hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Type variable
In type theory and programming languages, a type variable is a mathematical variable ranging over types. Even in programming languages that allow mutable variables, a type variable remains an abstraction, in the sense that it does not correspond to some memory locations.

Programming languages that support parametric polymorphism make use of universally quantified type variables. Languages that support existential types make use of existentially quantified type variables. For example, the following OCaml code defines a polymorphic identity function that has a universally quantified type, which is printed by the interpreter on the second line:

In mathematical notation, the type of the function id is , where  is a type variable.

Existential quantification
In predicate logic, an existential quantification is a type of quantifier which asserts the existence of an object with a given property. It is usually denoted by the logical operator symbol ∃, which, when used together with a predicate variable, is called an existential quantifier ("∃x" or "∃(x)" or "(∃x)"), read as "there exists", "there is at least one", or "for some". Existential quantification is distinct from universal quantification ("for all"), which asserts that the property or relation holds for all members of the domain. Some sources use the term existentialization to refer to existential quantification.

Quantification in general is covered in the article on quantification (logic). The existential quantifier is encoded as U+2203 ∃ THERE EXISTS in Unicode, and as \exists in LaTeX and related formula editors.
Rancho Cucamonga, California
Rancho Cucamonga (/ˌræntʃoʊ kuːkəˈmʌŋɡə/ RAN-choh KOO-kə-MUNG-gə) is a city located just south of the foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains and Angeles National Forest in San Bernardino County, California, United States. About 37 mi (60 km) east of Downtown Los Angeles, Rancho Cucamonga is the 28th most populous city in California. The city's seal, which centers on a cluster of grapes, alludes to the city's agricultural history including wine-making. The city's proximity to major transportation hubs, airports, and highways has attracted the business of several large corporations, including Coca-Cola, Frito-Lay, Big Lots, Mercury Insurance Group, Southern California Edison, and Amphastar Pharmaceuticals.

The city had a population of 174,453 according to the 2020 United States census.

The Jack Benny Program popularized the city's name, in particular the word "Cucamonga".

Mercury General
Mercury General Corporation is a multiple-line insurance organization that offers personal automobiles, homeowners, renters, and business insurance. Mercury's primary focus is automobiles and homeowners' insurance.

Founded in 1961 and located in Los Angeles, Mercury has assets of over $4 billion, employs 4,500 people and more than 8,000 independent agents in Arizona, California, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, Oklahoma, Texas, and Virginia.
Sparta Sarpsborg
Ishockeyklubben Sparta Sarpsborg is a Norwegian ice hockey team based in Sarpsborg, Norway. They currently play in EliteHockey Ligaen. They play their home games in the Sparta Amfi arena and is Norway's oldest ice hockey rink. The team colours are blue and white.

EliteHockey Ligaen
EliteHockey Ligaen (EHL) is the premier Norwegian ice hockey league, organised by the Norwegian Ice Hockey Association. It comprises 10 clubs and works on the premise of promotion and relegation, in which the two teams who placed last must play the top two teams from First Division (the league ranked immediately below) for the rights to play in the next Eliteserie season.

Teams from the EHL can participate in the IIHF's annual Champions Hockey League (CHL), competing for the European Trophy. Participation is based on the strength of the various leagues in Europe (excluding the European/Asian Kontinental Hockey League). Going into the 2022–23 CHL season, the EHL was ranked 11th among leagues in Europe, allowing them to send their top team to compete in the CHL.
Periegesis
A periegesis (Ancient Greek περιήγησις 'leading around') is a geographical survey or travelogue, sometimes also called a periodos ' journey around' [sc. the world].

It is the name of several books:

Description of Greece (Ἑλλάδος περιήγησις, Hellados Periegesis), in prose, by Pausanias

Dionysius Periegetes of Alexandria's Οικουμένης περιήγησης Periegesis of the World, in hexameter, usually translated Survey of the World
Avienius's Latin translation of Dionysius Periegetes
Priscian's Latin translation of Dionysius Periegesis Prisciani, in hexameter

Pseudo-Scymnus's Scymni Chii Periegesis, correctly called Περίοδος του Νικομήδη

Mnaseas of Patras's Periegesis or Periplus

Mnaseas
Mnaseas of Patrae (Ancient Greek: Μνασέας ὁ Πατρεύς) or of Patara, whether that in Lycia or perhaps the Patara in Cappadocia was a Greek historian of the late 3rd century BCE, who is reckoned to have been a pupil in Alexandria of Eratosthenes. His Periegesis or Periplus described Europe, Western Asia and North Africa, but whether in six or eight books cannot now be determined. His On Oracles appears to have consisted of a catalogue of oracular responses with commentary. Only fragments of his work survive, some found in fragmentary papyri at Oxyrhynchus, others embedded as scholia or as quotations in other works, often selected, apparently, because of the unusual interpretations they offer.

A modern edition of the fragments is P. Cappelletto, 2003. I frammenti di Mnasea: introduzione testo e commento.
Emma Walter
Emma Walter (born 1833/1834, died 1893) was an English artist, known for her watercolour paintings of flowers, fruit and still lifes.

The daughter of Edward Walter, a civil servant, she was born in London and largely self-taught, she began drawing at the age of five. In 1855, she first submitted her paintings to the Society of British Artists, continuing to exhibit with them until 1875. In total during her career Walter exhibited some sixty-six paintings at the Society's Suffolk Street gallery. She also began exhibiting at the Royal Academy in 1855, continuing until 1887. Around 1857, she was elected to the Society of Female Artists. In 1872, she became an associate of the Liverpool Society of Painters in Water Colours and also received a bronze medal for her work from the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society.

Walter also exhibited at the Royal Scottish Society, the Royal Hibernian Academy and the Royal Glasgow Institute of the Fine Arts.

Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society
50°09′13″N 5°04′06″W﻿ / ﻿50.1537°N 5.0682°W﻿ / 50.1537; -5.0682
The Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society (commonly known as The Poly) is an educational, cultural and scientific charity, as well as a local arts and cinema venue, based in Falmouth, Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. The Society exists to promote innovation in the arts and sciences.
2022–23 FIS Freestyle Ski World Cup
The 2022/23 FIS Freestyle Ski World Cup, organized by the International Ski Federation was the 51st World Cup in freestyle skiing for men and women. The season started on 21 October 2022 in Chur, Switzerland and concluded on 25 March 2023 in Silvaplana, Switzerland. This season included six disciplines: moguls, aerials, ski cross, halfpipe, slopestyle and big air.

Mogul skiing
Mogul skiing, commonly shortened to moguls, is a freestyle skiing competition consisting of one timed run of free skiing on a steep, bumpy course, stressing technical turns, aerial maneuvers and speed. Internationally, the sport is contested at the FIS Freestyle World Ski Championships, and at the Winter Olympic Games.

Moguls are a series of bumps on a piste formed when skiers push snow into mounds as they do sharp turns. This tends to happen naturally as skiers use the slope but they can also be constructed artificially. Once formed, a naturally occurring mogul tends to grow as skiers follow similar paths around it, further deepening the surrounding grooves known as troughs. Since skiing tends to be a series of linked turns, moguls form together to create a bump field.

The term mogul is from the Bavarian/Austrian German word Mugel, meaning 'mound, hillock'.
Yasuo Watani
Yasuo Watani (born in 1960) is a Japanese chromatic harmonica player. He was born in Kyoto, Japan and had his first harmonica lessons with Tadao Kobayashi in 1966. After graduating from Doshisha University (Faculty of Commerce) in 1984 with a degree in Economics, he studied the chromatic harmonica with Helmuth Herold at the Hohner-Konservatorium Trossingen in Germany from 1984 to 1988. He also learned the harmonica from the Canadian harmonica soloist Tommy Reilly. Watani was invited to stay on as a Lecturer at the Hohner-Konservatorium and taught from 1988 to 2002. Since 2005, he is a Music Professor for harmonica at Senzoku-Gakuen College of Music, Japan. He has been invited to judge at many harmonica competitions and festivals, including World Harmonica Festival and Asia Pacific Harmonica Festival.

Doshisha University
Doshisha University (同志社大学, Dōshisha daigaku), also referred to as Dodai (同大, Dōdai), is a private university in Kyoto, Japan. Established in 1875, it is one of Japan's oldest private institutions of higher learning, and has approximately 30,000 students enrolled on four campuses in Kyoto. It is one of Japan's "Global 30" universities and a member of "Kan-Kan-Dō-Ritsu" (関関同立), a group of four leading private universities in western Japan's Kansai region, along with Kansai University, Kwansei Gakuin University, and Ritsumeikan University.
Peder Jørgen Cloumann
Peder Jørgen Cloumann (14 April 1747 – 22 December 1817) was a Norwegian bailiff and politician.

Peder Jørgen Cloumann was born  at Strandebarm in Søndre Bergenhus, Norway where his father was the parish priest. He studied in the University of Copenhagen and achieved his Baccalaureate degree in 1763. In 1766, he went to Bratsberg county where he served as representative of the governor.

He was bailiff in Øvre Telemark from 1772 to 1811. He purchased the Moen farm in the parish of Kviteseid during 1783. He represented Bratsberg amt (now Telemark) at the Norwegian Constituent Assembly at Eidsvoll Manor in 1814 where he belonged to the union party (Unionspartiet).

Hordaland
Hordaland (Urban East Norwegian: [ˈhɔ̂rdɑlɑn] ⓘ) was a county in Norway, bordering Sogn og Fjordane, Buskerud, Telemark, and Rogaland counties. Hordaland was the third largest county, after Akershus and Oslo, by population. The county government was the Hordaland County Municipality, which is located in Bergen. Before 1972, the city of Bergen was its own separate county, apart from Hordaland. On 1 January 2020, the county was merged with neighbouring Sogn og Fjordane county, to form the new Vestland county.
Crystal Clear (Jaci Velasquez album)
Crystal Clear is the seventh studio album by contemporary Christian artist Jaci Velasquez. It was released in 2000 on Word Entertainment. The album includes two versions; the booklet of one includes only two photographs - one on the cover and the other on the last page of the booklet. The other version is stapled together as a book and includes different artwork and more photographs inside. The album was nominated for the 2001 Grammy Award for Best Pop/Contemporary Gospel Album.

Grammy Award for Best Pop/Contemporary Gospel Album
The Grammy Award for Best Pop/Contemporary Gospel Album was awarded from 1991 to 2011.  From 1991 to 1993 it was awarded as Best Pop Gospel Album. According to the category description guide for the 52nd Grammy Awards, the award is reserved "For albums containing at least 51% playing time of newly recorded pop/contemporary gospel vocal tracks."

The award was discontinued in 2012 in a major overhaul of Grammy categories. From 2012, recordings in this category were shifted to the newly formed Best Contemporary Christian Music Album category.

Years reflect the year in which the Grammy Awards were presented, for works released in the previous year.
McNally Fire
The McNally Fire was a massive wildfire in the Sequoia National Forest which burned 150,696 acres (609.8 km2) in July and August 2002, and the largest wildfire of the 2002 California wildfire season. The fire burned from July 21 to August 29, 2002, through the Sequoia and Inyo National Forest, as well as 5% of Giant Sequoia National Monument. It destroyed 14 structures and cost an estimated $45.7 million to put out. The blaze was started due to the "careless use of fire" near the Roads End Resort in Kern Canyon, and spread east through the canyon and threatened the communities of Johnsondale and Ponderosa. It burned within one mile (1.6 km) of the Packsaddle Grove of giant sequoias.

Kern River Canyon
The Kern River Canyon is a canyon in Kern County, California. It is located in the Southern Sierra Nevada.

The canyon was formed by the Kern River and connects the Kern River Valley and southern San Joaquin Valley. California State Route 178 (Kern Canyon Road) follows the canyon, from east of Bakersfield up to the Lake Isabella area.
Katherine Miranda
Luvi Katherine Miranda Peña (born December 14, 1986) is a Colombian political scientist and political activist with studies in identity and conflict and with academic immersion in Culture of Peace, Social Cohesion and Intercultural Dialogue from the University of Barcelona, Spain. She participated in Antanas Mockus' presidential campaign in 2010 and for years she dedicated himself to defending the peace process between the Colombian state and the FARC guerrillas, carried out in Havana, Cuba between 2012 and 2016. In 2018 she was elected as a member of the Congress of the Republic of Colombia, in the Chamber of Representatives of Colombia, for the period of 2018 and 2022.

Political movement
A political movement is a collective attempt by a group of people to change government policy or social values. Political movements are usually in opposition to an element of the status quo, and are often associated with a certain ideology. Some theories of political movements are the political opportunity theory, which states that political movements stem from mere circumstances, and the resource mobilization theory which states that political movements result from strategic organization and relevant resources. Political movements are also related to political parties in the sense that they both aim to make an impact on the government and that several political parties have emerged from initial political movements. While political parties are engaged with a multitude of issues, political movements tend to focus on only one major issue.
Mountain formation
Mountain formation occurs due to a variety of geological processes associated with large-scale movements of Earth's crust (tectonic plates). Folding, faulting, volcanic activity, igneous intrusion and metamorphism can all be parts of the orogenic process of mountain building. The formation of mountains is not necessarily related to the geological structures found on it.

From the late 18th century until its replacement by plate tectonics in the 1960s, geosyncline theory was used to explain much mountain-building. The understanding of specific landscape features in terms of the underlying tectonic processes is called tectonic geomorphology, and the study of geologically young or ongoing processes is called neotectonics.

Earth's crust
Earth's crust is its thick outer shell of rock, comprising less than one percent of the planet's radius and volume. It is the top component of the lithosphere, a solidified division of Earth's layers that includes the crust and the upper part of the mantle. The lithosphere is broken into tectonic plates whose motion allows heat to escape the interior of Earth into space.

The crust lies on top of the mantle, a configuration that is stable because the upper mantle is made of peridotite and is therefore significantly denser than the crust. The boundary between the crust and mantle is conventionally placed at the Mohorovičić discontinuity, a boundary defined by a contrast in seismic velocity.

The temperature of the crust increases with depth, reaching values typically in the range from about 700 to 1,600 °C (1,292 to 2,912 °F) at the boundary with the underlying mantle. The temperature increases by as much as 30 °C (54 °F) for every kilometer locally in the upper part of the crust.
Grand Canyon: A Different View
Grand Canyon: A Different View is a 2003 book edited by Tom Vail. The book features a series of photographs of the Grand Canyon illustrating 20 essays by creationists Steve Austin, John Baumgardner, Duane Gish, Ken Ham, Russell Humphreys, Henry Morris, John D. Morris, Andrew A. Snelling, Larry Vardiman, John Whitcomb, and Kurt Wise. It presents the Young Earth creationist perspective that the canyon is no more than a few thousand years old and was formed by the Global Flood or Noachian flood of the Bible.

Photograph
A photograph (also known as a photo, or more generically referred to as an image or picture) is an image created by light falling on a photosensitive surface, usually photographic film or an electronic image sensor. The process and practice of creating such images is called photography.

Photographs are now created using a smartphone or camera, which uses a lens to focus the scene's visible wavelengths of light into a reproduction of what the human eye would perceive.
Averino
Averino (Russian: Аверино) is the name of several rural localities in Russia:

Averino, Belgorod Oblast, a selo in Gubkinsky District of Belgorod Oblast

Averino, Ivanovo Oblast, a village in Zavolzhsky District of Ivanovo Oblast

Averino, Kostroma Oblast, a village in Pavinskoye Settlement of Pavinsky District in Kostroma Oblast; 59°7′N 46°5′E﻿ / ﻿59.117°N 46.083°E﻿ / 59.117; 46.083

Averino, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a village in Loyminsky Selsoviet of Sokolsky District in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast

Averino, Vologda Oblast, a village in Ivanovsky Selsoviet of Vashkinsky District in Vologda Oblast

Averino, Voronezh Oblast, a khutor in Korotoyakskoye Rural Settlement of Ostrogozhsky District in Voronezh Oblast

Ivanovo Oblast
Ivanovo Oblast (Russian: Ива́новская о́бласть, romanized: Ivanovskaya oblastʹ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). It had a population of 927,828 as of the 2021 Russian Census.

Its three largest cities are Ivanovo (the administrative center), Kineshma, and Shuya. The principal center of tourism is Plyos. The Volga River flows through the northern part of the oblast.
Military aircraft insignia
Military aircraft insignia are insignia applied to military aircraft to visually identify the nation or branch of military service to which the aircraft belong.  Many insignia are in the form of a circular roundel or modified roundel; other shapes such as stars, crosses, squares, or triangles are also used.  Insignia are often displayed on the sides of the fuselage, the upper and lower surfaces of the wings, as well as on the fin or rudder of an aircraft, although considerable variation can be found amongst different air arms and within specific air arms over time.

Military aircraft
A military aircraft is any fixed-wing or rotary-wing aircraft that is operated by a legal or insurrectionary military of any type. Some military aircraft engage directly in aerial warfare, while others take on support roles:

Combat aircraft, such as fighters and bombers, are designed to destroy enemy equipment or personnel using their own ordnance. Combat aircraft are typically developed and procured only by military forces.

Non-combat aircraft, such as transports and tankers, are not designed for combat as their primary function but may carry weapons for self-defense. These mainly operate in support roles, and may be developed by either military forces or civilian organizations.
2011 World Snowshoe Championships
The 2011 World Snowshoe Championships was the 4th edition of the global snowshoe running competition, World Snowshoe Championships, organised by the World Snowshoe Federation and took place in Myoko, Japan on 12 and 13 February 2011.

World Snowshoe Federation
The World Snowshoe Federation (WSSF), formerly the International Snowshoe Federation (ISF or ISSF), is the world governing body for snowshoe running.

In 2015, the organization changed its name to the World Snowshoe Federation, so as not to be confused with other existing international federations: ISSF (International Shooting Sport Federation) and ISF (International Skyrunning Federation).
Mulla Muhammad Muqim
Muhammad Muqim-al Baḥrānī al Kashmirī ( Arabic: ملا محمد مقيم البحريني الكشميري , d. 1195AH/1781CE, 1235AH/1819CE or 1274AH/ 1857-58CE) known as Mulla Muqim and Akhund Mulla Muqim, was an influential Kashmiri Twelver Shia scholar during the period of Durrani rule in Kashmir (1752-1819). He has been described as, ‘an eminent scholar, well-mannered and meek’, ‘famous for his asceticism and piety, worship and austerities, knowledge and grace’, ‘a miracle-worker’, an intellectual who was deeply immersed in mysticism (irfan) and ‘an expert in fiqh’. On his death, he was buried within his ancestral burial plot in the Baba Mazar cemetery, located in Zadibal, Srinagar.

Akhund
Akhund (Persian: آخوند) is a Persian title or surname for Islamic scholars, common in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Azerbaijan. Other names for similar Muslim scholars include Sheikh and Mullah.

The Standard Chinese word for Imam (Chinese: 阿訇; pinyin: āhōng), used in particular by the Hui people, also derives from this term. Other similar Chinese terms (Chinese: 阿衡; pinyin: āhéng and Chinese: 阿洪; pinyin: āhóng) also exist.
Magnolia Howell
Magnolia Howell (born 1993) is a former professional track and field sprinter and current writer and fine artist. Representing Trinidad and Tobago, she won the gold medal in the 4 × 400 metres at the 2011 Central American and Caribbean Championships.

4 × 400 metres relay
The 4 × 400 metres relay or long relay is an athletics track event in which teams consist of four runners who each complete 400 metres or one lap, totaling 1600 meters. It is traditionally the final event of a track meet. The first leg and the first bend of the second leg are run in lanes. Start lines are thus staggered over a greater distance than in an individual 400 metres race; the runners then typically move to the inside of the track. The slightly longer 4 × 440 yards relay, on an Imperial distance, was a formerly run British Commonwealth and American event, until metrication was completed in the 1970s.
2012 BCR Open Romania Ladies
The 2012 BCR Open Romania Ladies was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 6th edition of the tournament and was part of the 2012 ITF Women's Circuit. It took place in Bucharest, Romania between 16 and 22 July 2012.

Raluca Olaru
Ioana Raluca Olaru (born 3 March 1989) is a Romanian former professional tennis player. The winner of eleven singles and fifteen doubles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit, Olaru reached one WTA Tour singles final, at the 2009 Gastein Ladies, losing to Andrea Petkovic, in straight sets. She also won eleven doubles titles on WTA Tour tournaments.

Olaru was a successful junior player. She was the runner–up in both junior singles and doubles at the 2005 French Open, and captured the 2006 US Open doubles title along with Mihaela Buzărnescu. Her best professional Grand Slam result has been the third round of the 2007 French Open, when she defeated the 30th seed Julia Vakulenko, in straight sets, and lost to eventual runner–up, the seventh seed Ana Ivanovic. Olaru reached her highest singles ranking, world No. 53, on 27 July 2009, and her best doubles ranking, No. 30, on 31 January 2022.

Olaru announced her retirement from tennis in June 2024.