hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Campaign finance reform amendment
A campaign finance reform amendment refers to any proposed amendment to the United States Constitution to authorize greater restrictions on spending related to political speech, and to overturn Supreme Court rulings which have narrowed such laws under the First Amendment. Several amendments have been filed since Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission and the Occupy movement.

Joint resolution
In the United States Congress, a joint resolution is a legislative measure that requires passage by the Senate and the House of Representatives and is presented to the president for their approval or disapproval. Generally, there is no legal difference between a joint resolution and a bill. Both must be passed, in exactly the same form, by both chambers of Congress, and signed by the President (or, re-passed in override of a presidential veto; or, remain unsigned for ten days while Congress is in session) to become a law. Only joint resolutions may be used to propose amendments to the United States Constitution, and these do not require the approval of the President. Laws enacted by joint resolutions are not distinguished from laws enacted by bills, except that they are designated as resolutions as opposed to Acts of Congress (see for example War Powers Resolution).
Zuzka Bebarová-Rujbrová
Zuzka Bebarová-Rujbrová (born 13 January 1951) is a Czech politician. She was a member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic from 1996 to 2017, representing South Moravian Region for the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia

South Moravian Region
The South Moravian Region (Czech: Jihomoravský kraj; German: Südmährische Region, pronounced [zyːtˈmɛːʁɪʃə ʁeˈɡi̯oːn]; Slovak: Juhomoravský kraj), or just South Moravia, is an administrative unit (kraj) of the Czech Republic, located in the south-western part of its historical region of Moravia. The region's capital is Brno, the nation's 2nd largest city. South Moravia is bordered by the South Bohemian Region to the west, Vysočina Region to the north-west, Pardubice Region to the north, Olomouc Region to the north-east, Zlín Region to the east, Trenčín and Trnava Regions, Slovakia to the south-east and Lower Austria, Austria to the south.
Eastern Communications
Eastern Telecommunications Philippines, Inc. (ETPI), doing business as Eastern Communications, is the first telecommunications company in the Philippines under Vega Telecom. Founded in 1878 during the final years of the Spanish colonial era, it was the first company to provide telegraphic services.

At present, Eastern Communications offers fixed broadband services in Metro Manila (Makati, Ortigas Center, Manila, Caloocan and Navotas), Cavite, Laguna, Baguio, Cebu City, Iloilo and Tuguegarao.

Navotas
Navotas, officially the City of Navotas (Filipino: Lungsod ng Navotas), is a highly urbanized city in the National Capital Region of the Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 252,878 people.

It was formerly part of the Province of Rizal in southern Luzon. It comprises what is known as the CAMANAVA area along with the cities of Caloocan, Malabon, and Valenzuela.

It is known as the Commercial Fishing Hub of the Philippines, for the city has the third largest fish port in Asia and the largest in Southeast Asia. Although it was established on February 16, 1859, Navotas celebrates its foundation day every January 16, the day in 1906 when it finally separated from Malabon. Navotas became a highly urbanized city on June 24, 2007.
Bandicoot papillomatosis carcinomatosis virus
Bandicoot papillomatosis carcinomatosis viruses are a pair of circular double-stranded DNA virus isolated from bandicoots (Perameles bougainville). The genomes have features similar to viruses in the families Papillomaviridae and the Polyomaviridae. Two strains have been described to date, bandicoot papillomatosis carcinomatosis virus 1 and bandicoot papillomatosis carcinomatosis virus 2.

Strain (biology)
In biology, a strain is a genetic variant, a subtype or a culture within a biological species. Strains are often seen as inherently artificial concepts, characterized by a specific intent for genetic isolation. This is most easily observed in microbiology where strains are derived from a single cell colony and are typically quarantined by the physical constraints of a Petri dish. Strains are also commonly referred to within virology, botany, and with rodents used in experimental studies.
Jonathan Harvey (cricketer)
Jonathan Robert William Harvey (born 3 February 1944) is a former English first-class cricketer who played for Cambridge University from 1963 to 1965.

Jonathan Harvey attended Marlborough College, where he captained the First XI, before going up to Christ's College, Cambridge. An opening bowler, he gained his blue in 1965. His best first-class figures were 5 for 28 against Somerset in 1965, in a match that Somerset nevertheless won by an innings. He took 3 for 47 and 4 for 78 against Glamorgan a week later. The next match was the University Match, in which he took three wickets and took part in an unbroken tenth-wicket partnership with Rupert Roopnaraine that yielded no runs but prevented defeat.

He became a barrister in London.

Christ's College, Cambridge
Christ's College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge, England. The college includes the master, the fellows of the college, and about 450 undergraduate and 250 graduate students. The college was founded by William Byngham in 1437 as God's House. In 1505, the college was granted a new royal charter, was given a substantial endowment by Lady Margaret Beaufort, and changed its name to Christ's College, becoming the twelfth of the Cambridge colleges to be founded in its modern form.

Alumni of the college include the poet John Milton, the naturalist Charles Darwin, as well as the Nobel Laureates Martin Evans, James Meade, Alexander Todd, Duncan Haldane, and John Clarke. The Master is Lord McDonald of Salford.
1940 United States Virgin Islands general election
Elections were held on the islands of St. Thomas and St. John in the United States Virgin Islands on November 5, 1940, to elect 7 members of the Municipal Council. The Progressive Guide won in a landslide, electing 6 of the 7 members. The People's Civic League only won one seat, St. John, as the Progressive Guide did not contest it. Elections were also held in St. Croix to elect 9 members to their own Municipal Council.

Saint Croix
Saint Croix (/krɔɪ/ KROY; Spanish: Santa Cruz; Dutch: Sint-Kruis; French: Sainte-Croix; Danish and Norwegian: Sankt Croix; Taino: Ay Ay) is an island in the Caribbean, and a county and constituent district of the United States Virgin Islands (USVI), an unincorporated territory of the United States.

St. Croix is the largest of the territory's islands. As of the 2020 U.S. census, its population was 41,004. The island's highest point is Mount Eagle, at 355 meters (1,165 ft). St. Croix's nickname is "Twin City", for its two towns, Frederiksted on the western end and Christiansted on the northeast part of the island.
Sir John Wynn, 2nd Baronet
Sir John Wynn, 2nd Baronet (September 1701 – 14 February 1773), of Glynllifon and Bodvean, Caernarvonshire and Melai, Denbighshire was a Welsh politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1740 and 1768.

Caernarfonshire
Caernarfonshire (/kərˈnɑːrvənʃər/; Welsh: Sir Gaernarfon, Welsh pronunciation: [ˈsir gaɨ̯rˈnarvɔn]), previously spelled Caernarvonshire or Carnarvonshire, was one of the thirteen counties of Wales that existed from 1536 until their abolition in 1974. It was located in the north-west of Wales.
National Board for Technical Education
The National Board for Technical Education, otherwise known as NBTE, is a Nigerian board of education which supervises, regulates and oversees educational programmes offered by technical institutions at secondary, polytechnic and monotechnic levels through an accreditation process. It was established by Act No 9 of 11 July 1977 with the aim of "providing standardised minimum guide curricula for Technical and Vocational Education and Training".

The National Board for Technical Education (NBTE) has granted approval to the Federal Polytechnic, Ede, for the commencement of Open and Distance Flexible E-Learning.

Computer-supported collaborative learning
Computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL) is a pedagogical approach wherein learning takes place via social interaction using a computer or through the Internet. This kind of learning is characterized by the sharing and construction of knowledge among participants using technology as their primary means of communication or as a common resource. CSCL can be implemented in online and classroom learning environments and can take place synchronously or asynchronously.

The study of computer-supported collaborative learning draws on a number of academic disciplines, including instructional technology, educational psychology, sociology, cognitive psychology, and social psychology. It is related to collaborative learning and Computer Supported Cooperative Work.
San Diego Shockwave
The San Diego Shockwave were an indoor football team based in San Diego, California, that competed in the National Indoor Football League. The team played its home games at Viejas Arena, home of the San Diego State Aztecs basketball teams. The Shockwave were founded as an expansion franchise in 2007.

The team was owned by former BYU player Jeff Sprowls and his father, Robert. The Shockwave finished the 2007 season 10–1 in the league and won the NIFL title, but the league itself experienced many difficulties as other teams folded. For 2008, the Shockwave ownership decided not to continue operations in the NIFL.

Some games were broadcast on XEPE, "San Diego 1700 AM." Chris Ello was the play-by-play announcer.

BYU Cougars football
The BYU Cougars football team is the college football program representing Brigham Young University (BYU) in Provo, Utah. The Cougars began collegiate football competition in 1922, and have won 23 conference championships and one national championship in 1984.

The team has competed in several different athletic conferences during its history, from July 1, 2011 to June 30, 2022, they competed as an FBS Independent.  On September 10, 2021, the Big 12 Conference unanimously accepted BYU's application to the conference. BYU officially joined the Big 12 on July 1, 2023.

The team plays home games at the 62,073 seat LaVell Edwards Stadium, named after head coach LaVell Edwards who won 19 conference championships, seven bowl games, and one national championship (1984) while coaching at BYU.
Nadezhda Alekhina
Nadezhda Alekhina, née Bazhenova (Russian: Надежда Алехина; born 22 September 1978) is a Russian triple jumper.

She finished fourth at the 2002 European Athletics Indoor Championships and won the bronze medal at the 2005 Summer Universiade. She also competed at the World Championships in 2003, 2005 and 2009 without reaching the finals. In the long jump she finished seventh at the 2001 Summer Universiade.

Her personal best jump is 15.14 metres, achieved in July 2009 in Cheboksary. The Russian record is currently held by Tatyana Lebedeva with 15.34 metres. Alekhina also has 6.56 metres in the long jump, achieved in June 2003 in Tula.

2001 Summer Universiade
The 2001 Summer Universiade, also known as the XXI Summer Universiade, was an international multi-sport event that took place in Beijing, China, between 22 August and 1 September. Beijing also hosted the 1990 Asian Games. A total of 6,757 athletes from 165 nations took part in 12 sports. The hosts, China, topped the medal table for the first time, with a total of 103 medals and 54 gold medals (more than twice the number of gold- medals won by the United States, in second place).

The event was also considered a rehearsal for the 2008 Beijing Olympics due to the announcement that Beijing would host the 2008 Olympic Games, which was made one month before the Opening Ceremony of the Universiade.
Quark/
Quark/ was an American anthology book series devoted to avant-garde science fiction and related material, edited by writer and critic Samuel R. Delany and poet and editor Marilyn Hacker; four volumes were published in 1970 and 1971.

Joanna Russ
Joanna Russ (February 22, 1937 – April 29, 2011) was an American writer, academic and feminist. She is the author of a number of works of science fiction, fantasy and feminist literary criticism such as How to Suppress Women's Writing, as well as a contemporary novel, On Strike Against God, and one children's book, Kittatinny. She is best known for The Female Man, a novel combining utopian fiction and satire, and the story "When It Changed".
2012 Challenger Ciudad de Guayaquil – Doubles
Júlio César Campozano and Roberto Quiroz were the defending champions but Quiroz decided not to participate.
Campozano played alongside Emilio Gómez, but they lost in the first round.
Martín Alund and Facundo Bagnis won the title, defeating Leonardo Mayer and Martín Ríos-Benítez 7–5, 7–6(7–5) in the final.

Julio César Campozano
Julio César Campozano (Latin American Spanish: [ˈxuljo ˈsesaɾ kampoˈsano]; born 31 January 1986) is a retired Ecuadorian tennis player.

He won seven singles and five doubles Futures titles, and he won doubles title in 2009 Guayaquil Challenger, competing with his compatriot Emilio Gómez. They defeated Andreas Haider-Maurer and Lars Pörschke 6–7(2–7), 6–3, [10–8] in the final.

He is a member of the Ecuador Davis Cup team. His coaches are Alejandro Fabri and Matias Rizzo.
Katagiri
Katagiri (written: 片桐) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Atsushi Katagiri (片桐 淳至, born 1983), Japanese footballer

Dainin Katagiri (片桐 大忍, 1928–1990), Japanese Zen Buddhist

Jin Katagiri (片桐 仁, born 1973), Japanese comedian, actor, sculptor and potter

Katagiri Katsumoto (片桐 且元, 1556–1615), Japanese daimyō

Michiko Katagiri, Japanese Paralympic swimmer

Mikio Katagiri (片桐 幹雄, born 1955), Japanese alpine skier

Mineo Katagiri (1919-2005), Japanese minister and activist

Miyuki Katagiri (片桐 美雪, born 1948), Japanese alpine skier

Shigeru Katagiri (片桐 茂, 1892–1944), Imperial Japanese Army general

Kim Kataguiri (1996–Present), Brazilian Politician

Dainin Katagiri
Jikai Dainin Katagiri (片桐 大忍, Katagiri Dainin, January 19, 1928 – March 1, 1990), was a Sōtō Zen priest and teacher, and the founding abbot of Minnesota Zen Meditation Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota, where he served from 1972 until his death from cancer in 1990. He is also the founder of Hokyoji Zen Practice Community in Eitzen, Minnesota. Before becoming first abbot of the Minnesota Zen Meditation Center, Katagiri had worked at the Zenshuji Soto Zen Mission in Los Angeles and had also been of great service to Shunryu Suzuki at the San Francisco Zen Center, particularly from 1969 until Suzuki's death in 1971. Katagiri was important in helping bring Zen Buddhism from Japan to the United States during its formative years. He is also the credited author of several books compiled from his talks.
Hamptons, Calgary
Hamptons is a residential neighbourhood in the northwest quadrant of Calgary, Alberta. It is located close to the northern edge of the city, and is bounded to the north by Stoney Trail, to the east by Shaganappi Trail, to the south by Country Hills Boulevard, and to the west by Sarcee Trail.

The land was annexed in two stages, the southern area in 1976 and the northern one in 1989. The Hamptons was established as a neighbourhood in 1990. It is represented in the Calgary City Council by the Ward 2 councillor.

The community is home to an Olympic size hockey rink and an annual Stampede breakfast.

Shaganappi Trail
Shaganappi Trail (/ˌʃæɡəˈnæpi/) is a major super-4 expressway in the northwest quadrant of Calgary, Alberta. It extends to the south as Montgomery View, a small service road in the neighbourhood of Montgomery and that provides access to Edworthy Park, passes north past Market Mall and the western boundary of Nose Hill Park, and terminates in the neighbourhood of Nolan Hill in the north, with city planning maps indicating future northern extension beyond 144 Avenue NW.  The name "Shaganappi" is of Cree origin, referring to the bison hide lacings that held Red River ox carts together. Despite the name, it is not located near the Shaganappi neighbourhood, which is located south of the Bow River.
Alejandro Betts
Alejandro Jacobo Betts (born Alexander Jacob Betts, 28 October 1947 – 13 March 2020) was a Falklands-born Argentine air-traffic controller and activist who worked with the Argentine government as a technical advisor on the Tierra del Fuego's Malvinas Question Provincial Observatory Advisory Council. Betts supported Argentina's claim to the Falkland Islands and was a controversial figure in the Falklands as a result. Betts also was the older brother of Terry Betts, who served as a member of the Falkland Islands Legislative Council and assisted British forces in the Falklands War.  His younger brother Peter served in the British Task Force.

Falklands War order of battle: British naval forces
This is a list of the naval forces from the United Kingdom that took part in the Falklands War, often referred to as "the Task Force" in the context of the war. For a list of naval forces from Argentina, see Falklands War order of battle: Argentine air forces.
Angela Pressey
Angela Pressey (born June 6, 1986) is a retired American female volleyball player. She was part of the United States women's national volleyball team at the 2010 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship in Japan.

2010 FIVB Women's Volleyball World Championship
The 2010 FIVB Women's World Championship was the sixteenth edition of the competition. Like the previous tournament, the 2010 edition also was held from 29 October to 14 November 2010 in Japan, though the range of venues and locations was modified slightly (Matsumoto and Hamamatsu replaced Sapporo and Kobe in 2010). Twenty-four teams participated in the tournament.

The tournament was won by Russia, who finished with a perfect record, defeating Brazil in the intense final game. Japan defeated the United States for the third place, winning their first bronze medal in the tournament history, and the first medal since 1978, having so far three gold and three silver already to their name. Russia won its second straight title, while Brazil was prevented from achieving a volleyball double of winning both the men's championship and the women's championship in the same year.

Russia's towering outside hitter Yekaterina Gamova was named the tournament's Most Valuable Player.
João de Santarém
João de Santarém (15th century) was a Portuguese explorer who discovered São Tomé (in December 21, 1471), Annobón (in January 1472) and Príncipe (January 17, 1472), and hence became the first known European to reach the Southern Hemisphere. Together with Pero Escobar, he also encountered the town of Sassandra in the Ivory Coast in 1471 and 1472, explored the African land from Ghana up to the Niger Delta.  From 1484 he was captain of Alcatrazes (around Santiago or Brava) in Cape Verde.

In January 1471, João de Santarém and Pero de Escobar discovered "the traffic of gold at the place we now call Mina" (present-day Elmina).

Niger Delta
The Niger Delta is the delta of the Niger River sitting directly on the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean in Nigeria. It is located within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, which include: all six states from the South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone and two states (Abia and Imo) from South East geopolitical zone.

The Niger Delta is a very densely populated region sometimes called the Oil Rivers because it was once a major producer of palm oil. The area was the British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, when it was expanded and became the Niger Coast Protectorate.

The delta is a petroleum-rich region and has been the center of international concern over extensive pollution which is often used as an example of ecocide. The principal cause is major oil spills by multinational corporations of the petroleum industry.
Sherira ben Hanina
Sherira bar Hanina (Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: שרירא בר חנינא), more commonly known as Sherira Gaon (שרירא גאון; c. 906 – c. 1006), was the gaon of the Pumbedita Academy in Lower Mesopotamia. He was one of the most prominent geonim of the period. His son Hai succeeded him as gaon. He wrote the Iggeret of Rabbi Sherira Gaon, a comprehensive history of the composition of the Talmud.

Jewish Babylonian Aramaic
Jewish Babylonian Aramaic (Aramaic: ארמית Ārāmît) was the form of Middle Aramaic employed by writers in Lower Mesopotamia between the fourth and eleventh centuries. It is most commonly identified with the language of the Babylonian Talmud (which was completed in the fifth century), the Targum Onqelos, and of post-Talmudic (Gaonic) literature, which are the most important cultural products of Babylonian Jews. The most important epigraphic sources for the dialect are the hundreds of inscriptions on incantation bowls.
R238 road (Ireland)
The R238 road is a regional road in Ireland. It is a ring road around the Inishowen Peninsula in County Donegal. The R238 is also part of the main road from Derry to Buncrana. Sections of the road form part of the Wild Atlantic Way. In July 2010, the road was the site of Ireland's worst road crash resulting in eight deaths.

The R238 travels north from the N13 at Bridge End. The road travels along Lough Swilly to reach Buncrana. From there the road proceeds inland to Carndonagh. After Carndonagh, the road goes to meet the Lough Foyle coast at Moville. From Moville the road proceeds southwest to end at the County Londonderry border just past Muff. The R238 is 88.1 km (54.7 mi) long.

Muff, County Donegal
Muff (from Irish Magh) is a village, civil parish and townland in County Donegal, Ireland. It is near the mouth of the River Foyle (where it flows into Lough Foyle) and sits close to the border between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. The village of Culmore and the city of Derry are to the south in Northern Ireland.
Distortion-limited operation
In telecommunications, distortion-limited operation is the condition prevailing when distortion of a received signal, rather than its attenuated amplitude (or power), limits performance under stated operational conditions and limits.

Note:  Distortion-limited operation is reached when the system distorts the shape of the waveform beyond specified limits. For linear systems, distortion-limited operation is equivalent to bandwidth-limited operation.

Power (physics)
Power is the amount of energy transferred or converted per unit time. In the International System of Units, the unit of power is the watt (symbol W), equal to one joule per second (J/s). Power is a scalar quantity.

The output power of a motor is the product of the torque that the motor generates and the angular velocity of its output shaft.  Likewise, the power dissipated in an electrical element of a circuit is the product of the current flowing through the element and of the voltage across the element.
2021 ADAC GT Masters
The 2021 ADAC GT Masters was the fifteenth season of the ADAC GT Masters, the grand tourer-style sports car racing founded by the German automobile club ADAC.

Montaplast drivers Ricardo Feller and Christopher Mies won the title in a closely-fought battle with SSR Performance's Michael Ammermüller and Mathieu Jaminet.

Grand tourer
A grand tourer (GT) is a type of car that is designed for high speed, long-distance driving with luxury specifications. The most common format is a front-engine, rear-wheel-drive two-door coupé with either a two-seat or a 2+2 arrangement. Grand tourers are often the coupé derivative of luxury saloons or sedans. Some models, such as the Ferrari 250 GT, Jaguar E-Type, and Aston Martin DB5, are considered classic examples of gran turismo cars.

The term is a near-calque from the Italian language phrase gran turismo, which became popular in the English language in the 1950s, evolving from fast touring cars and streamlined closed sports cars during the 1930s.