hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Careware
Careware (also called charityware, helpware, or goodware) is software licensed in a way that benefits a charity. Some careware is distributed free, and the author suggests that some payment be made to either a nominated charity, or a charity of the user's choice. Commercial careware, on the other hand, includes a levy for charity on top of the distribution charge. Careware can also involve a barter of some kind, or even a pledge to be kind to strangers.

Commercial software
Commercial software, or, seldom, payware, is a computer software that is produced for sale or that serves commercial purposes. Commercial software can be proprietary software or free and open-source software.
Apsus Vallis
Apsus Vallis is a channel in the Cebrenia quadrangle of Mars, located at 35.1° north latitude and 225° west longitude.  It is 120 km long and was named after a classical river in ancient Macedonia, the present-day Seman River.

Seman (river)
The Seman is a major river in western Albania. It is formed by the confluence of the rivers Devoll and Osum, a few km west of Kuçovë. It is 85 km (53 mi) long (281 km (175 mi) with its longest source river Devoll) and its drainage basin is 5,649 km2 (2,181 sq mi). Its average discharge is 95.7 m3/s (3,380 cu ft/s). It meanders generally westwards through a flat lowland. Near Fier, the Seman receives the Gjanica from the left. It flows into the Adriatic Sea at the southern margin of the Divjakë-Karavasta National Park.
Bernard Croft
Sir Bernard Hugh Denman Croft, 13th Baronet Croft of Croft Castle (24 August 1903 – 27 February 1984) was an Australian rugby union player. Croft, a wing, claimed one international rugby cap for Australia.

Croft was born in Boorolong station, Armidale, New South Wales, the son of Sir Hugh Matthew Fiennes Croft, 12th Baronet, and Lucy Taylor.

He died at Armidale in 1984.

Croft baronets
There have been three baronetcies created for persons with the surname Croft, one in the Baronetage of England and two in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. All three creations are extant as of 2026.

Croft baronets of Croft Castle (1671)

Croft baronets of Cowling Hall (1818)

Croft baronets of Bournemouth (1924): see Baron Croft
Leibniz Society of North America
The Leibniz Society of North America is a philosophical society whose purpose is to promote the study of the philosophy of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. The society publishes The Leibniz Review, organizes an annual conference, sponsors group sessions at meetings of the American Philosophical Association, holds an annual essay contest, and issues an annual newsletter.

Learned society
A learned society (/ˈlɜːrnɪd/ LEHRN-id; also scholarly, intellectual, or academic society) is an organization that exists to promote an academic discipline, profession, or a group of related disciplines such as the arts and sciences. Membership may be open to all, may require possession of some qualification, or may be an honour conferred by election.

Most learned societies are non-profit organizations, and many are professional associations. Their activities typically include holding regular conferences for the presentation and discussion of new research results, and publishing or sponsoring academic journals in their discipline. Some also act as professional bodies, regulating the activities of their members in the public interest or the collective interest of the membership.
Ethical leadership
Ethical leadership is leadership that is directed by respect for  ethical beliefs and values and for the dignity and rights of others. It is thus related to concepts such as trust, honesty, consideration, charisma, and fairness.

Ethics is concerned with the kinds of values and morals an individual or a society finds desirable or appropriate. Furthermore, ethics is concerned with the virtuousness of individuals and their motives. A leader's choices are also influenced by their moral development.

Equal consideration of interests
The principle of equal consideration of interests is a moral principle that states that one should both include all affected interests when calculating the rightness of an action and weigh those interests equally. The term "equal consideration of interests" first appeared in Australian moral philosopher Peter Singer's 1975 book Animal Liberation. Singer asserts that if all beings, not just humans, are included as having interests that must be considered, then the principle of equal consideration of interests opposes not only racism and sexism, but also speciesism. Jeremy Bentham argued that a being's capacity to suffer is what is morally relevant when considering their interests, not their capacity for reason.

The principle is related to broader philosophical concepts of impartiality, though impartiality can refer to many other senses of equality, particularly in justice.
1924 Holland with Boston by-election
The 1924 Holland with Boston by-election was a by-election held on 31 July 1924 for the British House of Commons constituency of Holland with Boston in Lincolnshire.

The by-election was caused by the death of the town's Labour Member of Parliament (MP) William Stapleton Royce, who had held the seat since its creation for the 1918 general election. The  Liberal candidate was the son of Sir Richard Winfrey, MP for South West Norfolk from 1906–1923 and Gainsborough from 1923-24.

The result was a victory for the Conservative Party candidate Arthur Dean.

South West Norfolk
South West Norfolk is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2024 by Terry Jermy of the Labour Party.  It was previously represented by Liz Truss of the Conservative Party (the shortest-serving prime minister in British history; serving as head of government for 49 days in 2022) between 2010 and 2024.
Petronella Johanna de Timmerman
Petronella Johanna de Timmerman (31 January 1723, in Middelburg – 2 May 1786, in Utrecht) was a Dutch poet and scientist.

Married in 1769 to Johann Friedrich Hennert, professor of mathematics, astronomy and philosophy. During her second marriage, she conducted scientific experiments and studied physics with her spouse. She was inducted as an honorary member of the academy ‘Kunstliefde Spaart Geen Vlijt’ in 1774. She presented the academy with poems, translated French plays and planned to write a book about physics for women.

She suffered a stroke in 1776. Her widower wrote a biography about her and published her poems.

Academy
An academy (Attic Greek: Ἀκαδήμεια; Koine Greek: Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of tertiary education. The name traces back to Plato's school of philosophy, founded c. 386 BC at Akademia, a sanctuary of Athena, the goddess of wisdom and skill, north of Athens, Greece. The Royal Spanish Academy defines an academy as a scientific, literary or artistic society established with public authority and as a teaching establishment, public or private, of a professional, artistic, technical or simply practical nature.
Reza Chalid
Mohammad Riza Chalid (born 1959) also known as Reza Chalid  is an Indonesian businessman who mainly runs a petroleum company.

Chalid's company Petral dominates Indonesian oil imports. His business is said to produce US$30 billion annually. He was listed as 88th richest Indonesian, according to GlobeAsia.

GlobeAsia Magazine
GlobeAsia Magazine is an Indonesian business magazine and website that was established in 2007. Its founder and editor-in-chief is Shoeb Kagda. The magazine is part of the Lippo Group and BeritaSatu Media Holdings.

GlobeAsia Magazine is the first English-language business magazine of Indonesia. Similar to Forbes magazine, it distributes its own lists of Indonesia's wealthiest people, Indonesia's biggest companies, and more.
SS W. P. Thew
W. P. Thew was a wooden steam barge built in 1884 at Lorain, Ohio, by shipbuilder Henry D. Root, one of the last prominent wooden shipbuilders on the Black River. She was designed to carry forest products such as lumber, logs, shingles, and railroad ties across the Great Lakes.

The wreck is currently a diving site.

Thunder Bay Island
Thunder Bay Island is a 215-acre (87 ha) island in Lake Huron.  The island is one of eight constituent islands of the Michigan Islands National Wildlife Refuge.  The island is part of Alpena Township in Alpena County.  It marks the entrance to Thunder Bay, the harbor of Alpena, Michigan and the location of the Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary.

The island is the home of a historic Thunder Bay Island Light, which in its current form dates to 1857, and adjacent quarters for the lightkeeper.  The island also contains the sites of quarters for lifesaving service personnel and private-sector fishermen.
Toyota Ireland
Toyota Ireland is the Irish representative of the Japanese-based automaker Toyota. With an assembly plant for motor vehicles, it was part of the automotive industry in Ireland and today operates as a distribution and sales operation.

Automotive industry in Ireland
The automotive industry in Ireland has had a varied history. The punitive tax on imported cars encouraged a wide range of companies to assemble their cars locally including Fiat, Ford and Renault. From Ireland's entry to the European Union in 1973, the need for locally produced cars to avoid import taxes reduced and since the 1980s, production ended and all cars are now imported.
St Peter's Church, Kinver
St Peter's Church, Kinver is a Grade I listed Church of England parish church in Kinver, Staffordshire, England. The church, which contains fragments from a 12th-century Norman structure, dates primarily from the early 14th century with substantial 15th-century extensions. It underwent major restoration in the 1880s and a complete rebuilding of its north aisle in 1976.

Giles Gilbert Scott
Sir Giles Gilbert Scott (9 November 1880 – 8 February 1960) was a British architect known for his work on the New Bodleian Library, Cambridge University Library, Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, Battersea Power Station, Liverpool Cathedral, and designing the iconic red telephone box.

Scott came from a family of architects. His father George Gilbert Scott Jr. was a co-founder of Watts & Co., which Scott became the second chairman of. He was noted for his blending of Gothic tradition with modernism, making what might otherwise have been functionally designed buildings into popular landmarks.
Hakametsä
Hakametsä is a smaller district of Tampere, Finland, located about four kilometers from its city center. The neighboring parts of Hakametsä are Huikas, Ristinarkku, Messukylä, Vuohenoja, Kalevanrinne, Kaleva, Kissanmaa and Uusikylä.

Hakametsä was once the pasture of the Messukylä's parsonage, and it was settled in the late 19th century. The first inhabitants were "gardener Juho Fritzkopf, carpenter August Heino, mixed worker Nestor Rajala, butcher Kalle Lindevall, gardener Aksel Gauffin, baker Kustaa Eklund and baker Lahtinen". The first town plans of Hakametsä and Ristinarkku were confirmed in the 1950s. Finland's first ice rink, Tampere Ice Stadium (also known as Hakametsä Arena), was completed in Hakametsä for the 1965 Ice Hockey World Championships.

Kaleva (Tampere)
Kaleva is an eastern part of the city of Tampere, Finland, located south of the Kauppi district. It is part of larger Sampo district. The population of Kaleva is approximately 10,000 (2005).

The most notable landmark is the Kaleva Church built between 1959 and 1966, and located in the Liisankallio district.

Kaleva has many educational institutions, the folk high school Sampola and vocational school of economics, two high schools (lukio); Kalevan lukio and Sammon keskuslukio, and two comprehensive schools. It's also the home of the biggest swimming hall in Tampere.

Most locals are students from Tampere University or pensioners. In 2007 Kaleva topped being the most poor part of the town.

One of the notable residents of Kaleva is Sanna Marin, the former Prime Minister of Finland.
The Abbey School (Tipperary)
The Abbey School (formerly Abbey CBS) is a Christian Brothers Secondary School in the town of Tipperary, County Tipperary, Ireland. The Abbey is an all-boys school which, as of 2024, had over 320 students.

In recent years, the school has been extended twice. The first extension is known as the "Edmund Rice Wing" and contains a construction studies room, woodwork room and technology laboratory. The second extension was the complete renovation of an old stable which is now called the "Mary Rice Centre" which houses a special needs area, learning support and one-to-one education and a library.

As of 2024, the principal of the school was David Sadlier.

Tipperary (town)
Tipperary (/ˌtɪpəˈrɛəri/; Irish: Tiobraid Árann, meaning 'well of the Ara'), commonly known as Tipperary Town, is a town and a civil parish in County Tipperary, Ireland. It had a population of 4,979 as of the 2016 census. It is also an ecclesiastical parish in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cashel and Emly, and is in the historical barony of Clanwilliam. The town gave its name to County Tipperary.
2003 British Formula Ford Championship
The 2003 British Formula Ford Championship is the 28th edition of the British Formula Ford Championship. It commenced on 21 April at Mondello Park and end on 21 September at Oulton Park after 10 rounds and 21 races, all in support of the British Touring Car Championship and Champ Car when they visited Brands Hatch in May. This was the last year until 2013 that the series supported the British Touring Car Championship as they switched to supporting the British GT and British Formula Three Championship from 2004 to 2012.

Brands Hatch
Brands Hatch is a motor racing circuit in West Kingsdown, Kent, England. Originally used as a grasstrack motorcycle circuit on farmland, it hosted 12 runnings of the British Grand Prix between 1964 and 1986 and currently hosts many British and International racing events. The venue is owned and operated by Jonathan Palmer's MotorSport Vision organisation.
Handball at the 1976 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament
The women's tournament was one of two handball tournaments at the 1976 Summer Olympics. It was the first appearance of a women's handball tournament at the Olympic Games.  Soviet Union won the tournament ahead of  East Germany and  Hungary.

The tournament was a single round robin format.

Hungary women's national handball team
The Hungary women's national handball team (Hungarian: magyar női kézilabda-válogatott) is the national team of Hungary. It is governed by the Hungarian Handball Federation (Magyar Kézilabda Szövetség) and takes part in international handball competitions. The team won the World Championship in 1965 and the European Championship in 2000.
Swimming at the 1979 Pan American Games – Men's 1500 metre freestyle
The Men's 1500m Freestyle competition of the swimming events at the 1979 Pan American Games took place on 7 July at the Piscina Olimpica Del Escambron in San Juan, Puerto Rico. The last Pan American Games champion was Bobby Hackett of US.

This race consisted of thirty lengths of the pool, all lengths being in freestyle.

Swimming at the 1975 Pan American Games – Men's 1500 metre freestyle
The men's 1500 metre freestyle competition of the swimming events at the 1975 Pan American Games took place on 23 October. The last Pan American Games champion was Pat Miles of the United States.

This race consisted of thirty lengths of the pool, all lengths being in freestyle.
Lendelede
Lendelede (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈlɛndəˌleːdə]; West Flemish: Lendlee) is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders. The municipality comprises only the town of Lendelede proper. On January 1, 2006, Lendelede had a total population of 5,399. The total area is 13.15 km2 which gives a population density of 411 inhabitants per km2.

Municipalities of Belgium
Belgium comprises 565 municipalities (Dutch: gemeenten; French: communes; German: Gemeinden), 285 of them grouped into five provinces in Flanders and 261 others in five provinces in Wallonia, while the remaining 19 are in the Brussels Capital Region, which is not divided in provinces. In most cases, the municipalities are the smallest administrative subdivisions of Belgium, but in municipalities with more than 100,000 inhabitants, on the initiative of the local council, sub-municipal administrative entities with elected councils may be created. As such, only Antwerp, having over 500,000 inhabitants, became subdivided into ten districts (Dutch: districten).

The Belgian arrondissements (Dutch: arrondissementen; French: arrondissements; German: Bezirke), an administrative level between province (or the capital region) and municipality, or the lowest judicial level, are in English sometimes called districts as well.
Herbert Brean
Herbert Brean (December 10, 1907 – May 7, 1973) was an American journalist and crime fiction writer, best known for his recurring series characters William Deacon and Reynold Frame. He was a director and former executive vice president of the Mystery Writers of America, a group for which he also taught a class in mystery writing. Aside from his seven mystery crime novels, he also published non-fiction books and articles, and mystery magazine short stories. Alfred Hitchcock used "A Case of Identity" (1953), one of Brean's many articles for Life, as the basis for Hitchcock's film The Wrong Man (1957).

As a lifelong Sherlock Holmes fan, Brean was a member of The Baker Street Irregulars, and as such he wrote the introduction to at least one Holmes edition.

Mystery Writers of America
The Mystery Writers of America (MWA) is a professional organization of mystery and crime writers, based in New York City.

The organization was founded in 1945 by Clayton Rawson, Anthony Boucher, Lawrence Treat, and Brett Halliday.

It presents the Edgar Award, a small bust of Edgar Allan Poe, to mystery or crime writers every year.  It presents the Raven Award to non-writers who contribute to the mystery genre. The category of Best Juvenile Mystery is also part of the Edgar Award, with such notable recipients as Barbara Brooks Wallace having won the honor twice for The Twin in the Tavern in 1994 and Sparrows in the Scullery in 1998, and Tony Abbott for his novel The Postcard in 2009.

John Dickson Carr, who also served as president of the MWA, won a Grand Master Award in 1949 and 1962.
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (song)
"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?" is a song written by Cole Porter for the 1956 film High Society, where it was introduced by Frank Sinatra and Celeste Holm.

In the lyrics of the song, the singers express their lack of interest in supersonic planes and country estates, concluding that "all I want is you". In the film, the song is performed whilst the characters look at expensive wedding gifts.

The song also appeared in the 1973 Christmas special of The Goodies television series, The Goodies and the Beanstalk. It later inspired the title of the popular game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? It also makes a brief appearance in the miniseries Quiz, when it is sung in a dream sequence by the key figures of the 2001 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire cheating scandal.

The Goodies (TV series)
The Goodies is a British television comedy series shown in the 1970s and early 1980s. The series, which combines surreal sketches and situation comedy, was broadcast by the BBC, initially on BBC2 but soon repeated on BBC1, from 1970 to 1980. One seven-episode series was made for ITV company LWT and shown in 1981–82.

The show was co-written by and starred Tim Brooke-Taylor, Graeme Garden and Bill Oddie (together known as "The Goodies"). Bill Oddie also wrote the music and songs for the series, while "The Goodies Theme" was co-written by Oddie and Michael Gibbs. Directors/producers of the series were John Howard Davies, Jim Franklin and Bob Spiers.

An early title which was considered for the series was Narrow Your Mind (following on from Broaden Your Mind) and prior to that the working title was Super Chaps Three.
Coincidence circuit
In physics and electrical engineering, a coincidence circuit or coincidence gate is an electronic device with one output and two (or more) inputs. The output activates only when the circuit receives signals within a time window accepted as at the same time and in parallel at both inputs. Coincidence circuits are widely used in particle detectors and in other areas of science and technology.

Walther Bothe shared the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1954 "...for his discovery of the method of coincidence and the discoveries subsequently made by it." Bruno Rossi invented the electronic coincidence circuit for implementing the coincidence method.

Particle detector
In experimental and applied particle physics, nuclear physics, and nuclear engineering, a particle detector, also known as a radiation detector, is a device used to detect, track, and/or identify ionizing particles, such as those produced by nuclear decay, cosmic radiation, or reactions in a particle accelerator. Detectors can measure the particle energy and other attributes such as momentum, spin, charge, particle type, in addition to merely registering the presence of the particle.
Prolita thaliae
Prolita thaliae is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Ronald W. Hodges in 1966. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from California, Colorado, Utah and Wyoming.

The wingspan is 19-20.5 mm. The forewings are off white, pale buff, pale yellow, and brown with the ridges of many scales white or off white. The hindwings are pale fuscous, with the veins and costal margin shining pale orange.

The larvae feed on Chrysothamnus nauseosus.

Ericameria nauseosa
Ericameria nauseosa (formerly Chrysothamnus nauseosus), commonly known as chamisa, rubber rabbitbrush, and gray rabbitbrush, is a shrub in the sunflower family (Aster) found in the arid regions of western North America.

Two subspecies have been described, consimilis (the green form with 8 varieties) and nauseosa (the gray form with 14 varieties).
June–August 2012 Hakkari clashes
The June 2012 Hakkari clashes were a series of clashes between the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) and the Turkish Army near Şemdinli in Hakkâri Province in southeastern Turkey and northern Iraq (Northern and Southern Kurdistan). The clashes began on June 19, with a coordinated PKK attack on a Turkish Army post in Yuksekova town near the Iraq-Turkey border. On July 20–21, the PKK made an attempt to capture territory in Şemdinli, resulting in a Turkish counter-offensive which, according to Turkish security forces, resulted in eight Turkish security forces and 130 Kurdish militants killed. The Kurdistan Communities Union (KCK) recorded over 400 incidents of shelling, air bombardment and other armed clashes during August 2012. The events were described as the "heaviest fighting in Turkey in years".

Iraq–Turkey border
The Iraq–Turkey border is 331 km (206 mi) in length and runs from the tripoint with Syria in the west to the tripoint with Iran in the east. Should Turkey, which is a candidate for EU membership, accede to the EU, Iraq will be a border neighbor with the European Union.