hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gauss pseudospectral method
The Gauss pseudospectral method (GPM), one of many topics named after Carl Friedrich Gauss, is a direct transcription method for discretizing a continuous optimal control problem into a nonlinear program  (NLP). The Gauss pseudospectral method differs from several other pseudospectral methods  in that the dynamics are not collocated at either endpoint of the time interval.  This collocation, in conjunction with the proper approximation to the costate, leads to a set of KKT conditions that are identical to the discretized form of the first-order optimality conditions. This equivalence between the KKT conditions and the discretized first-order optimality conditions leads to an accurate costate estimate using the KKT multipliers of the NLP.

Nonlinear programming
In mathematics, nonlinear programming (NLP) is the process of solving an optimization problem where some of the constraints are not linear equalities or the objective function is not a linear function. An optimization problem is one of calculation of the extrema (maxima, minima or stationary points) of an objective function over a set of unknown real variables and conditional to the satisfaction of a system of equalities and inequalities, collectively termed constraints. It is the sub-field of mathematical optimization that deals with problems that are not linear.
Ken McKenzie Trophy (IHL)
The Ken McKenzie Trophy was awarded annually by the International Hockey League to the American-born player judged to be most outstanding in his first season. The award is named for Ken McKenzie, the co-founder and longtime president and publisher of The Hockey News.

Rookie of the Year (award)
A Rookie of the Year award or ROY is given by a number of sports leagues to the top-performing athlete in their first season within the league. Athletes competing for the first time in any given league are also known as "rookies". The method of giving out the award varies by league with many team sports giving the award based on a subjective vote of selected people, While many individual sports may give the award on more objective criteria such as awarding it to the top finishing rookie athlete based on end of season standings or their finish in a specific event.
Feingold
Feingold is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Benjamin Feingold (1899–1982), American pediatric allergist
Feingold diet, named after Benjamin Feingold

David Sidney Feingold (1922–2019), American biochemist

Eleanor Feingold, American statistical geneticist

Ilay Feingold (born 2004), Israeli footballer

Kenneth Feingold (born 1952), American artist

Marko Feingold (1913–2019), Austrian Holocaust survivor

Michael Feingold (1945–2022), American critic, translator, lyricist, and playwright

Russ Feingold (born 1953), American politician

Sharon Feingold, American voice actress

Ilay Feingold
Ilay Feingold (also spelled Faingold, Hebrew: עיליי פיינגולד; born 23 August 2004) is an Israeli professional footballer who plays as a right-back or centre-back for the Major League Soccer club  New England Revolution. He formerly played for Israeli Premier League club Maccabi Haifa and the  Israel national team.
Ansa ja Oiva
Ansa ja Oiva is a Finnish television series. It first aired on Finnish TV in 1998 and last aired in 2001. Appearances in the series were made by  Juha Veijonen, Heikki Määttänen, Jarmo Koski, Peter Franzén, Erja Manto, Mikko Kivinen, Vesa Vierikko, Heikki Nousiainen, Petteri Summanen, Susanna Haavisto, Tapio Liinoja, Janne Kallioniemi, Kari Väänänen, Susanna Roine, Asko Sarkola, Jussi Lampi, Martti Suosalo, Kai Lehtinen and Antti Pääkkönen.

Heikki Nousiainen
Heikki Nousiainen (born 19 June 1945 in Helsinki, Finland) is a Finnish film and television actor. Nousiainen made his acting debut in the television movie Henrik ja Perinlla in 1967.  He entered film in 1971, as both a director and an actor in Saatanan radikaalit and has made over 40 Finnish film and TV appearances to date. He has worked with Finnish director Timo Koivusalo on a number of films such as Sibelius in 2003 and Kaksipäisen kotkan varjossa (2005), as well as in other Finnish movies and TV series. In 2006 he starred in 3 different films. Nousiainen is also known as playing President Urho Kekkonen in TV series Vallan miehet (1986), Presidentit (2006) and Piru ja peijooni (2008).
Simon Parkin
Simon Parkin is an English writer. He is a contributing writer for The New Yorker, a critic for The Observer, and the author of four non-fiction books. He is the host of the My Perfect Console podcast, in which notable guests present five video games that have been meaningful in their lives.

Parkin has been the recipient of two awards from the Society of Professional Journalists. His book A Game of Birds and Wolves was shortlisted for the 2020 Mountbatten Award for Best Book. His book The Island of Extraordinary Captives was one of the New Yorker's Best Books of 2022, and winner of the 2023 Wingate Prize. His book The Forbidden Garden of Leningrad was a finalist in the 2025 Orwell Prize for political writing.

Serpent's Tail
Serpent's Tail is London-based independent publishing firm founded in 1986 by Pete Ayrton. It specialises in publishing work in translation, particularly European crime fiction. In January 2007, it was bought by a British publisher Profile Books.
Mathoor Govindan Kutty
Mathoor Govindan Kutty (5 October 1940 – 4 February 2021) was an Indian Kathakali artist from the state of Kerala. In a career spanning over six decades, he specialized in Kathakali Stri Vesham, the portrayal of female characters on stage. He was the recipient of the 2011 Kerala State Award for the best Kathakali artist, 2010 Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award and the 2005 Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for contributions to the Kathakali art form.

Kottayam
Kottayam (IPA: [ko:ʈ:ajam]) is a city in the Kottayam district of Kerala, India. It is the district headquarters of the district and is located about 151 km (93.8 mi) north of the state capital Thiruvananthapuram. As per the 2011 Indian census, Kottayam has a population of 136,812 people, and a population density of 2,470/km2 (6,400/sq mi). 
Kottayam is also referred to as "the City of Letters"  as many of the first Malayalam daily newspapers, such as Deepika, Malayala Manorama, and Mangalam, were started and are headquartered in Kottayam, as are a number of publishing houses.
Ptychotrygon
Ptychotrygon is a genus of sawfish-like ray whose fossils have been found worldwide from the Cretaceous period (Albian-Maastrichtian). Along with Ptychotrygonoides, Texatrygon, and Asflapristis, it is the member of the family Ptychotrygonidae within the suborder Sclerorhynchoidei.

Batomorphi
Batomorphi is a division of cartilaginous fishes, commonly known as rays; this taxon is sometimes considered as the superorder Batoidea, but the 5th edition of Fishes of the World classifies it as the division Batomorphi. Batomorphi, along with the shark division Selachii, both compose the subclass Elasmobranchii. Rays are the most speciose of cartilaginous fishes groups, with well over 600 species in 26 families. Rays are distinguished by their flattened bodies, enlarged pectoral fins that are fused to the head, and gill slits that are placed on their ventral surfaces.
New Bazaar, Tirana
The New Bazaar (Albanian: Pazari i Ri) is a neighbourhood east of the central boulevard in Tirana, Albania,  named for a bazaar in the area. Along with Mujos it forms part of the Old Town of Tirana. The historic Kokonozi Mosque is situated there.

The New Bazaar was built in 1931 at the site of the historic Old Bazaar, the latter extending to present day Skanderbeg Square.

Skanderbeg Square
The Skanderbeg Square (Albanian: Sheshi Skënderbej) is the main plaza in the centre of Tirana, Albania. The square is named after the Albanian national hero Skanderbeg. The total area is about 40,000 square metres. The Skanderbeg Monument dominates the square.

The city plan for Tirana was initially designed by Armando Brasini in 1925 and continued by Florestano Di Fausto in a Neo-Renaissance style with articulate angular solutions and giant order fascias. Following the Italian invasion of Albania the master plan was updated in 1939 by Gherardo Bosio.

Many buildings including the Tirana International Hotel, the Palace of Culture, the National Opera, the National Library, the Bank of Albania, the Ethem Bey Mosque, the Clock Tower, the City Hall, the Ministry of Infrastructure, the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Economy, the Ministry of Energy, and the National Historical Museum are situated at the square.
Molecular motor
Molecular motors are natural (biological) or artificial molecular machines that are the essential agents of movement in living organisms. In general terms, a motor is a device that consumes energy in one form and converts it into motion or mechanical work; for example, many protein-based molecular motors harness the chemical free energy released by the hydrolysis of ATP in order to perform mechanical work. In terms of energetic efficiency, this type of motor can be superior to currently available man-made motors. One important difference between molecular motors and macroscopic motors is that molecular motors operate in the thermal bath, an environment in which the fluctuations due to thermal noise are significant.

Axonal transport
Axonal transport, also called axoplasmic transport or axoplasmic flow, is the cellular process responsible for moving lipids, synaptic vesicles, proteins, mitochondria and other organelles to and from a neuron's cell body, through the cytoplasm of its axon called the axoplasm. Since some axons are on the order of meters long, neurons cannot rely on diffusion to carry products of the nucleus and organelles to the ends of their axons. Axonal transport is also responsible for moving molecules destined for degradation from the axon back to the cell body, where they are broken down by lysosomes.

Movement toward the cell body is called retrograde transport and movement toward the synapse is called anterograde transport.
Three Princes of the Kingdom of Laos
The Three Princes was a name given to Princes Boun Oum, Souvanna Phouma and Souphanouvong who represented respectively the royalist, neutralist, and communist factions in the Kingdom of Laos in the post-WWII period, especially during Laotian Civil War.  The trio were named by King Sisavang Vatthana to form a coalition government following the independence of Laos.

Royal Lao Government
The Royal Lao Government was the ruling authority in the Kingdom of Laos from 1947 until the communist seizure of power in December 1975 and the proclamation of the Lao People's Democratic Republic. The Franco-Lao Treaty of 1953 gave Laos full independence but the following years were marked by a rivalry between the neutralists under Prince Souvanna Phouma, the right wing under Prince Boun Oum of Champassak, and the left-wing, Lao Patriotic Front under Prince Souphanouvong and future prime minister Kaysone Phomvihane. During this period, a number of unsuccessful attempts were made to establish coalition governments.
Hippolyte Point
Hippolyte Point (64°41′S 63°7′W﻿ / ﻿64.683°S 63.117°W﻿ / -64.683; -63.117) is a point which marks the northeast end of Lion Island, lying immediately east of Anvers Island in the Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica. It was charted and named by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition under Gerlache, 1897–99.

Belgian Antarctic Expedition
The Belgian Antarctic Expedition of 1897–1899 was the first expedition to winter in the Antarctic region. Led by Adrien de Gerlache de Gomery aboard the RV Belgica, it was the first Belgian Antarctic expedition and is considered the first expedition of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration. Among its members were Frederick Cook and Roald Amundsen, explorers who would later attempt the respective conquests of the North and South Poles.
Granada (wine)
Granada is a Spanish Denominación de Origen Protegida (DOP) for wines in the province of Granada, Andalusia, Spain, extending over 168 different municipalities. There is also sub-zone known as "Contraviesa-Alpujarras", covering another 13 municipalities in the Alpujarras mountains. Granada achieved Vino de Calidad status in 2009, and Denominación de Origen status in 2018.

Vigiriega
Vigiriega is a Spanish white wine grape variety that is grown in the Canary Islands (El Hierro and Tenerife) and in the province of Granada (Andalusia). It used to be more widely cultivated throughout Andalusia until the Phylloxera epidemic at the end of the 19th century.

Vigiriega is a vigorous, resistant and high producing variety; it produces few medium-sized bunches, with large, loose berries. The berries are almost round and pale green, and are also used as table grapes. The must is usually high in sugar and in acidity, and is prized for making sparkling wine.

The wines made from Vigiriega are fruity and not too aromatic, with the main notes being green apple, pear, citric fruits and fennel, depending on the ripeness.

It is also known as bujariego, diego, derijadiego, vijariego, vijiriego and vujariego.

The two varieties of Vigiriega are Vigiriega commun and the more uncommon Vigiriega negra.
Miroslav Verner
Miroslav Verner (born 31 October 1941) is a Czech egyptologist, who specializes in the history and archaeology of Ancient Egypt of the Old Kingdom and especially of the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt.

Verner is a specialist on the archaeology of the Old Kingdom pyramids, and published one of the fundamental syntheses on the subject, in a new, updated edition in 2021.

Fifth Dynasty of Egypt
The Fifth Dynasty of ancient Egypt (notated Dynasty V) is often combined with Dynasties III, IV and VI under the group title the Old Kingdom. The Fifth Dynasty pharaohs reigned for around 150 years, from the early 25th century BC until the mid 24th century BC.
Destruction (2013)
Destruction (2013) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event promoted by New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW). The event took place on September 29, 2013, in Kobe, Hyōgo, at the Kobe World Memorial Hall. The event featured ten matches (including one dark match), four of which were contested for championships. It was the seventh event under the Destruction name.

Professional wrestling championship
In professional wrestling, a championship or title is a recognition promoted by professional wrestling organizations. Championship reigns are determined by professional wrestling matches, in which competitors are involved in predetermined rivalries; these narratives create feuds between the various competitors, which usually cast them as either faces (heroes), heels (villains), or more rarely tweeners (morally ambiguous). The bookers in a company, who decide the winners and where the storyline goes, will place the title on the most accomplished performer or the one they believe will generate fan interest in terms of event attendance and television viewership.
Jacksonia nutans
Jacksonia nutans is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is an erect, prickly shrub with yellow to greyish-green branches, sharply-pointed branchlets, leaves reduced to triangular scales, orange flowers with red markings, and woody, densely hairy, round or elliptic pods.

Papilionaceous flower
Papilionaceous flowers (from Latin: papilion, a butterfly) are flowers with the characteristic irregular and butterfly-like corolla found in many, though not all, plants of the species-rich Faboideae subfamily of legumes. Tournefort suggested that the term Flores papilionacei originated with Valerius Cordus, who applied it to the flowers of the bean.
Projective hierarchy
In the mathematical field of descriptive set theory, a subset  of a Polish space  is projective if it is  for some positive integer .  Here  is

if  is analytic

if the complement of , , is

if there is a Polish space  and a  subset  such that  is the projection of  onto ; that is,

The choice of the Polish space  in the third clause above is not very important; it could be replaced in the definition by a fixed uncountable Polish space, say Baire space or Cantor space or the real line.

Complement (set theory)
In set theory, the complement of a set A, often denoted by  (or A′), is the set of elements not in A.

When all elements in the universe, i.e. all elements under consideration, are considered to be members of a given set U, the absolute complement of A is the set of elements in U that are not in A.

The relative complement of A with respect to a set B, also termed the set difference of B and A, written  is the set of elements in B that are not in A.
Baysgarth Park
Baysgarth Park is a public park situated in the market town of Barton-upon-Humber, Lincolnshire, England.

The park provides thirty acres of recreational space off Brigg Road to the south of the town. Baysgarth House, located in the park, contains Baysgarth House Museum, which illustrates the history, archaeology, flora and fauna of the district.
Baysgarth Leisure Centre is also located here.

In July 2018 it was awarded a Green Flag Award following a series of renovations.

Green Flag Award
The Green Flag Award is an international accreditation given to publicly accessible  parks and open spaces, managed under licence from the Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities, a UK Government department, by Keep Britain Tidy, who also administers the scheme in England.
South East Multi-County Agency Narcotics Task Force (North Dakota)
The South East Multi-County Agency Narcotics Task Force (SEMCA) is a multi-jurisdictional agency that provides policing services to Richland, Ransom and Sargent Counties in North Dakota and Wilkin County in Minnesota.   The group does not maintain a web site and public documentation is scarce.  Known members include:

North Dakota Bureau of Criminal Investigations

Ransom County Sheriff's Office

Richland County Sheriff's Office

Sargent County Sheriff Office (sic.)

Breckenridge Police Department (Minnesota)

Lisbon Police Department (North Dakota)

Wahpeton Police Department (North Dakota)

The agency seems to handle about 150 cases a year.

SEMCA was implicated in the death of Andrew Sadek and sued by Sadek's parents in 2016.

Wilkin County, Minnesota
Wilkin County is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of the 2020 census, the population of Wilkin County was 6,506. Its county seat is Breckenridge. The county is named for Colonel Alexander Wilkin, a lawyer who served as Minnesota's U.S. marshal and was later killed in the Civil War.

Wilkin County is part of the Wahpeton, ND—MN Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Fargo-Wahpeton, ND-MN Combined Statistical Area.
Confederate Cemetery Monument (Tennessee)
Confederate Cemetery Monument is a monument that includes a cemetery for veterans of the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War, especially the Battle of Farmington under General Joseph Wheeler, in Farmington, Tennessee, U.S. It includes four walls around the cemetery and a "pyramid-topped obelisk". A historical marker on  reads "In the cemetery north of the road are buried
Confederate soldiers of the Army of Tennessee, who fell while opposing Rosecrans' Army of the Cumberland through Liberty Gap and Guy's Gap, in late June 1863. Also buried here are soldiers of Forrest's Cavalry, killed in minor operations.". It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since July 11, 2001.

Joseph Wheeler
Joseph "Fighting Joe" Wheeler (September 10, 1836 – January 25, 1906) was an American military officer. He was a cavalry general in the Confederate States Army during the Civil War, and then a general in the United States Army during both the Spanish-American and Philippine–American Wars near the turn of the twentieth century. For much of the Civil War, he was the senior cavalry general in the Army of Tennessee and fought in most of its battles in the Western Theater.

Between the Civil War and the Spanish–American War, Wheeler served multiple terms as a U.S. Representative from the state of Alabama as a Democrat.
Hans Karlsson (footballer)
Hans "Hasse" Karlsson (1 September 1932 – 1 June 2008) was a Swedish footballer who played as a defender. He made 119 Allsvenskan appearances for Djurgårdens IF and scored 29 goals. A former manager of IF Elfsborg, IFK Göteborg and the Sweden women's national football team, he died in June 2008.

Sweden women's national football team
The Sweden women's national football team (Swedish: Svenska damfotbollslandslaget), nicknamed Blågult ("The Blue-Yellow"), represents Sweden at international women's association football competitions. It was established in 1973 and is governed by the Swedish Football Association.

The team has represented Sweden at the FIFA Women's World Cup on nine occasions. They were runners-up in 2003 and bronze medalists in 1991, 2011, 2019, and 2023. Sweden have been to seven Olympic Games, winning silver medals in 2016 and 2021. On the continental level, the team has participated in the UEFA Women's Euro eleven times, becoming champions in 1984 and finishing in second place in 1987, 1995, and 2001. They have also competed in the UEFA Women's Nations League since the inaugural 2023–24 season.
Gustavo Quinteros
Gustavo Domingo Quinteros Desábato (born 15 February 1965) is a football manager and former professional player who played mainly as a centre-back. He is the manager of Independiente.

Born in Argentina, Quinteros played for the Bolivia national team, representing the nation in the 1994 FIFA World Cup. After retiring, he became a manager, taking over clubs in his native Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador (as well as both national teams), Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Chile and Mexico.

FBF División Profesional
The División Profesional de Fútbol Boliviano is the top-flight professional football league in Bolivia. In 2017, the Liga de Fútbol Profesional Boliviano (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈliɣa ðe ˈfuðβol pɾofesjoˈnal βoliˈβjano]; English: Bolivian Professional Football League) was disbanded and the FBF became responsible for the organisation of the league.

Since 1950, a total of 16 clubs have been crowned champions of the Bolivian football league system. The current champions are Always Ready, who won the title in the 2025 tournament. Bolívar is the most successful club in the league, with 31 titles to date.
Op. 119
In music, Op. 119 stands for Opus number 119. Compositions that are assigned this number include:

Beethoven – Bagatelles, Op. 119

Brahms – Four Pieces for Piano

Klebe – Gervaise Macquart

Prokofiev – Cello Sonata

Reger – Die Weihe der Nacht

Saint-Saëns – Cello Concerto No. 2

Schumann – 3 Gedichte

Cello Concerto No. 2 (Saint-Saëns)
Saint-Saëns' Cello Concerto No. 2 in D minor, Op. 119, is written in two movements, like his Fourth Piano Concerto. It was composed in 1902 and is dedicated to the Dutch cellist, Joseph Hollman, who gave the first performance on February 5, 1905 in Paris. The Second Concerto is much more virtuosic than the First, but does not possess the thematic inventiveness and harmonic intricacy of the First.

"In many respects, it's a finer creation than its famous predecessor in A minor Op. 33; larger in overall concept (it comprises two main sections, each subdivided into two movements) and arguably of greater thematic nobility, the concerto remains largely unknown."