hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Allen B. DuMont Laboratories
Allen B. DuMont Laboratories, Inc. (printed on products as Allen B. Du Mont Laboratories, Inc., referred to as DuMont Laboratories or DuMont Labs, and DuMont on company documents) was an American television equipment manufacturer and broadcasting company. At one point it owned TV stations WABD (WNYW, FOX O&O), KCTY (defunct DuMont affiliate), W2XVT (experimental, defunct DuMont affiliate), KE2XDR (experimental, defunct DuMont affiliate), & WDTV (KDKA-TV, CBS O&O), as well as WTTG (FOX O&O), all former affiliates of its DuMont Television Network.

The company was founded in 1931 in Upper Montclair, NJ, by inventor Allen B. DuMont, with its headquarters in nearby Clifton NJ. Among the company's developments were durable cathode-ray tubes (CRTs) that would be used for TV and its magic eye tube.

Upper Montclair, New Jersey
Upper Montclair is a census-designated place (CDP), unincorporated community and neighborhood within Montclair in Essex County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2010 United States census, the population for the CDP was 11,565. The area is served as United States Postal Service ZIP Code 07043. It is often misperceived, even by Montclair residents, to be a separate municipality from Montclair, perhaps aided by this postal designation.
Global Center for Advanced Studies
The Global Center for Advanced Studies (GCAS /ˈdʒiːkɑːs/) is an educational and research institution located in New York City and Dublin.

It hosts seminars with philosophers, journalists, artists, academics, and public figures. GCAS is governed by a board of directors.

In 2017, GCAS incorporated as a private limited company GCAS College Dublin Limited, creating a co-owned college among faculty, staff, financial supporters, and graduates.

Bracha L. Ettinger
Bracha Lichtenberg Ettinger (Hebrew: ברכה ליכטנברג אטינגר; born 23 March 1948) is an Israeli-French artist, writer, psychoanalyst and philosopher based in France. Born in Mandatory Palestine, she lives and works in Paris. She is a feminist theorist and artist in contemporary New European Painting who invented the concepts of the matrixial space and matrixial gaze and related concepts around trauma, aesthetics and ethics. Ettinger is a professor at European Graduate School in Saas-Fee, Switzerland and at GCAS, Dublin. In 2023, she was part of the Finding Committee for the Artistic Director of Documenta's 2027 edition. She resigned from that role with a public letter intended to open a radical discussion in the artworld, following the administration's rejection of her request for a pause due to the attacks on civilians in Israel and in Gaza and the ongoing heavy losses of life.
HMS Astute (S119)
HMS Astute is an operational nuclear-powered attack
submarine in the Royal Navy, the lead boat of her class.

Astute is the second submarine of the Royal Navy to be named after the characteristic of shrewdness and discernment—the first was the World War II-era Amphion-class Astute. She was the largest attack submarine in Royal Navy history when commissioned in 2010.

Nuclear marine propulsion
Nuclear marine propulsion is propulsion of a ship or submarine with heat provided by a nuclear reactor. The power plant heats water to produce steam for a turbine used to turn the ship's propeller through a gearbox or through an electric generator and motor. Nuclear propulsion is used primarily within naval warships such as nuclear submarines and supercarriers. A small number of experimental civil nuclear ships have been built.

Compared to oil- or coal-fuelled ships, nuclear propulsion offers the advantage of very long intervals of operation before refueling. All the fuel is contained within the nuclear reactor, so no cargo or supplies space is taken up by fuel, nor is space taken up by exhaust stacks or combustion air intakes. The low fuel cost is offset by high operating costs and investment in infrastructure, however, so nearly all nuclear-powered vessels are military.
Vaulen IL
Vaulen Idrettslag is a Norwegian association football club from Stavanger.

The men's football team currently plays in the Third Division, the fourth tier of Norwegian football. The team had a long stints in the Third Division from 2001 to 2010 and again from 2013 to 2015. After winning its group in 2002, Vaulen even contested a playoff to the 2. Divisjon, but lost, and was not promoted.

The club colors are orange. Yann-Erik de Lanlay started his career here.

2001 Norwegian Third Division
The 2001 season of the 3. divisjon, the fourth highest association football league for men in Norway.

Between 18 and 24 games (depending on group size) were played in 24 groups, with 3 points given for wins and 1 for draws. Twelve teams were promoted to the 2. divisjon through playoff.
Glossary of Carnatic music
Carnatic music terms are briefly described in this page. Major terms have their own separate article pages, while minor terms are defined / described here.

The order of terms is from basic to related terms, rather than alphabetic.

Tanpura
The tanpura (Sanskrit: तंबूरा, romanized: Taṃbūrā; also referred to as tambura, tanpuri, tamboura, or tanpoura) is a long-necked, plucked, four-stringed instrument originating in the Indian subcontinent, found in various forms in Indian music. Visually, the tanpura resembles a simplified sitar or similar lute-like instrument, and is likewise crafted out of a gourd or pumpkin.

The tanpura is not used to play a melody, but to support and sustain the performance of another musician or vocalist, as well as musicians accompanying a dance performance. The instrument's four strings are tuned to specific notes of a given scale or musical key, normally the fifth (Pa; Solfège, “So”) and the root tonic (Sa; “Do”), creating a drone effect. The strings are generally tuned 5-8-8-1. One of the three strings tuned to the tonic is thus an octave below the others, adding greater resonance and depth to the ambient drone.
Ugly Lies the Bone
Ugly Lies the Bone is a 2015 play by Lindsey Ferrentino. The play had a developmental workshop at by the Theatre Program of Fordham University in October 2014, before having its world premiere production by Roundabout Underground, and played at the Black Box Theatre in the Harold and Miriam Steinberg Center for Theatre. It opened on 10 September 2015, playing an extended run to 6 December.
In 2017 the Royal National Theatre staged a production in the Lyttelton Theatre in a limited run from 1 March 2017 to 6 June. Directed by Indhu Rubasingham - the cast consisted of Kate Fleetwood as Jess, Olivia Darnley as Kacie, Ralf Little as Stevie, Kris Marshall as Kelvin and Buffy Davis as Voice/Mom.

Ralf Little
Ralf Alastair John Little (born 8 February 1980) is an English actor, writer, presenter, narrator and former semi-professional footballer. He has worked mainly in television comedy, including playing Antony Royle in The Royle Family (1998–2000, 2006, 2009–2010) and Jonny Keogh in the first six series of Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps (2001–2006). He was the narrator of Channel 5's documentary series Our Yorkshire Farm (2018–2022) as well as the spin-offs, Beyond The Yorkshire Farm: Reuben and Clive and Reuben: Life in the Dales. From 2020 to 2024, he starred as Detective Inspector Neville Parker in Death in Paradise.
Başbağlar massacre
The Başbağlar massacre (Turkish: Başbağlar Katliamı) is the name given to the 5 July 1993 massacre of 33 civilians in the village of Başbağlar (which was then burnt down), in Erzincan Province during the Kurdish-Turkish conflict. While the attack was originally attributed to the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), the former Turkish special forces soldier Ayhan Çarkın claimed that the deep state was behind the massacre. But later he then said that all of his claims were "just predictions". The leader of the PKK, Abdullah Öcalan while in prison stated that massacre was committed by a PKK member codenamed "Dr. Baran".

Special Forces Command (Turkey)
The Special Forces Command (Turkish: Özel Kuvvetler Komutanlığı—ÖKK) is a corps of the Turkish Armed Forces, initially established as a brigade in 14 April 1992, operating directly under the Turkish General Staff. According to the Turkish Armed Forces (TAF) dress code, the ÖKK, also known as the Bordo Bereliler, are noteworthy for their distinctive maroon berets. Their task is to carry out special operations that exceed the capabilities of other military units.
1988 Tour de Romandie
The 1988 Tour de Romandie was the 42nd edition of the Tour de Romandie cycle race and was held from 10 May to 15 May 1988. The race started in La Chaux-de-Fonds and finished in Geneva. The race was won by Gerard Veldscholten of the Weinmann team.

Gerard Veldscholten
Gerard Veldscholten (born 19 August 1959 in Lemselo, Overijssel) is a Dutch former professional road bicycle racer. In 1985 he placed 2nd in the Dutch National Championship and also performed well in the 1985 UCI Road World Championships finishing within the group just three seconds behind winner Joop Zoetemelk. In 1988 he finished 7th in Paris–Roubaix and won the Tour de Romandie.
Three Squares Historic District
Three Squares Historic District is a national historic district located at Glens Falls, Warren County, New York.  It includes 75 contributing buildings, one contributing site, and one contributing object. It encompasses Glens Falls historic and contemporary commercial center.  The buildings generally consist of brick commercial, office, and institutional structures between two and five stories in height.  Because of devastating fires in 1862 and 1902, the majority of the buildings were built between 1902 and 1930.  Notable buildings include the Italianate style Cowles block (1865), Neoclassical style Rogers Building (1926-1927), Beaux-Arts style Empire Theater (1899), and Neoclassical style Glens Falls City Hall (1900).

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984, with boundary changes approved in 2022.

Warren County, New York
Warren County is a county in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 65,737. The county seat is Queensbury. The county was established in 1813 and is named in honor of General Joseph Warren, an American Revolutionary War hero of the Battle of Bunker Hill. The county is part of the Capital District region of the state.
Defrenne v Sabena (No 2)
Defrenne v Sabena (No 2) (1976)
Case 43/75 is a foundational European Union law case, concerning direct effect and the European Social Charter in the European Union. It held that the EU:

is not merely an economic union, but is at the same time intended, by common action, to ensure social progress and seek the constant improvement of the living and working conditions of their people...

The case was championed by the Belgian lawyer Éliane Vogel-Polsky, who was responsible for much of the heavy involvement in sex discrimination law of the time by the European Court of Justice.

European Social Charter
The European Social Charter is a Council of Europe treaty which was opened for signature on 18 October 1961 and initially became effective on 26 February 1965, after West Germany had become the fifth of the 13 signing nations to ratify it. By 1991, 20 nations had ratified it.
Frederick Gibbons
Frederick X. "Rick" Gibbons is an American psychologist who has been a professor of psychology at the University of Connecticut since August 2012. His research focuses on social psychology and health psychology.

Social psychology
Social psychology is the methodical study of how thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others. Although studying many of the same substantive topics as its counterpart in the field of sociology, psychological social psychology places more emphasis on the individual, rather than society; the influence of social structure and culture on individual outcomes, such as personality, behavior, and one's position in social hierarchies. Social psychologists typically explain human behavior as a result of the relationship between mental states and social situations, studying the social conditions under which thoughts, feelings, and behaviors occur, and how these variables influence social interactions.
John Phillip Harison Acocks
John Phillip Harison Acocks (7 April 1911 – 20 May 1979) was a South African botanist noted for his publication "Veld Types of South Africa" and his extensive botanical collection of some 28 000 specimens from South Africa and Namibia. In 1938, he was seconded to go on a joint collecting trip of four months with Swedish botanist Adolf Hjalmar Frederick Hafström between Cape Town and Victoria Falls.

Victoria Falls
Victoria Falls (Lozi: Mosi-oa-Tunya, "Thundering Smoke/Smoke that Rises"; Tonga: Shungu Namutitima, "Boiling Water") is a waterfall on the Zambezi River, located on the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe. It is one of the world's largest waterfalls, with a width of 1,708 m (5,604 ft). The region around it has a high degree of biodiversity in both plants and animals.

Archaeology and oral history describe a long record of African knowledge of the site. Although known to some European geographers before the 19th century, Scottish missionary David Livingstone identified the falls in 1855, naming them Victoria Falls after Queen Victoria. Since the mid-20th century, the site has been a major tourist destination. Zambia and Zimbabwe both have national parks and tourism infrastructure at the site. Research in the late 2010s found that precipitation variability due to climate change is likely to alter the character of the falls.
John Matysiak
John Matysiak is an American cinematographer. He is known for his work on the film Old Henry (2021) and the second season of the HBO series Winning Time: The Rise of the Lakers Dynasty (2023). He has also contributed to music videos for artists, including Post Malone and Leon Bridges.

Motor City (film)
Motor City is a 2025 American action thriller film directed by Potsy Ponciroli, written by Chad St. John. Starring Alan Ritchson, Shailene Woodley, Ben Foster and Pablo Schreiber, it follows John Miller's, an ex-con, quest for revenge in 1970s Detroit.

The film had its world premiere in the Venice Spotlight section of the 82nd Venice International Film Festival on August 30, 2025.
Emilie Johnson
Emilie Johnson (June 3, 1867 – September 23, 1941) was a Swedish-American author, scenarist, and movie producer. She was the mother of American actor, director, producer, and writer Emory Johnson. In 1912, Emory Johnson dropped out of college and embarked upon a career in the movie business, starting as an assistant camera operator at Essanay Studios.

In 1913, Emilie Johnson and her husband moved from San Francisco, California to Essanay company bungalows in Niles, California to support their son. In 1915, she began writing stories for the screen.

In the 1920s, Johnson and her son became famous as Hollywood's only mother-son directing/writing team. She wrote all of the stories and screenplays her son used for his successful career directing melodramas. The Johnson team continued producing melodramas until the late 1920s. By the early 1930s, their string of successes had ended. Emilie Johnson died in Los Angeles in 1941. She was living with her son at the time of her death.

Tiffany Pictures
Tiffany Pictures (known as Tiffany-Stahl Productions from 1927 to 1930) was an American film studio in Hollywood, in operation from 1921 until 1932. It is considered a Poverty Row studio, whose films had lower budgets, lesser-known stars, and lower production values than major studios.
Biblioteca Ambrosiana
The Biblioteca Ambrosiana is a historic library in Milan, Italy, also housing the Pinacoteca Ambrosiana, the Ambrosian art gallery. Named after Ambrose, the patron saint of Milan, it was founded in 1609 by Cardinal Federico Borromeo, whose agents scoured Western Europe and even Greece and Syria for books and manuscripts. Some major acquisitions of complete libraries were the manuscripts of the Benedictine monastery of Bobbio (1606) and the library of the Paduan Vincenzo Pinelli, whose more than 800 manuscripts filled 70 cases when they were sent to Milan and included the famous Iliad, the Ilias Picta.

Treccani
Institute Giovanni Treccani for the publication of the Italian Encyclopedia (Italian: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana - Treccani), also known as Treccani Institute or simply Treccani, is a cultural institution of national interest, active in the publishing field, founded by Giovanni Treccani and Giovanni Gentile in 1925. It is known for publishing the first edition and the subsequent ten supplements of the Italian Encyclopaedia of Science, Literature and Arts (Italian: Enciclopedia Italiana di scienze, lettere ed arti).
Greek National Road 5
National Road 5 (Greek: Εθνική Οδός 5, abbreviated as EO5) is a single carriageway road in western Greece. It connects Antirrio, at the north end of the Rio-Antirrio bridge, with Ioannina in northwestern Greece, passing through Agrinio and Arta. The southern part, between Amfilochia and Antirrio, is part of the European route E55. The northern part, between Ioannina and Amfilochia, forms the European route E951. It passes on the east side of the Ambracian Gulf. In the future much of the traffic that used this road will be diverted to the new A5 motorway (Ionia Odos) motorway, which has already taken over parts of the road. Νear Arta there is a 200m. tunnel (Kleisoura tunnel) which opened in 1969

Single carriageway
A single carriageway (British English) is a road with one, two or more lanes arranged within a one carriageway with no central reservation/median strip to separate opposing flows of traffic. A single-track road is a type of single carriageway with a single lane with passing places for traffic in both directions. An undivided highway (American English) is the term used for motorways with two or more lanes with no central reservation/median strip. Road traffic safety is generally worse for high-speed single carriageways than for dual carriageways due to the lack of separation between traffic moving in opposing directions.
A Dictionarie French and English
A Dictionarie French and English: published for the benefite of the studious in that language is a bilingual  French to English dictionary compiled by the Huguenot refugee Claudius Hollyband while residing in London in the late 16th century.

Along with Robert Estienne's Dictionnaire françois-latin, Hollyband's Dictionarie French and English is a source for Randle Cotgrave's Dictionarie of the French and English Tongues. which is often taken as the first French-English dictionary . A 1608 privilege presents Cotgrave's Dictionarie as collected first by C. Holyband and augmented or altered by R. Cotgrave.

Randle Cotgrave
Randle Cotgrave was an English lexicographer. In 1611, he compiled and published A Dictionarie of the French and English Tongues, a bilingual dictionary that represented a breakthrough at the time and remains historically important.
Sindhu Darshan Festival
Sindhu Darshan Festival is a festival held in Leh, Ladakh, India. The festival is held every year in June on the full moon day of Guru Purnima. On this day, devotees gather near the banks of the Indus River, which is known as the Sindhu River in India. Since 1997, the festival has stretched for three days, attracting large numbers of foreign and domestic tourists.

The Sindhu Darshan Festival is held as a celebration of the River Sindhu, as the river is an important historical icon in India and has been worshiped since the times of Ancient India. The Bollywood film Dil Se was shot during the first Sindhu Darshan Festival in October 1997.

Outline of ancient India
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to ancient India:

Ancient India is the Indian subcontinent from prehistoric times to the start of Medieval India, which is typically dated (when the term is still used) to the end of the Gupta Empire around 500 CE.
Heorhii Birkadze
Heorhii Avtandilovych Birkadze (Ukrainian: Георгій Автанділович Біркадзе; Georgian: გიორგი ბირკაძე; born (1980-09-30)September 30, 1980 in Kareli, Georgian SSR) is a Ukrainian politician of Georgian descent. He is a former head of the Brovary Raion State Administration (2020–2021) and currently serves as an advisor to the Office of the President of Ukraine. He is considered a close associate of Yuriy Holyk, the coordinator of the Great Construction program. Birkadze has been repeatedly implicated in corruption scandals and journalistic investigations over suspicions of “covering up” illegal sand mining in the Brovary Raion and leaking confidential information from the National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine to Yuriy Holyk. He has also been accused of receiving bribes of $100,000 per month to protect illegal activities.

Kareli Municipality
Kareli (Georgian: ქარელის მუნიციპალიტეტი, romanized: karelis munitsip'alit'et'i) is a district of Georgia, in the region of  Shida Kartli. Some northern territories of the district are part of the self-proclaimed republic of South Ossetia and have not been under control of the Georgian government since 1992. Located in the central part of Georgia on the Shida Kartli plain. The municipality is bordered on the east by Gori, on the west by Khashuri, and on the south by Borjomi. Area of the municipality - 687.9 km2 Population - 41 316 people. There are 35 state public schools and 1 private school-gymnasium, a secondary vocational school, 1 central library, a cultural center and a museum of local lore in Kareli municipality.
John Davies (archdeacon of Wrexham)
John Edward Davies (1908–1991) was a Welsh Anglican priest in the second half of the 20th century who rose to become Archdeacon of Wrexham.

Davies was educated at the University of Wales. He was ordained Deacon in 1935; and Priest in 1936. After  curacies in Wrexham and Abergele he was Vicar choral of St Asaph Cathedral from 1942 until 1944. After that he held incumbencies at Llanasa and Mold; and was Cursal Canon at St Asaph from 1965 to 1969.

Mold, Flintshire
Mold (Welsh: Yr Wyddgrug ⓘ) is a town and community in Flintshire, Wales, on the River Alyn. It is the historic county town and was the administrative seat of Flintshire County Council from 1996 to 2025, as it was of Clwyd from 1974 to 1996. According to the 2011 UK census, it had a population of 10,058. A 2019 estimate puts it at 10,123.
Mangalam TV
Mangalam TV was an Indian 24-hour Malayalam-language free-to-air news channel headquartered in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala.

The channel ran into financial troubles and shut down all operations by the end of 2022. In early 2023, South Indian Bank confiscated its assets, including studio and equipment.

News broadcasting
News broadcasting is the medium of broadcasting various news events and other information via television, radio, or the internet in the field of broadcast journalism. The content is usually either produced locally in a radio studio or television studio newsroom, or by a broadcast network. A news broadcast may include material such as sports coverage, weather forecasts, traffic reports, political commentary, expert opinions, editorial content, and other material that the broadcaster feels is relevant to their audience. An individual news program is typically reported in a series of individual stories that are presented by one or more anchors. A frequent inclusion is live or recorded interviews by field reporters.
Upper Twin Island
Upper Twin Island is a bar island in Ohio County, West Virginia on the Ohio River. It lies upstream from its twin, Lower Twin Island. Both islands are part of the city of Wheeling and situated between Martins Ferry, Ohio and mainland Wheeling.

Ohio County, West Virginia
Ohio County is a county located in the Northern Panhandle of the U.S. state of West Virginia, and forms part of the Wheeling metropolitan area. As of the 2020 census, the population was 42,425. Its county seat is Wheeling. The county was formed in 1776 from the District of West Augusta, Virginia. It was named for the Ohio River, which forms its western boundary with the state of Ohio. West Liberty (formerly Black's Cabin) was designated as the county seat in 1777, serving to 1797.