hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
William and Mary Hosmer House
William and Mary Hosmer House is a historic home located in Auburn in Cayuga County, New York.  It is a two-story, three-bay, side hall frame house in a vernacular Greek Revival style.  It is believed to have been built in the 1840s and enlarged sometime after the conclusion of the Civil War.  The house was owned by anti-slavery editor and author William Hosmer.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.

Cayuga County, New York
Cayuga County is a county in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 76,248. Its county seat and largest city is Auburn. The county was named for the Cayuga people, one of the Native American tribes in the Iroquois Confederation. The county is part of the Central New York region of the state.

Cayuga County comprises the Auburn, NY Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Syracuse-Auburn, NY Combined Statistical Area.
Kopargaon railway station
Kopargaon railway station (station code: KPG) is a railway station serving Kopargaon town, in Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra State of India. It is under Solapur railway division of Central Railway Zone of Indian Railways.

It is located at 508 m above sea level and has two platforms. As of 2016, an electrified single broad gauge railway line exists and at this station, 74 trains stop. Shirdi Airport is at distance of 20 kilometers.

Shirdi Airport
Shirdi Airport (IATA: SAG, ICAO: VASD) is an international airport serving the town of Shirdi, Maharashtra, India. It is located at Kakadi, about 15 km (9.3 mi) southwest of the town and 22 km (14 mi) from Sangamner. The airport, spread over 400 hectares, is owned by the Maharashtra Airport Development Company (MADC) and was inaugurated by President, Ram Nath Kovind on 1 October 2017. Communication Navigation Surveillance (CNS) and Air Traffic Control (ATC) at the airport is operated by the Airports Authority of India (AAI).
Bürgerbräukeller
The Bürgerbräukeller ([ˈbʏʁ.ɡɐ.bʁɔʏ̯.ˌkɛ.lɐ]; "citizen brew cellar") was a large beer hall in Munich, Germany. Opened in 1885, it was one of the largest beer halls of the Bürgerliches Brauhaus. Bürgerliches merged with Löwenbräu, which thereby became the hall's owner.

The Bürgerbräukeller was where Adolf Hitler launched the Beer Hall Putsch in November 1923 and where he announced the re-establishment of the Nazi Party in February 1925. In 1939, the beer hall was the site of an attempted assassination of Hitler and other Nazi leaders by Georg Elser. It survived aerial bombing in World War II.

The Bürgerbräukeller was demolished in 1979, and the Gasteig complex was built on its site.

Burgher (social class)
The burgher class was a social class consisting of municipal residents (Latin: cives), that is, free persons subject to municipal law, formed in the Middle Ages. These free persons were subject to city law, medieval town privileges, a municipal charter, or German town law. After the fall of the  estate monarchy, this social class, more often referred to as the bourgeoisie (from French: bourgeoisie – city residents) and less often as the burgher class, generally refers to town or city inhabitants. Due to the ideological and pejorative connotations of the terms 'burgher class' and 'bourgeoisie,' modern sociology prefers to use the term 'middle class.'

Gradually, within the burgher class, a wealthy stratum emerged, engaged in banking and overseas trade, organized in guilds and trading companies. The rise of this stratum is associated with the beginning of capitalism.
Chalkboard scraping
Scraping a chalkboard (also known as a blackboard) with one's fingernails produces a sound and feeling which most people find extremely irritating. The basis of the innate reaction to the sound has been studied in the field of psychoacoustics (the branch of psychology concerned with the perception of sound and its physiological effects).

Nail (anatomy)
A nail is a protective plate characteristically found at the tip of the digits (fingers and toes) of almost all primates (except for marmosets), corresponding to the claws in other tetrapod animals. Fingernails and toenails are made of a tough rigid protein called alpha-keratin, a polymer also found in the claws, hooves, and horns of vertebrates.
Stephenville High School (Newfoundland and Labrador)
Stephenville High School (commonly abbreviated SHS) is one of two high schools serving northern Bay St. George and Port au Port, in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. More specifically, the school serves grade 9-12 students from Stephenville, Stephenville Crossing, Noel's Pond, Cold Brook, Kippens, Romaines, Port-au-Port East, Port-au-Port West, Point au Mal and Fox Island River.

St. George's Bay (Newfoundland and Labrador)
St. George's Bay - informally referred to as Bay St. George due to its French translation Baie St-George - is a large bay in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.  It is located on the west coast of the island of Newfoundland and comprises a sub-basin of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The estimated population of the entire bay is 16,000, based on the demographic data of each community.

The bay measures approximately 64 kilometres (40 mi) wide at its mouth, between Cape Anguille in the south, and Cape St. George in the north.  Its northern shore measures approximately 60 km (37 mi) in length from the head of the bay at Stephenville Crossing to Cape St. George, located at the western tip of the Port au Port Peninsula.  The southern shore measures approximately 100 km (62 mi) from Stephenville Crossing to Cape Anguille.

Communities along the shoreline of St. George's Bay include (from northwest to east to southwest):
Zhuxi Glacier
Zhuxi Glacier (Chinese: 朱西冰川; Tibetan: འབྲུག་གཤིས་གངས་རི, Druk Shig Gangri), is situated in Bomê County, Tibet Autonomous Region. This 12.7 km-long maritime glacier descends from 6,120 m to 2,750 m elevation within the Gangrigabu Range. Characterized by a 1.2 km-wide accumulation zone receiving >3,500 mm annual snowfall, it feeds the Yigong Tsangpo River through three terminal moraine lakes.

Bomê County
Bomê County or Pome County (Tibetan: སྤོ་མེས་རྫོང; Chinese: 波密县) is a county of Nyingchi Prefecture in  the south-east of the Tibet Autonomous Region. Historically known as Powo or Poyul, it was the seat of a quasi-independent kingdom until the early 20th century when troops of the Dalai Lama's Lhasa government integrated it into the central Tibetan realm.
The population was 25,897 in 2004.
Diathraustodes leucotrigona
Diathraustodes leucotrigona is a species of moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1896. It is found in the Nilgiri Mountains of India and Silhouette Island in the Seychelles.

This species has a wingspan of 16 mm, it is fuscous, suffused with grey. The forewings have a triangular white patch on the costa beyond the middle.

Silhouette Island
Silhouette Island lies 20 km (12 mi) northwest of Mahé in the Seychelles. It is the third largest granitic island in the Seychelles. It has an area of 20.1 km2 and has a population of 200, mostly workers on the island. The main settlement is La Passe, where Hilton Hotel is located. The name Silhouette was given after Étienne de Silhouette (1709-1767), the French minister of finances under Louis XV.
Iisakki Vahe
Isak (Iisakki) Vahe (14 July 1860 – 3 January 1929) was a Finnish farmer and politician, born in Eura. He was a member of the Parliament of Finland from 1907 to 1909 and from 1910 to 1916, representing the Finnish Party.

Eura
Eura (Finnish pronunciation: [ˈeu̯rɑ]) is a municipality of Finland. It is located in the province of Western Finland and is part of the Satakunta region. The municipality has a population of 11,093 (30 June 2025) and covers an area of 630.20 square kilometres (243.32 sq mi) of which 51.33 km2 (19.82 sq mi) is water. The population density is 19.16 inhabitants per square kilometre (49.6/sq mi).

The municipality is unilingually Finnish. The municipality of Kiukainen was consolidated with Eura on 1 January 2009.

The municipality is one of the most distinguished places in Finland in terms of pre-historical findings. The archaeological findings are mainly from the Iron Age and include e.g. ancient dress "Euran Emännän Puku".

Local tradition had it still in the 18th century that a decisive battle against invading Sweden was held in Eura's Big Meadow (Iso Niitty) in the Middle Ages. According to the story, there was blood up to man's ankles on the meadow.
Tashkent Military District
The Tashkent Military District (Toshkent Harbiy okruglar, Ташкентский Военный Округ), also known as the Tashkent Operational Command ("Toshkent" operatsion komandasi, Оперативное командование "Ташкент") is a military district of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Uzbekistan based in the capital city of Tashkent. It serves the territory of the Tashkent Region and the Sirdaryo Region. In accordance with the resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers on 9 January 2001 and the resolution of the Minister of Defense on 12 January 2001, the Tashkent military district was created.

Armed Forces of the Republic of Uzbekistan
The Armed Forces of the Republic of Uzbekistan (Uzbek: O'zbekiston Respublikasi Qurolli Kuchlari, Ўзбекистон Республикаси Қуролли Кучлари), is the name of the unified armed forces of Uzbekistan, consisting of the Ground Force and the Air and Air Defence forces under the defence ministry. Paramilitary units include the National Guard, a Frontier Service, and a River Force. It is reported to be the largest and the strongest in Central Asia.

'The country has also began professionalizing its military, an effort that has only limited success and erratic government support. But even in Uzbekistan, these changes represent merely a modest beginning and most of the benefits are concentrated in a few elite, higher readiness formations rather than uniformly applied to the entire force. The Uzbek military is woefully inadequate, but it is far superior to its neighbours.'
Chyandanda
Chyandanda is a town and Village Development Committee  in Khotang District in the Sagarmatha Zone of eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3,425 persons living in 637 individual households.

Sagarmatha Zone
Sagarmāthā Zone (Nepali: सगरमाथा अञ्चल, [sʌgʌrmatʰa ʌnt͡sʌl] ⓘ "Sagarmāthā Anchal") was one of the fourteen zones of Nepal until the restructuring of zones into provinces. The headquarters of Sagarmatha is Rajbiraj. Sagarmāthā is a Nepali word which as per some sources, is derived from सगर ("sagar", sky) and माथा ("māthā", head).

It includes mountain districts of the Himalayas (including the world's highest peak Mount Everest) in the north, hill districts in the center, and valley districts of the Terai in the south. It is bordered by China to the north, India to the south, the Kosi Zone to the east and the Janakpur Zone to the west.
Clutch control
Clutch control is the controlling of the speed of a manual transmission vehicle by partially engaging the clutch plate, using the clutch pedal instead of (or in conjunction with) the accelerator pedal. The purpose of a clutch is in part to allow such control; in particular, a clutch provides transfer of torque between shafts spinning at different speeds. In the extreme, clutch control is used in performance driving, such as starting from a dead stop with the engine producing maximum torque at high RPM.

Torque
In physics and mechanics, torque is the rotational correspondent of linear force. It is also referred to as the moment of force, or simply the moment. Just as a linear force is a push or a pull applied to a body, a torque can be thought of as a twist applied to an object with respect to a chosen axis. For example, driving a screw uses torque to force it into an object. The torque is applied by the screwdriver, rotating around its axis, to the drive on the head of the screw.

Torque is generally referred to using different vocabulary depending on geographical location and field of study, with torque generally being associated with physics and moment being associated with engineering. This article follows the definition used in US physics in its usage of the word torque.

Torque is typically represented mathematically using  the lowercase Greek letter tau (). When being referred to as moment of force, it is commonly denoted by M.
Arthur Worsley (cricketer)
Arthur Edward Worsley (10 October 1882 – 10 August 1969) was an English cricketer active from 1903 to 1906 who played for Northamptonshire (Northants).

He was born in Brackley, Northamptonshire on 10 October 1882 and died in Watchet, Somerset on 10 August 1969 aged 86.

He appeared in sixteen first-class matches as a righthanded batsman who scored 478 runs with a highest score of 86 and took four wickets with a best performance of three for 20.

Brackley
Brackley is a market town and civil parish in the West Northamptonshire unitary authority area of Northamptonshire, England. It lies on the borders with Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire, 9 miles (14 km) east-south-east of Banbury, 19 miles (31 km) north-north-east of Oxford and 22 miles (35 km) south-west of Northampton. Historically a market town based on the wool and lace trade, it was built on the intersecting trade routes between London, Birmingham, the Midlands, Cambridge and Oxford. Brackley is close to Silverstone and home to the Mercedes AMG Petronas F1 Team. In 2021, the parish had a population of 16,195.
Molltown, Pennsylvania
Molltown is a small unincorporated community in central Berks County, Pennsylvania, United States. The village is located near Lake Ontelaunee and is located on Maidencreek Road, a back road in the area. It is part of the Fleetwood Area School District.

A post office called Molltown was established in 1839, and remained in operation until being discontinued in 1920. The community was named for the Moll family of settlers.

Lake Ontelaunee
Lake Ontelaunee is a 1,082-acre (4.38 km2) reservoir that is located in Berks County, Pennsylvania. Blue Marsh Lake, another artificial reservoir, is the largest lake in Berks County, making Lake Ontelaunee the second-largest lake.
Karl Gustav Sanio
Karl Gustav Sanio (5 December 1832 – 3 February 1891) was a Prussian botanist and served as a professor of botany at the University of Königsberg. He observed patterns in the growth of plant vasculature and wrote several articles on the organization of wood and cambium. He examined patterns in the size distribution of the xylem vessels in five statements known as Sanio's laws was also among the first to describe the formation of compression wood by conifers.

Cambium
A cambium (pl.: cambiums or cambia), in plants, is a tissue layer that provides partially undifferentiated cells for plant growth. It is found in the area between xylem and phloem. A cambium can also be defined as a cellular plant tissue from which phloem, xylem, or cork grows by division, resulting (in woody plants) in secondary thickening. It forms parallel rows of cells, which result in secondary tissues.

There are several distinct kinds of cambium found in plant stems and roots:

Cork cambium, a tissue found in many vascular plants as part of the periderm.

Unifacial cambium, which ultimately produces cells to the interior of its cylinder.

Vascular cambium, a lateral meristem in the vascular tissue of plants.

Note:- Although Procambium is a secondary meristematic tissue, in most cases it behaves like a secondary  meristematic tissue or its characteristics can be observed, that is, in this case it can be said that it is a type of primary meristematic tissue.
The Best of the Beta Band
The Best of the Beta Band - Music and The Best of the Beta Band - Film are retrospective best of collections by The Beta Band, on CD and DVD respectively, released on 3 October 2005. The cover artwork combines elements from the covers of each of the three EPs and three albums released by the band in its seven-year lifespan.

Shepherd's Bush Empire
The Shepherd's Bush Empire (currently known as O2 Shepherd's Bush Empire for sponsorship reasons, and formerly known as the BBC Television Theatre) is a music venue in Shepherd's Bush, West London, run by the Academy Music Group. It was originally built in 1903 as a music hall for impresario Oswald Stoll, designed by theatre architect Frank Matcham; among its early performers was Charlie Chaplin.  In 1953 it became the BBC Television Theatre. Since 1994, it has operated as a music venue. It is a Grade II listed building.
KHJK
KHJK (103.7 FM) is a non-commercial radio station, licensed to LaPorte, Texas and serving both Greater Houston and the Golden Triangle (Beaumont-Port Arthur-Orange). It is owned by the Educational Media Foundation (EMF). KHJK relays EMF's nationally syndicated "Air1" radio format featuring Christian worship music. Air1 holds periodic fundraisers on the air to support the broadcasts.

KHJK has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 100,000 watts, the highest permitted for non-grandfathered FM stations. The transmitter is off Route 1410 in Devers, Texas, about halfway between Houston and Beaumont. KHJK also rebroadcasts its programming on FM translator station 95.3 K237FS in Conroe, Texas.

Fundraising
Fundraising or fund-raising is the process of seeking and gathering voluntary financial contributions by engaging individuals, businesses, charitable foundations, or governmental agencies. Although fundraising typically refers to efforts to gather money for non-profit organizations, it is sometimes used to refer to the identification and solicitation of investors or other sources of capital for for-profit enterprises.

Traditionally, fundraising has consisted mostly of asking for donations through face-to-face fundraising, such as door-knocking. In recent years, though, new forms such as online fundraising or grassroots fundraising have emerged.
Maneca
Manuel Marinho Alves, best known as Maneca (January 28, 1926 – July 14, 1961), was an association footballer in striker role. He was born in Salvador Bahia, Brazil.

During his career (1943–1957) he played for Galícia, Vitória, Vasco da Gama and Bangu. He won four Rio de Janeiro State Championships (1947, 1949, 1950 and 1952) and the South American Club Championship of 1948. For Brazilian team he participated in the 1950 FIFA World Cup, playing four games and scoring one goal.

He died in July 14, 1961, after complications from attempted suicide, in his girlfriend's house, on June 28, 1961, by mercury cyanide poisoning.

Campeonato Sudamericano de Clubes Campeones de Básquetbol
The Campeonato Sudamericano de Clubes Campeones de Básquetbol (Portuguese: Campeonato Sul-Americano de Clubes Campeões de Basquetebol, English: South American Basketball Championship of Champion Clubs), or Campeonato Sudamericano de Clubes de Básquetbol (South American Basketball Club Championship), was an international men's professional basketball cup competition that took place between South American sports clubs. It was originally organized by the South American Basketball Confederation (CONSUBASQUET), and later in 2008 by FIBA Americas. It was played annually between the league champions in each country, plus the winner of the previous edition.
Angelo Francesco Lavagnino
Angelo Francesco Lavagnino (22 February 1909 – 21 August 1987) was an Italian composer, born in Genoa. He is best known for scoring many films, including Legend of the Lost, Conspiracy of Hearts, Gorgo, The Legion's Last Patrol, The Naked Maja, Daisy Miller, and two directed by Orson Welles, Othello and Chimes at Midnight. He also scored several peplums and Spaghetti Westerns.

Lavagnino won the Nastro d'Argento award for Best Score twice, for Continente perduto (1955) and Vertigine bianca (1956).

Daisy Miller (film)
Daisy Miller is a 1974 American drama film produced and directed by Peter Bogdanovich, and starring Cybill Shepherd in the title role. The screenplay by Frederic Raphael is based on the 1878 novella by Henry James. The lavish period costumes and sets were done by Ferdinando Scarfiotti, Mariolina Bono and John Furniss.

Bogdanovich later said he wished he had not made the film, claiming "It's a good picture, there's nothing wrong with it", but said "I knew when we were making it that it wasn't commercial" and "if I had been smart about things... I would not have done something so completely uncommercial." He says the film's financial failure "threw the studio's confidence in me, that I would do a picture like that instead of thinking only in terms of box office" and "helped fuck up the next two pictures... they came out not the way I wanted."
Ian Fantham
Ian James Fantham (born 13 October 1964) is a former English cricketer. Fantham was a left-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born in Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire.

Fantham played two Minor Counties Championship matches and one MCCA Knockout Trophy match for Hertfordshire from 1993 to 1995. He later joined Bedfordshire in the 1996 Minor Counties Championship against Staffordshire. Fantham played Minor counties cricket for Bedfordshire from 1996 to 2000, which included 18 Minor Counties Championship matches and 9 MCCA Knockout Trophy matches. He made his List A debut for Bedfordshire against Glamorgan in the 1998 NatWest Trophy. He played two further List-A matches, against Huntingdonshire in the 1999 NatWest Trophy, and Northumberland in the 2000 NatWest Trophy. In his three matches, he scored 32 runs at an average of 16.00, with a high score of 32. With the ball he failed to take a wicket, bowling 27 overs without success.

Staffordshire County Cricket Club
Staffordshire County Cricket Club is one of twenty national county clubs within the domestic cricket structure of England and Wales. It represents the historic county of Staffordshire. The team is currently a member of the National Counties Championship Eastern Division and plays in the NCCA Knockout Trophy. Staffordshire played List A matches occasionally from 1971 until 2005 but is not classified as a List A team per se.
1978 NCAA Indoor Track and Field Championships
The 1978 NCAA Indoor Track and Field Championships were contested March 10−11, 1978 at Cobo Arena in Detroit, Michigan at the 14th annual NCAA-sanctioned track meet to determine the individual and team national champions of men's collegiate indoor track and field events in the United States.

UTEP reclaimed the top spot in the team standings, finishing 6 points ahead of Auburn; it was the Miners' fourth overall team title and their fourth in five seasons.

Huntington Place
Huntington Place (formerly known as Cobo Hall, Cobo Center, and briefly TCF Center) is a convention center in Downtown Detroit, owned by the Detroit Regional Convention Facility Authority (DRCFA) and operated by Legends Global. Located at 1 Washington Boulevard, the facility was originally named after former Mayor of Detroit Albert Cobo.

The largest annual event held at Huntington Place is the North American International Auto Show (NAIAS), which has been held at the center since 1965.
Bad Astronomy
Bad Astronomy: Misconceptions and Misuses Revealed, from Astrology to the Moon Landing "Hoax" is a non-fiction book by the American astronomer Phil Plait, who is also known as "the Bad Astronomer". The book was published in 2002 and deals with various misunderstandings about space and astronomy, such as sounds being audible in space (a misconception because in the vacuum of space, sound has no medium in which to propagate).

Plait's first book received generally favorable reviews within the academic and astronomy communities and was the first volume in the Bad Science series by John Wiley & Sons Publishing

Sound
Sound is a phenomenon in which pressure disturbances propagate through a transmission medium. In the context of physics, it is characterised as a mechanical wave of pressure or related quantities (e.g. displacement), whereas in physiological-psychological contexts it refers to the reception of such waves and their perception by the brain. Though sensitivity to sound varies among all organisms, the human ear is sensitive to frequencies ranging from 20 Hz to 20 kHz. Examples of the significance and application of sound include music, medical imaging techniques, oral language and parts of science.