hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Talking animal
A talking animal or speaking animal is any non-human animal that can produce sounds or gestures resembling those of a human language. Several species or groups of animals have developed forms of communication which superficially resemble verbal language, however, these usually are not considered a language because they lack one or more of the defining characteristics, e.g. grammar, syntax, recursion, and displacement. Researchers have been successful in teaching some animals to make gestures similar to sign language, although whether this should be considered a language has been disputed.

Syntax
In linguistics, syntax (/ˈsɪntæks/ SIN-taks) is the study of how words and morphemes well-formed combine to form larger units such as phrases and sentences. Central concerns with syntax include word order, grammatical relations, hierarchical sentence structure (constituency), agreement, the nature of crosslinguistic variation, and the relationship between form and meaning (semantics). Diverse approaches, such as generative grammar and functional grammar, offer unique perspectives on syntax, reflecting its complexity and centrality to understanding human language.
Mount Davraz
Mount Davraz (Turkish: Davraz Dağı), also sometimes cited as Mount Davras, is a mountain and a winter sports and ski resort in the Taurus Mountains in Isparta Province in southern Turkey. The nearest cities are the province seat of Isparta and its depending district of Eğirdir, both of which are at a roughly equal distance of 25 km (16 mi) from the Davraz Ski Resort (Turkish: Isparta Davraz Kayak Merkezi). Antalya is 140 km (87 mi) away and, served by road connections.

The tallest peak (Büyük Davraz) at the resort is 2,637 m (8,652 ft) with the highest skiing height being at 2,250 m (7,380 ft). There are black, red, blue and yellow runs. Access to the slopes is via drag and chair lifts - depending on the particular run. The resort is open from December 1 each year, although the main period of winter sports varies with the snow conditions.

Davraz is served by one main hotel, Sirene Davras Ski and Wellness Hotel. The hotel is located at 1,650 m (5,410 ft).

Isparta
Isparta is a city in western Turkey. It is the seat of Isparta Province and Isparta District. Its population is 247,580 (2022). Its elevation is 1035 m. It is known as the "City of Roses".
Isparta is well-connected to other parts of Turkey via roads. Antalya lies 130 km to the south and Eskişehir is 350 km to the north.
Süleyman Demirel University has introduced thousands of youths from varied backgrounds to the city's mostly conservative fabric in recent years. The city’s football team, Isparta 32 Spor, was founded in 1976 in Isparta. The club’s colors are green and pink, and the team plays its home matches at the 4,345-seat Isparta Atatürk City Stadium. It currently competes in the TFF Second League.
Marco Castro
Marco Castro (born November 30, 1980) is a Peruvian make-up artist, film director, and entrepreneur.

Castro has worked in the beauty and fashion industries for over a two decades, and started under the tutelage of François Nars, He is the founder and creative director of his eponymous beauty brand. Castro has worked with Cartier, Calvin Klein, and NARS Cosmetics. His work has appeared in fashion publications, such as i-D magazine, Document Journal, CR Fashion Book, Vogue, and W Magazine. He has also been part of fashion designer Willy Chavarria's creative team.

His films explore themes of diversity and immigration, and his documentary and fashion short films have been screened and nominated at the Palm Springs Film Festival, San Diego Latino Film Festival, Berlin Commercial, Milano Fashion Film Festival, and Malaga Film Festival.

Palm Springs International Film Festival
Palm Springs International Film Festival (sometimes stylized shortly as PSIFF) is a film festival held in Palm Springs, California, considered the largest film festival for world cinema in the United States. Originally promoted by Mayor Sonny Bono and then sponsored by Nortel,: 198  it started in 1989 and is held annually in January. It is run by the Palm Springs International Film Society, which also runs the Palm Springs International Festival of Short Films (ShortFest), a festival of short films and film market in June.

Though the festival does feature American independent films, the focus from its inception was to shine a spotlight on international cinema.

The festival was cancelled in both 2021 and 2022 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in California. It was held from January 6 to January 16 in 2023. The 34th edition screened 134 films from 64 countries including 27 premieres. Film Awards ceremony on January 5 at the Palm Springs Convention Center started the celebrations.
Amazonotrema
Amazonotrema is a monotypic genus of lichenised fungi in the family Graphidaceae. It was circumscribed in 2009 by Klaus Kalb and Robert Lücking for the species Amazonotrema nigrum. The type specimen of A. nigrum was collected from virgin rainforest along the Rio Negro in the Brazilian state of Amazonas.

Rio Negro (Amazon)
The Rio Negro (Spanish: Río Negro [ˈri.o ˈneɣɾo] "Black River"), or Guainía as it is known in its upper part, is the largest left tributary of the Amazon River (accounting for about 14% of the water in the Amazon basin), the largest blackwater river in the world, and one of the world's ten largest rivers by average discharge. It originates in the tepuis of the department of Guainía, Colombia, and then flows southeastward before finally entering Brazil. Despite its high flow, the Rio Negro has a low sediment load (5.76 million tonnes per year on average in Manaus).
John M. Ferren
John Maxwell Ferren (born July 21, 1937) is a former associate judge of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals. He served as an associate judge on the court from 1977 to 1997, left to serve as corporation counsel for the District of Columbia for two years, and returned to serve as a senior judge. He retired from the court in 2023.

District of Columbia Court of Appeals
The District of Columbia Court of Appeals is the highest court of the District of Columbia, in the United States. The court was established in 1942 as the Municipal Court of Appeals, and it has been the court of last resort for matters of D.C. local law since 1970. It and the Superior Court of the District of Columbia compose the District of Columbia's court system. It is located in the former District of Columbia City Hall building at Judiciary Square.

The D.C. Court of Appeals is the equivalent of a state supreme court. Because the District of Columbia is not a U.S. state, however, the court's authority derives from the U.S. Congress rather than from the inherent sovereignty of the states. The D.C. Court of Appeals is sometimes confused with the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, which is the federal U.S. court of appeals that covers the District of Columbia.
Tomasz Frankowski
Tomasz Frankowski (Polish pronunciation: [ˈtɔmaʂ fraŋˈkɔfskʲi]; born 16 August 1974) is a Polish former professional footballer who played as a striker. With 168 goals in 302 matches in Polish Ekstraklasa he is the league's third all-time scorer and was top league goalscorer four times.

Frankowski achieved his greatest success at Wisła Kraków of Poland, where he helped fire them to a collection of domestic honours. He also played in France, Japan, Spain, England, and the United States.

He was capped 22 times for the Poland national team, scoring ten goals. After his retirement, he was elected to the European Parliament for the Civic Platform in 2019.

2004–05 Ekstraklasa
The 2004–05 Ekstraklasa is the 79th season of the Polish Football Championship and the 71st season of the Ekstraklasa, the top Polish professional league for association football clubs, since its establishment in 1927.
2019 WBSC U-19 Women's Softball World Cup
The 2019 WBSC U-19 Women's Softball World Cup was an international softball competition held in Irvine, California from August 10 to 17, 2019. It was the 13th edition of the tournament.

The United States won its seventh title, after defeating Japan 4–3 in final.

Irvine, California
Irvine (/ˈɜːrvaɪn/, UR-vine) is a planned city in central Orange County, California, United States, in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. It was named in 1888 for the landowner James Irvine. The Irvine Company started developing the area in the 1960s and the city was formally incorporated on December 28, 1971. The 66-square-mile (170 km2) city had a population of 318,629 as of June 2025. As of 2025, it is the second most populous city in Orange County, fifth most in the Greater Los Angeles region, and 62nd most in the United States.

Several major corporations in the technology and semiconductor sectors maintain their headquarters in Irvine. Irvine is also home to several higher-education institutions including the University of California, Irvine (UCI), Concordia University, Irvine Valley College, and campuses of University of La Verne and Pepperdine University.
Clyde Washington
Clyde George Washington (March 21, 1938 – December 29, 1974) was a professional American football cornerback in the American Football League (AFL). After playing college football for Purdue, Washington was drafted by the Cleveland Browns in the 10th round (116th overall) of the 1960 National Football League draft but played five seasons for the AFL's Boston Patriots (1960–1961) and New York Jets (1963–1965).

1960 NFL draft
The 1960 NFL draft in which NFL teams take turns selecting amateur college American football players and other first-time eligible players, was held at the Warwick Hotel in Philadelphia on November 30, 1959. Many players, including half of those drafted in the first round, signed with teams in the newly created American Football League, including the first overall pick and Heisman Trophy winner Billy Cannon. At the time of the draft, the Cardinals were still the Chicago Cardinals; they moved to St. Louis in March 1960. The Dallas Cowboys were enfranchised in January 1960 after the draft.
Median Wall
The Median Wall was a wall built to the north of the ancient city of Babylon at a point where the distance between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates decreases considerably. It was believed to have been constructed during the latter part of the reign of Nebuchadrezzar II and to have consisted of baked brick and bitumen, with centre of the wall being packed with earth. The wall was built to prevent any potential invasion by the Medes from the north — hence the name 'Median' Wall.

The ancient Greek writer Xenophon states that the wall was in existence in 401 BC in his book the Anabasis (or 'The Persian Expedition'), and described it as being 20 feet (6.1 m) wide and 100 feet (30 m) in height, and 20 parasangs in length (approximately 70 miles or 110 kilometres).

Parasang
The parasang, also known as a farsakh (from Arabic), is a historical Iranian unit of walking distance, the length of which varied according to terrain and speed of travel. The European equivalent is the league. In modern terms the distance is about 3 or 3½ miles (6 km).
Urqu Jipiña
Urqu Jipiña (Aymara urqu male, male animal, jipiña squatting of animals, "where the male animals crouch", also spelled Orkho Jipina, Orkho Jipiña) is a mountain in the Bolivian Andes which reaches a height of approximately 4,800 m (15,700 ft). It is located in the La Paz Department, Loayza Province, Luribay Municipality. Urqu Jipiña lies southwest of Q'ara Qullu.

La Paz Department (Bolivia)
The La Paz Department of Bolivia comprises 133,985 square kilometres (51,732 sq mi) with a 2024 census population of 3,022,566 inhabitants. It is situated at the western border of Bolivia, sharing Lake Titicaca with the neighboring Peru. It contains the Cordillera Real mountain range, which reaches altitudes of 6.6 kilometers (22,000 ft). Northeast of the Cordillera Real are the Yungas, the steep eastern slopes of the Andes Mountains that make the transition to the Amazon River basin to the northeast. The capital of the department is the city of La Paz and is the administrative city and seat of government/national capital of Bolivia.
Made in Chelsea series 4
The fourth series of Made in Chelsea, a British structured-reality television programme, began airing on 15 October 2012 on E4. The series concluded on 17 December 2012 after 10 episodes, however a 60-minute Christmas special episode aired immediately after the series on 24 December 2012, which was then followed by an end of season special presented by Rick Edwards on 31 December 2012 featuring a reunion of the cast to discuss events from the series. The series saw the arrival of several new cast members including Andy Jordan, Ashley James, Carly Rothman, Sam Cussins, Sophia Sassoon, Stevie Johnson and Lucy Watson, as well as the departure of original cast members Fredrik Ferrier and Gabriella Ellis. This series also featured the long triangle between Sophia, Francis and Proudlock, the rivalry between Millie and Victoria increasing, the brief reconnection between Gabriella and Ollie, and the rocky relationship between Spencer and Louise until the revelation that he cheated on her.

Rick Edwards
Richard Edwards is an English television presenter, journalist, and author.

Edwards presented T4 for four years, and has also presented Tool Academy, Freshly Squeezed, E4 Music, and much of Channel 4's 2012 Paralympics coverage. Edwards also hosts the "Fighting Talk" radio show on BBC Radio 5 Live. As a journalist, he has written for The Observer, the Evening Standard and HuffPost. From 2017 to 2021, he presented the BBC quiz show Impossible, and since November 2021 he has co-hosted the BBC Radio 5 Live breakfast show (replacing Nicky Campbell), 
usually alongside Rachel Burden.
Many Many Voices
Many Many Voices is a live hörspiel by Roberto Paci Dalò and Isabella Bordoni, broadcast from the Haus der Kulturen der Welt, Berlin, on January 29, 1995. Produced for Sender Freies Berlin, Kunstradio, RNE, YLE, Giardini Pensili.

Sender Freies Berlin
Sender Freies Berlin (German: [ˈzɛndɐ ˈfʁaɪəs bɛʁˈliːn] ⓘ; abbreviated SFB [ˌɛsʔɛfˈbeː] ⓘ; English: "Radio Free Berlin") was the ARD public radio and television service for Berlin from 1 June 1954 until 30 April 2003. On 1 January 1992, SFB became the public broadcaster for the whole of reunited Berlin. However, SFB had long had a significant audience in East Berlin for some time before German reunification. On 1 May 2003 it merged with Ostdeutscher Rundfunk Brandenburg to form Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg.
Zilkale
Zilkale is a medieval castle located in the Fırtına Valley (literally "Storm Valley") within the Pontic Mountains, and is one of the most important historical structures in the Çamlıhemşin district of Rize Province, within the Black Sea Region of Turkey.

The castle is built at an altitude of 1,130 m (3,710 ft), and sits at the edge of a cliff overlooking the Fırtına River (Turkish: Fırtına Deresi) approximately 380 m (1,250 ft) below, running at an elevation of 750 m (2,460 ft) southeast of it.

In the 1st-4th centuries AD it was the capital of the Laz principality of Macron-Henochi. The castle consists of the outer walls, middle walls and the inner castle. There are garrison quarters, and a possible chapel and head tower.

Black Sea region
The Black Sea region (Turkish: Karadeniz Bölgesi) (sometimes referred to as Pontus or Pontos) is a geographical region of Turkey. The largest city in the region is Samsun. Other big cities are Zonguldak, Trabzon, Ordu, Tokat, Giresun, Rize, Amasya and Sinop.

It is bordered by the Marmara Region to the west, the Central Anatolia Region to the south, the Eastern Anatolia Region to the southeast, the Republic of Georgia to the northeast, and the Black Sea to the north.
Charles R. Goldman
Charles Remington Goldman (born 9 November 1930 in Urbana, Illinois) is an American limnologist and ecologist. He is a Distinguished Professor Emeritus at the Department of Environmental Science of the University of California, Davis.

Urbana, Illinois
Urbana (/ɜːrˈbænə/ ur-BAN-ə) is a city in Champaign County, Illinois, United States, and its county seat. As of the 2020 census, Urbana had a population of 38,336. It is a principal city of the Champaign–Urbana metropolitan area, which had 236,000 residents in 2020. Urbana is notable for sharing the main campus of the University of Illinois with its twin city of Champaign.
Methanomicrobium
Methanomicrobium is a genus  of archaeans in the family Methanomicrobiaceae. The cells are shaped like short bars and do not form endospores.  They produce methane via the reduction of carbon dioxide with hydrogen or formate. They cannot metabolize acetate, methylamines, or methanol.

Methylamine
Methylamine, also known as methanamine, is an organic compound with a formula of CH3NH2. This colorless gas is a derivative of ammonia, but with one hydrogen atom being replaced by a methyl group. It is the simplest primary amine.

Methylamine is sold as a solution in methanol, ethanol, tetrahydrofuran, or water, or as the anhydrous gas in pressurized metal containers. Industrially, methylamine is transported in its anhydrous form in pressurized railcars and tank trailers. It has a strong odor similar to rotten fish. Methylamine is used as a building block for the synthesis of numerous other commercially available compounds.
La Placita, Colorado
La Placita was a small 1890s Hispanic settlement located in southeastern Colorado in the Purgatoire River Valley. The name "La Placita" is the New Mexican Spanish word for small plaza.  It is located south of La Junta and east of Trinidad on the grounds of the Piñon Canyon Maneuver Site (PCMS).

Piñon Canyon Maneuver Site
The Piñon Canyon Maneuver Site (also Pinon and Pinyon) is a 235,896 acre (955 km2) U.S. Army base in southeastern Colorado.  The Piñon Canyon Maneuver Site (PCMS) is a training site for Fort Carson.  In 2003, the U.S. Army announced a plan to expand PCMS by purchasing additional land mostly owned by individuals devoted to ranching. Local residents and conservation organizations opposed the expansion. In  2013 the Army cancelled the planned expansion.
Karsten Grove
Karsten Grove is a Danish-American mathematician working in metric and differential geometry, differential topology and global analysis, mainly in topics related to global Riemannian geometry, Alexandrov geometry, isometric group actions and manifolds with positive or nonnegative sectional curvature.

Sectional curvature
In Riemannian geometry, the sectional curvature is one of the ways to describe the curvature of Riemannian manifolds. The sectional curvature K(σp) depends on a two-dimensional linear subspace σp of the tangent space at a point p of the manifold. It can be defined geometrically as the Gaussian curvature of the surface which has the plane σp as a tangent plane at p, obtained from geodesics which start at p in the directions of σp (in other words, the image of σp under the exponential map at p). The sectional curvature is a real-valued function on the 2-Grassmannian bundle over the manifold.

The sectional curvature determines the Riemann curvature tensor completely.
Wave–current interaction
In fluid dynamics, wave–current interaction is the interaction between surface gravity waves and a mean flow. The interaction implies an exchange of energy, so after the start of the interaction both the waves and the mean flow are affected.

For depth-integrated and phase-averaged flows, the quantity of primary importance for the dynamics of the interaction is the wave radiation stress tensor.

Wave–current interaction is also one of the possible mechanisms for the occurrence of rogue waves, such as in the Agulhas Current. When a wave group encounters an opposing current, the waves in the group may pile up on top of each other which will propagate into a rogue wave.

Dynamics (mechanics)
In classical mechanics, dynamics  is the study of forces and their effect on motion. It is in contrast to statics, which deals with forces on objects at rest. The fundamental principle of dynamics is linked to Newton's second law.
Jeff S. Klotz
Jeff Stephan Klotz-von Eckartsberg (born 1990 in Pforzheim) is a German writer and entrepreneur. He lived in Schloss Bauschlott  (municipality of Neulingen) where he ran the J. S. Klotz Verlagshaus (publishing company) for which he had to file for insolvency in March 2025.  
From 2009 to 2019 he was active in local politics in Remchingen.
Jeff Klotz is active in the Protestant Church. Since 2020 he has been a member of the State Synod of the Evangelischen Landeskirche in Baden and since 2021 also a member of the Synode der Evangelical Church in Germany (EKD).

Baden
Baden (/ˈbɑːdən/; German: [ˈbaːdn̩]) is a historical territory in southern Germany. In earlier times it was considered to be on both sides of the Upper Rhine, but since the Napoleonic Wars, it has been considered only East of the Rhine.
Surajpur, Chhattisgarh
Surajpur is a Nagar Palika Parishad situated in the bank of Rihand River in Surajpur district of Chhattisgarh state in Central India. It is the administrative headquarters of the Surajpur district, located 334 km away from the state's capital city, Raipur. National Highway 43 passes through city and It is well connected to Ranchi,  Varanasi, Singrauli via Road, Surajpur Road railway station is  connected to major cities like Delhi, Agra, Gwalior, katni, Raipur, Bilaspur, Durg-Bhilai.

Katni
Katni officially Murwara is a city on the banks of the Katni River in Madhya Pradesh, India. It is the administrative headquarters of Katni District. It is in the Mahakoshal region of central India. The city is 90 km (56 mi) from the divisional headquarters of the region, Jabalpur.
Festember
Festember is a cultural festival organised at National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli (NITT). It is a 4-day event held annually in the third week of September. It was first incepted in 1975 by then students of NITT, and has now evolved to be one of the largest cultural festivals organised by a student community in Southern India. With humble beginnings as a fest with zero rupee budget allocation, it grew rapidly with sponsorships and collaborations. It now boasts an annual participation of more than 15,000 students from over 500 collegiate student communities across India.

City Union Bank
City Union Bank Limited is an Indian private sector bank headquartered in Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu. The bank was initially named Kumbakonam Bank Limited, and was incorporated on 31 October 1904. The bank focused on operating as a regional bank in Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu. In FY2022 the bank had a market capitalization of ₹93.62 billion (US$1.1 billion) and operated 774 branches, and 1762 ATMs.
Garvald, South Lanarkshire
55°43′42″N 3°26′16″W﻿ / ﻿55.72833°N 3.43778°W﻿ / 55.72833; -3.43778
Garvald is a small settlement on the boundary between the Scottish Borders and South Lanarkshire, Scotland.

Garvald home farm is a community farm and residential social enterprise site established in 1987 for adults, some with learning difficulties and managed by the Garvald Trust.

The area has a former sand and gravel quarry that is now restored for other uses.

South Lanarkshire
South Lanarkshire (Scots: Sooth Lanrikshire; Scottish Gaelic: Siorrachd Lannraig a Deas) is one of 32 unitary authorities of Scotland. It borders the south-east of the Glasgow City council area and contains some of Greater Glasgow's suburban towns, as well as many rural towns and villages. It also shares borders with Dumfries and Galloway, East Ayrshire, East Renfrewshire, North Lanarkshire, the Scottish Borders and West Lothian. It includes most of the historic county of Lanarkshire.

The administrative centre of South Lanarkshire is Hamilton, with the seat of the local authority, South Lanarkshire Council, located at Lanark County Buildings.