hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Clarice Benini
Clarice Benini (8 January 1905 – 6 September 1976) was an Italian chess player. She was awarded the title International Woman Master by FIDE in 1950.

Benini was born in Florence. In 1936, she finished second, behind Sonja Graf, in Semmering, Austria. The next year, Benini also came second in the Women's World Championship at Stockholm, behind Vera Menchik and ahead of Sonja Graf, Milda Lauberte, Mary Bain, Mona May Karff, and others. She was the twice Italian women's champion, winning at Milan 1938 and Rome 1939.

Benini took ninth place in the 1949/50 Women's World Championship in Moscow, which was won by Ludmila Rudenko. She tied for 3rd-4th at Venice 1951 (Women's World Championship zonal), won at Gardone 1956, took 6th at Venice 1957 (zonal), won at Amsterdam 1957, and took 2nd at Beverwijk 1958. On 6 September 1976, Benini was murdered by her neighbour, an insane farmer, in Poggio a Vico, Rufina, Florence.

Rufina
Rufina is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Florence in the Italian region Tuscany, located about 20 kilometres (12 mi) east of Florence.

Rufina borders the following municipalities: Dicomano, Londa, Montemignaio, Pelago, Pontassieve, Pratovecchio.
Mannahouse Christian Academy
Mannahouse Christian Academy (formerly City Christian Schools) is a private preK-12th grade Christian school located in Portland, Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, and Vancouver, Washington. It is associated with Mannahouse. The campus is within Mannahouse Church, formerly City Bible Church. This church annually hosts One Conference, an event which students are encouraged to attend. The school is accredited with AdvancED. Mannahouse Christian Academy is also partnered with George Fox University for an opportunity to earn college credits for their junior and senior high school students.

Christian school
A Christian school is a religious school run on Christian principles or by a Christian organization. These schools often include religious education and worship in their curriculum. They may also have a distinct Christian mission or philosophy.

The nature of Christian schools varies enormously from country to country, according to the religious, educational, and political cultures. In some countries, there is a strict separation of church and state, so all religious schools are private; in others, there is an established church whose teachings form an integral part of the state-operated educational system; in yet others, the state subsidizes religious schools of various denominations.
Play: The Guitar Album
Play: The Guitar Album is the seventh studio album by American musician Brad Paisley. It was released on November 4, 2008 (see 2008 in country music). Like all of his previous albums, Play was released on Arista Nashville and produced by Frank Rogers.

The album is largely instrumental in nature, except for five vocal tracks, and strays from Paisley's usual country music output to touch on other styles of music. One of these tracks, "Start a Band" (a duet with Keith Urban), has been released as a single and has become Paisley's ninth consecutive Number One country hit, and his thirteenth overall.  The album cover photograph was taken at Bristow Run Elementary School  in Bristow, Virginia.

Andy Griffith
Andy Samuel Griffith (June 1, 1926 – July 3, 2012) was an American actor, comedian, television producer, singer, and writer whose career spanned seven decades in music and television. Known for his Southern drawl, his characters with a folksy-friendly personality, as well as his gruff but friendly voice, Griffith was a Tony Award nominee for two roles. He gained prominence in the starring role in director Elia Kazan's film A Face in the Crowd (1957) and No Time for Sergeants (1958) before he became better known for his television roles, playing the lead roles of Andy Taylor in the sitcom The Andy Griffith Show (1960–1968)  and Ben Matlock in the legal drama Matlock (1986–1995).
Markus Koistinen
Markus Koistinen (born 1 May 1970) is a retired Finnish shot putter.

He finished eleventh at the 1993 World Indoor Championships, tenth at the 1994 European Indoor Championships, fifth at the 1994 European Championships, tenth at the 1995 World Championships, and fifth at the 1996 European Indoor Championships. He also competed at the 1993 World Championships without reaching the final.

His personal best put was 20.50 metres, achieved in June 1996 in Parkano. He was selected to represent Finland at the 1996 Summer Olympics. However, just weeks after achieving his lifetime best, he tested positive for hCG and was banned from the sport.

1993 World Championships in Athletics – Men's shot put
These are the official results of the Men's Shot Put event at the 1993 IAAF World Championships in Stuttgart, Germany. There were a total number of 32 participating athletes, with the final held on Saturday August 21, 1993. The qualification mark was set at 20.00 metres.
Charter of Hilandar
Charter of Hilandar (Serbian: Хиландарска повеља) is the founding charter of the Hilandar monastery, the cradle of the Serbian Orthodox Church and main endowment of Stefan Nemanja and Saint Sava. It was written in 1198, while the second revision, of Stefan the First-Crowned in 1200–01.

Until 1896, the oldest Serbian charter in the Hilandar archives was the founding charter of Hilandar, while the oldest manuscript book in the Hilandar library was Miroslav's Gospel.

Both charters are written in Serbian recension of Church Slavonic (literary) language, but the vernacular is present in the parts where the gifts to Hilandar are discussed. The original version of Stefan II's revision is located in the Hilandar.

Vernacular
Vernacular is the ordinary, informal, spoken form of a language or dialect, particularly when perceived as having lower social status or less prestige than standard language, which is more codified, institutionally promoted, literary, or formal. More narrowly, any particular variety of a natural language that does not hold a widespread high-status perception, and sometimes even carries social stigma, is also called a vernacular, vernacular dialect, nonstandard dialect, etc. and is typically its speakers' native variety. Regardless of any such stigma, all nonstandard dialects are full-fledged varieties of language with their own consistent grammatical structure, sound system, body of vocabulary, etc.
William Chapman (baritone)
William Chapman (April 30, 1923 – April 24, 2012) was an American operatic baritone and stage actor. He appeared in several Broadway productions and was notably a leading performer at the New York City Opera from 1957 through 1979.

Patricia Neway
Patricia Neway (September 30, 1919 – January 24, 2012) was an American operatic soprano and musical theatre actress who had an active international career during the mid-1940s through the 1970s. One of the few performers of her day to enjoy equal success on both the opera and musical theatre stages, she was a regular performer on both Broadway and at the New York City Opera during the 1950s and 1960s.

Critic Emily Langer of The Washington Post wrote that, "Neway was a rare type of singer — one with the classical training and raw vocal strength to meet the demands of opera as well as the acting talent and appeal required to succeed in musical theater." She is particularly remembered for creating roles in the world premieres of several contemporary American operas, most notably Magda Sorel in Gian Carlo Menotti's The Consul. On Broadway she won a Tony Award for her portrayal of the Mother Abbess in the original production of Rodgers and Hammerstein's The Sound of Music.
Ball v Johnson
Ball v Johnson was an attempted private prosecution application by Marcus J Ball and his company Brexit Justice Limited, on 29 May 2019, against Boris Johnson for three counts of alleged misconduct in public office. The applicants alleged that Johnson "in his position as a Member of Parliament and Mayor of London, abused the public's trust during the 2016 Brexit referendum by lying about the United Kingdom's spending on European Union membership". Ultimately the prosecution was dismissed by the High Court with a later ruling stating that the attempted summons against Johnson was unlawfully issued.

Private prosecution
A private prosecution is a criminal proceeding initiated by an individual private citizen or private organisation (such as a prosecution association) instead of by a public prosecutor who represents the state. Private prosecutions are allowed in many jurisdictions under common law, but have become less frequent in modern times as most prosecutions are now handled by professional public prosecutors instead of private individuals who retain (or are themselves) barristers.
Reale
Reale is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Damien Reale (born 1981), Irish hurler

David Reale (born 1984), Canadian actor

Enzo Reale (born 1991), French footballer

Federigo Reale, 19th-century Italian painter

Giovanni Reale (1931–2014), Italian historian of philosophy

Liam Reale (born 1983), Irish middle-distance runner

Mark Reale (1955–2012), American guitarist

Michele Reale (born 1971), Italian golfer

Michelle Reale, American poet, academic and ethnographer

Miguel Reale (1910–2006), Brazilian jurist, philosopher, academic, politician and poet

Oronzo Reale (1902–1988), Italian politician

Robert Reale (born 1956), American composer

Willie Reale, American writer

Liam Reale
Liam Reale (born March 16, 1983) is an Irish middle distance runner who specializes in the 1500 metres.

As a younger athlete he finished fourth in 2000 m steeplechase at the 1999 World Youth Championships. He finished eighth in the 1500 m final at the 2006 European Athletics Championships.

His personal best time is 3:38.65 minutes, achieved in May 2006 in Waltham.

He was born in Limerick, and grew up in Hospital, County Limerick. He is a 2005 Graduate of Providence College.
Hans Christian Alsvik
Hans Christian Alsvik (21 April 1936 – 1 October 2011) was a Norwegian television presenter.

He was born in Svolvær. He worked in Vestfold Arbeiderblad before being hired in the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK) in 1966. He presented the program Ut i naturen (Out in nature), and was instrumental in building nature programs in the channel, often in cooperation with the BBC. He made over 3000 programs for NRK. He was also one of the creators of Norge rundt (Around Norway).

He received the King's Medal of Merit, and one Gullruten honorary award. He died in October 2011.

Gullruten
Gullruten ("Golden Screen") is an annual award for the Norwegian TV industry, founded in 1998 by Norske Film- og TV-produsenters forening. The awarding committee has representatives from the major national TV companies, NRK, TV 2, TV3 and TVNorge. In 1998, the show was hosted by Nadia Hasnaoui, and from 1999 to 2012, by Dorthe Skappel. From 2013, the show has been hosted by Henriette Steenstrup and John Brungot.

The prize categories have varied over the years. Some of the categories that have been awarded are: Best Entertainment Program, Best Reality, Best Documentary Soap, Best TV Drama, Best Comedy Show, Best Children's or Youth Program, Best Magazine- or Life Style Program, Best Fact- or Actuality Program, Best TV Documentary, Best Actress, Best Actor, Best Female Television Presenter and Best Male Television Presenter.
Medhakachhapia National Park
Medhakachhapia National Park is an IUCN Category IV protected national park in Bangladesh. Established in 2004 the park was officially declared as a national park by the government of Bangladesh on 8 August 2008. It is located at the Chakaria Upazila under  Cox's Bazar District. It covers an area of 395.92 hectares.

It is a tropical evergreen forest under the control of Cox's Bazar North Forest Department. The main purpose behind establishing this  national park was to protect the century-old Rhizophora apiculata.

Rhizophora apiculata
The tall-stilt mangrove (Rhizophora apiculata)  is a species of flowering plant distributed throughout Southeast Asia and the western Pacific islands.

It is located exclusively in the mangrove ecosystem due to an affinity to wet, muddy and silty sediments. Due to the high salt concentrations of the soils in these environments, it has mechanisms (ultrafiltration) in place to reduce the likely impacts associated with increased salt in plant physiology (drying plant material down causing increased evapotranspiration). Rhizophora apiculata and R. mucronata are used to make charcoal in the charcoal kilns of Kuala Sepetang in Perak, Malaysia. Rhizophora apiculata is used within mangrove plantation specifically for wood, and charcoal production in many parts of Thailand.

There are alternative uses for R. apiculata, such as to reinforce nets, ropes and fishing lines, transform into charcoal or trade for income.
Homojunction
A homojunction is a semiconductor interface that occurs between layers of similar semiconductor material; these materials have equal band gaps but typically have different doping. In most practical cases a homojunction occurs at the interface between an n-type (donor doped) and p-type (acceptor doped) semiconductor such as silicon, this is called a p–n junction.

This is not a necessary condition as the only requirement is that the same semiconductor (same band gap) is found on both sides of the junction, in contrast to a heterojunction. An n-type to n-type junction, for example, would be considered a homojunction even if the doping levels are different.

The different doping level will cause band bending, and a depletion region will be formed at the interface, as shown in the figure to the right.

Donor (semiconductors)
In semiconductor physics, a donor is a dopant atom that, when added to a semiconductor, can form a n-type region.

For example, when silicon (Si), having four valence electrons, is to be doped as a n-type semiconductor, elements from group V like phosphorus (P) or arsenic (As) can be used because they have five valence electrons. A dopant with five valence electrons is also called a pentavalent impurity.  Other pentavalent dopants are antimony (Sb) and  bismuth (Bi).

When substituting a Si atom in the crystal lattice, four of the valence electrons of phosphorus form covalent bonds with the neighbouring Si atoms but the fifth one remains weakly bonded.  If that electron is liberated, the initially electro-neutral donor becomes positively charged (ionised). At room temperature, the liberated electron can move around the Si crystal and carry a current, thus acting as a charge carrier.
John J. Gumperz
John Joseph Gumperz (January 9, 1922 – March 29, 2013) was an American linguist and academic.  Gumperz was, for most of his career, a professor at the University of California, Berkeley. His research on the languages of India, on code-switching in Norway, and on conversational interaction, has benefitted the study of sociolinguistics, discourse analysis, linguistic anthropology, and urban anthropology.

Conversation
Conversation is interactive communication between two or more people. The development of conversational skills and etiquette is an important part of socialization. The development of conversational skills in a new language is a frequent focus of language teaching and learning. Conversation analysis is a branch of sociology which studies the structure and organization of human interaction, with a more specific focus on conversational interaction.
Martin Röing
Martin Röing (born May 10, 1979) is a Swedish bandy player who currently plays in IFK Vänersborg as a defender.  Martin was brought up by Blåsut BK. Martin has represented both the Swedish national bandy team and the 'young' Swedish side.

Martin has played for the following clubs:

Blåsut BK

IFK Vänersborg (1998-2006)

Blåsut BK (2002-2003)

Hammarby IF Bandy (2006-2007)

Uralsky Trubnik (2007)

IFK Vänersborg (2008-)

Hammarby IF Bandy
Hammarby IF Bandyförening is a Swedish bandy club from Södermalm, Stockholm, a section of the sports club Hammarby IF.

Hammarby IF was founded under its present name in 1897 and has been playing bandy since 1905. The club currently play in Elitserien, which is the highest division in Sweden, and has won it twice.
Al Sila Tower
Abu Dhabi Global Market Square Tower 1 (Al Sila Tower), formerly Sowwah Square Tower 1, is the name of a skyscraper on Al Maryah Island in Abu Dhabi, the capital of the United Arab Emirates.

The building is located in the district of the Abu Dhabi Global Market Square and opened in October 2012. Al Sila Tower is 131 feet (40 metres) tall with 31 floors.

The tower holds 40,400 square metres (435,000 square feet) of office space which has been rented out to companies such as Gulf Capital, Abu Dhabi Finance, Booze and Company and others.

Abu Dhabi Global Market
Abu Dhabi Global Market (ADGM) is the international financial centre and free economic zone of Abu Dhabi, located on both Al Maryah Island and Al Reem Island. Established in 2013 and operational since October 2015, ADGM provides a common law legal and regulatory ecosystem for global financial and non-financial institutions operating in the United Arab Emirates.
A View of Vietri in the Gulf of Salerno
A View of Vietri in the Gulf of Salerno is an 1840 landscape painting by the British artist Clarkson Stanfield. It depicts the coast of Italy with a view of Vietri sul Mare on the Gulf of Salerno. Stanfield, a former sailor in the Royal Navy, was known for his seascapes and costal scenes.

A friend of J.M.W. Turner and David Roberts, he was a noted painter of the Romantic movement of the early Victorian era. He had visited Italy in 1838 and sketched the area around Amalfi. He displayed several works from his Italian trip at the Royal Academy Exhibition of 1840 at the National Gallery in London. It was purchased the same year by Queen Victoria and remains in the Royal Collection today.

A later, smaller version of the painting, produced by Stanfield in 1855, is now in the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford. This has some notable differences from the original painting.

Amalfi
Amalfi (UK: /əˈmælfi/, US: /ɑːˈmɑːlfi/, Italian: [aˈmalfi]) is a town and comune in the province of Salerno, in the region of Campania, Italy, on the Gulf of Salerno. It lies at the mouth of a deep ravine, at the foot of Monte Cerreto (1,315 metres, 4,314 feet), surrounded by dramatic cliffs and coastal scenery. The town of Amalfi was the capital of the maritime republic known as the Duchy of Amalfi, an important trading power in the Mediterranean between 839 and around 1200. It has 4,611 inhabitants.

The town became a popular seaside resort beginning in the Edwardian era, with members of the British upper class spending their winters in Amalfi. Amalfi is included in the UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Michael Elliott (chemist)
Michael Elliott, CBE, FRS, FRSC (30 September 1924 – 17 October 2007) was a chemist and Lawes Trust Senior Fellow at Rothamsted Experimental Station who invented and commercialised the development of novel insecticides known as pyrethroids.

Insecticide
Insecticides are pesticides used to kill insects. They include ovicides and larvicides used against insect eggs and larvae, respectively. The major use of insecticides is in agriculture, but they are also used in home and garden settings, industrial buildings, for vector control, and control of insect parasites of animals and humans.

Acaricides, which kill mites and ticks, are not strictly insecticides, but are usually classified together with insecticides. Some insecticides (including common bug sprays) are effective against other non-insect arthropods as well, such as scorpions, spiders, etc. Insecticides are distinct from insect repellents, which repel but do not kill.
Tuuraste
Tuuraste is a village in Pärnu municipality, Pärnu County, in southwestern Estonia. It has a population of 36 (as of 1 January 2011). Prior to the 2017 administrative reform of local governments, it was located in Audru Parish.

Pärnu County
Pärnu County (Estonian: Pärnu maakond or Pärnumaa; German: Kreis Pernau) is one of 15 counties of Estonia. It is located in the southwestern part of the country, on the coast of the Gulf of Riga, and it borders Lääne and Rapla counties to the north, Järva and Viljandi counties to the east, and Latvia to the south. In 2022, Pärnu County had a population of 85,705, constituting 6.4% of the total population of Estonia.

Pärnu County is the largest county of Estonia in terms of land area.
R. Ammi Cutter
Richard Ammi Cutter (May 11, 1902 – November 28, 1993) was a justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court from 1956 to 1972. He was appointed by Governor Christian Herter.

Cutter was born in Salem, Massachusetts and attended Noble and Greenough School.  He graduated from Harvard College and Harvard Law School, where he was editor of the Harvard Law Review.  Cutter entered private practice after graduating from law school in 1925, until he became the assistant attorney general for Massachusetts in 1927.  During World War II, he reached the rank of major in the United States Army.  He would stay in private practice after the war until being appointed to the state Supreme Court in 1956.

He was a member of the Harvard Board of Overseers from 1966 to 1972.

Harvard Board of Overseers
The Harvard Board of Overseers (more formally The Honorable and Reverend the Board of Overseers) is an advisory board of alumni at Harvard University. Unlike the Harvard Corporation, the Board of Overseers is not a fiduciary governing board, but instead "has the power of consent to certain actions of the Corporation", including elections and removals of board members. Formed in 1642, the Board of Overseers predates the Corporation's 1650 incorporation.
Eckford, Scottish Borders
Eckford is a small village located between the larger towns of Kelso and Jedburgh in the Scottish Borders. The village is in close proximity to both the River Teviot and its tributary the Kale Water, and the A698 and the B6401 which run approximately parallel to the respective rivers.

The village itself consists of around 20 houses, situated off Eckford road, the minor Well road and the historic drove road, the Loaning.

Scottish Borders
The Scottish Borders (Scottish Gaelic: Crìochan na h-Alba; Scots: The Mairches), often shortened to the Borders within Scotland, is one of the country's 32 council areas. It is bordered by West Lothian, Edinburgh, Midlothian, and East Lothian to the north, the North Sea to the east, Dumfries and Galloway to the south-west, South Lanarkshire to the west, and the English ceremonial counties of Cumbria and Northumberland to the south. The area's largest settlement is Galashiels; its administrative centre is Newtown St Boswells.

The term "Scottish Borders" is also used for the areas of southern Scotland and northern England that bound the Anglo-Scottish border, namely Dumfries and Galloway, Scottish Borders, Northumberland, and Cumbria. The council area occupies approximately the same area as the historic shires of Berwickshire, Peeblesshire, Roxburghshire, and Selkirkshire.