hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Koba Gurtskaia
Koba Gurtskaia (or Ghurtskaia, Georgian: კობა ღურწკაია; born 12 December 1973) is a Georgian CEO. He was acting commander of the Georgian Navy from 2006 to 2008.

A native of Sukhumi, Gurtskaia graduated from the Georgian Institute of Subtropics (1992) and the Ukrainian Armed Forces Staff Academy (2000). Gurtskaia joined the Georgian military in 1992 and fought in the War in Abkhazia (1992–1993). From 1998 to 2006, he served, successively, as the commander of a separate Marine battalion, Chief of Staff of a Marine brigade, Chief of Staff of the Navy and Executive Officer for Coastal Defense. From 2006 to 2008, Colonel Gurtskaia was an acting commander of the Georgian Navy. On 5 March 2008, he was moved to the position of Deputy Head of the National Guard Department of Georgia. In 2016, he headed maritime security department at the Defense Ministry.

National Guard of Georgia
The National Guard of Georgia (GNG, Georgian: საქართველოს ეროვნული გვარდია, sak'art'velos erovnuli gvardia) is the gendarmerie, guard of honour, and military reserve force branch of the Defense Forces of Georgia. It is tasked with responding to civil affairs, civil disorders, external threats, important ceremonial duties, internal security, natural disasters crisis, public security, and support military operations.
Sakaguchi test
The Sakaguchi test is a chemical test used to detect presence of arginine in proteins. It is named after the Japanese food scientist and organic chemist, Shoyo Sakaguchi (1900–1995) who described the test in 1925. The Sakaguchi reagent used in the test consists of 1-Naphthol and a drop of sodium hypobromite. The guanidino (–C group in arginine reacts with the Sakaguchi reagent to form a red-coloured complex.

Arginine
Arginine is the amino acid with the formula (H2N)(HN)CN(H)(CH2)3CH(NH2)CO2H.  The molecule features a guanidino group appended to a standard amino acid framework. At physiological pH, the carboxylic acid is deprotonated (−CO2−) and both the amino and guanidino groups are protonated, resulting in a cation. Only the l-arginine (symbol Arg or R) enantiomer is found naturally. Arg residues are common components of proteins. It is encoded by the codons CGU, CGC, CGA, CGG, AGA, and AGG. The guanidine group in arginine is the precursor for the biosynthesis of nitric oxide. Like all amino acids, it is a white, water-soluble solid.

The one-letter symbol R was assigned to arginine for its phonetic similarity in English.
Harold Stafford
Harold Edwin Stafford (20 April 1921 – 18 January 2005) was a Liberal party member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was born in Fredericton, New Brunswick and became a lawyer by career.

After two defeats at the Elgin riding in the 1962 and 1963 federal elections, Stafford was elected there in the 1965 election and re-elected in 1968. After serving two terms, the 27th and 28th Canadian Parliaments, Stafford was defeated in the 1972 election by John Wise of the Progressive Conservative party.

Elgin (federal electoral district)
Elgin (also known as Elgin—Norfolk) was a federal electoral district represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1935 to 1997. It was located in the province of Ontario. This riding was created in 1933 from parts of Elgin West and Norfolk—Elgin ridings.

It initially consisted of the county of Elgin, including the city of St. Thomas. In 1966, it was redefined to consist of the County of Elgin and the Village of Belmont in the County of Middlesex. In 1987, it was redefined to consist of the County of Elgin and the Township of Norfolk in the Regional Municipality of Haldimand-Norfolk.

The name of electoral district was changed in 1990 to Elgin—Norfolk.

The electoral district was abolished in 1996 when it was redistributed between Elgin—Middlesex—London and Haldimand—Norfolk—Brant ridings.
1992 United States Senate election in Vermont
The 1992 United States Senate election in Vermont was held on November 3, 1992. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Patrick Leahy won re-election to a fourth term.

This was the last time in which a Republican candidate won Caledonia county in a senate election, the last time until 2016 that a Republican candidate would win a county in Vermont in a Class 3 Senate election, and the last time a Republican candidate would lose by less than 20 points in an election for the seat.

Secretary of State of Vermont
The secretary of state of Vermont is one of five cabinet-level constitutional officers in the U.S. state of Vermont which are elected every two years. The secretary of state is fourth (behind the lieutenant governor, speaker of the House of Representatives, president pro tempore of the Senate, respectively) in the line of succession to the office of Governor of Vermont.  The Office of the Secretary of State is located at 128 State St. in Montpelier. Since 2023, the secretary of state has been Sarah Copeland-Hanzas, a Democrat.
Swindon Town F.C. Reserves and Academy
The Swindon Town reserve team previously played in the Totesport.com Combination League. They also participate in the Wiltshire Premier Shield each season. The Swindon Town Development side play their home games at The County Ground, Swindon. In previous seasons the team has also played at Hunts Copse, the home of Swindon Supermarine.

Swindon Supermarine F.C.
Swindon Supermarine Football Club is a semi-professional football club based in South Marston, Swindon, England. The club plays in the Southern League Division One South and is affiliated to the Wiltshire Football Association. The club plays at the Webbswood Stadium on the northern edge of South Marston, north-east of Swindon.
National Market System
The National Market System (NMS) is a regulatory mechanism that governs the operations of securities trading in the United States. Its primary focus is ensuring transparency and full disclosure regarding stock price quotations and trade executions. It was initiated in 1975, when, in the Securities Acts Amendments of 1975, Congress directed the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to use its authority to facilitate the establishment of a national market system. The system has been updated periodically, for example with the Regulation NMS in 2005 which took into account technological innovations and other market changes.

Share capital
A corporation's share capital, commonly referred to as capital stock in the United States, is the portion of a corporation's equity that has been derived by the issue of shares in the corporation to a shareholder, usually for cash.
Motinėlė Society
Motinėlė Society (motinėlė is a Lithuanian-language diminutive of "mother") was the common name of two Lithuanian charitable societies, one based in United States and the other in Kaunas, Lithuania, that provided financial aid to gifted Catholic minded students. While the societies shared the name and functions, they were independent of each other. The Lithuanian American society was established in 1900 by a group of priests and was active until 1945. Lithuanian priests copied the example and established Motinėlė in Kaunas in 1903. This society was active until 1932. Both societies supported over 120 Lithuanian students, many of whom later became prominent figures in Lithuanian politics, science, culture, and Catholic church.

Šatrijos Ragana
Šatrijos Ragana ("Witch of Šatrija") was the pen name of Marija Pečkauskaitė (Polish: Maria Pieczkowska; March 8, 1877 – July 24, 1930), a Lithuanian humanist and romantic writer and educator. Her most successful works are Sename dvare (In the Old Estate, 1922) and Irkos tragedija (Tragedy of Irka).
Australian Ninja Warrior season 2
The second season of the sports entertainment reality competition series Australian Ninja Warrior premiered on 8 July 2018 on the Nine Network. The season was hosted by Rebecca Maddern, Ben Fordham & Freddie Flintoff.

Rebecca Maddern
Rebecca Maddern (born 6 August 1977) is an Australian television presenter and journalist.

Maddern is currently Chief Sports Presenter on Seven News Melbourne.

She has worked at Seven Network for over a decade, where she was a presenter and reporter for Seven News and also presented a variety of programs and events across the network.
Upper Hudson River Valley
The northern portion of the Hudson River valley in Upstate New York, generally that region extending from the first town below the headwaters of the Hudson River at North River to the last substantive waterfall preventing the passage of vessels at Fort Edward.

Downstream from Fort Edward, northbound boat traffic exits the Hudson River onto the Champlain Canal.

The largest population center in the Upper Hudson River Valley is that of Glens Falls. Other towns include North Creek, Hadley, Lake Luzerne, Corinth, and Hudson Falls. The region is characterized by a series of small glens and valleys surrounded by the Adirondack Mountains on all sides. At Corinth the river deepens and widens as it approaches the "big bend" where Interstate 87 crosses near Glens Falls.

North and west of this region are the Adirondacks, east are Lake George and Vermont, and south is Capital Region, New York.

In 2006, there was evidence of Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) pollution in the river valley.

Lake Luzerne, New York
Lake Luzerne, formerly the Town of Fairfield and then Luzerne, is a town in southern Warren County, New York, United States. The town is located within the Adirondack Park. The town is part of the Glens Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area. Lake Luzerne is west of the city of Glens Falls. The town population was 3,079 at the 2020 census.
HMS Zulu
Three ships of the British Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Zulu, after the African Zulu people:

HMS Zulu (1909), a 1905 Tribal-class (or F-class) destroyer that served in World War I

HMS Zulu (F18), launched in 1937, a 1936 Tribal-class destroyer that served in World War II

HMS Zulu (F124), launched in 1962, a Tribal-class frigate

Tribal-class destroyer (1905)
The Tribal or F class was a class of destroyers built for the Royal Navy. Twelve ships were built between 1905 and 1908 and all saw service during World War I, where they saw action in the North Sea and English Channel as part of the 6th Flotilla and Dover Patrols.
Home from the Vinyl Cafe
Home from the Vinyl Cafe (1998) is Stuart McLean's second volume of stories that first aired on the CBC Radio program The Vinyl Cafe. It was the winner of the 1999 Stephen Leacock Award for Humour.

Stories included in Home from the Vinyl Cafe:

Dave Cooks the Turkey

Holland

Valentine's Day

Sourdough

Music Lessons

Burd

Emil

The Birthday Party

Summer Camp

The Cottage

Road Trip

Labour Days

School Days

A Day Off

On the Roof

Polly Anderson's Christmas Party

Stephen Leacock Memorial Medal for Humour
The Stephen Leacock Memorial Medal for Humour, also known as the Stephen Leacock Medal for Humour or just the Leacock Medal, is an annual Canadian literary award presented for the best book of humour written in English by a Canadian writer, published or self-published in the previous year. The silver medal, designed by sculptor Emanuel Hahn, is a tribute to well-known Canadian humorist Stephen Leacock (1869–1944) and is accompanied by a cash prize of CA$25,000. It is presented in the late spring or early summer each year, during a banquet ceremony in or near Leacock’s hometown of Orillia, Ontario.

The medal is one of the oldest literary prizes in Canada and is the only one awarded to a work of humour. It has been awarded every year since 1947 with the exception of 1959 when it was reported that no worthy entries had been submitted.
Gershwin Publishing Corp. v. Columbia Artists Management, Inc.
Gershwin Publishing Corp. v. Columbia Artists Management, Inc., 443 F.2d 1159 (2d Cir. 1971), was a copyright infringement case in which the United States Court of Appeals for the Second District ruled that defendant Columbia Artists Management, Inc. was liable for vicarious copyright infringement and contributory copyright infringement. Plaintiff American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers ("ASCAP"), on behalf of Gershwin Publishing Corp., sued Columbia Artists Management, Inc. ("CAMI") on the premise that CAMI had no permission to use a song from its repertory for a public, for-profit concert in which artists managed by CAMI performed. The final court decision established that contributory infringement can still be liable for copyright infringement if the party has knowledge of the violating activity, whether or not they are directly involved in the violation.

Vicarious liability
Vicarious liability is a form of a  strict, secondary liability that arises under the common law doctrine of agency, respondeat superior, the responsibility of the superior for the acts of their subordinate or, in a broader sense, the responsibility of any third party that had the "right, ability, or duty to control" the activities of a violator. It can be distinguished from contributory liability, another form of secondary liability, which is rooted in the tort theory of enterprise liability because, unlike contributory infringement, knowledge is not an element of vicarious liability. The law has developed the view that some relationships by their nature require the person who engages others to accept responsibility for the wrongdoing of those others. The most important such relationship for practical purposes is that of employer and employee.
Jon Crossland
Jon Crossland was a British designer and illustrator, known for having collaborated with great names in music designing the covers and leaflets of their albums, highlighting among many others, his collaboration with Pink Floyd, Kansas, Alan Parsons, Bruce Dickinson, The Cranberries, etc.

Crossland attended St Martin's School of Art, London, graduating in 1987 with a degree in graphic design. His first job out of college was as Neville Brody's assistant at his former studio in Tottenham Court Road. He worked extensively with Storm Thorgerson throughout the 1990s and contributed several designs, most notably Pink Floyd's 'Pulse' album cover. He has worked extensively in London and the United States as a freelance designer and illustrator. His poster design 'Stop The Burning' is on archive at the Victoria & Albert Museum in London.

Illustration
An illustration is a decoration, interpretation, or visual explanation of a text, concept, or process, designed for integration in print and digitally published media, such as posters, flyers, magazines, books, teaching materials, animations, video games and films. An illustration is typically created by an illustrator. Digital illustrations are often used to make websites and apps more user-friendly, such as the use of emojis to accompany digital type. Illustration also means providing an example; either in writing or in picture form.

The origin of the word "illustration" is late Middle English (in the sense ‘illumination; spiritual or intellectual enlightenment’): via Old French from Latin illustratio(n-), from the verb illustrare.
Xeros family
The Xeroi, singular Xeros (Greek: Ξηρóς), were a Byzantine family belonging to the Peloponnesian aristocracy and active between the 10th and 13th centuries. They were mainly bureaucrats and judges. One of their distinguishing marks was the depiction of Saint Mark on their seals.

A judge named Xeros was a correspondent of the 11th-century scholar and official Michael Psellos. The name Basil was popular with them. Judges of this name are known in the themes of the Peloponnese, Hellas, the Cibyrrhaeots and Anatolikon. In 1057, the protomystikos John Xeros presided over the trial of two monasteries on Mount Athos. An eparch named Xeros took part in the rebellion of the Anemas against Alexios I Komnenos in 1105. Thereafter, the family declined in importance. Basil Xeros served as an ambassador to King Roger II of Sicily. Increasingly they were clerics. Leo Xeros (died 1153) was the metropolitan of Athens. Around 1252, John Xeros was the bishop of Naupaktos.

Archbishopric of Athens
The Archbishopric of Athens (Greek: Ιερά Αρχιεπισκοπή Αθηνών) is a Greek Orthodox archiepiscopal see based in the city of Athens, Greece. It is the senior see of Greece, and the seat of the autocephalous Church of Greece. Its incumbent (since 2008) is Ieronymos II of Athens. As the head of the Church of Greece, the holder is styled Archbishop of Athens and All Greece (Αρχιεπίσκοπος Αθηνών και πάσης Ελλάδος).
Kadaladi (Tiruvannamalai)
Kadaladi (pronunciationⓘ) is a small village in Kalasapakkam taluk, Tiruvannamalai district, Tamil Nadu, India. The nearby towns are Kalasapakkam, Pudupalayam, Thurinjapuram and Polur.
It comes under Kadalady Panchayath. It is located 26 km north of the district capital.

The Kadaladi postal code is 606908.

Pudupalayam
Pudupalayam is a panchayat town in Chengam taluk of Tiruvanamalai district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Its pincode number is 606 705.It is well connected with Tiruvannamalai and Bangalore. This is at Bangalore Road at 33 km away from the famous Annamalaiyar Temple located in Thiruvannamalai.
Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 1500 metres
The men's 1500 metres at the 2008 Summer Olympics took place on 15–19 August at the Beijing National Stadium. Forty-eight athletes from 30 nations competed.

The qualifying standards were 3:36.60 (A standard) and 3:39.00 (B standard).

The initial winner, Rashid Ramzi of Bahrain, tested positive for the blood-booster CERA and was disqualified on November 18, 2009. After the disqualification, the event was won by Asbel Kiprop of Kenya, the nation's fourth title in the event. It was the fourth straight Games with a Kenyan on the podium in the event; the United States (six times from 1896 to 1920) and Great Britain (four times from 1908 to 1924) were the only other nations to have accomplished that. Nicholas Willis's silver was New Zealand's first medal in the men's 1500 metres since 1976. Mehdi Baala's bronze was France's first medal in the event since 1960.

Nick Willis
Nicholas Ian Willis MNZM (born 25 April 1983) is a New Zealand middle-distance runner and the country's only two-time Olympic medalist in the 1500 metres. He won the silver medal at the 2008 Olympics in Beijing, and bronze at the 2016 Olympics in Rio De Janeiro. His other achievements over the same distance include the national and Oceania record (3:29.66), and medals from three consecutive Commonwealth Games (gold in 2006, bronze in 2010 and 2014).
Harlebucht
The  Harlebucht or Harle Bay was originally a bay approximately 15 kilometers wide that reached about 10 kilometers inland north of Wittmund in today's East Frisia. (A more appropriate translation of bucht here might be Bight; the German word can mean either.)

The water encroachments into the hinterland in the Grote Mandrenke (Second Marcellus Flood) in 1362, which reached as far as the Geest near Jever, gave rise to side bays and greatly enlarged the Harlebucht. Around 1550 began a period of building dikes and polders, draining the Harlebucht and turning it into farmland.  Piece by piece, fertile farmland was created from what had been marsh and bay, until in 1894 the Elisabethgroden section was completed.

Saint Marcellus's flood
Saint Marcellus's flood or Grote Mandrenke (Low Saxon: /ɣroːtə mandrɛŋkə/; Danish: Den Store Manddrukning, 'Great Drowning of Men') was an intense extratropical cyclone, coinciding with a new moon, which swept across the British Isles, the Netherlands, northern Germany, and Denmark (including Schleswig/Southern Jutland) around 16 January 1362, causing at least 25,000 deaths. The storm tide is also called the "Second St. Marcellus flood" because it peaked on 16 January, the feast day of St. Marcellus. A previous "First St. Marcellus flood" had drowned 36,000 people along the coasts of West Friesland and Groningen on 16 January 1219.
ASB Bridge
The Armour–Swift–Burlington (ASB) Bridge, also known as the North Kansas City Bridge and the LRC Bridge, is a vertical-lift bridge crossing the Missouri River in Kansas City, Missouri.  Its lower deck carries a rail line of the BNSF Railway, and its upper deck formerly carried automobile traffic of Missouri Route 9; the bridge was designed so that the rail deck could be raised without blocking automobile traffic.

The ASB has a 428-foot (130 m) main span, making it the ninth-longest vertical-lift drawbridge in the United States.  The bridge is one of two of the type that had automobile traffic on the upper level, and rail traffic on the lower level. The lower deck can be raised to permit riverboats to pass without interrupting car traffic on top. This design allows the hangers from the lower deck to go through the truss members of the upper deck.

Missouri Route 9
Route 9 is a highway in the Kansas City, Missouri area.  Its northern terminus is at Interstate 29/U.S. Route 71 in Kansas City North; its southern terminus is at Interstate 35/Interstate 70/U.S. Route 24/U.S. Route 40 in downtown Kansas City. Though both termini are in Kansas City, it passes through other towns and cities.  It is carried across the Missouri River by the Heart of America Bridge between downtown Kansas City, Missouri and North Kansas City, Missouri.  In  North Kansas City, the highway serves as a main thoroughfare, Burlington Street.
Krzysztof Śmiszek
Krzysztof Jan Śmiszek (born 25 August 1979 in Stalowa Wola) is a Polish lawyer, politician, human rights and minority rights activist, and Doctor of Legal Sciences. He is a co-founder and former chair of the Polish Society of Anti-Discrimination Law, a member of the Sejm 9th and 10th terms (2019–2024), vice-chair of the New Left, Deputy Minister of Justice from 2023 to 2024, and a Member of the European Parliament for the 10th term (since 2024).

Ministry of Justice (Poland)
The Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Poland is one of the ministries of Poland.

The Ministry of Justice was established by the Decree of the Council of Ministers of 3 November 1999 on the creation of the Ministry of Justice.

The remit of the Minister of Justice is set out in the Ordinance of the President of the Council of Ministers of 13 December 2017 on the detailed scope of activities of the Minister of Justice.

The Ministry of Justice is a subsidiary office of the Minister of Justice, the chief government administration body responsible for the justice branch of government administration.

From 1956 to 1957, Zofia Wasilkowska was the first woman to serve as a Minister of Justice in Poland's history.

Each Minister of Justice between 1990 and 2010 and since 2016 has also been Public Prosecutor General.
2026 FIFA World Cup qualification – AFC fifth round
The AFC fifth round of the 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification were played from 13 to 18 November 2025. The matches were played between the United Arab Emirates and Iraq, to determine which team advances to the inter-confederation play-offs.

United Arab Emirates national football team
The United Arab Emirates national football team (Arabic: منتخب الإمَارَاتُ الْعَرَبِيَّةُ الْمُتَّحِدَة لِكُرَّةُ الْقَدَم) represents United Arab Emirates in men's international football and serves under the auspices of the country's Football Association.

It has made one FIFA World Cup appearance in 1990 in Italy and lost all three of its games. United Arab Emirates took fourth place in the 1992 AFC Asian Cup and runner-up in 1996 as host. It won the Arabian Gulf Cup in 2007 and 2013. It finished third in the 2015 AFC Asian Cup and hosted the 2019 edition in which it was eliminated in the semi-finals.
The Rising (LaHaye novel)
The Rising: Antichrist is Born/Before They Were Left Behind is the thirteenth novel in the Left Behind series and the first prequel. It was written by Tim LaHaye and Jerry B. Jenkins and published on Thursday, March 31, 2005. The hardback edition has the title and subtitle as The Rising: Before They Were Left Behind. It takes place 32–9 years before the Rapture.

Chloe Steele
Chloe Steele is a fictional character from the Left Behind series of novels by Tim LaHaye and Jerry B. Jenkins. Chloe was a junior at Stanford University in Palo Alto, California, during the vanishing of millions of people during the Rapture.