hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Salda (Tagil)
The Salda (Russian: Салда) is a river in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia. It is a tributary of the Tagil (in the Ob's drainage basin). The Salda has its sources in the Ural Mountains. It is 122 kilometres (76 mi) long, with a drainage basin of 1,770 square kilometres (680 sq mi). The average discharge is 7.2 cubic metres per second (250 cu ft/s) about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) upstream of its mouth. The Salda freezes over in late October or early November, and stays frozen until the spring thaw in April.

The towns of Verkhnyaya Salda and Nizhnyaya Salda are by the Salda, where the Verkhne-Salda and Nizhne-Salda reservoirs were created.

Ob
The Ob (/ˈɒb/; Russian: Обь) is a major river in Russia. It is in western Siberia, and with its tributary the Irtysh forms the world's seventh-longest river system, at 5,410 kilometres (3,360 mi). The Ob forms at the confluence of the Biya and Katun which have their origins in the Altai Mountains. It is the westernmost of the three great Siberian rivers that flow into the Arctic Ocean (the other two being the Yenisei and the Lena). Its flow is north-westward, then northward.

The main city on its banks is Novosibirsk, the largest city in Siberia, and the third-largest city in Russia. It is where the Trans-Siberian Railway crosses the river.

The Gulf of Ob is the world's longest estuary.
Language barrier
A language barrier is a figurative phrase used primarily to refer to linguistic barriers to communication, i.e. the difficulties in communication experienced by people or groups originally speaking or writing  different languages (or different dialects in some cases).

Language barrier impedes the formation of interpersonal relationships and can cause misunderstandings that lead to various kinds of serious consequences. These can include conflict, frustration, medical distress, offenses of a criminal nature, violence, and the useless spent of time, effort money, and human life.

Violence
Violence is characterized as the use of physical force by humans to cause harm to other living beings, such as pain, injury, disablement, death, damage and destruction. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines violence as "the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, which either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment, or deprivation"; it recognizes the need to include violence not resulting in injury or death.
Paiján
Paiján is a town in Northern Peru, capital of the district of Paiján of Ascope Province in the region La Libertad. This town is located beside the Pan-American Highway some 54 km north of Trujillo city in the agricultural Chicama Valley.

Chicama Valley
Chicama Valley is an area located at north of the Valley of Moche in La Libertad Region, northern Peru, it has agricultural resources where one of the main products is cane of sugar; this valley has been formed on both sides of the Chicama River.
Rise (education program)
Rise is a training, funding and mentorship network created by Eric and Wendy Schmidt’s Schmidt Futures initiative and the Rhodes Trust. Its founders created the programme to identify talented students aged 15-17 who come from any geography around the world and are interested in service and leadership. The scheme aims to develop these young people through scholarships, mentoring, funding and a residential programme.

Schmidt Science Fellows
Schmidt Science Fellows is a STEM postdoctoral fellowship awarded annually since 2018 by Schmidt Futures, in partnership with the Rhodes Trust. Former Google chairman and chief executive officer Eric Schmidt, and his wife Wendy Schmidt, fund the fellowship award.
2024 Kagame Interclub Cup
The 2024 CECAFA Kagame Interclub Cup was the 46th edition of the Kagame Interclub Cup, a football competition for clubs in East and Central Africa, which is organized by CECAFA. The competition was held in Tanzania from 9 to 21 July.

CECAFA
The Council for East and Central Africa Football Associations (Swahili: Baraza la Mashirikisho ya Mpira wa Miguu Afrika Mashariki na Kati, French: Conseil des Associations de Football d'Afrique de l'Est et Centrale, Arabic: مؤتمر جمعيات شرق ووسط أفريقيا لكرة القدم, Amharic: የምስራቅ እና መካከለኗኛሙ አፍሪካ እግር ኳስ ማህበራት ምክር ቤት, Somali: CECAFA/Guddiga Kubadda Cagta Bariga iyo Bartamaha Afrika,Tigrinya: ቤት ምኽሪ ማሕበራት ኩዕሶ እግሪ ምብራቕን ማእከላይን ኣፍሪቃ officially abbreviated as CECAFA) is an association of the football playing nations in mostly East Africa and parts of Central Africa. An affiliate of the Confederation of African Football (CAF), CECAFA is the oldest sub-regional football organisation on the continent.
Immersive Education
Immersive Education was an educational software company based in Oxfordshire, England. It was founded in 1999 by Intel as part of a collaboration with Oxford University.

Its products, such as Kar2ouche and Krucible, aim to encourage creative learning and have garnered the company awards from BETT, the British Computer Society, and the British Educational Suppliers Association.
As of July 11, 2013, Immersive Education Ltd went out of business.

British Computer Society
The British Computer Society (BCS), branded BCS, The Chartered Institute for IT, since 2009, is a professional body and a learned society that represents those working in information technology (IT), computing, software engineering, computer engineering and computer science, both in the United Kingdom and internationally. Founded in October 14, 1957, BCS has played an important role in educating and nurturing IT professionals, computer scientists, software engineers, computer engineers, upholding the profession, accrediting Chartered IT Professional (CITP) and Chartered Engineer (CEng) status, and creating a global community active in promoting and furthering the field and practice of computing.
Reversing type
Reversing type (also reversing, knocking-out, reversed type) is a method of typographic printing with black or colored inks, in which the entire surface is printed, except for text elements. Reversing is one of the special cases of printing on a color solid, when the color of the solid is black or colored, and the color of the letters is white. This means that the colors of letter background and letters change places. As such, reversing is a meaningfulful way to add emphasis and contrast to the page as well as to develop a visible typographic hierarchy.

Printing
Printing is a process for mass reproducing text and images using a master form or template. The earliest non-paper products involving printing include cylinder seals and objects such as the Cyrus Cylinder and the Cylinders of Nabonidus. The earliest known form of printing evolved from ink rubbings made on paper or cloth from texts on stone tablets, used during the sixth century. Printing by pressing an inked image onto paper (using woodblock printing) appeared later that century. Later developments in printing technology include the movable type invented by Bi Sheng around 1040 and the printing press invented by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century. The technology of printing played a key role in the development of the Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution and laid the material basis for the modern knowledge-based economy and the spread of learning to the masses.
Maldives at the 2004 Summer Olympics
The Maldives competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, from 13 to 29 August 2004. The delegation's participation in the Athens Olympics marked the Maldives' fifth appearance at the Summer Olympics since their debut at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea. Four athletes competed across two sports; Sultan Saeed and Shifana Ali in track and field, and Hassan Mubah and Aminath Rouya Hussain in swimming. None of the track or swimming athletes advanced past the first round in their events, and no Maldivian has won a medal in any events. Sultan Saeed bore the Maldives' flag during the parade of nations of the opening ceremony.

2004 Summer Olympics Parade of Nations
During the Parade of Nations portion of the 2004 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, athletes from each country participating in the Olympics paraded in the arena, preceded by their flag. The flag was borne by a sportsperson from that country chosen either by the National Olympic Committee or by the athletes themselves to represent their country.
Iggwilv
Iggwilv is a fictional wizard from the Greyhawk campaign setting for the Dungeons & Dragons roleplaying game. She was created by Gary Gygax.

Iggwilv is characterized as a selfish, evil-aligned magic user with much power and a penchant for sexual manipulation. She is the creator of the fictional demonomicons, which later served as inspiration for a real life sourcebook of the same name. As with many Greyhawk characters, sources often contradict on exact details regarding Iggwilv.

Iuz the Evil
Iuz the Evil is a sourcebook for the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game for the game's World of Greyhawk campaign setting. The sourcebook bears the code WGR5 and was published by TSR in 1993 for the second edition Advanced Dungeons & Dragons rules.
Montserrat Nebrera González
Montserrat Nebrera González (Barcelona, 11 July 1961) is a Spanish politician and university lecturer.

She holds a degree in Political Philosophy and Classical Philology and a PhD in Law from the University of Barcelona. She is Professor of Constitutional Law at the International University of Catalonia. She was a member of the Catalan Parliament for the Partido Popular de Cataluña (PPC) until her resignation in October 2009.

International University of Catalonia
The International University of Catalonia (UIC Barcelona) is a private university in Barcelona, Spain, created in 1997 and recognized by the Parliament of Catalonia by Law 11/1997, of October 1. It is part of the Xarxa Vives d'Universitats. It has two campuses, one in Barcelona and the other one in Sant Cugat del Vallès.

Its ideology is based on Christian humanism and offers pastoral care in its Chaplaincy Service, in charge of the Prelature of Opus Dei.
Moara Dracului Gorge
The Moara Dracului Gorge (Romanian: Cheile Moara Dracului) is a natural monument in Suceava County, Romania. It is a 60-70 m long and 4-5 m wide gorge with vertical walls, situated on the upper course of the small river Valea Caselor, a tributary of the Moldova.

Moldova (river)
The Moldova (Romanian: Moldova, pronounced [molˈdova] ⓘ) is a river in Romania, in the historical region of Moldavia. It is a right tributary of the river Siret. The river rises from the Obcina Feredeu Mountains of Bukovina in Suceava County and joins the Siret in Cotu Vameș, east of the city of Roman in Neamț County. The total length of the Moldova from its source to its confluence with the Siret is 213 km (132 mi). Its basin area is 4,299 km2 (1,660 sq mi).

The river gave its name to the Principality of Moldavia, whose first capital, Târgul Moldovei (now Baia), is on the Moldova River. The etymology of the name is disputed.
Maria dalle Carceri
Maria dalle Carceri (died 1323) was sovereign marchioness of Bodonitsa from 1311 until 1323. She succeeded her late spouse  Albert Pallavicini on his death in 1311. While she avoided submitting her principality to the Catalan Company, she could not avoid paying an annual tribute of four destriers.

Maria was descended from a Lombard family of Verona that had come to Greece on the Fourth Crusade. She was a daughter of Gaetano dalle Carceri and heiress of a sixth of Euboea. She married Albert, and after his death she and their daughter Guglielma split the Marquisate between them, as required by law. Considering the recent Catalan victory at Halmyros, Maria desired to marry again quickly to a man who would protect hers and her daughter's possessions. She married Andrea Cornaro and Guglielma inherited the whole marquisate on his death.

Euboea
Euboea (/juːˈbiːə/ yoo-BEE-ə; Ancient Greek: Εὔβοια, romanized: Eúboia, IPA: [ěu̯boi̯a]), also known as Evia (/ˈɛviə/ EV-ee-ə; Modern Greek: Εύβοια, IPA: [ˈevi.a]), is the second-largest Greek island in area and population, after Crete, and the sixth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. It is separated from Boeotia in mainland Greece by the narrow Euripus Strait (only 40 m (130 ft) at its narrowest point), the North Euboean Gulf, and the South Euboean Gulf. In general outline it is a long and narrow island; it is about 180 km (110 mi) long, and varies in breadth from 50 km (31 mi) to 6 km (3.7 mi). Its geographic orientation is from northwest to southeast, and it is traversed throughout its length by a mountain range, which forms part of the chain that bounds Thessaly on the east, and is continued south of Euboia in the lofty islands of Andros, Tinos and Mykonos.

It forms most of the regional unit of Euboea, which also includes Skyros and a small area of the Greek mainland.
1984 Giro d'Italia, Prologue to Stage 11
The 1984 Giro d'Italia was the 67th edition of the Giro d'Italia, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Giro began in Lucca, with a prologue individual time trial on 17 May, and Stage 11 occurred on 28 May with a stage to Rieti. The race finished in Verona on 10 June. The race won by Urs Freuler before Roger De Vlaeminck and Johan van der Velde. Francesco Moser was leading the general classification.

Johan van der Velde
Johan van der Velde (born 12 December 1956 in Rijsbergen) is a former Dutch cyclist. In the 1980 Tour de France, he won the young rider classification, also placing 12th in the general classification that year. He had been a racing cyclist for only a year. In the 1981 Tour de France, he took first place on the second and 21st stages, finishing 12th overall for the second year. He rode with TI–Raleigh in the Tour de France from 1979 to 1983 and the Panasonic team where he won Stage 5 and wore the Yellow Jersey for two days in the 1986 Tour de France.
Huddersfield Town A.F.C. Women
Huddersfield Town A.F.C. Women is an English women's football club based in Huddersfield, West Yorkshire. The team play their homes matches at the Stafflex Arena. They compete in the FA Women's National League Division One North and are affiliated to the professional men's club Huddersfield Town. They were previously known as Huddersfield Town Ladies, but changed to Huddersfield Town Women in 2019.

Women's FA Cup
The Women's FA Challenge Cup is the top annual cup tournament for women's clubs in English football. Founded in 1970, it has been named the WFA Cup, FA Women's Cup, and now Women's FA Cup (currently known as the Adobe Women's FA Cup for sponsorship reasons).

Designed as an equivalent to the FA Cup in men's football, the competition began in 1970–71 as the Mitre Challenge Trophy, organised by the Women's Football Association (WFA). There were 71 entrants, including teams from Scotland and Wales.

The WFA ran the competition for the first 23 editions, during which time Southampton won the cup eight times. The Football Association (FA) began administering English women's football in mid-1993.

Arsenal holds the record for most titles overall, having won fourteen times. The current cup holders are Chelsea, who defeated Manchester United 3–0 in the 2025 final to win their sixth FA Cup title.
Hemlata Gupta
Hemlata Gupta (25 June 1943 – 13 May 2006) was an Indian medical doctor and the director and head of the department of medicine at Lady Hardinge Medical College. Gupta studied medicine at Lady Hardinge Medical College (Delhi University) where she later became a director. In 1998 the Government of India awarded Gupta the third highest civilian honour, the Padma Bhushan, for her contributions to medical science. She was unmarried and lived in New Delhi when she was found murdered on 13 May 2006 at her residence in Karol Bagh. After years of investigation, the case, which attracted media attention, remains unsolved.

Karol Bagh
Karol Bagh (also spelled Qarol Bagh, pronounced [qəroːl baːɣ]) is a neighborhood in Central District of Delhi, India. It is a mixed residential and commercial neighborhood known for shopping streets, such as the Ghaffar Market and Ajmal Khan Road.

It was home to the Karol Bagh Lok Sabha constituency until it was abolished in 2008.

Residential areas W.E.A, Beadon Pura, Reghar Pura, Dev Nagar, and Bapa Nagar have a mix of commercial activities such as wholesale markets Tank Road Garment Market and Hardhyan Singh Road Leather market.

Tank Road wholesale garment market came into existence with a few shopkeepers at the end of the 1980s. It offers multiple stores for ethnic women's wear i.e. suits, sarees, and lehengas.
Argo (automobile)
The Argo was a short-lived American automobile manufactured by the Argo Motor Co in Jackson, Michigan, between 1914 and 1918. Previously, the factory had been used by the Standard Electric Car Co to build an electric car.

The company originally made the four-cylinder "Motorvique" cyclecar based on the Ajax built by the Briscoe brothers  in France. It had a 4-cylinder 12 hp engine and was different from the French market Ajax only in that it did not use friction drive.

Few cyclecars sold well in America, and in 1916, it was replaced by a conventional 22 hp assembled touring car in an attempt to rival Ford at producing a "motor car for the millions". The 1916 model sold for $405 in two-seater form.

In 1917 the company was sold to Mansell Hackett, and the name was changed to Hackett and moved its operations to Grand Rapids, Michigan.

The company had an unknown connection with the Saginaw, Michigan, based Argo Electric vehicle company.

Engine configuration
The engine configuration describes the fundamental operating principles by which internal combustion engines are categorized.

Piston engines are often categorized by their cylinder layout, valves and camshafts. Wankel engines are often categorized by the number of rotors present. Gas turbine engines are often categorized into turbojets, turbofans, turboprops and turboshafts.
Bascanichthys pusillus
Bascanichthys pusillus is an eel in the family Ophichthidae (worm/snake eels). It was described by Alvin Seale in 1917. It is a tropical, marine eel which is known from the western central Pacific Ocean.

Ophichthidae
Ophichthidae is a family of fish in the order Anguilliformes, commonly known as the snake eels. The term "Ophichthidae" comes from Greek ophis ("serpent") and ichthys ("fish"). Snake eels are also burrowing eels.  They are named for their physical appearance, as they have long, cylindrical, snake-like bodies. This family is found worldwide in tropical to warm temperate waters. They inhabit a wide range of habitats, from coastal shallows and even rivers, to depths below 800 m (2,600 ft). Most species are bottom dwellers, hiding in mud or sand to capture their prey of crustaceans and small fish, but some are pelagic.

These species range in total length from 5 cm (2.0 in) to 2.3 m (7.5 ft) or more. Many species lack fins altogether, improving their ability to burrow into the substrate like worms. They are often spotted or striped in colour, mimicking the appearance of venomous sea snakes to deter predators. Often, they are washed ashore by large storms.
Wealth maximization
Wealth maximization is a normative principle in welfare economics that seeks to maximize the total “economic surplus” in society by summing individuals’ willingness to pay for desired goods, services, or states of affairs. Although it originated in theoretical economics—most notably through the work on Kaldor–Hicks efficiency—it later became a central concept in law and economics, particularly under the influence of Richard Posner. Proponents argue that many legal doctrines appear to promote efficient resource allocation when measured by this willingness-to-pay standard, while critics contend it can neglect distributive fairness, rights, or moral values that do not reduce neatly to monetary terms.

Willingness to pay
In behavioral economics, willingness to pay (WTP) is the maximum price at or below which a consumer will definitely buy one unit of a product. This corresponds to the standard economic view of a consumer reservation price. Some researchers, however, conceptualize WTP as a range.

According to the constructed preference view, consumer willingness to pay is a context-sensitive construct; that is, a consumer's WTP for a product depends on the concrete decision context. For example, consumers tend to be willing to pay more for a soft drink in a luxury hotel resort in comparison to a beach bar or a local retail store.
Erkuai
Erkuai (Chinese: 饵块; pinyin: ěrkuài) is a type of rice cake particular to the Yunnan Province of southwest China.

It is often served stir-fried with vegetables, and málà (麻辣) sauce, which is a mixture of dried red chilis, Sichuan pepper, and salt.

It is also sold as the popular street food kăo ĕrkuāi (烤饵块) or shāo ěrkuāi grilled and rolled around a yóutiáo (strip of fried dough), with sweet or savory condiments added, making a rolled-up snack resembling a Mexican burrito. The sweet type contains a sweet brown sauce and peanuts, while the savory type is spread with lǔfǔ and bean sprouts, and various other toppings. Kăo ĕrkuāi is particularly popular in the tourist area of Dali.

Its peculiar name has led to it being called one of the Eighteen Oddities in Yunnan.

Sichuan pepper
Sichuan pepper (Chinese: 花椒; pinyin: huājiāo) is a spice made from the dried pericarp (outer shell of the fruit) of a plant of the genus Zanthoxylum in the family Rutaceae. It is commonly used in Sichuan cuisine of China and in the cuisines of the Himalayas. Despite its name, Sichuan pepper is not closely related to black pepper or chili peppers. Instead, Zanthoxylum plants are in the same family as citrus and rue.

When eaten, Sichuan pepper produces a tingling, numbing effect due to the presence of hydroxy-alpha sanshool. It is used in Sichuan dishes such as mapo doufu and Chongqing hot pot, and is often added to chili peppers to create a flavor known as málà (Chinese: 麻辣; 'numb-spiciness').
Darko Ristić
Darko Ristić (Serbian Cyrillic: Дарко Ристић; born 22 August 1988), is a Serbian futsal player who started his career with Serbian club Smederevo and later played for Ekonomac. He also represented Serbia national futsal team at UEFA Futsal Euro 2016 in Serbia.

Athlete
An athlete is most commonly a person who competes in one or more sports involving physical strength, speed, power, or endurance. Sometimes the word "athlete" is used to refer specifically to sport of athletics competitors, i.e. including track and field and marathon runners but excluding e.g. swimmers, footballers or basketball players. However, in other contexts (mainly in the United States) it is used to refer to all athletics (physical culture) participants of any sport. For the latter definition, the word sportsperson or the gendered sportsman or sportswoman are also used. A third definition is also sometimes used, meaning anyone who is physically fit regardless of whether they compete in a sport.

Athletes may be professionals or amateurs. Most professional athletes have particularly well-developed physiques obtained by extensive physical training and strict exercise, accompanied by a strict dietary regimen.
James Simpson Jr.
James C. Simpson Jr. (January 7, 1905 – February 29, 1960) was an American businessman, lawyer and politician who served one term in the United States House of Representatives from 1933 to 1935, representing Illinois.

Wadsworth, Illinois
Wadsworth is a village in Lake County, Illinois, United States. Per the 2020 census, the population was 3,517. It is named after E. S. Wadsworth, who was a major stockholder for the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad, which passes through the village.