hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Aleyn
Aleyn (fl. c. 1400) was an English composer. Two of his works survive in the Old Hall Manuscript, one a Gloria (no. 8), the other a Sarum Agnus Dei discant (no. 3, Old Hall, no. 128), later scratched out, which is ascribed to W. Aleyn. If this inscription is correct, the conflation of this composer and Johannes Alanus, who wrote Sub Arturo Plebs, is incorrect. David Fallows ascribed this Agnus to W. Typp, however it seems that he was mistaken.

Old Hall Manuscript
The Old Hall Manuscript (British Library, Add MS 57950) is the largest, most complete, and most significant source of English sacred music of the late 14th and early 15th centuries, and as such represents the best source for late Medieval English music. The manuscript somehow survived the Reformation, and formerly belonged to St Edmund's College, a Roman Catholic school located at Old Hall Green (hence its name) in Hertfordshire. It was sold to the British Library after an auction at Sotheby's in 1973.
FortMP
FortMP is a software package for solving large-scale optimization problems. It solves linear programming problems, quadratic programming problems and mixed integer programming problems (both linear and quadratic). Its robustness has been explored and published in the Mathematical Programming journal.
FortMP is available as a standalone executable that accepts input in MPS format and as a library with interfaces in C and Fortran. It is also supported in the AMPL modeling system.

The main algorithms implemented in FortMP are the primal and dual simplex algorithms using sparse matrices. These are supplemented for large problems and quadratic programming problems by interior point methods. Mixed integer programming problems are solved using branch and bound algorithm.

Interior-point method
Interior-point methods (also referred to as barrier methods or IPMs) are algorithms for solving linear and non-linear convex optimization problems. IPMs combine two advantages of previously-known algorithms:

Theoretically, their run-time is polynomial—in contrast to the simplex method, which has exponential run-time in the worst case.

Practically, they run as fast as the simplex method—in contrast to the ellipsoid method, which has polynomial run-time in theory but is very slow in practice.

In contrast to the simplex method which traverses the boundary of the feasible region, and the ellipsoid method which bounds the feasible region from outside, an IPM reaches a best solution by traversing the interior of the feasible region—hence the name.
Mike Haight
Michael James Haight (born October 6, 1962) is an American former professional football player who was an offensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL) for the New York Jets and Washington Redskins. He was selected by the Jets in the first round of the 1986 NFL draft with the 22nd overall pick. He played college football at the University of Iowa and played high school football at Beckman High School.

Haight was the first overall pick in the 1986 United States Football League draft by the Orlando Renegades. However, the league ceased operations soon thereafter and Haight never signed nor played with the team.

Orlando Renegades
The Orlando Renegades were a professional American football team that played in Orlando, Florida, in the United States Football League (USFL) for a single season in 1985. Before its season in Orlando, the franchise played in Washington, D.C., as the Washington Federals for two seasons, in 1983 and 1984.

The franchise was the worst in the USFL in terms of both game play – a combined record of 7 wins and 29 losses, and attendance during its two seasons in Washington, prompting the move to Orlando. In Orlando, attendance was better and the team's performance on the field began to improve over the course of the season despite a 5–13 record, but the USFL folded before the team could play a second season in Orlando.
Suraksan Tunnel
Suraksan Tunnel is a tunnel on the Seoul Ring Expressway connecting Sanggye-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul and Jangam-dong, Uijeongbu, Gyeonggi-do. It is made up of a pair of tunnels with four lanes going each way, and the length is 2,950 m in both directions. The width and height are the same as the other tunnels on the same route. Uijeongbu IC is to the north-west of the tunnel, and Sanggye-dong is to the southeast of the tunnel.

Uijeongbu
Uijeongbu (Korean: 의정부; Korean pronunciation: [ɰi.dʑʌŋ.bu]) is a city in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. It is the tenth-most populous city in the province and a suburb of Seoul within the greater Seoul Metropolitan Area.
William Addison Dwiggins
William Addison Dwiggins (June 19, 1880 – December 25, 1956) was an American type designer, calligrapher, and book designer. He attained prominence as an illustrator and commercial artist, and he brought to the designing of type and books some of the boldness that he displayed in his advertising work.

His work can be described as ornamented and geometric, similar to the Art Moderne and Art Deco styles of the period, using Oriental influences and breaking from the more antiquarian styles of his colleagues and mentors Updike, Cleland and Goudy.

Streamline Moderne
Streamline Moderne is an international style of Art Deco architecture and design that emerged in the 1930s. Inspired by aerodynamic design, it emphasized curving forms, long horizontal lines, and sometimes nautical elements. In industrial design, it was used in railroad locomotives, telephones, buses, appliances, and other devices to give the impression of sleekness and modernity.

In France, it was called the style paquebot, or "ocean liner style", and was influenced by the design of the luxury ocean liner SS Normandie, launched in 1932.
Jean-Marie de Premonville
Member of the Resistance in France during World War II, he was sentenced to death, but just deported.

French war correspondent, Jean-Marie de Prémonville de Maisonthou covered the Korean War for the Agence France-Presse before being killed by machinegun fire while riding with a patrol on 12 February 1951 during the battle of Chipyong-ni.

He had initially been sent to replace AFP correspondent Maximilien Philomenko who had been killed earlier.

He co-authored the book Return to Korea: Tales of Four War Correspondents on the Korean Front, published by Rene Juilliard in 1951, along with Serge Bromberger, Philippe Baudy and  Henri de Turenne (writer).

Battle of Chipyong-ni
The Battle of Chipyong-ni (French: Bataille de Chipyong-ni), also known as the Battle of Dipingli (Chinese: 砥平里战斗; pinyin: Dǐpínglǐ Zhàndòu), was a decisive battle of the Korean War that took place from 13 to 14 February 1951 between US and French units of the US 23rd Infantry Regiment and various units of the Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA) around the village of Chipyong-ni. The result was a United Nations Command victory. The battle, along with the Third Battle of Wonju, has been called "the Gettysburg of the Korean War".
James Rutka
James Rutka (born January 14, 1956) is a Canadian neurosurgeon from Toronto, Canada. Rutka served as RS McLaughlin Professor and Chair of the Department of Surgery in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Toronto from 2011 – 2022. He subspecializes in pediatric neurosurgery at The Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids), and is a Senior Scientist in the Research Institute at SickKids. His main clinical interests include the neurosurgical treatment of children with brain tumours and epilepsy. His research interests lie in the molecular biology of human brain tumours – specifically in the determination of the mechanisms by which brain tumours grow and invade. He is the Director of the Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre at SickKids, and Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Neurosurgery.

He was named an Officer of the Order of Canada in 2015.

Neurosurgery
Neurosurgery or/and neurological surgery, also known in common parlance as brain surgery, is the medical specialty that focuses on the surgical treatment or rehabilitation of disorders that affect any portion of the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nervous system, and cerebrovascular system. Neurosurgery as a medical specialty also includes non-surgical management of some neurological conditions.
Big Bend of the Colorado State Recreation Area
Big Bend of the Colorado State Recreation Area is a 2,100-acre (850 ha) public recreation area on the west bank of the Colorado River in the Lower Colorado River Valley. It is located in Laughlin, an unincorporated township in Clark County, Nevada. The park sits directly across the Colorado River from Bullhead City, Arizona, and is approximately 9 miles (14 km) downstream of the Davis Dam. The park has two miles of shoreline and riparian areas. The majority of its 2,100 acres (850 ha) consists of canyons and washes.

Bullhead City, Arizona
Bullhead City is a city located on the Colorado River in Mohave County, Arizona, United States, 97 miles (156 km) south of Las Vegas, Nevada, and directly across the Colorado River from Laughlin, Nevada, whose casinos and ancillary services supply much of the employment for Bullhead City. Bullhead City is located at the southern end of Lake Mohave.

As of the 2020 census, the population of Bullhead City was 41,348. The nearby communities of Laughlin, Needles, Fort Mohave and Mohave Valley bring the Bullhead area's total population to over 77,000, making it the largest economic region in Mohave County.

With over 60 square miles (160 km2), Bullhead City is the largest city in Mohave County in terms of total land area.
Nikolai Getman
Nikolai Ivanovich Getman or Mykola Ivanovich Hetman (Russian: Николай Иванович Гетман, Ukrainian: Микола Іванович Гетьман, 1917 - August 2004) was a Ukrainian and Russian artist. He was a prisoner from 1946 to 1953 in forced labor camps in Siberia and Kolyma, where he survived as a result of his ability to sketch for the propaganda requirements of the authorities. He is remembered as one of few artists who has recorded the life of prisoners in the Gulag in the form of paintings.

Labor camp
A labor camp (or labour camp, see spelling differences) or work camp is a detention facility where inmates are forced to engage in penal labor as a form of punishment. Labor camps have many common aspects with slavery and with prisons (especially prison farms). Conditions at labor camps vary widely depending on the operators. Convention no. 105 of the United Nations International Labour Organization (ILO), adopted internationally on 27 June 1957, intended to abolish camps of forced labor.

In the 20th century, a new category of labor camps developed for the imprisonment of millions of people who were not criminals per se, but political opponents (real or imagined) and various so-called undesirables under communist and fascist regimes.
Gururin
Gururin is a puzzle arcade video game developed by Face, with the assistance of Minato Giken, and originally published by SNK on May 25, 1994. It was the first game to be created by Face for the Neo Geo platform and it was not released on the Neo Geo AES (home).

In the game, players must match 3 people with their respective colored outfit, while rotating the playfield in order to rearrange them. Though it was initially only launched for the Neo Geo MVS (arcade), Gururin was later re-released by HAMSTER Corporation through download services for various consoles in 2018. A conversion for the Neo Geo CD was planned and even previewed but it did not receive an official release to the public.

Gururin has garnered mixed critical reception since its original release in arcades from reviewers who felt mixed towards several aspects of the game such as the visuals, sound design and gameplay, while its difficulty and learning curve has been heavily criticized.

Video game conversion
In video gaming parlance, a conversion is the production of a game on one computer or console that was originally written for another system. Over the years, video game conversion has taken form in a number of different ways, both in their style and the method in which they were converted.

In the arcade video game industry, the term conversion has a different usage, in reference to game conversion kits for arcade cabinets.
Mr. Lif
Jeffrey Michael Haynes (born December 28, 1977), better known by his stage name Mr. Lif, is an American rapper from Boston, Massachusetts. While being praised because of his political lyrics, he has released two studio albums on Definitive Jux and one on Bloodbot Tactical Enterprises. Mr. Lif is also a member of the hip hop group The Perceptionists with long-time friends and collaborators Akrobatik and DJ Fakts One.

Colgate University
Colgate University is a private college in Hamilton, New York, United States. A liberal arts college, it was founded in 1819 as the Baptist Education Society of the State of New York and operated under that name until 1823, when it was renamed Hamilton Theological and Literary Institution, often called Hamilton College (1823–1846), then Madison College (1846–1890), and its present name since 1890.

Colgate enrolls approximately 3,200 students in 56 undergraduate majors that culminate in a Bachelor of Arts degree. The student body is 54% female and 46% male. Students participate in over 200 clubs and organizations. While Colgate offers an almost entirely undergraduate program, it also has a small graduate program leading to the Master of Arts in Teaching. The college competes in NCAA Division I sports and is part of the Patriot League athletic conference and ECAC Hockey.
TIISCS
TIISCS (Tata Indicom India-Singapore Cable System), also known as TIC (Tata Indicom Cable), is a submarine telecommunications cable linking India and Singapore. It has landing points in Chennai, India and Changi, Singapore.

Tata Communications Limited (TCL) owned by Tata Indicom Cable (TIC) is Singapore's first fully Indian-owned, undersea fibre-optic cable. The TIC cable is 100 per cent owned, operated, and maintained by TCL.

The 3,175-kilometre (1,973 mi) cable lands in Chennai in India and in Changi in Singapore. Construction of the cable began in November 2003 and went live on 15 September 2004, making it one of the fastest cable build-outs in history. The new 5.12-terabit-per-second TIC cable system will significantly increase the existing bandwidth capacity into India, which is the second fastest growing communications route in the world.

Changi
Changi (locally /ˈtʃɑːŋi/ CHAHNG-ee) is a planning area located in the geographical region of Tanah Merah in the East Region of Singapore. Sharing borders with Pasir Ris and Tampines to the west, Changi Bay to the southeast, the South China Sea to the east and the Serangoon Harbour to the north. It is further divided into the subzones Changi Airport, Changi Point and Changi West. Changi, excluding the two water catchments and islands of Singapore, is the largest planning area by land size.

Today, Changi is an aviation hub. It is the location of both the Changi Airport and Changi Air Base. Also located within Changi is Singapore's largest prison, Changi Prison. It was used as a Japanese prisoner-of-war camp during the occupation of Singapore in World War II. The prison is Singapore's oldest operating internment facility.
Srđan Darmanović
Srđan Darmanović (Montenegrin Cyrillic: Срђан Дармановић; born July 18, 1961 in Cetinje) is a Montenegrin politician, diplomat and professor at University of Montenegro Faculty of Political Sciences. He was the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration of Montenegro from 28 November 2016 to 2 December 2020.

Cetinje
Cetinje (Montenegrin Cyrillic: Цетиње, pronounced [t͡sětiɲe]) is a town in Montenegro. It is the former royal capital (Montenegrin: prijestonica / приjестоница) of Montenegro and is the location of several national institutions, including the official residence of the president of Montenegro.

According to the 2023 census, the town had a population of 12,460 while the Cetinje Municipality had 14,465 residents. Cetinje is the centre of Cetinje Municipality. The city rests on a small karst plain surrounded by limestone mountains, including Mount Lovćen, the legendary mountain in Montenegrin historiography. Cetinje was founded in the 15th century and became a cradle of the culture of Montenegro. Its status as the honorary capital of Montenegro is due to its heritage as a long-serving former capital of Montenegro.
Déborah Oliveros
Déborah Oliveros Braniff is a Mexican mathematician whose research interests include discrete geometry, combinatorics, and convex geometry, including the geometry of bodies of constant width and related topics.

Surface of constant width
In geometry, a surface of constant width is a convex form whose width, measured by the distance between two opposite parallel planes touching its boundary, is the same regardless of the direction of those two parallel planes.  One defines the width of the surface in a given direction to be the perpendicular distance between the parallels perpendicular to that direction. Thus, a surface of constant width is the three-dimensional analogue of a curve of constant width, a two-dimensional shape with a constant distance between pairs of parallel tangent lines.
Sunsets and Glories
Sunsets and Glories is a play by noted playwright and Academy Award-nominated screenwriter Peter Barnes. The play is based on the brief reign of Pope Celestine V. It incorporates grotesque humor and revisits motifs from Barnes' previous plays The Ruling Class, Noonday Demons, and The Bewitched.

Barnes originally wrote the play in 1985. It was first directed by Stuart Burge, who had directed Barnes' Ruling Class at the Nottingham Playhouse 22 years earlier. The production starred Freddie Jones as Pope Celestine V and Marius Goring as Cardinal Latino Malabranca Orsini, Sunsets and Glories premiered at the 1990 opening of the new West Yorkshire Playhouse on the Quarry Hill site, Leeds.

The Ruling Class (play)
The Ruling Class is a 1968 British play by Peter Barnes. The black comedy centres on Jack Arnold Alexander Tancred Gurney, the 14th Earl of Gurney and the attempts to cure him of insanity.

Peter O'Toole acquired the film rights and starred in the 1972 film adaptation.
Agung
The agung is a set of two wide-rimmed, vertically suspended gongs used by the Maguindanao, Maranao, Sama-Bajau and Tausug people of the Philippines as a supportive instrument in kulintang ensembles. The agung is also ubiquitous among other groups found in Palawan, Panay, Mindoro, Mindanao, Sabah, Sulawesi, Sarawak and Kalimantan as an integral part of the agung orchestra.

Mindoro
Mindoro is the seventh largest and eighth-most populous island in the Philippines. With a total land area of 10,571 km2 ( 4,082 sq.mi ), it has a population of 1,430,921, as of the 2024 census. It is located off the southwestern coast of Luzon and northeast of Palawan. Mindoro is divided into two provinces: Occidental Mindoro and Oriental Mindoro. Calapan is the only city on the island and largest settlement on the island with a total population of 148,558 inhabitants as of 2024. The  southern coast of  Kristine Mindoro forms the northeastern extremum of the Sulu Sea. Mount Halcon is the highest point on the island, standing at 8,484 feet (2,586 m) above sea level located in Oriental Mindoro. Mount Baco is the island's second highest mountain with an elevation of 8,163 feet (2,488 m), located in the province of Occidental Mindoro.
Semicolon
The semicolon ; (or semi-colon) is a symbol commonly used as orthographic punctuation. In the English language, a semicolon is most commonly used to link (in a single sentence) two independent clauses that are closely related in thought, such as when restating the preceding idea with a different expression. When a semicolon joins two or more ideas in one sentence, those ideas are then given equal rank. Semicolons can also be used in place of commas to separate items in a list, particularly when the elements of the list themselves have embedded commas.

The semicolon is one of the least understood of the standard marks, and is not frequently used by many English speakers.

In the QWERTY keyboard layout, the semicolon resides in the unshifted homerow beneath the little finger of the right hand. It has become widely used in programming languages as a statement separator or terminator.

QWERTY
QWERTY (/ˈkwɜːrti/ KWUR-tee) is a keyboard layout for Latin-script alphabets; the name comes from the order of the first six keys on the top letter row of the keyboard: QWERTY. The design evolved for the quick typing of English on typewriters.

The QWERTY design is based on a layout included on the Sholes and Glidden typewriter sold by E. Remington and Sons from 1874. The layout became popular with the success of the Remington No. 2 of 1878 and remains in widespread use as a de facto standard on computers, as of 2026. Two prominent alternatives, Dvorak and Colemak, have been developed.  In Europe, two types of modified layouts, QWERTZ and AZERTY, are used predominantly for German and French, respectively.
Rifaʽi
The Rifa'i order (Arabic: الطريقة الرفاعية, romanized: al-Ṭarīqa al-Rifāʽiyya) is a prominent Sufi order (tariqa) within Sunni Islam founded by Ahmad al-Rifa'i and developed in the lower Iraq marshlands between Wasit and Basra. The Rifa'iyya had its greatest following until the 15th century C.E. when it was overtaken by the Qadiri order. The order is said to wield particular influence in Cairo, Egypt.

The Rifa'i order is most commonly found in the Arab Middle East but also in Turkey, the Balkans and South Asia.

Wasit
Wasit (Arabic: وَاسِط, romanized: Wāsiṭ, Syriac: ‎ܘܐܣܛ) was an early Islamic city in Iraq. It was founded in the 8th century by the Umayyad viceroy of Iraq, al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, to serve as the region's seat and as the garrison of the Syrian troops who enforced Umayyad rule there. It was situated between the two traditional administrative centers and garrisons of Iraq, Kufa and Basra, hence its name Wasit (lit. 'middle'). The city was abandoned centuries later and its ruins are located in the eponymous Wasit Governorate, southeast of Kut in southeastern Iraq.
Jayaq Mayu
Jayaq Mayu  (Quechua jaya pungency, locoto, mayu river, -q a suffix, "spicy river", hispanicized spelling Jayac Mayu)  is a Bolivian river in the Potosí Department, Tomás Frías Province, in the south of Potosí. It originates on the west side of the mountain Cerro Rico or P'utuqsi Urqu located in the Potosí Municipality. Then it flows in a north west direction until meeting Agua Dulce River in the Yocalla Municipality. This river shortly afterwards forms the Tarapaya River at its confluence with Ribera de la Vera Cruz. Jayaq Mayu belongs to the Pillku Mayu drainage basin.

Pungency
Pungency (/ˈpʌndʒənsi/ ⓘ PUN-jən-see), commonly referred to as spiciness, hotness or heat,  is a sensation that contributes to the flavor of certain foods such as chili peppers. Highly pungent foods may be experienced as unpleasant. The term piquancy (/ˈpiːkənsi/ PEEK-ən-see) is sometimes applied to foods with a lower degree of pungency that are "agreeably stimulating to the palate". In addition to chili peppers, piquant ingredients include wasabi, horseradish and mustard. The primary substances responsible for pungency are capsaicin (in chilis), piperine (in peppercorns) and allyl isothiocyanate (in radishes, mustard and wasabi).