hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gammarus
Gammarus is an amphipod crustacean genus in the family Gammaridae. It contains more than 200 described species, making it one of the most species-rich genera of crustaceans. Different species have different optimal conditions, particularly in terms of salinity, and different tolerances; Gammarus pulex, for instance, is a purely freshwater species, while Gammarus locusta is estuarine, only living where the salinity is greater than 25‰.

Species of Gammarus are the typical "scuds" of North America and range widely throughout the Holarctic. A considerable number are also found southwards into the Northern Hemisphere tropics, particularly in Southeast Asia.

Per mille
The phrase per mille (from Latin  per mīlle 'in each thousand') indicates parts per thousand. The associated symbol is ‰, similar to a per cent sign % but with an extra zero in the divisor.

Major dictionaries do not agree on the spelling, giving other options of per mil, per mill, permil, permill, permille.

The word promille is the cognate in Dutch, German, Finnish, Swedish and Danish and is sometimes seen as a loanword in English with the same meaning as per mille.

The symbol is included in the General Punctuation block of Unicode at U+2030 ‰ PER MILLE SIGN. There is also an Arabic-Indic per mille sign at  U+0609 ؉ ARABIC-INDIC PER MILLE SIGN.
Naz (studio)
NAZ Co., Ltd. (Japanese: 株式会社NAZ, Hepburn: Kabushiki-gaisha Nazu) is a Japanese animation studio located in Musashino, Tokyo. It animated the first season of Hamatora, as well as adapting Nitro+chiral's visual novel Dramatical Murder into an anime series.

Musashino, Tokyo
Musashino (武蔵野市, Musashino-shi; Japanese pronunciation: [mɯ.sa.ɕi.no, mɯ.sa.ɕi.noꜜ.ɕi]) is a city located in the western portion of the Tokyo Metropolis, Japan. As of 1 February 2024, the city had an estimated population of 147,754 in 78,614 households, and a population density of 13,000 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 10.98 square kilometres (4.24 sq mi). Based on the 2019 survey by SUUMO, the Kichijoji neighborhood of Musashino was the third most desirable place to live in central Japan.

Popular attractions in Musashino include Kichijōji; a residential and shopping neighborhood with malls such as Atre Kichijoji, recreational areas such as Inokashira Park, Musashino Chuo Park, Musashino Municipal Athletic Stadium and Musashino Sports Complex.
Frida Snell
Frida Snell (born 22 December 1981) is a Swedish pop/rock singer from Kiruna. She has roots in the village Erkheikki in Pajala municipality and now lives there. The debut album Black Trillium was released in 2002 and contains the hit single Lucky Day. In 2013, she released the album Wild Hearted Diamond with the music group Frida & the Coolants.  She writes and produces her own music. She has also played bass, drums, guitar, and keyboard in a variety of bands based in her hometown.

Snell studied to be a forest officer at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences in Umeå, working from 2012 as environmental coordinator at Northland Resources, which conducts mining operations in Pajala Municipality.

Her record label is Stockholm Records, which has also signed Lisa Miskovsky, The Cardigans, and A Camp.

She cites The Cardigans as a musical influence.

She has sung a duet, "There's a Rock," with Swedish singer Brolle.

Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (Swedish Agricultural University; Swedish: Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet; SLU) is a public research university in Sweden. Although its main campus and head office is located in Ultuna, Uppsala, the university has several campuses in different parts of Sweden; the other main facilities being Alnarp in Lomma Municipality, Skara, and Umeå.

Unlike other state-owned universities in Sweden, SLU is funded through the budget for the Ministry of Enterprise and Innovation (previously the Ministry for Rural Affairs). In 2020, the university had 3,155 full-time staff, 4,216 full-time students, 559 research students and 191 professors.

SLU is a founding member of the Euroleague for Life Sciences (ELLS), established in 2001.
Galatea (novel)
Galatea is a romance novel by James M. Cain published by Alfred A. Knopf in 1953. The story alludes to the mythological Galatea in which the sculptor Pygmalion falls in love with the ivory figure of a woman he has crafted. In Cain's modernized version of the Greek legend, an overweight woman is transfigured through a program of weight reduction into a goddess-like beauty.

Galatea marked the beginning of a sharp decline in the quality and quantity of Cain's literary output. He would not publish another work until his novel Mignon in 1963.

Alfred A. Knopf
Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. (/knɒpf/) is an American publishing house that was founded by Blanche Knopf and Alfred A. Knopf Sr. in 1915. Blanche and Alfred traveled abroad regularly and were known for publishing European, Asian, and Latin American writers in addition to leading American literary trends. It was acquired by Random House in 1960, and is now part of the Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group division of Penguin Random House which is owned by the German conglomerate Bertelsmann.

The Knopf publishing house is associated with the borzoi logo in its colophon, which was designed by co-founder Blanche Knopf in 1925.
WPAK (AM)
WPAK (1490 AM) is an American Positive Country formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Farmville, Virginia, serving Farmville, Northern Prince Edward County, Virginia, and Southern Cumberland County, Virginia. WPAK is owned by Emory F. Bearden, through licensee White Pine Enterprises, Inc.

Cumberland County, Virginia
Cumberland County is a quiet, rural United States county located near the geographic center of the Commonwealth of Virginia.  The county's population is 9,675, as of the 2020 census, and the county seat is the small town of Cumberland.

The county was created in 1749 from part of Goochland County, and was named in honor of  Prince William Augustus, the Duke of Cumberland at the time.  In April 1776, it became the first Virginia county to call for independence from Great Britain.
Shankkar Aiyar
Shankkar Aiyar is an Indian political economy analyst, author, and columnist. He is currently a visiting fellow at the IDFC Institute where he focuses on economics and public policy. He has been the Wolfson Cheving Fellow at Cambridge University where he specialized in the lifecycles of emerging markets.

Aiyar's news articles in 1991, about the Indian government's pledging of its gold reserves internationally, and its subsequent plans to ship bullion outside the country, is believed to be one of the contributing factors to drawing international and Indian attention to India's impending Balance of Payments economic crisis, and subsequently accelerating efforts toward the 1991 Economic Liberalization of India.

Aiyar is a contributor to The New Indian Express, Firstpost, and BloombergQuint. He has been the recipient of the Observer Business Journalist of the year in 1992, and the Pole Star award for Best Feature in Business Journalism, in 2003.

Infrastructure Development Finance Company
Infrastructure Development Finance Company Limited, more commonly known as IDFC, was a development finance institution based in India under the Department of Financial Services, Government of India. It provided finance and advisory services for infrastructure projects, as well as asset management and investment banking.

IDFC reverse merged with IDFC First Bank on 1 October 2024.
Battle Hill
Battle Hill may mean:

Places

Battle Hill (Brooklyn), New York City

Battle Hill Farm Forest Park, New Zealand

Battle Hill, Georgia, now the Westview neighborhood of Atlanta

Battle Hill, White Plains, New York

Battle Hill Township, McPherson County, Kansas

Gitwangak Battle Hill National Historic Site in Canada

Battle Hill, an area of North Tyneside in England

Events

Battle of Battle Hill, New Zealand

White Plains, New York
White Plains is a city in and the county seat of Westchester County, New York, United States. It is an inner suburb of New York City, and a commercial hub of Westchester County, a densely populated suburban county that is home to about one million people. White Plains is located in south-central Westchester County. Its downtown (Mamaroneck Avenue) is 25 miles (40 km) north of Midtown Manhattan.

The city's total population was 59,599 in the 2020 census, up from 53,077 at the 2010 census. According to the city government, the daytime weekday population is estimated at 250,000.
Ruby McKim
Ruby Short McKim (née Short; July 27, 1891 – July 26, 1976) was an American quilt designer, entrepreneur, teacher, writer and magazine editor. She developed an early interest in drawing, and graduated from the New York School of Fine and Applied Art in 1912. McKim taught drawing in the Missouri public school system, and became a contributor to The Kansas City Star, from which her quilt works was first published.

She was appointed editor of various magazines, and co-founded the McKim Studios mail-order company with her husband Arthur McKim in 1925 as a means of disturbing her works widely. The business later evolved into Kimport Dolls, and McKim began selling imported antique dolls in the domestic market. Her works experienced a revival from 1999, and she was inducted into the Quilters Hall of Fame in 2002.

Quilt art
Quilt art, sometimes known as art quilting, mixed media art quilts or fiber art quilts, is an art form that uses both modern and traditional quilting techniques to create art objects. Practitioners of quilt art create it based on their experiences, imagery, and ideas, rather than traditional patterns. Quilt art is typically hung or mounted.
Anchor coinage
The anchor coinage was a series of four denominations of silver coins issued for use in some British colonies in 1820 and 1822. The name comes from the crowned anchor that appears on the obverse of the coins. The denominations were sixteenth, eighth, quarter and half dollars, indicated by the Roman numerals XVI, VIII, IV and II on each side of the anchor. The reverse design was the royal coat of arms.

According to Krause & Mishler's Standard Catalog of World Coins, the coins were issued for use in Mauritius and other Indian Ocean colonies, then later circulated in the West Indies.

Silver coin
Silver coins are one of the oldest mass-produced form of coinage. Silver has been used as a coinage metal since the times of the Greeks; their silver drachmas were popular trade coins. The ancient Persians used silver coins between 612–330 BC. Before 1797, British pennies were made of silver.

As with all collectible coins, many factors determine the value of a silver coin, such as its rarity, demand, condition and the number originally minted. Ancient silver coins coveted by collectors include the Denarius and Miliarense, while more recent collectible silver coins include the Morgan Dollar and the Spanish Milled Dollar.

Other than collector's silver coins, silver bullion coins are popular among people who desire a "hedge" against currency inflation or store of value. Silver has an international currency symbol of XAG under ISO 4217.
Christian Political Movement
The Christian Political Movement (CPM) is a South African political party led by Brian Lonwabo Mahlati, the founder of the New Life Family Bible Church, based in Mdantsane.

It was established in 2014 (and officially registered with the Independent Electoral Commission in 2018) by a group of pastors and leaders from numerous South African churches.

The party contested the 2019 general election, and Mahlati stated that he was confident the CPM would win.

The party failed to win any seats.

Mdantsane
Mdantsane is a South African urban township situated 15 km away from East London and 37 km away from Qonce in the Eastern Cape. It is the second largest township in Eastern Cape and 17th largest in the Top 20 largest townships in South Africa.

The name Mdantsane was derived from a stream that ran from the Nahoon River down to the Buffalo River. Some believe the stream was called Dontsane. Soon after the stream was named, a "white farm" which was at the entrance of Mdantsane (now known as Zone 1) was also named after the stream Dontsane or Umdanzani.

The township is part of the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality in the Eastern Cape. The Mdantsane township is the second largest township in the Eastern Cape, by population.
International Association of Press Clubs
The International Association of Press Clubs (IAPC) is an international collaborative chain of national organisations (Press Clubs and FCCs) which support the professional endeavours of its members and the principle of a free press.

Reporters Without Borders received the first IAPC Freedom of Speech Award in 2013 for their "outstanding contributions to the defense or the struggle for freedom of expression, the creation of conditions to support freedom of speech".

Foreign Correspondents' Club
Foreign Correspondents' Club is a group of clubs for foreign correspondents and other journalists. Some clubs are members only, and some are open to the public.

In 1883 the first associations of foreign correspondents were founded in Paris: Syndicat de la Presse Étrangère à Paris : 10 rue Lentonnet, Paris 9; f . 1883; Pres . Elisabeth Dmitrieff; Sec . - Gen . Sylvain Krainik, avocat à la Cour et jour naliste; Mme SOPHIA Dimonte. and Vienna.
In 1888 the Foreign Press Association was founded in London.
Arthur Munro
John Arthur Ruskin Munro (1864–1944) was the Rector of Lincoln College, Oxford.

J. A. R. Munro was the son of the Pre-Raphaelite sculptor Alexander Munro. He was educated at Charterhouse School in southern England, as was his younger brother Henry Acland Munro.

Munro was an archaeologist, a historian and a teacher. There is a collection of his lectures, on ancient Greece and on the history of Athens, in Bodleian Archives & Manuscripts, the Bodleian Library, Oxford (MSS. Eng. misc. d. 642–643).

Munro left artworks to the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford.

Charterhouse School
Charterhouse is a private school providing boarding facilities for pupils aged 13–18 in Godalming, Surrey, England. Founded by Thomas Sutton in 1611 on the site of the old Carthusian monastery in Charterhouse Square, Smithfield, London, it educates over 1000 pupils, aged 13 to 18 years. Charterhouse is one of the original nine English public schools reported upon by the Clarendon Commission in 1864 leading to its regulation by the Public Schools Act 1868.

Charterhouse charges full boarders around £48,038.40 (with the exclusion of VAT) per annum (2025/2026), alongside charging day pupils around £37,418.40 (with the exclusion of VAT) per annum (2025/2026) . It educated the British Prime Minister Lord Liverpool and has numerous notable alumni.
Mycobacteria growth indicator tube
Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT) is intended for the culture, detection and recovery of mycobacteria. The MGIT Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube contains 7 mL of modified Middlebrook 7H9 Broth base. The complete medium, with OADC enrichment and PANTA antibiotic mixture, is one of the most commonly used liquid media for the cultivation of mycobacteria.

All types of clinical specimens, pulmonary as well as extra-pulmonary (except blood and urine), can be processed for primary isolation in the MGIT tube using conventional methods. After processed specimen is inoculated,  MGIT tube must be continuously monitored either manually or by automated instruments until positive or the end of the testing protocol.

BD (company)
Becton, Dickinson and Company (BD; also Becton Dickinson or Becton) is an American multinational medical technology company that manufactures and sells medical devices, instrument systems, and reagents. BD  also provides consulting and analytics services in certain areas.

41°00′57″N 74°12′36″W﻿ / ﻿41.015834°N 74.210136°W﻿ / 41.015834; -74.210136
BD is ranked #211 in the 2024 Fortune 500 list based on its revenues for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2023.
Neo-Schumpeterian economics
Neo-Schumpeterian economics is a school of thought that places technological innovation at the core of economic growth and transformation processes. It is inspired by the work of Joseph Schumpeter, who coined the term creative destruction for the continuous introduction of technological change that drives growth by replacing old, less productive structures with new, more productive ones. Where Schumpeter  explained the innovation drive by an exogenous factor called entrepreneurial spirits, neo-Schumpeterian economists refer to endogenous factors such as science and technology policies and corporate strategies of research and development to explain innovation. Neo-Schumpeterian economics is a form of evolutionary economics and is closely related to innovation studies.

Joseph Schumpeter
Joseph Alois Schumpeter (German: [ˈʃʊmpeːtɐ]; February 8, 1883 – January 8, 1950) was an Austrian political economist. He served briefly as Finance Minister of Austria in 1919. In 1932, he emigrated to the United States to become a professor at Harvard University, where he remained until the end of his career, and in 1939 obtained American citizenship.

Schumpeter was one of the most influential economists of the early 20th century, and popularized creative destruction, a term coined by Werner Sombart. His magnum opus is considered to be Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy.
Serenade No. 1 (Mozart)
The Cassation in D major, K. 100/62a (also known as Serenade No. 1) is a composition for orchestra by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. It was composed in Salzburg in 1769, along with two other similar works, K. 63 and 99. It is set in eight movements (excluding a separately composed introductory march).

March (music)
A march is a musical composition with a strong regular rhythm which in origin was expressly written for lockstep marching of soldiers. As a musical genre, it is a type of martial music, most frequently performed by a military band during parades.

March music pieces vary widely in mood, ranging from the emotional funeral march in Wagner's Götterdämmerung to the brisk Romantic marches of John Philip Sousa and the militaristic hymns of the late 19th century. Examples of the varied use of the march can be found in Beethoven's Eroica Symphony, in the Marches Militaires of Franz Schubert, in the Marche funèbre in Chopin's Sonata in B flat minor, the "Jäger March" in the Op. 91a by Jean Sibelius, and in the Dead March in Handel's Saul.
1981 Bordeaux Open – Doubles
John Feaver and Gilles Moretton were the defending champions, but Moretton did not compete this year. Feaver teamed up with Billy Martin and lost in the first round to Jean-Louis Haillet and Yannick Noah.

Andrés Gómez and Belus Prajoux won the title by defeating Jim Gurfein and Anders Järryd 7–5, 6–3 in the final.

Anders Järryd
Anders Per Järryd (pronounced [ˈânːdɛʂ ˈjæ̂rːyːd]; born 13 July 1961) is a former professional tennis player from Sweden. During his career he won eight Grand Slam doubles titles (three French Open, two Wimbledon, two US Open, one Australian Open), reached the world No. 1 doubles ranking, and achieved a career-high singles ranking of world No. 5.

Järryd was born in Lidköping, Västra Götaland. He also played bandy in Lidköpings AIK, while growing up.
Alchemical symbol
Alchemical symbols were used to denote chemical elements and compounds, as well as alchemical apparatus and processes, until the 18th century. Although notation was partly standardized, style and symbol varied between alchemists. Lüdy-Tenger published an inventory of 3,695 symbols and variants, and that was not exhaustive, omitting for example many of the symbols used by Isaac Newton. This page therefore lists only the most common symbols.

Vinegar
Vinegar (from Old French  vyn egre 'sour wine') is an odorous aqueous solution of diluted acetic acid and trace compounds that may include flavorings or naturally occurring organic compounds. Vinegar typically contains from 4% to 18% acetic acid by volume.

Usually, the acetic acid is produced by a double fermentation—converting simple sugars to ethanol using yeast, and then converting ethanol to acetic acid using acetic acid bacteria. Many types of vinegar are made, depending on source materials.

The product is now mainly used in the culinary arts as a flavorful, acidic cooking ingredient, salad dressing, or pickling agent. Various types are used as condiments or garnishes, including balsamic vinegar and malt vinegar.

As an easily manufactured mild acid, it has a wide variety of industrial and domestic uses, including functioning as a household cleaner.
Kilcar
Cill Charthaigh (anglicised as Kilcar) is a Gaeltacht village on the R263 regional road in the south-west of County Donegal in Ulster, the northern province in Ireland. It is also a townland of 233 acres and a civil parish in the historic barony of Banagh.

Kilcar's main street has a Catholic church (known locally as 'the chapel') at one end and two textile factories at the other end. In between there are several shops and three pubs. The village has a tweed handweaving facility, with a shop selling tweed products. Kilcar is also known for its tradition in knitting.

The primary school is about 750 metres from the main street, and the parish of Kilcar stretches to the 'burn' which separates it from the next village, Carrick, which is about 5 kilometres away.

Located near the Slieve League cliffs, Kilcar is known for its coastal landscapes and musical traditions.

R263 road (Ireland)
The R263 road is a regional road in County Donegal, Ireland.

The official description of the R263 from the Roads Act 1993 (Classification of Regional Roads) Order 2012  reads:

R263: Aghayeevoge — Killybegs — Málainn Bhig, County Donegal

Between its junction with N56 at Aghayeevoge and its terminal point at Trabane via Corporation; Main Street and New Row in the town of Killybegs; Fintragh Bridge, Bavan, Droim na Fionagaile, Caiseal Charna, Cill Chathasaigh, An Charrig, Mín na bhFachran, An Caiseal, Cill Fhathnaid, Dún Ailt, Málainn Mhóir, Droichead Chroimghlinne and Málainn Bhig all in the county of Donegal.
Olga Sokolovskaya
Olga Borisovna Sokolovskaya (Russian: Ольга Борисовна Соколовская, born 26 July 1991) is a Ukrainian-born Russian basketball defender. She was part of the Russian team that won the silver medal at the 2011 European Junior Championships. As a senior, she competed with WBC Dynamo Novosibirsk in the EuroCup in 2011–2014.

Her elder sister Irina is an Olympic basketball player, and her father Boris is a national basketball coach.

2011 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship for Women
The 2011 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship for Women was the 10th edition of the FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship for Women. 16 teams participated in the competition, held in Novi Sad and Zrenjanin, Serbia, from 7 to 17 July 2011. Spain won the championship title.
MiR-338
miR-338 is a family of brain-specific microRNA precursors found in mammals, including humans. The ~22 nucleotide mature miRNA sequence is excised from the precursor hairpin by the enzyme Dicer. This sequence then associates with RISC which effects RNA interference.

miR-338 is located in an intronic region within the gene for apoptosis-associated tyrosine kinase (AATK). It has been predicted that it may downregulate genes which have a downstream negative effect on AATK expression.

RNA-induced silencing complex
The RNA-induced silencing complex, or RISC, is a multiprotein complex, specifically a ribonucleoprotein, which functions in gene silencing via a variety of pathways at the transcriptional and translational levels. Using single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) fragments, such as microRNA (miRNA), or double-stranded small interfering RNA (siRNA), the complex functions as a key tool in gene regulation. The single strand of RNA acts as a template for RISC to recognize complementary messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript. Once found, one of the proteins in RISC, Argonaute, activates and cleaves the mRNA. This process is called RNA interference (RNAi) and it is found in many eukaryotes; it is a key process in defense against viral infections, as it is triggered by the presence of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA).