hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Tafsir Gazur
Tafsir Gazur, also known as jalāʼ al-adhhān wa-jalāʼ al-aḥzān, is an exegesis on the Quran in Persian by Abul al-Mahasin Husayn Ibn Hasan Jurjani, from the 8th to 14th centuries. The book was originally named Jala' al-Adhhan wa Jala' al-Ahzan. "Gazur" comes from the author's name. According to Aqa Buzurg Tihrani, he was one of the Shi'i scholars of the 10th A.H. /16th century.

Exegesis
Exegesis (/ˌɛksɪˈdʒiːsɪs/ ⓘ EK-sih-JEE-sis; from the Greek ἐξήγησις, from ἐξηγεῖσθαι, "to lead out") is a critical explanation or interpretation of a text. The term is traditionally applied to the interpretation of Biblical works. In modern usage, exegesis can involve critical interpretations of virtually any text, including not just religious texts but also philosophy, literature, or virtually any other genre of writing. The phrase Biblical exegesis can be used to distinguish studies of the Bible from other critical textual explanations.

Textual criticism investigates the history and origins of the text, but exegesis may include the study of the historical and cultural backgrounds of the author, text, and original audience. Other analyses include classification of the type of literary genres presented in the text and analysis of grammatical and syntactical features in the text itself.
FarmWise
FarmWise Labs, Inc. (established 2016) is an American agricultural technology and robotics company, based in California. Its first product is an automated mechanical weeder that uses a combination of AI, computer vision and robotics to pull out weeds in vegetable fields without using chemicals. It won several industry innovation awards related to agriculture and sustainability.

Weed control
Weed control is a type of pest control, which attempts to stop or reduce growth of weeds, especially noxious weeds, with the aim of reducing their competition with desired flora and fauna including domesticated plants and livestock, and in natural settings preventing non native species competing with native species.

Weed control is important in agriculture. Methods include hand cultivation with hoes, powered cultivation with cultivators, smothering with mulch, lethal wilting with high heat, burning, and chemical control with herbicides (weed killers).
Nandrolone laurate
Nandrolone laurate (BANTooltip British Approved Name) (brand names Clinibolin, Fortadex, Laurabolin), or nandrolone dodecanoate, also known as 19-nortestosterone 17β-laurate, is a synthetic androgen and anabolic steroid and a nandrolone ester. It is used in veterinary medicine in Austria, France, the Netherlands, and Switzerland.

British Approved Name
A British Approved Name (BAN) is the official, non-proprietary, or generic name given to a pharmaceutical substance, as defined in the British Pharmacopoeia (BP). The BAN is also the official name used in some countries around the world, because starting in 1953, proposed new names were evaluated by a panel of experts from WHO in conjunction with the BP commission  to ensure naming consistency worldwide (an effort leading to the International Nonproprietary Name system). There is also a British Approved Name (Modified) (BANM).
Ashok Lavasa
Ashok Lavasa (IAST: Aśoka Lavāsā) (born 21 October 1957) is a retired 1980 batch Indian Administrative Service officer of Haryana cadre and was one of the two Election Commissioners of India. He has also served as the Finance Secretary of India, Environment, Forests and Climate Change Secretary of India and Civil Aviation Secretary of India. He served as the vice president of Asian Development Bank (ADB) from August 2020 to August 2023.

Appointments Committee of the Cabinet
The Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC) is a high-level committee within the Government of India responsible for appointing senior officials to key positions in the central government and public sector undertakings. Established in 1950, the ACC is chaired by the Prime Minister of India and includes the Minister of Home Affairs as a member. The committee plays a crucial role in selecting and appointing individuals to various top posts. The ACC's decisions are processed through the Establishment Officer's Division of the Department of Personnel and Training, which functions as the committee's secretariat. As one of the eight Cabinet Committees of India, the ACC's composition and functions are designed to ensure efficient and transparent selection processes for critical government positions.
HMS Harrier
Seven ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Harrier:

HMS Harrier (1804), an 18-gun Cruizer-class brig-sloop launched in 1804 and lost around March 1809, presumed foundered off the Île de France.

HMS Harrier (1813), an 18-gun Cruizer-class brig-sloop launched in 1813, sold in 1829

HMS Harrier (1831), an 18-gun sloop-of-war launched in 1831, broken up in 1840

HMS Harrier (1854), a 17-gun wood screw sloop-of-war launched in 1854, broken up in 1866

HMS Harrier (1881), a two-gun schooner launched in 1881, sold in 1888

HMS Harrier (1894), a Dryad-class torpedo gunboat launched in 1894, sold in 1920

HMS Harrier (J71), a Halcyon-class minesweeper launched in 1934, sold in 1950

HMS Harrier (shore establishment) was also a Royal Naval shore establishment for radar research and training, near Dale, Pembrokeshire. It was commissioned in 1948 and closed in 1961.

Halcyon-class minesweeper
The Halcyon class was a class of 21 oil-fuelled minesweepers (officially, "fleet minesweeping sloops") built for the British Royal Navy between 1933 and 1939. They were given traditional small ship names used historically by the Royal Navy and served during the Second World War.
Perdition Peak
Perdition Peak is a 7,675-foot (2,339-metre) mountain summit located in North Cascades National Park in Skagit County of Washington state. The peak lies 1.33 mi (2.14 km) northwest of Dorado Needle and 2.12 mi (3.41 km) northwest of Eldorado Peak. It can be seen from  the North Cascades Highway west of Marblemount at a road pullout alongside the Skagit River. Perdition Peak is the highest peak of Backbone Ridge, and other peaks on this ridge include In Spirit Point, Cervical Point, Thoracic Point, Lumbar Point, The Sacrum, and The Coccyx. The first ascent of the peak was made on August 27, 1967, by John Roper via the serrated west ridge. Being a doctor, Roper named some of his many first ascents for anatomical parts of the body. Precipitation runoff and glacier meltwater from the mountain drains into tributaries of the Skagit River.

Marblemount, Washington
Marblemount is a census-designated place in Skagit County, Washington, United States. The population was 286 at the 2020 census. It is included in the Mount Vernon–Anacortes, Washington Metropolitan Statistical Area.
James Abegglen
James Christian Abegglen (1926–2007) was an American-Japanese business theorist and professor in management and economics at Sophia University. He was one of the founders of the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) in 1963, and the first representative director of its Tokyo branch, founded in 1966.

Representative director (Japan)
Representative director (代表取締役, daihyō-torishimariyaku) is the position of the most senior executive in charge of managing a corporation which is registered in Japan. As regulated by the Companies Act of Japan, joint-stock companies incorporated in Japan must have a representative director. The representative director typically reports to the company's board of directors and is responsible for maximizing the value of the business.
Paul Evdokimov
Paul Nikolaevich Evdokimov (Russian: Павел Николаевич Евдокимов) (August 2 [O.S. July 20], 1901 – September 16, 1970) was an Orthodox Christian theologian, professor at the St. Sergius Orthodox Theological Institute, and émigré.

Paul Evdokimov's theological thought is marked by the attempt to synthesise two important currents in 20th century Orthodox thought, namely the "neo-patristic" renewal and the insights of the Russian religious philosophers.

History of Eastern Orthodox theology in the 20th century
20th century Eastern Orthodox theology has been dominated by neo-Palamism, the revival of St. Palamas and hesychasm. John Behr characterizes Eastern Orthodox theology as having been "reborn in the twentieth century." Norman Russell describes Eastern Orthodox theology as having been dominated by an "arid scholasticism" for several centuries after the fall of Constantinople. Russell describes the postwar re-engagement of modern Greek theologians with the Greek Fathers, which occurred with the help of diaspora theologians and Western patristic scholars. A significant component of this re-engagement with the Greek Fathers has been a rediscovery of Palamas by Greek theologians; Palamas had previously been given less attention than the other Fathers.

According to Michael Angold, the "rediscovery of [Palamas'] writings by theologians of the last century has played a crucial role in the construction of present-day [Eastern] Orthodoxy.
Shareta
Shareta (foaled 8 May 2008) is an Irish-bred, French-trained Thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare. She was a top-class middle-distance runner who showed her best form on good or firm ground. After finishing second on her only start as a juvenile she won three races including the Prix de Thiberville and Prix Minerve in 2011 and came second in the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe. She went on to greater success in 2012 when she recorded Group One victories in the Yorkshire Oaks and the Prix Vermeille. She was retired from racing after finishing unplaced on her only start in 2013.

Prix Vermeille
The Prix Vermeille is a Group 1 flat horse race in France open to thoroughbred fillies and mares aged three years or older. It is run at Longchamp over a distance of 2,400 metres (about 1½ miles), and it is scheduled to take place each year in September.
Richard Wright (cricketer, born 1903)
Richard Leslie Wright (1903-1991) was an English cricketer active from 1923 to 1926 who played for Northamptonshire. He appeared in 54 first-class matches as a righthanded batsman who bowled right arm medium pace. One of four brothers who played cricket, Wright was born in Kettering on 28 October 1903 and died in Bournemouth on 31 July 1991. He scored 1,507 runs with a highest score of 112, one of two centuries, and took five wickets with a best performance of one for 11.

Wicket
In the sport of cricket, the term wicket has several meanings:

It is either of the two sets of three stumps and two bails at each end of the pitch. The fielding team's players can hit the wicket with the ball in a number of ways to get a batter out. 
The wicket is guarded by a batter who, with their bat (and sometimes with their pads, but see the laws on LBW, leg before wicket), attempts to prevent the ball from hitting the wicket (if it does, they may be bowled) and to score runs where possible.

Through metonymic usage, the dismissal of a batter is known as the taking of a wicket.

The cricket pitch itself is sometimes referred to as the wicket.
Turiyananda
Swami Turiyananda or "Hari Maharaj" as he was popularly known as, was a direct monastic disciple of Ramakrishna, the 19th-century Hindu mystic from Bengal. He was one of the earliest missionary to be sent by his leader and brother disciple Swami Vivekananda to the United States of America to preach the message of Vedanta to the western audience from 1899 to 1902. He established the Shanti Ashrama in California, United States. He was a monk of the Ramakrishna Mission. He died in Varanasi, India.

Ashrama, California
Shanti Ashrama is a spiritual retreat located in the Upper San Antonio Valley in unincorporated Santa Clara County, California, United States as a branch of the Ramakrishna Mission. It is approximately 40 miles (64 km) east of downtown San Jose.
Natural capital accounting
Natural capital accounting is the process of calculating the total stocks and flows of natural resources and services in a given ecosystem or region. Accounting for such goods may occur in physical or monetary terms. This process can subsequently inform government, corporate and consumer decision making as each relates to the use or consumption of natural resources and land, and sustainable behaviour.

Resource depletion
Resource depletion occurs when a natural resource is consumed faster than it can be replenished. The value of a resource depends on its availability in nature and the cost of extracting it. By the law of supply and demand, the scarcer the resource the more valuable it becomes. There are several types of resource depletion, including but not limited to: wetland and ecosystem degradation, soil erosion, aquifer depletion, and overfishing. The depletion of wildlife populations is called defaunation.

It is a matter of research and debate how humanity will be impacted and what the future will look like if resource consumption continues at the current rate, and when specific resources will be completely exhausted.
Rennet
Rennet (/ˈrɛnɪt/) is a complex set of enzymes produced in the stomachs of ruminant mammals. Its key component is chymosin, a protease enzyme that curdles the casein proteins in milk. Rennet also contains other enzymes such as pepsin and a lipase.

Rennet has traditionally been used to separate milk into solid curds and liquid whey, used in the production of cheeses. Rennet from calves has become less common for this use, to the point that less than 5% of cheese in the United States is made using animal rennet today. Most cheese is now made using chymosin derived from bacterial sources.

Cattle feeding
There are different systems of feeding cattle in animal husbandry. For pastured animals, grass is usually the forage that composes the majority of their diet. In turn, this grass-fed approach is known for producing meat with distinct flavor profiles. Cattle reared in feedlots are fed hay supplemented with grain, soy and other ingredients to increase the energy density of the feed. The debate is whether cattle should be raised on fodder primarily composed of grass or a concentrate. The issue is complicated by the political interests and confusion between labels such as "free range", "organic", or "natural". Cattle raised on a primarily foraged diet are termed grass-fed or pasture-raised; for example meat or milk may be called grass-fed beef or pasture-raised dairy. The term "pasture-raised" can lead to confusion with the term "free range", which does not describe exactly what the animals eat.
1908 Eastern Suburbs season
The 1908 season was the first in the history of the Eastern Suburbs District Rugby League Football Club (now known as the Sydney Roosters). Eastern Suburbs competed in the inaugural match of the inaugural season, of the newly formed New South Wales Rugby Football League, reaching the final which they lost to South Sydney. They have the distinction of being the only club to have competed in every season since that time.

1908 NSWRFL season
The 1908 NSWRFL season was the inaugural season of the New South Wales Rugby Football League's premiership, Australia's first rugby league football club competition, in which nine clubs (eight from Sydney and one from Newcastle) competed from April till August 1908. The season culminated in the first premiership final, for the Royal Agricultural Society Challenge Shield, which was contested by Eastern Suburbs and South Sydney. In 1908 the NSWRFL also assembled a New South Wales representative team for the first ever interstate series against Queensland, and towards the end of the season, the NSWRFL's leading players were absent, having been selected to go on the first Kangaroo tour of Great Britain.
Kachkanar railway station
Kachkanar railway station (Russian: станция Качканар) is a railway station located in Kachkanar, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia. It is part of the Sverdlovsk Railway, on a branch line that joins the line from Yevropeyskaya railway station and Shuvakish railway station at Aziatskaya railway station.

Sverdlovsk Oblast
Sverdlovsk Oblast (Russian: Свердловская область, romanized: Sverdlovskaya oblast, [ʹsvʲɪrdˈlofskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ]) is a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia located in the Ural Federal District. Its administrative center is the city of Yekaterinburg, formerly known as "Sverdlovsk". Its population is 4,268,998 (according to the 2021 Census).
Al-Hajaliah
al-Hajaliah (Arabic: الحجلية, romanized: al-Ḩajalīyah) is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northern Syria. Situated on the northern Manbij Plain, the village is located about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) west of Jarabulus and river Euphrates, and just about 1.5 km (0.93 mi) south of the border to the Turkish province of Gaziantep.

With 574 inhabitants, as per the 2004 census, al-Hajaliah administratively belongs to Nahiya Jarabulus within Jarabulus District. Besides Jarabulus, nearby localities further include al-Haluwaniyah 4 km (2.5 mi) to the southwest, and Tall Shair 3 km (1.9 mi) to the south.

Manbij Plain
Manbij plain (Arabic: سهل منبج [sæhl ˈmænbid͡ʒ]) is a vast plain on the eastern Aleppo plateau in northern Syria and southeastern Turkey. The plain runs along the western bank of river Euphrates for approximately 140 km from Nizip to Maskanah, with an average width of 15–30 km. It is located within the Manbij and Jarābulus districts of Aleppo Governorate in Syria, and the Nizip and Karkamış districts of Gaziantep Province in Turkey.
Hilbert–Schmidt integral operator
In mathematics, a Hilbert–Schmidt integral operator is a type of integral transform. Specifically, given a domain Ω in Rn, any k : Ω × Ω → C such that

is called a Hilbert–Schmidt kernel. The associated integral operator T : L2(Ω) → L2(Ω) given by

is called a  Hilbert–Schmidt integral operator.
T is a Hilbert–Schmidt operator with Hilbert–Schmidt norm

Hilbert–Schmidt integral operators are both continuous and compact.

The concept of a Hilbert–Schmidt integral operator may be extended to any locally compact Hausdorff space X equipped with a positive Borel measure. If L2(X) is separable, and k belongs to L2(X × X), then the operator T : L2(X) → L2(X) defined by

is compact. If

then T is also self-adjoint and so the spectral theorem applies. This is one of the fundamental constructions of such operators, which often reduces problems about infinite-dimensional vector spaces to questions about well-understood finite-dimensional eigenspaces.

Domain (mathematical analysis)
In mathematical analysis, a domain or region is a non-empty, connected, and open set in a topological space. In particular, it is any non-empty connected open subset of the real coordinate space Rn or the complex coordinate space Cn. A connected open subset of coordinate space is frequently used for the domain of a function.

The basic idea of a connected subset of a space dates from the 19th century, but precise definitions vary slightly from generation to generation, author to author, and edition to edition, as concepts developed and terms were translated between German, French, and English works. In English, some authors use the term domain, some use the term region, some use both terms interchangeably, and some define the two terms slightly differently; some avoid ambiguity by sticking with a phrase such as non-empty connected open subset.
Harry Slater (politician)
Harry Slater (May 24, 1863 – January 11, 1936) was a Canadian politician.

Born in Portsmouth, England, Slater emigrated to Quebec in 1890 where he worked as a bookkeeper for the Montreal company Moffat Blocking before becoming president of Lachute Knitting. He was mayor of Lachute from 1903 to 1905. He ran unsuccessfully for the Legislative Assembly of Quebec for the riding of Argenteuil in a 1910 by-election. A Conservative, he was elected in 1912 and defeated in 1916. He ran unsuccessfully for the House of Commons of Canada in 1917 losing to Peter Robert McGibbon.

He died in Lachute in 1936.

Conservative Party of Quebec (historical)
The Conservative Party of Quebec (French: Parti conservateur du Québec) was a political party in Quebec, Canada, from 1867 until 1936, when it merged with members of the Action libérale nationale to form the Union Nationale.
St. Francis Xavier Church (Winooski, Vermont)
St. Francis Xavier Church is a Catholic church within the City of Winooski, Vermont in the United States. Built in 1870 within what was then known as a village within the township of Colchester, the parish church became one of the most visible landmarks in Chittenden County due to its unique double-spired design and proportional size comparative to its surrounding structures.  The Church was listed on the Vermont State Historic Register on November 22, 1993.

Colchester, Vermont
Colchester is a town in Chittenden County, Vermont, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population of Colchester was 17,524. It is the third-most populous municipality and most populous town in the state of Vermont. Colchester borders Burlington, Vermont's most populous municipality and is part of its metropolitan area. The town is directly to Burlington's north on the eastern shore of Lake Champlain, to the west of the Green Mountains. The Vermont National Guard is based in the town, and it is also home to Saint Michael's College and the Vermont campus of Southern New Hampshire University.
Homa Sayar
Homa Sayar (born 1947, in Tehran) is an Iranian poet and writer who has lived in Paris since 1975. She studied Psychology in the Université Sorbonne – Nouvelle and her PhD thesis on Avant-garde poetry in Persian literature at the Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales.

She has written several poetry books in Persian and has also translated the famous Shahnameh (the Epic of Kings) into French. 
Ms Sayar has also worked as a teacher of Persian and has published a Persian learning method in English, German and French.

Shahnameh
The Shahnameh is a long epic poem written by the Persian poet Ferdowsi between c. 977 and 1010 CE and is the national epic of Greater Iran. Consisting of some 50,000 distichs or couplets (two-line verses), the Shahnameh is one of the world's longest epic poems, and the longest epic poem created by a single author. It tells mainly the mythical and to some extent the historical past of Iran from the creation of the world until the Muslim conquest in the seventh century. Iran, Azerbaijan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan and the greater region influenced by Persian culture such as Armenia, Dagestan, Georgia, Turkey, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan celebrate this national epic.

The work is of central importance in Persian culture and Persian language. It is regarded as a literary masterpiece, and definitive of the ethno-national cultural identity of Iran.
Yira Castro
Yira Castro Chadid (February 20, 1942 – July 9, 1981) was a Colombian politician and journalist who served as a Councillor of Bogotá from 1980 to 1981. A member of the Colombian Communist Party, she worked as an official for the International union of students and as a correspondent for the Czechoslovak press agency.

Colombian Communist Party
The Colombian Communist Party (Spanish: Partido Comunista Colombiano, PCC) was a legal communist party in Colombia. It was founded in 1930 as the Communist Party of Colombia, at which point it was the Colombian section of the Comintern. The party was led by Jaime Caycedo and published a weekly newspaper named Voz.

The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) was founded as the armed wing of the PCC in 1964, but the two organisations separated in 1993.

The party merged with several others to create the Historic Pact in 2025.
Hell Ship Mutiny
Hell Ship Mutiny is a 1957 American South Seas adventure film directed by Lee Sholem and Elmo Williams starring Jon Hall who also produced and narrated the film. It is a compilation of a 1955 unsold television pilot Knight of the South Seas. Hall's father Felix Locher plays the role of a native chief.

This film is now in the public domain.

Elmo Williams
James Elmo Williams (April 30, 1913 – November 25, 2015) was an American film and television editor, producer, director and executive. His work on the film High Noon (1952) received the Academy Award for Best Film Editing. In 2006, Williams published Elmo Williams: A Hollywood Memoir.