hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
The Siege of Calais (painting)
The Siege of Calais (French: La Prise de Calais) is an 1838 history painting by the French artist François-Édouard Picot. It depicts the Siege of Calais in which French forces under the Duke of Guise captured Calais from England. This brought an end to the Pale of Calais and led to the expulsion of the English garrison and inhabitants.

The picture was commissioned by Louis Philippe I for the new Musée de l'Histoire de France, part of a widespread policy of commemorating historic French victories during the July Monarchy. Originally the commission was for 9,000 francs, but this was later raised to 12,000.  It was exhibited at the Salon of 1838 at the Louvre in Paris. Today it is in the Galerie des Batailles at the Palace of Versailles.

Siege of Calais (1558)
The French siege of Calais in early 1558 was part of the Italian War of 1551–1559 between France and England and their respective allies. It resulted in the seizure of the town and its dependencies by France.

The Pale of Calais had been ruled by England since 1347, during the Hundred Years' War. By the 1550s, England was ruled by Mary I of England and her husband Philip II of Spain. When the Kingdom of England supported a Spanish invasion of France, Henry II of France sent Francis, Duke of Guise, against English-held Calais, defended by Thomas Wentworth, 2nd Baron Wentworth. Following an initial failure in mid-1557, a renewed attack captured the outlying forts of Nieullay and Risbank from the English forces and Calais was besieged.
1965–66 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team
The 1965–66 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team represented the University of Michigan in intercollegiate college basketball during the 1965–66 season.  The team played its home games at Fielding H. Yost Field House (renamed Yost Ice Arena in 1973) on the school's campus in Ann Arbor, Michigan.  Under the direction of head coach Dave Strack, the team won the Big Ten Conference Championship.

NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament bids by school
This is a list of NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament bids by school, and is updated through 2024. There are currently 68 bids possible each year (31 automatic qualifiers, 37 at-large). Schools not currently in Division I are in italics (e.g., CCNY) and some have appeared under prior names (e.g., UTEP went by Texas Western in 1966). Vacated appearances are excluded from the Bids table and noted below it.
Trouvère
Trouvère (/truːˈvɛər/, French: [tʁuvɛʁ]), sometimes spelled trouveur (/truːˈvɜːr/, French: [tʁuvœʁ]), is the Northern French (langue d'oïl) form of the langue d'oc (Occitan) word trobador, the precursor of the modern French word troubadour. Trouvère refers to poet-composers who were roughly contemporary with and influenced by the trobadors, both composing and performing lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages, but while the trobadors composed and performed in Old Occitan, the trouvères used the northern dialects of France. One of the first known trouvères was Chrétien de Troyes (fl. 1160s–1180s) and the trouvères continued to flourish until about 1300. Some 2130 trouvère poems have survived; of these, at least two-thirds have melodies.

Langues d'oïl
The langues d'oïl  are a dialect continuum that includes standard French and its closest relatives historically spoken in the northern half of France, southern Belgium, and the Channel Islands. They belong to the larger category of Gallo-Romance languages, which also include the historical languages of east-central France and western Switzerland, southern France, portions of northern Italy, the Val d'Aran in Spain, and under certain acceptations those of Catalonia.

Linguists divide the Romance languages of France, and especially of Medieval France, into two main geographical subgroups: the langues d'oïl to the north, and the langues d'oc in the southern half of France. Both groups are named after the word for yes in their recent ancestral languages. The most common modern langue d'oïl is standard French, in which the ancestral oïl has become oui.
Rur Eifel
The Dürener Rur Eifel (German: Dürener Rureifel) lies in the district of Düren in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, and is a local recreation area from the regions of Cologne, Aachen, Düsseldorf, Krefeld, Mönchengladbach and Bonn. Its name comes from the river Rur and the Eifel Mountains. To this touristic region belong Nideggen, Heimbach, Hürtgenwald and Kreuzau. It had been the operating area of the Rureifel-Tourismus e.V. until 2020.

Also towns and municipalities within the Städteregion Aachen, Stolberg, Roetgen, Simmerath and Monschau have been included into the work area of Rureifel Tourismus GmbH since 2021

The Naturpark Eifel (Eifel Forest Park) defines also Schleiden and Hellenthal, within the district of Euskirchen as parts of the Rur Eifel.

This holiday and day-excursion region is widely known for having the second largest dam in Europe, the Schwammenauel, or Rur Dam, the Eifel National Park and a part of the Deutsch-Belgischen Naturpark Hohes Venn - Eifel.

Nideggen
Nideggen (German: [ˈniːdɛɡn̩] ⓘ) is a town in the district of Düren in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located on the river Rur, in the Eifel hills, approx. 15 km south of Düren.

Nideggen is known for its ruined, but partly restored castle (Burg Nideggen) and the sandstone rocks along the Rur. It is twinned with Thatcham in Berkshire, England. The first mention in history was in 1184.

The town was created in 1972 by amalgamation of eight until then independent communities: Abenden (782 inhabitants), Berg-Thuir (709), Brück (301), Embken (734), Muldenau (161), Nideggen (2,983), Rath (757), Schmidt (2,974), Wollersheim (637) (December 2014). It is situated between 250 and 450 metres above sea level.
Scrivener (surname)
Anthony Scrivener (1935–2015), English barrister

Charles Scrivener (1855–1923), Australian surveyor

Christiane Scrivener (1925–2024), French politician

Chuck Scrivener (born 1947), former Major League Baseball shortstop

Colin Scrivener (born 1970), Canadian football player

Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener (1813–1891), English scholar of the New Testament

Glen Scrivener (born 1967), Canadian former football player

Jeremy Scrivener (born 1965), Australian actor

Karen Scrivener (born 1958), English scientist

Margaret Scrivener (1922–1997), Canadian politician

Matthew Scrivener (1580–1609), English colonist

Nick Scrivener (born 1970), Australian professional rugby union coach and former player

Karen Scrivener
Karen Louise Scrivener is a material chemist known for her pioneering works in cementitious materials. She is the head of Laboratory of Construction Materials at Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and served as the editor-in-chief of the Cement and Concrete Research journal for 15 years.
2010 International German Open – Singles
Nikolay Davydenko was the defender of championship title; however, he lost to Andrey Golubev in the third round.
Unseeded Golubev, the biggest surprise of this tournament, won in the final 6–3, 7–5, against Jürgen Melzer.

Albert Ramos Viñolas
Albert Ramos Viñolas (Spanish pronunciation: [alˈβeɾ ˈramos βiˈɲolas]; born 17 January 1988) is a former Spanish professional tennis player. He reached a career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 17, in May 2017, after the final of the 2017 Monte Carlo Masters.
Jek carpets
Jek carpets (Azerbaijani: Cek xalçaları) – is a term used for lint-free and pile carpets woven by Jek people living in Quba Rayon, Azerbaijan. These carpets are included in the Kuba group of Shirvan type and are named in honour of Jek village of Quba Rayon. Foreign art critics mistakenly called these carpets "Dagestani".

Jek people
The Jek people (/ˈdʒɛk/ also spelt Jeks, Jeklilar (Azerbaijani: Ceklilər), Jack or Dzhek people) are a Northeast Caucasian ethnic group in Azerbaijan. The Jeks are one of the numerically small Shahdag peoples. The Jeks are a part of the Shahdag group of Dagestani people, and inhabit the northeast of the Azerbaijan Republic and Shahdag plateau of the Great Caucasus. The historical motherland of the Jeks is the Jek village of Quba Rayon, and their native language is Jek language, of the Northeast Caucasian family.

The Jek people are Sunni Muslims.
Stemilt Growers
Stemilt Growers is an American company owned by the Mathison family that grows, packs, and ships fruits. Based in Wenatchee, Washington, Stemilt is the largest fresh market sweet cherry shipper in the world, and one of the nation's largest grower-packer-shippers of apples, pears, cherries, and stone fruit. Its signature apple varieties include Piñata, Honeycrisp, Gala, and Pink Lady. The company is also a leader in organic fruit production, producing 26% of Washington's organic apples and 32% of the Pacific Northwest's organic pears. In 2008, the company shipped over 20 million boxes of fruit and employed 1,500 people full-time.

Pear
Pears are fruits produced and consumed around the world, growing on a tree and are harvested in late summer into mid-autumn. The pear tree and shrub are a species of genus Pyrus /ˈpaɪrəs/, in the family Rosaceae, bearing the pomaceous fruit of the same name. Several species of pears are valued for their edible fruit and juices, while others are cultivated as trees.

The tree is medium-sized and native to coastal and mildly temperate regions of Europe, North Africa, and Asia. Pear wood is one of the preferred materials in the manufacture of high-quality woodwind instruments and furniture.

About 3,000 known varieties of pears are grown worldwide, which vary in both shape and taste. The fruit is consumed fresh, canned, as juice, dried, or fermented as perry.
Noctua (constellation)
Noctua (Latin: owl) was a constellation near the tail of Hydra in the southern celestial hemisphere, but is no longer recognized. It was introduced by Alexander Jamieson in his 1822 work, A Celestial Atlas, and appeared in a derived collection of illustrated cards, Urania's Mirror. Noctua also appeared in Elijah Burritt's very popular Atlas of the Heavens through most of the 19th century. The owl was composed of stars ranging from Brachium in southern Libra, along what is now the border of Libra and Hydra and into southern Virgo as far as 89 Virginis.

The French astronomer Pierre Charles Le Monnier had introduced a bird on Hydra's tail as the constellation Solitaire, named for the extinct flightless bird, the Rodrigues solitaire, but the image was that of a rock thrush which had been classified in the genus Turdus, giving rise to the constellation name Turdus Solitarius, the solitary thrush. It has also been depicted as a mockingbird.

Alexander Jamieson
Alexander Jamieson (1782–1850) was a Scottish writer and schoolmaster, now best known as a rhetorician. He has been described as effectively a professional textbook writer. After the failure of his school, he worked as an actuary.
Aumont-Aubrac
Aumont-Aubrac (French pronunciation: [omɔ̃ obʁak]; Occitan: Autmont d'Aubrac or Z-Autmont d'Aubrac) is a former commune in the Lozère department in the Occitanie region of southern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Peyre-en-Aubrac.

Maniple (vestment)
The maniple is a liturgical vestment used primarily within the Latin Rite of the Catholic Church, and occasionally by Lutheran and Anglican clergy. It is an embroidered band of silk or like fabric that hangs from the left forearm, worn over the alb. It is used only during Mass, and it is always of the same liturgical colour as other Mass vestments.

The original purpose of the maniple is unclear, but it probably originated as a cloth that the priest could use to wipe his hands and face. The maniple corresponds to the epimanikia, cuffs worn on both wrists in the Eastern Orthodox, Eastern Lutheran and Eastern Catholic Churches.
Marija Iveković-Meštrović
Marija Iveković-Meštrović (born 13 May 1981) is a Croatian former Paralympic athlete who competed at international track and field competitions. She competed in discus throw, long jump, pentathlon and sprinting events, she was a two-time World champion and a European champion. She lost most of her sight aged thirteen.

World Para Athletics European Championships
The World Para Athletics European Championships (European Para Athletics Championships), known prior to 2018 as the IPC Athletics European Championships is an event organized by World Para Athletics, the international athletics federation established under the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) in 2016. Athletes with a physical disability compete, and there is also a specific category for athletes with an intellectual disability. Organised biennially, the original Games ran from 2003 to 2005 as an Open Championship but the event was frozen in 2005, but returned in 2012 in Stadskanaal, Netherlands.

The first IPC Athletics European Championships was held in Assen, Netherlands in 2003 as an Open Championship.
Ernest Juvara
Ernest Juvara (May 5, 1870 – May 5, 1933) was a Romanian physician, innovative in surgical and instrumental techniques. He was a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Bucharest, with contributions in the field of bone prostheses, intestinal anastomoses, and spinal anesthesia.

He was born in Bârlad, Vaslui County, the son of Iorgu Juvara and Maria Docan. He went to Saint Sava High School in Bucharest, after which he studied at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Paris from 1888 to 1895. He was awarded the Order of the Star of Romania, Knight rank. He died at his home in Bucharest, aged 63, due to an electrical injury from an appliance. A street next to the Bucharest Botanical Garden is named after him.

University of Bucharest
The University of Bucharest (UB) (Romanian: Universitatea din București) is a public research university in Bucharest, Romania. It was founded in its current form on 4 July 1864 (1864-07-04) by a decree of Prince Alexandru Ioan Cuza to convert the former Princely Academy into the current University of Bucharest, making it one of the oldest Romanian universities. It is one of the five members of the Universitaria Consortium (a group of elite Romanian universities).

The University of Bucharest offers study programmes in Romanian and English and is classified as an advanced research and education university by the Ministry of Education.
Didymium wildpretii
Didymium wildpretii is a species of slime mold which feeds on the decaying remains of various species of cacti. It was first described in 2007 and has been found across Mexico and the Canary Islands, but may be present where other cacti grow. Its sporocarps are short (0.1–0.7 mm tall); their sporotheca is pale yellow with an orange stalk and their spores have a diameter of 7.5 μm. When grown on agar, it completes its life cycle in 28–56 days. It grows on basic media with a pH of 7.8–10.0, with optimum growth occurring at 8.5–9.4. The species was named after Wolfredo Wildpret de la Torre, an expert in the flora of the Canary Islands.

Alkali
In chemistry, an alkali (/ˈælkəlaɪ/ ⓘ; from the Arabic word al-qāly, القالِي) is a basic salt of an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal. An alkali can also be defined as a base that dissolves in water. A solution of a soluble base has a pH greater than 7.0. The adjective alkaline, and less often, alkalescent, is commonly used in English as a synonym for basic, especially for bases soluble in water. This broad use of the term is likely to have come about because alkalis were the first bases known to obey the Arrhenius definition of a base, and they are still among the most common bases.
Hemideina crassidens
Hemideina crassidens, commonly known as the Wellington tree wētā, is a large, flightless, nocturnal insect in the family Anostostomatidae. This wētā species is endemic to New Zealand and populates regions in the southern half of North Island/Te Ika a Maui and the north-west of the South Island/Te Wai Pounamu. They forage arboreally during the night and are most likely polyphagous. There is obvious sexual dimorphism in adults. Individuals are reliant on tree cavities for refuge, social interactions and mating.

The conservation status of H. crassidens is "not threatened".

Mandible (insect mouthpart)
Insect mandibles are a pair of appendages near the insect's mouth, and the most anterior of the three pairs of oral appendages (the labrum is more anterior, but is a single fused structure). Their function is typically to grasp, crush, or cut the insect's food, or to defend against predators or rivals. Insect mandibles, which appear to be evolutionarily derived from legs, move in the horizontal plane unlike those of vertebrates, which appear to be derived from gill arches and move vertically.
Sternberg Astronomical Institute
The Sternberg Astronomical Institute, or GAISh, is a research institution in Moscow, Russia, a division of Moscow State University. In Russian it is named Государственный астрономический институт имени Штернберга or ГАИШ, respectively. The institute is named after astronomer Pavel Karlovich Shternberg. It was founded in 1931, on the site of the observatory established by the university in 1831.

The main-belt asteroid 14789 GAISH, discovered by Lyudmila Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in 1969, was named in its honour. The official naming citation was published on 6 January 2007 (M.P.C. 58595).

Lyudmila Chernykh
Lyudmila Ivanivna Chernykh (Ukrainian: Людмила Іванівна Черних; Russian: Людми́ла Ива́новна Черны́х; June 13, 1935 – July 28, 2017) was a Ukrainian-Russian-Soviet astronomer, wife and colleague of Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh, and a prolific discoverer of minor planets.
Marx and Human Nature
Marx and Human Nature: Refutation of a Legend is a 1983 book by the political theorist Norman Geras, in which the author discusses the philosopher Karl Marx's theory of human nature with reference to Marx's Sixth Thesis on Feuerbach. Geras argues that Marx did not deny the existence of a universal human nature, and maintains that the concept of human nature is compatible with historical materialism.

The book received positive reviews and is considered a classic.

Historical Materialism (journal)
Historical Materialism is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal focused on the study of Marxist philosophy, historical materialism, political science, economics, modern society, and human history using a Marxist approach.

The journal, published by Brill Publishers, started as a project at the London School of Economics from 1995 to 1998. Currently it is affiliated with the SOAS University of London. Starting from 2008, the journal organizes an annual conference and a book series.
Champak Jain
Champak Jain (c. 1967 – 31 October 2019) was an Indian film producer and owner of Venus Records & Tapes Pvt Ltd. Co-founded with his brothers, the company emerged in the early 1990s as one of India's major producers of Hindi films.

Hulchul (2004 film)
Hulchul (transl. Commotion) is a 2004 Indian Hindi-language romantic comedy film directed by Priyadarshan.  It is a remake of the 1991 Malayalam film Godfather. The film stars an ensemble cast consisting of Akshaye Khanna, Kareena Kapoor, Sunil Shetty,  Jackie Shroff, Arshad Warsi, Amrish Puri, Paresh Rawal, Arbaaz Khan, Shakti Kapoor, Farha Naaz, Asrani, Manoj Joshi, and Laxmi.
Rena Manley
Rena Manley (1941–2010), also known as Rene Manley, was an Irish camogie player. She was captain of the Cork camogie team in the early 1960s, winning the Munster Championship in 1962. She also won Gael Linn Cup medals with the Munster team in 1963 and 1964. Manley played as a forward. In obituaries in the Evening Echo and the Southern Star, she was described as a 'camogie legend'.

Gael Linn Cup
The Gael Linn Cup is a biennial tournament, representative competition for elite level participants in the women's team field sport of camogie, contested by Ireland's four provincial teams with competitions at senior and junior level on alternate years. The tournament has existed in various guides since 1956, currently the senior tournament is played in even years and the junior tournament in odd years. An inter-provincial colleges competition is also played at secondary school/high school level.
George Patterson (ice hockey)
George Franklin "Paddy" Patterson (May 22, 1906 – January 20, 1977) was a professional ice hockey winger who played nine seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He was born in Kingston, Ontario.

As an NHL rookie, George scored the first goal for the newly named Toronto Maple Leafs in 1926–27. He was also a member of the following teams: the Montreal Canadiens, New York Americans, Boston Bruins, Detroit Red Wings, and St. Louis Eagles.

Patterson later coached senior ice hockey in Kingston. In 1951, Ontario Hockey Association executives Jack Roxburgh,  George Dudley, Frank Buckland and W. A. Hewitt, handed out a lifetime suspension to Patterson, for conspiring to deliberately lose a playoff series to avoid moving into a higher-level of playoffs, rather than staying in a lower level and potentially make more profits at home playoff games than on the road.

Frank Buckland (ice hockey)
Francis Lawson Taylor Buckland (May 23, 1902 in Gravenhurst, Ontario – June 23, 1991) was a Canadian sports administrator.

Buckland helped lead the Ontario Hockey Association in the 1950s and 1960s. He was president and treasurer of the amateur organization for 21 years. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1975.
Bjerkreim
Bjerkreim is a municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Dalane. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Vikeså. Other villages in the municipality include Bjerkreim and Øvrebygd.

Nature has been generous in giving Bjerkreim many idyllic places, making Bjerkreim a good place to live by living in a countryside environment, but still relatively close to a major city, Stavanger. Bjerkreim has one of the most important salmon rivers in Norway, Bjerkreimselva. The most important livelihoods are agriculture and small-scale industries.

The 651-square-kilometre (251 sq mi) municipality is the 173rd largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Bjerkreim is the 236th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 2,848. The municipality's population density is 4.9 inhabitants per square kilometre (13/sq mi) and its population has increased by 2.5% over the previous 10-year period.

Districts of Norway
The country of Norway is historically divided into a number of districts. Many districts have deep historical roots, and only partially coincide with today's administrative units of counties and municipalities. The districts are defined by geographical features, often valleys, mountain ranges, fjords, plains, or coastlines, or combinations of the above. Many such regions were petty kingdoms up to the early Viking Age.
Bansha
Bansha  (/ˈbɑːnʃə/; Irish: An Bháinseach) is a village in County Tipperary in Ireland. The village is part of the parish of "Bansha and Kilmoyler" (united in 1858) in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cashel and Emly. It is in the historical barony of Clanwilliam. Bansha is co-extensive with the pre-Reformation parish of Templeneiry of which the townland name of Templenahurney is thought to be a corruption. While the village is the focal point of the area, there is also an outlying hamlet in the parish, located at Rossadrehid where a rural creamery once serviced the dairy industry.

Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cashel and Emly
The Archdiocese of Cashel and Emly (Irish: Ard-Deoise Chaisil agus Imligh) is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church located in mid-western Ireland, and the metropolis of the eponymous ecclesiastical province. The cathedral church of the archdiocese is the Cathedral of the Assumption in Thurles, County Tipperary. The incumbent archbishop, as of 2024, is Kieran O'Reilly.