hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Polypogon monspeliensis
Polypogon monspeliensis, commonly known as annual beard-grass or annual rabbitsfoot grass, is a species of grass. It is native to the Old World, but it can be found today throughout the world as an introduced species and sometimes a noxious weed. It is an annual grass growing to heights between 5 centimeters and one meter. The soft, fluffy inflorescence is a dense, greenish, plumelike panicle, sometimes divided into lobes. The spikelets have long, thin, whitish awns, which give the inflorescence its texture.

Awn (botany)
An awn is a hairy or bristle-like growth on a plant.

On the seeds of grasses such as barley or rye, they form foxtails which assist seed dispersal by being barbed and so sticking to passing animals.  Also, the awns may twist or curl as they are wetted and dry out and this action can make fallen seeds walk until they fall into a crevice into which they then burrow.

Besides grasses, other families of plants which have awns include Asteraceae such as sunflowers and Geraniaceae such as geraniums.  In the latter, the awns help disperse the seeds by developing a tension which then catapults the seeds when the seed head ripens and dries out.
HMS Pembroke (1757)
HMS Pembroke was a 60-gun fourth rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, designed by Sir Joseph Allin and built by Thomas Bucknall at Plymouth Dockyard to the draught specified in the 1745 Establishment as amended in 1752, and launched on 2 June 1757.

It was converted to serve as a hulk in 1776, and was eventually broken up in 1793.

1745 Establishment
The 1745 Establishment was the third and final formal establishment of dimensions for ships to be built for the Royal Navy. It completely superseded the previous 1719 Establishment, which had subsequently been modified in 1733 and again in 1741 (but not formally replaced on either occasion). Although partially intended to correct the problems of the ships built to the earlier Establishments, the ships of the 1745 Establishment proved just as unsatisfactory, and important changes in the make-up of the Admiralty and Navy Boards finally led to the end of the establishment era by around 1751.
Vigo-Urzáiz railway station
Vigo railway station, also known as Vigo-Urzáiz, is a railway terminus in Vigo, Spain. It provides high speed train connection through the Atlantic Axis high-speed rail line with main Galician cities as Pontevedra, Santiago de Compostela and A Coruña every hour. The station is directly connected through the bus stop in Urzaiz street (50 m from the station hall) with the Airport (line 9A) and the Bus Station (line 4C). There is a taxi stop in front of the station.

A Coruña
A Coruña (Galician pronunciation: [ɐ koˈɾuɲɐ] ⓘ; in Spanish: La Coruña [la koˈɾuɲa] ⓘ; also informally called just Coruña; historical English: Corunna or The Groyne) is a city and municipality in Galicia, Spain. With a population of 249,255, it is the 2nd-largest city in Galicia behind Vigo. The city is the provincial capital of the province of A Coruña, having also served as political capital of the Kingdom of Galicia from the 16th to the 19th centuries, and as a regional administrative centre between 1833 and 1982.

A Coruña is located on a promontory in the Golfo Ártabro, a large gulf on the Atlantic Ocean. It is the main industrial and financial centre of northern Galicia, and holds the headquarters of the Universidade da Coruña. A Coruña is the city with the tallest mean-height of buildings in Spain, also featuring a population density of 21,972 inhabitants per square kilometre (56,910/sq mi) of built land area.
Dionysius of Chalcedon
Dionysius of Chalcedon (Greek: Διονύσιος; fl. 320 BC) was a Greek philosopher and dialectician connected with the Megarian school. He was a native of Chalcedon on the coast of Bithynia. Dionysius was the person who first used the name Dialecticians to describe a splinter group within the Megarian school "because they put their arguments into the form of question and answer". One area of activity for the dialecticians was the framing of definitions, and Aristotle criticises a definition of life by Dionysius in his Topics:

This is, moreover, what happens to Dionysius' definition of "life" when stated as "a movement of a creature sustained by nutriment, congenitally present with it"

Dionysius is also reported to have taught Theodorus the Atheist.

Topics (Aristotle)
The Topics (Ancient Greek: Τοπικά; Latin: Topica) is the name given to one of Aristotle's six works on logic collectively known as the Organon. In Andronicus of Rhodes' arrangement it is the fifth of these six works.

The treatise presents the art of dialectic - the invention and discovery of arguments in which the propositions rest upon commonly held opinions or endoxa (ἔνδοξα in Greek). Topoi (τόποι) are "places" from which such arguments can be discovered or invented.
Claude Williams (politician)
Claude Williams (born November 25, 1955, in Saint-Antoine, New Brunswick) is a politician and former civil servant in the province of New Brunswick, Canada.

Williams studied at the University of Moncton, graduating with a Bachelor of Business Administration degree. Williams was executive assistant to Omer Léger and then a regional manager for the provincial Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture. He also served as a municipal councillor in Saint-Antoine.

He was first elected to the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick in a 2001 by-election and was re-elected in the 2003 general election and the 2006 general election.  He served in the cabinet for part of 2006. He was Minister of Transportation and Infrastructure from 2010 until his defeat in the 2014 general election.

Université de Moncton
The Université de Moncton is a Canadian French-language university in New Brunswick. It includes campuses in Edmundston, Moncton, and Shippagan.

The university was founded in 1963 following the recommendations of the royal commission on higher education in New Brunswick. Since then, the institution has been widely regarded as the heir to several Acadian institutions of higher learning such as the Collège Saint-Joseph.

The university offers training and research in the fields of business, arts, social sciences, law, engineering, sciences, health, social work, community services and education. Students come from New Brunswick, other provinces in Canada and internationally. The University offers nearly 198 programs in the three cycles of study.
Randolph Frank Ollive Foote
Admiral Sir Randolph Frank Ollive Foote, KCB, CMG (14 May 1853 – 28 November 1931) was a Royal Navy officer. A gunnery and ordnance specialist, he held several senior appointments in ordnance administration during his career.

The son of Captain John Foote, RN and the grandson of Vice-Admiral Sir Edward James Foote, Randolph Foote joined HMS Britannia as a cadet in April 1867. In 1897, he took part in the Benin Expedition as captain of HMS Forte, and for his service he was mentioned in despatches and appointed a CMG.

In 1916, he was appointed a temporary major in the British Army.

Benin Expedition of 1897
The Benin Expedition of 1897 was a punitive expedition by a British force of 1,200 men under Sir Harry Rawson. It came in response to the ambush and slaughter of a 250-strong party led by British Acting Consul General James Phillips of the Niger Coast Protectorate. Rawson's troops captured Benin City and the Kingdom of Benin was eventually absorbed into colonial Nigeria. The expedition freed about 100 Africans enslaved by the Oba. The expedition had significant impacts on the Kingdom of Benin, including the looting of cultural artefacts and the exile of the Oba.
Douglas Dumbleton
Douglas Philip Dumbleton (27 April 1918 – 4 March 2005) was a New Zealand cricket umpire from Wellington. He stood in two Test matches at the Basin Reserve in Wellington in 1963 and 1964.

Dumbleton played one first-class match for Wellington in the Plunket Shield in the 1940s. He umpired 17 first-class matches between 1954 and 1969, all but one of them at the Basin Reserve. He was a leading figure in the formation of the New Zealand Umpires' Association, and became its first life member.

Umpire (cricket)
In cricket, an umpire (from the Old French nompere meaning not a peer, that is, not a  member of one of the teams, impartial) is a person who has the authority to make decisions about events on the cricket field according to the Laws of Cricket. Besides making decisions about legality of delivery, appeals for wickets and general conduct of the game in a legal manner, the umpire also keeps a record of the deliveries and announces the completion of an over.

The umpires in cricket are not to be confused with the referee who usually presides only over international matches and makes no decisions affecting the outcome of the game.
Richard Ang
Richard G. Ang, O.P. (born January 30, 1968) is a Filipino priest, divinity scholar, and educational administrator. He is the 97th Rector Magnificus of the University of Santo Tomas (UST), the oldest and the largest Catholic university in Manila, Philippines. He is the eighth Filipino to become rector of the pontifical university.

Divinity (academic discipline)
Divinity is the study of Christian theology and ministry at a school, divinity school, university, or seminary.  The term is sometimes a synonym for theology as an academic, speculative pursuit, and sometimes is used for the study of applied theology and ministry to make a distinction between that and academic theology.

While it most often refers to Christian study which is linked with the professional degrees for ordained ministry or related work, it is also used in an academic setting by other faith traditions. For example, in many traditional British public schools and universities, the term is often used in place of Religious Studies, which deals with religion more broadly, to describe classes that include theology and philosophy in the context of religion as a whole, rather than just the Christian tradition.
Cutthroat (pool)
Cutthroat or cut-throat, also sometimes referred to as three-man-screw, is a typically three-player or team pocket billiards game, played on a pool table, with a full standard set of pool balls (15 numbered object balls and a cue ball); the game cannot be played with three or more players with an unnumbered reds-and-yellows ball set, as used in blackball. Each player is commonly assigned a set of five consecutively numbered object balls, though the number of balls will vary by number of players. The object of the game is to be the last player with at least one ball of their group remaining on the table.

The name "cutthroat" is not unique to pool, but is used to refer to other games played with three or more players in which all players must fend for themselves, e.g. cutthroat bridge and cutthroat American handball.

American handball
American handball, known as handball in the United States and sometimes referred to as wallball (although the term "one-wall handball" is being adopted to avoid confusion), is a sport in which players use their hands to hit a small, rubber ball against a wall such that their opponent(s) cannot do the same without the ball touching the ground twice or hitting out of bounds. The three versions are four-wall, three-wall and one-wall (sometimes known as wallball or international fronton). Each version can be played either by two players (singles), three players (cutthroat) or four players (doubles), but in official tournaments, singles and doubles are the only versions played.
Friendship Heights–Southeast Line
The Friendship Heights–Southeast Line, designated as Routes 30N or 30S, is a defunct daily bus routes operated by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority between Friendship Heights station of the Red Line of the Washington Metro and Naylor Road station or Southern Avenue station of the Green Line of the Washington Metro. Both lines operated every 60 minutes at all times. Trips were roughly 90 minutes long. This line provided service from Friendship Heights, operating through most of NW and SE DC and ending in southern Prince George's County via a one bus ride. Extra services are provided by the 32, 34, and 36 in Southeast and 31 and 33 in Northwest.

WMATA ended the service on September 5, 2021, calling it redundant to Routes 31, 32, 33, and 36.

Foggy Bottom–GWU station
Foggy Bottom–GWU station is a Washington Metro station in the Foggy Bottom neighborhood of Washington, D.C., United States. The island-platformed station was opened on July 1, 1977, and is operated by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA). Providing service for the Blue, Orange, and Silver Lines, the station is located at the intersection of 23rd & I Streets on the George Washington University (GWU) campus. It is the last westbound station in the District of Columbia on these lines before they dive under the Potomac River to Virginia.
Papillon dog
The Papillon (French pronunciation: [papijɔ̃], French for 'butterfly[-eared]'), also called the Continental Toy Spaniel, is a breed of dog, of the spaniel type. One of the oldest of the toy spaniels, it derives its name from its characteristic butterfly-like look of the long and fringed hair on the ears. A Papillon with dropped ears is called a Phalene.

Dog type
Dog types are broad categories of domestic dogs based on form, function, style of work, lineage, or appearance. Some may be locally adapted dog types (or landraces) that may have the visual characteristics of a modern purebred dog. In contrast, modern dog breeds strictly adhere to long-established breed standards,[note 1] that began with documented foundation breeding stock sharing a common set of inheritable characteristics, developed by long-established, reputable kennel clubs that recognize the dog as a purebred.

A "dog type" can be referred to broadly, as in gun dog, or more specifically, as in spaniel. Dogs raised and trained for a specific working ability rather than appearance may not closely resemble other dogs doing the same work, or any of the dogs of the analogous breed group of purebred dogs.
Hard Labor Creek Observatory
Hard Labor Creek Observatory  is an astronomical observatory owned and operated by Georgia State University in the United States.  It is located within Hard Labor Creek State Park, 50 miles east of the Atlanta, Georgia campus.

Observatory
An observatory is a location used for observing terrestrial, marine, or celestial events. Astronomy, climatology/meteorology, geophysics, oceanography and volcanology are examples of disciplines for which observatories have been constructed.

The term observatoire has been used in French since at least 1976 to denote any institution that compiles and presents data on a particular subject (such as public health observatory) or for a particular geographic area (European Audiovisual Observatory).
BMW S85
The BMW S85B50 is a naturally aspirated V10 petrol engine which replaced the BMW S62 V8 engine in the M5 model and was produced from 2005–2010. It was both BMW's first and only production V10 engine, and the first petrol V10 engine to be available in a production wagon (estate).

Introduced in the E60 M5, the S85B50 was inspired by BMW's previous Formula One involvement. Unlike most other BMW M engines, the S85 is not related to a regular production BMW engine.

The BMW S65 V8 engine (used in the E92 M3) is based on the S85.

Naturally aspirated engine
A naturally aspirated engine, also known as a normally aspirated engine, and abbreviated to N/A or NA, is an internal combustion engine in which air intake depends solely on atmospheric pressure and does not have forced induction through a turbocharger or a supercharger.
Spalagadames
Spalagadames (Kharosthi: 𐨭𐨿𐨤𐨫𐨒𐨡𐨨 Śpa-la-ga-da-ma, Śpalagadama) was an Iranian king, who ruled Sakastan in the last quarter of the 1st-century BC after his father Spalahores, who was himself possibly a brother of king Vonones. Spalagadames has been suggested by the Iranologist Khodadad Rezakhani to be the same figure as the first Indo-Parthian king Gondophares (r. 19–46 CE).

Iranian studies
Iranian studies (Persian: ايران‌شناسی Irânšenâsi), also referred to as Iranology and Iranistics, is an interdisciplinary field dealing with the research and study of the civilization, history, literature, language, art and culture of Iranian peoples. It is a part of the wider field of Oriental studies.

Iranian studies is broader than Persian studies, which is the study of the Persian language and literature specifically. The discipline of Iranian Studies focuses on broad trends in culture, history, language and other aspects of not only Persians, but also a variety of other contemporary and historical fellow Iranian peoples, such as Kurds, Lurs, Gilakis, Talysh, Tajiks, Pashtuns, Ossetians, Baluchis, Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans, Parthians, Sogdians, Bactrians, Khwarazmians, and Mazandaranis.
Gismondi
Gismondi is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Carlo Giuseppe Gismondi (1762–1824), Italian mineralogist who found and named the mineral Gismondine

Italo Gismondi (1887–1974), Italian archaeologist

Marcelo Gismondi, Argentine rower

Michele Gismondi (1931–2013), Italian cyclist

Paolo Gismondi (1612–1685), Italian Baroque painter

Gismondine
Gismondine is a mineral with the chemical formula CaAl2Si2O8·4H2O.  It is a zeolite or hydrated aluminosilicate.  It forms colorless, bipyramidal crystals of orthorhombic symmetry.

Gismondine was named for Italian mineralogist Carlo Giuseppe Gismondi (1762–1824).  It has been found in Iceland, Ireland, and Italy.
Londoko
Londoko is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement)  in  Obluchensky District of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Russia. Its population was  1,037 (2010 Census); 1,340 (2002 Census); 1,902 (1989 Soviet census).

Obluchensky District
Obluchensky District (Russian: Облученский райо́н; yiddish: אבלוטשיער ראיאן Oblutshyer raion) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the five in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Russia. It is located in the north, east, and center of the autonomous oblast. The area of the district is 13,300 square kilometers (5,100 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Obluchye. Population: 29,035 (2010 Census);  36,515 (2002 census); 43,062 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Obluchye accounts for 32.3% of the district's total population.
Black Pearls
Black Pearls is a studio album by American jazz musician John Coltrane, released in 1964 on Prestige Records. It was recorded at a single recording session on May 23, 1958, at the studio of Rudy Van Gelder in Hackensack, New Jersey.

On that Friday session, "the songs weren't long enough for a whole album", recalled producer Bob Weinstock in 2001, "so I said 'Let's do a slow blues to finish it out'." Coltrane invited Weinstock to write the song on the spot, but he didn't know music, so Coltrane replied "'Just tell me what you want me to play. Should it go like this?' and he would play some notes. After having played a rough melody, he'd say 'Okay, you wrote it.' That was the genesis of 'Sweet Sapphire Blues'".

The title track is a sustained exhibition of Coltrane's sheets of sound technique during his solo.

Prestige Records
Prestige Records is a jazz record company and label founded in 1949 by Bob Weinstock in New York City which issued recordings in the mainstream, bop, and cool jazz idioms. The company recorded hundreds of albums by many of the leading jazz musicians of the day, sometimes issuing them on subsidiary labels. The company's began releasing jazz records in 78 and 45 RPM formats in 1950.  The Prestige label includes the 13000 and 25000 cat# series. Prestige International was a sub-label of Prestige, active from 1960 to 1969, that mostly released folk music. In 1971, the company was sold to Fantasy, which was later absorbed by Concord.
2021 Rugby World Cup Pool C
Pool C of the 2021 Rugby World Cup began on 8 October 2022 with France taking on South Africa at Eden Park. The pool includes two-time champions England and France, who finished 2nd and 3rd respectively in 2017. They are joined by South Africa, who qualified as champions of the 2021 Rugby Africa Women's Cup, and by debutants Fiji, who qualified for the tournament with their win over Samoa.

France women's national rugby union team
The France women's national rugby union team represents France in women's international rugby union. They played the first-ever women's rugby union test match against the Netherlands on 13 June 1982. They compete annually in the Women's Six Nations Championship and have placed third in seven of nine Rugby World Cups.
Tolomato
Tolomato can refer to:

Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Tolomato, also called Mission Tolomato, a Spanish Christian mission in Georgia, in Spanish Florida, in the colonial era.

Tolomato Cemetery, a cemetery established in the Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Tolomato.

Tolomato River, part of the Intracoastal Waterway in Florida.

Guana Tolomato Matanzas National Estuarine Research Reserve

Intracoastal Waterway
The Intracoastal Waterway (ICW) is a 3,000-mile (4,800 km) inland waterway along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts of the United States, running from Massachusetts southward along the Atlantic Seaboard and around the southern tip of Florida, then following the Gulf Coast to Brownsville, Texas. Some sections of the waterway consist of natural inlets, saltwater rivers, bays, and sounds, while others are artificial canals. Maintained, improved, and extensively dredged where necessary by the United States Army Corps of Engineers, it provides a navigable route along its length without many of the hazards of travel on the open sea.
Bardowick
Bardowick is a municipality in the district of Lüneburg in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is three miles north of Lüneburg on the navigable river Ilmenau. Bardowick is also the seat of the Samtgemeinde ("collective municipality") Bardowick.

Samtgemeinde
A Samtgemeinde (German pronunciation: ['zamtgəˌmaɪndə] ⓘ, lit. 'collective municipality'; plural: Samtgemeinden) is a type of administrative division in Lower Saxony, Germany. Samtgemeinden are local government associations of municipalities, equivalent to the Ämter in Schleswig-Holstein, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, and Brandenburg, and the Verbandsgemeinden in Rhineland-Palatinate.
2004 Pocono 500
The 2004 Pocono 500 was the 14th stock car race of the 2004 NASCAR Nextel Cup Series season and the 23rd iteration of the event. The race was held on Sunday, June 13, 2004, before a crowd of 90,000 in Long Pond, Pennsylvania, at Pocono Raceway, a 2.5 miles (4.0 km) triangular permanent course. The race took the scheduled 200 laps to complete. At race's end, Jimmie Johnson of Hendrick Motorsports would win the race under caution, after Jeff Burton blew an engine on lap 196. The win was Johnson's ninth NASCAR Nextel Cup Series career win and his third win of the season. To fill out the podium, Jeremy Mayfield of Evernham Motorsports and Bobby Labonte of Joe Gibbs Racing would finish second and third, respectively.

Jeff Burton
Jeffrey Tyler Burton (born June 29, 1967), nicknamed "the Mayor", is an American former professional stock car racing driver and current racing commentator. He is a member of the Burton racing family. He scored 21 career victories in the NASCAR Cup Series, including two Coca-Cola 600s in 1999 and 2001 and the 1999 Southern 500. He currently serves as a color commentator for NBC Sports, having joined them upon their return to their coverage of NASCAR. His son and nephew, Harrison and Jeb, respectively, both currently compete in the NASCAR O'Reilly Auto Parts Series, while his brother Ward Burton has also raced in the Cup Series.