hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Encoding law
In signal processing, an encoding law defines the relationship between input amplitude and its digital representation, determining the effective quantization step size across the signal.
It's not a law, but an algorithm, implementation is typically non-uniform across possible analog signal levels in an analog-to-digital converter system, and can be viewed as a simple form of instantaneous companding.

The best-known encoding laws are the μ-law and A-law encoding laws defined in the ITU-T standard G.711 for use in digital telephony, and still used to the present day.

Companding
In telecommunications and signal processing, companding (occasionally called compansion) is a method of mitigating the detrimental effects of a channel with limited dynamic range. The name is a portmanteau of the words compressing and expanding, which are the functions of a compander at the transmitting and receiving ends, respectively. The use of companding allows signals with a large dynamic range to be transmitted over facilities that have a smaller dynamic range capability. Companding is employed in telephony and other audio applications such as professional wireless microphones and analog recording.
Schwarzenberg Castle (Saxony)
Schwarzenberg Castle (German: Schloss Schwarzenberg) is a castle and museum in Germany. It was based on a medieval fortification and together with St. George's Church dominates the scene of the large county town of Schwarzenberg in Saxony's district of Erzgebirgskreis.

Erzgebirgskreis
Erzgebirgskreis is a district (Kreis) in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It is named after the Ore Mountains (German: Erzgebirge), a mountain range in the southern part of the district which forms part of the Germany–Czech Republic border. It borders (from the west and clockwise) the districts of Vogtlandkreis and Zwickau, the urban district Chemnitz, the district Mittelsachsen and the Czech Republic.
Ortis Deley
Ortis Deley (/ˈoʊtɪs/ OH-tis; born 2 June 1973) is a British television presenter, comedian, singer, radio DJ and actor. He is of Ghanaian and Nigerian descent, best known for presenting the Children's BBC Saturday morning flagship series Live & Kicking. As of November 2021, he is a presenter on The Gadget Show. He has also co-presented Police Interceptors in the UK, with Rick Edwards. He appeared on Police Interceptors special edition where he drove around with the Cleveland and Durham specialist operations unit as well as observing the operations of the control centre.

Radio personality
A radio personality is a person who has an on-air position in radio broadcasting. A radio personality who hosts a radio show is also known as a radio host (North American English), radio presenter (British English) or radio jockey. Radio personalities who introduce and play individual selections of recorded music are known as disc jockeys or "DJs" for short. Broadcast radio personalities may include talk radio hosts, AM/FM radio show hosts, and satellite radio program hosts, and non-host contributors to radio programs, such as reporter
Standard rate turn
A standard rate turn in aircraft maneuvering, also known as a rate one turn (ROT), is defined as a turn at 3° per second..

Executing a standard rate turn completes a 360° turn in 2 minutes. This is known as a 2-minute turn, or rate one (180°/min). Fast airplanes, or aircraft on certain precision approaches, use a half-standard-rate ('rate half' in some countries), completing a 360° turn in 4 minutes.

Turn and slip indicator
In aviation, the turn and slip indicator (T/S, a.k.a. turn indicator and turn and bank indicator) and the turn coordinator (TC) variant are essentially two aircraft flight instruments in one device. One indicates the rate of turn, or the rate of change in the aircraft's heading; the other part indicates whether the aircraft is in coordinated flight, showing the slip or skid of the turn. The slip indicator is actually an inclinometer that at rest displays the angle of the aircraft's transverse axis with respect to horizontal, and in motion displays this angle as modified by the acceleration of the aircraft. The most commonly used units are degrees per second (deg/s) or minutes per turn (min/tr).
Monza cretacea
Monza cretacea, the white-bodied grass skipper, is a butterfly in the family Hesperiidae. It is found in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo, Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, western Kenya and western Tanzania. The habitat consists of drier forests and secondary habitats and occasionally Guinea savanna.

Adults are attracted to flowers.

The larvae feed on Setaria megaphylla and Saccharum officinarum.

Saccharum officinarum
Saccharum officinarum is a large, strong-growing species of grass in the sugarcane genus. Its stout stalks are rich in sucrose, a disaccharide sugar which accumulates in the stalk internodes. It originated in New Guinea, and is now cultivated in tropical and subtropical countries worldwide for the production of sugar, ethanol and other products. It is one of the most productive and most intensively cultivated kinds of sugarcane.
S600
S600 can refer to:

S600, a Canon S Series printer

Nikon Coolpix S600, a digital camera

Honda S600, a 1964–1966 automobile

Mercedes-Benz S600, a car model

S600, a Sendo mobile phone model

Shorland S600, a 1995 armoured personnel carrier model

Snapdragon 600, a quad-core mobile processor by Qualcomm

Nikon Coolpix S600
Nikon COOLPIX S600 is a small digital camera by Nikon. It is a point-and-shoot camera with a resolution of 10 Megapixels, and 4x optical zoom. The S600 was released in the spring of 2008 along with other digital point-and-shoot, and DSLR cameras. The newest model of this series is the S640.
Silvia Luna Rodríguez
Silvia Luna Rodríguez (born 3 November 1956) is a Mexican politician from the New Alliance Party. She is a teacher educator. She has two master's degrees, one in Educational Sciences and Techniques and the other in Education with a specialization in Organization and Administration of Higher Education.

She is a teacher at a normal school. She holds two master's degrees, one in "Educational Sciences and Techniques" and the other in "Education" with a specialization in "Organization and Administration of Higher Education." She is a member of the National Union of Education Workers and was General Secretary of Section 1 of the SNTE (National Educational System of Teachers) in the state of Aguascalientes.

She is a member of the National Union of Education Workers; she was general secretary of the union section of the state of Aguascalientes. From 2006 to 2009 she served as Deputy of the LX Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing Aguascalientes.

New Alliance Party (Mexico)
The New Alliance Party (Spanish: Partido Nueva Alianza, PNA or PANAL) is a state-level (previously national, until 2018) political party in Mexico founded in 2005.

Its creation was proposed by the Sindicato Nacional de Trabajadores de la Educación (SNTE, National Union of Education Workers), the largest trade union in Latin America, led by Elba Esther Gordillo, the controversial former general secretary of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI).
End Game: Union Multiplayer
End Game - Union Multiplayer  is a multiplayer shooter game developed and published by young Burmese developers to raise funds for overthrowing the military government in Myanmar. The game was inspired by the Spring Revolution and the armed resistance against the military government. In July 2022 End Game reached the top of the chart in the local Play Store. The game is significant as one of the main fundraisers for the country’s armed resistance movement. As of 2022, the game is banned by the junta. End Game became Myanmar's first multiplayer shooter game.

Shooter game
Shooter video games, or shooters, are a subgenre of action video games where the focus is on the defeat of the character's enemies using ranged weapons given to the player. Usually these weapons are firearms or some other long-range weapons, and can be used in combination with other tools such as grenades for indirect offense, armor for additional defense, or accessories such as telescopic sights to modify the behavior of the weapons. A common resource found in many shooter games is ammunition, armor or health, or upgrades which augment the player character's weapons.

Shooter games test the player's spatial awareness, reflexes, and speed in both isolated single player or networked multiplayer environments. Shooter games encompass many subgenres that have the commonality of focusing on the actions of the avatar engaging in combat with a weapon against both code-driven NPC enemies or other avatars controlled by other players.
Anatol
Anatol is a masculine given name, derived from the Greek name Ἀνατόλιος Anatolius, meaning "sunrise".

The Russian version of the name is Anatoly (also transliterated as Anatoliy and Anatoli). The French version is Anatole. A rarer variant is Anatolio.

Saint Anatolius of Laodicea was a third-century saint from Alexandria in Egypt. Anatolius was also the name of the first Patriarch of Constantinople.

Anatoli
Anatoli (Greek: Ανατολή, romanized: Anatolí) is a town and a former municipality in the Ioannina regional unit of Epirus, Greece. It is located within the urban area of Ioannina and since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality of Ioannina, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 15.845 km2 and the community of 7.698 km2. It has a population of 12,119 according to the 2021 census. Anatoli was established in 1924 by Greek refugees from Anatolia, who were relocated there after the population exchange between Greece and Turkey.
War Horse National Wildlife Refuge
War Horse National Wildlife Refuge, located in the center of the U.S. state of Montana, is divided into three separate sections, with each centered on a small body of water. It is an integral part of the Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge Complex, although the refuge is normally unstaffed and has few visitor improvements. One reservoir is stocked with rainbow trout, although the lake is sometimes empty.  When the lakes and reservoirs are fully filled, the refuge provides excellent habitat for migratory bird species. The region is surrounded by sagebrush plains and Ponderosa pine groves that flourish in the region solely due to its acid-shale soils. Along with over 100 bird species, regular inhabitants include Sage Grouse, pronghorn and mule deer.

Centrocercus
Sage-grouse are grouse belonging to the bird genus Centrocercus. The genus includes two species: the Gunnison grouse (Centrocercus minimus) and the greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus). These birds are distributed throughout large portions of the north-central and Western United States, as well as the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. The International Union for Conservation of Nature classified the
C. minimus species as endangered in 2020 and C. urophasianus as near threatened in 2016.
Waltraud Schale
Waltraud Schale is a retired East German slalom canoeist who competed in the late 1950s. She won two medals at the 1957 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships in Augsburg with a gold in the mixed C-2 team event and a bronze in the mixed C-2 event.

1957 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships
The 1957 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships were held in Augsburg, West Germany under the auspices of International Canoe Federation. It was the 5th edition. The Mixed C2 team event debuted at these championships.
Mercy Tagoe
Mercy Tagoe-Quarcoo (née Tagoe; born 5 February 1974) is a Ghanaian football coach and former player who played as a defender for the Ghana women's national football team. She was part of the team at the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup in the United States. On club level she played for Bluna Ladies in Ghana.

In February 2018, she led the Black Queens to win the maiden edition to the West Africa Football Union (WAFU) in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire as an interim coach. Making her the first female coach to serve as an interim coach to the Black Queens.

Prior to picking up a coaching role Mercy Tagoe was a referee in the Ghana Premier League.

Ghana Premier League
The Ghana Premier League is the top professional association football league in Ghana organized by the Ghana Football Association and formed in 1958 to replace a previous league incarnation, the Gold Coast Club Competition which ran from 1933 to 1953–54. As of the first quarter of 2024, the league was ranked as the 8th best league in Africa by TeamForm.com.

Asante Kotoko is the most successful team in the league with 25 titles, followed by Accra Hearts of Oak with 20. The bottom 3 teams are relegated at the end of each season and placed in each zone of the Ghanaian Division One League.

The 2019–20 season was halted and eventually cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana that mirrored the cause of postponement or cancellation of association football leagues and competitions across the globe.
Zhao Shangzhi
Zhao Shangzhi (simplified Chinese: 赵尚志; traditional Chinese: 趙尚志; pinyin: Zhào Shàngzhì; 26 October 1908 –12 February 1942) was a Chinese military commander. Born into a peasant-turned-intellectual family in Chaoyang, Liaoning, he participated in the May Thirtieth Movement in 1925, and joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in the same year. In November 1925, he went to study in the Whampoa Military Academy in Guangzhou.

After 18 September 1932 he took the charge of the CCP Northeast military division. In October 1933, he was in charge of Zhuhe anti-Japan guerrillas, and was promoted to commander of the Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army in 1934.

On 12 February 1942, he was captured by Japanese military police after being attacked by an agent provocateur, and died later at the age of 34.

The city of Zhuhe, where he fought against the Japanese, was renamed in 1946 to Shangzhi in his memory.

May Thirtieth Movement
The May Thirtieth Movement (simplified Chinese: 五卅运动; traditional Chinese: 五卅運動; pinyin: Wǔsà Yùndòng) was a major labor and anti-imperialist movement during the middle-period of the Republic of China era. It began when the Shanghai Municipal Police opened fire on Chinese protesters in Shanghai's International Settlement on 30 May 1925. The shootings sparked international censure and nationwide anti-foreign demonstrations and riots such as the Hands Off China protests in the United Kingdom.
Peipiaosteus
Peipiaosteus is an extinct genus of prehistoric chondrostean ray-finned fish. Its fossils are found in the Early Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation, Pani Lake, Liaoning Province, China.

Peipiaosteus belongs to the family Peipiaosteidae, together with the genera Liaosteus, Spherosteus, Stichopterus, and Yanosteus. Peipiaosteidae lived in Asia (China, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia) during the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous epochs. They are closely related to Chondrosteidae (Early Jurassic, Europe) and to living sturgeon and paddlefish (Acipenseroidei).

Late Jurassic
The Late Jurassic is the third epoch of the Jurassic period, and it spans the geologic time from 161.5 ± 1.0 to 143.1 ± 0.6 million years ago (Ma), which is preserved in Upper Jurassic strata.

In European lithostratigraphy, the name "Malm" indicates rocks of Late Jurassic age. In the past, Malm was also used to indicate the unit of geological time, but this usage is now discouraged to make a clear distinction between lithostratigraphic and geochronologic/chronostratigraphic units.
1st Legions Infantry Regiment
First Legions Infantry Regiment of Józef Piłsudski (Polish: 1 Pulk Piechoty Legionow Jozefa Pilsudskiego; 1 pp Leg.) was an infantry regiment of the Polish Army in 1914-1939. Named after Józef Piłsudski, in the Second Polish Republic it was stationed in the city of Wilno.

First Legions Infantry Regiment was the oldest of all regiments of the Polish Army in the interbellum period. Its traditions dated to the First Cadre Company, which on August 6, 1914 marched from the Austrian Partition of Poland (Galicia) into Russian-controlled Congress Poland. Furthermore, it was based on the First Legions Regiment, part of Polish Legions in World War I, which existed from 1914 until 1917, and fought with distinction in the Battle of Łowczówek, Battle of Tarłów and Battle of Kostiuchnówka.

Polish Land Forces
The Land Forces (Polish: Wojska Lądowe) are the ground forces of the Polish Armed Forces. They currently contain some 110,000 active personnel and form many components of the European Union and NATO deployments around the world. Poland's recorded military history stretches back a millennium – since the 10th century (see List of Polish wars and History of the Polish Army). Poland's modern army was formed after Poland regained independence following World War I in 1918.
Denton Schoolhouse
The Denton Schoolhouse is a historic school located at Denton, Caroline County, Maryland, United States. It is a small building with a Latin cross plan and several features of the Gothic Revival style, built about 1883. On the roof ridge is an octagonal cupola with a belfry of alternating louvered and plain drop-arched panels, with a cut wooden spire on top.

The Denton Schoolhouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

Latin cross
A Latin cross or crux immissa is a type of Christian cross in which the vertical beam sticks above the crossbeam, giving the cross four arms. Typically the two horizontal and upper vertical arm are the same length, although sometimes the vertical is shorter, however the lower vertical arm is always much longer than any other arm.

When displayed upside down it is called St. Peter's Cross, because according to Catholic tradition he was executed on a cross of this type. When displayed sideways, it is called St. Philip's cross for an analogous reason.

Many churches of different time periods are designed using the Latin cross plan. When looked at from above, it takes the shape of a Latin cross. A Latin cross plan primarily contains a nave, transept, apse, and narthex.
Coat of arms of Russia
The coat of arms of Russia is one of the state symbols of the Russian Federation, along with the state flag and the national anthem. The current coat of arms was approved by Decree No. 2050 of the President of the Russian Federation dated on 30 November 1993. On 25 December 2000, President of Russia signed the Federal Constitutional Law No. 2 "On the State Coat of Arms of the Russian Federation" which had retained the 1993 version as the state symbol and approved the rules for its use.

It derives from the earlier coat of arms of the Russian Empire. Though modified more than once since the reign of Ivan III (1462–1505), the current coat of arms is directly derived from its medieval original, with the double-headed eagle having Byzantine and earlier antecedents. The general tincture corresponds to the fifteenth-century standard.

Russian State (1918–1920)
The Russian State or East Russia or just Russia  was the White Army anti-Bolshevik Russian state proclaimed by the Act of the Ufa State Conference of September 23, 1918 (the Constitution of the Provisional All-Russian Government), "On the formation of the all-Russian supreme power" in the name of "restoring state unity and independence of Russia" affected by the revolutionary events of 1917, the October Revolution and the signing of the treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany.
Rivne Oblast
Rivne Oblast (Ukrainian: Рівненська область, romanized: Rívnensʹka óblastʹ), also referred to as Rivnenshchyna (Ukrainian: Рівненщина, romanized: Rívnenščyna), is an oblast in northwestern Ukraine. Its administrative center is Rivne. The surface area of the region is 20,100 square kilometres (7,800 mi2). Its population is: 1,141,784 (2022 estimate).

Before its annexation by the Soviet Union during World War II, the region was part of the Second Polish Republic's Wołyń Voivodeship following the Polish–Soviet War. Previously it was part of the Volhynian Governorate.

The Rivne Nuclear Power Plant is located in the oblast, near the city of Varash.

Raions of Ukraine
A raion (Ukrainian: район, romanized: raion; pl. райони, raiony), often translated as district, is the second-level administrative division in Ukraine. Raions were created in a 1922 administrative reform of the Soviet Union, to which Ukraine, as the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, belonged.

On 17 July 2020, the Verkhovna Rada (Ukraine's parliament) approved an administrative reform to merge most of the 490 raions, along with the "cities of regional significance", which were previously outside the raions, into just 136 reformed raions. Most tasks of the raions (education, healthcare, sport facilities, culture, and social welfare) were taken over by new hromadas, the subdivisions of raions. The 136 new districts include ten in Crimea, which have been de facto outside Ukrainian control since the start of the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2014.
Obstetrical bleeding
Obstetrical bleeding is bleeding in pregnancy that occurs before, during, or after childbirth. Bleeding before childbirth is that which occurs after 24 weeks of pregnancy. Bleeding may be vaginal or less commonly into the abdominal cavity. Bleeding which occurs before 24 weeks is known as early pregnancy bleeding.

Causes of bleeding before and during childbirth include cervicitis, placenta previa, placental abruption and uterine rupture. Causes of bleeding after childbirth include poor contraction of the uterus, retained products of conception, and bleeding disorders.

About 8.7 million cases of severe maternal bleeding occurred in 2015 resulting in 83,000 deaths. Between 2003 and 2009, bleeding accounted for 27% of maternal deaths globally.

Retained placenta
Retained placenta is a condition in which all or part of the placenta or membranes remain in the uterus during the third stage of labour. Retained placenta can be broadly divided into:

failed separation of the placenta from the uterine lining

placenta separated from the uterine lining but retained within the uterus

A retained placenta is commonly a cause of postpartum haemorrhage, both primary and secondary.

Retained placenta is generally defined as a placenta that has not undergone placental expulsion within 30 minutes of the baby's birth where the third stage of labor has been managed actively.
Mehdi Vaez-Iravani
Mehdi Vaez-Iravani is an Iranian scientist, engineer and inventor involved in the invention of "Shear-force microscopy".

Mehdi Vaez-Iravani graduated with a PhD in Electrical engineering from University College London and became a faculty member at Rochester Institute of Technology before joining KLA Tencor.

He has numerous patents and scientific publications in optics, optical engineering and related areas. He attended Alborz High School in Tehran, Iran from 1971 to 1975.

SPIE
SPIE (formerly the Society of Photographic Instrumentation Engineers, later the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers) is an international not-for-profit professional society for optics and photonics technology, founded in 1955. It organizes technical conferences, trade exhibitions, and continuing education programs for researchers and developers in the light-based fields of physics, including: optics, photonics, and imaging engineering.  The society publishes peer-reviewed scientific journals, conference proceedings, monographs, tutorial texts, field guides, and reference volumes in print and online. SPIE is especially well-known for Photonics West, one of the laser and photonics industry's largest combined conferences and tradeshows which is held annually in San Francisco.  SPIE also participates as partners in leading educational initiatives, and in 2020, for example, provided more than $5.8 million in support of optics education and outreach programs around the world.