hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Goulding baronets
There have been two baronetcies for the surname Goulding, both in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. As of 2026, one is extant.

Goulding baronets of Millicent and Roebuck Hill (1904)

Goulding baronets of Wargrave Hall (1915): see Edward Goulding, 1st Baron Wargrave (1862–1936)

Edward Goulding, 1st Baron Wargrave
Edward Alfred Goulding, 1st Baron Wargrave PC JP DL (5 November 1862 – 17 July 1936), known as Sir Edward Goulding, Bt, between 1915 and 1922, was a British barrister, businessman and Conservative Party politician. He sat in the House of Commons between 1895 and 1922, before being ennobled and taking his seat in the House of Lords.
Mumford conjecture
There are several conjectures in mathematics by David Mumford.

Mumford's conjecture about reductive groups, now called Haboush's theorem.

The Mumford conjecture on the cohomology of the stable mapping class group, proved by Ib Madsen and Michael Weiss.

The Manin-Mumford conjecture about Jacobians of curves, proved by Michel Raynaud.

Arithmetic of abelian varieties
In mathematics, the arithmetic of abelian varieties is the study of the number theory of an abelian variety, or a family of abelian varieties. It goes back to the studies of Pierre de Fermat on what are now recognized as elliptic curves; and has become a very substantial area of arithmetic geometry both in terms of results and conjectures. Most of these can be posed for an abelian variety A over a number field K; or more generally (for global fields or more general finitely-generated rings or fields).
Ken Spain (political strategist)
Kenneth Paul Spain (born 1979) is an American political and communications strategist, who served as the communications director for the National Republican Congressional Committee and as the New Mexico communications director for the Bush-Cheney campaign. He co-founded the Washington D.C.–based communications firm Narrative Strategies in 2019. Spain was named the firm's CEO in 2024, following an investment from Clarion Capital Partners.

American Investment Council
The American Investment Council (AIC), formerly the Private Equity Growth Capital Council (PEGCC), is a lobbying, advocacy, and research organization based in Washington, D.C., that was launched by a consortium of private equity firms in February 2007. It focuses on defending and promoting the private equity and growth capital investment industry to lawmakers and the public at large. Its members include some of the world's largest private equity firms.
Candanchú
Candanchú is a ski resort situated near the town of Canfranc in the High Aragon of the western Pyrenees, in the province of Huesca, Spain. The name of the area is an adaptation of the French "Camp d'Anjou", as it was originally the site of a military camp of the French Angevin dynasty. This is also located near the road on the historical Camino de Santiago. Candanchú is 1 km from Puerto del Somport, on the border with France. The neighboring Astún ski resort is located 27 km north of the city of Jaca. On the right bank of the river Aragón, near the bridge of Santa Cristina, are the ruins of the Hospital of Santa Cristina of Somport, a hospice for pilgrims on the Camino de Santiago.

Aragón (river)
The Aragón (Spanish: Río Aragón; Basque: Aragon Ibaia) is a river in northern Spain, one of the left-hand tributaries of the river Ebro. It rises at Astún (province of Huesca) in the central Pyrenees Mountains, passes southwest through Jaca and Sangüesa (Navarre), and joins the Ebro at Milagro (Navarre), near Tudela. The name Aragón is related to the birth area of the former kingdom, which corresponds to the modern autonomous community of Aragón in Spain.
Dénes Birkás
Dénes Birkás, also known as Deján Bikár (13 March 1907 – 10 July 1996), was a Hungarian field hockey and ice hockey player who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics.

He was born in Budapest.

He played at the 1930 and 1931 ice hockey World Championships. He would later coach the Hungarian national ice hockey team in 1959–1960.

In 1936 he was a member of the Hungarian team which was eliminated in the group stage of the Olympic tournament. He played all three matches as halfback.

1930 Ice Hockey World Championships
The 1930 Ice Hockey World Championships were held between January 30 and February 10, 1930, in Chamonix, France, Vienna, Austria, and Berlin, Germany. This event was the first world championships independent of hockey at the Olympics.

Canada, represented by the Toronto CCMs, beat the German team in the gold medal match by a score of 6 to 1 to win the title.

Germany won their first European Championship, defeating Switzerland in Berlin two to one.  The lone game in Vienna was played to determine the European Bronze, Austria shutout Poland two to zero to round out the medals.
Uchaux massif
The Uchaux massif are a massif in the Baronnies, a part of the Provence Prealps. It is located in the departments of Vaucluse, in the communes of Lagarde-Paréol, Uchaux, Sérignan-du-Comtat, Piolenc and Mondragon, and in Drôme in the commune of Rochegude.

Drôme
Drôme (French pronunciation: [dʁom] ⓘ; Occitan: Droma; Arpitan: Drôma) is the southernmost department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of Southeastern France. Named after the river Drôme, it had a population of 516,762 as of 2019. Drôme's prefecture is Valence.

The southern portion of the Drôme, closest to Provence, is often known as the fr:Drôme Provençale.
Allyl group
In organic chemistry, an allyl group is a substituent with the structural formula −CH2−HC=CH2. It consists of a methylene bridge (−CH2−) attached to a vinyl group (−CH=CH2). The name is derived from the scientific name for garlic, Allium sativum. In 1844, Theodor Wertheim isolated an allyl derivative from garlic oil and named it "Schwefelallyl". The term allyl applies to many compounds related to H2C=CH−CH2, some of which are of practical or of everyday importance, for example, allyl chloride.

Allylation is any chemical reaction that adds an allyl group to a substrate.

Rancidification
Rancidification is the process of complete or incomplete autoxidation or hydrolysis of fats and oils when exposed to air, light, moisture, or bacterial action, producing short-chain aldehydes, ketones and free fatty acids.

When these processes occur in food, undesirable odors and flavors can result. In processed meats these flavors are collectively known as warmed-over flavor. In certain cases the flavors can be desirable, as in aged cheeses.

Rancidification can detract from the nutritional value of food, as some vitamins are sensitive to oxidation.  Oxidative degradation also occurs in other hydrocarbons, including lubricating oils, fuels, and mechanical cutting fluids.
Rong Kluea Market
Rong Kluea Market (Thai: ตลาดโรงเกลือ, lit. 'Salt Warehouse Market'), also known as Klong Luek Market (Thai: ตลาดคลองลึก) is a market in Thailand near the border with Cambodia. It is located in Aranyaprathet District, Sa Kaeo Province 250 kilometers from Bangkok. There are 1380 stores, mostly with goods from the Cambodian side. In this market there are many products such as polished brass, old and new. Porcelain crockery, clothing, cheap electronics, fish baskets, and more.

Aranyaprathet district
Aranyaprathet (Thai: อรัญประเทศ, pronounced [ʔā.rān.já.prā.tʰêːt]) is a district (amphoe) in Sa Kaeo province in Thailand. It borders Cambodia to the east and the busiest border crossing between Cambodia and Thailand is located in this district. The largest town in the district is also called Aranyaprathet.
Your World in Mine
Your World in Mine (Chinese: 你的世界我们懂) is a 2022 Singaporean drama series starring Huang Biren, Richie Koh, Yao Wenlong, Hong Ling, Zong Zijie and Desmond Ng. The series was broadcast on Mediacorp Channel 8 from 18 July 2022 to 12 August 2022. It received generally positive critical reviews and won six awards at the Star Awards 2023, including Best Drama Serial, Best Actor for Richie Koh and Best Actress for Huang Biren.

Channel 8 (Singaporean TV channel)
Channel 8 (Chinese: 8頻道) is a Singaporean Mandarin-language free-to-air terrestrial television channel in Singapore, owned by state media conglomerate Mediacorp. The channel broadcasts general entertainment and news programming in the Mandarin language, including original and imported programming.

The channel began a series of experimental broadcasts on 31 August 1963, and officially launched on 22 November 1963. As with its sister Channel 5, the channel initially aired programming in all four of Singapore's official languages, with Channel 8 initially having a particular focus on the Chinese and Tamil communities. In 1973, this scope was formalised, with Channel 8 primarily broadcasting Chinese and Tamil-language programmes. In compliance with the government's Speak Mandarin Campaign, Chinese programming on the channel later broadcast solely in Mandarin Chinese. In 1995, Tamil programmes moved to Prime 12, with Channel 8 focusing exclusively on Mandarin programming.
Berenice Abbott
Berenice Alice Abbott (July 17, 1898 – December 9, 1991) was an American photographer best known for her portraits of cultural figures of the interwar period, New York City photographs of architecture and urban design of the 1930s, and science interpretation of the 1940s to the 1960s.

Super Sight, also known as the Abbott Process, is a form of macro photography developed in the early 1940s by Berenice Abbott.

Macro photography
Macro photography, also called photomacrography or macrography, and sometimes macrophotography, is extreme close-up photography in which the subject is reproduced at greater than its actual size. Macro photographs usually feature very small subjects and living organisms like insects.
Another Antigone
Another Antigone is a play by A. R. Gurney.  It was first produced in March 1987 at the Old Globe Theatre in San Diego, California.  The play opened at Playwrights Horizons in New York City in January, 1988. It is dedicated by the playwright to John Tillinger. It was published by the Dramatists Play Service in January 1988. The play is based on the Greek tragedy, Antigone by Sophocles, which is a classic tale of how unbending hubris destroys all who fall prey to its spell. Another Antigone is the same story, with some modern twists.

Dramatists Play Service
Dramatists Play Service, Inc. is a theatrical-publishing and licensing house imprint of Broadway Licensing Global. Established in 1936 by members of the Dramatists Guild of America and the Society for Authors' Representatives, DPS publishes English-language acting editions of plays and handles the licensing for professional and nonprofessional English-language productions of these plays in the United States, Canada, and throughout the world.

DPS is based in New York City, with affiliates in London, Australia, South Africa, India, Asia, and South America that serve DPS' interests in their respective regions. The DPS catalogue consists of over 3,300 titles from over 1,300 authors.

Broadway Licensing Global acquired Dramatists Play Service in 2021, adding to its family of imprints which also includes Playscripts and Stageworks. On May 8, 2025, Variety announced that Broadway Licensing had been acquired by Concord and is now a part of Concord Theatricals.
William B. Trembley
William Beattie Trembley (April 21, 1877 – January 13, 1952) was a private in the United States Army and a Medal of Honor recipient for his actions in the Philippine–American War. He was later commissioned as a first lieutenant in World War I.

Trembley later served as the postmaster of Kansas City, Kansas, from 1921 to 1935.

Kansas City, Kansas
Kansas City (commonly known as KCK) is the third-most populous city in the U.S. state of Kansas and the county seat of Wyandotte County. It is an inner suburb of the older and more populous Kansas City, Missouri, after which it is named. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 156,607, making it one of four principal cities in the Kansas City metropolitan area. It is situated at Kaw Point, the junction of the Missouri and Kansas rivers. It is part of a consolidated city-county government known as the "Unified Government". It is the location of the University of Kansas Medical Center and Kansas City Kansas Community College.
Get Her... If You Can
Get Her... If You Can (Spanish: ¿Qué te juegas?) is a 2019 Spanish screwball comedy film directed by Inés de León from a screenplay by Astrid Gil-Casares, Rafa Russo, Pablo Alén, and Breixo Corral starring Leticia Dolera, Amaia Salamanca, and Javier Rey.

Leticia Dolera
Leticia Dolera (born 23 October 1981) is a Spanish actress, screenwriter, and director. She is best known for her roles as Clara in the 2013 horror film REC 3: Genesis, Teresa in Imagining Argentina (2003), and as Carmen in the UK television series Mad Dogs.
Harald Schäfer
Harald Schäfer (10 February 1913, Jena – 21 December 1992, Münster) was a professor of inorganic chemistry at the University of Münster in Germany. He is recognized for popularizing the use of chemical vapor transport and the discovery of many new inorganic compounds.

Schäfer began his studies in 1937 and was awarded a doctorate in 1940. His dissertation was on analytical chemistry of boron. He conducted his habilitation at the Technical University of Stuttgart  on iron oxychlorides, during which he discovered the phenomenon of chemical vapor transport (migration in the solid state via the gas phase).

In recognition of his research achievements, he was awarded the Alfred Stock Memorial Prize in 1967.  He was also elected to the Leopoldina Academy.

German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
The German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina (German: Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina – Nationale Akademie der Wissenschaften), in short Leopoldina, is the national academy of Germany, and is located in Halle (Saale). Founded on 1 January 1652, based on academic models in Italy, it was originally named the Academia Naturae Curiosorum until 1687 when Emperor Leopold I raised it to an academy and named it after himself. It was since known under the German name Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina until 2007, when it was declared to be Germany's National Academy of Sciences.
The Noose (TV series)
The Noose is a Singapore news satire sitcom produced by Mediacorp Channel 5, the country's English language channel. It was also one of the most popular Singaporean local sitcoms after Under One Roof, Phua Chu Kang Pte Ltd and Police & Thief.

The name of the show plays on the words The News. The show satirises socio-cultural and political issues in Singapore as well as newsworthy local and regional incidents involving Singapore.

The show has received recognition both locally and internationally. It earned a nomination at the International Emmy Awards 2011 in the comedy category. The cast has also been nominated and won awards and commendations at the Asian Television Awards.

News satire
News satire or news comedy is a type of parody presented in a format typical of mainstream journalism, and called a satire because of its content. News satire has been around almost as long as journalism itself, but it is particularly popular on the web, with websites like The Onion and The Babylon Bee, where it is relatively easy to mimic a legitimate news site. News satire relies heavily on irony and deadpan humor.

Two slightly different types of news satire exist. One form uses satirical commentary and sketch comedy to comment on real-world events, while the other presents wholly fictionalized news stories.
Miyako Nara
Miyako Nara (1907 – 13 December 2000) (奈良美也子 in Japanese, or なら みやこ in kana) was a Japanese singer, TV and musical actress most widely recognized as Takarazuka Revue Flower Troupe's otokoyaku (男役 Takarazuka actresses who play male roles) top star from 1931 to 1936. She was from Kanazawa City, Ishikawa Prefecture. Her stage name comes from Ogura Hyakunin Isshu.

Ogura Hyakunin Isshu
Hyakunin Isshu (百人一首) is a classical Japanese anthology of one hundred Japanese waka by one hundred poets. Hyakunin Isshu can be translated to "one hundred people, one poem [each]"; it can also refer to the card game of uta-garuta, which uses a deck composed of cards based on the Hyakunin Isshu.

The most famous and standard version was compiled by Fujiwara no Teika (1162–1241) while he lived in the Ogura district of Kyoto. It is therefore also known as Ogura Hyakunin Isshu (小倉百人一首).
Voiced labial–velar plosive
A voiced labial–velar plosive is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. It is a [ɡ] and [b] pronounced simultaneously and is considered a double articulation. To make this sound, one can say go but with the lips closed as if one were saying Bo; the lips are to be released at the same time as or a fraction of a second after the g of go is pronounced. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɡ͡b⟩. Its voiceless counterpart is voiceless labial–velar plosive, [k͡p].

A voiced labial–velar plosive is commonly found in Niger-Congo languages, e.g. in Igbo (Volta-Congo) in the name [iɡ͡boː] itself; or in Bété (Atlantic-Congo), e.g. in the surname of Laurent Gbagbo [ɡ͡baɡ͡bo], former president of Ivory Coast.

Volta–Congo languages
Volta–Congo is a major branch of the Atlantic–Congo family. It includes all Atlantic–Congo except the families of the erstwhile Atlantic and Kordofanian branches and possibly Senufo.

In the infobox at the right, the languages which appear to be the most divergent (including the dubious Senufo) are placed at the top, whereas those closer to the core (the similar "Benue–Kwa" branches of Kwa, Volta–Niger and Benue–Congo) are near the bottom. If the Kwa or Savannas branches prove to be invalid, the tree will be even more crowded.
Gunsmoke season 13
Gunsmoke is an American Western television series developed by Charles Marquis Warren and based on the radio program of the same name. The series ran for 20 seasons, making it the longest-running Western in television history.

The first episode of season 13 aired in the United States on September 11, 1967, and the final episode aired on March 4, 1968.  All episodes were broadcast in the U.S. by CBS.

Season 13 of Gunsmoke was the second season of color episodes.  Previous seasons were filmed in black-and-white.

Buck Taylor
Buck Taylor (born Walter Clarence Taylor III, May 13, 1938) is an American actor and artist, best known for his roles as gunsmith-turned-deputy Newly O'Brien in the CBS television series Gunsmoke, and as Emmett Walsh on Yellowstone.
Protea
Protea (/ˈproʊtiːə/) is a genus of South African flowering plants, also called sugarbushes (Afrikaans: suikerbos). It is the type genus of the Proteaceae family.

About 92% of the species occur only in the Cape Floristic Region, a narrow belt of mountainous coastal land from Clanwilliam to Grahamstown, South Africa. Most protea species are found south of the Limpopo River. Protea madiensis grows in Afromontane enclaves across tropical Africa, from Guinea to Sudan, Mozambique, and Angola. Protea afra ranges from the Cape region to Uganda and Kenya, including in the chaparral zone of Mount Kenya National Park. The extraordinary richness and diversity of species characteristic of the Cape flora are thought to be caused in part by the diverse landscape, where populations can become isolated from each other and in time develop into separate species.

Mount Kenya National Park
Mount Kenya National Park is a national park in Kenya that was established in 1949 around Mount Kenya to protect its surrounding environment and wildlife. It is also a drainage basin for the region's water supply.
Amphitheatre of Mérida
The Amphitheatre of Mérida is a Roman amphitheatre in the Roman colonia of Emerita Augusta –present-day Mérida, Spain–, capital of the Roman province of Lusitania. It was completed in the year 8 BC, and is currently in ruins. It was used for gladiatorial fights and combats between beasts or men and beasts during ancient Rome.

The city itself, Emerita Augusta, was founded in 25 BC by Augustus, to resettle emeritus soldiers discharged from the Roman army from two veteran legions of the Cantabrian Wars (the Legio V Alaudae and Legio X Gemina). The term emeritus refers to the soldiers, all of whom had been honorably discharged from service.

The amphitheatre was built as part of an entertainment complex together with the Roman Theatre. Nowadays both are part of the Archaeological Ensemble of Mérida, which is one of the largest and most extensive archaeological sites in Spain and that was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1993.

Legio X Gemina
Legio X Gemina ("10th Twin(s) Legion" in English), was a Roman legion, which was active during the late Roman Republic and later the Roman Empire as part of the Imperial Roman army. It was one of the four legions used by Julius Caesar in 58 BC, during the Roman invasion of Gaul. After being briefly disbanded, the legion was reconstituted by Augustus (also known as Octavian) and fought on the side of the Second Triumvirate during the Liberators' Civil War and later on the side of Augustus during the War of Actium which ended the Crisis of the Roman Republic. The legion remained active for centuries, with surviving records of its continued existence in Vienna as late as the 5th century AD. The legion's symbol was a bull. Early on in its history, the legion was called X Equestris (mounted), because Caesar once used the legionaries as cavalry.
Keen College
Keen College is a multi-faculty professional college located in Bikaner in the Indian state of Rajasthan. Founded in 2003, is affiliated to University of Bikaner and approved by Department of College Education of Government of Rajasthan. Keen College was the first college in Bikaner to start professional degree and diploma such as BCA, and MSc in computer science. The college provides distance learning courses from Maharishi Dayanand University, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology and the Barkatullah University.

Professional degree
A professional degree, formerly known in the US as a first professional degree, is a degree that prepares someone to work in a particular profession, practice, or industry sector often meeting the academic requirements for licensure or accreditation. Professional degrees may be either graduate or undergraduate entry, depending on the profession concerned and the country, and may be classified as bachelor's, master's, or doctoral degrees. For a variety of reasons, professional degrees may bear the name of a different level of qualification from their classification in qualifications, e.g., some UK professional degrees are named bachelor's but are at master's level, while some Australian and Canadian professional degrees have the name "doctor" but are classified as master's or bachelor's degrees.
Gyalectidium minus
Gyalectidium minus is a species of lichen-forming fungus in the family Gomphillaceae. It forms tiny silvery to whitish-grey patches on living leaves, with each patch broken into crystal-encrusted blister-like segments, and it reproduces asexually using small marginal structures (hyphophores) that release propagules. Apothecia may also develop and can appear crater-like; each ascus produces a single colourless, multi-chambered ascospore. The species was described from the Canary Islands and is also known from southern Italy and from the humid Atlantic-influenced woodlands of the Sintra Mountains in Portugal.

Gomphillaceae
The Gomphillaceae are a family of mostly lichen-forming fungi in the order Graphidales. They occur mainly in tropical regions, where many species are adapted to humid rainforests and grow directly on leaves rather than on bark or rock. The family contains about 46 genera and more than 800 species, although the true total may be higher because genetic work has revealed extensive cryptic diversity. Many members reproduce using specialised structures and produce few or none of the lichen products that are typical of other lichen groups. A major molecular phylogenetics-led reorganisation in 2023 formalised this revised classification, recognising and establishing 17 genera as new or reinstated.