hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Arenicolumba
Arenicolumba prattae is an extinct species of small pigeon from the Miocene of Florida. It was described from fossil material (a left coracoid) collected at the Thomas Farm Site in Gilchrist County, northern Florida, south-eastern United States. The genus name Arenicolumba comes from the Latin arena ("sandy place") with reference to the sandy, fossiliferous sediments of the collection site, and columba ("pigeon"). Originally described in 1992 as Columbina prattae, it was moved to the new genus in 2008.

Gilchrist County, Florida
Gilchrist County is a county located in the north central part of the U.S. state of Florida. Organized in 1925 from the western part of Alachua, it is the last county to be formed in the state. As of the 2020 census, the population was 17,864. The county seat is Trenton.

Gilchrist County is included in the Gainesville, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Mount Ingino Christmas Tree
The Mount Ingino Christmas Tree is a lighting illumination in the shape of a Christmas tree that is installed annually on the slopes of Mount Ingino (Monte Ingino in Italian) outside the city of Gubbio, in the Umbria region in Italy. The tree is also called the Gubbio Christmas Tree or the biggest Christmas tree in the world. In 1991 the Guinness Book of Records named it "The World's Largest Christmas Tree".

Umbria
Umbria (/ˈʌmbriə/ UM-bree-ə; Italian: [ˈumbrja]) is a region of central Italy. It includes Lake Trasimeno and Marmore Falls, and is crossed by the Tiber. It is the only landlocked region on the Apennine Peninsula. The capital is Perugia. The region has 851,954 inhabitants as of 2025.

The region is characterized by hills, mountains, thick forests, valleys and historical towns such as the university centre of Perugia, Assisi (a World Heritage Site associated with St. Francis of Assisi), Terni, Norcia, Città di Castello, Gubbio, Spoleto, Orvieto, Todi, Castiglione del Lago, Narni, Amelia, Spello and other small cities.
Union Steamship Company of British Columbia
The Union Steamship Company of British Columbia was a pioneer firm on coastal British Columbia. It was founded in November 1889 by John Darling, a director of the Union Steamship Company of New Zealand, and nine local businessmen. The company began by offering local service on Burrard Inlet near Vancouver and later expanded to servicing the entire British Columbia coast.

The Union Steamship Company was bought out by the Canadian Pacific Steamship Company in 1948.  The SS Noronic fire in Toronto forced the Federal Maritime Department to change marine regulations regarding wooden passenger vessels, while the nature of the BC coastal fleet changed more to freight and a tug and barge operation. The Union Steamships ran until 1956 when a strike finished the fleet.

Powell River, British Columbia
Powell River is a city on the northern Sunshine Coast of southwestern British Columbia, Canada. Most of its population lives near the eastern shores of Malaspina Strait, which is part of the larger Georgia Strait between Vancouver Island and the Mainland. With two intervening long, steep-sided fjords inhibiting the construction of a contiguous road connection with Vancouver to the south, geographical surroundings explain Powell River's remoteness as a community, despite relative proximity to Vancouver and other populous areas of the BC Coast. The city is the location of the head office of the qathet Regional District.
Rangiri Dambulla International Stadium
Rangiri Dambulla International Cricket Stadium (Sinhala: රංගිරි දඹුලු ජාත්‍යන්තර ක්‍රීඩාංගනය, Tamil: தம்புள்ள சர்வதேச கிரிக்கெட் விளையாட்டு மைதானம்) is a 16,800-seat cricket stadium in Sri Lanka. It is situated in the Central Province, close to Dambulla on a 60-acre (240,000 m2) site leased from the Rangiri Dambulla Temple. it is the first and only International cricket ground in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. The stadium is built overlooking the Dambulla Tank (reservoir) and the Dambulla Rock.

Central Province, Sri Lanka
The Central Province (Sinhala: මධ්‍යම පළාත Madhyama Paḷāta, Tamil: மத்திய மாகாணம் Maddiya Mākāṇam) is one of the nine provinces of Sri Lanka. The province has an area of 567,400 ha (1,402,000 acres) and a population of 2,421,148, making it the second most populated province. The city of Kandy has been its capital since 1469.

The Central Province is located primarily in the central mountainous terrain of Sri Lanka. It is bordered by the North Central Province to the north, the Uva Province to the east, the North Western Province to the west and the Sabaragamuwa Province to the south and west.

The province is famous for its production of Ceylon tea, the cultivation of which was initiated by the British in the 1860s after a devastating disease killed all coffee plantations in the province. The province attracts many tourists, with hill station towns such as Gampola, Hatton and Nuwara Eliya. The province is home to four UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
ChemRxiv
ChemRxiv (pronounced "chem archive"—the X represents the Greek letter chi [χ]) is an open access preprint archive for chemistry. It is operated by the American Chemical Society, Royal Society of Chemistry and German Chemical Society. The new preprint server was announced already in 2016, but was only opened online in 2017. Initially, editors of ACS journals were skeptical and only 80% of the editors allowed submissions to be uploaded to the preprint server in 2017. In 2019 the Chinese Chemical Society and the Chemical Society of Japan joined as co-owners of the preprint server.

The initial reception of ChemRxiv was one of hesitation, with several major journals of the founding organizations initially unsupportive: Angewandte Chemie gave support in March 2018 and JACS only gave support in August 2018. However, ChemRxiv received more than 1,000 submissions in the first eighteen months,
growing to 2,314 in 2019. Like other preprint servers, it saw a surge in COVID-19 preprints in 2020.

German Chemical Society
The German Chemical Society (German: Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker, GDCh) is a learned society and professional association founded in 1949 to represent the interests of German chemists in local, national and international contexts. GDCh "brings together people working in chemistry and the molecular sciences and supports their striving for positive, sustainable scientific advance – for the good of humankind and the environment, and a future worth living for."
Rose Center for Earth and Space
The Rose Center for Earth and Space is a part of the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. The Center's complete name is The Frederick Phineas and Sandra Priest Rose Center for Earth and Space. The main entrance is located on the northern side of the museum on 81st Street near Central Park West in Manhattan's Upper West Side. Completed in 2000, it includes the Hayden Planetarium, which was originally opened in 1935. Neil deGrasse Tyson is its first and, to date, only director.

Eighth Avenue (Manhattan)
Eighth Avenue is a major north–south avenue on the west side of Manhattan in New York City, carrying northbound traffic below 59th Street. It is one of the original avenues of the Commissioners' Plan of 1811 to run the length of Manhattan, though today the name changes twice: At 59th Street/Columbus Circle, it becomes Central Park West, where it forms the western boundary of Central Park, and north of 110th Street/Frederick Douglass Circle, it is known as Frederick Douglass Boulevard before merging onto Harlem River Drive north of 155th Street.
Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station
Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station (PNPS) is a closed nuclear power plant in Massachusetts in the Manomet section of Plymouth on Cape Cod Bay, south of the tip of Rocky Point and north of Priscilla Beach. Like many similar plants, it was constructed by Bechtel, and was powered by a General Electric BWR 3 boiling water reactor inside of a Mark 1 pressure suppression type containment and generator. With a 690 MWe production capacity, it produced about 14% of the electricity generated in Massachusetts.

On October 13, 2015, the plant's owners announced that it would close by June 1, 2019, citing "market conditions and increased costs," which would have included tens of millions of dollars of necessary safety upgrades. Following closure,  decommissioning is expected to take decades for radiation to decay.

Manomet, Massachusetts
Manomet is a seaside village of Plymouth, Massachusetts, United States. It is named for the Wampanoag village of Manomet, located among the Manomet Ponds (the later site of the Manomet Ponds Praying Town). Manomet has a Post Office in the business district whose ZIP code is 02345. Residents and businesses in this village that are non-Post Office box holders use Plymouth's ZIP code of 02360.

Manomet is also home to Manomet Center for Conservation Sciences, a global conservation and sustainability nonprofit organization.
Otto Schläpfer
Otto Schläpfer (March 11, 1931 – 2015) was a Swiss ice hockey player who played for the Switzerland men's national ice hockey team at the 1952 and 1956 Olympics. He also played for Lausanne HC, Zürcher SC, EHC Kloten, and HC Davos between 1947 and 1972.

Ice hockey at the 1956 Winter Olympics
The men's ice hockey tournament at the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy, was the eighth Olympic Championship, also serving as the 23rd World Championships and the 34th European Championships.  The tournament was held at the Olympic Ice Stadium and the Apollonio Stadium.

The Soviet Union won all their games to claim their first Olympic title, their second World title, and their third European title. Canada, represented by the Kitchener-Waterloo Dutchmen, won its eighth consecutive Olympic ice hockey medal, and first bronze medal.

East Germany and West Germany could not come to an agreement over how to formulate a combined team, so they played a qualification game against each other, which was won by West Germany.  East Germany hosted a tournament for non-qualified teams, often referred to as World Championships Pool B, between the GDR, Norway and Belgium in Berlin.
Harriet Starr Stewart
Harriet Starr Stewart (3 April 1862 — 1 November 1931) was the first woman in Canada to earn a Bachelor of Arts. She enrolled at Mount Allison University in Sackville, New Brunswick in 1878, and completed her studies in 1882, seven years after Grace Annie Lockhart became the first woman in the British Empire and in Canada to earn a bachelor's degree, also at Mount Allison University.

Following graduation, Stewart played a vital role in the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) as a charter member in New Brunswick. Additionally, she contributed to the Women's Missionary Society of the Methodist Church by serving as an editor of The Palm Branch and dedicating several years to the Dominion Board of the organization.

Grace Annie Lockhart
Grace Annie Lockhart (22 February 1855 – 18 May 1916) was the first woman in the British Empire to receive a Bachelor's degree. She formally enrolled in Mount Allison University in Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada in 1874 and graduated with a degree of Bachelor of Science and English Literature on 25 May 1875. After graduation, she spent six years teaching in Saint John, New Brunswick and also at Mount A's Ladies College.

Although her later life was spent in a more conventional role, as the wife of the Methodist minister J.L. Dawson, Lockhart's academic achievement as a student provided clear evidence of the justice of women's claim to full rights in the field of higher education.
Seán Kenny (hurler)
John Kenny (29 December 1923 – 24 April 2002), known as Seán Kenny, was an Irish hurler. At club level, he spent most of his career with Borris–Ileigh and at inter-county level was a member of the Tipperary senior hurling team. Kenny captained Tipperary to the All-Ireland SHC title in 1950.

1950 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship
The 1950 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship was the 64th staging of the All-Ireland hurling championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1887. The championship began on 30 April 1950 and ended on 3 September 1950.

Tipperary were the defending champions, and retained their All-Ireland crown following a 1–9 to 1–8 defeat of Kilkenny.
Herbert C. Adams
Herbert Charles Vassall Adams (16 December 1873 – 1 July 1955) was a British philatelist who was added to the Roll of Distinguished Philatelists in 1946.

Adams was an expert on the early postage stamps of Great Britain and a Vice-President of the Royal Philatelic Society London.

He died in a motor accident. In addition to paying tribute to his philatelic abilities, Adams was described by his long-time collaborator K.M. Beaumont in The London Philatelist as "a lovable character, the type of man of whom Horace might have been thinking when he wrote si fractus illabatur orbis, impavidum ferient ruinae. He was a great little man whose place in the councils and hearts of the Members of the Society it will not be possible to fill."

Philately
Philately (/fɪˈlætəli/; fih-LAT-ə-lee) is the study of postage stamps and postal history. It also refers to the collection and appreciation of stamps and other philatelic products. While closely associated with stamp collecting and the study of postage, it is possible to be a philatelist without owning any stamps. For instance, the stamps being studied may be very rare or reside only in museums.
Anglicanorum coetibus
Anglicanorum coetibus ("Groups of Anglicans") is an apostolic constitution written by Pope Benedict XVI on 4 November 2009 and promulgated the same day by the Holy See in Latin, English, and Italian, which regulates the establishment of personal ordinariates for former Anglicans converting to the Roman Catholic Church. At the same time, 14 articles that contain supplementary norms for the constitution were issued by the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. The document replaced the Pastoral Provision in effect in the United States since 1980. The constitution is divided into 13 points that contains the justification for its enactment and a part that contains the norms that are to apply to the personal ordinariates.

Apostolic see
An apostolic see is an episcopal see whose foundation is attributed to one or more of the apostles of Jesus or to one of their close associates. In Catholicism, the phrase "the Apostolic See" when capitalized refers specifically to the See of Rome.

Tertullian (c. 155 − c. 240) gives examples of apostolic sees: he describes as churches "in which the very thrones of the apostles are still pre-eminent in their places, in which their own authentic writings are read, uttering the voice and representing the face of each of them severally" the following churches: Corinth, Philippi, Ephesus, and Rome.

Tertullian says that from these "all the other churches, one after another, derived the tradition of the faith, and the seeds of doctrine, and are every day deriving them, that they may become churches. Indeed, it is on this account only that they will be able to deem themselves apostolic, as being the offspring of apostolic churches".
Plan 55-A
Automatic Telegraph Switching System Plan 55-A was one in a series of store and forward message switching systems developed by Western Union and used from 1948 to 1976 for processing telegrams. It is an automated successor to Plan 51, which commenced service in 1951 in a nationwide network of the U.S. Air Force, but required semi-automatic operation.

Based on the technology of punched paper tape storage, the systems of the design were called reperforators.  A reperforator performed functions similar to an email message transfer agent (email server), used much later in the Internet, but it used electro-mechanical technology, which preceded the use of semiconductor circuitry and computers.

Message transfer agent
Within the Internet email system, a message transfer agent (MTA), mail transfer agent, or mail relay is software that transfers electronic mail messages from one computer to another using the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. In some contexts, the alternative names mail server, mail exchanger, or MX host are used to describe an MTA.

Messages exchanged across networks are passed between mail servers, including any attached data files (such as images, multimedia, or documents). These servers often keep mailboxes for email. Access to this email by end users is typically either by webmail or an email client.
Amelia Vargas
Amelia Vargas (January 16, 1928 in Havana – April 21, 2019 in Buenos Aires) was a Cuban actress and dancer.  She mainly worked in Argentina.  She starred in the 1950 film Arroz con leche under director Carlos Schlieper.

Carlos Schlieper
Carlos Schlieper (23 September 1902 – 11 April 1957 in  Buenos Aires) was an Argentine film director and screenwriter notable for his work during the classical era of Argentine cinema.

His father, Hermann Heinrich Schlieper Feldmann (1842–1925), was an industrialist of German nationality and his mother, very Catholic, was Spaniard (from Andalusia). Schlieper, who had three male and three female siblings, received a careful education that included traveling abroad and studying at a high school in Switzerland.

He directed about 30 films between 1939 and 1957, writing for over 20 of them. He was particularly noted for his romantic comedies in 1940s and 1950s, directing films such as La serpiente de cascabel (1948), Arroz con leche (1950), Cuando besa mi marido (1950),  Mi mujer está loca (1952)  and Mi marido y mi novio (1955). He also directed Alejandra in 1956 and died on 11 April 1957.
Vynohradivka, Bashtanka Raion, Mykolaiv Oblast
Vynohradivka (Ukrainian: Виноградівка; Russian: Виноградовка; until 1946 Novyi Danzig (Новый Данциг)) is a village in Bashtanka Raion (district) in Mykolaiv Oblast of southern Ukraine, at about 36.6 kilometres (22.7 mi) northeast by north from the centre of Mykolaiv city. It belongs to Inhulka rural hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.

The village came under attack by Russian forces in 2022, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Points of the compass
The points of the compass are a set of horizontal, radially arrayed compass directions (or azimuths) used in navigation and cartography. A compass rose is primarily composed of four cardinal directions—north, east, south, and west—each separated by 90 degrees, and secondarily divided by four ordinal (intercardinal) directions—northeast, southeast, southwest, and northwest—each located halfway between two cardinal directions. Some disciplines such as meteorology and navigation further divide the compass with additional azimuths. Within European tradition, a fully defined compass has 32 "points" (and any finer subdivisions are described in fractions of points).

Compass points or compass directions are valuable in that they allow a user to refer to a specific azimuth in a colloquial fashion, without having to compute or remember degrees.
Kosmos 2176
Kosmos 2176 (Russian: Космос 2176 meaning Cosmos 2176) was a Russian US-K early warning satellite which was launched in 1992 as part of the Russian Space Forces' Oko programme. The satellite was designed to identify missile launches using optical telescopes and infrared sensors.

Kosmos 2176 was launched from Site 43/3 at Plesetsk Cosmodrome in Russia. A Molniya-M carrier rocket with a 2BL upper stage was used to perform the launch, which took place at 01:18 UTC on 24 January 1992. The launch successfully placed the satellite into a molniya orbit. It subsequently received its Kosmos designation, and the international designator 1992-003A. The United States Space Command assigned it the Satellite Catalog Number 21847.

It re-entered the Earth's atmosphere on January 17, 2012.

Blok 2BL
The Blok 2BL was a rocket stage, a member of Blok L family, used as an upper stage on some versions of the Molniya-M carrier rocket. It was used as a fourth stage to launch the Oko missile early warning defence spacecraft.
June 1984 lunar eclipse
A penumbral lunar eclipse occurred at the Moon’s descending node of orbit on Wednesday, June 13, 1984, with an umbral magnitude of −0.9414. A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon moves into the Earth's shadow, causing the Moon to be darkened. A penumbral lunar eclipse occurs when part or all of the Moon's near side passes into the Earth's penumbra. Unlike a solar eclipse, which can only be viewed from a relatively small area of the world, a lunar eclipse may be viewed from anywhere on the night side of Earth. Occurring about 6.1 days after perigee (on June 7, 1984, at 12:25 UTC), the Moon's apparent diameter was larger.

This minor penumbral eclipse was visually imperceptible, but marked the first lunar eclipse in Lunar Saros 149.

Earth's shadow
Earth's shadow (or Earth shadow) is the shadow that Earth itself casts through its atmosphere and into outer space, toward the antisolar point. During the twilight period (both early dusk and late dawn), the shadow's visible fringe —sometimes called the dark segment or twilight wedge—appears as a dark and diffuse band just above the horizon, most distinct when the sky is clear.

Since the angular diameters of the Sun and the Moon as viewed from Earth's surface are almost the same, the ratio of the length of Earth's shadow to the distance between Earth and the Moon will be almost equal to the ratio of the diameters of Earth and the Moon.

Since Earth's diameter is 3.7 times the Moon's, the length of the planet's umbra is correspondingly 3.7 times the average distance from the Moon to Earth: about 1.4 million km (870,000 mi). The diameter of Earth's shadow at lunar distance is about 9,000 km (5,600 mi), or 2.6 lunar diameters, which allows observation of total lunar eclipses from Earth.
CLEC5A
C-type lectin domain family 5 member A (CLEC5A), also known as C-type lectin superfamily member 5 (CLECSF5) and myeloid DAP12-associating lectin 1 (MDL-1) is a C-type lectin that in humans is encoded by the CLEC5A gene.

Structurally MDL-1 is a type II transmembrane protein with a short cytoplasmic tail and without signaling motifs, therefore it requires association with the adaptor protein DAP12 to generate signals via Syk pathway.

MDL-1 is highly expressed on myeloid lineages like neutrophil, monocyte, macrophage and also osteoclast, microglia and dendritic cells.

Activation of MDL-1 induces production of many cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-17A) and chemokines (MIP-1α, RANTES, IP-10, MDC). MDL-1 also amplifies innate immune response.

Interleukin 8
Interleukin 8 (IL-8 or chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8, CXCL8) is a chemokine produced by macrophages and other cell types such as epithelial cells, airway smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells. Endothelial cells store IL-8 in their storage vesicles, the Weibel–Palade bodies.  In humans, the interleukin-8 protein is encoded by the CXCL8 gene. IL-8 is initially produced as a precursor peptide of 99 amino acids which then undergoes cleavage to create several active IL-8 isoforms. In culture, a 72 amino acid peptide is the major form secreted by macrophages.

There are many receptors on the surface membrane capable of binding IL-8; the most frequently studied types are the G protein-coupled serpentine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2. Expression and affinity for IL-8 differs between the two receptors (CXCR1 > CXCR2). Through a chain of biochemical reactions, IL-8 is secreted and is an important mediator of the immune reaction in the innate immune system response.
John Guest (politician)
John Guest (1867 – 6 October 1931) was a British Labour Party politician.

Guest was elected at the 1918 general election as Member of Parliament for Hemsworth.  He held the seat at the next four general elections, and had died shortly before the 1931 general election.

Hemsworth (UK Parliament constituency)
Hemsworth was a constituency in West Yorkshire represented in the House of Commons since 1996 by Jon Trickett of the Labour Party.

Further to the completion of the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, the seat was subjected to moderate boundary changes and reformed as Normanton and Hemsworth, to be first contested at the 2024 general election.