hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Giuseppe Biagi (explorer)
Giuseppe Biagi (2 February 1897 in Medicina – 1 November 1965 in Rome) was an Italian soldier, explorer and radio operator. He was one of the survivors of the deadly crash of the airship Italia in May 1928 during Umberto Nobile's expedition to the North Pole.

Radio operator
A radio operator (also, formerly, a wireless operator in British and Commonwealth English) is a person who is responsible for the operations of a radio system and the technicalities in broadcasting.  The profession of radio operator has become largely obsolete with the automation of radio-based tasks in recent decades.  Nevertheless, radio operators are still employed in maritime and aviation fields.  In most cases radio transmission is now only one of several tasks of a radio operator.  In the United States, the title of Certified Radio Operator is granted to those who pass a test issued by the Society of Broadcast Engineers.

The role of 'Wireless Operator' aboard aircraft during WWII was often abbreviated  to 'WOp' or 'WOP' in official documents or obituaries.
Bascanichthys inopinatus
Bascanichthys inopinatus, the unexpected snake eel, is an eel in the family Ophichthidae (worm/snake eels). It was described by John E. McCosker, Eugenia Brandt Böhlke, and James Erwin Böhlke in 1989. It is a tropical, marine eel endemic to the coastal marine waters of Puerto Rico.

Ophichthidae
Ophichthidae is a family of fish in the order Anguilliformes, commonly known as the snake eels. The term "Ophichthidae" comes from Greek ophis ("serpent") and ichthys ("fish"). Snake eels are also burrowing eels.  They are named for their physical appearance, as they have long, cylindrical, snake-like bodies. This family is found worldwide in tropical to warm temperate waters. They inhabit a wide range of habitats, from coastal shallows and even rivers, to depths below 800 m (2,600 ft). Most species are bottom dwellers, hiding in mud or sand to capture their prey of crustaceans and small fish, but some are pelagic.

These species range in total length from 5 cm (2.0 in) to 2.3 m (7.5 ft) or more. Many species lack fins altogether, improving their ability to burrow into the substrate like worms. They are often spotted or striped in colour, mimicking the appearance of venomous sea snakes to deter predators. Often, they are washed ashore by large storms.
Albino Mamede Cleto
Albino Mamede Cleto (3 March 1935 – 15 June 2012) was the Roman Catholic bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Coimbra, Portugal, therefore becoming ex officio 29th Count of Arganil. Ordained in 1959, Mamede Cleto was named bishop in 1982 and retired in 2011.

Ex officio member
An ex officio member is a member of a body (notably a board, committee, or council) who is part of it by virtue of holding another office. The term ex officio is Latin, meaning literally 'from the office', and the sense intended is 'by right of office'; its use dates back to the Roman Republic.

According to Robert's Rules of Order, the term denotes only how one becomes a member of a body. Accordingly, the rights of an ex officio member are exactly the same as other members unless otherwise stated in regulations or bylaws. It relates to the notion that the position refers to the position the ex officio holds, rather than the individual that holds the position. In some groups, ex officio members may frequently abstain from voting.

Opposite notions are dual mandate, when the same person happens to hold two offices or more, although these offices are not in themselves associated; and personal union, when two states share the same monarch.
Sitra Mall
Sitra Mall is a multi-storey shopping mall located in Sitra, Bahrain. It opened in 2006 and covers an area of 46,838 square meter. It is located adjacent to Tubli Bay and neighbors Al Noor International School, a Toyota/Lexus car showroom and the Sitra Causeway which connects Sitra island to the capital city Manama and  Nabih Saleh island. The mall can hold up to 118 outlets. It is the first mall in Bahrain to have a waterfront view.

Sitra
Sitra (Arabic: سترة or سِتْرَة, As-Sitra), also known as Sitrah or Sitra Island (Arabic: جزيرة سترة Jazīrat Sitrah), is an island in Bahrain situated approximately 5 km (3.1 mi) south of the capital, Manama, which is on Bahrain Island.
Bruno F. Fernandes
Bruno Franco Fernandes  (born April 6, 1978) is a Brazilian martial arts teacher (5th degree Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Black belt)  based in  Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

In 2010, he founded Gracie Barra (GB) Montreal, a school of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, and became President of GB Wear Canada. He is also the regional Director of Gracie Barra Association for Quebec, Canada. During his martial arts career, he won multiple World Championship titles and received many awards and recognitions in international Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu tournaments such as the Mundials (Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu World Championships), Pan-American Championships, and Brazilian Nationals, as well as in local state- and city-sponsored cups.

Black belt
In East Asian martial arts, the black belt is associated with expertise, but may indicate only competence, depending on the martial art. The use of colored belts is a relatively recent invention dating from the 1880s.
Auxology
Auxology (from Greek αὔξω, auxō, or αὐξάνω, auxanō 'grow'; and -λογία, -logia) is a meta-term covering the study of all aspects of human physical growth. (Although, it is also fundamental of biology.) Auxology is a multi-disciplinary science involving health sciences/medicine (pediatrics, general practice, endocrinology, neuroendocrinology, physiology, epidemiology), and to a lesser extent: nutrition science, genetics, anthropology, anthropometry, ergonomics, history, economic history, economics, socio-economics, sociology, public health, and psychology, among others.

Nutritional science
Nutritional science (also nutrition science, sometimes short nutrition, dated trophology) is the science that studies the physiological process of nutrition (primarily human nutrition), interpreting the nutrients and other substances in food in relation to maintenance, growth, reproduction, health and disease of an organism.
Chestnut Street Log House
Chestnut Street Log House is a historic home located in Lebanon, Lebanon County, Pennsylvania. It was built around 1772, and is a 1+1⁄2-story, rectangular log residence on a limestone foundation.  It is three bays wide and one bay deep, with a gable roof, and central fireplace.  It is believed to have been raised 1 1/2-feet about 1850, and according to National Register of Historic Places records was restored to its 1700s appearance around 1978.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

Lebanon County, Pennsylvania
Lebanon County (/ˈlɛbənən/ LEB-ə-nən; Pennsylvania German: Lebnen Kaundi) is a county in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 143,257. Its county seat is the city of Lebanon. It lies 72 miles northwest of Philadelphia, which is the nearest major city. The county is part of the South Central region of the commonwealth.

The county was formed from portions of Dauphin and Lancaster counties in 1813, with minor boundary revisions in 1814 and 1821. Lebanon County comprises the Lebanon metropolitan statistical area, which is part of the Harrisburg–York–Lebanon combined statistical area.
Rezaldi Hehanussa
Muhammad Rezaldi Hehanussa (born 7 November 1995), commonly known as Bule, is an Indonesian professional footballer who plays as a left back for Super League club Persik Kediri, on loan from Persib Bandung.

Piala Presiden (Indonesia)
Piala Presiden (English: President's Cup) is an annual pre-season association football tournament held in Indonesia and organized by the Football Association of Indonesia (PSSI). The inaugural tournament was held in 2015 to fill the vacuum of the Indonesia Super League when Indonesia was suspended by FIFA for government interference and major political involvements. The most recent tournament was held in 2025.
Slobozia Conachi
Slobozia Conachi is a commune in Galați County, Western Moldavia, Romania with a population of 7,178 people. It is composed of two villages, Izvoarele and Slobozia Conachi. It also included the village of Cuza Vodă until 2005, when it was split off to form a separate commune.

Western Moldavia
Western Moldavia (Romanian: Moldova Occidentală, Moldova de Apus, or Moldova de Vest), also known as Romanian Moldavia, is the core historic and geographical part of the former Principality of Moldavia situated in eastern and north-eastern Romania. Until its union with Wallachia in 1859, the Principality of Moldavia also included, at various times in its history, the regions of Bessarabia (with the Budjak), all of Bukovina, and Hertsa; the larger part of the former is nowadays the independent state of Moldova, while the rest of it, the northern part of Bukovina, and Hertsa form territories of Ukraine.

Romanian Moldavia consists of eight counties, spanning over 18% of Romania's territory. Six out of the 8 counties make up Romania's designated Nord-Est development region, while the two southern counties are included within Romania's Sud-Est development region. It comprises roughly 48.67% of the wider region of Moldavia.
Edward O. Smith
Edward Owen Smith (15 April 1817 – 8 March 1892) was an American pioneer, businessman and politician. He served as the mayor of Decatur, Illinois, an Illinois State Senator, and as a member of both the 1848 Illinois Constitutional Convention and the 1878 California Constitutional Convention.

Constitution of Illinois
The Constitution of the State of Illinois is the governing document of the state of Illinois. There have been four Illinois Constitutions, with the fourth version adopted in 1970. That constitution is referred to as the "Constitution of Illinois of 1970" or less formally as the "1970 Constitution" even though there have been amendments to it after 1970. Important features of the 1970 Constitution include the creation of home rule powers for larger municipalities and other units of local government.
Rangila Rasul
Rangila Rasul or Rangeela Rasool (transl. Colourful Prophet) is a book published anonymously in Urdu in 1924.

The book was considered highly controversial due to its satire of the marital life of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Its publication led to reforms in India's penal code that made blasphemy illegal and may have contributed to promote the partition of India.

International Publishers Association
The International Publishers Association (IPA, originally Congrès international des éditeurs) is an international publishing industry federation of national publisher associations representing book and journal publishing, founded in 1896 in Paris. It is a non-profit and non-governmental organization, to promote and protect publishing and to raise awareness for publishing in the context of economic, cultural and political development.

The IPA's two core pillars are the promotion of copyright and the protection of the freedom to publish. The IPA actively opposes censorship and promotes literacy. Since 2005, the IPA has awarded the Freedom to Publish Prize, renamed the Prix Voltaire in 2016. In 2022, it introduced two additional prizes, a Champion Award and an Innovation Award.
Stearns-Knight
Stearns-Knight was an American manufacturer of luxury cars in Cleveland, Ohio, from 1911 until 1929. It was founded as B. Stearns and Company, later known as F. B. Stearns Company, and marketed under the brand names Stearns from 1900 to 1911.

Flathead engine
A flathead engine, also known as a sidevalve engine or valve-in-block engine, is an internal combustion engine with its poppet valves contained within the engine block, instead of in the cylinder head, as in an overhead valve engine.

Flatheads were widely used internationally by automobile manufacturers from the late 1890s until the mid-1960s but were replaced by more efficient overhead valve and overhead camshaft engines. They are currently experiencing a revival in low-revving aero-engines such as the D-Motor.
Grœnlendinga þáttr (I)
Grœnlendinga þáttr ('The Tale of the Greenlanders') is a short story about the exploration of Vinland in North America by Leif Erikson and later Norse explorers, including Thorvald Eiriksson, Thorfinn Karlsefni, and Freydís Eiríksdóttir.

The tale is preserved in the Flateyjarbók, in columns 281–288, where it is interpolated into the Saga of Óláfr Tryggvason. It is commonly combined and translated with Eiríks þáttr rauða as the Saga of the Greenlanders.

Thorfinn Karlsefni
Thorfinn Karlsefni Thórdarson was an Icelandic explorer. Around the year 1010, he followed Leif Eriksson's route to Vinland in a short-lived attempt to establish a permanent settlement there with his wife Gudrid Thorbjarnardóttir and their followers.
Alex Walker (rugby league)
Alex Walker (born 4 September 1995) is a Scotland international rugby league footballer who plays as a fullback for the London Broncos in the Betfred Championship.

He has previously played for the London Broncos in the Championship and the Super League, and spent time on loan from the Broncos at the London Skolars and the Hemel Stags in League 1.

RFL League One
The Rugby Football League's League One (known as the Betfred League One) was the third-highest division of rugby league in Britain. It was also the lowest level of professional rugby league in Britain.

Introduced in 2003 as National League 2 it was the first time British rugby league had a third tier since the old Third and Second Divisions merged  in 1998. The league was rebranded as Championship 1 in 2009, then League 1 in 2015, and League One in 2022.

The league was disbanded at the conclusion of 2025 due to the merger of the Championship and League One for the 2026 season.
2024 Challenger Temuco – Doubles
Mateus Alves and Matías Soto were the defending champions but lost in the quarterfinals to Christian Harrison and Evan King.

Harrison and King won the title after defeating Benjamin Lock and Renzo Olivo 7–6(7–5), 7–5 in the final.

Benjamin Lock
Benjamin Lock (born 4 March 1993) is a Zimbabwean tennis player.
He has a career high ATP singles ranking of world No. 309 achieved on 6 January 2025 and a career high ATP doubles ranking of No. 154 achieved on 14 October 2024.

He is part of the Zimbabwe Davis Cup team, alongside his brother Courtney John Lock, where he has a win–loss record of 35–12.

Lock has won 12 ITF singles titles and 6 ATP Challengers and 35 ITF doubles titles.
Jesaya Nyamu
Jesaya Nyamu (born 20 March 1942) is a Namibian politician. A member of the Rally for Democracy and Progress (RDP), he was a high level member of the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) from 1964, when he fled into exile, until 2002, when he was expelled from the party for "disobedience". He was a member of SWAPO's central committee from 1975 until his expulsion from the party in 2002. In 2007, he registered a new political party, the Rally for Democracy and Progress (RDP) and was unanimously selected as the party's secretary general in 2008. He was elected to the National Assembly of Namibia with RDP in the 2009 general election.

2009 Namibian general election
General elections were held in Namibia on 27–28 November 2009. They were the fourth general elections since independence and the fifth democratic elections. Voting ended on 28 November and official election results, released on 4 December, showed that Hifikepunye Pohamba and his SWAPO Party were re-elected, each with over 75% of the vote. Prior to the election, the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) was widely expected to score a landslide victory, with the Rally for Democracy and Progress (RDP) considered SWAPO's biggest challenger. Fourteen political parties competed for seats in the National Assembly of Namibia, and twelve candidates ran for the presidency.
Hopedale Village Historic District
The Hopedale Village Historic District encompasses much of the historic 19th century industrial village center of Hopedale, Massachusetts.  Its main focus is the mill complex of the Draper Company at Hopedale and Freedom Streets; the district includes much of northern Hopedale, extending along Dutcher and Freedom Streets, and including the mill pond.  It extends to the south just beyond Mendon Street, including properties on that street from the Milford line west to Hopedale Cemetery.  The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. The district has been included as part of the Blackstone River Valley National Historical Park.

Milford, Massachusetts
Milford is a town in Worcester County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 30,379 according to the 2020 census. It contains the census-designated place of the same name. First settled in 1662 and incorporated in 1780, Milford became a booming industrial and quarrying community in the 19th century due to its unique location which includes the nearby source of the Charles River, the Mill River, the Blackstone River watershed, and large quantities of Milford pink granite.
Wavy Navy (video game)
Wavy Navy is a video game designed by Rodney McAuley for the Apple II and published by Sirius Software in 1983. Versions for the Atari 8-bit computers and Commodore 64 were released the same year. Wavy Navy is a nautically themed fixed shooter with left and right controls to move the player's PT boat, but there is an additional complexity as the boat moves up and down with the large ocean waves that scroll beneath it. Some reviewers found that the waves added an interesting twist, while others called it too similar to other fixed shooters like Galaxian.

Prior to Wavy Navy, McAuley wrote several Apple II games for Creative Computing magazine.

Sirius Software
Sirius Software was a California-based publisher of video games for the Apple II, Atari 8-bit computers, Commodore 64, and VIC-20. Most games were written for the Apple II, then ported to other systems. The company was founded in 1980 by Jerry Jewell and Terry Bradley and released over 160 games before folding in 1984. Sirius also developed games for the Atari 2600 which were published in 1982 and 1983 by 20th Century Fox Video Games. Fox's failure to pay Sirius resulted in company's downfall. Nasir Gebelli wrote some of the early hits from Sirius, establishing his reputation as an Apple II game programmer.
Bucarabones River
The Bucarabones River (Spanish: Río Bucarabones) is a tributary of the Guabá River, located in the municipalities of Maricao and Las Marías, Puerto Rico. The river has its source in the Cuchilla de Bucarabones area of Maricao and flows northward into the Guabá River in Las Marías.

Las Marías, Puerto Rico
Las Marías (Spanish pronunciation: [las maˈrias], locally [ˌlaʔ maˈɾiaʔ]) is a town and municipality of Puerto Rico located north of Maricao; southeast of Añasco; south of San Sebastián; east of Mayagüez; and west of Lares. Las Marías is spread over 15 barrios and Las Marías Pueblo (the downtown area and the administrative center of the city).
Khanjyan, Armenia
40°10′N 44°02′E﻿ / ﻿40.167°N 44.033°E﻿ / 40.167; 44.033

Khanjyan (Armenian: Խանջյան, also Romanized as Khanjian) is a town in the Armavir Province of Armenia. The town founded as a sovkhoz (collective farm) in 1957. It was named in honor of Aghasi Khanjian, former first secretary of the Communist Party of Armenia and a victim of the Great Purge.

Sovkhoz
A sovkhoz was a form of state-owned farm or agricultural enterprise in the Soviet Union.

It is usually contrasted with kolkhoz, which is a collective-owned farm. Just as the members of a kolkhoz were called "kolkhozniks", the workers of a sovkhoz were called "sovkhhozniks".
Mischmetal
Mischmetal   (from German: Mischmetall – "mixed metal") is an alloy of rare-earth elements. It is also called cerium mischmetal, or rare-earth mischmetal. A typical composition includes approximately 55% cerium, 25% lanthanum, and 15~18% neodymium, with traces of other rare earth metals totaling 95% lanthanides, plus 5% iron. Its most common use is in the pyrophoric ferrocerium "flint" ignition device of many lighters and torches. Because an alloy of only rare-earth elements would be too soft to give good sparks, it is blended with iron oxide and magnesium oxide to form a harder material known as ferrocerium. In chemical formulae it is commonly abbreviated as Mm, e.g. MmNi5.

Carl Auer von Welsbach
Carl Auer von Welsbach (1 September 1858 – 4 August 1929), who received the Austrian noble title of Freiherr Auer von Welsbach in 1901, was an Austrian scientist and inventor, who separated didymium into the elements neodymium and praseodymium in 1885. He was also one of three scientists to independently discover the element lutetium (which he named cassiopeium), separating it from ytterbium in 1907, setting off the longest priority dispute in the history of chemistry.

He had a talent not only for making scientific advances, but also for turning them into commercially successful products. His work on rare-earth elements led to the development of the ferrocerium "flints" used in modern lighters, the gas mantle that brought light to the streets of Europe in the late 19th century, and the metal-filament light bulb. He took the phrase plus lucis, meaning "more light", as his motto.
Blanda (city)
Blanda (Greek: Βλάνδα), and later Blanda Julia, was an ancient city of Lucania now located at Palecastro di Tortora, Province of Cosenza, Italy.

It was mentioned by Ptolemy among the inland towns of that province; but placed both by Pliny and Mela on or near the coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea. The former writer includes it in Bruttium, but this seems to be a mistake: Livy, who mentions Blanda among the towns which had revolted to the Carthaginians, but were recovered by Fabius in 214 BCE, expressly calls it a Lucanian city. (Liv. xiv. 20; Plin. iii. 5. s. 10; Mel. ii. 4; Ptol. iii. 1. § 70.) The Tabula Peutingeriana also places it on the road along the coast of Lucania.

Pomponius Mela
Pomponius Mela (died c. AD 45) was the earliest known Roman geographer. He was born at the end of the 1st century BC in Tingentera (now Algeciras), wrote around AD 43, and died circa AD 45.

His short work (De situ orbis libri III.) remained in use nearly to the year 1500. It occupies less than one hundred pages of ordinary print, and is described by the Encyclopædia Britannica (1911) as "dry in style and deficient in method, but of pure Latinity, and occasionally relieved by pleasing word-pictures." Except for the geographical parts of Pliny's Historia naturalis (where Mela is cited as an important authority), the De situ orbis is the only formal treatise on the subject in Classical Latin.
Champagne crayeuse
Champagne crayeuse (French pronunciation: [ʃɑ̃paɲ kʁɛjøz], "chalky Champagne") is a natural region in Grand Est, northeastern France. Its name refers to the chalk subsoil found throughout the region. The main cities in the region are Reims, Châlons-en-Champagne and Troyes.

Champagne (province)
Champagne (French pronunciation: [ʃɑ̃paɲ] ⓘ) was a province in the northeast of the Kingdom of France, now best known as the Champagne wine region for the sparkling white wine that bears its name in modern-day France. The County of Champagne, descended from the early medieval kingdom of Austrasia, passed to the French crown in 1314.

Formerly ruled by the counts of Champagne, its western edge is about 160 km (100 miles) east of Paris. The cities of Troyes, Reims, and Épernay are the commercial centers of the area. In 1956, most of Champagne became part of the French administrative region of Champagne-Ardenne, which comprised four departments: Ardennes, Aube, Haute-Marne, and Marne. From 1 January 2016, Champagne-Ardenne merged with the adjoining regions of Alsace and Lorraine to form the new region of Grand Est.