hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
1995 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1995.

Burrow
A burrow is a hole or tunnel excavated into the ground by an animal to construct a space suitable for habitation or temporary refuge, or as a byproduct of locomotion. Burrows provide a form of shelter against predation and exposure to the elements, and can be found in nearly every biome and among various biological interaction types, including symbiosis and competition. Many animal species are known to form burrows. These species range from small amphipods, to very large vertebrate species such as the polar bear. Burrows can be constructed into a wide variety of substrates and can range in complexity from a simple tube a few centimeters long to a complex network of interconnecting tunnels and chambers hundreds or thousands of meters in total length; an example of the latter level of complexity, a well-developed burrow, would be a rabbit warren.
Kitan Strait
The Kitan Strait (紀淡海峡, Kitan kaikyō) or Tomogashima Channel (友ヶ島水道, Tomogashima suidō) separates Awaji Island from Wakayama, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan and connects the Osaka Bay in the north to the Kii Channel in the south. The total width is 11 km, but the islands of Tomogashima reduce the distance to be spanned by a proposed bridge.
The strait forms part of the Setonaikai National Park.

Strait
A strait is a water body connecting two seas or water basins. The surface water is, for the most part, at the same elevation on both sides and can flow through the strait in either direction, although the topography generally constricts the flow somewhat. In some straits, there is a dominant directional current. Most commonly, the strait is a narrow channel that lies between two land masses. Straits are loci for sediment accumulation, with sand-sized deposits usually occurring on the two strait exits, forming subaqueous fans or deltas. Some straits are not navigable because they are too narrow, too shallow, or due to the presence of a reef or archipelago.
Engehurst
Engehurst is a heritage-listed residence located in Paddington, New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by John Verge and built from 1834 to 1835. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

John Verge
John Verge (1782–1861) was an English architect, builder, pioneer settler in the Colony of New South Wales, who migrated to Australia and pursued his career there. Verge was one of the earliest and the most important architect of the Greek Revival in Australia. He also brought more comprehensive range of Regency style than any contemporary architects. His design indicates the increasing of sophistication compared to previous architect's design.
Juan José Nieto Gil
Juan José Nieto Gil (24 June 1804 – 16 July 1866) was a Colombian politician, Army general and writer. A Liberal party caudillo of Cartagena, he served interimly as Governor of the Province of Cartagena, and was later elected President of the Sovereign State of Bolívar from 1859 to 1864. In 1861, during the Colombian Civil War, he fought on the side of the Liberal rebels against the Administration of President Mariano Ospina Rodríguez, and acting in rebellion proclaimed himself President of the Granadine Confederation in his right as the Presidential Designate, relinquishing power four months later to the Liberal leader, General Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera y Arboleda, who led a successful coup d'état against the Conservative Government in Bogotá.

Nieto, of mulatto background, was the first mixed-race Colombian to rise to politics in the history of Colombia becoming the first mixed-race Colombian to become the executive officeholder of a first level administrative division of Colombia.

Bolívar State, Colombia
Bolívar State was one of the states of Colombia, which existed from 1857 until 1886. Today the area of the former state makes up most of modern-day Bolívar Department, Sucre Department, Córdoba Department and Atlántico Department in northern Colombia.
I Hate the French
"I Hate the French" is a satirical comedy song performed live by Howard Goodall during Rowan Atkinson's 1980 tour of the United Kingdom. A live recording was made at the Grand Opera House in Belfast, Northern Ireland, on 19 or 20 September 1980 and released on Rowan Atkinson's live comedy album, Live in Belfast; it was also released as a single. The music was composed by Goodall and the lyrics were written by comedy writer Richard Curtis.

The lyrics are a comical criticism of the French and are a deliberately hypocritical complaint about their treatment towards the English. The song contains many French stereotypes, references to famous French people and references to things often associated with France, e.g. berets, French bread, French wine and cheese. The lyrics also use irony (e.g. claiming the French stole the word "cul-de-sac" from the English language) and a double entendre ("I'll be buggered if I go to gay Paris").

Stereotype
In social psychology, a stereotype is a generalized belief about a particular category of people. It is an expectation that people might have about every person of a particular group. The type of expectation can vary; it can be, for example, an expectation about the group's personality, preferences, appearance or ability. Stereotypes make information processing easier by allowing the perceiver to rely on previously stored knowledge in place of incoming information. Stereotypes are often faulty, inaccurate, and resistant to new information. Although stereotypes generally have negative implications, they are not necessarily so; they may be positive, neutral, or negative. They can be broken down into two categories: explicit stereotypes, which are conscious, and implicit stereotypes, which are subconscious.
Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 5
Bigg Boss 5 is the fifth season of the Tamil-Indian reality series of Bigg Boss. The show premiered on 3 October 2021 on Star Vijay and Disney+ Hotstar with Kamal Haasan as the host for the fifth time. Nippon Paint was the main sponsor for the fifth season. Ramya Krishnan as appeared as a guest host for a week.

The grand finale took place on 16 January 2022. Raju Jeyamohan emerged as the winner, while Priyanka Deshpande emerged as the runner up of the season.

Niroop Nandakumar, Thamarai Selvi, Abhinay Vaddi and Suruthi Periyasamy returned as contestants in Bigg Boss Ultimate.

Ramya Krishnan
Ramya Krishnan (born 15 September 1970), also credited as Ramya Krishna, is an Indian actress known predominantly for her work in Telugu and Tamil films, along with appearances in Kannada, Malayalam and Hindi films.
Parthenius II of Constantinople
Parthenius II of Constantinople (Greek: Παρθένιος; died 16 May 1651) was Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople for two periods (1644–1646, 1648–1651).

Kallistos Ware relates that Parthenius II, before becoming Patriarch, wrote to Pope Urban VIII in 1640:
"To your Beatitude I render all due obedience and submission, acknowledging you to be the true successor of the leader of the Apostles, and the chief shepherd of the Catholic Church throughout the whole world. With all piety and obedience, I bow before your holy feet and kiss them, asking your blessing, for with full power you guide and tend the whole of Christ's chosen flock. So I confess and so I believe, and I am zealous that my subjects also should be such as I am myself. Finding them eager, I guide them in the ways of piety; for there are not a few who think just as I do".

He was a partisan of Cyril I of Constantinople.

Pope Urban VIII
Pope Urban VIII (Latin: Urbanus VIII; Italian: Urbano VIII; baptised 5 April 1568 – 29 July 1644), born Maffeo Vincenzo Barberini, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 6 August 1623 to his death, in July 1644. As pope, he expanded the papal territory by force of arms and advantageous politicking, and was also a prominent patron of the arts, commissioning works from artists like Gian Lorenzo Bernini, and a reformer of Church missions. His papacy also covered 21 years of the Thirty Years' War.

The massive debts incurred during his pontificate greatly weakened his successors, who were unable to maintain the papacy's longstanding political and military influence in Europe. He was also an opponent of Copernicanism and was involved in the Galileo affair, which saw the astronomer tried for heresy. He is the last pope to date to take the papal name Urban.
King William's College
King William's College (Manx: Colleish Ree Illiam) is a co-educational private school for pupils aged 3 to 18 near Castletown on the Isle of Man. It is a member of the International Baccalaureate and Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference organisations. The College operates at two sites: a main senior school campus on the shore of Castletown Bay, and a prep school (The Buchan School) in the Westhill part of Castletown. The College was originally for boys only, but became co-educational in the 1980s. It has roughly five hundred pupils.

The UK Department for Education categorises it as an Overseas British school.

Preparatory school (United Kingdom)
A preparatory school (or, shortened: prep school) in the United Kingdom is a fee-charging private primary school that caters for children up to approximately the age of 13.  The term "preparatory school" is used as it prepares the children for the Common Entrance Examination in order to secure a place at an independent secondary school, typically one of the English public schools.  They are also preferred by some parents in the hope of getting their child into a state selective grammar school. Most prep schools are inspected by the Independent Schools Inspectorate, which is overseen by Ofsted on behalf of the Department for Education.
Yukhnov
Yukhnov (Russian: Ю́хнов) is a town and the administrative center of Yukhnovsky District in Kaluga Oblast, Russia, located on the Kunava River (Oka's basin) 85 kilometers (53 mi) northwest of Kaluga, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 6,610 (2021 Census); 7,056 (2010 Census); 7,692 (2002 Census); 6,059 (1989 Soviet census).

Oka (river)
The Oka (UK: /ˈɒkə/, US: /ˈoʊkə/; Russian: Ока IPA: [ɐˈka]) is a river in central Russia, the largest right tributary of the Volga. It flows through the regions of Oryol, Tula, Kaluga, Moscow, Ryazan, Vladimir and Nizhny Novgorod and is navigable over a large part of its total length, as far upstream as the town of Kaluga. Its length is 1,500 km (930 mi) and its catchment area 245,000 km2 (95,000 sq mi). The Russian capital Moscow sits on one of the Oka's tributaries—the Moskva, from which the capital's name is thought to be derived.
VideoPad Video Editor
VideoPad Video Editor (or simply VideoPad) is a video editing application developed by NCH Software. It is complemented by the VirtualDub plug-ins that work with the software.

VideoPad includes a software suite WavePad, a sound-editing program; MixPad, a sound-mixing program; and PhotoPad, an image editor.

Video editing software
Video editing software or a video editor is software used for performing the post-production video editing of digital video sequences on a non-linear editing system (NLE). It has replaced traditional flatbed celluloid film editing tools and analog video tape editing machines.

Video editing software serves a lot of purposes, such as filmmaking, audio commentary, and general editing of video content.

In NLE software, the user manipulates sections of video, images, and audio on a sequence. These clips can be trimmed, cut, and manipulated in many different ways. When editing is finished, the user exports the sequence as a video file.
Marion Ettlinger
Marion Ettlinger (born 1949) is a photographer specializing in author portraits. 
Ettlinger's portrait photography appears on many book jackets. During her long career she has photographed Truman Capote, Tom Wolfe, William Styron, Raymond Carver, Joyce Carol Oates, Sarah Vowell and many more. A collection of her portraits, Author Photo: Portraits, 1983-2002 was published in 2003 by Simon & Schuster (ISBN 0-7432-2734-4).

She has been a photographer for over 35 years, although only during the last twenty years has she focused her work on authors.

Other authors she has worked with over the years include:

Cormac McCarthy

Stewart O'Nan

Elizabeth Wurtzel

George Plimpton

Jeffrey Eugenides

Francine Prose

Alice Munro

Elissa Schappell

William Styron
William Clark Styron Jr. (June 11, 1925 – November 1, 2006) was an American novelist and essayist who won major literary awards for his work, including the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1968 for The Confessions of Nat Turner.
NovaStor
NovaStor is a privately held software company based in Agoura Hills, California, with offices in Hamburg, Germany, and Zug, Switzerland.

The company's primary focus is providing backup and recovery software to home users, small- and medium-sized businesses, and enterprises. NovaStor and its products are often compared to other backup and data protection services, such as Symantec and EMC.

Agoura Hills, California
Agoura Hills (/əˈɡɔːrə ˈhɪlz/ ⓘ) is a city situated in the Santa Monica Mountains region of Los Angeles County, California, United States. With a population of 20,330 as of the 2010 census, which decreased to 20,299 in 2020. A suburb of Los Angeles, Agoura Hills lies in the eastern Conejo Valley, nestled between the Simi Hills and the Santa Monica Mountains. Located 35 miles (56 km) northwest of Downtown Los Angeles and less than 10 miles (16 km) west of the Los Angeles city limits at Woodland Hills, Agoura Hills is bordered by Bell Canyon and Ventura County. Neighboring communities include Calabasas, Oak Park, and Westlake Village, while the unincorporated area of Agoura sits adjacent.
Our Father (2021 film)
Our Father  is a 2021 American dark comedy film, written and directed by Bradley Grant Smith, and produced by Alex Thompson. It stars Baize Buzan, Allison Torem, Tim Hopper, Austin Pendleton, and Keith Kupferer.

The film had its world premiere at the SXSW Film Festival on March 21, 2021, and was released that same year in the US by CINEDIGM, as the first Fandor original, on October 5, 2021.

Cineverse
Cineverse Corp. (originally Access IT Digital Media, Inc., and later, Cinedigm) is an American entertainment company headquartered in Los Angeles, California. Cineverse’s businesses encompass digital cinema, streaming channels, content marketing, and distribution.
Steven Kavuma
Steven Kavuma is a Ugandan judge and the immediate former deputy chief justice of Uganda. He was appointed to that post on 5 March 2015. From April 2013 until March 2015, he served as the acting Chief Justice of Uganda, pending the appointment of a substantive Chief Justice by the President of Uganda. However, the way Uganda's judiciary is configured, the Deputy Chief Justice is not a member of the Supreme Court of Uganda, but is a member of the Court of Appeal of Uganda.

Court of Appeal of Uganda
The Court of Appeal of Uganda (also constituted as the Constitutional Court of Uganda) is the second-highest judicial organ in Uganda. It derives its powers from Article 134 of the 1995 Constitution. It is an appellate court when hearing cases appealed from the High Court of Uganda. However, it has original jurisdiction when adjudicating matters relating to the constitutionality of matters before it. All judgments by the Court of Appeal are theoretically appealable to the Supreme Court of Uganda, if the Supreme Court decides to hear the appeal.
Ministry of Justice (Kazakhstan)
The Ministry of Justice of Kazakhstan (MJ RK, Kazakh: Қазақстан Республикасы Әділет министрлігі, romanized: Qazaqstan Respublikasy Ädılet ministrlıgı, [qɑzɑqˈstʰɑn rʲɪˈspublʲɪkɑsɯnɯŋ ædɘlʲet minɪstʰərlɘɡɘ], ҚР ӘМ; Russian: Министерство юстиции Республики Казахстан, МЮ РК) is government ministry tasked with the duty of overseeing the country's legal agencies.

Mangystau Region
Mangystau (Kazakh: Маңғыстау, romanized: Mañğystau), formerly known as Mangyshlak (Russian: Мангышлак) from 1973 until 1988, is a region of Kazakhstan. Its capital is Aqtau (a seaport), which has a population of 183,350 (2017); the entire Mangystau Province has a population of 745,909 (2022).
Treaty of Lima
Treaty of Lima refers to a number of treaties.

Treaty of Lima (1848), more formally known as the Treaty of Confederation between the Republics of Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador and New Granada, was signed on February 8, 1848.

Treaty of Lima (1865), was two treaties, the Treaty of Union and Defensive Alliance and the Treaty for the Preservation of Peace, both agreed to by representatives from Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Venezuela and Peru. They were signed but never ratified.

Treaty of Lima (1878), a Latin American "Treaty for the Establishment of Uniform Rules in Private International Law", was ratified only by Peru and did not go into effect.

Treaty of Lima (1883) was a treaty of peace signed between Chile and Spain on 12 June 1883.

Treaty of Lima (1929), replaced portions of the 1883 Treaty of Ancón dealing with the boundary between Peru and Chile and the provinces of Tacna and Arica.

Republic of New Granada
The Republic of New Granada was a centralist unitary republic consisting primarily of present-day Colombia and Panama with smaller portions of today's Costa Rica, Ecuador, Venezuela, Peru and Brazil that existed from 1831 to 1858. The state was created after the dissolution of Great Colombia in 1830 through the secession of Ecuador and Venezuela. In 1858, the state was renamed into the Granadine Confederation.
On 9 May 1834, the national flag was adopted and was used until 26 November 1861, with the Gran Colombian colours in Veles' arrangement. The merchant ensign had the eight-pointed star in white.
Mirtha Brock
Mirtha Brock Forbes (born 9 April 1970) is a retired female track and field athlete from Colombia, who competed in the sprint events during her career. She won two gold medals at the Bolivarian Games and twice represented Colombia at the Olympics.

Bolivarian Games
The Bolivarian Games (Spanish: Juegos Bolivarianos, full name Juegos Deportivos Bolivarianos) are a regional multi-sport event held in honor of Simón Bolívar, and organized by the Bolivarian Sports Organization (Organización Deportiva Bolivariana, ODEBO). The event is open to athletes from Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico and Venezuela. In 2010, the ODEBO decided to include Chile as the seventh member of ODEBO. Except Panama and the Dominican Republic, all other participating countries are Andean states.
Thomas Goddard (priest)
Thomas Goddard MA (1674 – 10 May 1731) was a Canon of Windsor from 1707 to 1731.

He was born in 1674, the son of Edward Goddard of Tidworth, Wiltshire.

Goddard was educated at St Mary Hall, Oxford and Magdalen College, Oxford where he graduated BA in 1692, and MA in 1705.

He was appointed:

Rector of North Wraxall, Wiltshire, 1697 to 1708

Rector of North Tidworth, Wiltshire, 1708 to 1731

Rector of St Benet Fink, City of London, 1725

He was appointed to the fifth stall in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle in 1707, a position he held until he died in 1737.

St Mary Hall, Oxford
St Mary Hall was a medieval academic hall of the University of Oxford. It was associated with Oriel College from 1326 to 1545, but functioned independently from 1545 until it was re-incorporated into Oriel College in 1902.
Prędocice
Prędocice (Toporów, German: Tormersdorf; Upper Sorbian: Tormarjecy) is an abandoned village in the Lower Silesian Forest, located in the administrative district of Gmina Pieńsk, within Zgorzelec County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It lies on the east bank of the Lusatian Neisse, directly opposite Rothenburg.

Lower Silesian Voivodeship
Lower Silesian Voivodeship (Polish: województwo dolnośląskie, [vɔjɛˈvut͡stfɔ dɔlnɔˈɕlɔ̃skjɛ] ⓘ) in southwestern Poland, is one of the 16 voivodeships (provinces) into which Poland is divided. It covers an area of 19,946 square kilometres (7,701 sq mi) and as of 2019 has a total population of 2,899,986.

It is one of the wealthiest provinces in Poland, as natural resources such as copper, brown coal and rock materials are widely present.

Its capital and largest city is Wrocław, situated on the Oder River. The voivodeship is host to several spa towns, many castles and palaces, and the Giant Mountains, with several ski resorts. For this reason, tourism is a large part of this region's economy.
HMS Junon
Two ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Junon, a French form of the goddess Juno, of Roman mythology:

HMS Junon (1809) was a 36-gun fifth rate captured from the French in 1809, but retaken by them later that year.

HMS Junon (1810) was a 38-gun fifth rate, previously the French Bellone. She was captured in 1810 and broken up in 1817.

Fifth-rate
In the rating system of the Royal Navy used to categorise sailing warships, a fifth-rate was the second-smallest class of warships in a hierarchical system of six "ratings" based on size and firepower.
Satyashodhak Samaj
Satyashodhak Samaj (Truth-Seekers' Society) was a social reform society founded by Jyotiba Phule in Pune, Maharashtra, on 24 September 1873. The society endeavoured to mitigate the distress and sufferings of Dalits and women. It espoused a mission of education and increased social rights and political access for underprivileged groups, focused especially on women, peasants, and Dalits, in Maharashtra. Jyotirao's wife Savitribai was the head of women's section of the society. The Samaj disbanded during the 1930s as leaders left to join the Indian National Congress party.

Kolhapur State
The Kolhapur State was a Maratha princely state of India, under the Deccan Division of the Bombay Presidency, and later the Deccan States Agency. It was considered the most important of the Maratha principalities with the others being Baroda State, Gwalior State and Indore State. Its rulers, of the Bhonsle dynasty, were entitled to a 19-gun salute – thus Kolhapur was also known as a 19-gun state. The state flag was a swallow-tailed saffron pennant.

Kolhapur State, together with its jagirs or feudatory vassal estates (including Ichalkaranji), covered an area of 3,165 square miles (8,200 km2). According to the 1901 census, the state population was 910,011, of which 54,373 resided in Kolhapur Town. In 1901, the state enjoyed an estimated revenue of £300,000.