hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ethnic groups in the Caucasus
The Caucasus is a region located partly in Eastern Europe and partly in Western Asia, spanning Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and southern Russia. Bounded by the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, it includes the Caucasus Mountains, which serve as a natural boundary between Europe and Asia.

Tens of millions of people across more than 50 ethnic groups reside in the Caucasus. There are four language families with a historic presence in the region: Caucasian, Indo-European, and Turkic and Mongolic (i.e., Altaic).

Kumyks
Kumyks (Kumyk: Къумукълар, romanized: Qumuqlar, Russian: Кумыки) are a Turkic ethnic group living in Dagestan, Chechnya and North Ossetia. They are the largest Turkic people in the North Caucasus.

They traditionally populate the Kumyk Plateau (northern Dagestan and northeastern Chechnya), lands bordering the Caspian Sea, areas in North Ossetia, Chechnya and along the banks of the Terek River. They speak the Kumyk language, which until the 1930s had been the lingua franca of the Northern Caucasus.

Territories where Kumyks have traditionally lived, and where their historical state entities used to exist, are called Kumykia (Kumyk: Къумукъ, Qumuq). All of the lands populated by Kumyks were once part of the independent Tarki Shamkhalate.
Oisterwijk railway station
Oisterwijk is a railway station located in the centre of Oisterwijk, Netherlands. The station was opened on 1 May 1865 and is located on the Breda–Eindhoven railway between Tilburg and Eindhoven. The train services are operated by Nederlandse Spoorwegen.

Breda–Eindhoven railway
The Breda–Eindhoven railway is an important railway line in the Netherlands running from Breda railway station to Eindhoven railway station, passing through Tilburg railway station and Boxtel railway station. The line was opened between 1863 and 1866. It is part of the Staatslijn "E".
Alnwick Garden
The Alnwick Garden is a complex of formal gardens adjacent to Alnwick Castle in the town of Alnwick, Northumberland, England. The gardens have a long history under the dukes of Northumberland, but fell into disrepair until revived at the turn of the 21st century. The garden now features various themed plantings designed around a central water cascade. The revival of the gardens led to several public disputes between the Duchess of Northumberland and various garden experts concerning preservation and the use of public funds.  The garden now belongs to a charitable trust, which is separate from Northumberland Estates, although the 12th Duke of Northumberland donated the 42-acre (17 ha) site and contributed £9 million towards redevelopment costs.

Formal garden
A formal garden is a garden with a clear structure, geometric shapes and in most cases a symmetrical layout. Its origin goes back to the gardens which are located in the desert areas of Western Asia and are protected by walls. The style of a formal garden is reflected in the Persian gardens of Iran, and the monastic gardens from the Late Middle Ages. It has found its continuation in the Italian Renaissance gardens and has culminated in the French formal gardens from the Baroque period. Through its design, the garden conveys a sense of established order and transparency to the observer.

In garden design, the formal garden is said to be the opposite to the landscape garden, which follows nature and which came into fashion in the 18th century.
Blue-headed racket-tail
The blue-headed racket-tail (Prioniturus platenae), also known as the Palawan racket-tail and locally as kinawihan, is a parrot found in the western Philippines around Palawan. The species was formerly considered conspecific with the blue-crowned racket-tail. It is locally known as 'kilit'. It inhabits humid lowland forest in small flocks. It is threatened by habitat destruction and limited trapping for the cage-bird trade.

Aviculture
Aviculture is the practice of keeping and breeding birds, especially of wild birds in captivity, and including poultry, in controlled conditions, normally within the confines of a cage or an aviary.

Some reasons for aviculture are: breeding birds as a hobby, a business like a zoo, or sometimes for research and conservation purposes to preserve and protect some endangered avian species that are at risk due to habitat destruction, the illegal wildlife trade, diseases, and natural disasters. Aviculture encourages conservation, provides education about avian species, provides companion birds for the public, and includes research on avian behaviour. Popular birds people like to keep and breed include budgerigars, cockatiels, finches, macaws, domestic canaries, columbidae (pigeons and doves), loriini (lories and lorikeets), cockatoos, conures, and African grey parrots.
Bernard Gavillet
Bernard Gavillet (6 March 1960 – 13 June 2024) was a Swiss professional racing cyclist. He rode in four editions of the Tour de France, two editions of the Giro d'Italia and one edition of the Vuelta a España. Gavillet died on 13 June 2024, at the age of 64.

Grand Prix Guillaume Tell
The Grand Prix Guillaume Tell (French pronunciation: [ɡʁɑ̃ pʁi ɡijom tɛl]; "William Tell Grand Prize") was a professional cycling race held annually in Switzerland. It was part of UCI Europe Tour in category 2.2U. In 2007, the race was part of the UCI Under 23 Nations' Cup.
Temsah Bus
The Temsah Bus is a MRAP armored personnel carrier can carry 24 soldiers, in addition to its crew of two individuals, for a total of 26 individuals, which means that it can transport a number equal to twice the capacity of conventional armored vehicles.

V-hull
The V-hull is a type of vehicle armor design used on wheeled armored personnel carriers (APCs), infantry mobility vehicles, infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs) and MRAPs. The design originated in the 1970s with vehicles such as the Casspir used extensively during the South African Border War,  Leopard security vehicle used in the Rhodesian Bush War and South African armored vehicle company Land Systems OMCs and Buffels.
Royal Commission on Metropolitan Railway Termini
The Royal Commission to Investigate the Various Projects for Establishing Railway Termini Within or in the Immediate Vicinity of the Metropolis (usually referred to as the Royal Commission on Metropolitan Railway Termini) was a royal commission established in 1846 with a remit to review and report on railway termini in London.

The commission recommended that lines north of the River Thames should be prevented from entering the central area. The absence of rail connections contributed to the creation of the Metropolitan Railway, the first part of the London Underground.

Southwark Bridge
Southwark Bridge (/ˈsʌðərk/ ⓘ SUDH-ərk) is an arch bridge in London, for traffic linking the district of Southwark and the City across the River Thames. Besides when others are closed for temporary repairs, it has the least traffic of the Thames bridges in London.
Greenwood, Idaho
Greenwood was an unincorporated community located in Jerome County, Idaho, United States. The community was one of many new settlements formed in Idaho's Magic Valley in the 1910s after several dam projects enabled farming in the area. It took its name from pioneer couple Annie Pike and Charles Greenwood; Annie was an author and teacher who documented much of the community's early history, while Charles was a politician who served in the Idaho House of Representatives and Idaho Senate. Greenwood had its own school, Greenwood School, which was built circa 1914; it operated until 1954 and is one of the few surviving buildings from the community. The school's closure initiated Greenwood's decline as a community, and the construction of Interstate 84 in the early 1960s split the community in half, essentially dissolving it.

Idaho Senate
The Idaho State Senate is the upper chamber of the Idaho Legislature. It consists of 35 senators elected to two-year terms, each representing a district of the state. The Senate meets at the Idaho State Capitol in Boise, Idaho.
Michal Hreus
Michal Hreus (born March 9, 1973) is a Slovak professional ice hockey player. He played most matches with HC Slovan Bratislava in the Slovak Extraliga.

As a junior, he played for Sparta Prague. He was also an active player in a few German teams (Mannheim and Krefeld). He returned to Slovakia in 1998/99 and played in the Slovak Extraliga in Skalica. In the following year he won a championship with the Slovan Bratislava club, where he played 1999 - 2002. During this period he also transferred to the Finnish Rauma Lukko. After playing for the Czech team Litvinov he returned to his home town and started a successful career path at Mshk Žilina. Hreus was one of the team's key players to gain the championship debut. His former club Slovan Bratislava expressed an interest in Hreus and Mshk Žilina released him until 30 April (along with defender Dalibor Kusovský). During this time Hreus won his third championship.

HC Slovan Bratislava
Hockey Club Slovan Bratislava (Slovak: Hokejový klub Slovan Bratislava) is a professional ice hockey club based in Bratislava, Slovakia. In 2012, it left the Slovak Extraliga and joined the international Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). In 2019, it returned to the Tipos Extraliga. The club has won nine Slovak championships (most recently in 2022), one Czechoslovak championship (1979) and one IIHF Continental Cup (2004), making it the second most successful hockey club in Slovak history after their biggest rival HC Košice. The team plays its home games at Ondrej Nepela Arena, also known as Slovnaft Arena. The team is nicknamed Belasí, which means the "sky blues" in English.
Banat Swabian dialect
Banat Swabian (German: Banatschwäbisch and also known as Donauschwäbisch) is a local German dialect spoken in Banat, present-day southwestern Romania by the Banat Swabians (German: Banater Schwaben), an ethnic German sub-group which is part of the larger German minority of Romania and a branch of the Danube Swabians respectively. In comparative linguistics, it is a West Central German dialect and it also has some features which correspond to Hessian dialects.

Germans of Romania
The Germans of Romania (German: Rumäniendeutsche; Romanian: Germanii din România or germani-români; Hungarian: romániai németek) represent one of the most significant historical ethnic minorities of Romania from the modern period onwards.

Throughout the interwar period, the total number of ethnic Germans in the country amounted to as many as c. 800,000 (according to some sources and estimates dating to 1939, just on the verge of World War II), a figure which has subsequently drastically fallen to c. 36,000 (according to the 2011 census) and dropped even more to c. 22,900 (as per the 2021 Romanian census, postponed one year because of the COVID-19 pandemic and conducted in 2022).

Following the decreasing trend of the overall population of Romania, the German community of the country is expected to continue shrinking in numbers as well, as it has already been officially reported by the partial results of the 2021 census.
Miss Asia Pacific International 2017
Miss Asia Pacific International 2017 was the second Miss Asia Pacific International pageant, held at the Newport Performing Arts Theater in Pasay, Metro Manila, Philippines, on November 29, 2017.

Tessa Helena le Conge of the Netherlands crowned Francielly Ouriques of Brazil at the end of the event.

Newport Performing Arts Theater
The Newport Performing Arts Theater (NPAT), also known as simply Newport Theater, is a performing arts center on the grounds of Newport World Resorts in Pasay, Metro Manila, Philippines. It is a modern multi-purpose theater named after its location in the Newport Mall and entertainment complex connected to the integrated resort in the 25-hectare (62-acre) Newport City township. The 1,500-seat facility opened in 2010 and holds the widest stage in the Philippines. It is one of the three major performing arts venues in Metro Manila that plays host to both touring and locally-produced musicals, live stage shows, concerts, and regular televised events such as awards ceremonies and pageants.
Mioceratodus
Mioceratodus is an extinct genus of lungfish in the family Neoceratodontidae, which also contains the extant Queensland lungfish. It is known only from Oligocene and Miocene-aged sediments in Australia, although phylogenetic evidence supports it having first diverged from its closest relative, Neoceratodus, during the Late Jurassic or Early Cretaceous period.

4 species are known from this genus:

†Mioceratodus anemosyrus

†Mioceratodus diaphorus

†Mioceratodus gregoryi

†Mioceratodus poastrus

Neoceratodontidae
Neoceratodontidae is a family of lungfish containing Neoceratodus (represented by the extant Australian lungfish) and the extinct Mioceratodus. It, Lepidosirenidae, and Protopteridae represent the only lungfish families still extant.

Fossils from Triassic-aged sediments in Kyrgyzstan were previously assigned to this family, but phylogenetic evidence indicates that it diverged from the common ancestors of the African and South American lungfish during the Late Jurassic.
Clear Creek (Sac River tributary)
Clear Creek is a stream in  Greene County, Missouri, United States. It is a tributary of the Sac River.

The headwaters arise along the railroad line near the community of Elwood southwest of the Springfield airport at 37°13′42″N 93°25′21″W﻿ / ﻿37.22833°N 93.42250°W﻿ / 37.22833; -93.42250.  The stream flows to the northwest passing under U.S. Route 160 between Willard and Ash Grove. South of the community of Phenix the stream gains the flow of the south flowing Sugar Creek and turns west-northwest to its confluence with the Sac near the Greene - Dade county line at 37°22′32″N 93°37′03″W﻿ / ﻿37.37556°N 93.61750°W﻿ / 37.37556; -93.61750.

Clear Creek was named for the clear water which characterizes this stream.

Dade County, Missouri
Dade County is a county located in the southwest part of the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 census, the population was 7,569. Its county seat is Greenfield. The county was organized in 1841 and named after Major Francis L. Dade of Virginia, who was killed in the Second Seminole War in 1835.
Boom (navigational barrier)
A boom or a chain (also boom defence, harbour chain, river chain, chain boom, boom chain or variants) is an obstacle strung across a navigable stretch of water to control or block navigation. They are sometimes mixed with pile barrages.

In modern times they usually have civil uses, such as to prevent access to a dangerous river channel. But, especially historically, they have been used militarily, with the goal of denying access to an enemy's ships: a modern example is the anti-submarine net.

Booms have also been used to force passing vessels to pay a toll.

Siege of Damietta (1218–1219)
The siege of Damietta of 1218–1219 was part of the Fifth Crusade in which the Crusaders attacked the Egyptian port city of Damietta. The city, under the control of the Ayyubid sultan al-Kamil, was besieged in 1218 and taken by the Crusaders in 1219.

At the beginning of the Fifth Crusade, it was agreed that a force would attempt to take Damietta, located at the mouth of the river Nile. The Crusaders then planned to use this city as a launching point for the southern portion of a pincer attack upon Jerusalem from Acre and Suez. Control over the area would also provide wealth to finance the continuation of the crusade, and reduce the threat from the Muslim fleet. By 1221, Damietta was lost when Crusader forces surrendered the city and evacuated Egypt.
John Gordon (anatomist)
Dr John Gordon FRSE FRCSE (19 April 1786 – 14 June 1818) was a short-lived but influential Scottish anatomist. In 1806 he served as president of the Royal Medical Society. In 1815 he caused an international stir by debunking the new science of phrenology and publicly criticising its principal European exponents, Johann Spurzheim and Franz Joseph Gall.

Franz Joseph Gall
Franz Joseph Gall or Franz Josef Gall (German: [gal]; 9 March 1758 – 22 August 1828) was a German neuroanatomist, physiologist, and pioneer in the study of the localization of mental functions in the brain.

Claimed as the founder of the pseudoscience of phrenology, Gall was an early  and important researcher in his fields. His contributions to the field of neuropsychology were controversial at the time and are now widely referred to as pseudoscience. However, Gall's study of phrenology helped establish psychology, contributed to the emergence of the naturalistic approach to the study of man, and played an important part in the development of evolutionist theories, anthropology, and sociology.
Late Night Tales: Trentemøller
Late Night Tales: Trentemøller is a mix album compiled by Danish electronic music producer Trentemøller, released on 30 May 2011 as part of the Late Night Tales series.

The mix features tracks from artists such as Velvet Underground & Nico, M. Ward, The Black Angels (band), Low and We Fell to Earth. Paul Morley contributes the spoken word piece, "Lost For Words Pt. 1". Trentemøller also produced an exclusive cover version of Chris Isaak's "Blue Hotel".

The Black Angels (band)
The Black Angels are an American psychedelic rock band from Austin, Texas.  Formed in May 2004, they took their name from the Velvet Underground's "The Black Angel's Death Song". They have released six studio albums and one compilation album.
Jean Desclaux
Jean Desclaux (25 June 1922 – 23 March 2006) was a French rugby union player and coach who played for US Dax as flanker.

Born in 1922 in Dax, he played and coached club rugby for US Dax only; as a player he served the club from 1947 to 1959 and represented France A eight times.
As coach he managed US Dax from 1959 to 1973 winning two French Cups and joining the French Championship's final four times.

In 1973 Desclaux was appointed manager of the French national team, which he led to the victory in two Six Nations Championships, in 1973 and in 1977 (the latter achieving the Grand Slam).
Another achievement was the victory in Auckland the 14 July 1979, the first ever against the All Blacks on their home field.

Once he got back to the US Dax in 1980 he went on coaching that club until 1994, winning the French Cup again in 1982.

After definitive retirement he was appointed President of US Dax.

He died in Dax on 23 March 2006 after a long illness.

Dax, Landes
Dax (French pronunciation: [daks]; Occitan: Dacs; Basque: Akize) is a commune in Nouvelle-Aquitaine, southwestern France, sub-prefecture of the Landes department.

It is known as a spa destination, specialising in mud treatment for rheumatism and similar ailments. Dax is also known for its bullfighting culture, especially during the August ferias, one of the most crowded festival events in France with 800,000 people attending over five days. It is also a market town, former bishopric and busy local centre, especially for the Chalosse area.
2026 Cincinnati Reds season
The 2026 Cincinnati Reds season will be the 157th season for the franchise in Major League Baseball, and their 24th at Great American Ball Park in Cincinnati. The Reds will attempt to win the NL Central for the first time since 2012, and make the playoffs in back-to-back seasons for the first time since 2012 and 2013.

2013 Cincinnati Reds season
The 2013 Cincinnati Reds season was the 144th season for the franchise in Major League Baseball, and their 11th at Great American Ball Park. During the 2013 season, the Reds returned to the playoffs for a second straight season, after a 97–65 season in 2012, in which they lost in 5 games in the NLDS. On September 23, due to the Washington Nationals' loss to the St. Louis Cardinals, the Reds clinched a spot in the post-season. They entered the playoffs as a Wild Card team, becoming the first team to qualify for the postseason after finishing third in their respective division. They lost in the NLWC Game to the Pittsburgh Pirates. This was the Reds' last winning season and playoff appearance until 2020, and their last playoff appearance in a full season until 2025.
Eagle Valley (Oregon)
The Eagle Valley is a farming and timber-producing region in northeastern Oregon in the United States.

Located along the Snake River and its tributaries, the valley forms part of historic region of Baker County near the Idaho border. The largest community in the Eagle Valley is Richland. The unincorporated communities of New Bridge and Sparta are also located in the area of Eagle Valley.

The valley forms a relatively isolated enclave southeast of the Wallowa-Whitman National Forest. It is separated from the nearby Pine Valley. The valley is characterized by a mediterran climate that allows a long growing season for the farmers and ranchers in the area. The town of Richland is notable for its Eagle Valley Day Festival, named after the Eagle Valley. Oregon Route 86 crosses the valley from Baker City into Richland, then into Halfway.

Baker County, Oregon
Baker County (// ⓘ) is one of the 36 counties in the U.S. state of Oregon. As of the 2020 census, the population was 16,668. The county seat and largest city is Baker City. The county was organized on September 22, 1862, when a portion of Wasco County was partitioned off. The new county's area was reduced in 1864 when Union County was partitioned off, and again in 1887 when Malheur County was partitioned off. The county's lines were last adjusted in 1901 when a parcel was added to the county.

Baker County was named for Edward Dickinson Baker, a senator from Oregon who was killed at Ball's Bluff, a battle of the Civil War in Virginia in 1861. The county is part of the county definition of Eastern Oregon.
United States International Trade Commission
The United States International Trade Commission (USITC or ITC) is an agency of the United States federal government that advises the legislative and executive branches on matters of trade. It was created by Congress in 1916 as the U.S. Tariff Commission. It changed to its current name in 1974.   It is an independent, bipartisan entity that analyzes trade issues such as tariffs and competitiveness and publishes reports. As a quasi-judicial entity, the USITC investigates the impact of imports on U.S. industries, and directs actions against unfair trade practices, such as subsidies; dumping; and intellectual property infringement, including copyright infringement.

Import
Import is the activity within international trade which involves buying and receiving goods and services produced in another country. An importer is a person, organization or country receiving imported goods which have been exported from another country. Importation and exportation are the defining financial transactions of international trade. The seller of such goods and services is called an exporter.

In international trade, the importation and exportation of goods are limited by import quotas and mandates from the customs authority. The importing and exporting jurisdictions may impose a tariff (tax) on the goods. In addition, the importation and exportation of goods are subject to trade agreements between the importing and exporting jurisdictions.
Ringelmann
Ringelmann is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Helmut Ringelmann (1926–2011), German film and television producer

Max Ringelmann (1861–1931), French professor of agricultural engineering

Max Ringelmann
Maximilien Ringelmann (10 December 1861, Paris – 2 May 1931, Paris): 55   was a French professor of agricultural engineering and agronomic engineer  who was involved in the scientific testing and development of agricultural machinery.

Ringelmann's interests were wide-ranging: he developed the Ringelmann scale which is still used to measure smoke. 
He also discovered the Ringelmann effect in social psychology, viz, that when working in groups, individuals slacken.