hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Turgay Uzer
Ahmet Turgay Uzer is a Turkish-born American theoretical physicist and nature photographer.

Regents' Professor Emeritus at Georgia Institute of Technology following Joseph Ford (physicist). He has contributed in the field of atomic and molecular physics, nonlinear dynamics and chaos significantly. His research on interplay between quantum dynamics
and classical mechanics, in the context of chaos is considered to be novel in molecular and theoretical physics and chemistry.

Quantum dynamics
In physics, quantum dynamics is the quantum version of classical dynamics. Quantum dynamics deals with the motions, and energy and momentum exchanges of systems whose behavior is governed by the laws of quantum mechanics. Quantum dynamics is relevant for burgeoning fields, such as quantum computing and atomic optics.

In mathematics, quantum dynamics is the study of the mathematics behind quantum mechanics. Specifically, as a study of dynamics, this field investigates how quantum mechanical observables change over time. Most fundamentally, this involves the study of one-parameter automorphisms of the algebra of all bounded operators on the Hilbert space of observables (which are self-adjoint operators). These dynamics were understood as early as the 1930s, after Wigner, Stone, Hahn and Hellinger worked in the field. Mathematicians in the field have also studied irreversible quantum mechanical systems on von Neumann algebras.
Income in India
Income in India discusses the financial state in India. With rising economic growth, India's income is also rising. As an overview, India's per capita net national income or NNI is around ₹2,05,324 in 2024-25. The per capita income is a crude indicator of the prosperity of a country. According to a 2021 report by the Pew Research Center, India has roughly 1.2 billion lower-income individuals, 66 million middle-income individuals, 16 million upper-middle-income individuals, and barely 2 million in the high-income group. According to The Economist, 78 million of India's population are considered middle class as of 2017, if defined using the cutoff of those making more than $10 per day, a standard used by India's National Council of Applied Economic Research. According to the World Bank, only a little less than 90% of India's population lived on less than $10 per day, and more than 95% lived on less than $20 per day in 2021.

Upper middle class
In sociology, the upper middle class is the social group constituted by higher status members of the middle class, in contrast to the lower middle class. The definition is debated. Max Weber controversially defined it as the group of professionals with postgraduate degrees, but most Americans and Europeans identify income as the prime determiner of class.

The American upper middle class is primarily defined by using income, occupation, and education; it consists mostly of white-collar professionals with above-average personal incomes and a higher degree of autonomy in their work. The main occupational tasks of upper-middle-class individuals tend to center on conceptualizing, consulting, and instruction.
Provincial Council of Friesland
The Provincial Council of Friesland (Dutch: Provinciale Staten van Friesland, West Frisian: Provinsjale Steaten fan Fryslân) is the provincial council for the Dutch province of Friesland, first introduced under the Constitution of the Netherlands in 1814. It forms the legislative body of the province. Its 43 seats are distributed every four years in provincial elections.

West Frisian language
West Frisian (Westerlauwersk Frysk; Dutch: Westerlauwers Fries), or simply Frisian (Frysk [frisk]; Dutch: Fries [fris]), is a West Germanic language spoken mostly in the province of Friesland (Fryslân) in the north of the Netherlands, mostly by those of Frisian ancestry. It is the most widely spoken of the Frisian languages.

In the study of the evolution of English, West Frisian is notable as being the most closely related foreign tongue to the various dialects of Old English spoken across the Heptarchy, these being part of the Anglo-Frisian branch of the West Germanic family.
Specol
Specol (trade name Stimune) is a water in oil adjuvant composed of defined and purified light mineral oil (Stills. 2005). It has been suggested as an alternative to Freund's adjuvant for hyperactivation of the immune response in rabbits (Leenaars et al. 1994). Specol can be used for antigens of low immunogenicity and can be administered equally effectively by the subcutaneous or intraperitoneal routes. The histological lesions produced are fewer than those produced by using Complete Freund's adjuvant. However, pain and distress following administration of these 2 adjuvants seem to be similar (based on limited data).

Hyperactivation
Hyperactivation is a type of sperm motility.  Hyperactivated sperm motility is characterised by a high amplitude, asymmetrical beating pattern of the sperm tail (flagellum).  This type of motility may aid in sperm penetration of the zona pellucida, which encloses the ovum.

Hyperactivation could then be followed by the acrosome reaction where the cap-like structure on the head of the cell releases the enzymes it contains.  This facilitates the penetration of the ovum and fertilisation.

Some definitions consider sperm activation to consist of these two processes of hyperactivation and the acrosome reaction.

Hyperactivation is a term also used to express an X chromosome gene dosage compensation mechanism and is seen in Drosophila. Here, a complex of proteins bind to the X-linked genes to effectively double their genetic activity. This allows males (XY) to have equal genetic activity as females (XX), whose X's are not hyperactivated.
Phototherapeutic keratectomy
Phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK) is a type of eye surgery that uses a laser to treat various ocular disorders by removing tissue from the cornea. PTK allows the removal of superficial corneal opacities and surface irregularities. It is similar to photorefractive keratectomy, which is used for the treatment of refractive conditions. The common indications for PTK are corneal dystrophies, scars, opacities, and bullous keratopathy.

Corneal opacity
Corneal opacification is a term used when the cornea of the eye loses its transparency. The term corneal opacity is used particularly for the loss of transparency of cornea due to scarring. Transparency of the cornea is dependent on the uniform diameter and the regular spacing and arrangement of the collagen fibrils within the stroma. Alterations in the spacing of collagen fibrils in a variety of conditions including corneal edema, scars, and macular corneal dystrophy is clinically manifested as corneal opacity. The term corneal blindness is commonly used to describe blindness due to corneal opacity.

Keratoplasty also known as corneal transplantation is the main treatment option for visual improvement in corneal opacity. Other treatments which may improve visual outcome includes optical iridectomy, phototherapeutic keratectomy and keratoprosthesises. Corneal tattooing may be used for improving the cosmetic appearance of the opaque eye.
Roman Dam of Fonte Coberta
Roman Dam of Fonte Coberta (Barragem Romana da Fonte Coberta) is an archeologic site of a Roman dam in the parish of São Sebastião, municipality of Lagos, in the Algarve region of southern Portugal. The dam was constructed during the Romanization of Hispania.

Romanization of Hispania
The Romanization of Hispania is the process by which Roman or Latin culture was introduced into the Iberian Peninsula during the period of Roman rule.

Throughout the centuries of Roman rule over the provinces of Hispania, Roman customs, religion, laws and the general Roman lifestyle gained much favour in the indigenous population. Together with a substantial minority of Roman immigrants, these eventually formed a distinct Hispano-Roman culture. Several factors aided the process of Romanization:

Creation of civil infrastructure, including road networks and urban sanitation.
Commercial interaction within regions and with the wider Roman world.
Foundation of coloniae; settling Roman military veterans in newly created towns and cities.
The spread of the hierarchical Roman administrative system throughout the Hispanic provinces.
Growth of Roman aristocratic land holdings (latifundia).
Len Jenkin
Len Jenkin (born April 2, 1941) is an American playwright, novelist, screenwriter, and theatrical director. He has won three Obie Awards, including two for writing and directing his 1980 play Limbo Tales.

Born in New York City, Jenkin attended Columbia University. He has also participated in the theatre lab at the Sundance Institute. Jenkin has influenced fellow playwright Mac Wellman in his own teaching.

In addition to his Obie Awards, Jenkin has been awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship and won the Rockefeller Foundation Award. He has been nominated for an Emmy Award and four National Endowment for the Arts fellowships.

As a writer for television, Jenkin has produced scripts for Family, The Incredible Hulk, and ABC Afterschool Special. His novels include New Jerusalem (also a play) and The Secret Life of Billy's Uncle Myron. The latter was written with his daughter Emily Jenkins, better known as the novelist E. Lockhart.

New Jerusalem
In the Book of Ezekiel in the Hebrew Bible, New Jerusalem (יהוה שָׁמָּה‎, YHWH šāmmā, YHWH [is] there") is Ezekiel's prophetic vision of a city centered on the rebuilt Holy Temple, to be established in Jerusalem, which would be the capital of the Messianic Kingdom, the meeting place of the twelve tribes of Israel, during the Messianic era. The prophecy is recorded by Ezekiel as having been received on Yom Kippur of the year 3372 of the Hebrew calendar.

In the Book of Revelation in the New Testament, the city is also called the Heavenly Jerusalem, as well as being called Zion in other books of the Christian Bible.
Dan Kurzman
Daniel Halperin Kurzman (27 March 1922, in San Francisco – 12 December 2010, in Manhattan), was an American journalist and writer of military history books.  He studied at the University of California in Berkeley, served in the U.S. Army from 1943 to 1946, and completed his studies at Berkeley with a Bachelor's degree in Political Science. At the end of his life, Dan Kurzman lived in North Bergen (New Jersey) with his wife, Florence. He died December 12, 2010, at the age of 88, in Manhattan. (His wife had died the previous year.)

North Bergen, New Jersey
North Bergen is a township in the northern part of Hudson County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the township's population was 63,361, an increase of 2,588 (+4.3%) from the 2010 census count of 60,773, which in turn reflected an increase of 2,681 (+4.6%) from the 58,092 counted in the 2000 census. The township was incorporated in 1843. It was much diminished in territory by a series of secessions. Situated on the Hudson Palisades, it is one of the hilliest municipalities in the United States. Like neighboring North Hudson communities, North Bergen is among those places in the nation with the highest population density.
Bold Strokes Books
Bold Strokes Books is a midsized independent publisher headquartered in Cambridge, New York that offers a diverse collection of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer general and genre fiction. Their list includes romance, mystery/intrigue, crime, erotica, speculative fiction (sci-fi/fantasy/horror), general fiction, and young adult fiction. The company was founded in July 2004 by Len Barot.

As of 2018, Bold Strokes Books has published over 1,000 works by more than 200 authors, in paperback, ebook, and audiobook formats.
Among its most notable titles are In Too Deep by Ronica Black (2005), Mistress of the Runes by Andrews & Austin (2007), Lady Knight by L-J Baker (2007), Blind Curves by Jacob and Diane Anderson-Minshall (2007) and Light by Nathan Burgoine (2013).

In 2007, Bold Strokes Books became the first LGBTQ publisher to be formally recognized by Romance Writers of America.

The company was also a sponsor of the annual Lesbian Book Festival in Palm Springs, California.

Romance Writers of America
Romance Writers of America (RWA) is an American non-profit writers' association founded in 1980. Its mission is to "advance the professional and common business interests of career-focused romance writers through networking and advocacy and by increasing public awareness of the romance genre." Relevant works must be themed around the development of a romantic relationship between two people, and there must be a happy ending. As well as published authors, those with complete but unpublished manuscripts are eligible for membership.
Kuusiku
Kuusiku (German: Saage) is a small borough (Estonian: alevik) in Rapla Parish, Rapla County, Estonia. It has a population of 250. Kuusiku Manor and Rapla Airfield (Kuusiku Airfield) are located in Kuusiku.

Populated places in Estonia
Populated places in Estonia are cities or settlement units of rural municipalities, but only cities have administrative functions. Settlement units are divided into settlements and urban regions (subdivisions of cities).

Officially there are four types of settlement unit in Estonia:

village (küla) – a sparsely populated settlement or a densely populated settlement with fewer than 300 permanent inhabitants

small borough (alevik) – a densely populated settlement with at least 300 permanent inhabitants

town (alev) – a densely populated settlement with at least 1000 permanent inhabitants

city (linn) - a densely populated settlement with at least 1000 permanent inhabitants.

As of 2024, there were 47 cities, 13 towns, 186 hamlets and 4457 villages in Estonia. There were 3 cities with under 1000 permanent inhabitants as of 2023.
Malenko
Malenko (Маленко) is a Slavic surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Aleksandar Malenko (born 1979; Macedonian: Александар Маленко) Macedonian swimmer

Boris Malenko (1933-1994, born Lawrence J. Simon; aka Russian: Бори́с Маленко́; ringname The Great Malenko) U.S. pro-wrestler

Carl Malenko (born 1970, as Carl Ognibene) U.S. pro-wrestler

Dean Malenko (born 1960, as Dean Simon) U.S. pro-wrestler

Debbie Malenko

Gregory Malenko, Ukrainian politician

Joe Malenko (born 1956, as Jody Simon) U.S. pro-wrestler

Natalya Malenko, Russian politician

Natalya Malenko
Natalya Fyodorovna Malenko (Russian: Наталья Фёдоровна Маленко; born on 31 July 1959) is a Russian politician who has been a Member of the State Council of Crimea since 30 September 2020.

Malenko had served as the third head of Simferopol from 2018 to 2019.
2007 ECAC Hockey men's ice hockey tournament
The 2007 ECAC Hockey Men's Ice Hockey Tournament was the 46th tournament in league history. It was played between March 2 and March 17, 2007. First Round and Quarterfinal games were played at home team campus sites, while the final four games were played at the Times Union Center in Albany, New York. By winning the tournament, Clarkson received the ECAC Hockey automatic bid to the 2007 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament.

Clarkson Golden Knights men's ice hockey
The Clarkson Golden Knights men's ice hockey team is a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I college ice hockey program that represents Clarkson University. The Golden Knights have been a member of ECAC Hockey since 1962, and play their home games at Cheel Arena in Potsdam, New York. While Clarkson lore has it that their first hockey game was played in 1916 against the Hogansburg Indians, the team was established as a hockey club in 1921, led by captain Bill Johnson. The Knights won their opening encounter against Alexandria Bay, 6–4, and finished the year with a 2–1 record, their first of many winning seasons.
Cape Hachiman (Isumi, Chiba)
Cape Hachiman (Isumi, Chiba) (八幡岬, Hachiman-misaki) is a cape on the Pacific Ocean, in the Ōhara area of the city of Isumi, in the southeast area of Chiba Prefecture, Japan. The cape is named after Hachiman, a mythological Japanese god of archery and war. There is another identically-named cape a few kilometers to the south in the city of Katsuura City, sharing the namesake.

Cape (geography)
In geography, a cape is a headland, peninsula or promontory extending into a body of water, usually a sea. A cape usually represents a marked change in trend of the coastline, often making them important landmarks in sea navigation. This also makes them prone to natural forms of erosion, mainly tidal actions, resulting in a relatively short geological lifespan.
110th Separate Guards Motor Rifle Brigade
The 110th Guards Motor Rifle Orders of the Republic and Suvorov Brigade (Russian: 110-я гвардейская орденов Республики и Суворова мотострелковая бригада, 110 омсбр; Military Unit Number 08826), is a unit of the Russian Ground Forces.

Before 1 January 2023 it was known as the 100th Separate Guards Motor Rifle Order of the Republic Brigade (Russian: 100-я отдельная гвардейская мотострелковая ордена Республики бригада, 100 омсбр) a military unit of 1st Army Corps, that formed the army of the Donetsk People's Republic. Serving as an element under the 1st Army Corps of the DPR's Ministry of Defence, it was tasked with defence of its assigned territories using rapid reaction, reconnaissance and spetsnaz components.

Spetsnaz
Spetsnaz (Russian: Спецназ) are special forces in the former Soviet Union and Russia. Historically, this term referred to the Soviet Union's Spetsnaz GRU, special operations units of the Main Intelligence Directorate of the Soviet General Staff (GRU). Today it refers to special forces branches and task forces subordinate to ministries including defence, internal affairs, or emergency situations in countries that have inherited their special purpose units from the now-defunct Soviet security agencies.
Ceph (software)
Ceph (pronounced /ˈsɛf/) is a free and open-source software-defined storage platform that provides object storage, block storage, and file storage built on a common distributed cluster foundation. Ceph provides distributed operation without a single point of failure and scalability to the exabyte level. Since version 12 (Luminous), Ceph does not rely on any conventional filesystem and directly manages HDDs and SSDs with its own storage backend BlueStore and can expose a POSIX filesystem.

Ceph replicates data with fault tolerance, using commodity hardware and Ethernet IP and requiring no specific hardware support. Ceph is highly available and ensures strong data durability through techniques including replication, erasure coding, snapshots and clones. By design, the system is both self-healing and self-managing, minimizing administration time and other costs.

Large-scale production Ceph deployments include CERN, OVH and DigitalOcean.

Commodity computing
Commodity computing (also known as commodity cluster computing) involves the use of large numbers of already-available computing components for parallel computing, to get the greatest amount of useful computation at low cost. This is a useful alternative to high-cost superminicomputers or boutique computers. Commodity computers are computer systems - manufactured by multiple vendors - incorporating components based on open standards.
The Subway (Zion National Park)
The Subway is a small, uniquely-shaped slot canyon within the Zion Wilderness in Zion National Park in northeastern Washington County, Utah, United States. The National Park Service limits access to the canyon via a permit system.

Washington County, Utah
Washington County is a county in the southwestern corner of Utah, United States. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 180,279, making it the fifth-most populous county in Utah. Its county seat and largest city is St. George. The county was created in 1852 and organized in 1856. It was named after the first President of the United States, George Washington. A portion of the Paiute Indian Reservation is in western Washington County. Washington County comprises the St. George, UT Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Five Finger Exercise
Five Finger Exercise [sic] is a 1962 American drama film directed by Daniel Mann and produced by Frederick Brisson from a screenplay by Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett based on the play by Peter Shaffer. The film was distributed by Columbia Pictures.

The film stars Rosalind Russell, Jack Hawkins, Richard Beymer, Maximilian Schell and Annette Gorman, with an early screen appearance by Lana Wood, the sister of Natalie Wood.

Frances Goodrich
Frances Goodrich (December 21, 1890 – January 29, 1984) was an American actress, dramatist, and screenwriter, best known for her collaborations with her partner and husband Albert Hackett. She received both the Pulitzer Prize for Drama and the Tony Award for Best Play with her husband for The Diary of Anne Frank which had premiered in 1955.
Peter Guthrie (footballer)
Peter Guthrie (born 10 October 1961 in Newcastle upon Tyne) is an English former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper in the Football League for Swansea City and Bournemouth, and in the Hong Kong First Division League for Sing Tao, Hong Kong Rangers and Happy Valley.
He played on several occasions for a representative Hong Kong League XI, including in their 3–1 defeat of the Chile national team in the 1998 Carlsberg Cup.
He also played non-League football before, during and after his league career, for Whickham, Blyth Spartans – where he first became a goalkeeper, having previously played as a striker – Weymouth, Barnet, Whitley Bay and Bedlington Terriers.

Weymouth F.C.
Weymouth Football Club is a semi-professional association football club based in the town of Weymouth, Dorset, England. They currently compete in the Southern League Premier Division South, the seventh level of the English football league system. Nicknamed the Terras due to their terracotta strip, they play their home matches at the Bob Lucas Stadium. The club is affiliated to the Dorset County Football Association and is an FA chartered Standard club.
1988 Talladega DieHard 500
The 1988 Talladega DieHard 500 was the 17th stock car race of the 1988 NASCAR Winston Cup Series season and the 20th iteration of the event. The race was held on Sunday, July 31, 1988, before an audience of 80,000 in Lincoln, Alabama at Alabama International Motor Speedway, a 2.66 miles (4.28 km) permanent triangle-shaped superspeedway. The race took the scheduled 188 laps to complete. On the final lap of the race, Hendrick Motorsports driver Ken Schrader would manage to make a pass for the lead coming out of the track's second turn, holding onto the lead for the rest of the lap to take the victory. The victory was Schrader's first career NASCAR Winston Cup Series victory and his only victory of the season. To fill out the top three, Hendrick Motorsports driver Geoff Bodine and Richard Childress Racing driver Dale Earnhardt would finish second and third, respectively.

Geoff Bodine
Geoffrey Eli Bodine (born April 18, 1949) is an American former motorsport driver and bobsled builder. He raced at the NASCAR Cup Series from 1979 to 2011, earning 18 wins and a best season finish of third in 1990.

Bodine was born into a racing family as his father and grandfather, Eli Bodine Jr. and Sr. built Chemung Speedrome just a year after he was born. He is the oldest of the three Bodine brothers (with Brett Bodine and Todd Bodine), and sister Denise. Bodine began learning his racing skills at this track in the micro-midget division when he was only five years old. He had such an itch to race that he disguised himself as a lady and entered an event known as the Powder Puff Derby when he was 15.