hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Cola wars
The Cola wars are the long-time rivalry between soft drink producers the Coca-Cola Company and PepsiCo, who have engaged in mutually targeted marketing campaigns for the direct competition between each company's product lines, especially their flagship colas, Coca-Cola and Pepsi. Beginning in the late 1970s and into the 1980s, the competition escalated until it became known as the cola wars.

Rivalry (economics)
In economics, a good is said to be rivalrous or a rival if its consumption by one consumer prevents simultaneous consumption by other consumers, or if consumption by one party reduces the ability of another party to consume it. A good is considered non-rivalrous or non-rival if, for any level of production, the cost of providing it to a marginal (additional) individual is zero. A good is anti-rivalrous and inclusive if each person benefits more when other people consume it.

A good can be placed along a continuum from rivalrous through non-rivalrous to anti-rivalrous. The distinction between rivalrous and non-rivalrous is sometimes referred to as jointness of supply or subtractable or non-subtractable. Economist Paul Samuelson made the distinction between private and public goods in 1954 by introducing the concept of nonrival consumption. Economist Richard Musgrave followed on and added rivalry and excludability as criteria for defining consumption goods in 1959 and 1969.
Rubroboletus dupainii
Rubroboletus dupainii, commonly known as Dupain's bolete, is a bolete fungus of the genus Rubroboletus. It is native to Europe, where it is threatened, and red listed in six countries. It also occurs in North America, although it is rare there. It was first recorded from North Carolina, and then from Iowa in 2009. It was reported from Belize in 2007, growing under Quercus peduncularis - a species of oak tree.

The bolete was first described scientifically by French mycologist Jean Louis Émile Boudier in 1902. It was transferred to the new genus Rubroboletus in 2014 along with several other allied reddish colored, blue-staining bolete species. Phylogenetically, R. dupainii is the sister species of Rubroboletus lupinus.

Threatened species
A threatened species is any species (including animals, plants and fungi) which is vulnerable to extinction in the near future. Species that are threatened are sometimes characterised by the population dynamics measure of critical depensation, a mathematical measure of biomass related to population growth rate. This quantitative metric is one method of evaluating the degree of endangerment without direct reference to human activity.
Orest Kärm
Orest Kärm (13 May 1902 in Pärsama, Kreis Ösel, Governorate of Livonia – 1942 or August 1944) was a Soviet Estonian politician.

Kärm was educated as an engineer in soil science. From 1936, he worked for AS "Eesti Turbatööstused", a state-owned company operating in the peat industry.

On 21 June 1940, Kärm was appointed as Minister of Transport in Johannes Vares' cabinet after the occupation of the Baltic States by the Soviet Union. After the cabinet was replaced by the Council of People's Commissars of the Estonian SSR on 25 August 1940, he remained as People's Commissar of Public Utilities until his dismissal on 6 April 1941.

After Nazi Germany's occupation of Estonia in July 1941, Kärm was arrested by the Germans as a member of the previous Soviet government. He was subsequently executed by the German occupiers, either in 1942 or August 1944.

Vares Government of Estonia
The Vares Government (Estonian: Varese valitsus) was a puppet government named after prime minister Johannes Vares, installed by the Soviet Union in Estonia, in office from 21 June 1940 to 25 August 1940.
Charles Cozens
Charles Cozens (1784 – August 6, 1863), politician, magistrate, was elected to the House of Assembly representing the district of Conception Bay on the first general election held in Newfoundland in 1832.

Cozens was born at Blandford, Dorset England and immigrated to Newfoundland in the early 19th century. He was a cooper by trade and is accredited with establishing the road from Brigus to Makinsons. Cozens served for only one term at the Newfoundland House of Assembly and did not run in the general election that was held in 1836. He was appointed Stipendiary magistrate for Brigus, a position he held until his death on August 6, 1863.

Stipendiary magistrate
Stipendiary magistrates were magistrates that were paid for their work (they received a stipend). They existed in the judiciaries of the United Kingdom and those of several former British territories, presiding over the lowest-level criminal courts.
Xanthorrhoea macronema
Xanthorrhoea macronema is a forest plant in the genus Xanthorrhoea, found in coastal regions of eastern Australia north of Sydney, New South Wales to Fraser Island, Queensland. The trunk of this grass tree is underground.

The common name is the bottlebrush grass tree. The plant features yellow flowers resembling those of Banksia or Bottlebrush, around 10 cm long. However, the flowering stem can be up to two metres long. The flowering stem is on average 10 mm in width. Depending on fires, the plant flowers from July to August.

The glossy leaves are 2 to 4 mm wide, triangular in cross section with grooves and ribs. The leaves are rough like sandpaper to touch around the leaf margins.

The specific epithet comes from the Latin for "long thread", referring to the flowering stem.

Callistemon
Callistemon /ˌkælɪˈstiːmən/ is a genus of shrubs in the family Myrtaceae, first described as a genus in 1814. The entire genus is endemic to Australia but widely cultivated in many other regions and naturalised in scattered locations. Their status as a separate taxon is in doubt, some authorities accepting that the difference between callistemons and melaleucas is not sufficient for them to be grouped in a separate genus.
Vall de Núria
Vall de Núria (Catalan pronunciation: [lə ˈβaʎ də ˈnuɾiə], "The Valley of Núria") is a south-opening valley coming down from the crest of the Pyrenees within the municipality of Queralbs, province of Girona, community of Catalonia, Spain.

The floor of the valley lies about 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) above sea level and is accessible from the south via a rack railway (the Vall de Núria Rack Railway) or by foot, and from France to the north by footpaths. There are no roads to access the valley. The place is historically notable for the 1931 drafting of the first Catalan Statute of Autonomy, in the Sanctuary of the Virgin of Núria.

Sanctuary
A sanctuary, in its original meaning, is a sacred place, such as a shrine, protected by ecclesiastical immunity. By the use of such places as a haven, by extension the term has come to be used for any place of safety. This secondary use can be categorized into human sanctuary, a safe place for people, such as a political sanctuary; and non-human sanctuary, such as an animal or plant sanctuary.
Robert A. Rees
Robert A. Rees (born November 17, 1935) is an American educator, scholar and poet. Beginning in 1998 he was director of education and humanities at the Institute of HeartMath in Boulder Creek, California. Currently, he is a visiting professor and director of Mormon studies at Graduate Theological Union in Berkeley.

Scholar
A scholar is a person who is a researcher or has expertise in an academic discipline. A scholar can also be an academic, who works as a professor, teacher, or researcher at a university. An academic usually holds an advanced degree or a terminal degree, such as a master's degree or a doctorate. Independent scholars and public intellectuals work outside the academy yet may publish in academic journals and participate in scholarly public discussion.
Ed Decker (American football)
Edwin Jay Decker (January 23, 1934 – June 6, 2016) was the head football coach at State University of New York at Cortland in Cortland, New York from 1980 to 1982, where he accumulated a record of 13–17. Prior to that, he had been an assistant at Columbia University and a head coach at several high schools in the state of New York.

Cortland, New York
Cortland is a city and the county seat of Cortland County, New York, United States. Known as the Crown City, Cortland is in New York's Southern Tier region. As of 2024, the estimated population of Cortland, New York, is 17,196, reflecting a decline of approximately 1.82% since the 2020 census, which recorded 17,515 residents.

The city of Cortland, near the county's western border, is surrounded by the town of Cortlandville.
Emil Karas
Emil Karas (December 13, 1933 – November 25, 1974) was an American professional football player who was a linebacker in the National Football League (NFL) for the Washington Redskins and in the American Football League  (AFL) with the Los Angeles / San Diego Chargers.  He was on the Chargers' 1963 AFL Championship team, and an AFL All-Star in 1961, 1962, and 1963.  Karas played college football at the University of Dayton and was drafted in the third round of the 1959 NFL draft. He died of pancreatic cancer on November 25, 1974, at age 40.

University of Dayton
The University of Dayton (UD) is a private, Catholic research university in Dayton, Ohio, United States. Founded in 1850 by the Society of Mary, it is one of three Marianist universities in the US and the second-largest private university in Ohio. Its campus is located in southern Dayton and spans 388 acres on both sides of the Great Miami River. The campus is noted for the Immaculate Conception Chapel and the University of Dayton Arena.

As of 2023, the university enrolls approximately 11,300 undergraduate and postgraduate students from a variety of religious, ethnic and geographic backgrounds. It offers more than 80 academic programs in the arts, sciences, business, education, health sciences, engineering, and law. In 2009, UD offered what it believes to be one of the first undergraduate degree programs in human rights. It is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity".
Herman Murray
Herman Edward Murray (December 5, 1909 – November 27, 1998) was a Canadian ice hockey player who competed in the 1936 Winter Olympics.

Murray was the Captain of the 1936 Port Arthur Bearcats, which won the silver medal for Canada in ice hockey at the 1936 Winter Olympics. He scored five goals in eight matches at that tournament. Following the Olympics, Murray finished his playing career with the Royal Montreal Hockey Club, and was a member of that team when it won the 1939 Allan Cup.

In 1987 he was inducted into the Northwestern Ontario Sports Hall of Fame as a member of the 1936 Olympic team.

1936 Winter Olympics
The 1936 Winter Olympics, officially known as the IV Olympic Winter Games (German: IV. Olympische Winterspiele) and commonly known as Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1936, were a winter multi-sport event held from 6 to 16 February 1936 in the market town of Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. Later that year, the country also hosted the 1936 Summer Olympics, which were held in Berlin. It was the last year in which the Summer and Winter Games both took place in the same country (the cancelled 1940 Olympics would have been held in Japan, with Tokyo hosting the Summer Games and Sapporo hosting the Winter Games).

The 1936 Winter Games were organized on behalf of the German League of the Reich for Physical Exercise (DRL) by Karl Ritter von Halt, who had been named president of the committee for the organization of the Fourth Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen by Reichssportführer Hans von Tschammer und Osten.
Govt. E. Raghvendra Rao P.G. Science College
Govt. E. Raghvendra Rao P.G. Science College, Bilaspur or P.G.Science College, Bilaspur is a college located in Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India. It is an Autonomous College under Atal Bihari Vajpayee Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur.

College was declared "Centre with Potential of Academic Excellence" by the University Grants Commission in 2008. It was accredited grade"A" by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) in 2015.

National Assessment and Accreditation Council
The National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) is a public autonomous body of the government of India that assesses and accredits higher education institutions (HEIs) in India. It is funded by the University Grants Commission and headquartered in Bengaluru.
GEKS
The GauEKS (Gini-Éltető-Köves-Szulc) method is an approach for comparing prices across countries. It is used by the International Comparison Program (ICP) at the World Bank for calculating global relative prices, or purchasing power parities. The method's name comes from the surname initials of four contributors: Corrado Gini (1930), Eltetö Ödön, Pál Köves (1964), and Bohdan Szulc (1964).

It is thought to be a better approach than the Geary-Khamis dollar because does not rely on an average bundle, but rather the bundles from all countries.

Corrado Gini
Corrado Gini (23 May 1884 – 13 March 1965) was an Italian statistician, demographer and sociologist who developed the Gini coefficient, a measure of the income inequality in a society. Gini was a proponent of organicism and applied it to nations. Gini was a eugenicist, and prior to and during World War II, he was an advocate of Italian Fascism. Following the war, he founded the Italian Unionist Movement, which advocated for the annexation of Italy by the United States.
1993 Italian Open – Women's doubles
Monica Seles and Helena Suková were the defending champions, but none competed this year. Seles was unable to compete after being stabbed in the back in Hamburg only one week earlier.

Jana Novotná and Arantxa Sánchez Vicario won the title by defeating Mary Joe Fernández and Zina Garrison-Jackson 6–4, 6–2 in the final.

Zina Garrison
Zina Lynna Garrison (born November 16, 1963) is an American former professional tennis player. Garrison was the runner-up in singles at the 1990 Wimbledon Championships, a three-time major mixed doubles champion, and an Olympic gold and bronze medalist from the women's doubles and singles events, respectively, at the 1988 Seoul Olympics. She reached a career-high singles ranking of world No. 4, on 20 November 1989.
Al Milch
Alfred Wesley Milch (November 30, 1919 – November 3, 2010) was an American football coach. He was the seventh head football coach at Arlington State College—now known as the University of Texas at Arlington—serving for one season, in 1951, and compiling a record of 4–4–1.

Milch played college football at Hardin–Simmons University in Abilene, Texas as a guard and was named to the All-Border Conference team in 1946. He was the head coach at Roscoe High School in Roscoe, Texas in 1947. Milch returned to Hardin–Simmons in 1948 as freshmen football and basketball coach. He succeeded Klepto Holmes at head football coach at Arlington State in 1951.

Milch died on November 3, 2010, at his home in Early, Texas.

Roscoe, Texas
Roscoe is a city in Nolan County in the U.S. state of Texas near the intersection of Interstate 20 and US Highway 84.  The Union Pacific Railroad passes through the center of the city. The population was 1,271 at the 2020 census.
Poobah (band)
Poobah are a rock band from Youngstown, Ohio, U.S., which was founded in 1972 by Jim Gustafson. The band played classic 70s rock or simply rock. Especially the first record Let Me in is a rare collector's item. Prices between $300 and $900 for an original are not uncommon. Poobah released a total of 14 albums from 1972 to 2020. The band gained more popularity through the use of their songs in the television series Graves and the Hollywood film Josie.

Cheech & Chong
Cheech & Chong are a comedy duo founded in Vancouver and consisting of American Cheech Marin and Canadian Tommy Chong. The duo found commercial and cultural success in the 1970s and 1980s with their stand-up routines, studio recordings, and feature films, which were based on the hippie and free love era, the drug and counterculture movements, and their love for cannabis.
XZ Utils backdoor
In February 2024, a malicious backdoor was introduced to the Linux build of the xz utility within the liblzma library in versions 5.6.0 and 5.6.1 by an account using the name "Jia Tan". The backdoor gives an attacker who possesses a specific Ed448 private key remote code execution through OpenSSH on the affected Linux system. The issue has been given the Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures number CVE-2024-3094 and has been assigned a CVSS score of 10.0, the highest possible score.

While xz is commonly present in most Linux distributions, at the time of discovery the backdoored version had not yet been widely deployed to production systems, but was present in development versions of major distributions. The backdoor was discovered by the software developer Andres Freund, who announced his findings on 29 March 2024.

Common Vulnerability Scoring System
The Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) is an open framework for rating the severity of security vulnerabilities in computing systems. Scores are calculated based on a formula with several metrics that approximate ease and impact of an exploit. It assigns scores ranging from 0 to 10, with 10 indicating the most severe. While many use only the CVSS Base score for determining severity, temporal and environmental scores also exist, to factor in availability of mitigations and how widespread vulnerable systems are within an organization, respectively.

The current version of CVSS (CVSSv4.0) was released in November 2023.

CVSS is not intended to be used as a method for patch management prioritization, but is used like that regardless. A more effective approach is to integrate CVSS with predictive models like the Exploit Prediction Scoring System (EPSS), which helps prioritize remediation efforts based on the likelihood of real-world exploitation.
Letojanni
Letojanni (Sicilian: Letujanni) is a comune (municipality), and coastal resort in the Province of Messina in the Italian region Sicily, located about 170 kilometres (110 mi) east of Palermo and about 40 kilometres (25 mi) southwest of Messina.

Letojanni borders the following municipalities: Castelmola, Forza d'Agrò, Gallodoro, Mongiuffi Melia, Taormina.

Sicilian language
Sicilian (sicilianu, pronounced [sɪʃɪˈljaːnʊ, sɪdʒɪˈljaːnʊ]; Italian: siciliano) is a Romance language that is spoken on the island of Sicily and its satellite islands.
It belongs to the broader Extreme Southern Italian language group (Italian: italiano meridionale estremo).

Ethnologue (see below for more detail) describes Sicilian as being "distinct enough from Standard Italian to be considered a separate language", and it is recognized as a minority language by UNESCO. It has been referred to as a language by the Sicilian Region. It has the oldest literary tradition of the Italo-Romance languages. A version of the UNESCO Courier is also available in Sicilian.
7th California Infantry Regiment
The 7th California Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.  It spent its entire term of service in the western United States, attached to the Department of the Pacific, serving in California and Arizona Territory.  They were unofficially known as the "Gold Diggers" in reference to the large number of recruits from the California's "Mother Lode" region.  Later, they were also called the "Hungry Seventh" for the privations they suffered in Arizona, particularly at Fort Mason. They saw combat at the Battle of Chiricahua Mountains, and at Skull Valley. The Regiment included many veterans of the Mexican–American War.

Fort Yuma
Fort Yuma was a fort in California located in Imperial County, across the Colorado River from Yuma, Arizona. It was established in 1848. It served as a stop on the Butterfield Overland Mail route from 1858 until 1861. The fort was retired from active military service on May 16, 1883, and transferred to the Department of the Interior. The Fort Yuma Indian School and the Saint Thomas Yuma Indian Mission now occupy the site. It is one of the "associated sites" listed as Yuma Crossing and Associated Sites on the National Register of Historic Places in the Yuma Crossing National Heritage Area. In addition, it is registered as California Historical Landmark #806.
Women's Graphic Center
The Women's Graphic Center (WGC)  was a print workshop located in the Woman's Building in Los Angeles, California. It was founded in 1973 by Sheila Levrant de Bretteville. Susan E. King was the artistic director and Sue Maberry was the business manager. The workshop provided the tools for typesetting, printing, and bookbinding. The center had equipment for offset lithography, letterpress printing and silkscreen printing. The WGC had exhibition space, as well as offering classes and renting studio time. The WGC evolved into the Women's Graphic Center Typesetting and Design, a business providing design and printing service. It closed in 1991 along with The Woman's Building.

The archives of the workshop are in the Archives of American Art at the Smithsonian Institution. and the Los Angeles Public Library.

Typesetting
Typesetting is the composition of text for publication, display, or distribution by means of arranging physical type (or sort) in mechanical systems or glyphs in digital systems representing characters (letters and other symbols). Stored types are retrieved and ordered according to a language's orthography for visual display. Typesetting requires one or more fonts (which are widely but erroneously confused with and substituted for typefaces).

One significant effect of typesetting was that authorship of works could be spotted more easily, making it difficult for copiers who have not gained permission.
Leo Turksma
Levy Leopold "Leo" Turksma (25 August 1905 – 9 February 1987) was a Dutch boxer who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics. He was born in Nijmegen and died in The Hague. In 1924 he was eliminated in the second round of the flyweight class after losing his fight to James McKenzie of Great Britain.

Boxing at the 1924 Summer Olympics – Flyweight
The men's flyweight event was part of the boxing programme at the 1924 Summer Olympics. The weight class was the lightest contested, and allowed boxers of up to 112 pounds (50.8 kilograms). The competition was held from July 15, 1924, to July 20, 1924. 19 boxers from 13 nations competed.
Battle Squadron
Battle Squadron is a 1989 vertically scrolling shooter developed by Cope-Com and published by Innerprise Software for the Amiga. It is a sequel to Hybris. A version for the Mega Drive was released in 1990. The game was later ported to iOS devices (2011), Android (2012), and also in 2013 to AmigaOS 4, Windows, OS X and MorphOS.

AmigaOS 4
AmigaOS 4 (abbreviated as OS4 or AOS4) is a line of Amiga operating systems which runs on PowerPC microprocessors. It is mainly based on AmigaOS 3.1 source code developed by Commodore, and partially on version 3.9 developed by Haage & Partner. "The Final Update" (for OS version 4.0) was released on 24 December 2006 (originally released in April 2004) after five years of development by the Belgian company Hyperion Entertainment under license from Amiga, Inc. for AmigaOne registered users.