hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Meyer v. Holley
Meyer v. Holley, 537 U.S. 280 (2003), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the Fair Housing Act imposes strict liability on residential real estate corporations for racial discrimination, but the officers and owners of the corporation generally will not be held vicariously liable for offenses committed by the corporation's employees of agents. In a unanimous opinion written by Justice Stephen Breyer, the Court held that the Fair Housing Act "imposes liability without fault upon the employer in accordance with traditional agency principles, i. e., it normally imposes vicarious liability upon the corporation but not upon its officers or owners."

Vicarious liability
Vicarious liability is a form of a  strict, secondary liability that arises under the common law doctrine of agency, respondeat superior, the responsibility of the superior for the acts of their subordinate or, in a broader sense, the responsibility of any third party that had the "right, ability, or duty to control" the activities of a violator. It can be distinguished from contributory liability, another form of secondary liability, which is rooted in the tort theory of enterprise liability because, unlike contributory infringement, knowledge is not an element of vicarious liability. The law has developed the view that some relationships by their nature require the person who engages others to accept responsibility for the wrongdoing of those others. The most important such relationship for practical purposes is that of employer and employee.
Oxygen (Miller novel)
Oxygen is the third novel by English author, Andrew Miller, released on 6 September 2001 through Sceptre. Although the novel received mixed reviews, it was shortlisted for both a Man Booker Prize and a Whitbread Award in 2001.

Short list
A short list or shortlist is a list of candidates for a job, prize, award, political position, etc., that has been reduced from a longer list of candidates (sometimes via intermediate lists known as "long lists"). The length of short lists varies according to the context. A candidate on a short list may or may not receive the award or position.
Abbreviation
An abbreviation (from Latin  brevis 'short') is a shortened form of a word or phrase, by any method including shortening, contraction, initialism (which includes acronym), or crasis. An abbreviation may be a shortened form of a word, usually ended with a trailing full stop (period). For example, the term etc. is the usual abbreviation for the Latin phrase et cetera.

Et cetera
Et cetera (English: /ɛtˈsɛt(ə)rə, ɪt-/, Latin: [ɛt ˈkeːtɛra]), abbreviated to etc. or et cet., is a Latin expression that is used in English to mean "and all the rest". The ampersand "&"  is a ligature of "et", thus it can also be abbreviated &c. . Translated literally from Latin, et can mean 'and', while cētĕra can mean 'the rest'; thus, the expression translates to 'and the rest'.

Et cetera is a calque (loanword/phrase) of the Koine Greek καὶ τὰ ἕτερα (kai ta hetera) meaning 'and the other things'. The typical Modern Greek form is και τα λοιπά (kai ta loipá) 'and the remainder'.
Fresh Filter: Volume 1
Fresh Filter: Volume 1 is a compilation album of OPM songs by various local indie music acts that heard on Jam 88.3's supplemental program Fresh Filter. The compilation album is a joint project of Jam 88.3 and local vinyl retailer Satchmi, and is produced by the show's host Russ Davis.

It is composed of 12 tracks (in a 2-disc vinyl set) which are performed by local and unsigned Filipino indie music artists/bands (A Problem Like Maria, Autotelic, B.P. Valenzuela, Bullet Dumas, Cheats, Flying Ipis, Library Kids, Moonwlk, Ourselves the Elves, Tandems' 91, The Ransom Collective, and Yolanda Moon).

Indie music scene
An independent music scene is a localized independent music-oriented (or, more specifically, indie rock/indie pop-oriented) community of bands and their audiences. Local scenes can play a key role in musical history and lead to the development of influential genres; for example, no wave from New York City, United States; Madchester from Manchester, England; and grunge from Seattle.

Indie scenes are often created as a response to mainstream or popular music. These scenes are created in opposition of mainstream culture and music and often contribute to the formation of oppositional identities among individuals involved in the scene.
Burning Bridges (Naked Eyes album)
Burning Bridges is the debut studio album by the English new wave duo Naked Eyes, released on 16 March 1983 by EMI and EMI America Records. The album was released in the United States and Canada as Naked Eyes with two tracks demoted to B-sides. The track "Always Something There to Remind Me" was released as a single and reached No. 59 on the UK singles chart and US No. 8 in July 1983 before "Promises, Promises" reached US No. 11 and "When the Lights Go Out" US No. 37. The album was released for the first time on CD in 2012 by Cherry Red Records.

Cherry Red Records
Cherry Red Records is a British independent record label founded in Malvern, Worcestershire by Iain McNay in 1978. The label has released recordings by Dead Kennedys, Everything but the Girl, The Monochrome Set, and Felt, among others, as well as the compilation album Pillows & Prayers. In addition to releasing new music, Cherry Red also acts as an umbrella for individual imprints and catalogue specialists.

Cherry Red was listed by Music Week as one of the UK's top ten record companies in Q1 2015 for sales of artist albums.
Veiled Cup
Veiled Cup (Korean: 베일드 컵), formerly named Global Veiled Musician (Korean: 글로벌 베일드 뮤지션) was the third edition of the South Korean singing competition series Veiled Musician, and the first edition of the international version of the series that took place in South Korea, with the final held on February 1, 2026. Nine countries participated, with the preliminary round and semi-final results being decided by a professional judging panel, while the winner was decided by votes from both the professional judging panel and the viewing public. The show was hosted by Lee Da-hee.

Organized by the Seoul Broadcasting System (SBS) and produced by Prism Studios, the show is split into four episodes and broadcast on SBS TV from January 11 to February 1, 2026, with the preliminary and semi-final rounds being pre-recorded and the final being broadcast live.

The winner was Laguna Diva from the Philippines, whose identity was revealed to be Arabelle Dela Cruz.

SBS TV
SBS TV (Seoul Broadcasting System Television) is a South Korean free-to-air television channel operated by Seoul Broadcasting System. The channel was launched on 9 December 1991. Unlike competing network MBC, SBS operates using a federalized structure, managing a network of nine stations (of which SBS in Seoul is the flagship) to supply programming, while the affiliates outside Seoul carry local programming to cater to local needs.
Mensaka
Mensaka (Spanish: Mensaka, páginas de una historia; transl. 'Mensaka, Pages from a Story') is a 1998 Spanish drama film written and directed by Salvador García Ruiz (in his directorial feature debut) consisting of an adaptation of the novel Mensaka by José Ángel Mañas. It stars Gustavo Salmerón, Tristán Ulloa, Adrià Collado, Laia Marull, María Esteve, Lola Dueñas and Guillermo Toledo.

Laia Marull
Laia Marull Quintana (born 4 January 1973) is a Spanish actress. She has won three Goya Awards — Best New Actress for Fugitives (2000), Best Actress for Take My Eyes (2003), and Best Supporting Actress for Black Bread (2010). She was also nominated for European Film Award for Best Actress for Take My Eyes.

Marull is known for her work on film, television and stage, and has performed in Spanish, Catalan and French.
Philip Penn
Philip Penn was an American politician who served as a member of the Illinois House of Representatives.

He served as a state representative representing St. Clair County in the 13th Illinois General Assembly.

13th Illinois General Assembly
The 13th Illinois General Assembly, consisting of the Illinois Senate and the Illinois House of Representatives, met from December 5, 1842, to March 6, 1843 (1st session).

The 13th General Assembly was preceded by the 12th Illinois General Assembly, and was succeeded by the 14th Illinois General Assembly.

On January 14, 1841, during the 12th Illinois General Assembly, the ratio of population per Senate seat was fixed at 12,000, and for Representatives at 4,000 resulting in a Senate of forty-one members and a House of one hundred twenty-one members. This arrangement lasted until February 25, 1847, when a new apportionment was made.
Ramona Forchini
Ramona Forchini (born 14 June 1994) is a Swiss racing cyclist. She rode in the women's road race event at the 2017 UCI Road World Championships. She was on the start list for the cross-country at the 2018 European Mountain Bike Championships, and finished in ninth place.

2017 UCI Road World Championships – Women's road race
The Women's road race of the 2017 UCI Road World Championships is a cycling event that took place on 23 September 2017 in Bergen, Norway. It was won by Chantal Blaak of the Netherlands, ahead of Australian Katrin Garfoot and the defending champion, Amalie Dideriksen of Denmark.
WQRV
WQRV (100.3 FM "100.3 The River") is a commercial radio station licensed to Meridianville, Alabama, and serving the Huntsville metropolitan area.  It broadcasts a classic hits radio format and is owned by iHeartMedia.  The studios are on Peoples Road near Interstate 565 in Madison, Alabama.  On weekdays, WQRV carries two nationally syndicated programs:  The Rick Burgess Show from WZZK-FM Birmingham in morning drive time and The Martha Quinn Show from Premiere Networks in middays.

WQRV has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 8,500 watts.  The transmitter tower is off NW Juniper Drive in Huntsville.  WQRV broadcasts using HD Radio technology.  The HD2 subchannel has a Top 40 (CHR) format as "106.5 KISS-FM".  That feeds an FM translator at 106.5 MHz.  The HD3 subchannel plays alternative rock as "ALT HSV".

Martha Quinn
Martha Quinn is an American actress and radio and television personality, best known as one of the original video jockeys on MTV (along with Nina Blackwood, Mark Goodman, Alan Hunter, and J. J. Jackson).
Peter Marshall (swimmer)
Peter Jeffrey Marshall (born March 9, 1982) is an American competition swimmer who specializes in the backstroke.  He is a former world record holder in the 50-meter backstroke (short course) and the 100-meter backstroke (short course).

He has won a total of fourteen medals in major international competition—ten gold, two silver, and two bronze—spanning the World Championships, Pan American Games, and Pan Pacific Championships.

Backstroke
Backstroke or back crawl is one of the four swimming styles used in competitive events regulated by FINA, and the only one of these styles swum on the back. This swimming style has the advantage of easy breathing, but the disadvantage of swimmers not being able to see where they are going. It also has a different start from the other three competition swimming styles. The swimming style is similar to an upside down front crawl or freestyle. Both backstroke and front crawl are long-axis strokes. In individual medley backstroke is the second style swum; in the medley relay it is the first style swum.
Taymuraz Mamsurov
Taymuraz Dzambekovich Mamsurov (Russian: Таймура́з Дзамбе́кович Мамсу́ров, Ossetian: Мамсыраты Дзамбеджы фырт Таймураз, romanized: Mamsyraty Dzambejy fyrt Taymuraz; b. April 13, 1954) is the former head of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania, Russia. He succeeded Alexander Dzasokhov, who voluntarily quit his post on May 31, 2005.

Ossetian language
Ossetian (/ɒˈsɛtiən/ o-SET-ee-ən, /ɒˈsiːʃən/ o-SEE-shən, /oʊˈsiːʃən/ oh-SEE-shən), commonly referred to as Ossetic and rarely as Ossete, is an Eastern Iranian language that is spoken predominantly in Ossetia, a region situated on both sides of the Russian-Georgian border in the Greater Caucasus region. It is the native language of the Ossetian people, and a relative and possibly a descendant of the extinct Scythian, Sarmatian, and Alanic languages.

The northern half of the Ossetian region is part of Russia and is known as North Ossetia–Alania, while the southern half is part of the de facto country of South Ossetia (recognized by the United Nations as Russian-occupied territory that is de jure part of Georgia). Ossetian-speakers number about 614,350, with 451,000 recorded in Russia per the 2010 Russian census.

Despite Ossetian being the official languages of both North and South Ossetia, since 2009 UNESCO has listed Ossetian as "vulnerable".
Matabeleland South Province
Matabeleland South is a province in southwestern Zimbabwe. With a population of 683,893 as of the 2012 Zimbabwean census. It is the country's least populated province after Matabeleland North.Matabeleland South and Matabeleland North were established in 1974, when the original Matabeleland Province was bifurcated. The province is divided into six districts. Gwanda is the capital, and Beitbridge is the province's largest town. The name "Matabeleland" is derived from Ndebele, the province's largest ethnic group.

Matabeleland South is bordered by Bulawayo and Matabeleland North to the north, Midlands to the northeast, Masvingo to the southeast, South Africa to the south, and Botswana to the west. It has an area of 54,172 square kilometres (20,916 mi2), equal to 13.86% of the total area of Zimbabwe. It is the fourth-largest of the country's ten provinces in area. Matabeleland South sits on the edge of the Kalahari Desert, giving it an arid climate not hospitable to agriculture.

Aridity
Aridity is the condition of geographical regions which make up approximately 43% of total global available land area, characterized by low annual precipitation, increased temperatures, and limited water availability. These areas tend to fall upon degraded soils, and their health and functioning are key necessities of regulating ecosystems’ atmospheric components.
Aerospace materials
Aerospace materials are materials, frequently metal alloys, that have either been developed for, or have come to prominence through their use for aerospace purposes.

These uses often require exceptional performance, strength or heat resistance, even at the cost of considerable expense in their production or machining. Others are chosen for their long-term reliability in this safety-conscious field, particularly for their resistance to fatigue.

The field of materials engineering is an important one within aerospace engineering. Its practice is defined by the international standards bodies who maintain standards for the materials and processes involved. Engineers in this field may often have studied for degrees or post-graduate qualifications in it as a speciality.

International standard
An international standard is a technical standard developed by one or more international standards organizations. International standards are available for consideration and use worldwide. The most prominent such organization is the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Other prominent international standards organizations including the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Together, these three organizations have formed the World Standards Cooperation alliance.
Allan C. Spradling
Allan C. Spradling is an American scientist and principal investigator at the Carnegie Institution for Science and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute who studies egg development in the model organism, Drosophila melanogaster, a fruit fly. He is considered a leading researcher in the developmental genetics of the fruit fly egg and has developed a number of techniques in his career that have led to greater understanding of fruit fly genetics including contributions to sequencing its genome. He is also an adjunct professor at Johns Hopkins University and at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.

Developmental biology
Developmental biology is the scientific study of the processes by which animals and plants grow and develop. The field of developmental biology is further defined by its study of phenomena such as regeneration, asexual reproduction, metamorphosis, and the growth and differentiation of stem cells within the adult organism.
Freemen's Protective Silver Federation
The Freemen's Protective Silver Federation was a fraternal order in the United States founded in the interests of the free silver movement at the height of its popularity in the mid-1890s.

The organization claimed as many as 800,000 members in 1896 and strictly adhered to populist ideals. While it was nationwide, it gained much notoriety in the state of Washington where it was accused of inciting violence and acting as a paramilitary organization. Lawyers and bankers were barred from obtaining membership within the federation.

In an effort to distance themselves from more bad press, members of the federation participated in the search for missing farmer Charles Gloystein of Mica, Washington in 1894, the disappearance of whom had been blamed on the organization by many.

The Freemen's Protective Silver Federation was dissolved by the early 1920s.

Mica, Washington
Mica is an unincorporated community in Spokane County, Washington, United States. Mica is located along State Route 27 12 miles (19 km) southeast of downtown Spokane. Mica had a post office with ZIP code 99023.
Projective texture mapping
Projective texture mapping is a method of texture mapping that allows a textured image to be projected onto a scene as if by a slide projector. Projective texture mapping is useful in a variety of lighting techniques and it is the starting point for shadow mapping.

Projective texture mapping is essentially a special matrix transformation which is performed per-vertex and then linearly interpolated as standard texture mapping.

Coordinate system
In geometry, a coordinate system is a system that uses one or more numbers, or coordinates, to uniquely determine and standardize the position of the points or other geometric elements on a manifold such as Euclidean space. The coordinates are not interchangeable; they are commonly distinguished by their position in an ordered tuple, or by a label, such as in "the x-coordinate". The coordinates are taken to be real numbers in elementary mathematics, but may be complex numbers or elements of a more abstract system such as a commutative ring. The use of a coordinate system allows problems in geometry to be translated into problems about numbers and vice versa; this is the basis of analytic geometry.
Unlistenable Hymns of Indulgent Damage
Unlistenable Hymns of Indulgent Damage is the debut album by American metal band Angel Rot, released on April 23, 1999, by Man's Ruin Records. The album was recorded in 1993 but delay in releasing the sessions occurred when the master tapes were lost.

Man's Ruin Records
Man's Ruin Records was an independent record label owned and founded by San Francisco Bay Area artist Frank Kozik. In total, the record label released over 200 singles and albums, with most of the artwork designed by Kozik.

After the 1995 release of Man's Ruin's first record, Experimental Audio Research (EAR): Delta 6, Kozik worked with artists whom he wanted to release. He also designed all of the sleeve-art for the releases. The catalog of Man's Ruin is vast, including relatively famous bands such as the Hellacopters, Nebula, Kyuss, High on Fire, Entombed, Turbonegro, 13eaver, Queens of the Stone Age, and the Sex Pistols; and also lesser known bands such as FuckEmos, Soulpreacher, Angel Rot, and the Cowslingers. The last record released was from Begotten. The label was officially closed by 2002. The label's slogan was "Empty Pleasures and Desperate Measures since 1994".
Letung Airport
Letung Airport (IATA: LMU, ICAO: WIDL) is a domestic airport located on Jemaja Island of Anambas Islands Regency, Riau Islands province, Indonesia. Letung Airport is able to serve aircraft equivalent to ATR 72.

ATR 72
The ATR 72 is a twin-engine turboprop, short-haul regional airliner developed and produced in France and Italy by aircraft manufacturer ATR.
The number "72" in its name is derived from the aircraft's typical standard seating capacity of 72 passengers.
The ATR 72 has also been used as a corporate transport, cargo aircraft, and maritime patrol aircraft.

To date, all of the ATR series have been completed at the company's final assembly line in Toulouse, France; ATR benefits from sharing resources and technology with Airbus SE, which has continued to hold a 50% interest in the company. Successive models of the ATR 72 have been developed. Typical updates have included new avionics, such as a glass cockpit, and the adoption of newer engine versions to deliver enhanced performance, such as increased efficiency and reliability and reductions in operating costs. The aircraft shares a high degree of commonality with the smaller ATR 42, which remains in production as of 2025.
Marchandiomyces corallinus
Marchandiomyces corallinus is a lichenicolous fungus that parasitizes lichens, particularly those in the genera Physcia, Parmelia, Flavoparmelia, Lepraria, Pertusaria, Lasallia, and Lecanora. It is commonly found in eastern North America and Europe.

Lepraria
Lepraria is a genus of leprose (powdery) crustose lichens that grows on its substrate like patches of granular, caked up, mealy dust grains. Members of the genus are commonly called dust lichens.: 305  The main vegetative body (thallus) is made of patches of soredia (little balls of algae wrapped in fungus). Sexual structures have not been observed in Lepraria, but genomic evidence indicates that the genus retains mating type and meiosis-associated genes, raising the possibility of cryptic sexual or parasexual recombination. Some species can form marginal lobes and appear squamulose. Because of the morphological simplicity of the thallus and the absence of sexual structures, the composition of lichen products (i.e., secondary metabolites made by lichens) are important characters to distinguish between similar species in Lepraria.
Jack Cater
Sir Jack Cater KBE JP (Chinese: 姬達; 21 February 1922 – 14 April 2006) was the chief secretary of Hong Kong from 1978 to 1981. Cater was the third chief secretary under the Governorship of Sir Murray MacLehose, later Lord MacLehose of Beoch. He was the founding commissioner of the Independent Commission Against Corruption of Hong Kong.

Governor of Hong Kong
The governor of Hong Kong was the representative of the British Crown in Hong Kong from 1843 to 1997. In this capacity, the governor was president of the Executive Council and commander-in-chief of the British Forces Overseas Hong Kong. The governor's roles were defined in the Hong Kong Letters Patent and Royal Instructions. Upon the end of British rule and the handover of Hong Kong to China in 1997, most of the civil functions of this office went to the chief executive of Hong Kong, and military functions went to the commander of the People's Liberation Army Hong Kong Garrison.
Lauri Jõeleht
Lauri Jõeleht (born 14 December 1974 in Tallinn) is an Estonian composer.

In 2003, he finished his master's thesis in composition specialty at Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre.

Since 1996, he is working as a guitar teacher. Since 2014, he is also teaching at Institute of Instrumental and Vocal Pedagogy of the Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre.

Since 2002, he is a member of Estonian Composers' Union.

Estonian Composers' Union
Estonian Composers' Union (abbreviation ECU; Estonian: Eesti Heliloojate Liit) is an Estonian creative union which encompasses professional composers and musicologists in Estonia. The chairman of ECU is Märt-Matis Lill.

Since 2005, ECU is a member of the International Society of Contemporary Music (ISCM).

As of 2021, ECU has 120 members.