hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Carlton B. Curtis
Carlton Brandaga Curtis (December 17, 1811 – March 17, 1883) was an American politician from Pennsylvania who served as a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives for Pennsylvania's 23rd congressional district from 1851 to 1859. He then switched parties and later served again as a Republican member for the Pennsylvania's 19th congressional district from 1870 to 1875.

Pennsylvania's 19th congressional district
Pennsylvania's 19th congressional district was a congressional district that became obsolete for the 113th Congress in 2013, due to Pennsylvania's slower population growth compared to the rest of the nation.

In its last incarnation, the district included all of Adams and York Counties, and parts of Cumberland County. The last representative was Republican Todd Russell Platts, who decided to retire at the end of the 112th Congress.

Most of the 19th district remained intact and was renumbered as the 4th district.
J. J. Fernando
Mihindukulasuriya Julian Joseph Fernando (born 15 August 1896) was a Ceylonese politician.

In 1947 Fernando was elected to the Parliament of Ceylon at the 1st parliamentary election, in the Chilaw electorate, as an independent candidate. He secured 6,270 votes (35% of the total vote), defeating 4 other candidates to win the seat.

Fernando was unable to hold the seat at the 2nd parliamentary election held in May 1952, where he was defeated by the United National Party candidate, Shirley Corea, and the Sri Lanka Freedom Party candidate, W. J. C. Munasinha, who received 10,260 votes and 10,206 votes respectively, as opposed to Fernando's 5,027 votes.

United National Party
The United National Party (UNP; Sinhala: එක්සත් ජාතික පක්ෂය, romanized: Eksath Jāthika Pakshaya, Tamil: ஐக்கிய தேசியக் கட்சி, romanized: Aikkiya Tēciyak Kaṭci) is a centre-right political party in Sri Lanka. Founded in 1946, the party was one of Sri Lanka's two main parties for several decades, serving as either the country's ruling party or as part of its governing coalition for several periods of the country's independent history. After suffering a major split in the lead-up to the 2020 parliamentary elections, the UNP saw a collapse in parliament, with the party only winning one national list seat and losing all its votes to the new Samagi Jana Balawegaya alliance. Currently, the UNP is a notable third party in Sri Lankan politics.

The UNP has been led by former president Ranil Wickremesinghe since 1994. The party is a member of the International Democracy Union.
Lilabati Bhattacharjee
Lilabati Bhattacharjee (née Ray) was a mineralogist, crystallographer and a physicist. She studied with the scientist Satyendra Nath Bose, and completed her MSc in physics from the University College of Science and Technology (commonly known as Rajabazar Science College), University of Calcutta in 1951.

Mrs Bhattacharjee worked in the fields of structural crystallography, optical transform methods, computer programming, phase transformations, crystal growth, topography, and  instrumentation. She served as a Senior Mineralogist at the Geological Survey of India, and later went on to become its Director (Mineral Physics). She was married to Siva Brata Bhattacherjee, and is survived by two children and two grandsons.

Phase transition
In physics, chemistry and biology, a phase transition (or phase change) is the physical process of transition between one state of a medium and another. Commonly the term is used to refer to changes among the basic states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas, and in rare cases, plasma. A phase of a thermodynamic system and the states of matter have uniform physical properties. During a phase transition of a given medium, certain properties of the medium change as a result of the change of external conditions, such as temperature or pressure. This can be a discontinuous change; for example, a liquid may become gas upon heating to its boiling point, resulting in an abrupt change in volume. The identification of the external conditions at which a transformation occurs defines the phase transition point.
T-slot structural framing
T-slot structural framing is a framing system consisting of lengths of square or rectangular extruded aluminium, typically 6105-T5 aluminium alloy, with a T-slot down the centerline of one or more sides.

It is also known under several generic names, such as aluminium extrusion, aluminium profile and 2020 extrusion if the cross-section is 20x20 mm, alongside brand names, such as 80/20 framing.

While the precise history of the T-slot framing system is not known, advancement in extrusion press technology in the early 1950s allowed for economic production of aluminium profiles, and examples of use can be found from the early 1960s.

Although no published standard defines the system, it is produced in a series of conventional sizes which allows for compatibility between manufacturers.

There is a variation on T-slot profiles known as V-slot rails where V-slot wheels are slotted into the V-shaped channels of the framing for linear motion in a 3D printer or other CNC machine.

Linear stage
A linear stage or translation stage is a component of a precise motion system used to restrict an object to a single axis of motion. The term linear slide is often used interchangeably with "linear stage", though technically "linear slide" refers to a linear motion bearing, which is only a component of a linear stage. All linear stages consist of a platform and a base, joined by some form of guide or linear bearing in such a way that the platform is restricted to linear motion with respect to the base. In common usage, the term linear stage may or may not also include the mechanism by which the position of the platform is controlled relative to the base.
Rebecca Gratz
Rebecca Gratz (March 4, 1781 – August 27, 1869) was a Jewish American educator and philanthropist in 19th-century America. She was a member of the Gratz family, who settled in the United States before the Revolutionary War.

19th century in the United States
The 19th century in the United States refers to the period in the United States from 1801 through 1900 in the Gregorian calendar.  For information on this period, see:

History of the United States series:
History of the United States (1789–1849)
History of the United States (1849–1865)
History of the United States (1865–1918)

Historical eras:
Jeffersonian era
Era of Good Feelings
Jacksonian era
American Civil War
Reconstruction era
Gilded Age
Progressive Era
Svendborg Line
The Svendborg Line (Danish: Svendborgbanen) is the railway line between Odense and Svendborg, inaugurated on 12 July 1876. The line was established by Sydfyenske Jernbaner, and taken over by DSB on 1 April 1949. Since 13 December 2020, the line has been managed by Arriva, a private multinational company.

During the daytime, two trains each hour drive the stretch between Odense and Svendborg in both directions that do not stop at all stations (only one train in the evening hours). Additionally, a train drives between Odense and Ringe once an hour, during day and evening hours, in both directions that stop at all stations.

DSB (railway company)
DSB, an abbreviation of Danske Statsbaner (pronounced [ˈtænskə ˈstɛˀtsˌpɛːnɐ], Danish State Railways), is the largest Danish train operating company. It's also the largest train operating company in Scandinavia. While DSB is responsible for passenger train operation on most of the Danish railways, goods transport and railway maintenance are outside its scope. DSB runs a commuter rail system, called the S-train, in the area around the Danish capital, Copenhagen, that connects the different areas and suburbs in the greater metropolitan area. Between 2010 and 2017, DSB operated trains in Sweden.

DSB was founded in 1885, when the state-owned companies De jysk-fynske Statsbaner and De sjællandske Statsbaner merged. DSB was established in 1885, after the state in 1867 under the name De Jutland-Fynske Statsbaner took over the private company Det Danske Jernbanedriftselskab and in 1880 they also took over the privately owned Zealand Railway Company.
ZAJ
ZAJ, Zaj, or zaj could refer to:

Zaranj Airport, an airport near Zaranj, Afghanistan, by IATA code

Zaj, an Italian experimental music group from 1959 to 1993

Zaramo language, a language spoken in Tanzania, by ISO 639 code

Zaranj Airport
Zaranj Airport (Pashto: زرنج هوایي ډگر; Dari: فرودگاه زرنج; IATA: ZAJ, ICAO: OAZJ) was an airport located in the city of Zaranj, Nimruz Province, Afghanistan. It was replaced by the newly constructed Nimruz Airport, located 17 kilometres (11 mi) east of the city. As of 2020, Zaranj Airport is no longer listed in the Afghan Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP).

Sitting at an elevation of 1,592 feet (485 m) above sea level, Zaranj Airport has one gravel runway measuring around 2,000 by 60 metres (6,562 ft × 197 ft).

Plans to replace the airport emerged in 2011, with the new Nimruz Airport being located 17 kilometres (11 mi) east of the city. Flight safety was one of the reasons cited that led to the construction of the new airport in view of the small runway and nearby residential houses. Construction began on 1 November 2011.

Two runway excursions in 1995 and 2008 resulted in damage to nearby houses.
Girls' Generation videography
This is the videography of the South Korean girl group Girls' Generation. Girls' Generation has been active in the music industry since the group's debut in August 2007. The group is composed of eight members: Taeyeon, Sunny, Tiffany, Hyoyeon, Yuri, Sooyoung, Yoona and Seohyun. Former member Jessica was dismissed from the group in 2014.

Tiffany Young
Stephanie Young Hwang (born August 1, 1989), known professionally as Tiffany or Tiffany Young, is an American singer-songwriter and actress of Korean descent. Born and raised in California, she was discovered by South Korean entertainment agency SM Entertainment at the age of fifteen and subsequently moved to South Korea. After two years of training, Young debuted as a member of girl group Girls' Generation (and later its subgroup Girls' Generation-TTS) in August 2007, which went on to become one of the best-selling artists in South Korea and one of South Korea's most widely known girl groups worldwide.

In 2016, Young became the second Girls' Generation member to debut as a soloist with the release of her first extended play I Just Wanna Dance. Although Young remains a member of Girls' Generation, she left SM Entertainment in October 2017. She joined Paradigm Talent Agency and signed with record label Transparent Arts prior to the release of her 2019 extended play Lips on Lips.
Zelenchukskaya
43°51′N 41°36′E﻿ / ﻿43.850°N 41.600°E﻿ / 43.850; 41.600

Zelenchukskaya (Russian: Зеленчу́кская; Karachay-Balkar: Зеленчук, Джаланджюк, romanized: Zelençuk, Calancük, Abaza: Зеленчыкв, Зеленчукская, Nogai: Зеленчукский, romanized: Zelençukskiy) is a rural locality (a stanitsa) and the administrative center of Zelenchuksky District of the Karachay–Cherkess Republic, Russia, located on the Bolshoy Zelenchuk River.

Nogai language
Nogai (/noʊˈɡaɪ/ noh-GHY; Ногай тили, Nogay tili, Ногайша, Nogayşa) also known as Noğay, Noghay, Nogay, or Nogai Tatar, is a Turkic language spoken in Southeastern European Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey. It is the ancestral language of the Nogais. As a member of the Kipchak branch, it is closely related to Kazakh, Karakalpak and Crimean Tatar. In 2014, the first Nogai novel (Akşa Nenem) was published, written in the Latin alphabet.
Rineloricaria maacki
Rineloricaria maacki is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the Iguazu River in the Paraná River basin in Brazil. It is typically found in environments characterized by muddy and medium-to-fast-flowing water, a substrate composed primarily of sand, and little to no marginal vegetation. The species reaches 13.6 cm (5.4 inches) in standard length and is believed to be a facultative air-breather. Its specific name honors Reinhard Maack for his contributions to the geological knowledge of the Iguazu basin.

Loricariidae
Loricariidae is the largest family of catfish (order Siluriformes), with over 90 genera and just over 680 species. Loricariids originate from freshwater habitats of Costa Rica, Panama, and tropical and subtropical South America. These fish are noted for the bony plates covering their bodies and their suckermouths. Several genera are sold as "plecos", notably the suckermouth catfish, Hypostomus plecostomus, and are popular as aquarium fish.
Rubicon Technology
Rubicon Technology, Inc. is an American company specializing in sapphire crystal growth and large-diameter sapphire technology. Their improvement to the Kyropoulos technology is known as "ES2", and was developed in their Illinois-based crystal growth facilities. Rubicon Technology has been producing the industry's first 12-inch sapphire wafer since 2010, and has shipped millions of wafers and core products in sizes from 2" to 12" since 2001. The company's products have been used in the LED industry and for the production of silicon on sapphire wafers for integrated circuits (RFICs), as well as on high-quality optical and industrial applications for high-performance sapphire.

Kyropoulos method
The Kyropoulos method, also known as the KY method or Kyropoulos technique, is a method of bulk crystal growth used to obtain single crystals.

The largest application of the Kyropoulos method is to grow large boules of single crystal sapphire used to produce substrates for the manufacture gallium nitride-based LEDs, and as a durable optical material.
Bensins Island
Bensins Island is the only island in South Bentinck Arm, an inlet (fjord) in the Central Coast region of British Columbia, Canada.  It is located across the inlet from Tallheo Hot Springs.  Slightly north of the island on the shore of the inlet was Qnklst, a Nuxalk village. Qnklst is a Nuxalk name for "island" meaning "stone bottom" or "a bottom of stone".

Inlet
An inlet is a typically long and narrow indentation of a shoreline such as a small arm, cove, bay, sound, fjord, lagoon or marsh, that leads to an enclosed larger body of water such as a lake, estuary, gulf or marginal sea.
Hen Comb
Hen Comb is a fell in the west of the English Lake District. One of the Loweswater Fells it lies to the south of Loweswater lake and Loweswater village. Although of only moderate height, its ascent can be difficult as it is largely surrounded by bogs.

Fell
Fell (from Old Norse: fell, "mountain → landscape over the tree line"; cf.  Icelandic: fell, Norwegian: fjell, Swedish: fjäll) is a high and barren landscape feature, such as a mountain or moor-covered hill, often mountain landscape over the tree line, etc. The term is most often employed in Fennoscandia, Iceland, the Isle of Man, parts of northern England, and Scotland.
Oatka Creek Park
Oatka Creek Park, part of the Monroe County park system, lies near the center of the Town of Wheatland in New York. The park is bounded on the east by Union Street (County Road 170), the north by the tracks of the Rochester & Southern Railroad, and the west and south by Stewart Road. Immediately northeast of the park is the hamlet of Garbutt.

The principal entrance at 9797 Union Street is an extension of Quaker Road and leads to the Oatka Lodge, the one significant man-made feature of the park. The remainder of the park is undeveloped, with former farm fields reverting to their natural state.

Oatka Creek Park covers 461 acres (1.87 km2) along both banks of approximately one mile (1.6 km) of Oatka Creek. It is open to the public between 7 a.m. and 11 p.m. daily in summer (reduced hours in winter), with a strict carry-in/carry-out rule to prevent the accumulation of garbage.

It is home to the Caledonia-Mumford Red Raiders and the Wheatland-Chili Wildcats Cross Country teams.

Garbutt, New York
Garbutt, New York is a hamlet in Monroe County, New York, United States. It is located within the town of Wheatland between the village of Scottsville and the hamlet of Mumford. It sits at the intersection of Scottsville-Mumford Road and Union Street. The hamlet grew rapidly through the mid-nineteenth century, but starting in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries the collapse of the local economy caused the population to severely decline.
John Watkins (mayor)
John Watkins, also shown in early records as Jean Watkins (died 1812), was an American politician who served as the fourth Mayor of New Orleans in Louisiana.

He came from a prominent family.

According to Kendall's History of Louisiana, Watkins was appointed by Territorial Governor William C. C. Claiborne to the position of the city's recorder or assessor on March 11, 1805, and sworn in that day by Mayor Pitot. Watkins acted as city council president from that date until July 27, 1805, when alderman Col. Bellechasse was elected to the presidency.

Claiborne promoted John Watkins to mayor, following the resignation of Pitot. Kendall's history, now in the public domain, has a great deal of information about events and developments in New Orleans during Watkins' administration.

William C. C. Claiborne
William Charles Cole Claiborne (c. 1773–1775 – November 23, 1817) was an American politician and military officer who served as the first governor of Louisiana from April 30, 1812, to December 16, 1816. He was also possibly the youngest member of the United States Congress in the history of the United States, although reliable sources differ about his age.

Claiborne supervised the transfer of Louisiana from French to U.S. control after the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, governing the "Territory of Orleans" from 1804 to 1812, the year in which Louisiana became a state. He won the first election for Louisiana's state Governor and served through 1816, for a total of thirteen years as Louisiana's executive administrator. New Orleans served as the capital city during both the colonial period and the early statehood period.
Ram Muivah
Ramnganing Muivah (born 1 March 1960) is an Indian politician and retired Indian Administrative Service officer of 1985 batch from Manipur cadre. He was elected to the Manipur Legislative Assembly from Ukhrul in 2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election as a member of Naga People's Front.

2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election
Legislative Assembly elections were held in Manipur from 28 February to 5 March 2022 in two phases, to elect 60 members of the Manipur Legislative Assembly. The results declared on 10 March 2022. The newly constituted assembly was named 12th Manipur Legislative Assembly. The ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) won 32 out of 60 seats and secured a comfortable majority. N. Biren Singh was re-elected as the chief minister and continued in his office, forming a new ministry. In September 2022, 5 legislators of JD(U) "merged" with BJP taking its total strength to 37 in the Assembly.

After the eruption of the Kuki–Meitei ethnic conflict on 3 May 2023, causing the displacement of over 60,000 people, chief minister Biren Singh was unable to control the violence and resigned on 9 February 2025. President's rule was declared on 13 February, and the legislature was put in suspended animation. Later on 4 February 2026, BJP leader Yumnam Khemchand Singh was sworn in as the new chief minister.
Dobwalls and Trewidland
Dobwalls and Trewidland (Cornish: Fos an Mogh & Trewydhlann) was a civil parish in south-east Cornwall, England, United Kingdom between 1974 and 2021.

The parish was bounded to the north by St Neot and St Cleer parishes, to the east by Liskeard and Menheniot parishes, to the south by Morval parish, to the west by the East Looe River and the parishes of St Pinnock and St Keyne, and to the south-west by Duloe parish.

The two largest villages in the parish were Dobwalls and Doublebois, both in the north of the parish. There were several smaller villages in the south of the parish including Trewidland and Horningtops, and the hamlet of Boduel to the north. The hamlets of Coombe, East Tuelmenna, Treburgie and Twelvewoods were also in the parish.

Coombe, Liskeard
50°26′41″N 4°28′54″W﻿ / ﻿50.44485°N 4.48158°W﻿ / 50.44485; -4.48158

Coombe (Cornish: Komm) is a settlement in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It is situated one mile (1.6 km) southwest of Liskeard.

Coombe Junction Halt is a station and railway junction on the Looe Valley Line railway which runs from Liskeard station to Looe station.
Weaver Network (West Yorkshire)
The Weaver Network is a planned network of franchised bus services across West Yorkshire within the boundaries of the West Yorkshire Combined Authority, created under the bus franchising provisions of the Bus Services Act 2017. First announced in March 2024 by Mayor of West Yorkshire Tracy Brabin, the network is set to commence operations in 2027 in parts of Kirklees, Leeds and Wakefield, replacing bus operations currently run by the West Yorkshire Metro as well as the region's commercial bus operators. The brand is also set to incorporate the future West Yorkshire mass transit system from 2028 onwards.

West Yorkshire mass transit system
The West Yorkshire mass transit system is a proposed transport system connecting the larger conurbations of West Yorkshire, England, with a central hub at Leeds. Leeds is known to be the largest city in Western Europe without a light rail or metro-style system. The start of construction was planned to start in 2028 and now has been postponed until the mid to late 2030s.
Crofton, West Yorkshire
Crofton is a village in West Yorkshire, England, about 4 miles (6 km) south-east of Wakefield, some 6 miles (10 km) to the west of the town of Pontefract, and 4 miles (6 km) from the town of Featherstone. The population of the civil parish at the 2011 census was 5,781.

Arriva Yorkshire
Arriva Yorkshire is a major bus operator providing services primarily within and across West Yorkshire, although it also provides service in some parts of South Yorkshire, East Riding of Yorkshire and southern areas of North Yorkshire. It is a subsidiary of Arriva UK Bus.
J. W. Stephenson
Julian Wilson Stephenson (September 2, 1883 – November 22, 1964) was an American football, basketball and baseball coach. He served as the head football coach at Jacksonville State Normal School—now known as Jacksonville State University—in Jacksonville, Alabama from 1920 to 1921 and again from 1929 to 1930, compiling a record of 21–9–4. Stephenson was also the head basketball coach at Jacksonville State from 1928 to 1951, and school's head baseball coach from 1948 to 1954.

Stephenson was a student at the University of Alabama. He was also the head football coach at Jacksonville High School in 1928. Stephenson was the brother of Alabama football star and Major League Baseball player Riggs Stephenson. He died on November 22, 1964, at a hospital in Gadsden, Alabama.

Jacksonville High School (Alabama)
Jacksonville High School is a public high school located in Jacksonville, Alabama, United States, serving grades 7–12. It is part of the Jacksonville City Schools system. Its colors are blue and gold.

Until 1998, the school was located adjacent to the Jacksonville State University campus on Pelham Road North. The current school building was built on part of the site of the former Jacksonville Airport.
The Brickyard (shopping mall)
The Brickyard, sometimes known as the Brickyard Mall, is a shopping mall located in Chicago, Illinois, U.S. Built in 1977 as an enclosed shopping mall featuring J. C. Penney, Kmart, and Montgomery Ward, it was redeveloped in 2003 as a strip mall. The center's anchor stores are Jewel, Target, Marshalls, and Lowe's. The Brickyard is owned and managed by CBRE Group.

Marshalls
Marshalls, Inc. is an American chain of off-price department stores owned by TJX. Marshalls has over 1,000 American stores, including larger stores named Marshalls Mega Store (stores operating with HomeGoods combined), covering 49 states and Puerto Rico, and 61 stores in Canada. Marshalls first expanded into Canada in March 2011.

Marshalls is one of the largest U.S. off-price family apparel and home fashion retailers, along with its sister company, TJ Maxx. Its slogan is "Get the good stuff".