hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Sten Malmquist
Sten Malmquist (1917 – March 11, 2004) was a Swedish economist and statistician. Among his contributions he is famous for having constructed the Malmquist index.

Malmquist was born in Lund, and his father's work as an astronomer took the family first to Saltsjöbaden and then to Uppsala. After collaborating with Herman Wold on econometric studies of consumer demand, Malmquist got his Ph.D. in statistics from Uppsala University in 1948. Malmquist's work on duality and the metric theory of utility is still used in microeconomic theory. In 1954, he was appointed professor at Stockholm University College, later known as Stockholm University, and remained there until his retirement in 1983.

Malquist also published in probability theory, where he found a formula for the  boundary probability for the Brownian motion within a finite time interval.

Lund
Lund (/lʊnd/, US also /lʌnd/ LU(U)ND; Swedish: [ˈlɵnːd] ⓘ) is a city in the province of Scania, southern Sweden. The town had 94,393 inhabitants out of a municipal total of 130,288 as of 2023. It is the seat of Lund Municipality, Scania County. The Öresund Region, which includes Lund, is home to more than 4.2 million people.

Archeologists date the founding of Lund to around 990, when Scania was part of Denmark. From 1103 it was the seat of the Catholic Archdiocese of Lund, and the towering Lund Cathedral, built c. 1090–1145, still stands at the centre of the town. Denmark ceded the city to Sweden in the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658.

Lund University, established in 1666, is one of Scandinavia's oldest and largest institutions for education and research.  The university and its buildings dominate much of the centre of the city, and have led to Lund becoming a regional centre for high-tech industry.
Prarambha
Prarambha (translation: Beginning) is a 2007 Indian short film directed by Santosh Sivan and funded by Bill Gates foundation. The film stars Prabhu Deva, Skandha and B. Saroja Devi in the lead roles.

The movie premiered at Toronto International Film Festival in 2007.

The movie screened for the first time in India on 1 December 2007 at 38th International Film Festival of India.

2007 Toronto International Film Festival
The 2007 Toronto International Film Festival, the 32nd annual edition of the Toronto International Film Festival, was held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada from September 6, 2007 to September 15, 2007.

The lineup consisted of 349 films from 55 countries, selected from 4,156 submissions. The selection included 275 mid- to feature-length films, of which 234 were premieres, with 71 by first-time directors.

The festival opened with the world premiere of Jeremy Podeswa's Fugitive Pieces, a film based on the international bestselling novel by Anne Michaels, and closed with Paolo Barzman's Emotional Arithmetic, marking the first time in the festival's history that the opening and closing slots were both held by Canadian films in the same year.
George Livermore
George Livermore  (July 10, 1809 – August 30, 1865) was an American antiquarian, bibliographer, and historian, known chiefly as a book collector. He developed in his lifetime what was recognized as one of the finest private libraries in the United States and his library included many rare and one-of-a-kind bibles like some printed by Johannes Gutenberg. Livermore owned twenty-six volumes (almost a complete set) of the Massachusetts Historical Society's Collections. He wrote newspaper articles from time to time. Harvard College awarded Livermore an honorary Master of Arts, although he dropped out of school at the age of fourteen.

Bibliography
Bibliography (from Ancient Greek: βιβλίον, romanized: biblion, lit. 'book' and -γραφία, -graphía, 'writing'), as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology (from Ancient Greek: -λογία, romanized: -logía). English author and bibliographer John Carter describes bibliography as a word having two senses: one, a list of books for further study or of works consulted by an author (or enumerative bibliography); the other one, applicable for collectors, is "the study of books as physical objects" and "the systematic description of books as objects" (or descriptive bibliography).
Accounting Standards Board (Canada)
The Accounting Standards Board (AcSB) establishes accounting standards for use by private enterprises and private sector not-for-profit organisations in Canada. The AcSB contributes to the development of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) by participating in consultations and activities of the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) to ensure Canadian publicly accountable entities' financial reporting needs are adequately considered. The AcSB develops and participates in the development of financial reporting standards.

As an independent body, the AcSB is intended to increase client confidence and promote objectivity, assisting organizations to make informed decisions on where best to allocate their financial assets.

International Financial Reporting Standards
International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are accounting standards issued by the IFRS Foundation and the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). They constitute a standardised way of describing a company's financial performance and position so that company financial statements are understandable and comparable across international boundaries. They are particularly relevant for companies with publicly listed shares or securities.

IFRS have replaced many different national accounting standards around the world but have not replaced the separate accounting standards in the United States, where US GAAP is applied.
Heneage Finch, 7th Earl of Aylesford
Heneage Finch, 7th Earl of Aylesford (21 February 1849 – 13 January 1885), styled Lord Guernsey until 1871, and also known as Joseph Heneage Finch, was a British aristocrat and friend of the Prince of Wales (later King Edward VII). Finch enjoyed many outdoor pursuits, and in his social circle was nicknamed "Sporting Joe."

The Aylesford Scandal, a British society scandal of 1876, as well as financial difficulties, led to Finch leaving the United Kingdom to become a cattle rancher in Big Spring, Texas.

Aristocracy (class)
The aristocracy (from Greek ἀριστοκρατία aristokratía, "rule of the best"; Latin: aristocratia) is historically associated with a "hereditary" or a "ruling" social class. In many states, the aristocracy included the upper class with hereditary rank and titles. They are usually below only the monarch of a country or nation in its social hierarchy.
1st Meijin
The 1st Meijin was the first Meijin title sponsored by Asahi Shimbun. The tournament used a nine player round robin league system. Hideo Otake won the last Old Meijin title and his title was honored as holder of the Meijin title. Shuchi Kubouchi, Takeo Kajiwara and Norio Kudo qualified through the preliminary stages while Yoshio Ishida, Hideyuki Fujisawa, Eio Sakata, Utaro Hashimoto, Rin Kaiho, Toshiro Yamabe retained their places from the 14th Old Meijin. Yoshio Ishida won the league and challenged Otake for the title. Otake won the title in five games.

Rin Kaiho
Rin Kaihō or Lin Haifeng (Chinese: 林海峰; pinyin: Lín Hǎifēng; born May 6, 1942) is a professional Taiwanese  Go player who made his name in Japan. He is, along with Cho Chikun, Kobayashi Koichi, Otake Hideo, Takemiya Masaki and Kato Masao, considered one of the 'Six Supers' who dominated the Japanese Go world in the last three decades of the twentieth century.
Georg Carabelli
Georg Carabelli, Edler von Lunkaszprie (Squire of Lunkaszprie) (Hungarian: Carabelli György) (December 11, 1787, in Pest – October 24, 1842, in Vienna) was a prominent Hungarian dentist and professor of dental surgery in Vienna. He held a minor noble rank, which referenced the town
of Lunkaszprie (now Luncasprie, in Bihor County Romania).

Georg Carabelli was a court dentist to the Austrian Emperor and co-founder of the stomatology clinic at the University of Vienna. The Cusp of Carabelli, a small additional cusp sometimes found on the mesiolingual corner of an upper molar, was first illustrated in his textbook of oral anatomy, published in 1842, and later described in his handbook of dentistry, published posthumously in 1844. He wrote numerous textbooks and monographs.

Oral medicine
An oral medicine or stomatology doctor/dentist (or stomatologist) has received additional specialized training and experience in the diagnosis and management of oral mucosal abnormalities (growths, ulcers, infection, allergies, immune-mediated and autoimmune disorders) including oral cancer, salivary gland disorders, temporomandibular disorders (e.g.: problems with the TMJ) and facial pain (due to musculoskeletal or neurologic conditions), taste and smell disorders; and recognition of the oral manifestations of systemic and infectious diseases. It lies at the interface between medicine and dentistry. An oral medicine doctor is trained to diagnose and manage patients with disorders of the orofacial region.
Salisbury Parish
Salisbury is a geographic parish in Westmorland County, New Brunswick, Canada.

For governance purposes it is divided between the town of Salisbury, the village of Three Rivers, and the Southeast rural district. All are members of the Southeast Regional Service Commission.

Prior to the 2023 governance reform, the parish was divided between a much smaller village of Salisbury, the village of Petitcodiac, and the local service district of the parish of Salisbury, part of which was included in the special service area of Havelock Inside, which extended from the LSD of the parish of Havelock. Petitcodiac is now part of Three Rivers.

Albert County, New Brunswick
Albert County (2021 population 30,749) is New Brunswick's third-youngest county, located on the Western side of the Petitcodiac River on the Chignecto Bay in the Bay of Fundy;  the shire town is Hopewell Cape. The county was established in 1845 from parts of Westmorland County and Saint John County, and named after Prince Albert. Since the abolition of county municipal governments in 1967, its best-known use is as a census division.

The mineral albertite was discovered a few miles away in 1849, giving rise to Albert Mines.
Arc Institute
Arc Institute is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit biomedical research organization based in Palo Alto, California. It was co-founded by Stanford University biochemistry professor Silvana Konermann, UC Berkeley bioengineering professor Patrick Hsu, and Stripe CEO Patrick Collison, with Konermann as its inaugural executive director. The institute operates in partnership with three San Francisco Bay Area research universities—Stanford, UC Berkeley, and UCSF.

Research institute
A research institute, research centre, or research organization is an establishment founded for doing research. Research institutes may specialize in basic research or may be oriented to applied research. Although the term often implies natural science research, there are also many research institutes in the social science as well, especially for sociological and historical research purposes.
87North Productions
87North Productions is an American independent film and television production company, founded in 2019 by David Leitch and Kelly McCormick. The company is known for producing the films Nobody, Bullet Train, Violent Night and The Fall Guy.

On April 22, 2019, the company signed a first-look deal with Universal Pictures.

Production company
A production company, production house, or production studio is a studio that creates works in the fields of performing arts, new media art, film, television, radio, comics, interactive arts, video games, websites, music, and video. These groups consist of technical staff and members to 
produce the media, and are often incorporated as a commercial publisher.

Generally the term refers to all individuals responsible for the technical aspects of creating a particular product, regardless of where in the process their expertise is required, or how long they are involved in the project.  For example, in a theatrical performance, the production team has not only the running crew, but also the theatrical producer, designers, and theatrical direction.
Honda CL500
The Honda CL500 (also called the Honda SCL500 in North America) is a standard motorcycle produced by Honda since 2023.

The motorcycle is designed with a flat seat and upswept exhaust as part of the "Scrambler-style" marketing and appearance, acting as a spiritual successor to Honda's previous CL-series bikes - such as the CL450. It uses the same 471 cc (28.7 cu in) 180° crank straight-twin engine as Honda's other 21st century "500-twins", such as the CB500F. The CL500's tubular steel frame's main structure is shared with the CMX500 Rebel.

The 2025 model included ergonomic adjustments to the footpegs and seat, as well as updated compliance with Euro V+ emissions standards.

European emission standards
The European emission standards are vehicle emission standards that regulate pollution from the use of new land surface vehicles sold in the European Union and European Economic Area member states and the United Kingdom, and ships in European territorial waters. These standards target air pollution from exhaust gases, brake dust, and tyre rubber pollution, and are defined through a series of European Union directives that progressively introduce stricter limits to reduce environmental impact.

Euro 7, agreed in 2024 and due to come into force in 2026, includes non-exhaust emissions such as particulates from tyres and brakes. Until 2030 fossil fueled vehicles are allowed to have dirtier brakes than electric vehicles.: 5
Assiniboine Memorial Curling Club
The Assiniboine Memorial Curling Club is located in the northwestern area of Winnipeg, in the community of St. James. The curling club was started up in 1929 and was nicknamed the 'root cellar', it had only 2 sheets of ice at the time. The AMCC moved to their current  site, at Vimy and Hamilton, in 1962. This new location was built with four sheets of ice and then expanded to the current eight it has today. A small fire destroyed part of the clubrooms and arena in 1972, most of the original structure remained and was rebuilt.

In 1992 the AMCC addressed the problem of the shifting Winnipeg 'gumbo' under the ice sheets. The ice was dug out six feet beneath the curling rink, filled with sand, and covered with styrofoam to prevent shifting of the ice.

The AMCC was the home of the 1995 world champion Kerry Burtnyk rink.

Kerry Burtnyk
Kerry Burtnyk (born November 24, 1958) is a Canadian curler from Winnipeg, Manitoba. He grew up in Reston, Manitoba. He is a two time Canadian champion skip, and the 1995 World Champion skip. He is currently the coach of the Darcy Robertson rink.
Young Muslims Canada
Young Muslims Canada is an Islamic organization working among the Muslim youth of Canada. Formed in 1994, Young Muslims Canada is one of the largest Muslim youth groups in Canada.

Young Muslims Canada offers educational, developmental, and recreational activities for Muslim youth.

Youth
Youth is the time of life when one is young. The word, youth, can also mean the time between childhood and adulthood (maturity), but it can also refer to one's peak, in terms of health or the period of life known as being a young adult. Youth is also defined as "the appearance, freshness, vigor, spirit, etc., characteristic of one, who is young". Its definitions of a specific age range varies, as youth is not defined chronologically as a stage that can be tied to specific age ranges; nor can its end point be linked to specific activities, such as taking unpaid work, or having sexual relations.

Youth is an experience that may shape an individual's level of dependency, which can be marked in various ways according to different cultural perspectives. Personal experience is marked by an individual's cultural norms or traditions, while a youth's level of dependency means the extent to which they still rely on their family emotionally and economically.
Hull–White model
In financial mathematics, the Hull–White model is a model of future interest rates. In its most generic formulation, it belongs to the class of no-arbitrage models that are able to fit today's term structure of interest rates. It is relatively straightforward to translate the mathematical description of the evolution of future interest rates onto a tree or lattice and so interest rate derivatives such as bermudan swaptions can be valued in the model.

The first Hull–White model was described by John C. Hull and Alan White in 1990. The model is still popular in the market today.

Mathematical model
A mathematical model is an abstract description of a concrete  system using mathematical concepts and language. The process of developing a mathematical model is termed mathematical modeling. Mathematical models are used in many fields, including applied mathematics, natural sciences, social sciences and engineering. In particular, the field of operations research studies the use of mathematical modelling and related tools to solve problems in business or military operations. A model may help to characterize a system by studying the effects of different components, which may be used to make predictions about behavior or solve specific problems.
Cis-1,2-Dihydrocatechol
cis-1,2-Dihydrocatechol is the organic compound with the formula C6H6(OH)2.  Several isomers exist with this formula.  It is a colorless solid melting near room temperature.  The compound is classified as a 1,3-cyclohexadiene. It arises by the dihydroxylation of benzene catalyzed by toluene dioxygenase. It can also be prepared from catechol using the enzyme cis-1,2-dihydrobenzene-1,2-diol dehydrogenase:

cis-1,2-Dihydrocatechol has been used in the synthesis, sometimes on a commercial scale, of indinavir, indigo, and poly(p-phenylene).

Poly(p-phenylene)
Poly(p-phenylene) (PPP) is made of repeating p-phenylene units, which act as the precursor to a conducting polymer of the rigid-rod polymer family. The synthesis of PPP has proven challenging, but has been accomplished through excess polycondensation with the Suzuki coupling method.

Early efforts typically produced black, insoluble powders that were difficult to characterize. For example, a 1960 paper reports "The solid glowed red-hot in a Bunsen flame, with no evidence of flame formation, and disappeared only slowly." Initially, the chemical and thermal stability of the material drove interest in its synthesis. It was used in rocket nozzles and some fabrics requiring high thermal stability.

Oxidation or the use of dopants is used to convert the non-conductive form to a semiconductor.
Masumi Aoki
Masumi Aoki (青木益未, Aoki Masumi; born 16 April 1994) is a Japanese athlete specialising in the sprint hurdles. She won a bronze medal at the 2019 Asian Championships.

Her personal bests are 13.17 seconds in the 100 metres hurdles (+1.1 m/s, Yamaguchi 2018) and 8.18 seconds in the 60 metres hurdles (Osaka 2019).

2019 Asian Athletics Championships
The 2019 Asian Athletics Championships was the 23rd edition of the Asian Athletics Championships. It was held from 21 to 24 April 2019 at the Khalifa International Stadium in Doha, Qatar. During the closing ceremony of the 22nd Asian Athletics Championships in Bhubaneswar India, President of Asian Athletics Association (AAA) Dahlan Al Hamad officially handed over the AAA Flag to Qatar Olympic Committee Secretary-General and Qatar Athletics Federation President Thani Abdulrahman Al Kuwari. The event was at the Khalifa International Stadium and it served as the test event for the 2019 World Athletics Championships which were held at the same venue.
Haute-Garonne's 9th constituency
The 9th constituency of Haute-Garonne is a French legislative constituency in the Haute-Garonne département. Like the other 576 French constituencies, it elects one MP using a two round electoral system.

It was created in 2010, with the first election in 2012. It consists of the
Canton of Portet-sur-Garonne, part of the Canton of Toulouse-9 and the
Cantons of Toulouse-10 and 11.

Canton of Portet-sur-Garonne
The canton of Portet-sur-Garonne is an administrative division of the Haute-Garonne department, southern France. Its borders were modified at the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. Its seat is in Portet-sur-Garonne.

It consists of the following communes:
Son of Evil Reindeer
Son of Evil Reindeer is the second studio album by Scottish indie rock supergroup The Reindeer Section, released on 24 June 2002. It was recorded in February that year. An alternate version was released in Japan. It contained 3 bonus tracks.

Gary Lightbody had finished writing the songs of the album by January 2002. In 2004, Snow Patrol recorded a live version of "You Are My Joy" at Somerset House on 8 August 2004 for their live DVD, Live at Somerset House. This live rendition also appeared as a B-side on their "How to Be Dead" single and was later included on their 2009 compilation album Up to Now.

Somerset House
Somerset House is a large neoclassical building complex situated on the south side of the Strand in central London, overlooking the River Thames, just east of Waterloo Bridge. The Georgian era quadrangle is built on the site of a Tudor palace ("Old Somerset House") originally belonging to the Duke of Somerset. The present Somerset House was designed by Sir William Chambers, begun in 1776, and was further extended with Victorian era outer wings to the east and west in 1831 and 1856 respectively. The site of Somerset House stood directly on the River Thames until the Victoria Embankment was built in the late 1860s.

The great Georgian era structure was built to be a grand public building housing various government and public-benefit society offices. Its present tenants are a mixture of various organisations, generally centred around the arts and education.
Euler–Maclaurin formula
In mathematics, the Euler–Maclaurin formula is a formula for the difference between an integral and a closely related sum.  It can be used to approximate integrals by finite sums, or conversely to evaluate finite sums and infinite series using integrals and the machinery of calculus. For example, many asymptotic expansions are derived from the formula, and Faulhaber's formula for the sum of powers is an immediate consequence.

The formula was discovered independently by Leonhard Euler and Colin Maclaurin around 1735.  Euler needed it to compute slowly converging infinite series while Maclaurin used it to calculate integrals.  It was later generalized to Darboux's formula.

Faulhaber's formula
In mathematics, Faulhaber's formula, named after the early 17th century mathematician Johann Faulhaber, expresses the sum of the th powers of the first  positive integers

as a polynomial in . In modern notation, Faulhaber's formula is

Here,  is the binomial coefficient " choose ", and the  are the  second Bernoulli numbers, identical to the first ones except for .
On the Way to the Sea
On the Way to the Sea is a Canadian short documentary film, directed by Tao Gu and released in 2010. The film centres on the director's trip to his childhood home in Wenchuan County, China, following the 2008 Sichuan earthquake.

The film was made as Gu's thesis project for the film studies program at the Mel Hoppenheim School of Cinema.

The film premiered at the 2010 Toronto International Film Festival. It was subsequently named to TIFF's year-end Canada's Top Ten list for 2010.

Mel Hoppenheim School of Cinema
The Mel Hoppenheim School of Cinema, a division of the Faculty of Fine Arts at Concordia University, is a film school located in Montreal, Quebec. Informally known as MHSoC, the school accepts around 250 students a year for programs in animation, film production and film studies. It is the largest and oldest university-based centre for the study of film, television and media in Canada.