hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Shareholders in the United Kingdom
Shareholders in the United Kingdom are people and organisations who buy shares in UK companies. In large companies, such as those on the FTSE100, shareholders are overwhelmingly large institutional investors, such as pension funds, insurance companies, mutual funds or similar foreign organisations. UK shareholders have the most favourable set of rights in the world in their ability to control directors of corporations. UK company law gives shareholders the ability to,

remove the board of directors with a simple majority of votes

change the company constitution with a three quarter vote (unless a higher figure is in the constitution)

wind up (i.e. liquidate) the company with a three quarter vote

veto any sale of a significant percentage of company assets

veto by a majority any restriction on ability to freely trade their shares, such as a poison pill

Shareholders also owe one another duties, and owe duties under the Stewardship Code to exercise their voting power.

Takeover
In business, a takeover is the purchase of one company (the target) by another (the acquirer or bidder). In the UK, the term refers to the acquisition of a public company whose shares are publicly listed, in contrast to the acquisition of a private company.

Management of the target company may or may not agree with a proposed takeover, and this has resulted in the following takeover classifications: friendly, hostile, reverse or back-flip. Financing a takeover often involves loans or bond issues which may include junk bonds as well as a simple cash offer. It can also include shares in the new company.
Philip Bobbitt
Sir Philip Chase Bobbitt (born July 22, 1948) is an American legal scholar and political theorist. He is best known for work on U.S. constitutional law and theory, and on the relationship between law, strategy and history in creating and sustaining the State.  He is currently the Herbert Wechsler Professor of Jurisprudence at Columbia Law School and a distinguished senior lecturer at the University of Texas School of Law.

Henry Kissinger called him "the outstanding political philosopher of our time". He is the author of several books, including Constitutional Fate: Theory of the Constitution (1982), The Shield of Achilles: War, Peace and the Course of History (2002), and Terror and Consent: the Wars for the Twenty-first Century (2008).

Guido Calabresi
Guido Calabresi (born October 18, 1932) is an Italian-born American jurist who serves as a senior circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. He is a former Dean of Yale Law School, where he has been a professor since 1959. Calabresi is considered, along with Ronald Coase and Richard Posner, a founder of the field of law and economics.
The Village Politicians
The Village Politicians is an 1806 genre painting by the British artist David Wilkie. It depicts a group of figures gathered round a table on a cramped village inn in Scotland. Intently discussing some matter, The painting purposefully emulates the style of the Dutch Old Masters of the seventeenth century, a common feature of Wilkie's early works.

The Scottish Wilkie had moved to London in 1805 to attend the Royal Academy Schools.  The picture  was commissioned by the Earl of Mansfield.   It was displayed at the Royal Academy Exhibition of 1806 at Somerset House in London. The success of the work with the public made Wilkie an overnight celebrity at the age of twenty.

The painting is today remains in the collection of the Earl of Mansfield at Scone Palace.

Old Master
In art history, "Old Master" (or "old master") refers to any painter of skill who worked in Europe before about 1800, or a painting by such an artist. An "old master print" is an original print (for example an engraving, woodcut, or etching) made by an artist in the same period. The term "old master drawing" is used in the same way.

In theory, "Old Master" applies only to artists who were fully trained, were Masters of their local artists' guild, and worked independently, but in practice, paintings produced by pupils or workshops are often included in the scope of the term. Therefore, beyond a certain level of competence, date rather than quality is the criterion for using the term.
Mintmaster mark
Mintmaster marks (German: Münzmeisterzeichen, abbreviation Mmz.) are often the initials of the mintmaster of a mint or small symbols (cross, star, coat of arms, heraldic device, etc.) for example at the size of the letters on a coin inscription to denote the coins made under his direction. With his mark, the mintmaster assumed responsibility for ensuing the coins issued by his mint were in accordance with the regulations. Mintmaster marks were used as early as the time of bracteate coinage in the Holy Roman Empire, but these can only rarely be deciphered. All mintmaster marks since the beginning of the minting of Thalers have been identified.

The picture on the right shows the mintmaster's mark, an acorn on a stem, of the Dresden mintmaster, Constantin Rothe, on a Reichstaler issued under Duke John George II of Saxony from the year 1662.

Reichsthaler
The Reichsthaler (German: [ˈʁaɪçsˌtaːlɐ]; modern spelling Reichstaler), or more specifically the Reichsthaler specie, was a standard thaler silver coin introduced by the Holy Roman Empire in 1566 for use in all German states, minted in various versions for the next 300 years, and containing 25–26 grams fine silver.

Reichsthaler was also the name of a currency unit worth less than the Reichsthaler specie introduced by several North German states from the 17th century; discussed separately under North German thaler.

Several old books confusingly use the same term Reichsthaler for the specie silver coin as well as the currency unit. This is disambiguated by referring to the full-valued coin as the Reichsthaler specie and the lower-valued currency unit as the Reichsthaler currency (courant, kurant).
Walshausen
Walshausen is a German village in the Zweibrücken-Land municipality, in the Südwestpfalz district in the Rhineland-Palatinate. As of December 2020 it had 320 inhabitants. Walshausen is first mentioned in history in 1463.

Zweibrücken-Land
Zweibrücken-Land is a Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") in the Südwestpfalz district, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated on the southwestern edge of the Palatinate forest, around Zweibrücken. The seat of the municipality is in Zweibrücken, itself not part of the municipality.
Bård Borgersen
Bård Borgersen (born 20 May 1972) is a Norwegian former footballer who played as a centre-back, most notable for his time with Odd Grenland and Start. Borgersen was capped 10 times and scored two goals for the Norway national team.

IK Start
Idrettsklubben Start (or simply IK Start) is a Norwegian football club from the city of Kristiansand that currently plays in the Eliteserien, the top tier of the Norwegian football league system. The club was founded on 19 September 1905. The club's current head coach is Azar Karadas. The team plays in yellow jerseys, black shorts and socks at home, and black jerseys, yellow shorts and socks away.

They play their home matches at Sør Arena, opened in 2007. Before moving to Sør Arena, IK Start played their games at Kristiansand Stadion. The team’s official supporter club, “Tigerberget,” existed until 2017, when the IK Start board decided to discontinue having an official supporter club.
Bronikowski
Bronikowski is a Polish surname:

Friedrich von Oppeln-Bronikowski (1873–1936), a German writer, translator, publisher and cultural historian

Hermann (Leopold August) von Oppeln-Bronikowski (1899–1966), a German military commander

Franciszek (Jan) Bronikowski (1907–1964), a Polish rower

Franciszek Bronikowski
Franciszek Jan Bronikowski (25 February 1907 – 1 December 1964) was a Polish rower who competed in the 1928 Summer Olympics.

In 1928 he won the bronze medal as member of the Polish boat in the coxed four event.

He was born in Bromberg, Province of Posen and died in Milanówek. Adam Bronikowski is his grandson.
Kentucky's 29th Senate district
Kentucky's 29th Senatorial district is one of 38 districts in the Kentucky Senate. Located in the eastern part of the state, it comprises the counties of Bell, Floyd, Harlan, Knott, and Letcher. It has been represented by Scott Madon (R–Pineville) since 2025. As of 2023, the district had a population of 120,597.

Pineville, Kentucky
Pineville (locally /ˈpaɪnvəl, -vɪl/) is a home rule-class city in Bell County, Kentucky, United States. It is the seat of its county. The population was 1,678 as of the 2020 census. It is located on a small strip of land between the Cumberland River and Pine Mountain.
Örs vezér tere metro station
Örs vezér tere is the eastern terminus of the M2 (East-West) line of the Budapest Metro. It is also the starting place of the suburban railway lines H8 and H9. The station was opened on 2 April 1970 as part of the inaugural section of Line M2, between Deák Ferenc tér and Örs vezér tere.

There are two shopping centers (Árkád, Sugár), an IKEA, and a tram-stop (Tram 3, 62, 62A). In addition, several bus (10, 31, 32, 44, 45, 67, 85, 85E, 97E, 131, 144, 161, 161A, 168E, 169E, 174, 176E, 231, 231B, 244, 261E, 276E, 277) and trolley bus (80, 81, 82, 82A) routes stop here. It is the largest meeting-point in East-Pest. Next to the station, there is a huge housing estate with concrete block of flats (Füredi microraion). Hungarian people usually call this station (and square) Örs.

Örs vezér tere literally means "Square of Chief Örs", Örs was an ancient Hungarian chief. Örs is also a Hungarian given name for boys, which means "man" or "hero".

Pest, Hungary
Pest (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈpɛʃt]) is the part of Budapest, the capital city of Hungary, that lies on the eastern bank of the Danube. Pest was administratively unified with Buda and Óbuda in 1873. Prior to this, it was an independent city. In colloquial Hungarian, "Pest" is sometimes also used pars pro toto to refer to Budapest as a whole.

Comprising about two-thirds of the Budapest city area, Pest is flatter and much more heavily urbanized than Buda. Many of Budapest's most notable sites are in Pest, including the Inner City (Hungarian: Belváros), the Parliament (Országház), the Opera, the Great Market Hall, Heroes' Square, and Andrássy Avenue.
Boots of Spanish Leather
"Boots of Spanish Leather" is a ballad written and performed by Bob Dylan, recorded in New York City on August 7, 1963, and released in 1964 on his album The Times They Are a-Changin'. It features Dylan solo on the acoustic guitar, playing the song using fingerpicking.

The Times They Are a-Changin' (Bob Dylan album)
The Times They Are a-Changin' is the third studio album by the American singer-songwriter Bob Dylan. It was released on February 10, 1964, through Columbia Records. Whereas his previous albums, Bob Dylan (1962) and The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan (1963), combined original material and cover songs, this was the   first to feature only original compositions. The album consists mostly of stark, sparsely arranged ballads concerning issues such as racism, poverty, and social change. The title track is one of Dylan's most famous; many feel that it captures the spirit of social and political upheaval that characterized the 1960s.

Some critics and fans were not quite as taken with the album as a whole, relative to his previous work, for its lack of humor or musical diversity. Still, The Times They Are a-Changin' peaked at No. 20 on the US chart, eventually going gold, and belatedly reaching No. 4 in the UK in 1965.
Land Conference
The Land Conference was a successful conciliatory negotiation held in the Mansion House  in Dublin, Ireland between 20 December 1902 and 4 January 1903. In a short period it produced a unanimously agreed report recommending an amiable solution to the long waged land war between tenant farmers and their landlords. Advocating a massive scheme of voluntary land purchase, it provided the basis for the most important land reform ever introduced by any  Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland  during the period of the Act of Union  (1801–1922), the Land Purchase (Ireland) Act 1903.

Through it, the whole Irish land question underwent a revolutionary transformation whereby the entire tenantry were encouraged to purchase their holdings with advances from the imperial exchequer, provided for the express purpose of facilitating the transfer of the land from owner to occupier.

Landlord
A landlord is the owner of property such as a farm, house, apartment, condominium, land, or real estate that is rented or leased to an individual or business, known as a tenant (also called a lessee or renter). The term landlord applies when a juristic person occupies this position. Alternative terms include lessor and owner. For female property owners, the term landlady may be used. In the United Kingdom, the manager of a pub, officially a licensed victualler, is also referred to as the landlord/landlady. In political economy, landlord specifically refers to someone who owns natural resources (such as land, excluding buildings) from which they derive economic rent, a form of passive income.
Jesús Rubio (Colombian footballer)
Jesús María Rubio Hernández (born 29 March 1945) is a Colombian footballer. He played in three matches for the Colombia national football team in 1975. He was also part of Colombia's squad for the 1975 Copa América tournament.

1975 Copa América
The 1975 edition of the Copa América football tournament was played between 17 July and 28 October. The tournament saw many significant shifts to its format, such as changing its name from South American Championship to Copa América and altering from a round-robin tournament to incorporating a group stage, a knockout round, and a final. Additionally all ten CONMEBOL countries participated for the first time, with defending champions Uruguay receiving a bye into the semi-finals and the rest starting in the group stage. For this tournament there was also no fixed venue, and all matches were played throughout the year in each country.
UEFA Euro 1984 qualifying Group 7
Standings and results for Group 7 of the UEFA Euro 1984 qualifying tournament.

Group 7 consisted of Iceland, Malta, Netherlands, Republic of Ireland and Spain. The group winners were Spain, who won the group ahead of the Netherlands on goals scored following a 12–1 win over Malta.

Malta national football team
The Malta national football team (Maltese: Tim nazzjonali tal-futbol ta' Malta) represents Malta in men's international football and is controlled by the Malta Football Association, the governing body for football in Malta.

The first official game played by Malta was a 3–2 defeat in a friendly against Austria in 1957. Their competitive debut arrived five years later, playing against Denmark in the preliminary round of the 1964 European Nations' Cup. Malta have competed in every qualifier for the European Championship since 1964 (except 1968) and FIFA World Cup since 1974, but have never made it to the finals of any major international competition.
Leader Bank Pavilion
Leader Bank Pavilion is an outdoor amphitheater in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. Seating 5,000, it is used for concerts from May to October of each year. The venue originally opened in August 1994 near Fan Pier. Due to land rights, it closed at the end of its season in 1998 and the tensile structure was relocated to its current location in South Boston, where it reopened in July 1999.

Amphitheatre
An amphitheatre  (American English: amphitheater) is an open-air venue used for entertainment, performances, and sports. The term derives from the ancient Greek ἀμφιθέατρον (amphitheatron), from ἀμφί (amphi), meaning "on both sides" or "around" and θέατρον (théātron), meaning "place for viewing".

Ancient Greek theatres were typically built on hillsides and semi-circular in design. The first amphitheatre may have been built at Pompeii around 70 BC. Ancient Roman amphitheatres were oval or circular in plan, with seating tiers that surrounded the central performance area, like a modern open-air stadium. In contrast, both ancient Greek and ancient Roman theatres were built in a semicircle, with tiered seating rising on one side of the performance area.

Modern English parlance uses "amphitheatre" for any structure with sloping seating, including theatre-style stages with spectator seating on only one side, theatres in the round, and stadia. They can be indoor or outdoor.
Italian destroyer Augusto Riboty
Augusto Riboty was one of three Mirabello-class scout cruisers built for the Italian Regia Marina (Royal Navy) during World War I. She was in commission from 1917 to 1950, taking part in the Adriatic Campaign of World War I, and during the interwar period she was at Split during postwar unrest there. Reclassified as a destroyer in 1938, she was the most active Italian destroyer of World War II, during which she participated in the Battle of the Mediterranean on the Axis side in the service of Fascist Italy from 1940 to 1943, then on the Allied side from 1943 to 1945 as a unit of the Italian Co-Belligerent Navy. She was scrapped in 1951.

Spica-class torpedo boat (Italy)
The Spica class was a class of torpedo boats of the Regia Marina (Royal Italian Navy) during World War II. These ships were built as a result of a clause in the Washington Naval Treaty, which stated that ships with a tonnage of less than 600 could be built in unlimited numbers. Thirty-two ships were built between 1934 and 1937, thirty of which entered service with Italy.

Called torpedo boats due to their smaller displacement, the Spica class had armament similar to destroyers (influenced by the Maestrale-class destroyer) and were intended for anti-submarine operations but also had to fight aircraft and surface ships. Twenty-three vessels were lost during the war, two had been sold to the Swedish Navy in 1940. The class was called destroyers until 1953 and then renamed corvettes.
Criquette Head-Maarek
Christiane "Criquette" Head (born 6 November 1948 at Marly-le-Roi, near Maisons-Laffitte, France) is a retired French racehorse trainer. Known as Criquette, she was born into the Thoroughbred horse racing business. Her great grandfather was a jockey-turned-trainer as was her grandfather William Head who was a very successful jockey, trainer, and owner in both flat racing and steeplechase events. Her father, Alec Head, became a successful trainer and breeder and the owner of Haras du Quesnay thoroughbred breeding farm near Deauville. The eldest of three daughters, her brother Freddy Head has been the champion jockey six times in France who later became a horse trainer, and sister Martine oversaw the operations at Haras du Quesnay until its closure in November 2022.

Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe
The Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe (French pronunciation: [pʁi də laʁk də tʁijɔ̃f]) is a Group 1 flat horse race in France open to thoroughbreds aged three years or older. It is run at Longchamp Racecourse in Paris over a distance of 2,400 metres (1 mile 4 furlongs). The race is scheduled to take place each year in the autumn, usually on the first Sunday in October.

With prize money of €5 million, the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe, often referred to as the Arc, is Europe's richest flat race. The prize money and prestige of the race attract entries and spectators from across the world. Since 2008 the race has been sponsored by Qatar.
2013 Women's Under-18 Australian Hockey Championships
The 2013 Women's Under–18 Australian Hockey Championship was a field hockey competition organised by Hockey Australia. The tournament was held at the National Hockey Centre in Canberra, from 2–13 July 2013.

NSW won the tournament, defeating QLD in the final. WA finished in third place following a 2–0 victory over the ACT.

Hockey Australia
Hockey Australia is an organisation that formed from the merger of the Australian Hockey Association and Women's Hockey Australia in 2000. It is the national body responsible for the promotion, development and administration of field hockey in Australia. Hockey Australia is a full member of the International Hockey Federation and comprises the State and Territory associations.
Arung Palakka Airport
Arung Palakka Airport (Indonesian: Bandar Udara Arung Palakka) (IATA: APD, ICAO: WAWN) is an airport located in Bone Regency, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Mappalo Ulaweng Village , Awangpone District , approximately 10 km from the center of Watampone, the capital of Bone Regency.

Southeast Sulawesi
Southeast Sulawesi (Indonesian: Sulawesi Tenggara, Indonesian pronunciation: [sulaˌwesi t̪əŋˈɡara]; often abbreviated to Sultra, Indonesian pronunciation: [ˈsʊlt̪ra]),  is a province on the island of Sulawesi, forming the southeastern peninsula of that island, together with a number of substantial offshore islands such as Buton, Muna, Kabaena and Wawonii (formerly called Wowoni), together with many smaller islands. It is bordered by South Sulawesi and Central Sulawesi to the north, sharing a maritime border with Maluku and North Maluku to the east and East Nusa Tenggara to the south, as well a very narrow maritime border with East Timor to the south. The capital is the city of Kendari, on the east coast of the peninsula.

The province has no highway road connecting to the rest of the island, and the primary transportation link is a ferry across the Bone Gulf between Watampone (Bone) in South Sulawesi and the port of Kolaka in Southeast Sulawesi.
Spanish Affair (1957 film)
Spanish Affair is a 1957 American–Spanish co-produced drama film directed by Don Siegel and Luis Marquina. It features Carmen Sevilla, Richard Kiley and José Guardiola. It was shot at the CEA Studios in Madrid. The film's sets were designed by the art directors Tambi Larsen and Hal Pereira.

CEA Studios
CEA Studios (Spanish: Estudios CEA), acronym for Cinematografía Española Americana S.A., was a Spanish film studio and production company in Ciudad Lineal, Madrid whose facilities were opened in 1934 and were running until 1966.

The Studio had six sound stages, photographic laboratories for the edition of the films, set construction workshops, dressing rooms for the actors and a rest area with a swimming pool.

At CEA Studios numerous Spanish films were filmed such as Our Lady of Sorrows (1934) by Jean Grémillon and The Violet Seller (1958) by Luis César Amadori, and also large international productions such as The Colossus of Rhodes (1961) by Sergio Leone and Doctor Zhivago (1965) by David Lean.
George Travers (rugby union)
George "Twyber" Travers (9 June 1877 – 26 December 1945) was a Welsh international hooker who played club rugby for Pill Harriers and Newport Rugby Football Club. He won 25 caps for Wales between 1903 and 1911.

Travers is seen as one of the rugby union's first specialist hookers. Specialism in a forward position was unusual during the early history of rugby mainly due to the scrummaging rule, but Travers's ability shone through and as part of a seven-man pack was important in the Welsh wins against England in 1903 and in the famous Match of the Century victory against the All Blacks in 1905. Travers originally played club rugby for the Newport Docks-based side Pill Harriers, though he would later spend two seasons with Newport in 1901/02 and 1910/11.

Match of the Century (rugby union)
The Match of the Century (Welsh: Gêm y Ganrif) is the unofficial name of a rugby union Test match played between Wales and New Zealand at Cardiff Arms Park on 16 December 1905 in front of a crowd of 47,000. The game was billed as the "Match of the Century" or "The World Championship" as it was a first meeting of the top two international teams.

The match was part of New Zealand's "Originals" tour and was their only loss in 35 matches. The result provoked much debate, with later writers noting its impact on the sporting culture of both countries. The Welsh crowd's singing of Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau as a response to the All Blacks' Haka is often cited as the first national anthem to be sung before an international sports event.