hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Frano Supilo
Frano Supilo (30 November 1870 – 25 September 1917) was a Croatian politician and journalist. He opposed the Austro-Hungarian domination of Europe prior to World War I. He participated in the debates leading to the formation of Yugoslavia as a member of the Yugoslav Committee. The author, R. A. Stradling, calls him "one of the most capable Croatian politicians ever."

Creation of Yugoslavia
The creation of Yugoslavia encompasses historical processes and political activities that resulted in the creation of Yugoslavia as a state in 1918. Already during the 19th century, Yugoslavism became a popular concept among various South Slavic political groups, and also within intelligentsia. Some of those ideas, aimed at the formation of a unified Yugoslav state, were achieved after the collapse of Austria-Hungary at the end of World War I (1918), when the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was created. However, the state was better known colloquially as Yugoslavia, and in 1929 the name was made official when the country was formally renamed the "Kingdom of Yugoslavia". The creation of Yugoslavia was initially wanted by many, particularly Croats and Slovenes, who wanted to liberate themselves from Austro-Hungarian rule and have a country where they would have equal rights.
2012 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group II – Pool A
Group A of the 2012 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group II was one of two pools in the Europe/Africa Zone Group II of the 2012 Fed Cup. Four teams competed in a round robin competition, with the top team and the bottom team proceeding to their respective sections of the play-offs: the top teams played for advancement to Group I, while the bottom team faced potential relegation to Group III.

2012 Fed Cup
The 2012 Fed Cup (also known as the 2012 Fed Cup by BNP Paribas for sponsorship purposes) was the 50th edition of the most important tournament between national teams in women's tennis. The draw took place on 17 July 2011 in Kobe, Japan.

The final took place at the O2 Arena in Prague, Czech Republic on 3–4 November. The home and defending champions Czech Republic defeated the first-finalists Serbia, to win their seventh title and equal the record for second-most titles won by a country since the competition's beginning.

Czech Republic was the only country except United States and Australia to hold both Davis Cup and Fed Cup at the same time – the Czechs did the same in 2012. Petra Kvitová and Tomáš Berdych also scored Hopman Cup victory at the same year, making their nation the first ever to clinch all of the Davis, Fed and Hopman Cup titles in the same calendar year.
Maladera hiekei
Maladera hiekei is a species of beetle of the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in China (Anhui, Beijing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hong Kong, Hebei, Hubei, Hunan, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang), North Korea, Mongolia, the Russian Far East and South Korea.

Scarabaeidae
The family Scarabaeidae, as currently defined, consists of over 35,000 species of beetles worldwide; they are often called scarabs or scarab beetles. The classification of this family has undergone significant change. Several groups formerly treated as subfamilies have been elevated to family rank (e.g., Bolboceratidae, Geotrupidae, Glaresidae, Glaphyridae, Hybosoridae, Ochodaeidae, and Pleocomidae), and some reduced to lower ranks. The subfamilies listed in this article are in accordance with those in Catalog of Life (2023).
SAG (gene)
S-arrestin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SAG gene.

Members of arrestin/beta-arrestin protein family are thought to participate in agonist-mediated desensitization of G-protein-coupled receptors and cause specific dampening of cellular responses to stimuli such as hormones, neurotransmitters, or sensory signals. S-arrestin, also known as S-antigen, is a major soluble protein in photoreceptor cells that is involved in desensitization of the photoactivated transduction cascade. It is expressed in the retina and the pineal gland and inhibits coupling of rhodopsin to transducin in vitro. Additionally, S-arrestin is highly antigenic, and is capable of inducing experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Oguchi disease, a rare autosomal recessive form of night blindness.

Visual phototransduction
Visual phototransduction is the sensory transduction process of the visual system by which light is detected by photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) in the vertebrate retina. A photon is absorbed by a retinal chromophore (each bound to an opsin), which initiates a signal cascade through several intermediate cells, then through the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) comprising the optic nerve.
Operation Bullpen
Operation Bullpen was an FBI investigation into forged celebrity autographs and sports memorabilia that ran from 1999 until 2006. The investigation uncovered $100 million worth of fraud (equivalent to $160,000,000 in 2025) that occurred in the United States.

Autograph
An autograph is a person's own handwriting or signature. The word autograph comes from Ancient Greek (αὐτός, autós, "self" and γράφω, gráphō, "write"), and can mean more specifically:

a manuscript written by the author of its content. In this meaning the term autograph can often be used interchangeably with holograph.

a celebrity's handwritten signature. Autograph collecting is the activity of collecting such autographs.
Octaba
Octaba was an ancient Roman–Berber city in the province of Africa Proconsularis and Byzacena in late antiquity. Its exact location is now lost, but it was in the Sahel region of Tunisia.

In antiquity, Octaba was the seat of an ancient bishopric which survived till the 7th century.
The only known bishop of this diocese is Albinus, who took part in the synod gathered in Carthage by the Vandal king of Huneric in 484, after which he was exiled.

Octaba was restored in name in the 20th century, as a titular bishopric of the Roman Catholic Church. The current bishop is Bernhard Haßlberger, who replaced David Edward Foley in 1994. The current titular bishop Bernhard Hasslberger, is auxiliary bishop of Munich and Freising.

Civitas
In Ancient Rome, a civitas (Latin pronunciation: [ˈkiːwɪtaːs]; plural civitates), sometimes translated as "city", was the social body of the cives, or citizens, united by their laws, which gave them responsibilities (Latin: munera) on the one hand, and rights on the other. The agreement (concilium) has a life of its own, creating a res publica or "public entity" (synonymous with civitas), into which individuals are born or accepted, and from which they die or are ejected. The civitas is not just the collective body of all the citizens; it is the contract binding them all together, because each of them is a civis.
Staircase of Santa Maria del Monte
Scalinata di Santa Maria del Monte is a set of world-famous steps in Caltagirone, Sicily, Italy. It was built in 1606 in order to connect the ancient part of Caltagirone to the new city built in the upper part. The staircase, over 130 meters (430 ft) long, is flanked by balcony buildings and is today one of the identifying monuments of the city.

The city of Caltagirone is part of Late Baroque Towns of the Val di Noto, a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2002.

Val di Noto
Val di Noto (lit. 'Province of Noto') is a historical and geographical area encompassing the south-eastern third of Sicily; it is dominated by the limestone Hyblaean plateau. Historically, it was one of the three valli of Sicily.
Frank Godwin (film producer)
Frank Godwin (23 June 1917 – 6 September 2012) was an English film producer, best known for the film Woman in a Dressing Gown.

Born to a theatrical family, Godwin initially worked as an accountant and joined Gainsborough Studios in 1943.

In 1956, Godwin established a film production company with film director J. Lee Thompson and writer Ted Willis. They made two films for Associated British Picture Corporation: the award-winning Woman in a Dressing Gown (1957) and No Trees in the Street (1959).

Godwin was a producer for films such as Don't Bother to Knock (1961) and Demons of the Mind (1972). His final film was Terry on the Fence (1985) which he also wrote and directed.

Gainsborough Pictures
Gainsborough Pictures was a British film studio based on the south bank of the Regent's Canal, in Poole Street, Hoxton, London. Gainsborough Studios was active between 1924 and 1951. The company was initially based at Islington Studios, which were built as a power station for the Great Northern & City Railway and later converted to studios.

Other films were made at Lime Grove and Pinewood Studios. The former Islington studio was converted to flats in 2004 and a London Borough of Hackney historical plaque is attached to the building. The studio is best remembered for the Gainsborough melodramas it produced in the 1940s.

Gainsborough Pictures is now owned by Gregory Motton.
2009 FIA WTCC Race of Mexico
The 2009 FIA WTCC Race of Mexico (formally the 2009 FIA WTCC HSBC Race of Mexico) was the second round of the 2009 World Touring Car Championship season. It was held on 22 March 2009 at the Autódromo Miguel E. Abed near Puebla, Mexico. It was the fourth running of the FIA WTCC Race of Mexico.

The two races were won by SEAT Sport's Rickard Rydell and Yvan Muller.

Andy Priaulx
Andrew Graham Priaulx, MBE (/priːˈoʊ/ pree-OH born 7 August 1974) is a British racing driver from Guernsey. In 2019 he raced for Ford Chip Ganassi Team UK in the FIA World Endurance Championship, and Cyan Racing Lynk & Co in the FIA World Touring Car Cup, having been a former BMW factory driver.

He is a European Touring Car Championship champion, three times World Touring Car Championship champion and the only FIA Touring Car champion to win an international-level championship for four consecutive years (2004 to 2007). The previous record was Roberto Ravaglia's three successive championships (1986–1988).
The House of Dora Green
The House of Dora Green (German: Salon Dora Green) is a 1933 German thriller film directed by Henrik Galeen and starring Mady Christians, Paul Hartmann, and Leonard Steckel. It was based on the novel Diplomatische Unterwelt by Hans Rudolf Berndorff. It was the final German film made by Galeen, before being forced into exile following the Nazi Party's takeover of power. The film's sets were designed by the art director Gustav A. Knauer. In 1937 it was released in the United States.

Cinema of Germany
The cinema of Germany can be traced back to the late 19th century. The film industry in Germany made major technical and artistic contributions to early film, broadcasting and television technology. Babelsberg became a household synonym for the early 20th century film industry in Europe, similar to Hollywood later. Early German and German-speaking filmmakers and actors heavily contributed to early Hollywood, many of whom were Jewish refugees fleeing Nazi persecution.

Germany witnessed major changes to its identity during the 20th and 21st century. Those changes determined the periodisation of national cinema into a succession of distinct eras and movements.

German movies and German artists earned 230 Oscar nominations and 54 Oscar wins.
Jean Augustin
Jean Augustin or Jean-Augustin might refer to:

Jean-Fabrice Augustin (fl. 2010s), Mauritian footballer

Jean-Kévin Augustin (born 1997), French footballer

Jean Augustin Daiwaille (1786–1850), Dutch portrait painter

Jean-Marc Augustin (born 1965), French boxer

Jean-Kévin Augustin
Jean-Kévin Augustin (born 16 June 1997) is a French professional footballer who plays as a striker.

An academy graduate of French club Paris Saint-Germain, Augustin made his senior debut in 2015 and made 31 appearances for the club, scoring two goals, and won eight national honours. In 2017, he joined RB Leipzig for a €13 million fee.

Augustin has also represented France at various youth levels and was part of the France U19 which won the 2016 European U19 Championship. His performances throughout the tournament earned him the Golden Boot and Player of the Tournament awards.
John J. Slater Jr.
John Joseph Slater Jr. (November 25, 1925 – July 17, 1998) was an American lawyer and politician who served as mayor of Chelsea, Massachusetts, and as a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives.

Chelsea, Massachusetts
Chelsea is a city in Suffolk County, Massachusetts, United States. It is located along the Mystic River and connected to Boston by the Tobin Bridge. As of 2026, Chelsea has a population of 40,245 and a total area of 2.2 square miles (5.7 km2). It is the smallest city in Massachusetts by land area, and the third most densely populated.
Satake-ji
Satake-ji (佐竹寺) is a Buddhist temple located in the Tenjinbayashi-chō neighborhood of the town of  Hitachiōta, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. It belongs to the Buzan-branch of Shingon Buddhism and its honzon is a statue of Jūichimen Kannon Bosatsu, also popularly known as the Kitamuke Kannon (北向観音).  The temple's full name is Myōfuku-zan Myōn-in Satake-ji (妙福山 明音院 佐竹寺).The temple is the 22nd stop on the Bandō Sanjūsankasho pilgrimage route.

Ekādaśamukha
In Buddhism, Ekādaśamukha (Sanskrit: एकादशमुख, IPA: [eːˈkɑːd̪ɐɕɐmukʰɐ], lit. "Eleven-Faced"; Chinese (Traditional): 十一面觀音; Simplified: 十一面观音; pinyin: Shíyīmiàn Guānyīn; Japanese: 十一面観音, Jūichimen Kannon) is a bodhisattva and a manifestation of Avalokiteśvara (known in Chinese as Guanyin), counted as one of six forms of the bodhisattva that represent salvation afforded to beings among the six realms of saṃsāra. Among these incarnations, Ekādaśamukha is believed to save those in the asura realm.

Ekādaśamukha is sometimes also referred to as Avalokiteśvara of the Universally Shining Great Light (大光普照觀世音; Ch. Dàguāng Pǔzhào Guānshìyīn; Jp. Daikō Fushō Kanzeon).
Ossington Avenue
Ossington Avenue (pronounced ozzington) is a main or arterial street in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, west of downtown. While the northern 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) of Ossington Avenue is residential, its southern terminus is popularly known as the Ossington Strip, an area popular for its dining, nightlife and shopping establishments.

Toronto Transit Commission
The Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) is the primary public transport agency in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, operating the majority of the city's bus and rail services. It is the oldest and largest of the urban transit service providers in Canada, with numerous connections to systems serving its surrounding municipalities.

Established as the Toronto Transportation Commission in 1921, the TTC owns and operates five rapid transit lines with 109 stations, more than 150 bus routes, and nine streetcar lines. In 2025, the system had a total of 800,212,000 boardings. The TTC is the most heavily used urban transit system in Canada.
Similkameen City, British Columbia
Similkameen City is a ghost town located in the Similkameen Country region of British Columbia, Canada. It is located along BC Highway 3 surrounding the Stemwinder Provincial Park, parallel to the Similkameen River. The lots that make up the "City" comprise District Lot 1968 of the Similkameen Division, Yale Land District; 5.4 km west of Hedley, BC. The Townsite was promoted by Mr. Frank Bailey

Similkameen River
The Similkameen River runs through southern British Columbia, Canada, eventually discharging into the Okanogan River near Oroville, Washington, in the United States. Through the Okanagan River, it drains to the Columbia River. The river is said to be named for an indigenous people called Similkameigh, meaning "treacherous waters".

The river is dammed by the Enloe Dam, a hydroelectric power project near Oroville. Construction on the dam began in 1916 and was completed in 1923.
Tom Sexton (cyclist)
Thomas Sexton (born 19 November 1998) is a New Zealand racing cyclist currently racing for UCI Continental team St George Continental Cycling Team. He rode in the men's scratch event at the 2018 UCI Track Cycling World Championships.

Oceania Road Cycling Championships
The Oceania Road Championships are a series of road cycling races held annually to determine the Oceanian champion in each event. The event has been held since 1995 and consists of an elite and under-23 men's and an elite women's road race and time trial.

The Oceania Cycling Confederation hosts the events to provide an opportunity for athletes to gain UCI points, and to help selection for national team representation at world championships.
Bay of Puck
The Bay of Puck or Puck Bay (Polish: Zatoka Pucka; Kashubian: Pùckô Hôwinga; German: Putziger Wiek), is a shallow western branch of the Bay of Gdańsk in the southern Baltic Sea, off the shores of Gdańsk Pomerania, Poland. It is separated from the open sea by the Hel Peninsula.

The bay has an average depth of 2 m (7 ft) to 6 m (20 ft). There is a shallow sand-bank from Rewa to Kuźnica in the middle of Hel Peninsula. The bay is available only for small fishing boats and yachts, which have to stick to the strict deeper routes. There are deposits of potassium salt below the Bay of Puck. The main ports are Puck, Jastarnia, and Hel.

The name has nothing to do with the sport of ice hockey. In Polish the word "puck" doesn't mean anything, and the sport is popular only in the southern part of the country, opposite to the coast.

Location along Baltic Sea coast

Bay of Puck and Hel Peninsula as seen from Landsat satellite in 2000

Towns of Puck Bay and Hel Peninsula

Potash
Potash (/ˈpɒtæʃ/ POT-ash) are mined and manufactured salts that contain potassium in water-soluble form. The term potash derives from pot ash, either plant ashes or wood ashes that were soaked in water in a pot, which was the primary means of manufacturing potash before the Industrial Era; the word potassium derives from the term potash.

In 2021, the worldwide production of potash exceeded 71.9 million tonnes (~45.4 million tonnes K2O equivalent), and Canada is the greatest producer of potash as fertilizer. Potassium was first derived in 1807 by electrolysis of caustic potash (potassium hydroxide).
James Fairfax
James Oswald Fairfax (27 March 1933 – 11 January 2017) was an Australian company director, philanthropist, and a member of the Fairfax family, an Australian family prominent in the newspaper publisher industry.

Art Gallery of New South Wales
The Art Gallery of New South Wales (AGNSW), founded as the New South Wales Academy of Art in 1872 and known as the National Art Gallery of New South Wales between 1883 and 1958, is located in The Domain, Sydney, Australia. It is the most important public gallery in Sydney and one of the largest in Australia.

The gallery's first public exhibition opened in 1874. Admission is free to the general exhibition space, which displays Australian art (including Indigenous Australian art), European and Asian art. A dedicated Asian Gallery was opened in 2003.
Mischoblastia
Mischoblastia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Physciaceae. It was first established as a separate genus in 1852, but was later treated as part of Rinodina. Molecular studies published in 2021 showed that Mischoblastia forms its own distinct evolutionary lineage within the Physciaceae. The genus is characterised by distinctive ascospores with strongly thickened walls that create an almost triangular internal cavity during development, and by species that occur mainly on rocks across several continents, including North America, Europe, Asia, and Africa. The diversity in East Asia is probably underestimated because of limited sampling.

Lineage (evolution)
An evolutionary lineage is a temporal series of populations, organisms, cells, or genes connected by a continuous line of descent from ancestor to descendant. Lineages are subsets of the evolutionary tree of life. Lineages are often determined by the techniques of molecular systematics.
Steeltown Murders
Steeltown Murders is a four-part factual drama television miniseries written by Ed Whitmore and directed by Marc Evans. It was produced for the BBC by Severn Screen, based in Wales, and aired on BBC One. It stars Philip Glenister and Steffan Rhodri as detectives investigating the real-life murders committed by Joseph Kappen in Port Talbot in South Wales. It premiered on 15 May 2023 on BBC One, with all episodes immediately available on BBC iPlayer.

Ed Whitmore
Ed Whitmore is a British screenwriter. He has written for a number of successful British TV series such as Waking the Dead and Silent Witness. In 2022, he was nominated for a BAFTA for his work on the second season of ITV true crime drama Manhunt. Whitmore is an alumnus of Westfield College.
Elephant hunting in Chad
Elephant hunting or elephant poaching and exploitation of their tusks for the ivory trade are illegal in Chad and pose a major threat to elephant populations. The profitable ivory industry is also a threat to the lives of rangers, even in the national parks, such as Zakouma National Park, the worst-affected area in terms of elephant poaching in Chad.

Zakouma National Park
Zakouma National Park (Arabic: حديقة زاكوما الوطنية) is a 3,000 km2 (1,158 sq mi) national park in southeastern Chad, straddling the border of Guéra Region and Salamat Region. Zakouma is the nation's oldest national park, declared a national park in 1963 by presidential decree, giving it the highest form of protection available under the nation's laws. It has been managed by the nonprofit conservation organization African Parks since 2010 in partnership with Chad's government.
Andrew Smith (golfer)
Andrew Whyte Smith (6 February 1849 – 18 July 1901) was a Canadian amateur golfer. He finished tied for third place in the 1895 U.S. Open played at Newport Golf Club in Rhode Island and had an identical result in the 1896 U.S. Open, held July 18, 1896, at Shinnecock Hills Golf Club in Southampton, New York.

U.S. Open (golf)
The United States Open Championship, commonly known as the U.S. Open, is the annual open national championship of golf in the United States. It is the third of the four men's major golf championships, and is on the official schedule of both the PGA Tour and the European Tour. Since 1898 the competition has been 72 holes of stroke play (4 rounds on an 18-hole course), with the winner being the player with the lowest total number of strokes. It is staged by the United States Golf Association (USGA) in mid-June, scheduled so that, if there are no weather delays, the final round is played on the third Sunday. The U.S. Open is staged at a variety of courses, set up in such a way that scoring is very difficult, with a premium placed on accurate driving. As of 2024, the U.S. Open awards a $21.5 million purse, the largest of all four major championships.
Eslamabad-e Chah-e Manj
Eslamabad-e Chah-e Manj (Persian: اسلام ابادچاه منج, also Romanized as Eslāmābād-e Chāh-e Manj; also known as Eslāmābād) is a village in Chahak Rural District, in the Central District of Khatam County, Yazd Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 179, in 43 families.

Yazd province
Yazd province (Persian: استان یزد) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran and is in the center of the country. Its capital is the city of Yazd. In 2014, it was placed in Region 5. The province has an area of 76,469 km2.
Ulenge Island Rear Range Lighthouse
The Ulenge Island Rear Range Lighthouse is a historic lighthouse on Ulenge Island in the Pemba Channel under the Tanga Marine Reserves (TMRS) with the IUCN category II located within Tanga City Council of Tanga Region in Tanzania.

Tanga City Council, Tanga
Tanga City Council (Halimashauri ya Jiji la Tanga, in Swahili) is one of eleven administrative districts of Tanga Region in Tanzania. The District covers an area of 596.5 km2 (230.3 sq mi)  of which includes the historic city of Tanga and the Port of Tanga. Tanga district is bordered to the north by Mkinga District, to the east by the Indian Ocean, to the south and west by Muheza District. The district is comparable in size to the land area of Guam. The administrative seat is the ward Central . The district is the administrative and economic center of Tanga Region. In Swahili, the word Tanga means "sail". The City was also the theater for the battle of Tanga. According to the 2022 census, the district has a total population of 393,429.