hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Indigenous peoples of New York (state)
Native Americans have lived in the New York area for at least more than 13,000 years. They initially settled in the space around Lake Champlain, the Hudson River Valley and Oneida Lake.

There are currently eight federally recognized Native Americans tribes in New York; the Cayuga Nation, Oneida Indian Nation, Onondaga Nation, Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe, Seneca Nation of New York, Shinnecock Indian Nation, Tonawanda Band of Seneca, and the Tuscarora Nation of New York. As mandated by the National Historic Preservation Act, New York also consults with federally recognized tribes with historic tries to the state, including the Seneca–Cayuga Nation of Oklahoma, the Delaware Nation of Oklahoma, the Delaware Tribe of Indians, and the Stockbridge–Munsee Community. New York recognizes one non-federally recognized tribe, the Unkechaug Indian Nation.

Seneca–Cayuga Nation
The Seneca–Cayuga Nation is one of three federally recognized tribes of Seneca people in the United States. It includes the Cayuga people and is based in Oklahoma, United States.  The tribe had more than 5,000 people in 2011. They have a tribal jurisdictional area in the northeast corner of Oklahoma and are headquartered in Grove, Oklahoma. They are descended from Haudenosaunee who had relocated to Ohio from New York state in the mid-18th century.

The other two federally recognized Seneca tribes are located in New York: the Seneca Nation of New York and the Tonawanda Band of Seneca Indians. There is one other federally recognized Cayuga tribe, the Cayuga Nation of New York.
Kurban Günebakan
Kurban Günebakan (born September 13, 1978 in Kars), nicknamed Kaplan (English: Tiger), is a Turkish amateur boxer best known to win the bronze medal in the super heavyweight division at the 2006 European Amateur Boxing Championships held in Plovdiv, Bulgaria. He competes for Bursa Emniyet, the sports club of the Police Department in Bursa.

He was the bronze medal winner at the 2005 European Union Amateur Boxing Championships held in Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy. At the 2007 World Amateur Boxing Championships in Chicago, USA, he defeated Juan Oliva Aleman from Spain by 22:11, lost then to American champion Michael Hunter Jr.
by 7:30 in the round of 16.

Plovdiv
Plovdiv (Bulgarian: Пловдив, pronounced [ˈpɫɔvdif]) is the second-largest city in Bulgaria and the most populous city in the Bulgarian part of the historic region of Thrace, located 144 km (93 miles) southeast of the capital Sofia. It had a population of 329,489 as of 2024 and 540,000 in its greater metropolitan area. An important economic, transport, cultural, and educational hub of Bulgaria, Plovdiv was the European Capital of Culture in 1999 and 2019, and joined the UNESCO Global Network of Learning Cities in 2016.
Bicaz (river)
The Bicaz (Hungarian: Békás-patak) is a right tributary of the river Bistrița in Romania. Its source is in the Hășmaș Mountains. Its uppermost course, upstream from Red Lake (Lacul Roșu), is also called Vereșchiu. Other tributaries of Lacul Roșu are Pârâul Oii (Oaia), Licoș and Suhard. It discharges into the Bistrița in the town Bicaz. The Romanian name derives from the Hungarian name, which means literally frog-rivulet (hun.: béka = frog). Its length is 39 km (24 mi) and its basin size is 566 km2 (219 sq mi).

The main tributaries of the river are:

Left bank tributaries: Licoș, Suhard, Cupaș, Lapoș, Șugău, Țepeșeni, Capra (or Pârâul Jidanului), Chișirig, Pârâul Izvorului, Neagra, Tașca, Hamzoaia

Right bank tributaries: Pârâul Oii, Bicăjel, Bardoș, Surduc, Dămuc, Ticoș, Floarea, Secu

The Bicaz Gorge is part of the Cheile Bicazului-Hășmaș National Park.

Hășmaș Mountains
The Hășmaș Mountains (Romanian: Munții Hășmaș; Hungarian: Hagymás-hegység) are limestone and sandstone massifs located in Romania, in the Inner Eastern Carpathians group of the Eastern Carpathian Mountains. They belong to the Bistrița Mountains range, and are bordered by the Giurgeu Mountains to the north, the Tarcău Mountains to the east, the Ciuc Mountains to the south, and the Harghita Mountains to the west.

The Hășmaș Mountains include many cliffs and gorges, such as the Bicaz Gorge and the Panaghia Cliff. The highest peak is Hășmașul Mare Peak, at 1,793 m (5,883 ft).

The mountains contain the Cheile Bicazului-Hășmaș natural reserve. There is a lake known as the Lacul Roșu ("Red Lake"), named after the red clay that lay there.
John Gracie
John Gracie is a Canadian folk music artist. Born in Glace Bay, Nova Scotia, Gracie is a three-time East Coast Music Awards Male Artist of the Year, winning in 1989, 1990 and 2000. He has also received nominations from the Juno Awards and the RPM Music Awards, among others. His song "Pass It On" was selected as a theme song for food banks across Canada.

Glace Bay
Glace Bay is a community in the eastern part of the Cape Breton Regional Municipality in Nova Scotia, Canada.  It forms part of the general area referred to as Industrial Cape Breton.

Formerly an incorporated town (1901–1995), the municipal government in Glace Bay was dissolved and the community was amalgamated into the larger regional municipality. Prior to amalgamation, Glace Bay had been the province's fourth largest urban area and the largest town in Nova Scotia by population.

Neighbouring communities include Reserve Mines, Dominion, and Tower Road.
Alexandre Jamar
Alexandre Marie Auguste Jamar (6 November 1821 – 15 August 1888) was a Belgian businessman, liberal politician, and former governor of the National Bank of Belgium (NBB) from 1882 until 1888. From 1868 to 1870, he was the minister of public works in the government of Walthère Frère-Orban.

Walthère Frère-Orban
Hubert Joseph Walthère Frère-Orban (French pronunciation: [ybɛʁ ʒozɛf waltɛʁ fʁɛʁ ɔʁbɑ̃]; 24 April 1812 – 2 January 1896) was a Belgian liberal statesman who served as the Prime Minister of Belgium from 1868 to 1870 and again from 1878 to 1884.
Ino Nicolaou
Ino Nicolaou (née Michaelidou) (Greek: Ινώ Νικολάου) (1929, Limassol - 31 January 2018, Limassol) was a Cypriot archaeologist, epigraphist and numismatist that worked for the Department of Antiquities. Her contributions to all her fields spanned six decades.

Numismatist
A numismatist is a specialist, researcher, and/or well-informed collector of numismatics/coins ("of coins"; from Late Latin numismatis, genitive of numisma). Numismatists can include collectors, specialist dealers, and scholar-researchers who use coins (and possibly, other currency) in object-based research. Although use of the term numismatics was first recorded in English in 1799, people had been collecting and studying coins long before then all over the world. The branch of numismatics that deals with the study and collection of paper currency and banknotes is called notaphily.
Mashbury
Mashbury is a small village and civil parish in the Chelmsford district of Essex, England. It lies 5 miles (8 km) north-west of Chelmsford. At the 2021 census the parish had a population of 98.

Mashbury appears in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Masseburig in the Dunmow hundred of Essex. No church was mentioned in the Domesday Book, but it subsequently became a parish following the construction of its church in the 12th century. The dedication of the church is not known. It became redundant in the early 1980s.

Hundreds of Essex
Between Anglo-Saxon times and the nineteenth century the English county of Essex was divided for administrative purposes into 19 hundreds, plus the Liberty of Havering-atte-Bower and the boroughs of Colchester, Harwich, and Maldon. Each hundred had a separate council that met each month to rule on local judicial and taxation matters.

Essex probably originated as a shire in the time of Æthelstan. The Domesday Survey listed nineteen hundreds, corresponding very closely in extent and in name with those that were in use until early in the twentieth century. The additional half-hundred of Thunreslan on the border with Suffolk no longer exists, and the hundred of Witbrictesherna was renamed Dengie. The liberty of Havering-atte-Bower was formed from land taken from Becontree hundred. In the time of Edward I, Clavering and Freshwell were each considered half-hundreds in Essex.
Wen Tzu-yun
Wen Tzu-yun (Chinese: 文姿云; pinyin: Wén Zīyún, born 29 September 1993) is a Taiwanese karateka. At the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan, she won one of the bronze medals in the women's 55 kg event. Wen is also a two-time gold medalist in the women's kumite 55 kg event at the Asian Games and a two-time bronze medalist in this event at the World Karate Championships.

Karate World Championships
The Karate World Championships, also known as the WKF World Karate Championships, are the highest level of competition for karate organized by the World Karate Federation (WKF).  The competition is held in a different city every two years. Championships in the 2000s included Madrid in 2002, Monterrey in 2004, Tampere in 2006, Tokyo in 2008, and Belgrade in 2010. The competition was initially riddled with controversy regarding karate styles and the ruleset.

In 1980, women were first allowed to compete in the championships.
Greta Almroth
Greta Almroth (15 April 1888 – 24 July 1981) was a Swedish silent film actress. She appeared in 31 films between 1912 and 1940.

Almroth studied at Elin Svensson's theatre school and made her stage debut in 1908. She was one of the first major stars of Swedish cinema, appearing in more than 30 films. After The People of Simlang Valley in 1924, Almroth took a decade-long break from film, spending a few years in the United States and then touring the stages of major rural towns with Knut Lindroth. She was a member of the women's association Nya Idun.

She is buried at Norra begravningsplatsen in Stockholm.

Nya Idun
Nya Idun ('New Idun') is a Swedish cultural association for women founded in 1885, originally as a female counterpart to Sällskapet Idun ('the Idun Society'). Its aim was to "gather educated women in the Stockholm area for informal gatherings".
Menzies of Culdares
Col. James Menzies of Culdares b.1529 d.1573, was the first of the Culdares line and son to Sir Alexander Menzies, b.1504 d.1563. The Menzies of Culdares  came to prominence following the extinction of the main Menzies of Weem line in 1911. The Clan was without a Chief until Col. Ronald Steuart Menzies of Culdares, Grant of Arndilly and Stewart of Cardney, the lineal heir of Colonel James Menzies of Culdares, a prominent Covenanting officer and cousin of the first Baronet, petitioned Lyon Court in 1957 and obtained arms in the title of "The Menzies of Menzies". His grandson, Robert Ronald Menzies of Menzies is the present Chief. The title Menzies of Culdares was matriculated to his second son, Simon Menzies of Culdares, in 2006. Meggernie Castle in Glen Lyon, Perthshire was the Seat of the Culdares line

Glen Lyon
Glen Lyon (Scottish Gaelic: Gleann Lìomhann) is a glen in the Perth and Kinross region of Scotland. It is the longest enclosed glen in Scotland and runs for 34 miles (55 kilometres) from Loch Lyon in the west to the village of Fortingall in the east.

This glen was also known as An Crom Ghleann ("The Bent Glen"). The land given over to the MacGregors was An Tòiseachd. It forms part of the Loch Rannoch and Glen Lyon National Scenic Area, one of forty such areas in Scotland, which are defined so as to identify areas of exceptional scenery and to ensure its protection from inappropriate development by restricting certain forms of development. Sir Walter Scott described Glen Lyon as the "longest, loneliest and loveliest glen in Scotland". Apart from a few scattered farms and cottages throughout the glen, the only real settlements are at Fortingall and Bridge of Balgie.

The glen contains several small hamlets and has a primary school where Gaelic is taught weekly.
Briscoe Cain
Briscoe Cain (born December 9, 1984) is an American attorney and Republican member of the Texas House of Representatives for District 128. Cain is a candidate for Texas's 9th congressional district in the March 2026 Republican primary.

Texas's 9th congressional district
Texas's 9th congressional district of the United States House of Representatives includes the southwestern portion of the Greater Houston area in Texas. The current Representative for the district, since 2005, is Democrat Al Green.

From 1967 to 2005, the 9th covered an area stretching from Galveston through Houston to Beaumont. Much of that area is now the 2nd district. Most of the area now in the 9th was in the 25th district from 1983 to 2005.
Temalangeni Dlamini
Temalangeni Mbali Dlamini (born July 16, 1987 in Mbabane) is a Swazi sprinter. She represented Swaziland at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing,  where she became the nation's flag bearer at the opening ceremony. Dlamini competed in the women's 400 metres, where she finished last in the seventh and final heat, with a time of 59.91 seconds. She also achieved her best result at the 2007 IAAF World Championships in Osaka, Japan, with a personal best time of 58.27 seconds.

Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's 400 metres
The Women's 400 metres at the 2008 Summer Olympics took place on 16–19 August at the Beijing National Stadium. The winning margin was 0.07 seconds.

The qualifying standards were 51.55 s (A standard) and 52.35 s (B standard).

Favourites for the event included Sanya Richards-Ross and the reigning world champion, Christine Ohuruogu. In the final, Richards-Ross made a rapid start and quickly took the lead, while Ohuruogu ran a more even-paced race, but was well down the field entering the final straight. However, in the last 100 metres Richard-Ross, clearly tired from her earlier effort, began to tie up badly, while Ohuruogu began to surge through the field. At the line, Great Britain's Christine Ohuruogu won in 49.62 seconds to add the Olympic title to her World title, just pipping Shericka Williams by 0.07 seconds to take gold. Richards-Ross faded to third, and bronze, in 49.93.
Gampa Govardhan
Gampa Govardhan (born 5 February 1964) is an Indian politician and a legislator of Telangana Legislature. Born in Baswapoor village Bhiknoor mandal, Kamareddy district.

He belongs to Puragiri Kshatriya/Perika community. He won Kamareddy assembly constituency on Telugu Desam Party ticket in 1994, 2009 and Telangana Rashtra Samithi ticket in 2012, 2014 and 2018 opposite to Shabbir Ali.

Telugu Desam Party
The Telugu Desam Party (abbr. TDP; transl. Party of the Telugu Land) is an Indian regional political party primarily active in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. It was founded by Telugu matinée idol N. T. Rama Rao (NTR) on 29 March 1982 and has focused on supporting Telugu people. The party has won a five-time majority in the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly and has emerged as the most successful political outfit in the state's history. It is currently the ruling party in the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly.

From 1 September 1995, the TDP was led by N. T. Rama Rao's son-in-law, Nara Chandra Babu Naidu as the national president of the party. The headquarters of the party is called N. T. R. Bhavan, which is located at Mangalagiri, Andhra Pradesh.
National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra
29°56′57″N 76°49′02″E﻿ / ﻿29.94906°N 76.817254°E﻿ / 29.94906; 76.817254

National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra (NIT Kurukshetra or NITKKR) is a public technical and research university located in Kurukshetra, Haryana, India. In December 2008, it was accredited with the status of Institute of National Importance (INI). It is one of the 31 National Institutes of Technology established and administered by Government of India. It runs undergraduate and postgraduate in programme Engineering and Doctor of Philosophy programme in Engineering, Sciences and Humanities.

Institutes of National Importance
In India, an Institution of National Importance (INI) refers to a premier public higher education institution granted special status by the constitution or an act of the Parliament of India. Such institutions are recognized for their pivotal role in developing highly skilled personnel within a specified region of the country or state. Institutes of National Importance enjoy special recognition, greater autonomy, and direct funding from the Government of India.

At the inception of the Constitution of India, the Seventh Schedule declared Banaras Hindu University and Aligarh Muslim University as institutes of national importance. Subsequently 32nd Amendment in 1973 added University of Delhi to the schedule. Other institutions are accorded as INI by legislations or statutory orders.
Electoral district of Mulgoa
Mulgoa was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales.

Mulgoa included the suburbs of Abbotsbury, Austral, Badgerys Creek, Cecil Hills, Cecil Park, Eastern Creek, Elizabeth Hills, Erskine Park, Glenmore Park, Horsley Park, Kemps Creek, Luddenham, Middleton Grange, Mount Vernon, Mulgoa, Orchard Hills, Regentville, St Clair, Wallacia and West Hoxton.

Mulgoa was originally created 1988, but was abolished in 1991, when it was largely replaced by Badgerys Creek. It was recreated in 1999, largely replacing Badgerys Creek. As a result of a redistribution in 2021, Mulgoa was once again abolished at the 2023 election, replaced by a new incarnation of Badgerys Creek.

West Hoxton, New South Wales
West Hoxton is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. West Hoxton is located 40 kilometres west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Liverpool and is part of the Greater Western Sydney region.
Jeff Golub
Jeff Golub (April 15, 1955 – January 1, 2015) was an American jazz guitarist who had a solo career and who led the band Avenue Blue. He worked as a sideman for a number of rock and pop musicians. He was arguably best known for his work with Rod Stewart.

Grayson Hugh
Grayson Hugh (born October 30, 1960) is an American singer-songwriter, pianist, Hammond B3 organ player and composer. He is best known for his 1988 hit "Talk It Over", and his other blue-eyed soul hits "Bring It All Back" and "How 'Bout Us?".
Sokołówek, Łódź Voivodeship
Sokołówek [sɔkɔˈwuvɛk] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Żychlin, within Kutno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 3 km (2 mi) north-west of Żychlin, 17 km (11 mi) east of Kutno, and 54 km (34 mi) north of the regional capital Łódź.

Kutno County
Kutno County (Polish: powiat kutnowski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Łódź Voivodeship, central Poland. It came into being on 1 January 1999 as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Kutno, which lies 51 kilometres (32 mi) north of the regional capital Łódź. The county also contains the towns of Żychlin, lying 18 km (11 mi) east of Kutno, and Krośniewice, 14 km (9 mi) west of Kutno.

The county covers an area of 886.29 square kilometres (342.2 sq mi). As of 2006, its total population was 104,124, out of which the population of Kutno was 47,557, that of Żychlin is 8,880, that of Krośniewice was 4,647, and the rural population was 43,040.
Ballybogy
Ballybogy, or Ballybogey (from Irish  Baile an Bhogaigh 'townland of the bog'ⓘ), is a small village and townland in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. It is located 7 km north-north-west of Ballymoney and 7 km east of Coleraine, lying within the Causeway Coast and Glens district. It is known as Boggie in Scots. As of the 2011 census, it had a population of 539 people. Of these, 4.2% were from a Catholic background and 88.1% were from a Protestant background.

Causeway Coast and Glens
Causeway Coast and Glens is a local government district covering most of the northern part of Northern Ireland. It was created on 1 April 2015 by merging the Borough of Ballymoney, the Borough of Coleraine, the Borough of Limavady and the District of Moyle. The local authority is Causeway Coast and Glens Borough Council.
Jack Bruen
John Francis Bruen (March 25, 1949 – December 19, 1997) was an American college basketball coach. He served as the head men's basketball coach at Catholic University of America from 1982 to 1989 and Colgate University from 1989 to 1997. Bruen led the Colgate Red Raiders to two NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament appearances before dying from pancreatic cancer at age 48.

Colgate University
Colgate University is a private college in Hamilton, New York, United States. A liberal arts college, it was founded in 1819 as the Baptist Education Society of the State of New York and operated under that name until 1823, when it was renamed Hamilton Theological and Literary Institution, often called Hamilton College (1823–1846), then Madison College (1846–1890), and its present name since 1890.

Colgate enrolls approximately 3,200 students in 56 undergraduate majors that culminate in a Bachelor of Arts degree. The student body is 54% female and 46% male. Students participate in over 200 clubs and organizations. While Colgate offers an almost entirely undergraduate program, it also has a small graduate program leading to the Master of Arts in Teaching. The college competes in NCAA Division I sports and is part of the Patriot League athletic conference and ECAC Hockey.
Battle of Wesenberg (1268)
The Battle of Wesenberg, Rakvere, or Rakovor, was fought on 18 February 1268 between the combined forces of Danish Estonia, the Bishopric of Dorpat, the Livonian Order, and local Estonian militias on one side, and the combined Russian forces of Novgorod and Pskov, led by Dmitry of Pereslavl, on the other. Medieval accounts of the battle vary, with both sides claiming victory.

Posadnik
A posadnik (Russian: посадник, pl. посадники, posadniki) was a representative of the prince in some towns during the times of Kievan Rus', and later the highest-ranking official (mayor) in Novgorod (from 1136) and Pskov (from 1308).

In the early 12th century, Novgorod won the right to elect its own posadnik, who was originally appointed by the prince to rule on his behalf during his absence, thus the posadnik became the elected burgomaster. In 1136, the prince Vsevolod was expelled and the Novgorod veche began to appoint and expel princes at its own will. The posadnik was so much of an official that the representative of the prince became known as the namestnik.
Senna bauhinioides
Senna bauhinioides, the twinleaf senna, is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae. It is native to the US states of Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas, and to northern Mexico, and it has been introduced to the US state of Maryland. An opportunistic species, it is unpalatable to livestock, so its presence is considered an indicator of overgrazing.

Overgrazing
Overgrazing occurs when plants are exposed to intensive grazing for extended periods of time, or without sufficient recovery periods. It can be caused by either livestock in poorly managed agricultural applications, game reserves, or nature reserves. It can also be caused by immobile, travel restricted populations of native or non-native wild animals.

Overgrazing reduces the usefulness, productivity and biodiversity of the land and is one cause of desertification and erosion. Overgrazing is also seen as a cause of the spread of invasive species of non-native plants and of weeds. Degrading land, emissions from animal agriculture and reducing the biomass in a ecosystem contribute directly to climate change between grazing events.