, operating from 1865 to 1955.

It commenced operation in June 1865, having occupied the former Ballarat premises of the Oriental Bank Corporation. It was one of the banks to suspend payments in the 1892-93 banking crisis, closing in March 1892 but reopening in June 1892 after negotiations with creditors. Hugh Dean Thomas Williamson gained his first banking job with the bank c. 1917.

It "confined its activities to the Ballarat district", but "[flourished] in its original form" for nearly a century. In 1934, it had branches in Ballarat and three adjoining towns.

It was acquired by the National Bank of Australasia in 1955 for £375,000. It held deposits of £712,000 and advances of £439,000 at the time. At its closure it was the last remaining unit bank and provincial bank in Australia. Its closure reduced the amount of independent private trading banks in Australia to six.

Oriental Bank Corporation
The Oriental Bank Corporation (Chinese: 東藩滙理銀行), or "OBC", was a British imperial bank founded in India in 1842 which grew to be prominent throughout the Far East. As an Exchange bank, the OBC was primarily concerned with the finance of trade and exchanges of different currencies.  It was the first bank in Hong Kong and the first bank to issue banknotes in Hong Kong.
Khovansky, Volgograd Oblast
Khovansky (Russian: Хованский) is a rural locality (a khutor) in Buyerak-Popovskoye Rural Settlement, Serafimovichsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 169 as of 2010. There are 4 streets.

Serafimovichsky District
Serafimovichsky District (Russian: Серафимо́вичский райо́н) is an administrative district (raion), one of the thirty-three in Volgograd Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Serafimovichsky Municipal District. It is located in the west of the oblast. The area of the district is 4,360 square kilometers (1,680 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Serafimovich. Population: 25,378 (2010 Census); 27,137 (2002 Census); 27,684 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Serafimovich accounts for 36.9% of the district's total population.
Rollins Dam
Rollins Dam (National ID # CA00255) is a dam on the border of Nevada and Placer counties in northern California, in the United States.

The earthen dam was constructed in 1965 by the Nevada Irrigation District, with a height of 228 feet (69 m), and a length of 1,840 feet (560 m) at its crest. It impounds the Bear River, a tributary of the Feather River, for hydropower, flood control, irrigation water storage, and municipal water use. The dam is one of the ten facilities owned and operated by the Nevada Irrigation District. The dam is part of the Yuba-Bear Hydroelectric Project.

The reservoir it creates, Rollins Reservoir, has a normal water surface of 1.3 square miles (3.4 km2), and a maximum capacity of 66,000 acre-feet. Recreation includes trout fishing in the spring, and bass fishing in the summer.

The California Office Of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment has issued a safe eating advisory for any fish caught in Rollins Reservoir due to elevated levels of mercury.

Nevada County, California
Nevada County (/nɪˈvædə/ ⓘ niv-AD-ə; Nevada, Spanish for "Snowy") is a county located in the U.S. state of California, in the Sierra Nevada. As of the 2020 United States census, its population was 102,241. The county seat is Nevada City. Nevada County comprises the Truckee-Grass Valley micropolitan statistical area, which is also included in the Sacramento-Roseville combined statistical area, part of the Mother Lode Country.
Pāuatahanui Wildlife Reserve
41°06′09″S 174°54′52″E﻿ / ﻿41.10246°S 174.91436°E﻿ / -41.10246; 174.91436

Pāuatahanui Wildlife Reserve is a wetland reserve at the eastern edge of the Pāuatahanui Inlet of the Porirua Harbour in Porirua, New Zealand. The reserve contains the most significant area of saltmarsh in the lower North Island of New Zealand. It also includes tidal mudflats, shrub lands and regenerating coastal forest.  The reserve covers 50 hectares (120 acres), of which the Department of Conservation owns 46 hectares, and Forest & Bird owns the remaining 4 hectares under covenant to the Queen Elizabeth II Trust. The reserve is managed by a committee of Forest & Bird representatives in association with the Department of Conservation.

Porirua
Porirua, (Māori: Pari-ā-Rua) a city in the Wellington Region of the North Island of New Zealand, is one of the four cities that constitute the Wellington metropolitan area. The name 'Porirua' is a corruption of 'Pari-rua', meaning "the tide sweeping up both reaches". It almost completely surrounds Porirua Harbour at the southern end of the Kāpiti Coast. As of 2023, Porirua has a population of 62,400 people,
and is a diverse city with 26.5% of the population identifying as Pasifika   and 23.0% of the population identifying as Māori.
Roberto Viazzo
Fra' Roberto Viazzo (born October 29, 1952) is an Italian medical doctor and a member of the Sovereign Council of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. Since December 3, 2022, he has been Administrator of the Grand Priory of Rome.

Friar
A friar is a member of one of the mendicant orders in the Catholic Church. There are also friars outside of the Catholic Church, such as within the Evangelical-Lutheran Churches and Anglican Communion. The term, first used in the 12th or 13th century, distinguishes the mendicants' itinerant apostolic character, exercised broadly under the jurisdiction of a superior general, from the older monastic orders' allegiance to a single monastery formalized by their vow of stability. A friar may be in holy orders or be a non-ordained brother. The most significant orders of friars are the Dominicans, Franciscans, Augustinians, and Carmelites.
Bob Smith (ice hockey)
Robert (Bob) Smith (born December 1, 1946) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player. Smith was selected 11th overall in the 1967 NHL Amateur Draft by the Pittsburgh Penguins, but did not make it to the NHL, playing five seasons in the minor leagues.

Smith was born in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. Smith was an 18-year-old playing in the Northern Ontario Junior Hockey League with the Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds when he was selected by the Pittsburgh Penguins with the 11th overall pick of the 1967 NHL Amateur draft. Although all 12 NHL teams were eligible, both the St. Louis Blues and Toronto Maple Leafs passed on their opportunity to select a player in the first round, allowing Pittsburgh to use their second pick to take Smith.

With the exception of playing three games in the CHL with the Amarillo Wranglers, Smith played his entire professional career (1967–72) in the IHL with the Muskegon Mohawks.

Amarillo Wranglers (1968–1971)
The Amarillo Wranglers served as a farm team to the Pittsburgh Penguins of the National Hockey League. Based in Amarillo, Texas, the Wranglers were members of the Central Hockey League (CHL).

The franchise was founded by Jack McGregor, who was also founder of the Penguins. McGregor served as the Wranglers' team president. McGregor and the Penguins tried twice to bring hockey to Amarillo, both times found it too costly, due to poor attendance.

The Wranglers participated in the 1968-69 season, then suspended operations. They then returned to the CHL for the 1970-71 season, but permanently ceased operations after that season.
Pakosław, West Pomeranian Voivodeship
Pakosław [paˈkɔswaf] (German: Pagelsdorf) is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Będzino, within Koszalin County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 3 km (2 mi) south-east of Będzino, 11 km (7 mi) west of Koszalin, and 128 km (80 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

Koszalin County
Koszalin County (Polish: powiat koszaliński) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, north-western Poland, on the Baltic coast. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of Koszalin, although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county). The county contains three towns: Sianów, 10 km (6 mi) north-east of Koszalin, Bobolice, 37 km (23 mi) south-east of Koszalin, and Polanów, 35 km (22 mi) east of Koszalin.

The county covers an area of 1,669.09 square kilometres (644.4 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 64,087, out of which the population of Sianów is 6,543, that of Bobolice is 4,446, that of Polanów is 2,967, and the rural population is 50,131.
Mikhail Shultz
Mikhail Mikhaylovich Shultz (Russian: Михаи́л Миха́йлович Шульц, also spelled Schultz, Shul'ts, Shults, Shul’c etc.) (1 July 1919 – 9 October 2006), was a Soviet/Russian physical chemist, and an artist.

In Soviet Union, Russia, and outside Shultz is primarily known for his research in the chemical thermodynamics of heterogeneous chemical compounds, electrochemistry of glasses, membrane electrochemistry; for works in the field of ion exchange and phase equilibria of multicomponent compounds, and theory of glass electrode; Shultz also worked on thermal protection system for the Soviet Buran spacecraft and credited with research in optical fibers in 80s.

His works helped to contribute into creation of early pH-meters and ionometry, production organisation, instrumentation and materials commonly used in medicine, chemical and nuclear industry, aviation rocket and space technology, agriculture and many other areas.

Space technology
Space technology is technology for use in outer space. Space technology includes space vehicles such as spacecraft, satellites, space stations and orbital launch vehicles; deep-space communication; in-space propulsion; and a wide variety of other technologies including support infrastructure equipment, and procedures.

Many common everyday services for terrestrial use such as weather forecasting, remote sensing, satellite navigation systems, satellite television, and some long-distance communications systems critically rely on space infrastructure. Of the sciences, astronomy and Earth science benefit from space technology. New technologies originating with or accelerated by space-related endeavors are often subsequently exploited in other economic activities.
Nicole Castrale
Nicole Castrale (pronounced "cass-TRAHL-ee", née Dalkas, born March 24, 1979) is an American professional golfer on the LPGA Tour.

Castrale was born in Glendale, California, and started playing golf at the age of 10. She graduated from Palm Desert High School in 1997 and played college golf for the USC Trojans in Los Angeles and earned her bachelor's degree in 2001.

2009 Solheim Cup
The 11th Solheim Cup Matches were held August 21–23, 2009 at Rich Harvest Farms in Sugar Grove, Illinois, west of Chicago. The biennial matches are a three-day team competition for professional female golfers, pitting the 12 best players born in the United States against the 12 best players of European nationality.

The United States claimed the Cup for the third consecutive meeting, winning 16–12. Entering the final day, the competition was tied at 8 points each, but the U.S. won eight of the dozen singles matches to retain the Solheim Cup.
Gonimbrasia tyrrhea
Gonimbrasia tyrrhea, the zigzag emperor moth, is a moth of the family Saturniidae. The species was first described by Pieter Cramer in 1776. It is found in central and southern Africa.

The wingspan is 90–120 mm.

The larvae feed on Acacia mollissima, Malus, Fagus, Salix and Laburnum species.

Acacia mearnsii
Acacia mearnsii, commonly known as black wattle, late black wattle or green wattle, is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to south-eastern Australia. It is usually an erect tree with smooth bark, bipinnate leaves and spherical heads of fragrant pale yellow or cream-coloured flowers followed by black to reddish brown pods. In some other parts of the world, it is regarded as an invasive species.
Anna Gallina
Anna Gesche Lydia Gallina (born 22 June 1983) is a German politician serving as senator for justice and consumer protection of Hamburg since 2020. From 2015 to 2020, she was a member of the Hamburg Parliament. From 2015 to 2021, she served as chairwoman of Alliance 90/The Greens Hamburg.

Hamburg Parliament
The Hamburg Parliament (German: Hamburgische Bürgerschaft; literally “Hamburgish Citizenry” or, more poetically, “Hamburgish Burgessry”) is the unicameral legislature of the German state of Hamburg according to the constitution of Hamburg. As of 2025 there are 121 sitting members, representing 17 electoral districts. The parliament is situated in the city hall Hamburg Rathaus and is part of the Government of Hamburg.

The parliament is among other things responsible for the law, the election of the Erster Bürgermeister (First Mayor) for the election period and the control of the Senate (cabinet).

The President of the Hamburg Parliament is the highest official person of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg.

Its members are elected in universal, direct, free, equal and secret elections every five years.
Irene DeBari
Irene DeBari is an American television actress. In some of her earlier appearances she is credited as Irena Du Barry. Under this previous name, she took the role of Rosa Calletano, wife of Lieutenant Ray Calletano, in the TV drama Hill Street Blues. She has also been credited as Irene De Bari and (in her earliest work) Irene Rosetti.

Her professional acting career began in 1967, and she remains active and working.

Hill Street Blues
Hill Street Blues is an American serial police procedural television series that aired on NBC in prime-time from January 15, 1981, to May 12, 1987, for 146 episodes. The show chronicles the lives of the Metropolitan Police Department staff of a single police station located on Hill Street in an unnamed large U.S. city. The "blues" are the police officers in their blue uniforms.

The show received critical acclaim, and its production innovations influenced many subsequent dramatic television series produced in the United States and Canada. In 1981, the series won eight Emmy Awards, a debut season record surpassed only by The West Wing, in 2000. The show won a total of 26 Emmy Awards (out of 98 Emmy Award nominations) during its run, including four consecutive wins for Outstanding Drama Series from 1981–1984.
Ballinasloe railway station
Ballinasloe railway station (Irish: Stáisiún Iarnróid Bhéal Átha na Sluaighe) is a railway station in Ballinasloe, County Galway. It is operated by Iarnród Éireann (IÉ). Opened in 1851, this railway station is a fine and imposing Tudor style building, designed by George Wilkinson.

The station is on the Dublin to Galway Rail service. Passengers to or from Westport travel to Athlone and change trains. Passengers to or from Limerick and Ennis travel to Athenry and change trains.

Athenry
Athenry (/æθənˈraɪ/; Irish: Baile Átha an Rí, meaning 'town of the ford of the king') is a town in County Galway, Ireland, which lies 25 kilometres (16 miles) east of Galway city. Some of the attractions of the medieval town are its town wall, Athenry Castle, its priory and its 13th-century street-plan. The town is also well known by virtue of the song "The Fields of Athenry". The town is in a townland, civil parish and barony of the same name.
Ts8
Ts8 (also known as: TsK2, Tityustoxin K-beta, TsTX-K beta or TsTx-Kβ) is a neurotoxin present in the venom of the Brazilian yellow scorpion, Tityus serrulatus. Ts8 is a selective inhibitor of the voltage-gated potassium channel Kv4.2

Voltage-gated potassium channel
Voltage-gated potassium channels (VGKCs) are transmembrane channels specific for potassium and sensitive to voltage changes in the cell's membrane potential.  During action potentials, they play a crucial role in returning the depolarized cell to a resting state.
Politics of West Bengal
Politics in West Bengal is dominated by the following major political parties: the All India Trinamool Congress, the Communist Party of India (Marxist), the Bharatiya Janata Party and the Indian National Congress. For many decades, the state underwent gruesome and terrible political violence. Since the 2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, it has been governed by the Trinamool Congress party. Previously, it was ruled by Left Front led by the Communist Party of India (Marxist) for over three decades.

Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee
Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee (1 March 1944 – 8 August 2024) was an Indian communist politician, statesman and a member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of India (Marxist), who served as the 7th Chief Minister of West Bengal from 2000 to 2011. In a political career over five decades, he became one of the senior leaders of Communist Party of India (Marxist) during his regime.

Bhattacharjee described himself as a "communist compromising with capitalism" for promoting industrialization in West Bengal, but his efforts were undermined by controversies. He was known for his relatively open policies regarding business, in contrast with the previous financial policies of the CPI(M), which were  primarily anti-capitalist. However, he faced strong land acquisition protests and allegations about violence against the protesters. This led Bhattacharjee to lose the 2011 elections, resulting in the fall of Left Front's 34 years of rule in West Bengal.
American Renaissance (literature)
The American Renaissance period in American literature ran from about 1830 to around the Civil War. A central term in American studies, the American Renaissance was for a while considered synonymous with American Romanticism and was closely associated with Transcendentalism.

Harriet Beecher Stowe
Harriet Elisabeth Beecher Stowe (/stoʊ/; June 14, 1811 – July 1, 1896) was an American author and abolitionist. She came from the religious Beecher family and wrote the popular novel Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852), which depicts the harsh conditions experienced by enslaved African Americans. The book reached an audience of millions as a novel and play, and became influential in the United States and in Great Britain, energizing anti-slavery forces in the American North, while provoking widespread anger in the South. Stowe wrote 30 books, including novels, three travel memoirs, and collections of articles and letters. She was influential both for her writings as well as for her public stances and debates on social issues of the day.
Sakaling Hindi Makarating
Sakaling Hindi Makarating (English: In Case They Don't Arrive) is a 2016 Philippine independent road drama film co-written, shot, co-produced, and directed by Ice Idanan in her directorial debut. The film stars Alessandra de Rossi, Teri Malvar, JC Santos, and Pepe Herrera. It is an official entry to the 2nd CineFilipino Film Festival, where it won seven awards including Best Picture and Best Director.

The film had its theatrical release in the Philippines on February 1, 2017.

Alessandra de Rossi
Alessandra de Rossi (born Alessandra Tiotangco Schiavone; July 19, 1984) is a Filipino actress and director. Known for her dramatic and comedic performances in independent film and television, she made her screen debut in the comedy series !Oka Tokat (1997–1998). Her breakthrough came when she played Valentina in the series Darna (2005), which led to her landing various supporting and antagonist roles in television. For her work, de Rossi has received accolades from various award-giving bodies, including an ASEAN International Film Festival and Awards, three FAMAS Awards, three Gawad Urian Awards, three PMPC Star Awards for Movies and a QCinema International Film Festival Award.
Athletics at the 2025 Asian Youth Games
Athletics at the 2025 Asian Youth Games was held in Riffa, Bahrain from 23 to 26 October 2025 at the Bahrain National Stadium. There were 42 events in original program but four cross-country events and girls' pole vault were cancelled due to lack of entries.

Riffa
Riffa (Arabic: الرفاع, romanized: Ar-Rifāʿ) is the second-largest city in the Kingdom of Bahrain in terms of area. The city is divided into three parts: East Riffa, West Riffa and North Riffa. All three parts are located in the Southern Governorate.

The city is growing fast: during the 2001 census, the population was recorded as 79,550, which was estimated at 111,000 by 2008.