hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Postnikov system
In homotopy theory, a branch of algebraic topology, a Postnikov system (or Postnikov tower) is a way of decomposing a topological space by filtering its homotopy type. What this looks like is for a space  there is a list of spaces  where

and there is a series of maps  that are fibrations with fibers Eilenberg-MacLane spaces . In short, we are decomposing the homotopy type of  using an inverse system of topological spaces whose homotopy type at degree  agrees with the truncated homotopy type of the original space . Postnikov systems were introduced by, and are named after, Mikhail Postnikov.

There is a similar construction called the Whitehead tower (defined below) where instead of having spaces  with the homotopy type of  for degrees , these spaces have null homotopy groups  for .

Ind-completion
In mathematics, the ind-completion or ind-construction is the process of freely adding filtered colimits to a given category C. The objects in this ind-completed category, denoted Ind(C), are known as direct systems, they are functors from a small filtered category I to C.

The dual concept is the pro-completion, Pro(C).
Bettina Ustrowski
Bettina Ustrowski (born 27 July 1976) is a German former swimmer, born in Berlin, who competed in the 1992 Summer Olympics. She won a gold medal at 1993 European Aquatics Championships, as part of the German 4x100m medley relay team.

1993 European Aquatics Championships
The 1993 European Aquatics Championships were held in Sheffield, United Kingdom from Tuesday 3 August to Sunday 8 August, in the 50 m pool of the Ponds Forge International Sports Centre. The 21st edition of the event was organised by the LEN.

Besides swimming there were titles contested in open water swimming, diving, synchronised swimming (women) and water polo. The open water competition though was held in Slapy, Czech Republic from 28 to 29 August, while the women's water polo tournament was played in Leeds.

The swimming championships resulted in one world and one European record: Károly Güttler improved the world's best time in the qualifying heats of the men's 100 m breaststroke, while Franziska van Almsick bettered the continental's best time in the women's 100 m freestyle. Star swimmer at this meet was Krisztina Egerszegi, winning four gold medals for Hungary.
Hello Cruel World (Sole and the Skyrider Band album)
Hello Cruel World is the third studio album by Sole and the Skyrider Band. It was released on Fake Four Inc. on July 19, 2011. Music videos were created for the following songs: "Napoleon", "D.I.Y.", "Hello Cruel World", "Bad Captain Swag", and "Immortality".

Fake Four Inc.
Fake Four is an independent record label based in New Haven, Connecticut. It was founded by brothers  Ceschi and David Ramos in 2008.

According to an interview with Ceschi on Ugsmag.com, the Ramos brothers started Fake Four with help from Grimm Image Records in San Bernardino, California and Squids Eye Recording Collective in Dayton, Ohio as an outlet to release and distribute their personal music projects and those of their friends. Since the initial release This Up Here by David Ramos, Fake Four Inc. has been a self-sufficient label.
Azot (Cherkasy)
Azot PrAT, doing business as Cherkasy Azot, is a Ukrainian manufacturer of nitrogen fertilizers. Ukrainian oligarch Dmytro Firtash's chemical-industry holding corporation, Ostchem Holding, manages the company as well as several other fertilizer manufacturers in Ukraine and other post-Soviet states.

Azot serves both the domestic and export markets.  Products are primarily ammonia and ammonium salts, but also include certain specialty ion-exchange resins.

The plant's name, Azot, is Ukrainian for "nitrogen", and Cherkasy is the location of its chemical plant.

Chemical industry
The chemical industry comprises the companies and other organizations that develop and produce industrial, specialty and other chemicals. Central to the modern world economy, the chemical industry converts raw materials (oil, natural gas, air, water, metals, and minerals) into commodity chemicals for industrial and consumer products. It includes industries for petrochemicals such as polymers for plastics and synthetic fibers; inorganic chemicals such as acids and alkalis; agricultural chemicals such as fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides; and other categories such as industrial gases, speciality chemicals and pharmaceuticals.

Various professionals are involved in the chemical industry including chemical engineers, chemists and lab technicians.
Bobby Beausoleil
Robert Kenneth Beausoleil (born November 6, 1947) is an American murderer and associate of Charles Manson and members of his communal Manson Family. He was convicted and sentenced to death for the July 27, 1969, fatal stabbing of Gary Hinman, who had befriended him and other Manson associates. Beausoleil was later granted commutation to a lesser sentence of life imprisonment, after the Supreme Court of California issued a ruling that invalidated all death sentences issued in California prior to 1972.

During his incarceration in the California state prison system, Beausoleil has recorded and released music. He has also worked on visual art, instrument design, and media technology. Although a parole board recommended him for parole in January 2019 in his 19th hearing for eligibility, the recommendation was denied by the governor of California.

Prisons in California
The California state prison system is a system of prisons, fire camps, contract beds, reentry programs, and other special programs administered by the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) Division of Adult Institutions to incarcerate approximately 117,000 people as of April 2020. CDCR owns and operates 31 prisons throughout the state.

The California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation had a $15.8B budget for the 2019-2020 fiscal year, which was 7.4% of the state budget , and  $13.6 billion ($13.3 billion General Fund and $347 million other funds) for CDCR in 2021-22. The state's prison medical care system has been in receivership since 2006, when a federal court ruled in Plata v. Brown that the state failed to provide a constitutional level of medical care to its prisoners. Since 2009, the state has been under court order to reduce prison overcrowding to no higher than 137.5% of total design capacity.
IntelliJ IDEA
IntelliJ IDEA (pronounced /ɪnˈtɛlɪdʒeɪ/ in-TEL-ih-jay "idea") is an integrated development environment (IDE) written in Java for developing computer software written in Java, Kotlin, Groovy, and other JVM-based languages. It is developed by JetBrains (formerly known as IntelliJ) and is available as an Apache 2 Licensed community edition with proprietary license for some bundled plugins, and in a proprietary commercial edition. Both can be used for commercial development.

Proprietary software
Proprietary software is software that grants its creator, publisher, or other rightsholder or rightsholder partner a legal monopoly by modern copyright and intellectual property law to exclude the recipient from freely sharing the software or modifying it, and—in some cases, as is the case with some patent-encumbered and EULA-bound software—from making use of the software on their own, thereby restricting their freedoms.

Proprietary software is a subset of non-free software, a term defined in contrast to free and open-source software; non-commercial licenses such as CC BY-NC are not deemed proprietary, but are non-free. Proprietary software may either be closed-source software or source-available software.
Robin Merrill
Robin Merrill (born 20th century) is an English actor, musician, presenter, producer and journalist.

He was a member of the original London cast of the musical Evita. Merrill was also a journalist, starting his journalism career with the British Forces Broadcasting Service (BFBS) radio in 1989 and then for Deutsche Welle television.

Impresario
An impresario (from Italian impresa 'an enterprise or undertaking') is a person who organizes and often finances concerts, plays, or operas, performing a role in stage arts that is similar to that of a film or television producer.
Fulton Johnson Logan
Fulton Johnson Logan (November 5, 1857 – February 9, 1939) was a lumberman, farmer, and political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada. He represented Halifax County in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1911 to 1916 as a Liberal member.

Logan was born in 1857 at Upper Stewiacke, Nova Scotia to William Logan and Mary Archibald. He married Annie M. Sutherland on September 15, 1892. He served as a councillor for Colchester County from 1891 to 1892. Logan was appointed to the Legislative Council of Nova Scotia on May 17, 1916, serving until its abolition on May 31, 1928. He died in 1939 at Halifax, Nova Scotia.

He was elected in the 1911 Nova Scotia general election but did not contest the 1916 Nova Scotia general election.

Colchester County
Colchester County (Scottish Gaelic: Siorramachd Dhùn Chamuluis) is a county in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. With a population of 51,476 the county is the fourth largest in Nova Scotia.  Colchester County is located in north central Nova Scotia.

The majority of the county is governed by the Municipality of the County of Colchester, the county also is home to two independent incorporated towns, Stewiacke and Truro, two village commissions in Bible Hill and Tatamagouche, and the Millbrook 27 First Nations reserve.
Mehta (village)
Mehta(IPA: [meːɦtaː]) is a village and gram panchayat in Ghansor tehsil, Seoni district, in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh.  It is approximately 11 km from Ghansor headquarters and 89 km from the district headquarters of Seoni. The village sits along the main road connecting Lakhnadon and Mandla which is madhya pradesh state highway 33(MP SH 33).

Mandla
Mandla is a city with municipality in Mandla district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. It is the administrative headquarters of Mandla District. The city is situated in a loop of the Narmada River, which surrounds it on three sides, and for 15 miles between Mandla and Ramnagar, Madhya Pradesh the river flows in a deep bed unbroken by rocks. The Narmada is worshiped here, and many ghats have been constructed on the banks of the river.
It was a capital of the Gondwana Kingdom who built a palace and a fort, which in the absence of proper care have gone to ruins.
Answer (comics)
Answer is the name of several supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The first incarnation of Answer, Aaron Nicholson, first appeared in Peter Parker, the Spectacular Spider-Man #91 (June 1984). The second incarnation, David Ferrari, debuted in Captain America (Vol. 3) #20 (June 1999). The third incarnation, an unnamed criminal, made his first appearance in Superior Spider-Man #26 (January 2014).

S.H.I.E.L.D.
S.H.I.E.L.D. is a fictional espionage, special law enforcement, and counter-terrorism government agency appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, this agency first appeared in Strange Tales #135 (August 1965), and often deals with paranormal activity and superhuman threats to international security.

The acronym originally stood for Supreme Headquarters, International Espionage and Law-Enforcement Division. It was changed in 1991 to Strategic Hazard Intervention Espionage Logistics Directorate. Within media set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, as well as multiple animated and live-action television series, the backronym stands for Strategic Homeland Intervention, Enforcement and Logistics Division.

The organization has heavily appeared in media adaptations as well as films and shows that take place in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.
Krushari
Krushari (Bulgarian: Крушари, pronounced [kruˈʃari]) is a village in northeastern Bulgaria, part of Dobrich Province. It is the administrative centre of Krushari Municipality, which lies in the northwestern part of the province. Krushari is located 32 kilometres from the provincial capital of Dobrich, 85 kilometres (53 mi) from Varna and around 70 kilometres (43 mi) from Balchik and Silistra.

The old name of the village was Armutlii (also Armutli, Armutlu, Armutlia), which has an Ottoman Turkish etymology and shares the same meaning as the current Bulgarian name: "pear growers" or "pear vendors". The modern name was introduced in 1942, after Southern Dobruja was returned to Bulgaria following a Romanian rule between the 1913 Treaty of Bucharest and the 1940 Treaty of Craiova.

Since December 2018 Krushari has been linked with the neighbouring commune of Dobromir in Romania via the Krushari–Dobromir border crossing.

Dobrich
Dobrich (Bulgarian: Добрич [ˈdɔbrit͡ʃ]) is the 9th-largest city in Bulgaria, the administrative centre of Dobrich Province and the capital of the region of Southern Dobrudzha. It is located in the northeastern part of the country, 30 km west of the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast, not far from resorts such as Albena, Balchik, and Golden Sands. In January 2012, Dobrich was inhabited by 79,269 people within the city limits. The city is named after the Bulgarian medieval lord of the surrounding region - Dobrotitsa. Agriculture is the most developed branch of the economy. The most popular types of agricultural products in the region are wheat and lavender oil.

Dobrich Knoll on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Dobrich. A point of interest is the Dobrich TV Tower.
Paul Shinji Sasaki
Paul Shinji Sasaki (パウロ 佐々木 鎮次)、(March 11, 1885 – December 21, 1946) was an Anglican bishop of the Diocese of Mid-Japan and later of Tokyo, in the Nippon Sei Ko Kai, the Province of the Anglican Communion in Japan.

Province
A province is an administrative division within a country or state. The term derives from the ancient Roman provincia, which was the major territorial and administrative unit of the Roman Empire's territorial possessions outside Italy. The term province has since been adopted by many countries. In some countries with no actual provinces, "the provinces" is a metaphorical term meaning "outside the capital city".

While some provinces were produced artificially by colonial powers, others were formed around local groups with their own ethnic identities. Many have their own powers independent of central or federal authority, especially in Canada and Turkey. In other countries, like China or France, provinces are the creation of central government, with very little autonomy.
Orwell: 2+2=5
Orwell: 2+2=5 is a 2025 documentary film produced, written, and directed by Raoul Peck. It follows the career of George Orwell, particularly the lessons from his novel Nineteen Eighty-Four (1984), and how his political observations are still relevant in present day authoritarianism. Damian Lewis narrates the film as Orwell.

The documentary had its world premiere at the Cannes Premiere section of the 2025 Cannes Film Festival on 17 May 2025, where it was nominated for the L'Œil d'or. It was theatrically released in the United States by Neon on 3 October 2025, and will be released in France by Le Pacte on 25 February 2026.

L'Œil d'or
L'Œil d'or, le prix du documentaire — Cannes ([lœj dɔʁ], "The Golden Eye, The Documentary Prize — Cannes") is a documentary film award created in 2015. It is awarded to the best documentary presented in one of the sections of the Cannes Film Festival (Official Selection, Directors' Fortnight, Critics' Week and Cannes Classics).
Sidecar file
Sidecar files, also known as buddy files or connected files, are computer files that store data (often metadata) which is not supported by the format of a source file.

There may be one or more sidecar files for each source file. There may also be "metadata databases" where one database contains metadata for several source files.

In most cases the relationship between the source file and the sidecar file is based on the file name; sidecar files have the same base name as the source file, but with a different extension. The problem with this system is that most operating systems and file managers have no knowledge of these relationships, and might allow the user to rename or move one of the files thereby breaking the relationship.

File manager
A file manager or file browser is a computer program that provides a user interface to manage files and folders.  The most common operations performed on files or groups of files include creating, opening (e.g. viewing, playing, editing or printing), renaming, copying, moving, deleting and searching for files, as well as modifying file attributes, properties and file permissions. Folders and files may be displayed in a hierarchical tree based on their directory structure.
Petr Chaadaev (ski jumper)
Petr Chaadaev (Russian: Пётр Чаадаев, born January 21, 1987, Moscow) is a Belarusian ski jumper who has competed since 2001.

Petr made his debut on November 17, 2001. He started in the Nordic Ski WC in Oberstdorf.

On February 10, 2005, he was 56th in the qualification. In the team competition the Belarusian team was 15th. Ivan Sobolev, Dmitry Afanasenko, Maksim Anisimov and Chaadaev came in last.

In this season, in Bad Mitterndorf he jumped a new Belarusian record, his jump was 197.5 metres long. In Torino Olympics 2006, Chaadaev was disqualified in the qualification, and they didn't start a team.

Bad Mitterndorf
Bad Mitterndorf (German: [baːt ˈmiteʁnˌdɔʁf]) is a town in Salzkammergut in the Austrian state of Styria.

Situated between Salzburg and Graz, it is a popular winter sports resort and also as a location for walking and cycling in the summer. Bad Mitterndorf is the site of two health spas with thermal baths, an outdoor swimming pool and other health amenities, cafés and leisure areas. The town hosts a children's club during the holidays. Bad Mitterndorf is also the location of one of the world's five ski flying hills, Kulm. The town is well placed for excursions to Hallstatt, Altaussee and its May narcissus festival, Bad Ischl and the Kaiservilla, and to Salzburg, 95 km away.
Vernon White (fighter)
Vernon Verdell White (born December 3, 1970) is an American retired professional mixed martial arts fighter who fought for the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), Pride Fighting Championships, Strikeforce, King of the Cage, Pancrase, the World Fighting Alliance, and the Nevada Lions of the IFL. He is the former King of the Cage Light Heavyweight Championship, and King of the Cage Light Heavyweight Superfight Championship.

International Fight League
The International Fight League was an American mixed martial arts (MMA) promotion billed as the world's first MMA league. It was founded on January 7, 2006, and closed on July 31, 2008. Instead of the established norm for MMA events, where matchups are strictly one-on-one affairs, each IFL card was a showdown between two camps of at least three fighters, each fighter fighting one match against another in the opposing camps.
APHC
APHC can stand for the following:

A Prairie Home Companion, US weekly radio program

All Parties Hurriyat Conference, a coalition of political parties in Kashmir

Andhra Pradesh High Court, the ultimate legal authority in that state of India

Anglo-Philippine Holdings Corporation, a Philippines financial consortium investing in mass-transit operations

Appaloosa Horse Club (ApHC), a US horse breeding organization

Armor-piercing hard core, a military designation for projectile types

Association of Plumbing and Heating Contractors, a trade association in England and Wales

All Parties Hurriyat Conference
All Parties Hurriyat Conference (APHC) is an alliance of several political, social and religious organizations formed on 9 March 1993, as a united political front to raise the cause of Kashmiri independence in the Kashmir conflict. Mehmood Ahmed Saghar was the first convener of the APHC-PAK chapter when the alliance was established in 1993. The alliance has historically been viewed positively by Pakistan as it contests the claim of the Indian government over the State of Jammu and Kashmir. The organisation is split into two main factions, the Mirwaiz and Geelani factions. Mirwaiz Umar Farooq is the founder and chairman of Mirwaiz faction and Masarat Alam Bhat is the interim chairman of Geelani faction, who succeeded Syed Ali Shah Geelani, the founder of the faction after his death.
Adventure Sports Center International
Adventure Sports Center International is an Olympic standard white water rafting and canoe/kayak slalom center located on the mountaintop above the Wisp Ski Resort at Deep Creek Lake, McHenry, Maryland, United States. In addition to serving as a venue for slalom races and training, the center offers a range of services to the general public, including guided raft trips, inflatable kayak rentals, and riverboard rentals.

The center opened in May 2007, constructed for $24 million, and is the third pump-powered artificial whitewater facility built in North America. Its educational partner in water sports instruction is the Adventuresports Institute of nearby Garrett College, which offers degrees in outdoor adventure sports.

McHenry, Maryland
McHenry is an unincorporated community located in Garrett County, Maryland, United States, on the northernmost shore of Deep Creek Lake.

Located on the outskirts of McHenry are the Garrett County Airport, Wisp Ski Resort, and the Golf Club at Wisp.

McHenry is part of the media market of Pittsburgh.

McHenry's population as of 2012 was 1,328.
Coal Valley News
The Coal Valley News is a weekly newspaper produced in Madison in the U.S. state of West Virginia. Published on Wednesdays, it has a 2016 circulation of 1,176, and is owned by HD Media.

The 2014 book The Coal River Valley in the Civil War: West Virginia Mountains identified the Coal Valley News as the "region's principal local newspaper." The newspaper's title has been described in national media as typical of Boone County, where the coal industry plays defining role in the local economy. It is considered a newspaper of public record by the West Virginia Secretary of State.

Newspaper of record
A newspaper of record is a major national newspaper with large circulation whose editorial and news-gathering functions are considered authoritative and independent; they are thus "newspapers of record by reputation" and include some of the oldest and most widely respected newspapers in the world. The number and trend of "newspapers of record by reputation" is related to the state of press freedom and political freedom in a country.

It may also be a newspaper authorized to publish public or legal notices, thus serving as a newspaper of public record. A newspaper whose editorial content is directed by the state can be referred to as an official newspaper of record, but the lack of editorial independence means that it is not a "newspaper of record by reputation". Newspapers of record by reputation that focus on business can also be called newspapers of financial record.
Oho Enthan Baby
Oho Enthan Baby (transl. Oh my baby) is a 2025 Indian Tamil-language coming-of-age romantic comedy drama film directed by Krishnakumar Ramakumar in his directorial debut and written by Mukesh Manjunath and Sarada Ramanathan, starring Rudra and Mithila Palkar in the lead roles, marking their acting debut and Tamil debut respectively. The film also features Rudra's cousin Vishnu Vishal as himself, who jointly produced the film under his Vishnu Vishal Studioz alongside Raahul's Romeo Pictures and KV Durai's Good Show. The film also features Anju Kurian, Mysskin, Redin Kingsley, Karunakaran, Geetha Kailasam, Kasthuri, and Vaibhavi Tandle  in supporting roles.

Oho Enthan Baby was released in theatres on 11 July 2025.

Karunakaran (actor)
Karunakaran (born 28 January 1981) is an Indian actor and comedian who mainly appears in Tamil cinema. He made his breakthrough in the film Soodhu Kavvum (2013). He also appeared in supporting roles in Yaamirukka Bayamey (2014), Jigarthanda (2014) and Indru Netru Naalai (2015).