hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Jered Carr
Jered Byron Carr is a political scientist, professor of urban policy and a former Policy analyst for the Florida State Legislature in the Office of Program Policy Analysis and Government Accountability.

He was formerly the Director of the L.P. Cookingham Institute of Urban Affairs and Professor of Henry W. Bloch School of Management at University of Missouri-Kansas City and was a former researcher at Center for International Public Management. Presently, he is Co-Editor and Managing Editor of the Urban Affairs Review and Head of the Department in Public Administration  at University of Illinois at Chicago.

Office of Program Policy Analysis and Government Accountability
The Office of Program Policy Analysis and Government Accountability (OPPAGA) is the research arm of the Florida Legislature.  OPPAGA supports the Florida Legislature by providing data, evaluative research, and objective analyses to support legislative budget and policy deliberations.   State law (substantive legislation or budget proviso), legislative leadership (Senate President and Speaker of the House), and the Joint Legislative Auditing Committee determine OPPAGA's research. OPPAGA operates under the guidance of a coordinator who is selected by the presiding officers.
Tamiya Radio Controlled Nitro Vehicles
The Tamiya Radio Controlled Nitro Off-road Vehicles entered the radio controlled (RC) nitro engine (glow engine) powered 1/8 scale truck market in July 2002. Produced by the Tamiya Corporation of Japan, these 1/8 scale trucks are designed for stadium competition. Tamiya's first nitro truck, TR-15t, was introduced in 1994. Second truck was the TGM-01 Mad Bison, released in 2000. Third attempt, Terra Crusher, departed greatly from the previous two.  Terra Crusher (TGM-02), released in July 2002, capitalized on the off-road monster RC boom of the time; subsequent trucks include the Wild Commando, TNX (TGM-03), TNX 5.2R, and TRG-01 Nitrage. The trucks perform in competitions for Remotely Operated Auto Racers (ROAR) abbreviated as ROAR.  ROAR is the sanctioning body of competitive radio-controlled car racing in the United States and Canada, overseen by IFMAR (International Federation of Model Auto Racing).

Racing
In sports, racing is a competition of speed, in which competitors try to complete a given task in the shortest amount of time. Typically this involves traversing some distance, but it can be any other task involving speed to reach a specific goal.

A race may be run continuously to finish or may be made up of several segments called heats, stages or legs. A heat is usually run over the same course at different times. A stage is a shorter section of a much longer course or a time trial.

Early records of races are evident on pottery from ancient Greece, which depicted running men vying for first place. A chariot race is described in Homer's Iliad.
Beaver Run (Bowman Creek tributary)
Beaver Run is a tributary of Bowman Creek in Luzerne County and Wyoming County, in Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately 7.7 miles (12.4 km) long and flows through Lake Township in Luzerne County and Noxen Township in Wyoming County. The watershed of the stream has an area of 10.6 square miles (27 km2). It is not designated as an impaired waterbody. The surficial geology in its vicinity includes alluvial fan, alluvial terrace, alluvium, Wisconsinan Till, Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, fill, wetlands, and bedrock.

Beaver Run is a source of flooding in Lake Township, Luzerne County. A number of bridges have also been constructed over Beaver Run. The watershed of the stream is designated as a High Quality Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery.

Lake Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania
Lake Township is a township that is located in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is part of the Back Mountain, a 118-square mile region in northern Luzerne County. The population was 1,994 at the time of the 2020 census.
Italy at the Olympics
Italy has sent athletes to most of the modern Olympic Games held since 1896, outside of not having officially participated (as a national delegation) in the 1904 Summer Olympics. The Italian National Olympic Committee was created in 1914 and recognised in 1915. As of 2024, Italy is the most successful nation at fencing in Olympic history.

Italy has taken part in all the Winter Olympic Games, winning 171 medals, and has won 618 medals at the Summer Olympic Games.

Italy's total of 281 gold medals makes it the seventh most successful country in Olympic history, after the United States, the Soviet Union, China, Germany, Great Britain, and France. Italy has also the sixth highest medal total of all time with 829. Italy has the third longest medaling streak after Sweden and Finland. It has medaled in 40 straight Olympic Games, starting with the 1936 Summer Olympics.

Italy has hosted a Summer Olympics edition (in 1960) and three Winter Olympics (in 1956, 2006 and 2026).

1904 Summer Olympics
The 1904 Summer Olympics (officially the Games of the III Olympiad and also known as St. Louis 1904) were an international multi-sport event held in St. Louis, Missouri, United States, from 1 July to 23 November 1904. Many events were conducted at what is now known as Francis Field on the campus of Washington University in St. Louis. This was the first time that the Olympic Games were held outside Europe.

Tensions caused by the Russo–Japanese War and difficulties in traveling to St. Louis resulted in very few top-class athletes from outside the United States and Canada taking part in the 1904 Games. Only 69–74 of the 651 athletes who competed came from outside North America, and only between 12 and 15 nations were represented in all. Some events subsequently combined the U.S. national championship with the Olympic championship. The current three-medal format of gold, silver and bronze for first, second and third place was introduced at the 1904 Olympics.
Listed buildings in West Suffolk District
There are around 2,900 listed buildings in the West Suffolk District, Suffolk, which are buildings of architectural or historic interest.

Grade I buildings are of exceptional interest.

Grade II* buildings are particularly important buildings of more than special interest.

Grade II buildings are of special interest.

The lists follow Historic England’s geographical organisation, with entries grouped by county, local authority, and parish (civil and non-civil). The following lists are arranged by parish.

West Suffolk District
West Suffolk District is a local government district in Suffolk, England. It was established in 2019 as a merger of the previous Forest Heath District with the Borough of St Edmundsbury. The council is based in Bury St Edmunds, the district's largest town. The district also contains the towns of Brandon, Clare, Haverhill, Mildenhall and Newmarket, along with numerous villages and surrounding rural areas. In 2021 it had a population of 180,820.

The neighbouring districts are Mid Suffolk, Babergh, Braintree, South Cambridgeshire, East Cambridgeshire, King's Lynn and West Norfolk and Breckland.
Uzalo
Uzalo is a South African soap opera produced by Stained Glass Productions, which is co-owned by Kobedi "Pepsi" Pokane and Gugu Zuma-Ncube. It began airing in 2015, quickly becoming a hit due to its compelling narrative, writing, direction and the performances of the relatively-unknown cast. It initially told the story of two young men who were switched at birth, one being raised in a family with core Christian values and the other at a crime syndicate. It currently broadcasts from Monday to Friday on SABC 1. It is currently the most watched television show in South Africa.

Crime family
A crime family is a unit of an organized crime syndicate, particularly in the Sicilian Mafia and Italian-American Mafia, often operating within a specific geographic territory or a specific set of activities. In its strictest sense, a family (or clan) is a criminal gang, operating either on a unitary basis or as an organized collection of smaller gangs (e.g., cells, factions, crews, etc.).  In turn, a family can be a sole "enterprise" or part of a larger syndicate or cartel. Despite the name, most crime families are generally not based on or formed around actual familial connections, although they do tend to be ethnically based, and many members may in fact be related to one another. Crime "families" tend to be associated more directly with their respective territories than the individuals to whom their members may or may not be related.
Marcus Becker
Marcus Becker (born 11 September 1981 in Merseburg) is a German slalom canoeist who competed at the international level from 1996 to 2011. He won a silver medal in the C2 event at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens.

Becker won six medals at the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships with a gold (C2: 2003), four silvers (C2: 2006, C2 team: 2003, 2006, 2009), and a bronze (C2: 2005). He also won a gold and two silvers in the C2 team event at the European Championships.

His partner in the C2 boat throughout his career was Stefan Henze.

2003 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships
The 2003 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships were held in Augsburg, Germany under the auspices of International Canoe Federation for the record-tying third time. It was the 28th edition. Augsburg hosted the championships previously in 1957 and 1985 when the city was part of West Germany, and matches the times hosted by Spittal, Austria (1963, 1965, 1977), Meran, Italy (1953, 1971, 1983), and Bourg St.-Maurice, France (1969, 1987, 2002).

Competitions were held at the Augsburg Eiskanal facility which was built for the 1972 Summer Olympics.
National Astronomical Observatory (Chile)
The National Astronomical Observatory of Chile (Spanish: Observatorio Astronómico Nacional de Chile - OAN) is an astronomical observatory owned and operated by the Department of Astronomy of the University of Chile (UCh).  It is located on Cerro Calán, a hill in the commune of Las Condes.  The commune is an eastern suburb of Santiago located in Santiago Province of the Santiago Metropolitan Region.  OAN was founded in 1852 and became a part of UCh in 1927.  The facility on Cerro Calán was completed in 1962.

Las Condes
Las Condes is an affluent commune in northeastern Santiago, Chile, known as the country's main financial hub and one of Latin America's most prosperous urban districts. It concentrates corporate headquarters, luxury hotels, and high-rise offices in a sleek skyline locals call "Sanhattan"—a nod to its blend of Santiago and Manhattan. Beyond its business core, Las Condes is home to exclusive residential neighborhoods, top-ranked schools, and a cosmopolitan mix of international institutions and communities.
Barranca Yaco
Barranca de Yaco or Barranca Yaco (from the Spanish barranca (gully) and the Quechua yaku (water)) is a geographical feature along the ancient camino real (royal road) of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, located between Villa Tulumba and Sinsacate, in the province of Córdoba, Argentina.

The place is famous because General Juan Facundo Quiroga, Governor and caudillo of La Rioja, was assassinated there by a party led by Santos Pérez, on 16 February 1835, during the Argentine Civil Wars. Santos Pérez along with the former Governor of Córdoba José Vicente Reynafé and two of his brothers were judged and hanged for this crime at Buenos Aires in 1837. Since 2009 there is a memorial square that remembers Quiroga and those killed with him.

Gully
A gully is a landform created by running water, mass movement, or both, which erodes soil to a sharp angle, typically on a hillside or in river floodplains or terraces.

Gullies resemble large ditches or small valleys, but are metres to tens of metres in depth and width, are characterized by a distinct 'headscarp' or 'headwall' and progress by headward (i.e., upstream) erosion.  Gullies are commonly related to intermittent or ephemeral water flow, usually associated with localised intense or protracted rainfall events or snowmelt.

Gullies can be formed and accelerated by cultivation practices on hillslopes (often gentle gradients) in farmland, and they can develop rapidly in rangelands from existing natural erosion forms subject to vegetative cover removal and livestock activity.
Panay (film)
Panay (Amis: Wawa No Cidal; Chinese: 太陽的孩子) is a 2015 feature film directed by Taiwanese director Cheng Yu-Chieh and Lekal Sumi Cilangasan. It is inspired by a true story.

Panay is a very common female name among the Taiwanese Indigenous tribe, it simply stands for the beautiful spike of rice.

This is one of the few Taiwanese movies that filmed from an indigenous perspective. Through the cross ethnic cooperation between two directors, Cheng Yu-Chieh (Han) and Lekal Sumi (Pangcah). Actors are mostly new to the stage, they are fresh yet persuasive. The movie was being awarded the Audience Choice Award from the Taipei Film Festival. Panay's theme song "Aka Pisawad" won the Best Original Film Song of the 52nd Golden Horse Awards.

Amis language
Amis (Sowal no 'Amis or Pangcah) is a Formosan language of the Amis (or Ami), an indigenous people living along the east coast of Taiwan. The largest of the Formosan languages, it is spoken from Hualien in the north to Taitung in the south, with another population in the Hengchun Peninsula near the southern end of the island, though the northern varieties are considered to be separate languages.

Government services in counties where many Amis people live in Taiwan, such as the Hualien and Taitung railway stations, broadcast in Amis alongside Mandarin. However, few Amis under the age of 20 in 1995 spoke the language. It is not known how many of the 200,000 ethnic Amis speak the language, but overall a third of the aboriginal Taiwanese population does.
Comagena
Comagena was a fortified Roman camp on the Danube, on the site of the modern town of Tulln on the Danube in Lower Austria, Austria. Built as a defensive work along the Norican frontier, it originally housed an ala of up to 500 cavalry troops (ala I Commagenorum). From its exposed situation, it was able to guard a militarily significant ford over the Danube and control the valley lowlands for a good distance upstream and down.

Several phases of rebuilding at the site have been identified: it was established, as an earth-and-timber encampment, in the late 1st century AD, probably under Domitian, and in the early 2nd century stone fortifications were constructed. In its later days the fort served as the base of a naval fleet (the classis Comaginensis), as well as a cavalry regiment (equites promoti). Excavations to the west and south of the fort have uncovered evidence of at least two associated vici (civilian settlements) and three graveyards.

Lower Austria
Lower Austria (German: Niederösterreich pronounced [ˈniːdɐˌ(ʔ)øːstɐraɪç] ⓘ, Bavarian: Niedaöstareich, abbreviated LA or NÖ) is one of the nine states of Austria, located in the northeastern corner of the country. Major cities are Amstetten, Krems an der Donau, Wiener Neustadt and Sankt Pölten, which has been the capital of Lower Austria since 1986, replacing Vienna, which became a separate state in 1921. With a land area of 19,186 km2 (7,408 sq mi) and a population of 1.7 million people, Lower Austria is the largest and second-most-populous state in Austria (after Vienna).
Huazhou, Guangdong
Huazhou (Chinese: 化州市; pinyin: Huàzhōu Shì), formerly romanized as Fachow or Fahsien, is a county-level city in southwestern Guangdong Province, China. Bordering Guangxi to the north, it is administrated as part of the prefecture-level city of Maoming. During the 2020 census, its population was 1,291,668, of which 472,746 were considered urban.

2020 Chinese census
The Seventh National Population Census of the People's Republic of China (Chinese: 第七次全国人口普查; pinyin: Dì Qī Cì Quánguó Rénkǒu Pǔchá), also referred to as the 2020 Chinese Census, was the seventh national census conducted by the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. Census work began on November 1, 2020, and continued through December 10, 2020, involving seven million census workers.

The 2020 Chinese census covers all Chinese citizens living in mainland China, as well as those living abroad on temporary visas. Foreigners who live in the mainland for more than six months are also recorded in the data.

The preliminary results were released on May 11, 2021, with a news conference being held on the same day. The release was originally planned to be in early April, but was delayed by a month.
Magdalena Czyszczoń
Magdalena Czyszczoń (born 4 March 1995) is a Polish speed skater. She competed in the women's 16 lap mass start event during the 2018 Winter Olympics. In 2026 she won the bronze medal at the European Championships in distances in the team race.

Speed skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Women's mass start
The women's mass start speed skating competition of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held 24 February 2018 at Gangneung Oval in Gangneung. This was the first time the mass start has been introduced to the Olympics.    The competition was held as a points race.
2016 Poznań Open – Doubles
Mikhail Elgin and Mateusz Kowalczyk were the defending champions, but only Kowalczyk chose to participate, partnering Kamil Majchrzak. Kowalczyk and Majchrzak lost in the final to Aleksandre Metreveli and Peng Hsien-yin 6–4, 3–6, [10–8].

Mikhail Elgin
Mikhail Nikolayevich Elgin (Russian: Михаил Николаевич Елгин, romanized: Mikhail Nikolayevich Yelgin, IPA: [mʲɪxɐˈil jɪlˈɡʲin]; born 14 October 1981) is a Russian professional tennis player.

Elgin became famous when he advanced to the quarter–finals in singles at the 2008 St. Petersburg Open, where he lost to Victor Hănescu from Romania 1–6, 4–6.
Nowe Laski
Nowe Laski (Polish pronunciation: [ˈnɔvɛ ˈlaskʲi], translation: "New Chicks"; German: Neu Latzig) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wierzchowo, within Drawsko County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 8 km (5 mi) south-east of Wierzchowo, 28 km (17 mi) south-east of Drawsko Pomorskie, and 104 km (65 mi) east of the regional capital Szczecin.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

The village has a population of 120.

Drawsko Pomorskie
Drawsko Pomorskie [ˈdrafskɔ pɔˈmɔrskʲɛ] (until 1948 Polish: Drawsko; German: Dramburg) is a town in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northwestern Poland. It is the administrative seat of Drawsko County and the urban-rural commune of Gmina Drawsko Pomorskie. As of December 2021, the town has a population of 11,292. It is home to the Drawsko Training Ground, one of the largest training areas in Poland.
Siksika ottae
Siksika ottae is an extinct species of petalodont (a type of prehistoric cartilaginous fish), which lived during the Upper Mississippian. It has been discovered at the well known Carboniferous-aged Bear Gulch Limestone (Montana, United States). It is known primarily from fossil teeth, but also from partial neurocranium and mandibles which hint at a close relationship to coeval petalodontiforms such as Janassa and Netsepoye. Dentition is generally heterodont. Siksika translates to Blackfoot, being named after the Siksika Nation.

Chondrichthyes
Chondrichthyes (/kɒnˈdrɪkθiiːz/; from Ancient Greek  χόνδρος (khóndros) 'cartilage' and  ἰχθύς (ikhthús) 'fish') is a class of jawed fish that contains the cartilaginous fish or chondrichthyans, which all have skeletons primarily composed of cartilage. They can be contrasted with the Osteichthyes or bony fish, which have skeletons primarily composed of bone tissue. Chondrichthyes are aquatic vertebrates with paired fins, paired nares, placoid scales, conus arteriosus in the heart, and a lack of opercula and swim bladders. Within the infraphylum Gnathostomata, cartilaginous fishes are distinct from all other jawed vertebrates.

The class is divided into two subclasses: Elasmobranchii (sharks, rays, skates and sawfish) and Holocephali (chimaeras, sometimes called ghost sharks, which are sometimes separated into their own class).  Extant chondrichthyans range in size from the 10 cm (3.9 in) finless sleeper ray to the over 10 m (33 ft) whale shark.
Mekupelet
Mekupelet (Hebrew: מקופלת) (sold in English-speaking markets as Chocolate Log) is a bar of thinly folded milk chocolate produced in Israel since 1935 by Elite, now a subdivision of the Strauss Group. The Hebrew name means "folded". It is known for its crumbliness and thin flakes and has been compared to the British chocolate bar known as Cadbury Flake.

Mekupelet is exported to overseas markets. Mekupelet is also produced in a 'Mehadrin' version through the Magadim factory of the Strauss Group.

Strauss Group
Strauss Group Ltd.  (Hebrew: שטראוס גרופ בע״מ), formerly known as Strauss-Elite (שטראוס עלית), is an Israeli manufacturer and marketer of consumer foods sold through retail stores. It is among the largest food manufacturers in Israel. Strauss Group focuses on dairy products, coffee, water, snacks, salads, and dips. Its subsidiary Strauss Coffee is a coffee company in Eastern Europe and Brazil. Strauss Group is a public company traded in the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange, with the majority of its shares (57%) owned by the Strauss family.

Strauss Group has 15,000 employees worldwide and is active in more than 20 countries.
Savile Crossley, 1st Baron Somerleyton
Savile Brinton Crossley, 1st Baron Somerleyton GCVO PC (14 June 1857 – 25 February 1935), known as Sir Savile Crossley, Bt, from 1872 to 1916, was a British Liberal Unionist politician who served as Paymaster General from 1902 to 1905. He later became a Unionist when the Liberal Unionists merged with the Conservatives in 1912.

Liberal Unionist Party
The Liberal Unionist Party was a British political party that was formed in 1886 by a faction that broke away from the Liberal Party. Led by Lord Hartington (later the Duke of Devonshire) and Joseph Chamberlain, the party established a political alliance with the Conservative Party in opposition to Irish Home Rule. The two parties formed the ten-year-long coalition Unionist Government 1895–1905 but kept separate political funds and their own party organisations until a complete merger between the  Liberal  Unionist  and the  Conservative parties was agreed to  in May 1912.
Stueckelberg action
In field theory, the Stueckelberg action (named after Ernst Stueckelberg) describes a massive spin-1 field as an R (the real numbers are the Lie algebra of U(1)) Yang–Mills theory coupled to a real scalar field . This scalar field takes on values in a real 1D affine representation of R with  as the coupling strength.

This is a special case of the Higgs mechanism, where, in effect, λ and thus the mass of the Higgs scalar excitation has been taken to infinity, so the Higgs has decoupled and can be ignored, resulting in a nonlinear,  affine representation of the field, instead of a linear representation — in contemporary terminology, a U(1) nonlinear σ-model.

Gauge-fixing , yields the Proca action.

This explains why, unlike the case for non-abelian vector fields, quantum electrodynamics with a massive photon is, in fact, renormalizable, even though it is not manifestly gauge invariant (after the Stückelberg scalar has been eliminated in the Proca action).

Scalar field
In mathematics and physics, a scalar field is a function associating a single number to each point in a region of space – possibly physical space. The scalar may either be a pure mathematical number (dimensionless) or a scalar physical quantity (with units).

In a physical context, scalar fields are required to be independent of the choice of reference frame. That is, any two observers using the same units will agree on the value of the scalar field at the same absolute point in space (or spacetime) regardless of their respective points of origin.  Examples used in physics include the temperature distribution throughout space, the pressure distribution in a fluid, and spin-zero quantum fields, such as the Higgs field.  These fields are the subject of scalar field theory.