hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Independent Battery D, Pennsylvania Light Artillery
Independent Battery D, Pennsylvania Light Artillery, was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The unit organized on 21 September 1861 and served until 13 June 1865. The battery participated in the battles of Second Bull Run, Chantilly, South Mountain, Antietam, and Fredericksburg in 1862. The following year, Battery D transferred to the Western theater where it took part in the Siege of Vicksburg and other operations. The years 1864–65 saw the unit fight at the first Petersburg assault, the Crater, Ream's Station, Battle of Peebles's Farm, Fort Stedman, and the final Petersburg assault. Battery D took part in the Grand Review of the Armies before being mustered out.

Battle of Peebles' Farm
The Battle of Peebles' Farm (or Poplar Springs Church or Poplar Grove Church) was the western part of a simultaneous Union offensive against the Confederate works guarding Petersburg and Richmond, Virginia, during the Siege of Petersburg in the American Civil War.
Lomé
Lomé (UK: /ˈloʊmeɪ/ LOH-may, US: /loʊˈmeɪ/ loh-MAY) is the capital and largest city of Togo. It has an urban population of 837,437 while there were 2,188,376 permanent residents in its metropolitan area as of the 2022 census. Located on the Gulf of Guinea at the southwest corner of the country, with its entire western border along the easternmost edge of Ghana's Volta Region, Lomé is the country's administrative and industrial center, which includes an oil refinery. It is also the country's chief port, from where it exports coffee, cocoa, copra, and oil palm kernels.

Its city limits extends to the border with Ghana, located a few hundred meters west of the city center, to the Ghanaian city of Aflao and the South Ketu district where the city is situated, had 160,756 inhabitants in 2010. The cross-border agglomeration of which Lomé is the centre has about 2 million inhabitants as of 2020.

Gulf of Guinea
The Gulf of Guinea (French: Golfe de Guinée; Spanish: Golfo de Guinea; Portuguese: Golfo da Guiné) is the northeasternmost part of the tropical Atlantic Ocean from Cape Lopez in Gabon, north and west to Cape Palmas in Liberia. Null Island, defined as the intersection of the Equator and Prime Meridian (zero degrees latitude and longitude), is in the gulf.

Among the many rivers that drain into the Gulf of Guinea are the Niger and the Volta. The coastline on the gulf includes the Bight of Benin and the Bight of Bonny.
The Valerie Project
The Valerie Project was a Philadelphia-based psychedelic folk band.  Their first (self-titled) album, released in 2007, is intended to serve as an alternate soundtrack to the cult Czech New Wave film Valerie and Her Week of Wonders.  They have performed live at screenings of the film. The band is led by Espers member Greg Weeks and also includes Brooke Sietinsons and Helena Espvall of Espers, Margaret Wienk, Jesse Sparhawk, and Jim Ayre of Fern Knight, Tara Burke (aka Fursaxa), Mary Lattimore, Jessica Weeks (wife of Greg), and Charles Cohen.

The band performed live from 2006-2008, accompanying screenings of the film at the Museum of Modern Art in New York, at London's Meltdown festival, and elsewhere.  Their debut album, recorded in eight days and released on Drag City, received positive reviews in The Independent, Pitchfork, Foxy Digitalis, and XLR8R, as well as a more mixed review in The Guardian.

Czechoslovak New Wave
The Czechoslovak New Wave (also Czech/Slovak New Wave) is a term used for the Czechoslovak filmmakers who started making films in the 1960s. The directors commonly included are Miloš Forman, Věra Chytilová, Jan Švankmajer, Ivan Passer, Pavel Juráček, Jiří Menzel, Jan Němec, Jaromil Jireš, Evald Schorm, Hynek Bočan, Juraj Herz, Juraj Jakubisko, Štefan Uher, František Vláčil and others. The movement was sometimes called the "Czechoslovak film miracle".
USS Thomaston
USS Thomaston (LSD-28) was the lead ship of her class of dock landing ship of the United States Navy. She was named for Thomaston, Maine, the home of General Henry Knox, the first Secretary of War to serve under the United States Constitution.

Thomaston (LSD-28) was laid down on 3 March 1953 at Pascagoula, Mississippi, by the Ingalls Shipbuilding Corp.; launched on 9 February 1954, sponsored by Mrs. Mathias B. Gardner; and commissioned on 17 September 1954.

Thomaston, Maine
Thomaston, formerly known as Fort St. Georges, Fort Wharf, and Lincoln, is a town in Knox County, Maine, United States. The population was 2,739 at the 2020 census. Noted for its antique architecture, Thomaston is an old port popular with tourists.  The town was named after Major General John Thomas.
David Shufflebotham
David Howell Shufflebotham (born 11 March 1968) is a Welsh former first-class cricketer.

The son of Terry Shufflebotham, who played Second Eleven cricket for Glamorgan, he was born at Neath in March 1968. He was educated at Neath Grammar School, before going up to Magdalene College, Cambridge. While studying at Cambridge, he played first-class cricket for Cambridge University Cricket Club in 1989 and 1990, making nine appearances. Playing as an all-rounder in the Cambridge side, he scored 149 runs in his nine matches, at an average of 21.28 and a highest score of 29. With his medium pace bowling he took 7 wickets at an expensive bowling average of 81.71, with best figures of 3 for 60.

Neath
Neath (/niːθ/; Welsh: Castell-nedd) is a market town and community situated in the Neath Port Talbot County Borough, Wales. The town had a population of 50,658 in 2011. The community of the parish of Neath had a population of 19,258 in 2011. Historically in Glamorgan, the town is located on the River Neath, seven miles (eleven kilometres) east-northeast of Swansea.
HMS Maori
There have been two Royal Navy ships called HMS Maori after the indigenous people of New Zealand:

HMS Maori (1909), a Tribal-class destroyer sunk in 1915.

HMS Maori (F24), a Tribal-class destroyer launched in 1936 and sunk in 1942.

HMS Maori (F24)
HMS Maori was a Tribal-class destroyer named after the indigenous Māori people of New Zealand. She served with the United Kingdom Mediterranean Fleet during World War II until she was bombed and sunk by German aircraft while at Malta in 1942. Her wreck was later raised and scuttled outside the Grand Harbour. The wreck is now a dive site.
Machang Subdistrict
Machang Subdistrict (simplified Chinese: 马场街道; traditional Chinese: 馬場街道; pinyin: Mǎchǎng Jiēdào) is a subdistrict located on the northwestern corner of Hexi District, Tianjin, China. It shares border with Xinxing and Taoyuan Subdistricts to its north, Xiuyue Road Subdistrict to its east, Tianta and Youyi Road Subdistricts to its south, as well as Shuishang Gongyuan and Xuefu Subdistrict to its west. Its population was 54,949 as of 2010.

The subdistrict was established in 1954. Its name (Chinese: 马场; lit. 'Horse Racing Venue') came from a horse racing venue that was constructed here in 1890s, back when this region was a part of the British concession of Tianjin.

British concession in Tianjin
The British concession in Tianjin (Chinese: 天津英租界) was one of seven total British concessions in China. It was one of nine foreign concessions in Tianjin, and was the earliest established and most successful out of all of the concessions. The concession bordered the French and Germans to the northwest and southeast, respectively, and faced the Russian concession across the Hai river. The settlement prospered economically, and many legacies of the British influence over Tianjin can be seen today.
Parinco mod. 3R
The Parinco mod. 3R is a submachine gun of Spanish origin that was designed in 1959. It is a selective-fire weapon for short-range street and brush fighting. It remains reasonably accurate up to 100 m using sighted semi-automatic fire. For close range combat, 2- or 3-shot bursts are recommended.

Submachine gun
A submachine gun (SMG) or sub-gun is a magazine-fed automatic carbine designed to fire handgun cartridges. The term "submachine gun" was coined by John T. Thompson, the inventor of the Thompson submachine gun, to describe its design concept as an automatic firearm with notably less firepower than a machine gun (hence the prefix "sub-"). As a machine gun must fire rifle cartridges to be classified as such, submachine guns are not considered machine guns.

In the 20th century, the submachine gun was developed during World War I (1914–1918) as a close-quarter offensive weapon, mainly for trench raiding. At its peak during World War II (1939–1945), millions of submachine guns were made for assault troops and auxiliaries whose doctrines emphasized close-quarter suppressive fire. New submachine gun designs appeared frequently during the Cold War, especially among special forces, commandos and mechanized infantrymen. Submachine gun usage for frontline combat decreased in the 1980s and 1990s.
Sesklo
Sesklo (Greek: Σέσκλο; Aromanian: Seshklu) is a village in Greece that is located near Volos, a city located within the municipality of Aisonia. The municipality is located within the regional unit of Magnesia that is located within the administrative region of Thessaly. During the prehistory of Southeastern Europe, Sesklo was a significant settlement of Neolithic Greece, before the advent of the Bronze Age and millennia before the Mycenaean period.

Magnesia (regional unit)
Magnesia (Greek: Μαγνησία, Magnisía, IPA: [maɣniˈsia], Ancient Greek: Magnēsía, deriving from the tribe name Magnetes) is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of Thessaly. Its capital is the city of Volos. About 70% of the population of Magnesia live in the Greater Volos area, which is the second-largest city in Thessaly and the third busiest commercial port in Greece.

According to the most recent census (2021), the population stands at 177,448. The regional unit hosts 2,000,000 tourists annually. Magnesia is represented in the Greek Parliament by six seats. Its main agricultural products are wheat, cotton, tomatoes, grapes, olives, apples and honey.
WWE: Walk with Elias
WWE: Walk with Elias is an extended play (EP) by American professional wrestler Jeffrey Sciullo, better known by his ring name Elias. The EP was released by WWE Music Group on July 23, 2018. Sciullo performs all of the songs in his character of a guitar-playing drifter. The album reached number 14 on the Top 100 US albums on iTunes in the first day of release.

Vagrancy
Vagrancy is the condition of wandering homelessness without regular employment or income. Vagrants usually live in poverty and support themselves by travelling while engaging in begging,  scavenging, or petty theft. In Western countries, vagrancy was historically a crime punishable with forced labor, military service, imprisonment, or confinement to dedicated labor houses.

Both vagrant and vagabond ultimately derive from the Latin word  vagari, meaning "to wander". The term vagabond and its archaic equivalent vagabone come from Latin vagabundus ("strolling about"). In Middle English, vagabond originally denoted a person without a home or employment.
The International League of Dermatological Societies
The International League of Dermatological Societies (ILDS) is a non-governmental organization that works closely with the World Health Organization. It was founded in 1935, but because of World War II no congresses were held until 1952. It is governed by the International Committee of Dermatology.

The ILDS is the parent organization of the International Foundation for Dermatology, founded in 1987.

After the publication of ICD-10, the ILDS produced a series of compatible extensions for use in dermatology.

Dermatology
Dermatology is the branch of medicine dealing with the skin. It is a specialty with both medical and surgical aspects. A dermatologist is a specialist medical doctor who has undergone advanced training (typically 4 years beyond medical school) and manages diseases related to skin. Dermatological conditions, including inflammatory diseases, infections, cancers, hair loss, and cosmetic issues are common in the population, and sometimes difficult to diagnose or treat, requiring the services of a dermatologist. In addition to these routine issues, some conditions such as serious burns, angiodema, necrotizing fasciitis, and Stevens–Johnson syndrome are life-threatening dermatological emergencies. Dermatological interventions include systemic and topical medications, surgery, radiation, and physical modalities such as cryosurgery or laser therapy.
Chandra Devi Dahal
Chandra Devi Dahal (born 26 October 1986 in Morang) is a Nepalese woman footballer who plays for the Nepal APF and the national team.

She represented Nepal at the 2012 SAFF Women's Championship, starting in Nepal's first group game against Pakistan.

Dahal celebrated her birthday just after playing in Nepal's biggest ever win, an 8–0 victory against Kuwait.

Pakistan women's national football team
The Pakistan women's national football team is the female representative in international women's football for Pakistan. The team was formed in 2010 and has not yet qualified for the AFC Women's Asian Cup or the FIFA Women's World Cup, but has competed in five editions of the biennial SAFF Women's Championship.

Its under-19 and under-16 teams have competed in the qualification rounds of the 2019 AFC U-19 Women's Championship and 2019 AFC U-16 Women's Championship, respectively.
Oyama Shrine (Kanazawa)
Oyama Shrine (尾山神社, Oyama-jinja) is a Shinto shrine in Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.

The shrine was established in 1599, dedicated to Maeda Toshiie (the first lord of Kaga Domain), in Utatsu-yama (卯辰山), east of Kanazawa. It was moved to its present location in 1873 and renamed to Oyama-jinja. The main gate was constructed in 1875.  This gate is a peculiar mix of traditional Japanese, Chinese, and European religious architectural elements. The gate is 25 metres (82 ft) high including the lightning rod. The third floor is particular famous for its Dutch stained-glass windows. It is said that the third floor was also used as a lighthouse. The gate was designated an Important Cultural Property on May 13, 1935.

Mount Utatsu
Mount Utatsu (卯辰山, Utatsu-yama) is a mountain in Kanazawa, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan. It is also known by a number of other names, including Mount Mukai (向山, Mukai-yama), Mount Mukō (夢香山, Mukō-yama), Mount Garyū (臥竜山, Garyū-zan), and Mount Kasuga (春日山, Kasuga-yama). It is visible to the east of Kanazawa Castle and has Toyokuni Shrine located on its slopes.

The summit of Mount Utatsu is used as a secondary triangulation point (named "Kanazawa") by the Geographical Survey Institute of Japan.
Umarell
Umarell (Italian spelling of the Bolognese Emilian word umarèl, Emilian pronunciation: [umaˈrɛːl]; plural umarelli) are men of retirement age who spend their time watching construction sites, especially roadworks – stereotypically with hands clasped behind their back and offering unrequested advice to the workers. Its literal meaning is "little man" (also umaréin). The term is employed as lighthearted mockery or self-deprecation.

The modern term was popularised in 2005 by local writer Danilo Masotti through three books and an associated blog. The word was included in the Italian Zingarelli dictionary in 2021 and in 2024 was included by the Language Council of Sweden in the annual list of new Swedish words – the Språkrådets nyordslista.

Self-deprecation
Self-deprecation is the act of reprimanding oneself by belittling, undervaluing, disparaging oneself, or being excessively modest. It can be used as a way to make complaints, express modesty, invoke optimal reactions or add humour. It may also be used as a way for individuals to appear more likable and agreeable.
Maria Tudor
Maria Tudor is an opera in four acts composed by Antônio Carlos Gomes to an Italian-language libretto by Emilio Praga (completed by Arrigo Boito). The libretto is based on Victor Hugo's 1833 play Marie Tudor, which centers on the rise, fall and execution of Fabiano Fabiani, a fictional favourite of Mary I of England. The opera premiered on 27 March 1879 at La Scala, Milan, with Anna D'Angeri in the title role and Francesco Tamagno as Fabiani. The cast also included Joseph Kaschmann as the villainous Don Gil and Édouard de Reszke as Gilberto. The opera was a failure at its premiere and withdrawn, a heavy blow to Gomes who was facing serious financial and family difficulties at the time. He returned to his native Brazil the following year.

Maria Tudor was revived in November 1998 at the Bulgarian National Opera in Sofia with Eliane Coelho in the title role. The performance was televised and a live recording released on CD by the Brazilian label ImagemData.

Emilio Praga
Emilio Praga (18 December 1839 – 26 December 1875) was an Italian writer, painter, poet, and librettist. He is the father of the artist Marco Praga. He belongs to the artistic movement Scapigliatura and Lombard line.
Miruthanga Chakravarthi
Miruthanga Chakravarthi (transl. The Mridangam Maestro) is a 1983 Indian Tamil-language musical drama film directed by K. Shankar and produced by Sakunthala N. The film stars Sivaji Ganesan, K. R. Vijaya, M. N. Nambiar, V. K. Ramasamy, Prabhu and Sulakshana. It was released on 24 September 1983.

Prabhu (actor)
Prabhu Ganesan (born 27 December 1956), known professionally as Prabhu, is an Indian actor and film producer who predominantly works in Tamil cinema. He is the youngest son of veteran actor Sivaji Ganesan. Prabhu was one of the leading actors in Tamil cinema in the 80s and 90s. He is popularly known as Ilaya Thilagam. He has worked in more than 220 films in lead and supporting roles in Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam and Kannada films.

After making his debut in Sangili (1982), Prabhu played various leading and supporting roles, earning the Best Actor award recognition by the Tamil Nadu State for his portrayal in Chinna Thambi (1991).
Nader Guirat
Nader Guirat (/ˈɡiːrɑːt/; Arabic: نادر قيراط; pronounced [ˈnɛːder ɡiːrˤɑːtˤ]; born May 16, 1986) is a Tunisian pop rock singer-songwriter and musician who won the title of Star Academy Arab World on the 5th season of the reality talent show. His performances were noted for their inclusion of a repertoire of songs interpreting varied genres of Pop, Rock, House, and acoustic in Arabic, English, French, Spanish, and Italian. He sang Tina Arena, Chris De Burgh, Alessandro Safina, Cheb Khaled, Akram Sedkaoui, Amel Bent, Nadia, Yves Larock, Karl Wolf, Massari and Hot Banditoz.

Massari
Sari Abboud (Arabic: ساري عبّود; born December 10, 1980), better known by his stage name Massari (/məˈsɑːri/ mə-SAR-ee), is a Lebanese-Canadian singer and songwriter. He began his career in the early 2000s and went on to release two R&B albums, Massari (2005) and Forever Massari (2009), before releasing two pop EPs, Hero (2015) and Tune In (2018). He is managed by SAL&CO.
Chile Route 23
Chile Route 23 (Ruta 23 CH) is a main road in the northern portion of Chile. It runs for 192.48 km (119.60 mi) from Calama to Sico Pass.

The Route 23 reaches an altitude of 4,580 metres (15,030 ft) 24 km west of the border.

Calama, Chile
Calama is a city and commune in the Atacama Desert in northern Chile. It is the capital of El Loa Province, part of the Antofagasta Region. Calama is one of the driest cities in the world with average annual precipitation of just 5 mm (0.20 in). The River Loa, Chile's longest, flows through the city. Calama has a population of 147,886 (2012 census).

The commune also encompasses the Quechua communities of Estación San Pedro, Toconce and Cupo; and the Lickan-antay communities of Taira, Conchi Viejo, Lasana, San Francisco de Chiu Chiu, Aiquina-Turi, and Caspana.

In 2003 the nearby town of Chuquicamata, once the largest open-pit copper mine in the world, was dismantled citing environmental reasons and encroachment from the mine's expansion. Residents of Chuquicamata then moved to Calama, away from company-owned residences, to find housing on their own.
The File on H.
The File on H. is a novel by the Albanian author Ismail Kadare. It was first published in Albanian in 1981 under the title Dosja H. Jusuf Vrioni translated the work to French in 1989 (revised in 1996) as Le Dossier H. David Bellos translated the French version into English in 1996. Both Kadare and Bellos have received praise in the English speaking world for the edition.

The premise of the novel is loosely based on the research on the Homeric question done by Milman Parry and Albert Lord in the 1930s, where they helped to develop the theory of Oral-Formulaic Composition.

Milman Parry
Milman Parry (June 23, 1902 – December 3, 1935) was an American Classicist whose theories on the origin of Homer's works have revolutionized Homeric studies to such a fundamental degree that he has been described as the "Darwin of Homeric studies". In addition, he was a pioneer in the discipline of oral tradition.
Edward H. Salmon
Edward H. Salmon (born September 16, 1942) is an American Democratic Party politician who served in the New Jersey General Assembly from the 1st Legislative District from 1988 to 1991.

Born in York, Pennsylvania, he attended Gettysburg College graduating in 1964, earned a master's degree in 1971 from Glassboro State College (since renamed as Rowan University), and also attended the University of Delaware. He was a teacher, served as mayor of Millville, and served on the Cumberland County Board of Chosen Freeholders prior to his election to the Legislature in 1987.

Salmon was reelected in 1989 and served in the Assembly until April 1991 when he was appointed to the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities by Governor James Florio.

York, Pennsylvania
York is a city in York County, Pennsylvania, United States, and its county seat. Located in South Central Pennsylvania, the city's population was 44,800 at the time of the 2020 census, making it the tenth-most populous city in Pennsylvania. The city has an urban area population of 238,549 and has a metropolitan area population of 456,449.

Founded in 1741, York served as the temporary base for the Continental Congress from September 1777 to June 1778, during which the Articles of Confederation were drafted. It is the largest city in the York–Hanover metropolitan area, which is also included in the larger Harrisburg–York–Lebanon combined statistical area of the Susquehanna Valley.
Kilnavert
Kilnavert (or Kilnavart) (from Irish Cill na bhFeart, meaning 'The Church of the Tumuli') is a townland in the civil parish of Templeport, County Cavan, Ireland. It lies in the Roman Catholic parish of Templeport and barony of Tullyhaw. The present local pronunciation is Killnavart but up to the 1870s the local pronunciation was Kilfertin.

Mellifont Abbey
Mellifont Abbey (Irish: An Mhainistir Mhór, literally 'the Big Monastery'), was a Cistercian abbey located close to Drogheda in County Louth, Ireland. It was the first abbey of the order to be built in Ireland. In 1152, it hosted the Synod of Kells-Mellifont. After its dissolution in 1539, the abbey became a private manor house. This saw the signing of the Treaty of Mellifont in 1603 and served as William of Orange's headquarters in 1690 during the Battle of the Boyne.

Today, the ruined abbey is a national monument of Ireland and accessible to the public. The English language name for the monastery, 'Mellifont', comes from the Latin phrase  Melli-fons, meaning 'Font of Honey'.