hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Copenhagen School (linguistics)
The Copenhagen School is a group of scholars dedicated to the study of linguistics, centered around Louis Hjelmslev (1899–1965) and the Linguistic Circle of Copenhagen (French: Cercle Linguistique de Copenhague, Danish: Lingvistkredsen), founded by him and Viggo Brøndal (1887–1942).: 160  In the mid-twentieth century, the Copenhagen school was one of the most important centres of linguistic structuralism, together with the Geneva School and the Prague School. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, the Copenhagen school's approach to linguistics has evolved from purely structural to functionalist, culminating in Danish functional linguistics—which, despite the "functional" moniker, nonetheless incorporates many insights from the founders of the Linguistic Circle.

Hans Jørgen Uldall
Hans Jørgen Uldall (Danish: [hænˈɕɶɐ̯ˀn̩ ˈulˌtɛˀl]; 25 May 1907 Silkeborg, Denmark – 29 October 1957 Ibadan, Nigeria) was a Danish linguist known for developing the linguistic theory of glossematics with Louis Hjelmslev.
Ghulam Abbas (hurdler)
Ghulam Abbas (born 19 March 1966, Harappa) is a Pakistani former hurdler who competed in the 1992 Summer Olympics and the 1991 World Championships in Athletics. He was the 1990 Asian Games 400 metres hurdles champion.

1991 World Championships in Athletics
The 3rd World Championships in Athletics (Japanese: 1991年世界陸上競技選手権大会), under the auspices of the International Association of Athletics Federations, were held in the Olympic Stadium in Tokyo, Japan between August 23 and September 1, 1991. 1,517 athletes from 167 countries participated in the event. Japan hosted again the championship in 2007 in Osaka and Tokyo hosted the event again in 2025 in a new venue built at the same location.

The event is best-remembered for the men's long jump competition, when Carl Lewis made the best six-jump series in history, only to be beaten by Mike Powell, whose 8.95 m (29 ft 4.36 in) jump broke Bob Beamon's long-standing world record from the 1968 Summer Olympics.

East and West Germany reunified into a single nation in 1990. As a result, this was the first global athletics championship since the 1964 Summer Olympics in which all German athletes competed as a single team.
Alberta Ferretti
Alberta Ferretti (Italian pronunciation: [alˈbɛrta ferˈretti]; born 2 May 1950) is an Italian fashion designer and dressmaker. She designed for her namesake brand Alberta Ferretti from its foundation in 1981 to 2024, and designed for Philosophy di Alberta Ferretti until 2014. Her showroom is in Milan, Italy but her studio is in her native village of Cattolica, near Rimini, Italy.

Dressmaker
A dressmaker, also known as a seamstress, is a person who makes clothing for women, such as dresses, blouses, and evening gowns. Dressmakers were historically known as mantua-makers, and are also known as a modiste or fabrician.
Partridge Lake (Fox River)
Partridge Lake is a lake in Thunder Bay District in Northwestern Ontario, Canada. It is in the Great Lakes Basin, and is on the Fox River system. There are three inflows: two unnamed, at the northwest, and the Fox River at the northeast. The primary outflow, at the south, is the Fox River, which flows via the Pukaskwa River to Lake Superior.

Pukaskwa River
The Pukaskwa River is a river in Thunder Bay District and Algoma District in Northern Ontario, Canada. It is in the Great Lakes Basin and is a tributary of Lake Superior, which it enters at the south end of Pukaskwa National Park. It is a remote, pristine, free-flowing, medium-sized Shield river, with lots of whitewater, best travelled in spring.

A waterfall at Schist Falls, just upstream of the river mouth and with a drop of 24 metres (79 ft), can only be visited by travelling along the river.

The river's name is said to come from the Ojibwa word "Pukasu", which refers to cooking the marrow in the bones of animals. The legend is that a native of the area is said to have killed his wife, burned the bones and thrown them into the river.

The Pukaskwa River was featured in the artwork and films of Bill Mason, including Waterwalker (1984).
Semmelknödel
Semmelknödel (German pronunciation: [ˈzɛml̩ˌknøːdl̩] ⓘ) are a kind of bread dumplings made from dried wheat bread rolls like Kaiser rolls, milk, and eggs. The name derives from southern Germany, where semmel means bread rolls and knödel refers to something that has been kneaded. Semmelknödel are a food specialty in southern Germany, Austria, Slovenia and the Czech Republic, as well as northern Italy (where they are called canederli in Trentino, Semmelknödel in South Tyrol and maracund in Lombardy).

Bread
Bread is a baked food product made from water, flour, and often yeast. It is a staple food across the world, particularly in Europe and the Middle East. Throughout recorded history and around the world, it has been an important part of many cultures' diets. It is one of the oldest human-made foods, having been of significance since the dawn of agriculture, and plays an essential role in both religious rituals and secular culture.

Bread may be leavened by naturally occurring microbes (e.g. sourdough), chemicals (e.g. baking soda), industrially produced yeast, or high-pressure aeration, which creates the gas bubbles that fluff up bread. Bread may also be unleavened. In many countries, mass-produced bread often contains additives to improve flavor, texture, color, shelf life, nutrition, and ease of production.
Alchemy in art and entertainment
Alchemy has had a long-standing relationship with art, seen both in alchemical texts and in mainstream entertainment. Literary alchemy appears throughout the history of English literature from Shakespeare to modern Fantasy authors. Here, characters or plot structure follow an alchemical magnum opus. In the fourteenth century, Chaucer began a trend of alchemical satire that can still be seen in recent fantasy works like those of Terry Pratchett.

Visual artists had a similar relationship with alchemy. While some of them used alchemy as a source of satire, others worked with the alchemists themselves or integrated alchemical thought or symbols in their work. Music was also present in the works of alchemists and continues to influence popular performers.  In the last hundred years, alchemists have been portrayed in a magical and spagyric (ie. medicinal) role in fantasy fiction, film, television, comics and video games.

Alchemical symbol
Alchemical symbols were used to denote chemical elements and compounds, as well as alchemical apparatus and processes, until the 18th century. Although notation was partly standardized, style and symbol varied between alchemists. Lüdy-Tenger published an inventory of 3,695 symbols and variants, and that was not exhaustive, omitting for example many of the symbols used by Isaac Newton. This page therefore lists only the most common symbols.
Bay Conference
The Bay Conference is a high school athletics conference made up of nine schools in northeastern Wisconsin, centering primarily around the Green Bay and Fox Valley metropolitan areas. The conference and its member schools are members of the Wisconsin Interscholastic Athletic Association.

Green Bay metropolitan area
The Green Bay metropolitan statistical area, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, is a metropolitan area in northeastern Wisconsin anchored by the City of Green Bay. It is Wisconsin's fourth largest metropolitan statistical area by population. As of the 2020 Census, the MSA had a combined population of 328,268.
Iina Kuustonen
Iina Kuustonen (born 18 April 1984) is a Finnish actress.

Kuustonen is best known for her appearances in the Finnish television series Putous (2011–2014), Helsingin herra (2012) and Syke (2014). She has also played in several movies, including The Kiss of Evil (2011) and FC Venus (2005). She won the Kultainen Venla, "Golden Venla" award for best actress for her roles in Helsingin Herra and Putous in 2012.

Golden Venla
The Golden Venla (Finnish: Kultainen Venla) is a Finnish television competition and gala organized by the Finnish Television Academy (Televisioakatemia ry, which comprises MTV3, Yle, Sanoma and SATU ry). The Golden Venla Awards recognize the year's best Finnish television programs, their creators and performers. The Golden Venlas are voted on by members of the Academy who are professionals working in the industry. It replaced the Venla award (1982–2010) and the Kultainen TV award (2008–2010).
Thalia Tran
Thalia Tran is an American actress best known for her roles as Little Noi in Raya and the Last Dragon (2021), Charlotte Perry in Council of Dads (2020), Raina in Little (2019), and Mai in Avatar: The Last Airbender (2024). She has also appeared in Tiny Feminists (2016), Brat TV's Hotel Du Loone (2018) and Disney Channel's Sydney to the Max (2020).

Brat TV
Brat Inc. is an American production company that posts web series on YouTube. Founded in 2017, the network features original shows and is geared toward Generation Z audiences.

Brat TV's flagship web series, Chicken Girls,  spawned a subsequent film entitled Chicken Girls: The Movie. Brat has also produced shows featuring teenage stars from Disney Channel and Nickelodeon, such as Jules LeBlanc, Anna Cathcart, Francesca Capaldi, and Emily Skinner.
Armenian Dances
Armenian Dances is a musical piece for concert band, written by Alfred Reed (1921–2005). It is a four-movement suite of which Part I comprises the first movement and Part II comprises the remaining three. The two parts comprise a full-length symphony. Each part consists of a number of Armenian folk songs from the collection of Komitas Vardapet (1869–1935), an Armenian ethnomusicologist.

Ethnomusicology
Ethnomusicology is the multidisciplinary study of music in its cultural context. The discipline investigates social, cognitive, biological, comparative, and other dimensions. Ethnomusicologists study music as a reflection of culture and investigate the act of music-making through various immersive, observational, and analytical approaches. This discipline emerged from comparative musicology, initially focusing on non-Western music, but later expanded to embrace the study of all different music.

The practice of ethnomusicology relies on direct engagement and performance, as well as academic work. Fieldwork takes place among those who make the music, engaging local languages and culture as well as music. Ethnomusicologists can become participant observers, learning to perform the music they are studying. Fieldworkers also collect recordings and contextual data.
Hugo Pereira
Hugo Carlos Rodrigues Ganchinho Pereira (born 6 November 1978), is a Portuguese football coach and former player. He is currently head coach for Ranheim. He was also assistant manager of Kåre Ingebrigtsen at Rosenborg along with Erik Hoftun. During his period at the club, Pereira contributed to two Norwegian league titles, two Norwegian super cup and one Norwegian cup.

University of Lisbon
The University of Lisbon (ULisboa; Portuguese: Universidade de Lisboa) is a public research university in Lisbon, and Portugal's largest university. It was founded in 1911, but the university's present structure dates to the 2013 merger of the former University of Lisbon (1911–2013) and the Technical University of Lisbon (1930–2013).
Stary Grabiąż
Stary Grabiąż [ˈstarɨ ˈɡrabʲɔ̃ʂ] (German: Grabunz) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Barwice, within Szczecinek County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 3 km (2 mi) south-east of Barwice, 20 km (12 mi) west of Szczecinek, and 124 km (77 mi) east of the regional capital Szczecin.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

Szczecinek County
Szczecinek County (Polish: powiat szczecinecki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, north-western Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Szczecinek, which lies 143 kilometres (89 mi) east of the regional capital Szczecin. The county contains three other towns: Borne Sulinowo, 19 km (12 mi) south-west of Szczecinek, Barwice, 23 km (14 mi) west of Szczecinek, and Biały Bór, 23 km (14 mi) north-east of Szczecinek.

The county covers an area of 1,765.22 square kilometres (681.6 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 77,232, out of which the population of Szczecinek is 38,756, that of Borne Sulinowo is 4,224, that of Barwice is 3,838, that of Biały Bór is 2,127, and the rural population is 28,287.
Somba Opu, Gowa
Somba Opu is a district (kecamatan) located in the Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, and is part of the Greater Makassar area. Somba Opu is one of 18 districts in Gowa Regency. The administrative capital of Gowa Regency, "Sungguminasa", is located in this district and this is the largest regency capital or 2nd largest town in South Sulawesi. A suburb to Makassar, the district is a relatively urbanized area, and can also be called as the city's bedroom community.

Although Somba Opu is not considered as an official town or city, it has a high population density of 5,697 people per km2, and a population of 160,023 in mid 2022, all packed into an area of about 28.09 square kilometres.

Gowa Regency
Gowa (Makassar language : ᨁᨚᨓ) is a regency in the province of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. It has an area of 1,883.33 km2 and a population of 652,329 at the 2010 census, increasing to 765,836 at the 2020 census; the official estimate at mid-2023 was 799,999 (comprising 396,130 males and 403,869 females). The majority of the regency (the western eleven districts, with 632,039 inhabitants, or just over 79% of the regency's population in mid 2023) lies within the official metropolitan area of the city of Makassar, including the regency's administrative capital at Sungguminasa. The hill resort of Malino is in the eastern (non-metropolitan) part of the regency.
Blake Morgan
Blake Morgan is an American musician, singer, music producer, record label owner, and activist based in New York City. After releasing the alternative rock solo album Anger's Candy (1997) on Phil Ramone's N2K Sony/Red label, he began producing music independently and founded the label Engine Company Records in 2002, which in 2012 became ECR Music Group. He helps record, produce, mix, and/or master all music released by the label, which has included artists such as James McCartney, Lesley Gore, Janita, Mike Errico, Patti Rothberg, David Cloyd, Terry Manning, Tracy Bonham, and Grace McLean, to name a few. His albums Anger's Candy, Burning Daylight, Silencer, Diamonds in the Dark, and Violent Delights were positively received.

Grace McLean
Grace McLean is an American actress, playwright, composer and singer. She is known for her roles in various Broadway and off-Broadway productions such as Natasha, Pierre & The Great Comet of 1812, Bad Cinderella, Suffs, Bedbugs, Alice by Heart, and In The Green, the latter of which she wrote. She is also known for her work as a music educator and for fronting the band Grace McLean and Them Apples. Her debut full-length album My Lovely Enemy was released on May 10, 2024.
Boutarfaya
Boutarfaya is a village in the commune of Timoudi, in Kerzaz District, Béchar Province, Algeria. The village is located on the northeast bank of the Oued Saoura 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) east of Timoudi and 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) north of Ouled Khoudir.

Ouled Khoudir
Ouled Khoudir (Arabic: أوﻻد ﺧﺪﻳﺮ) is a town and commune in Ouled Khoudir District, Béchar Province, in western Algeria. According to the 2008 census its population is 4,251, up from 3,893 in 1998, with an annual growth rate of 0.9%. The commune covers an area of 1,920 square kilometres (740 sq mi).
Delinquent Habits (album)
Delinquent Habits is the first studio album by the American hip hop group Delinquent Habits. It was released on June 4, 1996, by RCA, on the RCA/Loud subsidiary, PMP Records. The album was produced by Alejandro "O.G. Style" Martinez, except for one track produced by Eric Bobo. It has guest appearances provided by Sen Dog and Hurricane G on the track "Underground Connection". The album peaked at number 74 on the US Billboard 200 and at number 31 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. Two singles were released, "Tres Delinquentes" and "Lower Eastside".

Herb Alpert
Herb Alpert (born March 31, 1935) is an American musician who led the band Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass (sometimes called Herb Alpert and the TJB) in the 1960s. During the same decade, he co-founded A&M Records with Jerry Moss.

Alpert has recorded 28 albums that have appeared on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart, five of which reached No. 1; he has been awarded 14 platinum albums and 15 gold albums. Alpert is the only musician to have reached number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 as both a vocalist ("This Guy's in Love with You", 1968) and as an instrumentalist ("Rise", 1979).

Alpert has sold an estimated 72 million records worldwide. His awards  have included a Tony Award and eight Grammy Awards, as well as the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. In 2006, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Alpert was awarded the National Medal of Arts by Barack Obama in 2012.
Albion (1814 ship)
Albion was launched at Fort Gloucester, Calcutta, India, in 1814. She wrecked on 13 January 1817 off Trincomalee, while on her way from Madras to London. Her crew and passengers were rescued.

HMS Magicienne assisted in the rescue efforts. The officers of the Madras Establishment awarded Captain John Brett Purvis a silver plate worth £100 in recognition of his efforts.

Company rule in India
Company rule in India (sometimes also Company Raj, from Hindi rāj, lit. 'rule') was the rule of the British East India Company on the Indian subcontinent. This is variously taken to have commenced in 1757, after the Battle of Plassey, when the Nawab of Bengal Siraj ud-Daulah was defeated and replaced with Mir Jafar, who had the support of the East India Company; or in 1765, when the Company was granted the diwani, or the right to collect revenue, in Bengal and Bihar; or in 1773, when the Company abolished local rule (Nizamat) in Bengal and established a capital in Calcutta, appointed its first Governor-General of Fort William, Warren Hastings, and became directly involved in governance.

The Company's rule lasted until 1858, when, after the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and the Government of India Act 1858, the India Office of the British government assumed the task of directly administering India in the new British Raj.
Trimorphodon
Trimorphodon is a genus of mildly venomous, rear-fanged, colubrid snakes. They are commonly known as lyre snakes, named after the distinctive V-shaped pattern on their head that is said to resemble the shape of a lyre. In Mexico, they are commonly called "víbora de uña," or "nail viper."  The word Trimorphodon is a combination of three Greek words, 'tri' - three, 'morph' - shape, and 'odon' - teeth, which refers to the three distinct kinds of teeth that lyre snakes have: recurved anterior teeth; shorter middle teeth, and large grooved fangs at the rear of the jaw. There are seven distinct species in the genus Trimorphodon.

Canine tooth
In mammalian oral anatomy, the canine teeth, also called cuspids, dogteeth, eye teeth, vampire teeth, or fangs, are the relatively long, pointed teeth. In the context of the upper jaw, they are also known as fangs. They can appear more flattened, however, causing them to resemble incisors and leading them to be called incisiform. They developed and are used primarily for firmly holding food in order to tear it apart, and occasionally as weapons. They are often the largest teeth in a mammal's mouth. Individuals of most species that develop them normally have four, two in the upper jaw and two in the lower, separated within each jaw by incisors; humans and dogs are examples. In most species, canines are the anterior-most teeth in the maxillary bone. 
The four canines in humans are the two upper maxillary canines and the two lower mandibular canines.
They are specially prominent in dogs (Canidae), hence the name.
Thick skin
Thick skin can refer to:

The ability to withstand criticism.

Literally thick skin covering the body of an animal, such as an elephant or rhinoceros.

Callus, an area of thickened skin
Callus (disambiguation), similar uses of Callus such as a lack of empathy (callousness).

Thick Skinned, a 1989 French film

"Thick Skin", a song by Leona Lewis from I Am

Thick Skin, a 2018 album by Tia Gostelow

Tia Gostelow
Tia Gostelow is an Indigenous Australian singer-songwriter from Mackay, Queensland. Gostelow released her debut studio album, Thick Skin, in 2018 on Lovely Records. Further albums, Chrysalis and Head Noise followed.
Aosta
Aosta (official French: Aoste; Valdôtain: Aoûta) is the principal city of the Aosta Valley, a bilingual region in the Alps, 110 km (68 mi) north-northwest of Turin, Italy. It is situated near the Italian entrance of the Mont Blanc Tunnel and the Great St Bernard Tunnel, at the confluence of the Buthier and the Dora Baltea, and at the junction of the Great and Little St Bernard Pass routes.

Courmayeur
Courmayeur (French: [kuʁmajœʁ] ⓘ, Italian: [kurmaˈjør, -ˈjɛr]; Valdôtain: Croméyeui) is a town and comune in northern Italy, in the autonomous region of Aosta Valley, serving as one of the two bases on either side of Mont Blanc, Europe's highest mountain.
2011 British Columbia Scotties Tournament of Hearts
The 2011 British Columbia Scotties Tournament of Hearts presented by Best Western, the provincial women's curling championship for British Columbia, was held January 17 to 23 at the Cloverdale Curling Club in Surrey, British Columbia. The winning Kelly Scott rink represented team British Columbia at the 2011 Scotties Tournament of Hearts in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island where they finished 7-4 in round robin play, losing in a tiebreaker game against Nova Scotia.

Surrey, British Columbia
Surrey is a city in British Columbia, Canada. It is located south of the Fraser River on the Canada–United States border. It is a member municipality of the Metro Vancouver regional district and metropolitan area. Mainly a suburban city, Surrey is the province's second-largest by population after Vancouver and the third-largest by area after Abbotsford and Prince George. Seven neighbourhoods in Surrey are designated town centres: Cloverdale, Fleetwood, Guildford, Newton, South Surrey, and City Centre encompassed by Whalley.
Aranthangi Nisha
Aranthangi Nisha (Tamil pronunciation: [aːɾaɳtaːɳɡiː ɳishaː]) (born 12 October 1987) is an Indian actress and comedian who predominantly works in Tamil film and television. She is known for appearing in films such as Maari 2 (2018), Aan Devathai and Thiruchitrambalam (2022). She has also performed in more than 800 stage shows as a comedian.

She has appeared in several different television shows such as Kalakka Povathu Yaaru (2015), Sagala vs Ragala  (2018), Kalakka Povathu Yaaru Champions (2018), Ramar Veedu (2019), Mr And Mrs Chinnathirai (season 1)  (2019), Cooku With Comali  (2019-2020), Bigg Boss Tamil (season 4) (2020), BB Jodiagl (season 1)  (2021), Comedy Raja Kalakkal Rani  (2021), Star Kids  (2021),  Bharathi Kannamma (2021), Mr And Mrs Chinnathirai (season 4) (2022) and Vijay Sabhai (2022).

Aan Devathai
Aan Dhevathai (transl. Male Angel) is a 2018 Indian Tamil-language family drama film written and directed by Thamira. The film stars Samuthirakani, Ramya Pandian, Kavin, and Monica, while Radha Ravi, Ilavarasu, Kaali Venkat, Abhishek Vinod, Hareesh Peradi, and Suja Varunee  play pivotal and supporting roles. The film has music composed by Ghibran, cinematography by Vijay Milton, and editing by Kasi Viswanathan. The venture began production in September 2017 and was released on 12 October 2018 to average reviews from critics.