hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
History of navigation
The history of navigation, or the history of seafaring, is the art of directing vessels upon the open sea through the establishment of its position and course by means of traditional practice, geometry, astronomy, or special instruments. Many peoples have excelled as seafarers, prominent among them the Austronesians (Islander Southeast Asians, Malagasy, Islander Melanesians, Micronesians, and Polynesians), the Harappans, the Phoenicians, the Iranians, the ancient Greeks, the Romans, the Arabs, the ancient Indians, the Norse, the Chinese, the Venetians, the Genoese, the Hanseatic Germans, the Portuguese, the Spanish, the English, the French, the Dutch, and the Danes.

Norsemen
The Norsemen (or Northmen) were a Germanic cultural group in the Early Middle Ages, originating among speakers of Old Norse in Scandinavia. During the late eighth century, Scandinavians embarked on a large-scale expansion in all directions, giving rise to the Viking Age. In English-language scholarship since the 19th century, Norse seafaring traders, settlers and warriors have commonly been referred to as Vikings.

Historians of Anglo-Saxon England often use the term "Norse" in a different sense, distinguishing between Norse Vikings (Norsemen) from Norway, who mainly invaded and occupied the islands north and north-west of Britain as well as Ireland and western Britain, and Danish Vikings, who principally invaded and occupied eastern Britain.
2011 Armenian First League
The 2011 Armenian First League season began on 5 April 2011, and ended on 10 October 2011. At the end of 28 rounds, Shengavit were crowned champions; however, they were not eligible for promotion since they were the reserve team of Ulisses, which already participated in the Armenian Premier League.

Armenian Premier League
The Armenian Premier League (Armenian: Հայաստանի Պրեմիեր Լիգա, known as the Armenian Fastex Premier League for sponsorship reasons) is the top football competition in Armenia. From 1936 to 1991, the competition was held as a regional tournament within the USSR. Following Armenia's independence, the Football Federation of Armenia has been the governing authority of the league. Over the years, the league has evolved into a small league consisting of ten teams. The winner of the league is awarded a spot in the first qualifying round of the UEFA Champions League.
Menzies, Western Australia
Menzies is a town in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia, 728 kilometres (452 mi) east-northeast of the state capital, Perth, and 133 kilometres (83 mi) north-northwest of the city of Kalgoorlie. At the 2016 census, Menzies had a population of 108.

Goldfields–Esperance
31°S 123°E﻿ / ﻿31°S 123°E﻿ / -31; 123

The Goldfields–Esperance region is one of the nine regions of Western Australia. It is located in the south-eastern corner of Western Australia, and comprises the local government areas of Coolgardie, Dundas, Esperance, Kalgoorlie–Boulder, Laverton, Leonora, Menzies, Ngaanyatjarraku, Ravensthorpe and Wiluna.

It also incorporates the area along the Great Australian Bight to the South Australian border known as the Nullarbor Plain.
Battle of Jieqiao
The Battle of Jieqiao (also known as the Battle of Jie Bridge) was fought between the Chinese warlords Yuan Shao and Gongsun Zan in late 191 or early 192 in the late Eastern Han dynasty. It was the first significant clash of arms between the rival warlords in the contest for dominion of Ji and Qing provinces in northern China. The site of the battle is generally considered to be a site east of Guangzong County, Julu Commandery (present-day Wei County, Xingtai, Hebei).

Jizhou (ancient China)
Ji Province, also known by its Chinese name Jizhou, was one of the Nine Provinces of ancient China. It is referenced in Chinese historical texts such as the Tribute of Yu, Erya and Rites of Zhou. It consisted of lands north of the Yellow River, including the modern province Hebei, and the municipalities of Beijing and Tianjin.
Fatehabad Chandrawatiganj Junction railway station
Fatehabad Chandrawatiganj Junction (station code: FTD) is a railway station in Ujjain. The station was previously used as a meter-gauge station on Ratlam–Indore line. Fatehabad has a connecting route to Ujjain Junction on a meter-gauge line.

In 2015, Ratlam–Indore was converted into broad-gauge line, directly connecting Indore and Ratlam.

Fatehabad and Chandrawati Ganj are two villages on the Indore–Ujjain district border. Fatehabad village is under the Ujjain district and Chandrawati Ganj village is under the Indore district.

As of November 2021, the gauge-conversion of Fatehabad-Ujjain via Chintaman station has been completed and Ujjain - Indore MEMU Special is operating on the route.

Ratlam
Ratlam (Hindi: IPA: [ɾət̪.laːm]),ⓘis a city in the northwestern part of the Malwa region in Madhya Pradesh state of India. The city of Ratlam lies 480 metres (1,570 ft) above sea level. It is the administrative headquarters of Ratlam district, which was created in 1947 after the independence of India. It is located 294 kilometres west of the state capital Bhopal.

In 2024 Indian general election, Anita Nagar Singh Chouhan of Bharatiya Janata Party was elected as the Member of Parliament from Ratlam.

Ratlam railway division is one of the six railway divisions under Western Railway zone of Indian Railways. Whose headquarters is in Ratlam city. This is an important railway junction of the state.
Greg Cooper
Gregory John Luke Cooper (born 10 June 1965) is a New Zealand rugby union former player and current coach. A fullback, Cooper represented Hawke's Bay, Otago and Auckland at a provincial level and the Blues in Super Rugby.

In the Rugby Almanack of New Zealand, Cooper was selected as one of the "Five promising players" from the 1984 season and one of the "Five players of the year" for the 1991 season.

He was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, in 1986 and 1992, and played seven matches, all of them tests, for the team. As of 2017 he holds the record for the most points scored for Otago.

Cooper was appointed coach of the Otago team for the 2003 and 2004 seasons.

In 2022 Cooper was named coach of the Utah Warriors in the Major League Rugby competition.

Major League Rugby
Major League Rugby (MLR) is a professional rugby union competition in the United States. The league comprises 6 teams. While operating outside of the governance and oversight of the national governing body, the league is officially sanctioned by USA Rugby—a member union of Rugby Americas North (RAN)—and is consequently part of World Rugby.

MLR was founded in 2017 and is headquartered in Dallas, Texas. The league began its first season in 2018 with seven teams. MLR has since expanded, reaching an all-time high of thirteen teams in the 2022 season, including one team in Canada. Twelve teams competed in the 2024 season.

In 2020, Major League Rugby implemented its first collegiate MLR Draft in 2020 and its teams began forming youth academies.
Expander graph
In graph theory, an expander graph is a sparse graph that has strong connectivity properties, quantified using vertex, edge or spectral expansion. Expander constructions have spawned research in pure and applied mathematics, with several applications to complexity theory, design of robust computer networks, and the theory of error-correcting codes.

Degree (graph theory)
In graph theory, the degree (or valency) of a vertex of a graph is the number of edges that are incident to the vertex; in a multigraph, a loop contributes 2 to a vertex's degree, for the two ends of the edge. The degree of a vertex  is denoted  or . The maximum degree of a graph  is denoted by , and is the maximum of 's vertices' degrees. The minimum degree of a graph is denoted by , and is the minimum of 's vertices' degrees. In the multigraph shown on the right, the maximum degree is 5 and the minimum degree is 0.

In a regular graph, every vertex has the same degree, and so we can speak of the degree of the graph. A complete graph (denoted , where  is the number of vertices in the graph) is a special kind of regular graph where all vertices have the maximum possible degree, .

In a signed graph, the number of positive edges connected to a vertex  is called its positive degree and the number of connected negative edges is called  negative degree.
Keith Eshman
Keith Eshman is a former professional rugby league footballer who played for the Wests Tigers. He played his junior rugby league for Quakers Hill Destroyers and was educated at Patrician Brothers' College, Blacktown.

Wests Tigers
The Wests Tigers are an Australian rugby league football team, based in the Inner West of Sydney and South Western Sydney. The Tigers have competed in the National Rugby League (NRL) since being formed at the end of the 1999 NRL season as a joint-venture club between the Balmain Tigers and the Western Suburbs Magpies.

The Wests Tigers started playing in the 2000 NRL season and they won their maiden premiership in 2005. The club also won the final edition of the World Sevens in 2004. The club has only qualified for three finals series since their inception (2005, 2010 and 2011).

The Wests Tigers play home games at two grounds: Leichhardt Oval (the home ground of Balmain) and Campbelltown Stadium (the home ground of Western Suburbs). They are currently coached by Benji Marshall.

The interim CEO is currently Shaun Mielekamp.
Colin Grafton
Colin Grafton (born September 19, 1991, in Providence, Rhode Island) is an American pair skater and model. With former partner Kylie Duarte, he is the 2012 U.S. junior bronze medalist and finished eighth at the 2012 World Junior Championships in Minsk. The pair announced the end of their partnership in October 2012. He came out as gay in 2024.

2012 World Junior Figure Skating Championships
The 2012 World Junior Figure Skating Championships was an international figure skating competition in the 2011–12 season. Commonly called "World Juniors" and "Junior Worlds", the event determined the World Junior champions in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies singles, pair skating, and ice dancing. The event was held in Minsk, Belarus from 27 February to 4 March 2012.
B O D Y
B O D Y is an international online literary magazine publishing new work three times a year. B O D Y publishes short stories, poetry, creative nonfiction, reviews, translations, essays, artworks, photography, and has been noted for its elegant, intuitive design and for its editorial vision. B O D Y was founded in Prague by Christopher Crawford, Joshua Mensch, and Stephan Delbos in 2012. B O D Y was at the very forefront of the digital revolution of literary magazines and fostered the growing familiarity between US poets and their British counterparts at that time through providing an online platform which features the work of both. It is also noted for regularly publishing Central and Eastern European literature in translation. B O D Y is published in English language.

Literary magazine
A literary magazine is a periodical devoted to literature in a broad sense. Literary magazines usually publish a mix of fiction and non-fiction. Short stories and poetry are common literary forms published, but some magazines may publish serial literature—a novel which is revealed in sections over multiple issues. Non-fiction writing may be from staff of the literary magazine to make commentary about their magazine or about culture related to literature. Non-fiction from contributors may take the form of essays, literary criticism, book reviews, biographical profiles of authors, interviews, and letters. Literary magazines are often called literary journals (or little magazines) to contrast them with larger, commercial magazines.
William de Grandison, 1st Baron Grandison
William de Grandison (died 1335), was an English noble, and Deputy Justiciar of North Wales.

William was a younger son of Pierre de Grandison and Agnes Neufchâtel. He was the younger brother of a key ally and envoy, for King Edward I of England, Otto de Grandson, Grandison being an anglicisation of Grandson.

He served in the household of Edmund, Earl of Lancaster. He was active in the wars in Gascony and Scotland. During 1292, he was granted a license to crenellate his manor of Ashperton, Herefordshire.

Ashperton
Ashperton is a small village, parish and former manor about twelve miles east of the City of Hereford, in Herefordshire, England. The village is on the A417 road, the route of a Roman road from the City of Gloucester, in rolling countryside. Villages nearby include Monkhide, Tarrington and Canon Frome.
West Sunderban Wildlife Sanctuary
'West Sunderban Wildlife Sanctuary is a wildlife sanctuary located in the South 24 Parganas district of West Bengal, India. Established on September 11, 2013, it covers an area of 556.45 km2 comprising the Dulibhasani and Chulkati forest blocks in the Sundarbans delta. Bounded by the rivers Matla and Thakuran, the sanctuary features a polyhaline mangrove ecosystem characterized by dense Ceriops decandra  and Excoecaria agallocha forests. The area serves as a critical habitat for the Bengal Tiger, Estuarine Crocodile, and Gangetic Dolphin, acting as a vital ecological buffer for the Sundarban Tiger Reserve.

Ganges river dolphin
The Ganges river dolphin (Platanista gangetica) is a species of freshwater dolphin classified in the family Platanistidae. It lives in the Ganges and related rivers of South Asia, namely in the countries of India, Nepal, and Bangladesh. It is related to the much smaller Indus river dolphin which lives in the rivers of the Indus Basin in Pakistan and northwestern India.

It is also known by the name susu (popular name) also shihu (Assamese: শিহু) in Assam shushuk (Bengali: শুশুক) in West Bengal and Bangladesh and Uttum (Chittagonian: উত্তুম) in Chittagong region.   The Ganges river dolphin has been recognized by the Government of India as its National Aquatic Animal and is the official animal of the Indian city of Guwahati. Its first occurrence, within the Hooghly River, was documented by William Roxburgh.
For Murder Will Speak
For Murder Will Speak is a 1938 detective novel by the British author Alfred Walter Stewart, published under his pseudonym J.J. Connington. It is the thirteenth in a series of novels featuring the Golden Age Detective Chief Constable Sir Clinton Driffield. The title references a line from Shakespeare's Hamlet. It was released in the United States by Little, Brown and Company under the alternative title Murder Will Speak.

After the novel Connington took a brief break from Driffield and produced two books The Counsellor and The Four Defences with a new detective, radio personality Mark Brand, as the lead character.

Golden Age of Detective Fiction
The Golden Age of Detective Fiction was an era of classic murder mystery novels of similar patterns and styles, predominantly in the 1920s and 1930s. While the Golden Age proper is usually taken to refer to works from that period, this type of fiction has been written since at least 1911 and is still being written.

In his history of the detective story, Bloody Murder: From the Detective Story to the Crime Novel, the author Julian Symons heads two chapters devoted to the Golden Age as "the Twenties" and "the Thirties". Symons notes that Philip Van Doren Stern's article, "The Case of the Corpse in the Blind Alley" (1941), "could serve ... as an obituary for the Golden Age." Authors Agatha Christie, Dorothy L. Sayers, Margery Allingham, and Ngaio Marsh have been collectively called the Queens of Crime.
Haunted Mansion (soundtrack)
Haunted Mansion (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) is the soundtrack album composed by Kris Bowers for the 2023 film Haunted Mansion by Justin Simien. It was released by Walt Disney Records on July 26, 2023.

Walt Disney Records
Walt Disney Records is an American record label owned by the Disney Music Group. The label releases soundtrack albums from the Walt Disney Company's motion picture studios, television shows, theme parks and traditional studio albums produced by its roster of pop, teen pop and country artists.

The music label was founded in the Spring of 1956 as Disneyland Records. Before that time, Disney recordings were licensed to a variety of other labels such as RCA, Decca, Capitol, ABC-Paramount, and United Artists. It was Disney Legend Jimmy Johnson who convinced Walt Disney’s brother Roy O. Disney that Disney, at time known as Walt Disney Productions should form their own record label. It adopted its current name in 1988 and is currently distributed worldwide by Universal Music Group.
Killbilly Hill
"Killbilly Hill" is a song written by Tim Goodman and John McFee, and recorded by American country music group Southern Pacific.  It was released in December 1986 as the second single and title track from the album Killbilly Hill.  The song reached number 37 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.

Southern Pacific (band)
Southern Pacific was an American country rock band that existed from 1983 to 1991. They are best known for hits such as "Any Way the Wind Blows" (1989), which was used in the soundtrack for the film Pink Cadillac starring Clint Eastwood and Bernadette Peters, and "New Shade of Blue" (1988, their highest-ranking single on the country charts in November of that year). Southern Pacific was named New Country Group of the Year when they debuted and have been honored by having their name added to the Country Music Association's Walkway of Stars in Nashville, Tennessee.
2018 Nizam's Museum heist
The 2018 Nizam's Museum heist was a high-profile theft that occurred on the night of 2 September 2018 at the Nizam's Museum in Purani Haveli, Hyderabad, India. Two burglars, Mohammad Ghouse Pasha (alias Khooni Ghouse) and Mohammed Mubeen, broke into the museum and stole priceless artefacts belonging to the seventh Nizam of Hyderabad, included a gold tiffin box, a cup, saucer, and spoon all made of solid gold and inlaid with diamonds, rubies, and emeralds. The collection of stolen items was estimated to be worth up to ₹500 crore (US$73.11 million) in the antique black market, with the tiffin box alone being worth over ₹100 crore ($14.62 million). The incident remains one of India's most audacious museum thefts.

Saucer
A saucer is a type of small dishware.  While in the Middle Ages a saucer was used for serving condiments and sauces, currently the term is used to denote a small plate that supports a cup – usually one used to serve coffee or tea - or a pot - usually for a plant.
Simeon Solomon
Simeon Solomon (9 October 1840 – 14 August 1905) was a British painter associated with the Pre-Raphaelites who was noted for his depictions of Jewish life and same-sex desire.  His career was cut short as a result of public scandal following his arrests and convictions for attempted sodomy in 1873 and 1874.

Neil Bartlett (playwright)
Neil Vivian Bartlett, OBE (born 1958) is a British director, performer, translator and writer. He was one of the founding members of Gloria, a production company established in 1988 to produce his work along with that of Nicolas Bloomfield, Leah Hausman and Simon Mellor.

His work has garnered several awards, including the 1985 Perrier Award (as director for Complicite, for More Bigger Snacks Now), the Time Out Dance Umbrella Award (for A Vision of Love Revealed in Sleep), a Writers Guild Award (for Sarrasine), a Time Out Theatre Award (for A Judgement in Stone), and the Special Jury Prize at the Cork Film Festival (for Now That It's Morning). His production of The Dispute won a Time Out Award for Best Production in the West End and the 1999 TMA Best Touring Production award. He was appointed an OBE in 2000 for his services to the arts.
His 2004 production of Shakespeare's Pericles was nominated for an Olivier Award for Outstanding Theatrical Achievement in 2004.
Hubertus Antonius van der Aa
Hubertus Antonius van der Aa (Dutch pronunciation: [ɦyˈbɛrtʏs ɑnˈtoːnijʏs fɑn dər ˈaː]; 5 July 1935 – 7 May 2017) was a Dutch mycologist who described several genera and species of fungi. He studied at Utrecht University where he received his PhD in 1973 with the dissertation 	Studies in phyllosticta I.

Mycology
Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi, including their taxonomy, genetics, biochemical properties, and use by humans. Fungi can be a source of tinder, food, traditional medicine, as well as entheogens, poison, and infection. Yeasts are among the most heavily utilized members of the fungus kingdom, particularly in food manufacturing.

Mycology branches into the field of phytopathology, the study of plant diseases. The two disciplines are closely related, because the vast majority of plant pathogens are fungi. A biologist specializing in mycology is called a mycologist.
Lady Strikers F.C.
LadyStrikers Football Club is a Ghanaian professional women's football club based in Cape Coast in the Central Region of Ghana. The club features in the Ghana Women’s Premier League. The club is sponsored by Sanford World Clinic.

Central Region (Ghana)
The Central Region is one of the sixteen administrative regions of Ghana. Ashanti and Eastern regions border it to the north, Western region to the west, Greater Accra region to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea to the south. The Central Region is renowned for its many elite high schools and an economy based on an abundance of industrial minerals and tourism. The Central region has tourist attractions including castles, forts and beaches along the region's coastline.
Peter A. Dowling
Peter Anthony Dowling is a British screenwriter and film director. He was born in Salford, England, in 1969 and started his career in children's animation in both the UK and Germany, working on cartoons such as The Raggy Dolls, Benjamin Bluemchen and Renada.

After winning the Fulbright TEB Clarke Fellowship in Screenwriting 1996/7, judged by William Goldman and paid for by John Cleese, Dowling moved to the United States, briefly attending the University of Southern California, and then sold a spec screenplay to Arnold Kopelson (Platoon, Se7en) and 20th Century Fox.

His first produced movie was Flightplan starring Jodie Foster which was commercially successful in the U.S. and grossed over $223,000,000 worldwide.

Starting in 2007 he began to direct, and his first film was Stag Night.

Benjamin the Elephant
Benjamin the Elephant (original German name: Benjamin Blümchen; "Benjamin Small Flower") (1988–2002) is an animated children's television show produced by Kiddinx Studios in Berlin. The show is based on audio stories by Elfie Donnelly. The audio series has been running since 1977 and has 142 stories as of 2019. On the show, the eponymous main character resides at the Newtown Zoo, with friends Otto and Stella. The adventures Benjamin gets involved in often require slipping into various roles, learning new jobs, or discovering new and distant places.
Allen Jaggi
Allen Jaggi (born 1944) is an American politician who served as a Republican member of the Wyoming House of Representatives. He represented the 18th district from 2007 to 2013 and the 19th district from 2013 to 2017.

Jaggi was born in Logan, Utah.  He earned a bachelor's degree in education and wildlife management at Utah State University in 1968.  Prior to entering politics he was a teacher in the Lyman School District.

Jaggi is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.  He and his wife Jane are the parents of four children.

Wyoming House of Representatives
The Wyoming House of Representatives is the lower house of the Wyoming State Legislature. There are 62 Representatives in the House, representing an equal number of single-member constituent districts across the state, each with a population of at least 9,000. The House convenes at the Wyoming State Capitol in Cheyenne.

Members of the House serve two year terms without term limits. Term limits were declared unconstitutional by the Wyoming Supreme Court in 2004, overturning a decade-old law that had restricted Representatives to six terms (twelve years).

The current Speaker of the House is Chip Neiman.