hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Louis Harvy Chalif
Louis Harvy Chalif (Лазарь Гершович Халиф; December 29, 1876 – November 25, 1948) was a Ukrainian dance instructor and an author. His name is also recorded as Louis Harvey Chalif. Born in Odessa, he was one of the first Ukrainian dance instructors to teach in the United States, moving to New York City in the early 1900s.

Initially teaching at various New York City institutions, Chalif founded his own school, the Louis H. Chalif Normal School of Dancing, in 1905. Chalif wrote many textbooks on dance techniques and books describing folk dances, including five that were translated to multiple languages. He is credited with the creation of several compositions, arrangements, and ballet performances. From the 1900s until his death, Chalif lived in New York City with his wife Sara and six children.

The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography
The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography is a multi-volume collection of biographical articles and portraits of Americans, published since the 1890s.  The primary method of data collection was by sending questionnaires to subjects or their relatives.  It has over 60,000 entries, in 63 volumes.  The entries are not credited. The overall editor was James Terry White. It is more comprehensive than the Dictionary of American Biography and the American National Biography, but less scholarly because it does not cite the original sources used for the information.
Muang Phuan
Muang Phuan (Lao: ເມືອງພວນ, pronounced [mɯ́aŋ pʰúan]; Thai: เมืองพวน; Country of Phuan) or Xieng Khouang (Lao: ຊຽງຂວາງ, pronounced [síaŋ kʰwǎːŋ]; Thai: เชียงขวาง), also known historically to the Vietnamese as Trấn Ninh (chữ Hán: 鎮寧; lit. "securement of peace"), was a historical principality on the Xiang Khouang Plateau, which constitutes the modern territory of Xiangkhouang Province, Laos.

Chữ Hán
Chữ Hán (Vietnamese: 𡨸漢 [t͡ɕɯ˦ˀ˥ haːn˧˦] ⓘ, lit. 'Han characters') are the Chinese characters that were used to write Literary Chinese (Hán văn; 漢文) and Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary in Vietnamese. They were officially used in Vietnam after the Red River Delta region was annexed into the Han dynasty and continued to be used until the early 20th century.
Streamer (software)
Streamer is a radiative transfer code (Key and Schweiger, 1988) to calculate radiances (intensities) or irradiances in the atmosphere.

The code uses N-stream approximation to the radiative transfer equations (Stamnes et al. 1988) and allows for flexible choice of bands. The code can be used both for satellite radiance applications and estimates of heating rates in both cloudy and non-cloudy atmosphere. One can specify surface reflectivity.  Streamer is written in FORTRAN.

Radiative transfer
Radiative transfer (also called radiation transport) is the physical phenomenon of energy transfer in the form of electromagnetic radiation. The propagation of radiation through a medium is affected by absorption, emission, and scattering processes. The equation of radiative transfer describes these interactions mathematically. Equations of radiative transfer have application in a wide variety of subjects including optics, astrophysics, atmospheric science, and remote sensing. Analytic solutions to the radiative transfer equation (RTE) exist for simple cases but for more realistic media, with complex multiple scattering effects, numerical methods are required. 
The present article is largely focused on the condition of radiative equilibrium.
Portuguese Timorese pataca
The pataca was a monetary unit of account used in Portuguese Timor between 1894 and 1958, except for the period 1942–1945, when the occupying Japanese forces introduced the Netherlands Indies gulden and the roepiah. As in the case of the Macanese pataca which is still in use today, the East Timor unit was based on the silver Mexican dollar coins which were prolific in the wider region in the 19th century. These Mexican dollar coins were in turn the lineal descendants of the Spanish pieces of eight which had been introduced to the region by the Portuguese through Portuguese Malacca, and by the Spanish through the Manila Galleon trade.

Guilder
Guilder is the English translation of the Dutch and German gulden, originally shortened from Middle High German guldin pfenninc ("gold penny"). This was the term that became current in the southern and western parts of the Holy Roman Empire for the Fiorino d'oro (introduced in 1252 in the Republic of Florence). Hence, the name has often been interchangeable with florin (currency sign ƒ or fl.). In Hungary it is called forint.

The guilder is also the name of several currencies used in Europe and the former colonies of the Dutch Empire.
Zip tone
In telephony, a zip tone (also known as a whisper tone or call waiting tone) is a call-progress tone which indicates a new incoming call is either connecting or waiting depending on the application. Unlike a ringtone, which alerts those near a telephone to answer it, a zip tone alerts someone already on the line—for example a telephone operator, call center agent, or telephone subscriber with call waiting service—that action is needed for an incoming call such as pressing a button or reciting a phrase (e.g. "May I help you?"). This way of offering an incoming call to an available call center agent is also referred to as 'call forcing' or 'forced calling'.

Telephony
Telephony (/təˈlɛfəni/ tə-LEF-ə-nee) is the field of technology involving the development, application, and deployment of telecommunications services for the purpose of electronic transmission of voice, fax, or data, between distant parties. The history of telephony is intimately linked to the invention and development of the telephone.

Telephony is commonly referred to as the construction or operation of telephones and telephonic systems and as a system of telecommunications in which telephonic equipment is employed in the transmission of speech or other sound between points, with or without the use of wires. The term is also used frequently to refer to computer hardware, software, and computer network systems, that perform functions traditionally performed by telephone equipment. In this context the technology is specifically referred to as Internet telephony, or voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP).
Andy Kim
Andrew Kim (born July 12, 1982) is an American politician and former diplomat serving as the junior United States senator from New Jersey since 2024. A progressive Democrat, Kim served from 2019 to 2024 as the U.S. representative from New Jersey's 3rd congressional district.

Kim worked as a civilian advisor at the United States Department of State in Afghanistan during the Obama administration. He was elected to the House of Representatives in 2018, defeating incumbent Tom MacArthur.

With incumbent senator Bob Menendez facing corruption and bribery charges, Kim announced his candidacy for the U.S. Senate in September 2023. He won the Democratic primary after successfully petitioning to abolish "county line" primary ballots in New Jersey. Kim went on to win in the 2024 general election, becoming the first Korean-American in the Senate and the first Asian-American U.S. senator from New Jersey.

Congressional Progressive Caucus
The Congressional Progressive Caucus (CPC) is a congressional caucus affiliated with the Democratic Party in the United States Congress. The CPC represents the progressive faction of the Democratic Party. It was founded in 1991 and has grown since then, becoming the second-largest Democratic caucus in the House of Representatives.

As of July 19, 2024, the CPC has 98 members (95 voting representatives, one non-voting delegate, and one senator), making it the second-largest ideological caucus in the House Democratic Caucus by voting members, behind the New Democrat Coalition. The CPC is chaired by U.S. representative Greg Casar (D-TX). In addition, the CPC is affiliated with the Congressional Political Caucus PAC, a political action committee which is led by members of the caucus.
Lertora
Lertora is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Federico Lértora (born 1990), Argentine footballer

Giuseppe Lertora (born 1946), Italian admiral

Mario Lertora (1897–1939), Italian artistic gymnast

Mario Lertora
Mario Lavinio Lertora (27 August 1897 – 28 March 1939) was an Italian artistic gymnast who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics, in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and in the 1932 Summer Olympics.

In 1924, he was a member of the Italian team which won the gold medal in the team all-around event. In the 1924 Summer Olympics, he also participated in the following events:

parallel bars - fifth place

all-around - tenth place

rope climbing - tenth place

horizontal bar - twelfth place

rings - 15th place

pommel horse - 29th place

sidehorse vault - 32nd place

vault - 34th place

In 1932, he was part of the Italian team which won the gold medal in the team all-around event. He also won a bronze medal in the floor competition.

In the 1932 Summer Olympics he also participated in the following events:

all-around - fourth place

parallel bars - fifth place

vault - eighth place
Indo-European Etymological Dictionary
The Indo-European Etymological Dictionary (commonly abbreviated IEED) is a research project of the Department of Comparative Indo-European Linguistics at Leiden University, initiated in 1991 by Peter Schrijver and others. It is financially supported by the Faculty of Humanities and Centre for Linguistics of Leiden University, Brill Publishers, and the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research.

Peter Schrijver
Peter Schrijver (Dutch: [ˈpeːtər ˈsxrɛivər]; born 1963) is a Dutch linguist. He is a professor of Celtic languages at Utrecht University and a researcher of ancient Indo-European linguistics. He worked previously at Leiden University and the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.

He has published four books and a large number of articles on the history and the linguistics of Indo-European languages, particularly the description, reconstruction and syntax of the  Celtic languages, and has lately been researching language change and language contact in ancient Europe.
Bob Calihan
Robert James Calihan (August 2, 1918 – September 22, 1989) was an American basketball player and coach.

Calihan played for the University of Detroit from 1937 to 1940. He led his team in scoring during each of his three seasons and became the school's first All-American honoree in 1939. After graduating in 1940, he played professionally in the National Basketball League for the Detroit Eagles, Chicago American Gears, Syracuse Nationals and other teams. He became Detroit Mercy's basketball coach in 1948, and remained in that position until 1969. Over his coaching career, he posted a 360–237 record, leading his team to three NIT appearances and an appearance in the 1962 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament. Detroit Mercy's Calihan Hall was named in his honor in 1977.

History of the Philadelphia 76ers
The Philadelphia 76ers are an American basketball team currently playing in the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference in the National Basketball Association (NBA). The 76ers are third in NBA history in wins and playoff appearances, and have won three NBA championships.
Date sugar
Date sugar is a type of sugar found most commonly in natural food stores since it is less processed than more conventional sugars. It is made from dried dates and adds a rich sweetness to recipes, although it will not dissolve when added to drinks. It also does not melt like granulated sugar which can limit its use. It is sometimes promoted as a healthier alternative to brown sugar, although it can be quite expensive.
Date sugar is derived from the whole date fruit; therefore can be called a whole food. The sugar content of a date consists of equal parts fructose and glucose (two common monosaccharides), with the remainder made up of sucrose.

Date sugar should not be confused with date palm sugar, also called palm sugar, as this is made from the sap of the sugar palm tree, including date trees.
Date sugar can be substituted in many foods and beverages.

Health food store
A health food store (or health food shop) is a type of grocery store that primarily sells healthful foods, organic foods, local produce, and often nutritional supplements. Health food stores typically offer a wider or more specialized selection of foods than conventional grocery stores for their customers, for example people with special dietary needs, such as people who are allergic to the gluten in wheat or some other substance, and for people who observe vegetarian, vegan, raw food, organic, or other alternative diets.
McSpadden
McSpadden is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Clem McSpadden (1925–2008), American politician

Dwight McSpadden (1932–1990), American football coach

Gary McSpadden (1943–2020), American pastor, singer, songwriter, producer, television host and motivational speaker

Lara McSpadden (born 1999), Australian women's basketball player

Lealand McSpadden (born 1946), American racing driver

Phil McSpadden, American softball coach

Richard McSpadden (died 2023), American pilot and educator

Dwight McSpadden
Dwight Ervin McSpadden (February 21, 1932 – July 11, 1990) was an American football coach.  He was the head football coach at McPherson College in McPherson, Kansas for the 1967 and 1968 seasons.  His coaching record at McPherson was 2–16.
Aditi Paul
Aditi Paul is an Indian playback singer. She is the playback voice behind the song Ang Laga De Re From the Hindi movie Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela, Veeron ke Veer Aa from Baahubali 2: The Conclusion, En Kadhaal from Tamil film Vaaraayo Vennilaave, En Mannava (Tamil Version) and Vo Manmadhaa (Telugu Version) from Rajinikanth starrer multilingual film Lingaa under the music direction of A. R. Rahman, Beliya from the film Mehrunisa V Lub U (Duet With Armaan Malik), Nadaniyan Kar Jati Hain, Khwabon Ko Ankhon Mein and anha Tanha Ghum Ke Dhunde Dil (Duet with Jubin Nautiyal) from the film Dil Jo Na Keh Saka and many more. In the debut season of Indian Idol in 2004, Aditi Paul was among the top 10 leading participants. She performs Live regularly in India and Abroad with her band.

Mehrunisa V Lub U
Mehrunisa V Lub U is a 2017 Pakistani romantic socio-comedy film written and directed by Yasir Nawaz. The film was released on 26 June 2017. It was produced by Nida Yasir and Hassan Zia under the YNH Films production company and is distributed by Eveready Pictures and Urdu 1 Pictures. The film stars Danish Taimoor and Sana Javed.

Reviews of the film were mixed.  While some felt it was a colourful guilt-free family film released for Eid al-Fitr, others thought there were too many dirty jokes and that better writing and direction could have helped convey its simple message of community stewardship.
Sweden national under-21 speedway team
The Sweden national under-21 speedway team is the national under-21 motorcycle speedway team of Sweden and is controlled by the SVEMO. The team started in Under-21 World Cup in all editions and won four medals: two silver (2005 and 2006) and two bronze (2008 and 2009). Denmark has produced three Under-21 World Champions: Peter Nahlin (1988), Mikael Karlsson (1994) and Andreas Jonsson (2000). In 1985 Per Jonsson has won Individual U-21 European Championship open for riders from all continents.

Speedway Under-21 World Championship
The Speedway Under-21 World Championship is an annual speedway event held each year organized by the International Motorcycling Federation (FIM) since 1977.

As of 2022, the title was awarded to the winner of the SGP2 category at the FIM Speedway World Championship.
Icebreakers (ice hockey team)
Icebreakers is a Swedish ice hockey team started in 2002 to raise money for charity. It was founded by businessman Peter Forsberg, a former ice hockey player, and Markus Näslund.

Their purpose is to raise money for a foundation who give scholarships to handicapped or otherwise needy children. They raise this money not only by playing charity ice hockey games, but also by attending auctions or playing celebrity golf.

The team consists of Swedish players in the National Hockey League. The larger part are players who were at one time or another members of the Modo squad.

Modo Hockey
Modo Hockey (or MoDo with uppercase letters) is a professional ice hockey club in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden. The team currently plays in Sweden's second-tier league HockeyAllsvenskan after losing to HV71 after the play out following the 2024/25 season. The club was founded in 1921 and has won two titles, the SHL championships, in 1979 and 2007. The team's home arena since 2006 is the Hägglunds Arena (previously known as Fjällräven Center and Swedbank Arena). Before then, the team played at Kempehallen, beginning in 1964.
HMS Marlborough (1855)
HMS Marlborough was a first-rate three-decker 131-gun screw ship built for the Royal Navy in 1855. She was begun as a sailing ship of the line (with her sister ships HMS Duke of Wellington, HMS Prince of Wales and HMS Royal Sovereign), but was completed to a modified design and converted to steam on the stocks, and launched as a wooden steam battleship.

Slipway
A slipway is a ramp on the shore by which ships and other vessels can be moved to and from the water. They are used for repairing and sometimes building ships and boats.

As the word "slip" implies, the ships or large boats slide over the ramp. Prior to the move the vessel's keel is coated with grease, which then allows the ship or boat to "slip" off the ramp and progress safely into the water. Slipways are used to launch (newly built) large ships, but can only dry-dock or repair smaller ships.

Pulling large ships against the greased ramp would require too much force. Therefore, for dry-docking large ships, one must use carriages supported by wheels or by roller-pallets. These types of dry-docking installations are called "marine railways". Nevertheless the words "slip" and "slipway" are also used for all dry-docking installations that use a ramp.
Eric Gray (American football)
Eric DeWayne Gray (born November 4, 1999) is a professional football running back and kickoff returner for the New York Giants of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Tennessee Volunteers and Oklahoma.

Return specialist
A return specialist, subcategorized as kick or punt returners, is a player on the special teams unit of a gridiron football team who specializes in returning kickoffs and punts. There are few players who are exclusively return specialists; most also play another position such as wide receiver, cornerback, or running back. The special teams counterpart of a return specialist is a kicking specialist.

According to All-American Venric Mark, "Returning punts is harder. You have to judge the ball more, you have to know when to fair catch and when not to. You can't be a superhero and try to catch everything. With kickoff returns, you catch the ball and—boom—you're going."
Dadri railway station
Dadri railway station is a railway station serving the city of Dadri in Gautam Buddh Nagar district, Uttar Pradesh, India, on the Delhi–Aligarh–Kanpur section, around 50 km east of Delhi. Its station code in Indian Railways terminology is DER. Dadri is a wayside station at which only a few commuter trains stop. The station consists of four platforms which are not well sheltered and lack most facilities including sanitation.

The Electronic interlocking and massive yard remodelling has been commissioned at Dadri station. Dadri is a complex yard in North Central Railway (NCR) spread over 6 km on busy Delhi–Kanpur-Howrah route and also having connectivity with NTPC Dadri Power Plant and Container Depot.

Gautam Buddha Nagar district
Gautam Buddha Nagar district is a district of Uttar Pradesh, named after Gautama Buddha. It is a part of Delhi National Capital Region and is divided into 3 sub-divisions (Tehsils) of Noida, Dadri and Jewar. Greater Noida is the administrative headquarters of Gautam Buddha Nagar district. Noida, Greater Noida, Dadri, Jewar, YEIDA City and Dankaur fall under this district.
Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions (album)
Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions is an American folk music album. It was recorded live by the band of the same name at the Top of the Tangent coffee house in Palo Alto, California in July, 1964, and released in 1999.

The band Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions was a precursor of the rock group the Grateful Dead, and included three future members of that band – Jerry Garcia, Bob Weir, and Ron "Pigpen" McKernan.

Steel-string acoustic guitar
The steel-string acoustic guitar is a modern form of guitar that descends from the gut-strung Romantic guitar, but is strung with steel strings for a brighter, louder sound. Like the modern classical guitar, it is often referred to simply as an acoustic guitar, or sometimes as a folk guitar.

The most common type is often called a flat top guitar, to distinguish it from the more specialized archtop guitar and other variations.

The standard tuning for an acoustic guitar is E-A-D-G-B-E (low to high), although many players, particularly fingerpickers, use alternate tunings (scordatura), such as open G (D-G-D-G-B-D), open D (D-A-D-F♯-A-D), drop D (D-A-D-G-B-E), or D-A-D-G-A-D (particularly in Irish traditional music).
Bradburn, Manitoba
Bradburn is a ghost town in the Rural Municipality of Dufferin, Manitoba, Canada near the town of Carman.  Founded in 1906, it was a stop on the Midland Railway. The town died after the railway closed and the tracks were taken up, in 1926.

Carman, Manitoba
Carman is an agricultural town of about 3,000 people in the Pembina Valley Region of southern Manitoba, Canada. Carman is at the junction of Highways 3 and 13, 40 minutes southwest of Winnipeg.  It is surrounded by the Rural Municipality of Dufferin, in the heart of a rich prairie agricultural belt, 60 km (37 mi) north of the American state of North Dakota. The Boyne River passes through Carman.
Inez Hogan
Inez Hogan (August 5, 1895 – February 1973) was an American writer and illustrator of children's books, particularly animal stories.  She was born in Washington, D.C., and attended the Cape Cod School of Art.  She lived in Provincetown, Massachusetts, and New York City.

Provincetown, Massachusetts
Provincetown (/ˈprɒvɪnsˌtaʊn/) is a town located at the tip of Cape Cod in Massachusetts. A small coastal resort town with a year-round population of 3,664 as of the 2020 United States census, Provincetown has a summer population as high as 60,000. It contains the census-designated place of the same name. Often called "P-town" or "Ptown", the locale is known as a vacation destination for its beaches, harbor, artists, and tourist industry, particularly for LGBTQ people.
Gethyllis spiralis
Gethyllis spiralis, commonly called koekmakranka, is a bulbous plant endemic to the Sandveld of the Cape Province of South Africa. It is much sought after for its enticingly scented fruit that it bears underground. It is recognisable by its spiralling grey-green strap-like leaves.

Veld
Veld (/vɛlt/ or /fɛlt/, Afrikaans and Dutch: veld, field), also spelled veldt, is a type of wide-open, rural landscape in Southern Africa. Particularly, it is a flat area covered in grass or low scrub, especially in the countries of South Africa, Namibia, Lesotho, Eswatini, Zimbabwe, and Botswana. A certain subtropical woodland ecoregion of Southern Africa has been officially defined as the Bushveld by the World Wide Fund for Nature. Trees are not abundant; frost, fire, and grazing animals allow grass to grow, but prevent the build-up of dense foliage.