hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Roles v Nathan
Roles v Nathan (t/a Manchester Assembly Rooms) [1963] 1 WLR 1117, [1963] 2 All ER 908 is an occupiers' liability case in English tort law. It concerns §2(3)(b) of the Occupiers' Liability Act 1957, which states:

"An occupier may expect that a person, in the exercise of his calling, will appreciate and guard against special risks ordinarily incident to it, so far as the occupier leaves him free to do so."

The purpose of the Act was to create a single standard of care for the occupier towards all persons, "due to the state of the premises," replacing the multiple, confusing standards.

It also laid down an example of the scope of an occupier's defence when workmen are warned of some danger before they do a job at the occupier's premises. The judges in the Court of Appeal were Lord Denning MR, Harman LJ, and (in dissent) Pearson LJ.

Standard of care
In tort law, the standard of care is the only degree of prudence and caution required of an individual who is under a duty of care.

The requirements of the standard are closely dependent on circumstances. Whether the standard of care has been breached is determined by the trier of fact, and is usually phrased in terms of the reasonable person; this is sometimes labeled as the "reasonable physician standard". It was famously described in Vaughn v. Menlove (1837) as whether the individual "proceed[ed] with such reasonable caution as a prudent man would have exercised under such circumstances".
Gauliga Berlin-Brandenburg
The Gauliga Berlin-Brandenburg was the highest football league in the provinces of Brandenburg and Berlin in the German state of Prussia from 1933 to 1945. Shortly after the formation of the league, the Nazis reorganised the administrative regions in Germany, and the Gaue Brandenburg and Berlin replaced the Prussian provinces.

Gau (territory)
Gau (German: [ɡaʊ] ⓘ; Dutch: gouw [ɣʌu] ⓘ; West Frisian: gea [ɡɪə] or goa [ɡoə]) is a Germanic term for a region within a country, often a former or current province. It was used in the Middle Ages, when it can be seen as roughly corresponding to an English shire. The administrative use of the term was revived as a subdivision during the period of Nazi Germany in 1933–1945. It still appears today in regional names, such as the Rheingau or Allgäu.
Yaxun Bʼalam IV
Yaxun Bʼahlam IV, also called Bird Jaguar IV, was a Mayan king from Yaxchilan. He ruled from 752 until 768 AD, continuing the period of prosperity started by his father Itzamnaaj Bʼahlam III. He had to struggle to take and hold power, as he was not perceived to be the rightful heir to the throne.

Heir presumptive
An heir presumptive is the person entitled to inherit a throne, peerage, or other hereditary honour, but whose position can be displaced by the birth of a person with a better claim to the position in question. This is in contrast to an heir apparent, whose claim on the position cannot be displaced in this manner.
Khalid bin Saqr Al Qasimi
Sheikh Khalid bin Saqr Al Qasimi (born 1940) is the former Crown Prince and Deputy Ruler of the Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah, the northernmost Emirate of the United Arab Emirates. He is the eldest son of Sheikh Saqr bin Mohammed Al Qasimi, who ruled Ras Al Khaimah from 1948 until his death in 2010.

Khalid served as the Crown Prince and Deputy Ruler of Ras Al Khaimah from 1958 until his removal from office by his father in June 2003. He currently resides in Sharjah, a neighboring Emirate. Khalid has repeatedly stated that his father, Sheikh Saqr, in 2004 reaffirmed in a royal decree that Sheikh Khalid – not his half-brother, Sheikh Saud bin Saqr al Qasimi – was the true Crown Prince and Deputy Ruler of Ras Al Khaimah. The claim has not been officially recognized by the Government of Ras Al Khaimah or the United Arab Emirates.

Emirate
An emirate is a territory ruled by an emir, a title used by monarchs or high officeholders in the Muslim world. From a historical point of view, an emirate is a political-religious unit smaller than a caliphate. It can be considered equivalent to a principality in non-Muslim contexts.

Currently in the world, there are three emirates that are independent states (Afghanistan, Kuwait, and Qatar) and one state that consists of a federation of seven emirates (the United Arab Emirates). A great number of previously independent emirates around the world are now part of larger states.
Atsede
Atsede is an Ethiopian feminine given name. Notable people with the given name include:

Atsede Bayisa (born 1987), Ethiopian long-distance runner

Atsede Habtamu (born 1987), Ethiopian long-distance runner

Atsede Kidanu (fl. 2001–present), Ethiopian politician and diplomat

Atsede Habtamu
Atsede Habtamu Besuye (born 26 October 1987) is an Ethiopian long-distance runner who specialises in road running and the marathon distance.

She came to prominence at the IAAF World Road Running Championships in 2007 where, at the age of nineteen, she ran a time of 1:08:29 for the half marathon – a record for a teenage athlete. She stepped up to the marathon a couple of years later and was runner-up on her debut at the Dubai Marathon. She ran at the Boston Marathon later that year but had her first success at the Berlin Marathon, which she won in a personal best time of 2:24:47. She ran course records to win at the 2010 Eindhoven Marathon, 2011 Daegu Marathon and 2012 Tokyo Marathon.
1990 Davis Cup World Group
The World Group was the highest level of Davis Cup competition in 1990. The first-round losers went into the Davis Cup World Group qualifying round, and the winners progressed to the quarterfinals and were guaranteed a World Group spot for 1991.

West Germany were the defending champions, but were eliminated in the quarterfinals.

The United States won the title, defeating Australia in the final, 3–2. The final was held at the Florida Suncoast Dome in St. Petersburg, Florida, United States, from 30 November to 2 December. It was the US team's 29th Davis Cup title overall and their first since 1982.

1991 Davis Cup World Group
The World Group was the highest level of Davis Cup competition in 1991. The first-round losers went into the Davis Cup World Group qualifying round, and the winners progressed to the quarterfinals and were guaranteed a World Group spot for 1992.

France won the title, defeating the United States in the final, 3–1. The final was held at the Palais des Sports de Gerland in Lyon, France, from 29 November to 1 December. It was the French team's 7th Davis Cup title overall and their first since 1932.

The breakup of Yugoslavia during the tournament and the declaration of independence by Croatia in June 1991 resulted in top-ranked Croatian tennis players Goran Ivanišević and Goran Prpić leaving the Yugoslavia Davis Cup team. Yugoslavia were subsequently defeated in their next tie, when lower-ranked Serbian players were called up to fill their absence in the semi-finals against France.
Lightnin' Loops
Lightnin' Loops was a pair of Shuttle Loop roller coasters that were originally installed at Six Flags Great Adventure in Jackson, New Jersey. The ride consisted of two identical tracks, both of which were later relocated and renamed: the still-extant Diamond Back at Frontier City in Oklahoma City and the defunct Python at Six Flags America in Largo, Maryland (near Washington, D.C.).

Manufactured by Arrow Development, the ride opened on May 23, 1978, with a unique feature at the time. Both tracks interlocked at their vertical loop element. The ride's popularity declined in the mid-to-late 1980s, and a fatal incident occurred in 1987. The ride had limited operation when it reopened later that year and was eventually dismantled in 1992.

Jackson Township, New Jersey
Jackson Township is a township in Ocean County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. A portion of the township is located within the Pinelands National Reserve. As of the 2020 United States Census, the township's population was 58,544, an increase of 3,688 (+6.7%) from the 2010 census count of 54,856, which in turn reflected an increase of 12,040 (+28.1%) from the 42,816 counted in the 2000 census.

Roughly equidistant between New York City and Philadelphia, along with being close to the state capital of Trenton and the Jersey Shore on Interstate 195, Jackson is an outer-ring suburb of New York City within the New York metropolitan area. Jackson is also the site of the Six Flags Great Adventure Resort complex, which includes the Six Flags Great Adventure theme park, Hurricane Harbor New Jersey water park, and Wild Safari Adventure safari park. Jackson is also home to Adventure Crossing, a mixed-use entertainment complex that opened in 2023.
Grense Jakobselv
Grense Jakobselv (Norwegian), Vueʹrjemjokk (Skolt Sami), or Vuoremijoki (Kven) (also: Vuorjánjohka (Northern Sami) and Гренсе Якобсэльв (Russian)) is a small village in Sør-Varanger Municipality in Finnmark county, Norway. It is located on the shore of the Barents Sea at the mouth of the Jakobselva river. It lies about 54 kilometres (34 mi) by road east of the town of Kirkenes. The area was settled by Norwegians in 1851.

Finnmark
Finnmark (Norwegian: [ˈfɪ̀nːmɑrk] ⓘ; Northern Sami: Finnmárku [ˈfinːˌmaːrːhkuː]; Kven: Finmarkku; Finnish: Finnmarkin lääni; Russian: Финнмарк) is a county in northern Norway. By land, it borders Troms county to the west, Finland's Lapland region to the south, and Russia's Murmansk Oblast to the east, and by water, the Norwegian Sea (Atlantic Ocean) to the northwest, and the Barents Sea (Arctic Ocean) to the north and northeast.

The county was formerly known as Finmarkens amt or Vardøhus amt. Since 2002, it has had two official names: Finnmark (Norwegian) and Finnmárku (Northern Sami). It is part of the Sápmi region, which spans four countries, as well as the Barents Region, and is Norway's second-largest and least populous county.

In January 2020, Finnmark merged with the neighbouring county of Troms to form Troms og Finnmark county. In January 2024, the counties of Finnmark and Troms were restored after parliament decided in June 2022 to separate them.
2025 Croatian Football Cup final
The 2025 Croatian Cup Final was a two-legged affair played between Slaven Belupo and Rijeka.
The first leg was played on 14 May 2025, and the second leg was played on 29 May 2025.

Rijeka won the trophy with an aggregate result of 2–1.

NK Slaven Belupo
Nogometni klub Slaven Belupo (English: Slaven Belupo Football Club), often referred to as Slaven Belupo, is a Croatian professional football club based in the city of Koprivnica in the north of Croatia. They play their home matches at Gradski Stadion in Koprivnica. They play in the Croatian Football League.
Euriphene
Euriphene is a butterfly genus in the subfamily Limenitidinae. The 70 or so member species are confined to the Afrotropical realm. They are found mainly in the Guinean Forests of West Africa and the Congolian forests.

Afrotropical realm
The Afrotropical realm is one of the Earth's eight biogeographic realms. It includes Sub-Saharan Africa, the southern Arabian Peninsula, the island of Madagascar, and the islands of the western Indian Ocean. It was formerly known as the Ethiopian Zone or Ethiopian Region.
Paz Cove
Paz Cove (66°14′S 100°47′E﻿ / ﻿66.233°S 100.783°E﻿ / -66.233; 100.783) is a cove, 1 nautical mile (1.9 km) wide and 4 nautical miles (7 km) long, indenting the north side of the Bunger Hills 2.5 nautical miles (4.6 km) southeast of Cape Henderson. Mapped from aerial photographs taken by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump, 1946–47, and named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for H.J. Paz, air crew on U.S. Navy Operation Highjump photographic flights in this area and other coastal areas between 14 and 164 East longitude.

Cove
A cove is a small bay or coastal inlet. They usually have narrow, restricted entrances, are often circular or oval, and are often situated within a larger bay. Small, narrow, sheltered bays, inlets, tidal creeks, or recesses in a coast are often considered coves.

Colloquially, the term can be used to describe a sheltered bay. Geomorphology describes coves as precipitously walled and rounded cirque-like openings like a valley extending into or down a mountainside, or in a hollow or nook of a cliff or steep mountainside. A cove can also refer to a corner, nook, or cranny, either in a river, road, or wall, especially where the wall meets the floor.
Coca-Cola Bottling Company United
Coca-Cola Bottling Company United, Inc. is a private Coca-Cola bottling company headquartered in Birmingham, Alabama. Coca-Cola United is the second-largest privately held Coca-Cola bottler in the United States and in which the Coca-Cola Company does not own an interest.

Coca-Cola United is a direct store delivery bottler. The finished product is delivered to customers within a geographic area. Therefore, they are considered the brand's local Coca-Cola bottler distributors.

Distributor
A distributor  is an electric and mechanical device used in the ignition system of older spark-ignition engines. The distributor's main function is to route electricity from the ignition coil to each spark plug at the correct time.
Janet Adelman
Janet Ann Adelman (January 28, 1941 – April 6, 2010) was an American Shakespeare scholar, literary critic, and professor of English at the University of California, Berkeley.

Adelman's most prominent works include book-length critiques of William Shakespeare’s plays presenting new psychoanalytic and feminist readings of Antony and Cleopatra and The Merchant of Venice in "The Common Liar: An Essay on 'Antony & Cleopatra'" (1973) and Blood Relations: Christian and Jew in 'The Merchant of Venice' (2008), respectively.

Adelman authored another book, Suffocating Mothers: Fantasies of Maternal Origins in Shakespeare's Plays, Hamlet to the Tempest, (1992) that discusses maternal characters over many of Shakespeare's works.

The Merchant of Venice
The Merchant of Venice is a play by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between 1596 and 1598. A merchant in Venice named Antonio defaults on a large loan taken out on behalf of his dear friend, Bassanio, and provided by a Jewish moneylender, Shylock, with seemingly inevitable fatal consequences.

Although classified as a comedy in the First Folio and sharing certain aspects with Shakespeare's other romantic comedies, the play is most remembered for its dramatic scenes, and it is best known for the character Shylock and his famous demand for a "pound of flesh".

The play contains two famous speeches, that of Shylock, "Hath not a Jew eyes?" on the subject of humanity, and that of Portia on "the quality of mercy". Debate exists on whether the play is antisemitic, with Shylock's insistence on his legal right to the pound of flesh being in opposition to his seemingly universal plea for the rights of all people suffering discrimination.
João Matias
João Carlos Araújo Matias (born 26 May 1991) is a Portuguese track and road cyclist, who currently rides for the UCI Continental team Tavfer–Ovos Matinados–Mortágua. Representing Portugal at international competitions, Matias competed at the 2016 UEC European Track Championships in the Madison, the 1 km time trial and the elimination race events. He has also competed in five editions of the UCI Track Cycling World Championships.

Volta a Portugal
The Volta a Portugal (English: Tour of Portugal), also known as Volta a Portugal em Bicicleta (English: Tour of Portugal on Bicycle), is an annual multi-stage road bicycle racing competition held in Portugal. The competition takes place during a two-week span.
Claude Virgin
Claude Ambrose Virgin (8 June 1928 – 1 December 2006) was an American-born British fashion photographer, particularly for British Vogue.

He was born in Atlanta, Georgia;

Virgin's first wife was Margaret Barch; they had one daughter. His second wife was Jillie Bateman; they had two sons named James Virgin and Henry Virgin.

British Vogue
British Vogue (stylised in all caps) is the British edition of the American fashion magazine Vogue. The magazine was launched in 1916 by Condé Nast, linking together fashion and high society.

British Vogue is the third most profitable edition of Vogue worldwide (other than the American and Chinese editions).
Kunigal Ramanath
Kunigal Ramanath (1932/3 – 1 February 2016) was an Indian Kannada actor, known for Ranganayaki (1981). He also acted in several other movies like Prana Snehitha. He died on 1 February 2016 at the age of 83.

Prana Snehitha
Prana Snehitha (Kannada: ಪ್ರಾಣ ಸ್ನೇಹಿತ) is a 1992 Indian Kannada film, directed by H.R. Bhargava and produced by S.D. Ankalagi, B.H. Chandannavar and M.G. Hublikar. The film stars Shankar Nag, Ramakrishna, Bhavya and Tara in the lead roles. The film has musical score by M. Ranga Rao.
Sanjog (1972 film)
Sanjog (transl. Destiny) is a 1972 Indian Hindi-language drama film directed by S. S. Balan. The film stars Mala Sinha, Amitabh Bachchan and Aruna Irani in the lead roles. It is a remake of the Tamil film Iru Kodugal directed by K. Balachander.

Johnny Walker (actor)
Badruddin Jamaluddin Kazi (1924? – 29 July 2003), professionally known as Johnny Walker, was an Indian actor and comedian who acted in around 300 films. He was best known for his humorous roles in Indian films, notably being typecast as a hapless drunkard.
Shiv Ganga Vidya Mandir
Shiv Ganga Vidya Mandir is a senior secondary, co-educational, english-medium, Central Board of Secondary Education affiliated school located in Sector F, Shantipuram, Phaphamau, Prayagraj. Shiv Ganga Vidya Mandir was established by Samaj Evam Paryavaran Vikas Sansthan in 2003 on the banks of the Ganga river in Prayagraj.

Central Board of Secondary Education
The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) is a national-level board of education in India for public and private schools, controlled and managed by the Government of India. Established in 1929 by a government resolution, the Board was an experiment in inter-state integration and cooperation in the sphere of secondary education. There are more than 27,000 schools in India and 240 schools in 28 foreign countries affiliated with the CBSE. All schools affiliated with CBSE follow the NCERT curriculum, especially those in classes 9 to 12. The current Chairperson of CBSE is Rahul Singh, IAS.

The constitution of the Board was amended in 1952 to give its present name, the Central Board of Secondary Education. The Board was reconstituted on 1 July 1962 to make its services available to students and various educational institutions across the country.
Conover, North Carolina
Conover is a city in Catawba County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 8,421 as of the 2020 census. It is part of the Hickory–Lenoir–Morganton Metropolitan Statistical Area and Charlotte Metropolitan Area.

Morganton, North Carolina
Morganton is a city in and the county seat of Burke County, North Carolina, United States. It is located in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains along the Catawba River.

The population was 17,474 at the 2020 census. Morganton is approximately 75 miles (121 km) northwest of Charlotte and 57 miles (92 km) east of Asheville. It is one of the principal cities in the Hickory-Lenoir-Morganton, NC Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Lake Overstreet
Lake Overstreet is a lake in Leon County, Florida, United States. It is 144 acres (0.58 km2) in size and falls within the property of Alfred B. Maclay Gardens State Park and is just northwest of Lake Hall by 500 feet (150 m). Access to the lake is only by hiking and mountain bike trails.

The lake and land surrounding it were part of the Lafayette Land Grant. During antebellum years, this lake was within Andalusia Plantation owned by Frenchman Emile Dubois. Later, it was the western border of Live Oak Plantation.

Fish found in Lake Overstreet include largemouth bass, bluegills and bream.

Leon County, Florida
Leon County is a county in the Panhandle of the U.S. state of Florida. It was named after the Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León. As of the 2020 census, the population was 292,198. The county seat is Tallahassee, which is also the state capital and home to many politicians, lobbyists, jurists, and attorneys. Leon County is included in the Tallahassee, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area. Tallahassee is home to two of Florida's major public universities, Florida State University and Florida A&M University, as well as Tallahassee State College. Together these institutions have a combined enrollment of more than 70,000 students. It was an area of cotton cultivation. About 30 percent of Leon County is African American. The area includes red rolling hills.
Magheramorne
Magheramorne (from Irish Machaire Morna - meaning 'Plain of Morna') is a small village in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. It is about 5 miles south of Larne on the shores of Larne Lough. It had a population of 228 people in the 2021 census. Following the reform of Northern Ireland's local government system on 1 April 2015, Magheramorne lies within the Mid and East Antrim Borough Council area.

Larne Lough
Larne Lough, historically Lough Larne (from Irish Loch Latharna), is a sea loch or inlet in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. It lies between the Islandmagee peninsula and the mainland. At its mouth is the town of Larne. It is designated as an area of special scientific interest, a special protection area, and a Ramsar site to protect the wetland environment, particularly due to the presence of certain bird species and shellfish.
José da Silva Coelho
José da Silva Coelho (1889 – 1944) was a Goan author of several dozen pieces of wickedly satirical short fiction in the 1920s and 1930s, published for the most part in the Portuguese-language newspaper O Heraldo. He is easily the most prolific Goan fictionist in Portuguese.

Novas Conquistas
The Novas Conquistas or "New Conquests" are a group of seven  concelhos (municipalities) of Goa and Damaon, officially known as Portuguese India. They were added into Goa in the 18th century AD, comparatively date than the three original concelhos that make up the Velhas Conquistas, or "Old Conquests".

The seven concelhos of the Novas Conquistas are:

Pernem,

Bicholim,

Sattari,

Antruz (Ponda),

Sanguem (modern-day Sanguem and Dharbandora),

Quepem and

Canacona.

Silvassa was a newly-acquired area in the Província do Norte.

In writing postal addresses, the Novas Conquistas were abbreviated "N.C."
Dorsum Cushman
Dorsum Cushman is a wrinkle ridge at 1°00′N 49°00′E﻿ / ﻿1.0°N 49.0°E﻿ / 1.0; 49.0 in Mare Fecunditatis on the Moon. It is 86 km long and was named after American micropaleontologist Joseph Augustine Cushman in 1976.

Mare Fecunditatis
Mare Fecunditatis /fɪˌkʌndɪˈteɪtɪs/ (Latin fēcunditātis, the 'Sea of Fecundity' or 'Sea of Fertility') is a lunar mare in the eastern half of the visible Moon. The mare has a maximum diameter of 840 km.
Biram Dah Abeid
Biram Ould Dah Ould Abeid (born 12 January 1965) is a Mauritanian politician and advocate for the abolition of slavery. He was listed by Time magazine as one of the "100 Most Influential People" in 2017 and was called the "Mauritanian Nelson Mandela" by online news organisation Middle East Eye.

A leader of the international anti-slavery movement, Abeid has been arrested and imprisoned several times by Mauritanian authorities. His case has been taken up by Irwin Cotler and the Raoul Wallenberg Centre for Human Rights.

Middle East Eye
Middle East Eye (MEE) is a United Kingdom–based media website and channel that primarily focuses on news related to the Middle East, North Africa, and the broader Muslim world. The ownership of the organisation is undisclosed. Some sources have alleged that the organisation is funded by the government of Qatar, though the organisation itself denies this.