hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Abstract economy
In theoretical economics, an abstract economy (also called a generalized N-person game) is a model that generalizes both the standard model of an exchange economy in microeconomics, and the standard model of a game in game theory. An equilibrium in an abstract economy generalizes both a Walrasian equilibrium in microeconomics, and a Nash equilibrium in game-theory.

The concept was introduced by Gérard Debreu in 1952. He named it generalized N-person game, and proved the existence of equilibrium in this game.  Later, Debreu and Kenneth Arrow (who renamed the concept to abstract economy) used this existence result to prove the existence of a Walrasian equilibrium (aka competitive equilibrium) in the Arrow–Debreu model. Later, Shafer and Sonnenschein extended both theorems to irrational agents - agents with non-transitive and non-complete preferences.

Gérard Debreu
Gérard Debreu (French: [dəbʁø]; 4 July 1921 – 31 December 2004) was a French-born economist and mathematician. Best known as a professor of economics at the University of California, Berkeley, where he began work in 1962, he won the 1983 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.
Etiquette in Australia and New Zealand
Expectations regarding good manners differ from person to person and vary according to each situation. As the perception of behaviors and actions vary, intercultural competence is essential. However, a lack of knowledge about the customs and expectations of people in Australia and New Zealand can make even the best intentioned person seem ignorant, inconsiderate or even rude. Given the historic roots, it's very similar to British culture, specifically the United Kingdom, terms such as ‘fanny’ as well as the emphasis on politeness in queuing are observed in both cultures.

Potluck
Potlucks are events in which attendees each bring a dish of food to be shared, including salads, mains, and desserts. Potlucks are organized among members of communities, organisations, or by individuals at their homes. Their structure departs from most other dining events, with socializing influenced by the absence of any host preparing food. Sociologist Alice Julier identifies the key themes of the potluck as abundance, uncertainty as to what will be served, and variety, which may cause consternation in cultures with opposing values around entertaining guests.

Events organized in a potluck format have existed in various cultures, but the dominant modern form emerged in North America from earlier practices wherein guests tried their luck with what a host was cooking in a pot. Over the following centuries, the potluck became a tool employed by organizations for fundraising and in the mid-20th century as a key outlet for socializing.
Pain au chocolat
Pain au chocolat (French: [pɛ̃ o ʃɔkɔla] ⓘ; Occitan: pan amb xocolata, lit. 'chocolate bread'), also known as chocolatine (French: [ʃɔkɔlatin] ⓘ; Occitan: chocolatina) in the south-west part of France and in French speaking parts of Canada, couque au chocolat (Flemish: chocoladekoek) in Belgium, or chocolate croissant in the English-speaking countries, is a type of Viennoiserie consisting of a cuboid-shaped piece of yeast-leavened laminated dough, similar in texture to a puff pastry, with one or two pieces of dark chocolate in the center. The chocolate usually has a slight bite to the texture.

Pain au chocolat is made of the same layered doughs as a croissant. Often sold still hot or warm from the oven, they are commonly sold alongside croissants in French bakeries and supermarkets.

Laminated dough
Laminated dough is a culinary preparation consisting of many thin layers of dough separated by butter or other solid fat, produced by repeated folding and rolling. Such doughs may contain more than eighty layers. During baking, water in the butter vaporizes and expands, causing the dough to puff up and separate, while the lipids in the butter essentially fry the dough, resulting in a light, flaky product.

Pastries using laminated doughs include:

Viennoiserie, used for croissant, from France

Danish pastry, a type of Viennoiserie, made with yeast-leavened dough, from Austria via Denmark

Flaky or Rough Puff pastry

Jachnun, a Yemenite Jewish pastry

Kouign-amann, a sweet Breton cake from north-western France

Kubaneh, a traditional Yemenite Jewish bread

Malawach, a Yemenite Jewish flatbread

Paratha, a flatbread native to South Asia

M'semen, a traditional flatbread of northern Africa

Puff pastry
Đàm Thị Loan
Đàm Thị Loan (Vietnamese pronunciation: [ʔɗaːm˨˩ tʰi˧˨ʔ lwaːn˧˧]]; 1926–2010), born Đàm Thị Nết ([ʔɗaːm˨˩ tʰi˧˨ʔ net̚˧˦]), was a lieutenant colonel in the People's Army of Vietnam. She was one of three female soldiers in the original Vietnam Armed Propaganda Unit for National Liberation in 1944 and was in the honor guard hoisting the flag of the new independent country in the Independence ceremony held at Ba Dinh Square on September 2, 1945. Her husband was general Hoàng Văn Thái, the first chief of staff of the Vietnam People's Army and the military leader of Viet Cong.

Ba Đình Square
Ba Đình Square (Vietnamese: Quảng trường Ba Đình) is the name of a square in Hanoi where president Ho Chi Minh read the Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam on September 2, 1945. It is named after the Ba Đình Uprising, an anti-French rebellion that occurred in Vietnam in 1886–1887 as part of the Cần Vương movement. When Ho Chi Minh died, the granite Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum was built here to display his embalmed body. It remains a major site of tourism and pilgrimage.
Grange Furniture
Grange Furniture is a furniture shop in Monts du Lyonnais, France that was established by Joseph Grange in 1904.  The company continues to produce heirlooms using "old-world techniques" such as dove-tail jointing, hand applied wood stain and lacquer.  Designs are "subtle updates" based on the "feminine shapes" used in 17th century chateaux furniture by André-Charles Boulle and Jean-François Oeben, or other furniture from historic Provence, France homes.  A five-foot cherrywood corner cabinet cost about $6,000 in 2009.

In 2018, the company was closed.

Cherrywood, Dublin
Cherrywood (Irish: Coill na Silíní) is a developing suburb of Dublin, Ireland, bordering Cabinteely, Loughlinstown and Rathmichael. It is located to the southeast of the city, in Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown. The development commenced on a greenfield site in 1998 and primarily comprises Cherrywood Business Park and new residential and retail development. Development of the suburb stalled following the economic downturn, but resumed in the late 2010s and remains in continuous state of development as of late 2024.
Donald H. White
Donald H. White (February 28, 1921 – October 4, 2016) was a 20th-century American composer.

White was born in Narberth, Pennsylvania, in 1921. He studied music education at Temple University in Philadelphia and composition with Persichetti at the Philadelphia Conservatory of Music (1946) and with Bernard Rogers and Howard Hanson at the Eastman School of Music (1952). In 1947, he joined the faculty of DePauw University in Greencastle, Indiana, where he was chairman of composition and theory studies (1948–81). He was the director of the school of music at Depauw from 1974 to 1978. He became the chairman of the music department at Central Washington University in Ellensburg, Washington, in 1980.

White died at the age of 95 on October 4, 2016, and was interred at West Laurel Hill Cemetery in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania.

Bob Persichetti
Robert Persichetti Jr. (born September 28, 1970) is an American filmmaker, animator, and storyboard artist. He is best known for co-directing the film Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse, for which he won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature.
Half Shot at Sunrise
Half Shot at Sunrise is a 1930 American pre-Code comedy film starring the comedy duo Wheeler & Woolsey and Dorothy Lee. Their fourth film together, it was the second starring vehicle for the two, following the success of The Cuckoos, which had been released earlier in 1930.  Directed by Paul Sloane, from a screenplay by Anne Caldwell, James Ashmore Creelman, Ralph Spence, and Fatty Arbuckle, which had been tailored to highlight the comedic talents of Wheeler and Woolsey. In 1958, the film entered the public domain in the United States because the claimants did not renew its copyright registration in the 28th year after publication.

Anne Caldwell
Anne Marsh Caldwell (August 30, 1867 – October 22, 1936), also known as Anne Caldwell O'Dea, was an American playwright and lyricist. She wrote both pop songs and Broadway shows, sometimes working with composer Jerome Kern.
1935 Southern Conference men's basketball tournament
The 1935 Southern Conference men's basketball tournament took place from February 28–March 2, 1935, at Thompson Gym in Raleigh, North Carolina. The North Carolina Tar Heels won their fifth Southern Conference title, led by head coach Bo Shepard.

Thompson Gym
Thompson Gym, built in 1925, was the indoor arena of North Carolina State University until Reynolds Coliseum opened in 1949. The facility hosted mainly basketball games, including the Southern Conference men's basketball tournament from 1933 to 1946. Reynolds Coliseum has since been replaced by Lenovo Center.

The building has since been converted to a theater seating 250 people.

It was named for Frank Martin Thompson, an NCSU athlete killed in World War I.
Bulan (Khazar)
Bulan (meaning "elk" or "hart" in Old Turkic) was a Khazar ruler, and the founder of the Bulanid dynasty. He is usually identified as being the same with Sabriel, the king who led the Khazar conversion to Judaism, and thus he is sometimes referred to as Bulan Sabriel.

Old Turkic
Old Turkic, also known as East Old Turkic, was a Siberian Turkic language spoken around East Turkistan and Mongolia. It was first discovered in inscriptions originating from the Second Turkic Khaganate, and later the Uyghur Khaganate, making it the earliest attested Common Turkic language. In terms of the datability of extant written sources, the period of Old Turkic can be dated from slightly before 720 AD to the Mongol invasions of the 13th century.
Anna Lewis Mann Old People's Home
The Anna Lewis Mann Old People's Home is building complex located in northeast Portland, Oregon listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Portland's Old Ladies' Home Society, organized on March 3, 1893, by pioneer Mary H. Holbrook, was referred to as the "prototype" for the Old People's Home in Gaston's "Portland, Oregon..." (1911). It was supported by charitable donations, the must substantial of which came from Henry W. Corbett and Amanda Reed. But the costs exceeded expectations. In 1908 Peter John Mann offered to purchase property and construct the home, under the condition that it serve all people, not just women. After Mann's death, his wife, Anna Mary E. Mann, carried forward his wishes by contributing a large portion of their estate to the cause. The building was completed by 1919.

Simeon Gannett Reed
Simeon Gannett Reed (April 23, 1830 – November 7, 1895) was an American businessman and entrepreneur in Oregon.  A native of Massachusetts, he made a fortune primarily in the transportation sector in association with William S. Ladd. Reedville, Oregon, and Reed College in Portland, Oregon are named after Reed.
Kakhaber Gogichaishvili
Kakhaber Gogichaishvili (Georgian: კახაბერ 'კახი' გოგიჩაიშვილი; born 31 October 1968) is a Georgian former professional footballer who played as a defender who was capped 27 times for Georgia between 1992 and 2000. He scored one goal, a penalty kick in Georgia's 6–3 win over Azerbaijan in 1992 (Azerbaijan's first international match). At club level, Gogichaishvili played for Tbilisi clubs Shevardeni-1906, Dinamo, Lokomotivi and Merani-Olimpi Tbilisi.

FC Locomotive Tbilisi
FC Locomotive Tbilisi, commonly referred to as Lokomotivi or simply Loco, is a Georgian professional football club based in Tbilisi. The club competes in the Erovnuli Liga 2, the second tier of Georgian football.

During the existence of the USSR the club was a part of the Lokomotiv Voluntary Sports Society. The club has strong connections with the Georgian Railways.
David Cox Jr.
David Cox (9 July 1809 – 6 December 1885), known as David Cox the Younger, David Cox II or David Cox Jr. to distinguish him from his better-known father David Cox (1783-1859), was an English painter in watercolour, mostly of landscapes.

Born in Dulwich, London and educated at Hereford Grammar School, he was taught to paint and draw by his father, although he used a brighter colour palette than his father.
As well as working around London, where he made several paintings of the Norwood Gypsies and other local colour, his landscapes included Wales, Scotland, the Lake District, Devon, France, Switzerland and Italy.

He exhibited at the Royal Academy from 1827, at the New Society of Painters in Water Colours from 1841 and the Society of Painters in Water Colours from 1848, where he would eventually exhibit 580 works.
He died at his home in Streatham and was buried at West Norwood Cemetery.

Streatham
Streatham (/ˈstrɛt.əm/ STRET-əm) is a district in south London in England that lies five miles (eight kilometres) south of Charing Cross. It falls mostly within the London Borough of Lambeth, with some parts extending westward into the neighbouring London Borough of Wandsworth.

Streatham formed part of Surrey before becoming part of the County of London in 1889, and then of Greater London in 1965.

The London Plan identifies the area as one of 35 major centres in Greater London.
Monkeyface prickleback
The monkeyface prickleback (Cebidichthys violaceus), also commonly known as the monkeyface eel, is a species of prickleback native to the Pacific coast of North America. Although its shape resembles an eel due to its slender and leg-less body, the monkeyface prickleback does not belong to the order Anguilliformes, which includes true eels, instead, it is classified under either the Perciformes, along with nearly half of all bony fish, or the Scorpaeniformes, according to different authorities. Observations in nature and in the laboratory indicate that C. violaceus is a cryptic, bottom dweller and a weak, short-distance swimmer.

Perciformes
Perciformes (/ˈpɜːrsɪˌfɔːrmiːz/), also called the Acanthopteri, is an order or superorder of ray-finned fish in the clade Percomorpha. Perciformes means "perch-like". Among the well-known members of this group are perches and darters (Percidae), and also sea basses and groupers (Serranidae). This order contains many familiar freshwater temperate and tropical marine fish groups, but also extremophiles that have successfully colonized both the North and South Poles, as well as the deepest depths of the ocean.
Machine Robo Mugenbine
Machine Robo Mugenbine (マシンロボムゲンバイン), also called Multiple General Node Combine System or Mu.Gen.Bine is a Japanese transforming robot toyline first released on 27 December 2003 by Bandai. Designed by PLEX, Mugenbine is the successor of the Machine Robo line of transforming toy robots.

Bandai
Bandai Co., Ltd. is a Japanese multinational toy manufacturer and distributor headquartered in Taitō, Tokyo, including many international branches around the world. Since 2005, Bandai is the toy production division of Bandai Namco Holdings, which, in 2017, was the world's second largest toy company measured by total revenue. Between 1981 and 2001, Bandai was a manufacturer of video game consoles.

Bandai was founded by World War II veteran Naoharu Yamashina as Bandai-Ya on July 5, 1950, as the corporate spin-off of a textile wholesaler. The company began as a distributor of metallic toys and rubber swimming rings, before moving to metal cars and aircraft models. It was renamed Bandai Co., Ltd. in 1961 and achieved considerable success with its action figures based on the anime Astro Boy.
Writ of summons
A writ of summons is a formal document issued by the monarch that enables someone to sit in a Parliament under the United Kingdom's Westminster system. At the beginning of each new Parliament, each person who has established their right to attend Parliament is issued a writ of summons. Without the writ, they are unable to sit or vote in Parliament.

In most countries, the constitutional logic of a Parliament as a "creature of the Head of State" does not exist; instead, the Parliament is considered to have an independent existence in its own right springing directly from the Constitution. Accordingly, there are no writs of summons, although members of Parliament have their memberships certified by an Election commission, returning officer or other similar body.

Election commission
An election commission is a body charged with overseeing the implementation of electioneering process of any country. The formal names of election commissions vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, and may be styled an electoral commission, a central or state election commission, or an election board, an electoral council  or an electoral court. Election commissions can be independent, mixed, judicial or executive. They may also be responsible for electoral boundary delimitation. In federations there may be a separate body for each subnational government. An election commission has a duty to ensure elections are conducted in an orderly manner.
Khad Koocha Tehsil
Khad Koocha, also Khad Kocha and Khadkocha  is a (sub-tehsil) in Mastung District, situated in the northwestern part of Balochistan, Pakistan. According to the 2023 national census, it has a population of 46,316, residing across 66 rural settlements. The town of Khad Koocha lies 18 kilometre south of Mastung. Agriculture is central to the local economy; however persistent water scarcity poses a major constraint on the productivity of cultivable land, particularly affecting the growth of temperate fruit orchards and winter vegetables.

Earthquakes, floods, and droughts occur periodically in the district and are recognised as significant environmental risks.

Mastung, Pakistan
Mastung (Balochi and Urdu: مستونگ), is a town in the Balochistan province and serves as headquarters of Mastung District. It sits at an altitude of 1,701 metres (5583 feet). and is also the administrative centre for Mastung Tehsil, a subdivision of the district. The town is further divided into two Union Councils. Mastung is part of Sarawan, which was a division of the former princely state of Kalat. The primary languages spoken by the people in Mastung are Brahui and Balochi.
Luisa Bay
Luisa Bay (54°23′S 36°11′W﻿ / ﻿54.383°S 36.183°W﻿ / -54.383; -36.183) is a small bay lying between Cape Vakop and Mount Skittle on the north coast of South Georgia. It was surveyed by the South Georgia Survey, 1951–52, and named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee for the Luisa, one of the vessels of the Compañía Argentina de Pesca which participated in establishing the first permanent whaling station at Grytviken, South Georgia, in 1904. The vessel is now a hulk lying in King Edward Cove.

Mount Skittle
Mount Skittle (54°24′S 36°11′W﻿ / ﻿54.400°S 36.183°W﻿ / -54.400; -36.183) is a prominent rocky mountain, 480 m, forming the north limit of Saint Andrews Bay on the north coast of South Georgia. The name "Kegel-Berg" (Skittle Mountain) was given for this feature by the German group of the International Polar Year Investigations, 1882–83. During the SGS, 1951–52, the mountain was identified and located. An English form of the name, Mount Skittle, was recommended by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) in 1954.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Mount Skittle". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
Ki. Va. Jagannathan
Ki. Va. Jagannathan (11 April 1906 – 4 November 1988), popularly known by his initials as Ki. Va. Ja, was an Indian Tamil scholar, commentator, journalist, poet, writer and folklorist from Tamil Nadu, India. He was a student of noted Tamil scholar and publisher U. V. Swaminatha Iyer. He was the editor of the magazine Kalaimagal.  He won the Sahitya Akademi award in 1967 in Tamil language category for his literary criticism Virar Ulagam.
He has written extensive commentaries on many Tamil devotional texts including Kandar Alangaram, Kandar Anubhuti, Thirumurugattruppadai, Abirami Andathi and Kandar Kalivenba.  He has written more than 200 books on various topics in Tamil literature and grammar.
He was a great orator and was popularly known as Vageesa Kalanidhi, a title bestowed on him by Kanchi Paramacharya.

Sahitya Akademi Award
The Sahitya Akademi Award  is a literary  honour in India,  which the Sahitya Akademi, India's National Academy of Letters, annually confers on writers of the most outstanding books of literary merit published in any of the 24 languages of the 8th Schedule to the Indian constitution as well as in English and Rajasthani language.

Established in 1954, the award comprises a plaque and a cash prize of ₹ 100,000. The award's purpose is to recognise and promote excellence in Indian writing and acknowledge new trends. The annual process of selecting awardees runs for the preceding 12 months. The plaque awarded by the Sahitya Akademi was designed by the Indian filmmaker Satyajit Ray. Prior to this, the plaque occasionally was made of marble, but this practice was discontinued because of its excessive weight. During the Indo-Pakistan War of 1965, the plaque was substituted with national savings bonds.
Artur Tupits
Artur Tupits (8 October 1892, in Puurmani Parish (now Põltsamaa Parish), Kreis Dorpat – 28 October 1941, in Ussolye prison camp, Perm Oblast, Russian SFSR) was an Estonian politician. He was a member of the I, II, III, IV, and V Riigikogu.

From 1932–1933, 1938–1939, and 1939–1940, he was Minister of Agriculture.

Perm Oblast
Until 1 December 2005, Perm Oblast (Russian: Пе́рмская о́бласть) was a federal subject of Russia (an oblast) in Privolzhsky (Volga) Federal District. According to the results of the referendum held in October 2004, Perm Oblast was merged with Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug to form Perm Krai.

It was established in 1938 as part of the RSFSR. From 1940 to 1957 it was named Molotov Oblast in honor of Vyacheslav Molotov. The oblast was named after its administrative center, the city of Perm. The oblast covered an area of 160,600 km2, and as of the 2002 census its population was 2,819,421. Before the merger, neighboring oblasts and republics were (from north clockwise) Komi Republic, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Republic of Bashkortostan, Udmurt Republic, and Kirov Oblast.
Galiano Island
Galiano Island (Hul'qumi'num: Swiikw) is one of the Southern Gulf Islands located between Vancouver Island and the Lower Mainland of British Columbia, Canada. Located on the west side of the Strait of Georgia, the island is bordered by Mayne Island to the southeast, Salt Spring Island to the west, and Valdes Island to the northwest. Galiano is part of the Capital Regional District Electoral Area G, and has a permanent population of 1,396 inhabitants as of 2021.

Galiano takes its name from Spanish explorer Dionisio Alcalá Galiano, who explored the area in 1792.

MacMillan Bloedel
MacMillan Bloedel Limited was a Canadian forestry company headquartered in Vancouver, British Columbia. The company was formed in 1951 as MacMillan and Bloedel through the merger of Bloedel, Stewart and Welch with the H. R. MacMillan Export Company. MacMillan and Bloedel then merged in 1959 with the Powell River Company to form MacMillan, Bloedel and Powell River, before adopting its final name in 1966. It was acquired by Weyerhaeuser in 1999.