hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Andrew J. Van Vorhes
Andrew Jackson Van Vorhes (January 24, 1824 – January 10, 1873) was an American politician and newspaper editor.

Born in Washington County, Pennsylvania, his father was Abraham Van Vorhes and his brother was Nelson H. Van Vorhes. He worked in his father's paper the Hocking Valley Gazette in Athens, Ohio. Then he and his brother bought the paper and changed the name to The Athens Messenger. He was recording clerk in the Ohio General Assembly. In 1855, Van Vorhes moved to Stillwater, Minnesota Territory, where he started the Stillwater Messenger. He served in the Union Army from 1863 to 1865, during the American Civil War, as a quartermaster. Van Vorhes also served as Indian agent at Fort Ripley in 1862. Then he served a clerk for the Minnesota Supreme Court. He also served in the Minnesota House of Representatives from 1859 to 1860. He died in Stillwater, Minnesota.

Minnesota Territory
The Territory of Minnesota was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from March 3, 1849, until May 11, 1858, when the eastern portion of the territory was admitted to the Union as the state of Minnesota and the western portion became unorganized territory and shortly after was reorganized as part of the Dakota Territory.
Politics of the United Kingdom in the 19th century
The politics of the United Kingdom in the 19th century describes the parliamentary-cabinet system of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, shaped in the 19th century by constitutional conventions.

The United Kingdom is a parliamentary monarchy. In this country, there is no conventionally understood written constitution to this day, in other words: a formal constitution, as is the case in other countries. Instead of one document, there are a number of norms called constitutional conventions, or the constitution in a material sense. The doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty applies. The highest rank is held by statutes, which determine, among other things, the role of local government in society. In reality, the British government has freedom in shaping the structure and functioning of public administration bodies. The structure of local government was initiated by a series of statutes in the 19th century.

House of Commons
The House of Commons is the name for the elected lower house of the bicameral parliaments of the United Kingdom and Canada. In both of these countries, the Commons holds much more legislative power than the upper house of parliament, which is nominally superior. The leader of the majority party in the House of Commons by convention becomes the prime minister. Other parliaments have also had a lower house called the "House of Commons".
Melanie Slowing
Melanie Slowing de Montenegro (born January 10, 1973) is a Guatemalan former swimmer, who specialized in sprint freestyle events. Slowing qualified for the women's 50 m freestyle, as a 31-year-old, at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, by breaking a Guatemalan record and posting a FINA B-cut of 26.89 from the Central American and Caribbean Championships in Mexico City. She topped the fourth heat by less than 0.04 of a second ahead of Moldova's Maria Tregubova in 27.44. Slowing failed to advance into the semifinals, as she placed forty-sixth overall out of 75 swimmers on the last day of preliminaries.

She is the sister of Karen Slowing who competed in the Olympics in 1984.

Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's 50 metre freestyle
The women's 50 metre freestyle event at the 2004 Olympic Games was contested at the Olympic Aquatic Centre of the Athens Olympic Sports Complex in Athens, Greece on August 20 and 21.

Dutch swimmer and world record holder Inge de Bruijn managed to defend her title in this event, outside her record time of 24.58 seconds. The silver medal was awarded to France's Malia Metella, with a time of 24.89 seconds. Australia's Lisbeth Lenton, who finished behind Metella by two hundredths of a second (0.02), took home the bronze at 24.91. This was also the final appearance for de Bruijn at the Olympics, before she retired from her swimming career in 2007.
Loan-out corporation
A loan-out corporation, also known as a loan-out company, or personal service corporation, is a form of US business entity in which the creator is an 'employee' whose services are loaned out by the corporate body. The creator of the corporation is typically the sole shareholder, and thus the corporation is used as a means to reduce their personal liability, protect their assets and exploit taxation advantages. Loan-Out corporations are especially prominent in the entertainment and professional sports industries, as the creator's services are typically performed on individual contract basis, and receive large, irregular sums of income throughout the year.

The corporate body is engaged by external third parties to fulfill services, rather than the individual directly. Consequently, it is the creator's loan-out corporation that is referred to and liable in contracts to perform the services required.

Liability (financial accounting)
In financial accounting, a liability is a quantity of value that a financial entity owes. More technically, it is value that an entity is expected to deliver in the future to satisfy a present obligation arising from past events. The value delivered to settle a liability may be in the form of assets transferred or services performed.
Murder of Asif Nawaz
Asif Nawaz (c. 1980 – 14 April 2025) was a Pakistani employee and a staff member at KFC who was shot and killed by unidentified supporters of the Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan (TLP) during the group's anti-Israel protest in Sheikhupura, Punjab.

Accident and personal enmity were ruled as motives, leading it to be registered under Section 302 of the Pakistan Penal Code and Section 7 of the Anti-Terrorism Act and at least 40 people being taken into custody in relation to the murder. The prime suspects remained at large. The murder led to condemnations from Pakistani authorities.

Pakistan Penal Code
The Pakistan Penal Code (Urdu: مجموعہ تعزیرات پاکستان; Majmū'ah-yi ta'zīrāt-i Pākistān), abbreviated as PPC, is a penal code for all offences charged in Pakistan. After the creation of Pakistan in 1947, the country inherited the Indian Penal Code (IPC), originally prepared by Lord Macaulay in 1860 on behalf of the government of British India. Subsequently after several amendments by different governments, in Pakistan it is now a mixture of Islamic and English law. Presently, the Pakistan Penal Code is still in effect and can be amended by the Parliament of Pakistan.
A4136 road
The A4136 road is the main road through the Forest of Dean in Gloucestershire, England and Monmouthshire, Wales. At its western end it connects to the A466 road at Wyesham, which is a short distance from Wye Bridge and the A40 road at Monmouth. Its eastern end at Huntley, Gloucestershire also connects to the A40. It is 16.5 miles (26.6 km) long, a shortcut of approximately 3.8 miles (6.1 km) relative to the A40.

Wye Bridge, Monmouth
The Wye Bridge in Monmouth is a bridge across the River Wye. The A466 passes over it and immediately meets the A40 at its western end. The bridge is a grade II listed building. The total span of the bridge is 71 metres (233 ft).
Ralph O. Mott
Ralph O. Mott FAIA (May 30, 1903 – December 29, 1997) was an American architect in practice in Fort Smith, Arkansas from 1935 until his retirement in 1993. For nearly sixty years, he was head of the Fort Smith architecture firm now (2024) known as MAHG Architecture and was president of the National Council of Architectural Registration Boards for the year 1965.

Architectural firm
In the United States, an architectural firm or architecture firm is a business that employs one or more licensed architects and practices the profession of architecture; while in South Africa, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Denmark and other countries, an architectural firm is a company or partnership that offers architectural services.
Hell's Kitchen Albania season 2
The second season of the Albanian competitive reality television series Hell's Kitchen Albania premiered on October 11, 2019, on Top Channel. Renato Mekolli returned as host and head chef. Contestant from season 1, Ani Alku and contestant from MasterChef Albania, Albana Dulellari became the sous chefs for the Red Team and Blue Team respectively. This year maitre d' was Juljan Mata.

On January 10, 2020, chef Renato announced Françesko Tuku as the winner.

Top Channel
Top Channel (often abbreviated as TCH) is a national commercial television network based in Tirana, Albania, founded by Dritan Hoxha in 2001. It is part of the Top Media Group, one of the largest media conglomerates in Albania, which includes Top Albania Radio, Top Gold Radio, My Music Radio, daily newspaper Shqip, daily magazine Shqip Magazine, coffee producer Lori Caffe, Digitalb, Top News, VGA Studio, musicAL, Dritan Hoxha Media Foundation Imperial Cinemas and Top Channel Films.
George Walser
George Henry Walser (May 26, 1834 – May 1, 1910) was an American lawyer and politician.

Walser was born in Dearborn County, Indiana on May 26, 1834. In 1856, he was admitted to the Illinois bar. He served in the 12th Illinois Infantry Regiment during the American Civil War and was commissioned a lieutenant colonel. He then moved to Barton County, Missouri and continued to practice law in Lamar, Missouri. Walser was an agnostic and a supporter of the writer Robert G. Ingersoll. Walser founded the community of Liberal, Missouri in Barton County. He served in the Missouri House of Representatives in 1869 for two terms as a Republican. He died in Liberal, Missouri on May 1, 1910. Walser also wrote poetry.

Dearborn County, Indiana
Dearborn County is one of 92 counties of the U.S. state of Indiana. Located on the Ohio border near the southeast corner of the state, Dearborn County was formed in 1803 from a portion of Hamilton County, Ohio. In 2020, the population was 50,679. The county seat and largest city is Lawrenceburg.
Dearborn County is part of the Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN Metropolitan Statistical Area.
South African Translators' Institute
The South African Translators' Institute (SATI) is the largest association in South Africa representing professional, academic and amateur translators and other language practitioners. Membership is open to anyone.

SATI was founded in 1956. In 2012 there were around 800 members.

The institute has adopted official names in South Africa's other official languages, namely (Afrikaans: Suid-Afrikaanse Vertalersinstituut, SAVI, Zulu: INhlangano yaBahumushi yaseNingizimu Afrika, Xhosa: Umbutho wabaGuquli wazeMzantsi Afrika, Sotho: Mokgatlo wa Bafetoledi wa Afrika Borwa, Northern Sotho: Sehlongwa sa Bafetoledi sa Afrika Borwa, Tswana: Mokgatlho wa Baranodi wa Aforika Borwa, Tsonga: Vandla ra Vahundzuluxi ra Afrika Dzonga, Swazi: Inhlangano Yebahumushi YaseNingizimu Afrika, Venda: Tshiimiswa tsha Vhapinduleli tsha Afurika Tshipembe, and Southern Ndebele: IHlangano yabaTjhugululi yeSewula Afrika).

Northern Sotho
Sepedi is one of South Africa’s twelve official languages and belongs to the Bantu language family, specifically the Sotho-Tswana group. The language is spoken mainly in Limpopo Province, and to a lesser extent in Gauteng, Mpumalanga, and North West.

Sepedi refers to the dialect spoken by the Pedi people. Northern Sotho is the umbrella term for a group of related dialects. The two terms are often used interchangeably, but technically Sepedi is one dialect of Northern Sotho.

As of the 2022 South African Census, approximately 6.2 million people, or 10.0% of the national population, speak Sepedi as their first language. Sepedi ranks as the fifth most spoken first language.
Huang Hsin-yao
Huang Hsin-yao (born in 1973) is a Taiwanese film director. He was born and raised in Tainan City, Taiwan. He graduated from the Graduate Institute of Documentary & Film Archiving, TNNUA, and received an MFA in 2005.

Huang was one of the three executive board members of the Taipei Documentary Filmmakers' Union from 2006 to 2013. His documentary works include Bluffing (winner of Golden Harvest Awards for Best Documentary in 2007), Nimbus (winner of Special Jury Prize at Bi-annual Taiwan International Documentary Festival in 2010), and Taivalu (winner of Grand Prize and Best Documentary at Taipei Film Festival in 2011).

Huang’s debut fictional film is a short film, Da Fo (nominated for Best Live Action Short Film at Golden Horse Award in 2014), which he later developed into a feature-length, The Great Buddha + (winner of Best Adapted Screenplay and Best New Director at Golden Horse Award, and other awards at Taipei Film Festival in 2017).

Golden Horse Award for Best Adapted Screenplay
The Golden Horse Award for Best Adapted Screenplay (Chinese: 金馬獎最佳改編劇本) is presented annually at Taiwan's Golden Horse Film Awards.

It was first awarded in 1962 as Best Screenplay. Starting from the 16th Golden Horse Awards in 1979, it was split into two separate categories, the other being Golden Horse Award for Best Original Screenplay.
Dís
In Norse mythology, a dís (Old Norse: [ˈdiːs], "lady", plural dísir [ˈdiːsez̠]) is a female deity, ghost, or spirit associated with Fate who can be either benevolent or antagonistic toward mortals. Dísir may act as protective spirits of Norse clans. It is possible that their original function was that of fertility goddesses who were the object of both private and official worship called dísablót, and their veneration may derive from the worship of the spirits of the dead. The dísir, like the valkyries, Norns, and vættir, are always referred collectively in surviving references. The North Germanic dísir and West Germanic Idisi are believed by some scholars to be related due to linguistic and mythological similarities, but the direct evidence of Anglo-Saxon and Continental German mythology is limited. The dísir play roles in Norse texts that resemble those of fylgjur, valkyries, and norns, so that some have suggested that dísir is a broad term including the other beings.

Wight
A wight  is a being or thing. This general meaning of the term is shared by its cognates in other Germanic languages, but their usages vary greatly over time and between regions. In Old English, it could refer to anything in existence, with more specificity arising in Middle English, perhaps due to the term of similar meaning in Anglo-Norman, creature. In modern fantasy, wights are often specifically undead.
Altus (Mygdonia)
Altus or Altos (/ˈæltəs, ˈɔːltəs/ A(W)L-təs; Ancient Greek: Άλτός) was a fortress town in Mygdonia near Therma (later Thessalonica). The town is mentioned by Stephanus of Byzantium and Theagenes of Macedon.

Its site is unlocated.

Stephanus of Byzantium
Stephanus or Stephen of Byzantium (Latin: Stephanus Byzantinus; Ancient Greek: Στέφανος Βυζάντιος, Stéphanos Byzántios; fl. 6th century AD) was an Eastern Roman grammarian and the author of an important geographical dictionary entitled Ethnica (Ἐθνικά). Only meagre fragments of the dictionary survive, but the epitome is extant, compiled by one Hermolaus, not otherwise identified.
Krông Pắk district
Krông Pắk  is a district (huyện) of Đắk Lắk province in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam.

As of 2003 the district had a population of 212,067. The district covers an area of 623 km2 (241 sq mi). The district capital lies at Phước An.

Central Highlands (Vietnam)
The Central Highlands (Vietnamese: Cao nguyên Trung phần), South Central Highlands (Vietnamese: Cao nguyên Nam Trung Bộ), Western Highlands (Vietnamese: Tây Nguyên) or Midland Highlands (Vietnamese: Cao nguyên Trung bộ) was a former region located in the south central part of Vietnam. It contained parts of the provinces of Đắk Lắk, Gia Lai, Quảng Ngãi, and Lâm Đồng. On June 12 2025 the region merged with South Central Coast.
Lopp Lagoon
Lopp Lagoon (Inupiaq: Taziq) is a tidal lake NE of Cape Prince of Wales (the westernmost tip of the Seward Peninsula) in the U.S. state of Alaska. Many creeks empty into it, but the most water comes from the Mint River. Some salt water from the Pacific Ocean also enters the lagoon through several channels between it and the Bering Strait.

It was named in 1900 for William Thomas Lopp, a missionary among the Inuit and the civilian leader of the 1897–98 Overland Relief Expedition.

Historically, Lopp Lagoon has been an important source of food (salmon and waterfowl) for people living in the Wales, Alaska area.

Wales, Alaska
Wales (Inupiaq: Kiŋigin, IPA: [kiŋiɣin]) is a city in the Nome Census Area, Alaska, United States. As of the 2020 census, Wales had a population of 168. It is the westernmost city on the North American mainland, although Adak, located on Adak Island, is the westernmost city in Alaska. Wales Airport serves Wales with flights on Bering Air and Ravn Alaska to Nome.
Solar eclipse of February 21, 1803
A total solar eclipse occurred at the Moon's ascending node of orbit on Monday, February 21, 1803, with a magnitude of 1.0492. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide. Occurring only about 18 hours before perigee (on February 22, 1803, at 15:00 UTC), the Moon's apparent diameter was larger.

The path of totality was visible from parts of modern-day Norfolk Island, French Polynesia, Mexico, Florida, and the Bahamas. A partial solar eclipse was also visible for parts of eastern Australia, Oceania, North America, Central America, the Caribbean, and northern South America.

Angular diameter
The angular diameter, angular width, angular size, apparent diameter, or apparent size is an angular separation (in units of angle) describing how large a sphere or circle appears from a given point of view. In the vision sciences, it is called the visual angle, and in optics, it is the angular aperture (of a lens). The angular diameter can alternatively be thought of as the angular displacement through which an eye or camera must rotate to look from one side of an apparent circle to the opposite side.

A person can resolve with their naked eyes diameters down to about 1 arcminute (approximately 0.017° or 0.0003 radians). This corresponds to 0.3 m at a 1 km distance, or to perceiving Venus as a disk under optimal conditions.
Recording King
Recording King is a  musical instruments brand currently owned by The Music Link Corporation, based in Hayward, California, which also produces other musical instrument lines.

Range of products commercialised under the Recording King brand are acoustic and resonator guitars, and banjos. Their guitars are designed in America, manufactured overseas and sold worldwide.

Hayward, California
Hayward is a city in Alameda County, California, United States, in the East Bay subregion of the San Francisco Bay Area. With a population of 162,954 as of 2020, Hayward is the sixth largest city in the Bay Area, and the third largest in Alameda County. Hayward was ranked as the 36th most populous municipality in California. It is included in the San Francisco–Oakland–San Jose Metropolitan Statistical Area by the US Census. It is located primarily between Castro Valley, San Leandro and Union City, and lies at the eastern terminus of the San Mateo–Hayward Bridge.
Robert Earl Richardson
Robert Earl Richardson (28 November 1877 – 14 April 1935) was an American aquatic biologist and ichthyologist.

Richardson was born in Brighton, Illinois, on 28 November 1877. His father was Robert and his mother was Emily Dickerson Richardson. He underwent a preparatory education at DePauw University, before graduating from the University of Illinois in 1901. The university elected him as a fellow and he received a M.A. in 1903. He was a collaborator of David Starr Jordan and, as his co-author, wrote a series of scientific papers on the fishes of Formosa, the Philippines and Japan. In 1909, he took charge of the floating laboratory ran by the Natural History Survey on the Illinois River. His main contribution to ichthyology was The Fishes of Illinois, co-authored with Stephen Alfred Forbes.

University of Illinois System
The University of Illinois System is a system of public universities in the U.S. state of Illinois, consisting of three campuses located in Chicago, Springfield, and Urbana-Champaign. Across all campuses, the University of Illinois System enrolls more than 101,000 students. It had an operating budget of $7.18 billion in 2021. Its oldest university, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, was established as the state's land grant university in 1867.
Habermas–Rawls debate
The Habermas–Rawls debate is the exchange which took place between John Rawls and Jürgen Habermas in The Journal of Philosophy in 1995. One major point of misunderstanding was Rawls's emphasis on social primary goods in a debate that included Habermasian notions of the public and common good.

The Journal of Philosophy
The Journal of Philosophy is a monthly peer-reviewed academic journal on philosophy, founded in 1904 at Columbia University. Its stated purpose is "To publish philosophical articles of current interest and encourage the interchange of ideas, especially the exploration of the borderline between philosophy and other disciplines." Subscriptions and online access are managed by the Philosophy Documentation Center.

The journal is widely regarded as one of the most prestigious journals in the field. The journal also publishes the Dewey, Woodbridge, and Nagel Lectures series held at Columbia University.
Acanthobothrium soberoni
Acanthobothrium soberoni is a species of parasitic onchobothriid tapeworm first found in the whiptail stingray, Dasyatis brevis, in the Gulf of California. It is relatively long and with a larger number of segments, albeit with fewer testes and an asymmetrical ovary. It also differs from its cogenerate species by its hook size and length of its hook prongs; cirrus sac size; the position of its genital pore, the number of testes columns that are anterior to the cirrus sac; as well as a number of postvaginal testes.

Segmentation (biology)
Segmentation in biology is the division of some animal and plant body plans into a linear series of repetitive segments that may or may not be interconnected to each other. This article focuses on the segmentation of animal body plans, specifically using the examples of the taxa Arthropoda, Chordata, and Annelida. These three groups form segments by using a "growth zone" to direct and define the segments. While all three have a generally segmented body plan and use a growth zone, they use different mechanisms for generating this patterning. Even within these groups, different organisms have different mechanisms for segmenting the body. Segmentation of the body plan is important for allowing free movement and development of certain body parts. It also allows for regeneration in specific individuals.
Adolf Michel
Adolf Michel (12 February 1876 – 24 April 1928) was an Austrian sport shooter who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. Michel was born in Vienna. In 1912, he was a member of the Austrian team, which finished fourth in the team 100 metre running deer, single shots competition. He finished tenth in the 100 metre running deer, single shots event.

Shooting at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 meter team running deer, single shots
The men's 100 meter team running deer, single shots was a shooting sports event held as part of the shooting at the 1912 Summer Olympics programme. It was the second appearance of the event, which had been introduced in 1908. The competition was held on Thursday, 4 July 1912.

Twenty sport shooters from five nations competed.

Oscar Swahn was 64 years and 258 days old when he won gold as part of the Swedish team. This remains the record for the oldest person to win Olympic gold.