hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Stoletov's law
Stoletov's law (or the first law of photoeffect) for photoelectric effect establishes the direct proportionality between the intensity of electromagnetic radiation acting on a metallic surface and the photocurrent induced by this radiation. The law was discovered by Russian physicist Aleksandr Stoletov in 1888, as he performed an analysis of the photo effect.

Photocurrent
Photocurrent is the electric current through a photosensitive device, such as a photodiode, as the result of exposure to radiant power.  The photocurrent may occur as a result of the photoelectric, photoemissive, or photovoltaic effect.  The photocurrent may be enhanced by internal gain caused by interaction among ions and photons under the influence of applied fields, such as occurs in an avalanche photodiode (APD).

When a suitable radiation is used, the photoelectric current is directly proportional to intensity of radiation and increases with the increase in accelerating potential till the stage is reached when photo-current becomes maximum and does not increase with further increase in accelerating potential. The highest (maximum) value of the photo-current is called saturation current. The value of retarding potential at which photo-current becomes zero is called cut-off voltage or stopping potential for the given frequency of the incident ray.
2004 Milton Keynes Council election
The 2004 Milton Keynes Council election took place on 10 June 2004 to elect members of Milton Keynes Unitary Council in Buckinghamshire, England. One third of the council was up for election and the Liberal Democrats stayed in overall control of the council.

After the election, the composition of the council was:

Liberal Democrat 27

Labour 16

Conservative 7

Independent 1

City of Milton Keynes
The City of Milton Keynes is a borough in Buckinghamshire, England. The borough was created in 1974 and is named after its main settlement, Milton Keynes, which had been designated as a new town seven years earlier in 1967. It is the northernmost district of the South East England Region. The borough abuts Bedfordshire, Northamptonshire and the remainder of Buckinghamshire. The borough was awarded city status in 2022. It is administered by Milton Keynes City Council, which has been a unitary authority since 1997.

The principal built-up area in the borough is the Milton Keynes urban area, which accounts for about 20% of its area and 90% of its population. The borough also includes many rural areas surrounding the Milton Keynes urban area, especially to the north, containing several villages and the town of Olney. At the 2021 census, the population of the borough was just over 287,000.
Spider-Man (1967 TV series)
Spider-Man is a 1967 superhero animated television series that was the first television series based on the Spider-Man comic book series created by writer Stan Lee and by artist Steve Ditko. Season 1 was produced by Grantray-Lawrence Animation with Canadian voice actors, Paul Soles as Peter Parker and Paul Kligman as J. Jonah Jameson working from Toronto.  Grantray-Lawrence went bankrupt, so their distributor Krantz Films took over production, with animator Ralph Bakshi flying back and forth between Toronto and New York City where Gray Morrow was working on the art.  The first two seasons aired on the ABC television network, and the third was distributed in syndication. The series aired Saturday mornings from September 9, 1967 to June 14, 1970.

The series gained a variety of internet memes and is also remembered for its theme song containing the iconic phrase "Spider-Man, Spider-Man, does whatever a spider can."

Grantray-Lawrence Animation
Grantray-Lawrence Animation was an American animation studio active from 1954 to 1968 and founded by Grant Simmons, Ray Patterson (hence "Grant-Ray"), and Robert L. Lawrence.

This animation company produced commercials and low-budget animated television shows until it went bankrupt in 1968 after the death of Grant Simmons.  and its distributor, Krantz Films, took over production. The best-known of those animated shows are its adaptations of superheroes from Marvel Comics, the earliest such adaptations for electronic media. Before then, it did sub-contracted work on Top Cat, The Jetsons, The Dick Tracy Show, and The Famous Adventures of Mr. Magoo.
Julius Kuperjanov
Julius Kuperjanov VR I/2, VR II/2 and VR II/3 (11 October [O.S. 29 September] 1894 – 2 February 1919) was an Estonian military officer who helped to liberate Tartu during the War of Independence, and was the commander of the Tartumaa Partisan Battalion, posthumously renamed the Kuperjanov Infantry Battalion.

Estonian Defence Forces
The Estonian Defence Forces, EDF (Estonian: Eesti Kaitsevägi), is the unified military force of the Republic of Estonia. The Estonian Defence Forces consists of the Estonian Land Forces, the Estonian Navy, the Estonian Air Force, and the paramilitary Estonian Defence League. The national defence policy aims to guarantee the preservation of the independence and sovereignty of the state and maintain the integrity of its land area, territorial waters, airspace, and constitutional order. Its main goals remain the development and maintenance of a credible capability to defend the nation's vital interests and of the defence forces in a way that ensures their interoperability with the armed forces of NATO and European Union member states in order to participate in the full range of missions for these military alliances.
192nd Mountain Rifle Division
The 192nd Mountain Rifle Division was formed as a specialized infantry division of the Red Army beginning in November 1940, in the Kharkov Military District. When the German invasion of the Soviet Union began it was in the Kiev Special Military District, assigned to 13th Rifle Corps of 12th Army in the foothills of the Carpathian Mountains. It saw little combat in the first week, as it was positioned outside the main German axes of attack, but was soon forced to retreat into the plains, where it began suffering severe losses. By early August, while still under 12th Army, it was trapped in the German encirclement near Uman. All of the 192nd, apart from one regiment, was soon destroyed; it was stricken from the Red Army's order of battle on September 19 and was never rebuilt.

Kiev Military District
The Kiev Military District (Russian: Киевский военный округ (КВО), romanized: Kiyevskiy voyennyy okrug (KVO); Ukrainian: Червонопрапорний Київський військовий округ, romanized: Chervonoprapornyi Kyivskyi viiskovyi okruh, lit. 'Red Banner Kyiv Military District', abbreviated КВО, KVO) was a military district of the Imperial Russian Army and subsequently of the Red Army and Soviet Armed Forces. It was first formed in 1862, and was headquartered in Kiev (Kyiv) for most of its existence.
Baji, Georgia
Baji (Georgian: ბაჯი) is a village in the Ambrolauri Municipality of Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti in Georgia. It lies on the Rioni River, and is about 22 kilometres from Ambrolauri.

Yakov Dzhugashvili, Joseph Stalin's eldest son from his first wife Kato Svanidze, was born in Baji in 1907.

Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti
Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti (Georgian: რაჭა-ლეჩხუმი და ქვემო სვანეთი, Rach’a-Lechkhumi da Kvemo Svaneti [ɾät͡ʃʼäle̞t͡ʃʰχumi d̥ä kʰʷe̞mo̞ s̪ʷän̪e̞t̪ʰi]) is a region (mkhare) in northwestern Georgia with a population of 28,500 (2021), making it the most sparsely populated region in the country. It has a nominal area of 4,954 km2 (1,913 sq mi), of which 4,600 km2 (1,800 sq mi) is de facto controlled by Georgia. The remainder is effectively under South Ossetian control. The region has Ambrolauri as its administrative center and Parmen Margvelidze is governor of the region since June 2021. Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti includes the historical provinces of Racha, Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti (or Lower Svaneti).
Schulzia (plant)
Schulzia is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Apiaceae.

Its native range is Central Asia (within Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan,) to Siberia (within Altay, Chita, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva), Far East Russia (within Amur and Buryatiya) and the Himalayas (within East Himalaya, Mongolia,Nepal, Tibet, West Himalaya and Xinjiang).

The genus name of Schulzia is in honour of Karl Friedrich Schultz (1766–1837), German doctor and botanist, and Johann Heinrich Schulze (1687–1744), a German professor and polymath. It was first described and published by George Bentham in London J. Bot. Vol.4 on page 633 in 1845.

Buryatia
Buryatia, officially the Republic of Buryatia, is a republic of Russia located in the Russian Far East. Formerly part of the Siberian Federal District, it has been administered as part of the Far Eastern Federal District since 2018. To its north lie Irkutsk Oblast and Lake Baikal, the deepest lake in the world; Zabaykalsky Krai to the east; Tuva to the west and Mongolia to the south. Its capital is the city of Ulan-Ude. It has an area of 351,300 square kilometers (135,600 sq mi) with a population of 978,588 (2021 Census). It is home to the indigenous Buryats.
Vikramajit Sen
Vikramajit Sen (born 31 December 1950) is a retired Indian judge, who served as a judge of the Supreme Court of India from 2012 to 2015. He has also served as the Chief Justice of the Karnataka High Court from 2011 to 2012. From May 2019 to May 2022, he served as the chairman of the Bombay Stock Exchange.

Karnataka High Court
The High Court of Karnataka (IAST: Karnāṭaka Ućća Nyāyālaya, commonly referred to as the Karnataka High Court and formerly known as the Mysore High Court, is the highest judicial authority of the Indian state of Karnataka. The court's principal bench is located in Bengaluru, the capital city of Karnataka, with additional benches in Hubballi-Dharwad and Kalaburagi. In Bengaluru, the High Court operates from a red-painted brick building known as the Attara Kacheri, located opposite the Vidhana Soudha, the seat of the Karnataka Legislature.
Zoya Popovic
Zorana B. (Zoya) Popović is a Yugoslav-American electrical engineer, a distinguished professor and Lockheed Martin Endowed Chair in RF Engineering in the Department of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering at the University of Colorado Boulder. Her research involves radio and microwave engineering, including wireless communication, millimeter wave scanners, radio frequency power transmission, and the use of rectennas to harvest radio-frequency energy.

Millimeter wave scanner
A millimeter wave scanner is a whole-body imaging device used for detecting objects concealed underneath a person’s clothing using a form of electromagnetic radiation. Typical uses for this technology include detection of items for commercial loss prevention, smuggling, and screening for weapons at government buildings and airport security checkpoints.

It is one of the common technologies of full body scanner used for body imaging; a competing technology is backscatter X-ray. Millimeter wave scanners come in two varieties: active and passive. Active scanners direct millimeter wave energy at the subject and then interpret the reflected energy. Passive systems create images using only ambient radiation and radiation emitted from the human body or objects.
Jwlwi: The Seed
Jwlwi - The Seed is a 2019 Bodo-language Indian film directed by Rajni Basumatary. Set in Assam's insurgency ridden 90s, Jwlwi- The Seed is "a story of hope lost and found through resolute perseverance even in the face of seemingly insurmountable odds."

Guwahati International Film Festival
The Guwahati International Film Festival (GIFF) is an annual film festival held in Guwahati, Assam, India. The State Government-owned Jyoti Chitraban (Film Studio) Society organised the festival in association with the Dr. Bhupen Hazarika Regional Government Film and Television Institute. The first ever Guwahati International Film Festival (GIFF) was held in northeast India, opened 28 October 2017 by Assam Chief Minister Sarbananda Sonowal. The Assam government supported festival began on 28 October with screening of the Oscar winning ‘The Salesman’, directed by Asghar Farhadi and produced by a joint collaboration of Iran and France.
Sphagnum warnstorfii
Sphagnum warnstorfii is a species of moss belonging to the family Sphagnaceae, named in honour of Carl Warnstorf. It is widely distributed in the north hemisphere.

In a study of the effect of the herbicide Asulam on moss growth, Sphagnum warnstorfii was shown to have intermediate sensitivity to Asulam exposure.

Carl Friedrich Warnstorf
Carl Friedrich Warnstorf (2 December 1837 – 28 February 1921) was a German educator and bryologist specializing in Sphagnum studies.

He received his education at the teaching seminar in Neuzelle (1855–1858), afterwards worked as a school teacher in Arnswalde (1859 to 1867), and Neuruppin (1867 to 1899). During this time he published three bryophyte exsiccatae and from 1896 to 1910 with Max Fleischer the forth series named Bryotheca Europaea Meridionalis. Following retirement from teaching he settled in Berlin. In 1917, he was awarded with the title of professor. During World War II his herbarium of 30,000 items was destroyed in the midst of the bombing of Berlin (1943).

The genus Warnstorfia was named in his honor by bryologist Leopold Loeske (1865–1935).
2016 Swiss Indoors – Singles
Roger Federer, the seven-time winner and defending champion, did not participate in this tennis competition due to injury. It would be the first time since 2005 that he would not play in the final in his hometown of Basel. Federer had played in ten consecutive finals from 2006 to 2015. This would be the only year between 2006 and 2019 that Federer wasn’t in the final.

Marin Čilić won the title, defeating Kei Nishikori in the final, 6–1, 7–6(7–5).

In the 2010s, this was the only year that the title wasn’t won by Federer or Juan Martin del Potro.

Marin Čilić
Marin Čilić (Croatian pronunciation: [mâriːn tʃǐːlitɕ]; born 28 September 1988) is a Croatian professional tennis player. He has been ranked as high as world No. 3 in men's singles by the ATP, achieved in January 2018. Čilić has won 21 ATP Tour-level singles titles, including the 2014 US Open. He was also finalist at the 2017 Wimbledon Championships and the 2018 Australian Open.

Playing for his country, Čilić was pivotal in the Croatian team's victory at the 2018 Davis Cup, and won an Olympic silver medal in men's doubles at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics partnering Ivan Dodig. Alongside Goran Ivanišević and Iva Majoli, he is widely considered to be one of the greatest Croatian tennis players in history.

Čilić has reached the semifinal stage or better at all four Majors, one of only four active players to do so, and the quarterfinal stage or better at all nine Masters tournaments. He is one of only six active players with 20 or more titles.
Melissa Rapp
Melissa Catherine Rapp (born 15 July 1978) is a Los Angeles–based singer-songwriter. She was born and raised in Honolulu, Hawaii, and is a featured cast member of Bravo's first season of the songwriting competition show Platinum Hit.  Her music is a blend of pop, soul, and folk. In 2020, Rapp graduated from the UCLA School of Law.

Platinum Hit
Platinum Hit is a 2011 reality competition series on Bravo, in which 12 singer-songwriters compete through innovative songwriting challenges that tested their creativity, patience and drive. The series was created and produced by Evan Bogart. Every episode featured a different topic – from a dance track to a love ballad – that required the contestants to write and perform lyrics from various genres, for a cash prize of $100,000, a publishing deal with songwriting collective The Writing Camp, and a recording deal with RCA/Jive label. The show ran for one season, and Sonyae Elise was named the winner of that season.

The show was originally to be entitled Hitmakers and was later changed to Going Platinum before settling on its final title.
Taldou District
Taldou District (Arabic: منطقة تلدو, romanized: manṭiqat Taldou) is a district of the Homs Governorate in central Syria. Administrative centre is the town of Taldou. The Northwestern Quadrant of the District is within Wadi al-Nasara, an Antiochian Greek Orthodox population region and cultural area. Krak Des Chevaliers, a famous Crusader Castle, is in the northwesternmost edge of the district.

The district was formed in 2010 from three sub-districts formerly belonging to Homs District. At the 2004 census, these sub-districts had a total population of 90,139.

Mintaqah
Minṭaqah (Arabic: مِنْطَقَة [ˈmintˤaqah]; plural مَنَاطِق manāṭiq [maˈnaːtˤiq]) is a term used for a first-level administrative division in Saudi Arabia and Chad and for a second-level administrative division in several other Arab countries. It is often translated as region or district, but the literal meaning is "region", "area", or even simply "place".
2011–12 El Hierro eruption
The 2011–2012 El Hierro eruption occurred just off the island of El Hierro, the second smallest and farthest south and west of the Canary Islands (an autonomous community of Spain), in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Africa.  The island is also the youngest in the volcanic chain.  The October 2011 – March 2012 eruption was underwater, with a fissure of vents located approximately 2 kilometres (1.2 miles) to the south of the fishing village of La Restinga on the southern coast of the island.  Increased seismicity in June 2012 to the north-west of the vent did not result in another phase of eruptive activity. Until the 2021 La Palma eruption, which started on 19 September 2021, this was the last volcanic eruption in Spain.

La Restinga
La Restinga is a locality and district belonging to the municipality of El Pinar de El Hierro, in the province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife. It is located at the southern tip of the Canarian island of El Hierro. On the Atlantic coast, La Restinga constitutes the southernmost settlement of all Spain.
22nd National Television Awards
The 22nd National Television Awards were held at The O2 Arena on 25 January 2017. The awards were hosted by Dermot O'Leary and Scarlett Moffatt.

Until the 29th ceremony in 2024, this was the last time that the National Television Awards would air on a Wednesday.

Dermot O'Leary
Dermot O'Leary (born Seán Dermot Fintan O'Leary, Jr., 24 May 1973) is a British and Irish broadcaster. He currently co-presents ITV's This Morning on Fridays, school holidays and bank holidays alongside Alison Hammond. He presented the talent show competition The X Factor on ITV from 2007 until its final series in 2018, with the exception of 2015.

O'Leary began his radio career working as a disc jockey at Essex Radio. From 2001 to 2003, he was a presenter for London's indie rock station XFM. O'Leary joined BBC Radio 2 in 2004 and currently presents the Saturday morning breakfast show and since April 2022 Alternative Sounds of the 90's.
Rutland Radio
Rutland Radio was an Independent Local Radio station which served the county of Rutland and the town of Stamford in Lincolnshire. 
It broadcast on 107.2 FM in Rutland and 97.4 FM across Stamford and launched on 13 December 1998 from Knights Yard, Gaol Street in Oakham.

The station was replaced by Greatest Hits Radio in September 2020, forming part of its Midlands region.

Independent Local Radio
Independent Local Radio is the collective name given to commercial radio stations in the United Kingdom.

As a result of the buyouts and mergers permitted by the Broadcasting Act 1990, deregulation resulting from the Communications Act 2003 and further deregulation from the Media Act 2024, most commercial stations are now neither independent (although they remain independent from the BBC) nor local, as almost all of them are now relays of a national brand, with remaining locality reduced to nothing more than localised commercials, news (which may be from the approved area region), weather and peak-time travel information. Radio stations are licensed and regulated by OfCom.

The same name is used for Independent Local Radio in Ireland.
2006 North Carolina judicial elections
Justices of the North Carolina Supreme Court and judges of the North Carolina Court of Appeals are elected to eight-year terms in statewide judicial elections.  In 2006, all 
these races were non-partisan.  The Congressional, State Senate, and State House elections were also held on the same day, November 7, 2006.

The result was that all incumbents except Linda Stephens were elected (if they had been appointed) or re-elected.  All the candidates supported by FairJudges.net, the first independent group to get involved in North Carolina's non-partisan judicial elections, won.

North Carolina Court of Appeals
The North Carolina Court of Appeals (in case citation, N.C. Ct. App.) is the only intermediate appellate court in the state of North Carolina. It is composed of fifteen members who sit in rotating panels of three. The Court of Appeals was created by the North Carolina General Assembly in 1967 after voters approved a constitutional amendment in 1965 which "authorized the creation of an intermediate court of appeals to relieve pressure on the North Carolina Supreme Court."

Judges serve eight-year terms and are elected in statewide elections. The General Assembly made Court of Appeals elections non-partisan starting with the 2004 elections, but later made them partisan again after the 2016 elections.
Boada, Salamanca
Boada is a village and municipality in the province of Salamanca,  western Spain, part of the autonomous community of Castile-Leon. It is 58 kilometres (36 mi) from the provincial capital city of Salamanca and has a population of 297 people.

It lies 779 metres (2,556 ft) above sea level and the postal code is 37290.

Province of Salamanca
Salamanca (Spanish pronunciation: [salaˈmaŋka]) is a province of western Spain, in the western part of the autonomous community of Castile and León (Castilla y León). It is bordered by the provinces of Ávila, Cáceres, Valladolid, and Zamora, and on the west by Portugal. It has an area of 12,349 km2 and in 2018 had a population of 331,473 people. It is divided into 362 municipalities, 11 comarcas, 32 mancomunidades, and five judicial districts. Of the 362 municipalities, more than half are villages with fewer than 300 people.
Violator (comics)
Violator (also referred to at times as The Violator) is a supervillain who appears in the Spawn comic books published by Image Comics as one of the main antagonists. The character first appeared in Spawn #2 (cover-dated May 1992) and was created by writer-artist Todd McFarlane.

In 2009, Violator was ranked as IGN's 97th-greatest comic book villain of all time.

Supervillain
A supervillain, supervillainess or supercriminal is a variant of the villainous stock character. The character is a common archetype in comic books and other popular culture, often acting as the primary adversary of superheros.

Supervillains are often noted for their ability to foil heroes through the use of superpowers, their mental or physical capabilities, or their criminal influence, often creating grandiose schemes for nefarious purposes, such as world domination.