hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
United States atrocity crimes
Throughout its history, the United States has been accused of either directly committing or being complicit in violations of international criminal law known as atrocity crime which includes acts of genocide and ethnic cleansing, both within the modern borders of its territory and abroad, as well as war crimes and crimes against humanity. The detailed list at the international level mainly includes killings of members of a specific group of people, which is one of the elements of the definition given by the United Nations, however this definition is including acts with mental or other physical elements not widely covered by this list. The list is also including other cases widely considered war crimes. The list at the national level attempts to include all those cases described in the 1948 UN convention on genocide.

International criminal law
International criminal law (ICL) is a body of public international law designed to prohibit certain categories of conduct commonly viewed as serious atrocities and to make perpetrators of such conduct criminally accountable for their perpetration. The core crimes under international law are genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and the crime of aggression.

Classical international law governs the relationships, rights, and responsibilities of states. After World War II, the Charter of the International Military Tribunal and the following Nuremberg trial revolutionized international law by applying its prohibitions directly to individuals, in this case the defeated leaders of Nazi Germany, thus inventing international criminal law. After being dormant for decades, international criminal law was revived in the 1990s to address the war crimes in the Yugoslav Wars and the Rwandan genocide, leading to the establishment of a permanent International Criminal Court in 2001.
Hamilton Bohannon
Hamilton Frederick Bohannon (March 7, 1942 – April 24, 2020), often credited mononymously as Bohannon, was an American drummer, percussionist, band leader, songwriter, arranger, and record producer, who was one of the leading figures in 1970s funk and disco music. He worked with Marvin Gaye, Stevie Wonder, the Temptations, Wah Wah Watson, Ray Parker Jr., the Counts and Carolyn Crawford.

The Counts
The Counts were a doo-wop group from Indianapolis, Indiana, formed in the 1950s. The group included Chester Brown, James Lee, Robert Penick, Robert Wesley, and Robert Young. The Counts were also known as the Original Counts, as they performed with their original lineup until the death of Robert Young, in 2001. They were thought to be the longest-running doo wop group made up entirely of their original membership.

Young wrote most of the Counts' songs, including "Hot Tamale" and "Darling Dear". "Darling Dear" (Dot 44-1188, b/w "I Need You Always") made it to No. 6 on the R&B singles chart.

All of the members attended Crispus Attucks High School, in Indianapolis, where they originally formed as the Five Diamonds. They changed their name in 1954 when they signed with Dot Records. The Counts recorded at Wilkins Studio, possibly with Jimmy Coe (or, perhaps, with a Jimmy Cole), and were at times backed live by Wes Montgomery.
Tarzan and the Leopard Woman
Tarzan and the Leopard Woman is a 1946 American action film based on the Tarzan character created by Edgar Rice Burroughs and portrayed by Johnny Weissmuller. Directed by Kurt Neumann, the film sees Tarzan encounter a tribe of leopard-worshippers. It was shot in the Los Angeles County Arboretum and Botanic Garden. Its plot has nothing in common with Burroughs' 1935 novel Tarzan and the Leopard Men.

Kurt Neumann (director)
Kurt Neumann (5 April 1908 – 21 August 1958) was a German film director, screenwriter, and producer who spent much of his career in the United States. He was a prolific director of genre films from the 1930s through the 1950s, totaling over 60 feature film credits during that time. He was the principal director of the Tarzan films for many years, and specialized in science fiction films in his later career.
Kunigunde of Bohemia
Kunigunde of Bohemia (January 1265 – 27 November 1321) was the eldest daughter of Ottokar II of Bohemia and his second wife, Kunigunda of Slavonia. She was a member of the Přemyslid dynasty. She was Princess of Masovia by her marriage to Boleslaus II of Masovia and later became abbess of the St. George's Convent at Prague Castle.

Prague Castle
Prague Castle (Czech: Pražský hrad; [ˈpraʃskiː ˈɦrat]) is a castle complex in Prague, Czech Republic serving as the official residence and workplace of the president of the Czech Republic. Built in the 9th century, the castle has long served as the seat of power for kings of Bohemia, Holy Roman emperors, and presidents of Czechoslovakia. As such, the term "Prague Castle" or simply "Hrad" ("the Castle") are often used as metonymy for the president and his staff and advisors. The Bohemian Crown Jewels are kept within a hidden room inside it.

According to the Guinness Book of Records, Prague Castle is the largest ancient castle in the world, occupying an area of almost 70,000 square metres (750,000 square feet), at about 570 metres (1,870 feet) in length and an average of about 130 metres (430 feet) wide. The castle is the most visited tourist attraction in the Czech Republic. In 2024, the castle attracted 2.59 million visitors.
Haraker
Haraker is a locality in central Sweden and the historical church village of Haraker Civil Parish in Västerås Municipality, Västmanland County. The locality is situated east of River Svartån, approximately 20 kilometers north of the city of Västerås, and had 59 registered inhabitants in 2010.

Haraker Church was originally built in the 14th century. The outskirts of the forest north of Haraker was the site of two major battles during the Kalmar Union era in the 15th century; the Battle of Hällaskogen in 1437 and the Battle of Haraker in 1464.

Puke feud
The Puke feud was a feud between the followers of riksråd Erik Puke and the followers of the later Charles VIII of Sweden in 1436 and 1437.

The feud originated from the Engelbrekt rebellion, as the Puke party accused the party of Charles of having murdered Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson. After the rebellion, many fiefs had been left without a holder, and after having failed to distribute them fairly among the nobility in 1436, the opposition around Puke challenged Charles in open civil war. A number of cities, Arboga, Köping, and Örebro, rebelled, and the rebels defeated the forces of Charles in the Battle of Hällaskogen on 17 January 1437. During peace negotiations in Västerås, Eric Puke was captured and brought to Stockholm, and was executed there in March 1437.
The Greatest Man That Ever Lived (Variations on a Shaker Hymn)
"The Greatest Man That Ever Lived (Variations on a Shaker Hymn)" is a song released as an iTunes single from American alternative rock band Weezer's sixth album, Weezer (2008). "The Greatest Man That Ever Lived (Variations on a Shaker Hymn)" was released to radio on December 9, 2008. The song bears a resemblance to the Shaker song "Simple Gifts" hence the "(Variations on a Shaker Hymn)" in the title. According to lead vocalist and writer Rivers Cuomo, "The Greatest Man" has 11 different themes, including rapping and imitations of other bands such as Nirvana and Aerosmith (both of whom also recorded for Weezer's then-label Geffen Records at one point).

This song received favorable reviews. After being announced as the third single, a music video was also announced; however, this never materialized and instead the song was featured in a film directed by Warren Miller.

Brian Bell
Brian Lane Bell (born December 9, 1968) is an American musician, singer, and songwriter. He is best known as the rhythm guitarist, keyboardist, backing vocalist, and occasional lead vocalist of the rock band Weezer, with whom he has recorded fifteen studio albums. Bell also fronted the rock band The Relationship and was the lead vocalist and guitarist of the indie rock band Space Twins.

Moving to Los Angeles at the age of eighteen, Bell played bass guitar in the band Carnival Art, releasing three studio albums with the band before departing in 1993. Bell subsequently joined Weezer as its rhythm guitarist and backing vocalist, at the request of band member Matt Sharp. Replacing founding member Jason Cropper, Bell joined the band during the recording of its debut album, Weezer (1994). Backed by the singles "Buddy Holly", "Undone – The Sweater Song" and "Say It Ain't So", the album was a critical and commercial success.
Teleseism
A teleseism is a tremor caused by an earthquake that is very far away (from the Ancient Greek τῆλε) from where it is recorded. According to the USGS, the term teleseismic refers to earthquakes that occur more than 1000 km from the measurement site. Small teleseismic events register only on sensitive seismometers in low background noise locations. In general, seismic waves from earthquakes of magnitude 5.0 and up can be recorded almost anywhere in the world with modern seismic instrumentation.

Seismometer
A seismometer is an instrument that responds to ground displacement and shaking caused by quakes, volcanic eruptions, and explosions. They are usually combined with a timing device and a recording device to form a seismograph. The output of such a device—formerly recorded on paper (see picture) or film, now recorded and processed digitally—is a seismogram. Such data is used to locate and characterize earthquakes, and to study the internal structure of Earth.
Geochemistry
Geochemistry is the science that uses the tools and principles of chemistry to explain the mechanisms behind major geological systems such as the Earth's crust and its oceans.: 1  The realm of geochemistry extends beyond the Earth, encompassing the entire Solar System, and has made important contributions to the understanding of a number of processes including mantle convection, the formation of planets and the origins of granite and basalt.: 1  It is an integrated field of chemistry and geology.

Nepheline
Nepheline (from Ancient Greek  νεφέλη (nephélē) 'cloud'), also called nephelite, is a rock-forming mineral in the feldspathoid group – a silica-undersaturated aluminosilicate (Na3KAl4Si4O16) that occurs in intrusive and volcanic rocks with low silica, and in their associated pegmatites. It is used in glass and ceramic manufacturing and other industries, and has been investigated as an ore of aluminium.
Awalt, Texas
Awalt is a ghost town in Gregg County, Texas, United States. Situated near the Sabine River, it was established in the late 1840s. The communitt was named for local pastor Solomon Awalt. Awalt's Ferry operated in the town during the American Civil War. In 1873, the Texas and Pacific Railway was built through Gregg County but bypassed Awalt, which caused its abandonment by 1900.

Gregg County, Texas
Gregg County is a county located in the eastern part of the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 124,239. Its county seat is Longview. The county is named after John Gregg, a Confederate general killed in action during the American Civil War.

Gregg County is part of the Longview, Texas metropolitan area and the Longview–Marshall, Texas combined statistical area. Discovery of oil near Kilgore in October 1930 was the beginning of an oil boom that attracted workers to the county and expanded the population by more than 500% by 1940, according to the census. By that time, the economy had stabilized, but the East Texas Oil Field, extending into five counties, has continued to be important to the county and region's economy.
Simon Enqvist
Simon Enqvist (born 2 October 1988) is a Finnish football goalkeeper.

After playing on low tiers in Sweden and Finland, Enqvist joined IF Finströms Kamraterna in the 2008 Kakkonen before being picked up by first-tier club IFK Mariehamn in the same season. He played 5 games in the 2008 Veikkausliiga. After spending 2009 in another club, he returned to Mariehamn in 2010 without playing. He also played 5 games for the Åland Islands official football team in the 2009 Island Games.

IF Finströms Kamraterna
IF Finströms Kamraterna (also known as IF Finströmskamraterna and abbreviated IFFK) is a sports and football club in Åland. The football team last played in Division III of the Finnish football league before switching to youth football.

The home arena lies in Finström, a small countryside municipality on the Åland islands. The team has been the most popular and successful team on the Åland islands decades ago, playing almost regularly at the second level of the Finland's only and amateur Football League.
Pogromets
Pogromets (Russian: Погромец) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Pogromskoye Rural Settlement, Volokonovsky District, Belgorod Oblast, Russia. In the 19th century the village was part of Pogromskaya volost, Valuysky Uyezd, Voronezh Governorate. The population was 396 as of 2010. There are 8 streets.

Volost
Volost (Belarusian: во́ласць, romanized: volasts; Lithuanian: valsčius; Russian: во́лость [ˈvoɫəsʲtʲ]; Ukrainian: во́лость) was a traditional administrative subdivision in Kievan Rus', the Grand Duchy of Moscow, and the Russian Empire.
Tupeyevo
Tupeyevo (Russian: Тупеево; Bashkir: Тыпый, Tıpıy) is a rural locality (a village) in Urmetovsky Selsoviet, Ilishevsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 415 as of 2010. There are 5 streets.

Ilishevsky District
Ilishevsky District (Russian: Или́шевский райо́н; Bashkir: Илеш районы, İleş rayonı) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifty-four in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia. It is located in the northwest of the republic and borders with Krasnokamsky District in the north, Dyurtyulinsky District in the east, Chekmagushevsky District in the southeast and south, Bakalinsky District in the southwest, and with the Republic of Tatarstan in the west. The area of the district is 1,980.53 square kilometers (764.69 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Verkhneyarkeyevo. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 34,654, with the population of Verkhneyarkeyevo accounting for 28.0% of that number.
Campbell Thomas
John Campbell Thomas MNZM (7 August 1935 – 22 December 2019) was a New Zealand theatre director, designer and artist. He worked in the United States, primarily at the Dallas Theater Center in Texas, from 1964 to 1984, before returning to New Zealand where he was artistic director at the Fortune Theatre, Dunedin, between 1985 and 1999.

Dallas Theater Center
The Dallas Theater Center is a major regional theater in Dallas, Texas, United States. It produces classic, contemporary, and new plays and was the 2017 Tony Award recipient for Best Regional Theater.

Dallas Theater Center produces its original works at the Kalita Humphreys Theater, the Margot and Bill Winspear Opera House, and the Dee and Charles Wyly Theatre as part of the AT&T Performing Arts Center in the Dallas Arts District.
SMath Studio
SMath Studio is a freeware (free of charge for personal use, but not libre), closed-source, mathematical notebook program similar to Mathcad. It is available for Windows, Linux, iOS, Android, Universal Windows Platform, and on some handhelds.

Among its capabilities are:

Solving differential equations;

Graphing functions in two or three dimensions;

Symbolic calculations, including solving systems of equations;

Matrix operations, including determinants;

Finding roots of polynomials and functions;

Symbolic and numeric differentiation of functions;

Numeric integration;

Simple multiline looped programs;

User-defined functions;

Units of measurement.

SMath has been applied in the fields of physics and  thermal engineering.

Gratis versus libre
The adjective free in English is commonly used in one of two meanings: "at no monetary cost" (gratis) or "with little or no restriction" (libre). This ambiguity can cause issues where the distinction is important, as it often is when dealing with laws concerning the use of information, such as copyright and patents.

The terms gratis and libre may be used to categorise intellectual property like computer programs, according to the licenses and legal restrictions that cover them, especially in the free software and open source communities, as well as the broader free culture movement. For example, they are used to distinguish "freeware" (software gratis) from free software (software libre).

Free software advocate and GNU founder Richard Stallman advocates usage of the slogan: "Think free as in free speech, not free beer." This basically means: "Think free as in libre, not gratis."
New Horizons in Linguistics
New Horizons in Linguistics is a 1970 book edited by Sir John Lyons. It includes essays by D. B. Fry, John Laver, Erik Fudge, P. H. Matthews, MAK Halliday, Manfred Bierwisch, James Peter Thorne, Janet Dean Fodor, M. F. Bott, J. C. Marshall, Robin Campbell, Roger Wales, P. N. Johnson-Laird, Herbert H. Clark, John Bernard Pride and Paul Kiparsky.

Herbert H. Clark
Herbert Herb Clark (born 1940) is a psycholinguist currently serving as Professor of Psychology at Stanford University. His focuses include cognitive and social processes in language use; interactive processes in conversation, from low-level disfluencies through acts of speaking and understanding to the emergence of discourse; and word meaning and word use. Clark is known for his theory of "common ground": individuals engaged in conversation must share knowledge in order to be understood and have a meaningful conversation (Clark, 1985). Together with Deanna Wilkes-Gibbs (1986), he also developed the collaborative model, a theory for explaining how people in conversation coordinate with one another to determine definite references. Clark's books include Semantics and Comprehension, Psychology and Language: An Introduction to Psycholinguistics, Arenas of Language Use and Using Language.
Emma De Vigne
Emma De Vigne (30 January 1850 – 3 June 1898) was a Belgian still life and portrait painter, who came from a family of artists from Ghent. Her paintings were exhibited in Europe, as well as in South America.

Belgians
Belgians (Dutch: Belgen [ˈbɛlɣə(n)] ⓘ; French: Belges [bɛlʒ] ⓘ; German: Belgier [ˈbɛlɡi̯ɐ] ⓘ) are people identified with the Kingdom of Belgium, a federal state in Western Europe. As Belgium is a multinational state, this connection may be residential, legal, historical, or cultural rather than ethnic. The majority of Belgians, however, belong to two distinct linguistic groups or communities (Dutch: gemeenschap; French: communauté) native to the country, i.e. its historical regions: Flemings in Flanders, who speak Dutch, West Flemish and Limburgish; and Walloons in Wallonia, who speak French or Walloon. There is also a substantial Belgian diaspora, which has settled primarily in the United States, Canada, France, and the Netherlands.
Fremont Speedway
Fremont Speedway, also known as "The Track That Action Built" and "Home of the All Stars", is a semi-banked 1/3 mile clay oval speedway located at the Sandusky County Fairgrounds in Fremont, Ohio, United States. Races are typically held on Saturday nights. Regular events include 410 cubic inch sprint cars, 305 cubic inch sprint cars, and dirt trucks. In 2024, the World of Outlaws sprint car series returns to the speedway for the first time since 2016. The speedway has previously hosted the All Star Circuit of Champions, National Sprint Tour, and United States Auto Club.

United States Auto Club
The United States Auto Club (USAC) is one of the sanctioning bodies of auto racing in the United States. From 1956 to 1979, USAC sanctioned the United States National Championship, and from 1956 to 1997 the organization sanctioned the Indianapolis 500. USAC serves as the sanctioning body for a number of racing series, including the Silver Crown Series, National Sprint Cars, National Midgets, Speed2 Midget Series, .25 Midget Series, Stadium Super Trucks, and GT World Challenge America. Seven-time USAC champion Levi Jones is USAC's Competition Director.
Scarteen
52°25′33″N 8°22′16″W﻿ / ﻿52.4257°N 8.3712°W﻿ / 52.4257; -8.3712

Scarteen (Irish: An Scairtín, meaning 'small thicket') is a townland in the civil parish of Ballyscaddan, County Limerick, near the village of Knocklong in Ireland.

Knocklong
Knocklong (Irish: Cnoc Loinge) is a small village in County Limerick, Ireland. It is 29 km south-east of Limerick city, on the main Limerick to Mitchelstown to Cork road. The population was 256 at the 2016 census. The village is in a civil parish of the same name.
Al-Susah
Al-Susah (Arabic: ٱلسُّوسَة, romanized: as-Sūsah) is a Syrian town located in Abu Kamal District, Deir ez-Zor. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Al-Susah had a population of 8,797 in the 2004 census.

Deir ez-Zor Governorate
Deir ez-Zor Governorate (Arabic: مُحافظة دير الزور Muḥāfaẓat Dayr az-Zawr) is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria. It is situated in eastern Syria, bordering Iraq. It has an area of 33,060 km2 (12,760 sq mi) and a population of 1,239,000 (2011 estimate). The capital is Deir ez-Zor. It is divided roughly equally from northwest to southeast by the Euphrates.
Id Tech 7
id Tech 7 is a multiplatform proprietary game engine developed by id Software. As part of the id Tech series of game engines, it is the successor to id Tech 6. The software was first demonstrated at QuakeCon 2018 as part of the id Software announcement of Doom Eternal.

Indiana Jones and the Great Circle features a fork of id Tech 7 known as "Motor".

Proprietary software
Proprietary software is software that grants its creator, publisher, or other rightsholder or rightsholder partner a legal monopoly by modern copyright and intellectual property law to exclude the recipient from freely sharing the software or modifying it, and—in some cases, as is the case with some patent-encumbered and EULA-bound software—from making use of the software on their own, thereby restricting their freedoms.

Proprietary software is a subset of non-free software, a term defined in contrast to free and open-source software; non-commercial licenses such as CC BY-NC are not deemed proprietary, but are non-free. Proprietary software may either be closed-source software or source-available software.
Deaths in March 2023
The following is a list of notable deaths in March 2023.

Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence:

Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent country of citizenship (if applicable), reason for notability, cause of death (if known), and reference.

President of the Navajo Nation
The president of the Navajo Nation is the executive branch of the Navajo Nation. The office succeeded the tribal chairman, being created during the 1991 restructuring of the Navajo national government. The president and vice president are elected every four years. The Navajo Nation president shall serve no more than two consecutive terms.

As outlined in the Navajo Nation Code §1001-1006, until 2016, office holders had to be fluent in the Navajo language among other declared qualifications.  Presently, fluency is to be determined by the Navajo voters when they cast ballots.