hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Theory of historical trajectory
The theory of historical trajectory is part of Karl Marx's historical materialism. This theory has been analyzed by Erik Olin Wright, whose work has been cited in relation to it. According to Wright, while Marx's theory of social change is often regarded as obsolete, it is nonetheless an important and likely still the "most ambitious attempt to construct a scientific theory of alternatives to capitalism". What Marx attempted was to develop a deterministic theory of "long term impossibility of capitalism". According to Marx, the very same problems that should make capitalism fail should also provide the means for the new, more democratic and egalitarian society to arise.

Social change
Social change is the alteration of the social order of a society which may include changes in social institutions, social behaviours or social relations. Sustained at a larger scale, it may lead to social transformation or societal transformation.
SS Lafayette (1914)
SS Lafayette was a French transatlantic ocean liner of the Compagnie Générale Transatlantique (CGT). She was launched in 1914 as Île de Cuba but when she was completed in 1915 she was renamed Lafayette.

Lafayette was a hospital ship in the latter part of the First World War and a troop ship in 1919.

In 1928 CGT had Lafayette refitted and renamed her Mexique. In 1939 Mexique was converted into an auxiliary cruiser. In 1940 a mine sank her at the mouth of the Gironde.

This was the second of three CGT liners called Lafayette. The first was an iron-hulled paddle steamer built in 1864 and sold for scrap in 1906. The third was a motor ship built in 1929 and destroyed by fire in Le Havre in 1938.

Gironde estuary
The Gironde estuary (/ʒɪˈrɒnd/ zhi-ROND, US usually /dʒɪˈ-/ ji-; French: estuaire de la Gironde, French pronunciation: [ɛstɥɛʁ də la ʒiʁɔ̃d]; Occitan: estuari de [la] Gironda, Occitan pronunciation: [estyˈaɾi ˈde lo dʒiˈɾundo]) is a navigable estuary (though often referred to as a river) in southwest France and is formed from the meeting of the rivers Dordogne and Garonne just downstream of the centre of Bordeaux. Covering around 635 km2 (245 sq mi), it is the largest estuary in western Europe.

Giving its name to the French département Gironde,  
the Gironde estuary is approximately 75 km (47 mi) long and 3–12 km (1.9–7.5 mi) wide. It is subject to very strong tidal currents and great care is needed when navigating the estuary by any size or type of boat.

Since 2015, the Gironde estuary has been part of the Gironde estuary and Pertuis sea Marine Nature Park.
Jurgen Van Goolen
Jurgen Van Goolen (born 28 November 1980 in Leuven, Flanders), is a Belgian former professional road bicycle racer.

He rode the Vuelta a España eight times, and the Giro d'Italia two times during his career, serving mostly as a domestique. On five occasions, he was part of the Belgian squad for the World Road Race Championships. Although Van Goolen was considered a big talent as a youngster, winning the award for Best Young Belgian Rider in 2000, his professional career never really lived up to these promises. In January 2014, he announced his retirement.

Crystal Bicycle
The "Kristallen Fiets" (Dutch for "Crystal Bicycle") is a cycle racing award, created in 1992 by the Belgian newspaper Het Laatste Nieuws. The award is given annually to the Belgian rider considered to have performed the best over the year.

As of 2013, Johan Museeuw holds the record, winning the award five times. Only two cyclo-cross riders have won the award, Paul Herygers and Sven Nys, although Wout van Aert also won the trophy twice after already having shifted focus to road racing.

Other categories have been introduced at later stages, including the Best Young Rider award in 1994, the Best Cycling Manager award in 2000, the best domestique award in 2005 (commonly referred to as the Crystal Drop of Sweat), the Best Female Rider in 2016, and finally the Best Young Female Rider in 2023.
Ehsan Mehrabi
Ehsan Mahrabi, born in 1978, is an Iranian journalist who worked for reformist newspapers including Hambastegi, Etemad, and Etemad Melli. In addition to his work as a journalist, he has a background in civil engineering. At the time of his arrest, Mehrabi was working as a correspondent for Farhikhtegan newspaper in Iran.

Iranian reformists
The Reformists (Persian: اصلاح‌طلبان, romanized: Eslâh-Talabân) are an Islamic liberal political faction in Iran. Iran's "reform era" is sometimes said to have lasted from 1997 to 2005—the length of President Mohammad Khatami's two terms in office. The Council for Coordinating the Reforms Front is the main umbrella organization and coalition within the movement; however, there are reformist groups not aligned with the council, such as the Reformists Front. Masoud Pezeshkian, a reformist, was elected president following the 2024 Iranian presidential election, and was subsequently confirmed by Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei on 28 July.
2018 Men's Hockey World Cup
The 2018 Men's Hockey World Cup was the 14th edition of the Hockey World Cup, the quadrennial world championship for men's national field hockey teams organized by the FIH. It was held from 28 November to 16 December 2018, at the Kalinga Hockey Stadium in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. The inauguration ceremony which was held on 27 November 2018, witnessed the biggest ever drone flying show in India.

Belgium won the tournament for the first time after defeating the Netherlands 3–2 in the final on a penalty shoot-out after a 0–0 draw. Defending champions Australia won the third place match by defeating England 8–1 in the third place playoff of the Odisha men's hockey world cup 2018.

Netherlands men's national field hockey team
The Netherlands national men's field hockey team represents the Netherlands in international men's field hockey and is controlled by the Koninklijke Nederlandse Hockey Bond, the governing body for field hockey in the Netherlands.

The Netherlands are one of the most successful teams in the world, having won the Summer Olympics three times, the Hockey World Cup three times, the Champions Trophy eight times, the EuroHockey Nations Championship seven times, Pro League three times and the Hockey World League once.
Abbot of Cork
Christianity portal

The Abbot of Cork was the head of the monastery at Cork in the province of Munster, Ireland. The monastery was founded by Saint Finbarr in the early seventh century. The abbots also bore the title "Comarbai Báirri", "successor of Saint Finbarr".

Provinces of Ireland
There are four provinces of Ireland: Connacht, Leinster, Munster and Ulster. The Irish word for this territorial division, cúige, meaning "fifth part", suggests that there were once five, and at times Meath has been considered to be the fifth province. In the medieval period, however, there were often more than five. The number of provinces and their delineation fluctuated until 1610, when they were permanently set by the administration of James I. The provinces of Ireland no longer serve administrative or political purposes but function as historical and cultural entities.
Herman Thorson
Herman Thorson (December 18, 1880 – December 11, 1960) was a North Dakota Republican Party politician who served as the Secretary of State of North Dakota from 1941 to 1942. He first won election in 1940, but was defeated in 1942 by Thomas Hall, also a Republican. Before serving as Secretary of State, he served in the North Dakota Senate from 1929 to 1940.

North Dakota Republican Party
The North Dakota Republican Party is the North Dakota affiliate of the United States Republican Party.

Its platform is conservative. It is currently the dominant party in the state, controlling North Dakota's at-large U.S. House seat, both U.S. Senate seats and the governorship, and it has supermajorities in both houses of the state legislature.
Ormsby Roy
Osborne Joseph "Ormsby" Roy (February 25, 1905 – March 8, 1959) was an American Negro league infielder between 1929 and 1932.

A native of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Roy played for the Homestead Grays in 1929. He played for Homestead again in 1932, and also played for the Pittsburgh Crawfords that season. Roy died in Pittsburgh in 1959 at age 54.

Pittsburgh Crawfords
The Pittsburgh Crawfords, popularly known as the Craws, were a professional Negro league baseball team based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The team, previously known as the Crawford Colored Giants, was named after the Crawford Bath House, a recreation center in the Crawford neighborhood of Pittsburgh's Hill District.

In 1931 Gus Greenlee, an African-American businessman in Pittsburgh, bought the Crawfords. In 1933 he founded what is known as the second Negro National League, and built Greenlee Field as a ball park for his team. During the mid-1930s, the Crawfords were one of the strongest Negro league teams ever assembled.
International Schools Association of Thailand
International Schools Association of Thailand (ISAT) is an association of private international schools in Thailand, headquartered in Pak Kret, Nonthaburi Province in Greater Bangkok. Its principal 'raison d'etre' is to act as a link between its 45-member international schools, on the one hand, and the Ministry of Education and the Office of the Private Education Commission in particular.

Bangkok Patana School
Bangkok Patana School (Thai: โรงเรียนบางกอกพัฒนา, RTGS: Rong Rian Bangkok Phatthana) is a British International School located in Bang Na District, Bangkok, Thailand. Bangkok Patana School was founded in 1957 to provide a British-style education for the children of English-speaking expatriates and others living in Bangkok.

It is Thailand's oldest British international school. As of 2010, it is also the largest British school in the country.
Allium thunbergii
Allium thunbergii, Thunberg's chive Thunberg garlic or sanbuchu, is an East Asian species of wild onion native to Japan (incl Bonin + Ryukyu Islands), Korea, and China (incl. Taiwan). It grows at elevations up to 3000 m. The Flora of China recognizes A. tunbergii and A. stenodon as separate species, but more recent sources combine the two.

Allium thunbergii produces one or two egg-shaped bulbs up to 20 mm in diameter. Scapes are up to 50 cm tall. Leaves are longer than the scape, hollow, triangular in cross-section. Umbels are crowded with many red or purple flowers.

The specific epithet thunbergii references the Swedish botanist Carl Peter Thunberg.

This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Varieties

Allium thunbergii var. deltoides (S.O.Yu, S.Lee & W.T.Lee) H.J.Choi & B.U.Oh - Gayasan National Park in Korea

Allium thunbergii var. teretifolium H.J.Choi & B.U.Oh - Korea

Allium thunbergii var. thunbergii - China, Japan, Korea

Scape (botany)
In botany, a scape is a peduncle arising from a subterranean or very compressed stem, with the lower internodes very long and hence few or no bracts except the part near the rachis or receptacle. Typically it takes the form of a long, leafless flowering stem rising directly from a bulb, rhizome, or similar subterranean or underwater structure.

The scapes of scallions, chives, garlic chives, and garlic are used as vegetables.
Cyberbullying
Cyberbullying (cyberharassment or online bullying/harassment) is a form of bullying or harassment using electronic means. Since the 2000s, it has become increasingly common, especially among teenagers and adolescents, due to young people's increased use of social media. Related issues include online/internet harassment and trolling. In 2015, according to cyberbullying statistics from the i-Safe Foundation, over half of adolescents and teens had been bullied online, and about the same number had engaged in cyberbullying. Both the bully and the victim are negatively affected, and the intensity, duration, and frequency of bullying are three aspects that increase the negative effects on both of them.

Electronic communication network
An electronic communication network (ECN) is a type of computerized forum or network that facilitates the trading of financial products outside traditional stock exchanges. An ECN is generally an electronic system accessed by an electronic trading platform that widely disseminates orders entered by market makers to third parties and permits the orders to be executed against them in whole or in part. The primary products that are traded on ECNs are stocks and currencies. ECNs are generally passive computer-driven networks that internally match limit orders and charge a very small per share transaction fee (often a fraction of a cent per share).

The first ECN, Instinet, was created in 1969. ECNs increase competition among trading firms by lowering transaction costs, giving clients full access to their order books, and offering order matching outside traditional exchange hours. ECNs are sometimes also referred to as alternative trading systems or alternative trading networks.
Drakino, Republic of Mordovia
54°3.2′N 43°15.96′E﻿ / ﻿54.0533°N 43.26600°E﻿ / 54.0533; 43.26600

Drakino (Moksha: Трака, Traka; Russian: Дра́кино) is a rural locality (selo) in Torbeyevsky District of the Republic of Mordovia, Russia, located on the Arziponer River (Partsa's tributary) some 168 kilometres (104 mi) west of the Mordovia's capital Saransk, and 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) south of Torbeyevo.  Postal code: 431048. Telephone code: +7 834-56.

Drakino is conveniently located near Torbeyevo railway station and the R-180 motorway (Saransk–Krasnoslobodsk–Novye Vyselki), as well as in 20 kilometres (12 mi) from the federal highway M5 (Moscow–Samara–Chelyabinsk).

Mordvins (Shoksha, ethnographic subgroup of Erzyas) account for the majority of the population of Drakino.

Drakino was first mentioned in chronicles in 1669.

Moksha language
Moksha (мокшень кяль, mokšəń käĺ, pronounced ['mɔkʃənʲ kælʲ]) is a Mordvinic language of the Uralic family, spoken by Mokshas, with around 130,000 native speakers in 2010.
Moksha is the majority language in the western part of Mordovia.
Its closest relative is the Erzya language, with which it is not mutually intelligible. Moksha is also possibly closely related to the extinct Meshcherian and Muromian languages.
Nagaland Public Service Commission
The Nagaland Public Service Commission (NPSC) is a constitutional body established in 1965 by the Government of Nagaland, India. It is responsible for recruiting candidates for various state government jobs through competitive examinations.

Constitutional institution
A constitutional institution, constitutional body or constitutional organ is a government institution created by a constitution. As these institutions derives its powers, duties and responsibilities directly from the constitution, which is harder to be amended by legislature compared to sub-constitutional laws, their status is rather more stable and independent than institutions created by sub-constitutional laws.
Awka Liwen
Awka Liwen (“Rebellion at Dawn”) is a documentary film directed by Mariano Aiello and Kristina Hille, with a script by Osvaldo Bayer, Mariano Aiello and Kristina Hille. The work develops the history of the possession of the land in Argentina. It is also a history of racism against the indigenous peoples, where racism was the alibi for their exploitation and elimination. Awka Liwen, which in the Mapuche language means “Rebel at Dawn”, was filmed in Chubut, Jujuy, Río Negro, the province and city of Buenos Aires and Germany.

Chubut Province
Chubut (Spanish: Provincia del Chubut [tʃuˈβut] – from Tehuelche chupat 'transparent'; Welsh: Talaith Chubut [taˈlaɪθ ˈχɨbɨt]) is a province in southern Argentina, situated between the 42nd parallel south (the border with Río Negro Province), the 46th parallel south (bordering Santa Cruz Province), the Andes range to the west (bordering Chile), and the Atlantic Ocean to the east. The province's name derives from the Tehuelche word chupat, meaning 'transparent', their description of the Chubut River.

The largest city is Comodoro Rivadavia in the south of the province; it had 199,369 inhabitants at the 2022 Census. The administrative capital is Rawson (27,157). Other important cities are Puerto Madryn (97,625), Trelew (104,657), Esquel (36,624) and Sarmiento (13,892). Gaiman (6,376) is a cultural and demographic centre of the region known as Y Wladfa in which Welsh-Argentines are concentrated.
Willow Pill
Willow Patterson (born January 22, 1995), known by the stage name Willow Pill, is an American drag performer, recording artist, and television personality. She is best known for winning the fourteenth season of RuPaul's Drag Race in 2022, where she became the first transgender woman and the second contestant with a chronic illness to win a regular season of the show. Willow Pill’s victory was widely seen as a milestone for transgender representation on Drag Race, a show that had previously faced criticism for its treatment of trans contestants. During her time on the show, she came out as trans femme and spoke candidly about her experience living with cystinosis, a rare genetic disorder she has managed since childhood. She uses she/they pronouns and has said her drag is often shaped by themes of illness, mortality, and gender exploration.

Drag (entertainment)
Drag is a performance of exaggerated femininity, masculinity, or other forms of gender expression, usually for entertainment purposes. Drag usually involves cross-dressing. A drag queen is someone (usually male) who performs femininely and a drag king is someone (usually female) who performs masculinely. Performances often involve comedy, music, social satire, and at times political commentary. The term may be used as a noun as in the expression in drag or as an adjective as in drag show.
Augsburg-Hochzoll station
Augsburg-Hochzoll station is a keilbahnhof in the Hochzoll district east of central Augsburg in the German state of Bavaria. Directly west of the station, the Paar Valley Railway separates from the Munich–Augsburg railway running from Augsburg Central Station (Hauptbahnhof). It is classified by Deutsche Bahn as a category 3 station.

Augsburg-Hochzoll
Hochzoll (German: [hoːxˈtsɔl]) is one of the seventeen highest level civic divisions, or Planungsräume (planning district), of the city of Augsburg, Bavaria, Germany. It is located in the east of the city, and is bordered on its west by the Lech river, whose waters also feed the artificial Kuhsee (Cow lake) to the south of Hochzoll. To the east, Hochzoll shares its city border with a district of the town of Friedberg (Friedberg West). As of 31 December 2022 the population of Hochzoll was 20,872.
Hello, Budapest!
Hello, Budapest! (Hungarian: Halló Budapest!) is a 1935 Hungarian musical comedy film directed by Ladislao Vajda and starring Gyula Kabos, Rosy Barsony and Piroska Vaszary. It was shot at the Hunnia Studios in Budapest. The film's sets were designed by the art director József Pán.

Ladislao Vajda
Ladislao Vajda (born Vajda László, Hungarian: [ˈvɒjdɒ ˈlaːsloː]; 18 August 1906 – 25 March 1965) was a Hungarian-Spanish film director who made films in Hungary, Spain, Portugal, the United Kingdom, Italy and West Germany.
Barton Mills Valley
Barton Mills Valley is a 10.7 hectare Local Nature Reserve in Mildenhall in Suffolk. It is owned and managed by West Suffolk Council. The site is in Breckland Forest biological Site of Special Scientific Interest.

This diverse site has reedbeds, alder carr, willow carr and sedge areas. There are picnic benches, a car park and disabled access.

Local nature reserve
Local nature reserve (LNR) is a statutory designation for certain nature reserves in Great Britain. The Wild Life Conservation Special Committee established them and proposed a national suite of protected areas comprising national nature reserves, conservation areas (which incorporated suggestions for Sites of Special Scientific Interest), national parks, geological monuments, local nature reserves and local educational nature reserves.

There are now over 1,280 LNRs in England, covering almost 40,000 hectares, which range from windswept coastal headlands and ancient woodlands to former inner city railways and long abandoned landfill sites.
Sinatra Swings
Sinatra Swings (originally titled Swing Along with Me) is the twenty-second studio album by American singer Frank Sinatra with Billy May and his Orchestra, released in July 1961.

The album's two titles derive from the fact that Capitol thought the album, originally titled Swing Along With Me, was too close in sound and title to Sinatra's earlier Capitol album Come Swing with Me! that the label sought, and was granted, a court order requiring Reprise to change the title of this, only his second Reprise album, to Sinatra Swings. Reprise was not required to recall LPs already shipped, but had to print new labels and jackets.  All compact disc releases have retained the artwork with the alternate title intact.

It was advertised on the record sleeve as featuring "twelve of the most uninhibited Sinatra things ever recorded." The tracks were arranged and conducted by Billy May and his orchestra. Sinatra had a small hit with the single "Granada" included on this album.

Reprise Records
Reprise Records is an American record label founded in 1960 by Frank Sinatra. It is owned by Warner Music Group, and operates through Warner Records, one of its flagship labels.

Artists currently signed to Reprise Records include Green Day, Enya, Michael Bublé, Eric Clapton, Stevie Nicks, Neil Young, Deftones, Lindsey Buckingham, Josh Groban, Disturbed, Idina Menzel, My Chemical Romance, Gerard Way, Dwight Yoakam, Never Shout Never, and Billy Strings.
Tensorate (novella series)
The Tensorate series is a collection of silkpunk science fantasy novellas written by Singaporean author Neon Yang. There are four books in the series, as well as a collection of all four novellas in one edition. The series has been nominated for the Hugo, Nebula, Locus, Lambda Literary Awards, and the World Fantasy Award. The series was published by Tor.com in the United States.

Locus Award
The Locus Awards are an annual set of literary awards voted on by readers of the science fiction and fantasy magazine Locus, a monthly magazine based in Oakland, California. The awards are presented at an annual banquet.

Originally a poll of Locus subscribers only, voting is now open to anyone, but the votes of subscribers count twice as much as the votes of non-subscribers. The award was inaugurated in 1971, and was originally intended to provide suggestions and recommendations for the Hugo Awards. They have come to be considered a prestigious prize in science fiction, fantasy and horror literature. The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction regards the Locus Awards as sharing the stature of the Hugo and Nebula Awards.

Gardner Dozois holds the record for the most wins (43), while Neil Gaiman has won the most awards for works of fiction (18). Robert Silverberg has received the  highest number of nominations (158).
Appatha
Appatha (transl.  Grandmother) is a 2023 Indian Tamil-language 
comedy drama film directed by 
Priyadarshan. It stars Urvashi (in her 700th film) and Sidharth Babu. The film was screened at the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Film Festival in 2023. It premiered on JioCinema on 29 July 2023. The film was remade in Hindi as Aachari Baa (2025), which was also produced by Jio Studios.

JioCinema
JioCinema was an Indian subscription video-on-demand over-the-top streaming service owned by Viacom18. The service was merged with Disney+ Hotstar on 14 February 2025, to form JioHotstar.

In April 2022, the service was brought under Reliance's Viacom18 joint venture, backed by new funding from Uday Shankar and James Murdoch's Bodhi Tree Systems. JioCinema began to subsume Viacom18's existing streaming platform Voot later that year, beginning with sports programming in October, and Voot being officially discontinued in favour of JioCinema in August 2023.