hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
NGC 2280
NGC 2280 is a spiral galaxy located in the constellation Canis Major. It is located at a distance of about 75 million light years from Earth, which, given its apparent dimensions, means that NGC 2280 is about 135,000 light years across. It was discovered by John Herschel on February 1, 1835.

John Herschel
Sir John Frederick William Herschel, 1st Baronet KH FRS (/ˈhɜːrʃəl, ˈhɛər-/; 7 March 1792 – 11 May 1871) was an English polymath active as a mathematician, astronomer, chemist, inventor and experimental photographer who invented the blueprint and did botanical work.

Herschel originated the use of the Julian day system in astronomy. He named seven moons of Saturn and four moons of Uranus – the seventh planet, discovered by his father Sir William Herschel. He made many contributions to the science of photography, and investigated colour blindness and the chemical power of ultraviolet rays. His Preliminary Discourse (1831), which advocated an inductive approach to scientific experiment and theory-building, was an important contribution to the philosophy of science.
FELICS
FELICS, which stands for Fast Efficient & Lossless Image Compression System, is a lossless image compression algorithm
that performs 5-times faster than the original lossless JPEG codec and achieves a similar compression ratio.

Exif
Exchangeable image file format (officially Exif, according to JEIDA/JEITA/CIPA specifications) is a standard that specifies formats for images, sound, and ancillary tags used by digital cameras (including smartphones), scanners and other systems handling image and sound files recorded by digital cameras. The specification uses the following existing encoding formats with the addition of specific metadata tags: JPEG lossy coding for compressed image files, TIFF Rev. 6.0 (RGB or YCbCr) for uncompressed image files, and RIFF WAV for audio files (linear PCM or ITU-T G.711 μ-law PCM for uncompressed audio data, and IMA-ADPCM for compressed audio data).  It does not support JPEG 2000 or GIF encoded images.
This standard consists of the Exif image file specification and the Exif audio file specification.
Murder of Shahzeb Khan
On 25 December 2012, university student Shahzeb Khan was murdered in a targeted revenge killing in Karachi, Pakistan. The initial lack of action from police in apprehending Shahzeb Khan's killers sparked countrywide outrage and protests against the abuse of power by the wealthy in Pakistan. On 7 June 2013, Shahrukh Jatoi, son of feudal Sikandar Jatoi and Siraj Talpur, from the Talpur clan, were sentenced to death for this crime, while Sajjad Solangi and Ghulam Murtaza Lashari were sentenced to life imprisonment for aiding the two killers. However, in September 2013 Shahzeb's parents, DSP Aurangzeb Khan and Ambreen Aurangzeb, decided to file an affidavit with the court pardoning all four accused and requesting their release, the Sindh High Court released the culprits on 23 December 2017. On 1 February 2018 the Supreme Court of Pakistan ordered both the case to be reopened before the SHC and the accused persons to be retaken into custody.

Revenge
Revenge is defined as committing a harmful action against a person or group in response to a grievance, be it real or perceived. Vengeful forms of justice, such as primitive justice or retributive justice, are often differentiated from more formal and refined forms of justice such as distributive justice or restorative justice.
Saudia Flight 163
Saudia Flight 163 was a scheduled Saudia passenger flight departing from Quaid-e-Azam Airport in Karachi, Pakistan, bound for Kandara Airport in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, via Riyadh International Airport in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, which caught fire after takeoff from Riyadh International Airport (now the Riyadh Air Base) on 19 August 1980. Although the Lockheed L-1011-200 TriStar made a successful emergency landing at Riyadh, the flight crew failed to perform an emergency evacuation of the airplane, leading to the deaths of all 287 passengers and 14 crew on board the aircraft from smoke inhalation.

The accident is the deadliest aviation disaster involving a Lockheed L-1011 TriStar, and the deadliest to occur in Saudi Arabia. At the time, this was the second-deadliest single-aircraft accident in the history of aviation, after Turkish Airlines Flight 981, and the third-deadliest accident overall, when including the Tenerife airport disaster.

Emergency aircraft evacuation
Emergency aircraft evacuation refers to emergency evacuation from an aircraft which may take place on the ground, in water, or mid-flight.  There are standard evacuation procedures and special evacuation equipment.
Minimal surface of revolution
In mathematics, a minimal surface of revolution or minimum surface of revolution is a surface of revolution defined from two points in a half-plane, whose boundary is the axis of revolution of the surface. It is generated by a curve that lies in the half-plane and connects the two points; among all the surfaces that can be generated in this way, it is the one that minimizes the surface area. A basic problem in the calculus of variations is finding the curve between two points that produces this minimal surface of revolution.

Mathematical optimization
Mathematical optimization (alternatively spelled optimisation) or mathematical programming is the selection of a best element, with regard to some criteria, from some set of available alternatives. It is generally divided into two subfields: discrete optimization and continuous optimization. Optimization problems arise in all quantitative disciplines from computer science and engineering to operations research and economics, and the development of solution methods has been of interest in mathematics for centuries.

In the more general approach, an optimization problem consists of maximizing or minimizing a real function by systematically choosing input values from within an allowed set and computing the value of the function. The generalization of optimization theory and techniques to other formulations constitutes a large area of applied mathematics.
Brausewetter
Brausewetter is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Hans Brausewetter (1899–1945), German silent film actor

Michael Brausewetter

Renate Brausewetter (1905–2006), German silent film actress, younger sister of Hans Brausewetter

2003 Toronto municipal election
The 2003 Toronto municipal election was held on 10 November 2003, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, to elect the Mayor of Toronto, 44 city councillors, and school board trustees.

David Miller was elected mayor (Results of 2003 Toronto election).

Most municipalities in the Province of Ontario held elections on this date. See also 2003 Ontario municipal elections.
Petropoulos (surname)
Andreas Petropoulos, Greek professional basketball player

Antonis Petropoulos, Greek professional footballer

Elias Petropoulos, Greek author, folklorist and urban historian

Jonathan Petropoulos (born  1961), American historian

Georgios Petropoulos, former name of Peter G. Peterson  (1926 – 2018), American investment banker

Georgios Petropoulos (1872 – 1937), Greek fencer and shooter

Kostas Petropoulos, Greek former professional basketball coach, and a retired professional basketball player

Lakis Petropoulos, former Greek football player and manager

Renée Petropoulos, contemporary artist

Jonathan Petropoulos
Jonathan Petropoulos (born January 10, 1961) is an American historian who writes about National Socialism and, in particular, the fate of art looted during World War II. He is John V. Croul Professor of European History at Claremont McKenna College in Claremont, California. Before his 1999 appointment to Claremont McKenna College, Petropoulos taught at Loyola College in Maryland.
Douglas Hastings Macarthur
Douglas Hastings Macarthur (1839 – 24 May 1892) was a 19th-century independent conservative Member of Parliament in the Manawatū region of New Zealand.

He represented the Manawatu electorate from 1884 to 1890, and then the Rangitikei electorate from 1890 to 1892, when he died. He briefly served as the mayor of Feilding in 1885, being elected unopposed following the resignation of Hugh L. Sherwill.

1890 New Zealand general election
The 1890 New Zealand general election was one of New Zealand's most significant. It marked the beginning of party politics in New Zealand with the formation of the Liberal Government, which was to enact major welfare, labour and electoral reforms, including giving the vote to women.

It was also the first election in which there was no legal plural voting. Multi-member electorates were re-introduced in the four main centres and the 'country quota' (which gave more weight to rural votes) was increased to 28%.

Following the election and the resignation of the previous government headed by Harry Atkinson, John Ballance formed the first Liberal Party ministry, taking office on 24 January 1891. At this stage no formal party organisation existed, but the formation of the Liberal ministry signalled the end of the system by which governments were made up of a loose and unstable coalition of independent MPs and the beginning of the 'party system'.
Limen insulae
The limen insulae forms the junction point between anterior and posterior stem of the lateral sulcus. It is the lateral most limit of the anterior perforated substance and the starting point of the insular cortex.

The limen insulae translates as the threshold to the insula, and is the point at which the insular cortex is continuous with cortex over the amygdala and superior temporal gyrus.

Lateral sulcus
The lateral sulcus (or lateral fissure, also called Sylvian fissure, after Franciscus Sylvius) is the most prominent sulcus of each cerebral hemisphere in the human brain. The lateral sulcus is a deep fissure in each hemisphere that separates the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe. The insular cortex lies deep within the lateral sulcus.
Flag of Moscow
The flag of Moscow, the capital of Russia, is a dark red banner of arms charged as the arms of the city in the centre.  It displays Saint George wearing armor and a blue cape with a golden lance in his right hand riding on a silver horse.  He is shown stabbing a zilant with a lance.  The legend in which the flag came from originated in Jacobus de Voragine's Golden Legend.

The flag was adopted on 1 February 1995. The proportions are 2:3.

Zilant
Zilant (/zɪˈlɑːnt/; Russian: Зилант [zʲɪˈɫant]; Tatar: җылан, cılan [ʑɯˈɫɑn] – lit. 'snake') is a legendary creature, something between a dragon and a wyvern in Tatar mythology. Since 1730, it has been the official symbol of Kazan, the capital city of the Republic of Tatarstan in Russia. This winged snake is mentioned in legends about the foundation of Kazan.

It is often described as a legendary creature with the head of a dragon, the body of a bird, the legs of a chicken, the tail of a snake, the red wings of a bat or bird, black feathers and scaly black skin.
Kon Tum province
Kon Tum was a former province in the Central Highlands region, the Central of Vietnam. It borders Quảng Nam to the north, Gia Lai to the south, Quảng Ngãi to the east, Sekong, Attapeu of Laos and Ratanakiri of Cambodia in the west.

Kon Tum shares borders with Laos and Cambodia. It has an area of 9,677.30 km2 (3,736.43 sq mi) and a population of approximately 530,000. The economy is primarily agricultural.

On June 12, 2025, Kon Tum was incorporated into Quảng Ngãi province.

Sekong province
Sekong (also sometimes Xekong, Lao: ເຊກອງ, pronounced [séː kɔ̀ːŋ]) is a province of Laos in the southeast of the country. It is the second smallest province in Laos, covering an area of 7,665 square kilometres (2,959 sq mi). It is bordered by Vietnam to the east, Attapeu province to the south, Salavan province to the north, and Champasak province to the west. Sekong has the smallest population (129,398 as of 2020) and the lowest population density of any province. It was created in 1984 by splitting Salavan province. It is the most diverse province in Laos with 14 ethnic groups. The Sekong River, which divides the province, flows in a southerly direction into Cambodia and is navigable. The Dakchung Plateau and Xe Xap National Biodiversity Conservation Area are among the areas under protection.
Neil Fiske
Neil Fiske was CEO of Gap Brand from June 2018 to January 2020. He was the president, chief executive officer and director of Eddie Bauer Holdings, Inc. from 2007 to 2012. Before Eddie Bauer, Fiske was chief executive officer of the Bath and Body Works, a division of Limited Brands. He was recognized as "Marketer of the Year" and "Retailer of the Year" in 2004 and 2005 by Women's Wear Daily. Before his tenure at Bath and Body Works, Fiske was a partner at Boston Consulting Group.

He graduated from Williams College with a B.A. in political economy and from Harvard Business School with an MBA.

Boston Consulting Group
Boston Consulting Group, Inc. (BCG) is an American global management consulting firm founded in 1963 and headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts. It is one of the "Big Three" (also known as "MBB", representing the first initials of world's three largest management consulting firms by revenue) along with McKinsey & Company and Bain & Company. Since 2021, BCG has been led by the German executive Christoph Schweizer.
Olatunji Ajisomo Alabi
Olatunji Ajisomo Abubakar Sadiq Alabi (20 February 1915 – 14 November 1998), commonly known as Lord Rumens, was a Nigerian business magnate, philanthropist, and social figure. Born in Oke-Ona, Abeokuta, Nigeria, he was a member of the Egba tribe.

Abeokuta
Abeokuta Listenⓘ is the capital city of Ogun State, which is located in southwestern Nigeria. It is situated on both banks of the Ogun River, near a group of rocky outcrops in a wooded savanna; 77 kilometres (48 mi) north of Lagos by railway, or 130 kilometres (81 mi) by water. As of 2006, Abeokuta (comprising the two local government areas of Abeokuta North and South) had a combined population of 449,088. Its estimated population as at 2022 based on this definition was 735,000 inhabitants, although the city limits has sprawled into the neighbouring LGA of Odeda since the last enumeration exercise.
Jim Gueno
James Andre Gueno (born January 15, 1954) is an American former professional football player who was a linebacker in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Tulane Green Wave.

Tulane Green Wave football
The Tulane Green Wave football team represents Tulane University in the sport of American football. The Green Wave compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) as a member of the American Athletic Conference (The American). The football team is currently coached by Will Hall, the team plays its home games in Yulman Stadium on its campus in Uptown New Orleans.
Winston Mauricette
Winston W. Mauricette (date of birth unknown) is a former Saint Lucian cricketer who played for the Windward Islands and Combined Islands in West Indian domestic cricket. He was the first Saint Lucian to play first-class cricket.

Mauricette made his first-class debut in May 1965, playing for the Windward Islands against the touring Australians. Later in the year, he played for the Windwards in a friendly fixture against the Leeward Islands, in which he took his maiden first-class wicket (that of Len Harris). He also made what was to be his highest first-class score, 20 not out from seven in the batting order. In March 1966, during the 1965–66 Shell Shield season, Mauricette played two games for the Combined Islands, against British Guiana and Trinidad and Tobago. The latter match was played at Victoria Park, Castries, his home ground. Mauricette took a single wicket against British Guiana and was wicketless in the other game, which was his last at first-class level.

Guyana national cricket team
The Guyana national cricket team is the representative first class cricket team of Guyana. The side does not take part in any international competitions, but rather in inter-regional competitions in the Caribbean, such as the Regional Four Day Competition and the Regional Super50), and the best players may be selected for the West Indies team, which plays international cricket and is the only team in the Americas with Test status. Guyana has participated in the South American Cricket Championship for some editions, but were represented by an overage "masters" team. The team competes under the franchise name Guyana Harpy Eagles.

Prominent cricketers who have played for Guyana include Devendra Bishoo, Basil Butcher, Shivnarine Chanderpaul, Colin Croft, Roy Fredericks, Lance Gibbs, Roger Harper, Carl Hooper, Leon Johnson, Alvin Kallicharran, Rohan Kanhai, Clive Lloyd, Veerasammy Permaul and Ramnaresh Sarwan.
Tulio Halperín Donghi
Tulio Halperin Donghi (October 27, 1926 – November 14, 2014) was an Argentine historian. After earning a Ph.D in history and a law degree at the University of Buenos Aires, he taught at the institution's Faculty of Arts from 1955 to 1966. Halperin Donghi then moved to the National University of the Litoral, where he was named dean. He later taught at Oxford University, and became a faculty member of the University of California, Berkeley in 1972.

National University of the Littoral
The National University of the Littoral (Spanish: Universidad Nacional del Litoral, UNL) is a public university in Argentina. It is based in Santa Fe, the capital of Santa Fe Province. It has colleges and other academic facilities in Esperanza, Reconquista and Gálvez, also in Santa Fe Province.
Leonid Bykov
Leonid Fedorovych Bykov (Ukrainian: Леонід Федорович Биков, Russian: Леонид Фёдорович Быков; 11 December 1928, in Znamenka village, Artemivsk Okruha of Ukrainian SSR – 11 April 1979, in Kyiv Oblast of Ukraine, USSR) was a Soviet actor, film director, and script writer. He received the "Honored Artist of the RSFSR" title in 1965 and the "People's Artist of the Ukrainian SSR" title in 1974.

Kyiv Oblast
Kyiv Oblast (Ukrainian: Київська область, romanized: Kyivska oblast, IPA: [ˈkɪjiu̯sʲkɐ ˈɔblɐsʲtʲ]), also called Kyivshchyna (Київщинa, IPA: [ˈkɪjiu̯ʃtʃɪnɐ]), is an oblast (province) in central and northern Ukraine. It surrounds, but does not include, the city of Kyiv, which is administered as a city with special status. However, Kyiv also serves as the administrative center of the oblast. The Kyiv metropolitan area extends out from Kyiv city into parts of the oblast, which is significantly dependent on the urban economy and transportation of Kyiv.

The population of Kyiv Oblast is 1,795,079 (2022 estimate). Its largest city is Bila Tserkva, with a population over 200,000.

The Chernobyl Exclusion Zone is in the northern part of Kyiv Oblast. It is administered separately from the oblast and public access is prohibited.
Dale Olmsted
Dale Olmsted (born c. 1968 or 1969) is an American college football coach. He is the tight ends coach for the Tufts Jumbos, a position he has held since 2024. He was the head football coach for Nichols College from 2014 to 2023. He was the head football coach for Millis High School from 2005 and 2009 and the school's co-op team with Hopedale Junior Senior High School from 2010 to 2013. He also coached for Walpole High School, Dedham High School, Braintree High School, and King Philip Regional High School. He played college football for Salem and West Liberty State as a defensive back.

Hopedale Junior Senior High School
Hopedale Junior Senior High School is a public middle and high school located at 25 Adin Street in Hopedale, Massachusetts, United States.

It is part of the Hopedale Public School District, which includes three other schools.
Bad Boys (franchise)
Bad Boys is an American series of action comedy films starring Will Smith and Martin Lawrence as two detectives in the Miami Police Department, Mike Lowrey and Marcus Burnett. The series was created by George Gallo. Apart from Smith and Lawrence, Joe Pantoliano appears in all four films, and Theresa Randle appears in the first three films being replaced by Tasha Smith in the fourth film. Michael Bay directed the first two films and Adil & Bilall directed the third and fourth. Gabrielle Union, who starred in the second installment, later starred alongside Jessica Alba in a spin-off television series, L.A.'s Finest.

The series has grossed over $1 billion worldwide. The first and fourth films received mixed reviews from critics, the second was unfavorably received and the third had a generally positive reception.

Miami Police Department
The Miami Police Department (MPD), also known as the City of Miami Police Department, is a full-service municipal law enforcement agency serving Miami, Florida, United States. MPD is the largest municipal police department in Florida. MPD officers are distinguishable from their Miami-Dade Police Department counterparts by their blue uniforms and blue-and-white patrol vehicles.

MPD operates the Miami Police College, which houses three schools: The Police Academy Class (PAC), The School for Professional Development (SPD), and the International Policing Institute (IPI), a program focused on training law enforcement personnel from countries outside of the United States.
Konacık
Konacık is a neighbourhood of the municipality and district of Bodrum, Muğla Province, Turkey. Its population is 5,344 (2022). Before the 2013 reorganisation, it was a town (belde). The town is almost merged to Bodrum to the south east. Konacık was an ancient settlement named Pedesa meaning pathway in Luwian language (a language spoken in Anatolia before the 10th century BC.) Konacık was declared a seat of township in 1999.

2013 Turkish local government reorganisation
Municipalities (Turkish: belediyeler)  are the basic units of local government in Turkey.  According to the Turkish Statistical Institute the population of Turkey was 76,667,864 as of 31 December 2013. The majority of the population live in settlements with municipalities.  The number of municipalities in Turkey was 2,947 in 2009.  But in 2013, most of the small town (Turkish: belde) municipalities were merged to district (Turkish: ilçe) municipalities by the Act 6360 which came into effect at the 2014 local elections sharply decreased the number of municipalities to 1,394.
Kan Zaw
Kan Zaw (Burmese: ကံဇော်, born 11 October 1954) is the current Union Minister for Ministry of Investment and Foreign Economic Relations. He previously served as Union Auditor General under Min Aung Hlaing. He was the Minister for National Planning and Economic Development of Myanmar from September 2012 to March 2016. From March 2011 to September 2012, he served as its deputy minister.

Ministry of Investment and Foreign Economic Relations
The Ministry of Investment and Foreign Economic Relations (Burmese: ရင်းနှီးမြှပ်နှံမှုနှင့် နိုင်ငံခြားစီးပွားဆက်သွယ်ရေးဝန်ကြီးဌာန; abbreviated MIFER) is a ministry of the Government of Myanmar. It was created by president Win Myint. The Myanmar Armed Forces appointed Aung Naing Oo as the Minister for Investment and Foreign Economic Relations on 1 February 2021, the same day as the Myanmar military staged a coup in the country.
Endless Winter
"Endless Winter" is a 2020 crossover event in DC Comics publications. Written by Andy Lanning and Ron Marz, the story follows the Frost King's efforts to cause an eternal global winter and the Justice League's efforts to stop him. Taking place in the New Justice relaunch, the story appeared in nine issues spread across five comic titles published over five weeks in December 2020.

New Justice
New Justice is a 2018 relaunch by American comic book publisher DC Comics of its entire line of ongoing monthly superhero comic book titles, using the end of Dark Nights: Metal as its launching point, followed by the Year of the Villain event. The relaunch is a follow-up to DC Rebirth (2016–2017), and was succeeded by Infinite Frontier (2021–2023).