hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
War hawk
In politics, the terms war hawk and hawk describe a person who favours starting armed conflicts or escalating ongoing ones instead of attempting to solve problems through dialogue or other nonviolent methods. Hawkish individuals are the opposite of war doves, who advocate negotiations and peaceful settlements to resolve disputes and view the option of going to war as one to be avoided by any means unless absolutely necessary. The terms are derived by historical analogy with the birds of the same name: hawks are predatory birds that attack and eat other animals, whereas doves eat seeds and fruit and are a symbol of peace.

Variations of the term include chicken hawk, referring to a person who supports waging war but previously avoided or is actively avoiding military service (i.e., cowardice), and liberal hawk, referring to a person who adheres to passive liberalism in domestic politics while simultaneously having a militaristic and interventionist foreign policy.

Conflict resolution
Conflict resolution is conceptualized as the methods and processes involved in facilitating the peaceful ending of conflict and retribution. Committed group members attempt to resolve group conflicts by actively communicating information about their conflicting motives or ideologies to the rest of group (e.g., intentions; reasons for holding certain beliefs) and by engaging in collective negotiation. Dimensions of resolution typically parallel the dimensions of conflict in the way the conflict is processed. Cognitive resolution is the way disputants understand and view the conflict, with beliefs, perspectives, understandings and attitudes. Emotional resolution is in the way disputants feel about a conflict, the emotional energy. Behavioral resolution is reflective of how the disputants act, their behavior. Ultimately a wide range of methods and procedures for addressing conflict exist, including negotiation, mediation, mediation-arbitration, diplomacy, and creative peacebuilding.
West End & Atlanta Street Railroad
The West End & Atlanta Street Railroad Company of Atlanta, Georgia was organized in 1872 by Thomas Alexander, M. G. Dobbins, B. J. Wilson, Benjamin H. Broomhead, Alvin K. Seago, J. M. Alexander, James Atkins, J. W. Goldsmith, John M. Harwell and Jonathan Norcross. The horsecar route started downtown and went via West End Avenue and Ashby Street (now Abernathy) to West End and Westview Cemetery.

Jonathan Norcross
Jonathan Norcross (April 18, 1808 – December 18, 1898) was elected in 1850 as the fourth Mayor of Atlanta, Georgia, serving the customary term at the time of one year. Dubbed the "Father of Atlanta" and "hard fighter of everything" by publisher Henry W. Grady, he followed three mayors elected from the Free and Rowdy Party.
Lynette Russell
Lynette Wendy Russell, AM, FASSA, FAHA is an Australian historian, known for her work on the history of Indigenous Australians; in particular, anthropological history (especially during the early colonial period of Australia and the 19th century); archaeology; gender and race, Indigenous oral history, and museum studies.

Archaeology of Australia
Australian archaeology is a large sub-field in the discipline of archaeology. Archaeology in Australia takes four main forms: Aboriginal archaeology (the archaeology of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in Australia before and after European settlement), historical archaeology (the archaeology of Australia after European settlement), maritime archaeology, and the archaeology of the contemporary past (after World War II). Bridging these sub-disciplines is the important concept of cultural heritage management,  which encompasses Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander sites, historical sites, and maritime sites.
Presa Canario
The Presa Canario is a Spanish breed of large-sized dog of mastiff or catch dog type. It originates in the Spanish autonomous community of the Canary Islands, and is found mostly in the islands of Gran Canaria and Tenerife.: 587  It was formerly known as the Dogo Canario. It was traditionally used as a guard dog, as a herding dog for both sheep and cattle, and for dog-fighting, which was legal in Spain until 1936 and may have continued clandestinely thereafter.: 587

American Kennel Club
The American Kennel Club (AKC) is a 501(c)(4) nonprofit registry of purebred dog pedigrees in the United States. In addition to maintaining its pedigree registry, this kennel club also promotes and sanctions events for purebred dogs, including the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show, an annual event which predates the official forming of the AKC, the National Dog Show and the AKC National Championship. The AKC is a non-member partner with the Fédération Cynologique Internationale. The AKC fully recognizes 202 dog breeds, as of 2025.
Vini Lunardelli
46°03′05.6″N 13°08′47.6″E﻿ / ﻿46.051556°N 13.146556°E﻿ / 46.051556; 13.146556
Vini Lunardelli (formally Alessandro Lunardelli) is a winery in the Italian region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, notorious for selling wine bottles featuring an image of Adolf Hitler and Nazi slogans, and bottles with an image of Stalin and communist slogans, but the trademark's owner  decided to stop this form of marketing from 2023.

Winery
A winery is a building or property that produces wine, or a business involved in the cultivation and production of wine, such as a wine company. Some wine companies own many wineries. Besides wine making equipment, larger wineries may also feature warehouses, bottling lines, laboratories, and large expanses of tanks known as tank farms. Wineries may have existed as long as 8,000 years ago.
Abyan conflict
The Abyan conflict was a series of clashes between forces of AQAP (Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula) loyal to Yemeni president Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi, and forces loyal to Southern Movement for the control of Abyan between 2016 and 2018.

Al-Bayda Governorate
Al Bayda Governorate (Arabic: مُحَافَظَة ٱلْبَيْضَاء Muḥāfaẓat Al-Bayḍāʾ), also spelt Al-Baidhah or Beida, is one of the governorates (muhafazat) of Yemen. It is located near the centre of the country, around the town of Al Bayda. Its population, according to the 2004 Yemeni census, was 571,778. In 2011, the population was estimated to be 895,000.
Nina Iskrenko
Nina Yuryevna Iskrenko (Russian: Ни́на Ю́рьевна И́скренко; 26 July 1951 – 14 February 1995) was a Soviet and Russian poet. She was born in Petrovsk. Her poetry has appeared in translation in AGNI, Asymptote, Jacket, and a number of other English publications.

AGNI (magazine)
AGNI is an American literary magazine that publishes poetry, fiction, essays, reviews, interviews, and artwork twice a year in print and weekly online from its home at Boston University. It was founded in 1972 at Antioch College as The Agni Review. Its coeditors are Sven Birkerts and William Pierce.
Freebird II
The Freebird II is a family of American side-by-side two-seat, high wing, tricycle gear,  pusher configuration single engined kit aircraft originally designed for construction by amateur builders by the Freebird Airplane Company of Marshville, North Carolina, and later Pro Sport Aviation of Wingate, North Carolina.

The Freebird II was produced until late 2014 by Free Bird Innovations of Detroit Lakes, Minnesota, as the LiteSport Classic.

Pusher configuration
In aeronautical and naval engineering, pusher configuration is the term used to describe a drivetrain of air- or watercraft with propulsion device(s) after the engine(s).  This is in contrast to the more conventional tractor configuration, which places them in front.

Though the term is most commonly applied to aircraft, its most ubiquitous propeller example is a common outboard motor for a small boat.

“Pusher configuration” describes the specific (propeller or ducted fan) thrust device attached to a craft, either aerostats (airship) or aerodynes (aircraft, WIG, paramotor, rotorcraft) or others types such as hovercraft, airboats, and propeller-driven snowmobiles.
2025 in paleomammalogy
This article records new taxa of fossil mammals of every kind that have been described during the year 2025, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to paleontology of mammals that have occurred in 2025.

Cf.
The abbreviation cf. (for Latin confer or conferatur, both meaning 'compare') is generally used in writing to refer the reader to other material to make a comparison with the topic being discussed. Different style guides offer differing advice.

In Italian, the abbreviation "cfr." (confronta, 'confront') is more common than "cf."
Guillaume Tremblay
Guillaume Tremblay (born April 14, 1984) is a Canadian politician. Formerly a Parti Québécois member of the National Assembly of Quebec from 2008 to 2012, he is currently serving as the mayor of Mascouche.

Born in Mascouche, Quebec, Tremblay attended the Cégep régional de Lanaudière in Terrebonne and obtained a degree in administration. He was also elected as an independent city councilor in Mascouche in 2005 and served as the director of a local electronic store in Lachenaie.

He was elected to represent the riding of Masson in the 2008 provincial election, defeating incumbent Ginette Grandmont of the ADQ. He did not run for re-election in the 2012 provincial election.

He announced his intention to run for mayor of Mascouche in the 2013 municipal election. He won the election with 53.6 per cent of the vote.

2012 Quebec general election
The 2012 Quebec general election took place in the Canadian province of Quebec on September 4, 2012. Lieutenant Governor Pierre Duchesne dissolved the National Assembly on August 1, 2012, following Premier Jean Charest's request. The Parti Québécois were elected to a minority government, with Pauline Marois becoming the first woman to be Premier of Quebec. The Quebec Liberal Party took second place, with Premier Jean Charest losing his seat. The newly formed party Coalition Avenir Québec led by François Legault took third place, while Québec solidaire took 2 seats out of the 125.

During Marois' victory speech, an attack including gunshots and a fire occurred at the Métropolis concert hall housing the event and a forty-year-old man died as a result of gunshot wounds.
R v Rahey
R v Rahey, [1987] 1 S.C.R. 588 is a leading constitutional decision of the Supreme Court of Canada. The accused challenged a  delay of over eleven months on an application for a directed verdict as violation of the right to a trial within a reasonable time under section 11(b) of the Charter. The Court found that there was a violation of section 11(b) and  granted a stay of proceedings.

Stay of proceedings
A stay of proceedings is a ruling by a court in civil and criminal procedure that halts further legal process in a trial or other legal proceeding. The court can subsequently lift the stay and resume proceedings based on events taking place after the stay is ordered. However, a stay is sometimes used as a device to postpone proceedings indefinitely.
Fred Hall
Frederick Lee Hall (July 24, 1916 – March 18, 1970) was an American lawyer, judge, and politician who served as the 31st lieutenant governor of Kansas from 1951 to 1955 and 33rd governor of Kansas from 1955 until 1957 and a justice of the Kansas Supreme Court from 1957 to 1958. He was a member of the Republican Party.

Dodge City, Kansas
Dodge City is a city in and the county seat of Ford County, Kansas, United States.  As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 27,788.  It was named after nearby Fort Dodge, which was named in honor of Grenville Dodge.  The city is known in American culture for its history as a wild frontier town of the Old West.
Harwood's spurfowl
Harwood's spurfowl (Pternistis harwoodi), also known as Harwood's Francolin, is a species of bird in the family Phasianidae. It is a grey-brown bird with red bill and tail, and red bare skin around the eyes. Both sexes have similar coloring, although the female is paler in color with a more extensive buff belly.

This spurfowl is endemic to Ethiopia, having a range restricted to the Ethiopian Highlands on either side of the Blue Nile River between Lake Tana and its confluence with the Jamma River, as well as its tributaries between these points. Originally thought to inhabit Typha beds growing along small, shallow watercourses and acacia thickets, studies in 1996 found Harwood's spurfowl in a site with neither of these. It is threatened by habitat loss as population pressures force locals into the marginal scrublands favored by the bird as its habitat. Harwood's spurfowl is heavily hunted for food and is sometimes also caught for sale at local markets; its eggs are also a food source.

Jamma River
The Jamma River (Amharic: ጃማ) is a river in central Ethiopia and a tributary to the Abay (or Blue Nile). It drains parts of the Semien Shewa Zones of the Amhara and Oromia Regions. The Upper Jamma flows through steep, deep canyons cut first through volcanic rock and then through the Cretaceous sandstone and shaly sandstone, with Jurassic limestone at the bottom. It has a drainage area of about 15,782 square kilometers in size. Tributaries include the Wanchet.

The earliest mention of this river is in the Gadla of Tekle Haymanot, which was written in the fourteenth century. One of the earliest European mentions is by the missionary Pedro Páez, who was the first European to see and describe the origin of the Abay. According to Johann Ludwig Krapf, in the 1840s the Jamma defined the boundary between Marra Biete and Moret, two districts of the former province or Sultanate of Shewa.
Elmfield
Elmfield is a suburb of the town Ryde on the Isle of Wight in England. It is situated south-east of the town centre on a small hill. St John's Church is a notable landmark on the north side of Elmfield. Oakfield lies directly to the West, Appley to the North, Seaview and Nettlestone to the East and Westridge to the South.

The community is mainly based on the A3055 Marlborough Road, with additional shopping facilities in nearby Somerset Road. Public transport is provided by Southern Vectis buses on route 3. The nearest railway station is Ryde St John's Road, situated in lower Oakfield.

Southern Vectis
Southern Vectis is a bus operator on the Isle of Wight, founded in 1921 as Dodson and Campbell. It became the Vectis Bus Company in 1923. The company was purchased by Southern Railway before being nationalised in 1969. In 1987, the company was re-privatised, and in July 2005, it became a subsidiary of Go-Ahead Group.
Airlie, Ontario
Airlie is an unincorporated rural community in Simcoe County, Ontario, Canada.

Officially located in Adjala–Tosorontio Township, Airlie has historically been associated with both Mulmur Township and the former Tosorontio Township (now Adjala–Tosorontio Township) because it is located on the boundary between both townships.

Mulmur
Mulmur is a township in Dufferin County in Southern Ontario, Canada. There are a number of original settlements such as Mulmur Corners, some of which can still be identified as to location, including Rosemont and Stanton.
Christina Vantzou
Christina Vantzou is a Kansas City, Missouri-born composer and filmmaker of Greek descent based in Brussels, Belgium. First becoming known as one-half of the audio-visual duo The Dead Texan, she has released five albums of orchestral ambient music for Kranky. The albums have been accompanied by short films often making use of slow motion photography, arranged using "dream logic".

In a review of her album No. 3, online music magazine The Attic gave it four stars, describing it as a "sincere, sensible and reflective album."

The Attic (magazine)
The Attic is an online music magazine. The magazine has branches in Bucharest, Romania, and Oslo, Norway, and additional mobile offices in various European countries. The magazine focuses on a wide variety of music genres, and also features editorial investigation concerning different world cultures. The magazine has also been involved in organizing significant musical events including the Outernational Days festival and other events in the capital. The magazine has been referenced in several Romanian magazines including Dilema veche and România liberă, British pop culture magazine The Quietus, and the British avant-garde music magazine The Wire.
Computed tomography of the head
Computed tomography of the head uses a series of X-rays in a CT scan of the head taken from many different directions; the resulting data is transformed into a series of cross sections of the brain using a computer program. CT images of the head are used to investigate and diagnose brain injuries and other neurological conditions, as well as other conditions involving the skull or sinuses; it used to guide some brain surgery procedures as well.  CT scans expose the person getting them to ionizing radiation which has a risk of eventually causing cancer; some people have allergic reactions to contrast agents that are used in some CT procedures.

Contrast agent
A contrast agent (or contrast medium) is a substance used to increase the contrast of structures or fluids within the body in medical imaging. Contrast agents absorb or alter external electromagnetism or ultrasound, which is different from radiopharmaceuticals, which emit radiation themselves. In X-ray imaging, contrast agents enhance the radiodensity in a target tissue or structure. In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), contrast agents shorten (or in some instances increase) the relaxation times of nuclei within body tissues in order to alter the contrast in the image.

Contrast agents are commonly used to improve the visibility of blood vessels and the gastrointestinal tract.

The types of contrast agent are classified according to their intended imaging modalities.
Mark Povinelli
Mark Povinelli (born August 9, 1971) is an American stage, television and movie actor who also does occasional stunt work. Povinelli is also a noted social activist advocating for the rights of others with dwarfism. In June 2017, Povinelli was elected President of the Little People of America, an organization started in 1957 by Billy Barty, which promotes awareness, advocacy and medical assistance for individuals with forms of dwarfism. Povinelli stands 3’ 9½" and weighs 75 pounds (115 cm, 34 kg) as a consequence of spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita (SEDc), a skeletal dysplasia caused by a mutation in the COL2A1 (type II collagen) gene.

His repertory encompasses drama, comedy, and fantasy. He has appeared in a wide range of productions, from stage plays by William Shakespeare and Ben Jonson to roles in television series such as Modern Family and Boardwalk Empire, as well as in popular movies including The Polar Express.

Ben Jonson
Benjamin Jonson (c. 11 June 1572 – 18 August [O.S. 6 August] 1637) was an English poet, playwright, and dramatist. Jonson's artistry exerted a lasting influence on English poetry and stage comedy. He popularised the comedy of humours; he is best known for the satirical plays Every Man in His Humour (1598), Volpone, or The Fox (c. 1606), The Alchemist (1610), and Bartholomew Fair (1614), and for his lyric and epigrammatic poetry. He is regarded as "the second most important English dramatist, after William Shakespeare, during the reign of James I."

Jonson was a classically educated, well-read and cultured man of the English Renaissance with an appetite for controversy (personal and political, artistic and intellectual). His cultural influence was of unparalleled breadth upon the playwrights and the poets of the Jacobean era (1603–1625) and of the Caroline era (1625–1642).
Eirik Mjøen
Eirik Mjøen (born 16 September 1992 in Oppdal) is a Norwegian male curler from Trondheim.

At the international level, he is a 2015 Winter Universiade champion curler and two-time World junior championships bronze medalist.

At the national level, he is a Norwegian men's championship silver and bronze medalist.

Oppdal Municipality
Oppdalⓘ is a municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is part of the Dovre region. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Oppdal. Other villages in the municipality include Lønset, Vognillan, Fagerhaugen, and Holan. The Oppdal Airport, Fagerhaug is located in the northeastern part of the municipality.

The 2,274-square-kilometre (878 sq mi) municipality is the 24th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Oppdal Municipality is the 139th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 7,389. The municipality's population density is 3.2 inhabitants per square kilometre (8.3/sq mi) and its population has increased by 8.4% over the previous 10-year period.
In the dull village
In the dull village is an etching and aquatint print made by David Hockney in 1966, one of series of illustrations for a selection of Greek poems written by Constantine P. Cavafy. It depicts two men lying next to each other in bed, naked from the waist up, with their lower halves covered by bedclothes.

Printing
Printing is a process for mass reproducing text and images using a master form or template. The earliest non-paper products involving printing include cylinder seals and objects such as the Cyrus Cylinder and the Cylinders of Nabonidus. The earliest known form of printing evolved from ink rubbings made on paper or cloth from texts on stone tablets, used during the sixth century. Printing by pressing an inked image onto paper (using woodblock printing) appeared later that century. Later developments in printing technology include the movable type invented by Bi Sheng around 1040 and the printing press invented by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century. The technology of printing played a key role in the development of the Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution and laid the material basis for the modern knowledge-based economy and the spread of learning to the masses.
Journal of Classification
Journal of Classification is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by Springer Science+Business Media. It is the official journal of The Classification Society. The journal publishes three issues a year on topics in the field of classification, numerical taxonomy, multidimensional scaling and other ordination techniques, cluster analysis, tree structures and other network models. Each issue typically comprises four sections: articles, short notes and comments, software abstracts, and book reviews.

Tree structure
A tree structure, tree diagram, or tree model is a way of representing the hierarchical nature of a structure in a graphical form. It is named a "tree structure" because the classic representation resembles a tree, although the chart is generally upside down compared to a biological tree, with the "stem" at the top and the "leaves" at the bottom.

A tree structure is conceptual, and appears in several forms. For a discussion of tree structures in specific fields, see Tree (data structure) for computer science; insofar as it relates to graph theory, see  tree (graph theory) or tree (set theory). Other related articles are listed below.
Andalusian cuisine
Andalusian cuisine is the regional cuisine of Andalusia, Spain.  Notable dishes include gazpacho, fried fish (often called pescaíto frito in the local vernacular), the jamones of Jabugo, Valle de los Pedroches and Trevélez, and the wines of Jerez, particularly sherry. Culinary influences come from the historic Christian, Muslim, and Jewish traditions of the region. The oldest known cookbook of Andalusian cuisine, Kitab al tabij fi-l-Maghrib wa-l-Andalus fi `asr al-Muwahhidin, li-mu'allif mayhul, dates from the 13th century.

Montilla
Montilla (Spanish pronunciation: [monˈtiʎa]) is a town and municipality of Spain, located in the autonomous community of Andalusia. As of 2017, the town had a population of 23,209, which makes it the fourth most populated municipality of the Province of Córdoba. It lies 32 miles south of the provincial capital, Córdoba.