hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Reflection attack
In computer security, a reflection attack is a method of attacking a challenge–response authentication system that uses the same protocol in both directions.  That is, the same challenge–response protocol is used by each side to authenticate the other side. The essential idea of the attack is to trick the target into providing the answer to its own challenge.

Authentication
Authentication (from Greek: αὐθεντικός authentikos, "real, genuine", from αὐθέντης authentes, "author") is the act of proving an assertion, such as the identity of a computer system user. In contrast with identification, the act of indicating a person or thing's identity, authentication is the process of verifying that identity.

Authentication is relevant to multiple fields. In art, antiques, and anthropology, a common problem is verifying that a given artifact was produced by a certain person, or in a certain place (i.e. to assert that it is not counterfeit), or in a given period of history (e.g. by determining the age via carbon dating). In computer science, verifying a user's identity is often required to allow access to confidential data or systems. It might involve validating personal identity documents.
Hagbard Jonassen
Hagbard Jonassen (24 May 1903 – 1 March 1977) was a Danish botanist, quaternary geologist, war resister and nuclear disarmament proponent. He made a lasting impact on the interpretation of pollen diagrams, including the use of modern pollen deposition in moss polsters to aid interpretation and the consideration of pollen productivity in different types of vegetation.

War resister
A war resister is a person who resists war. The term can mean several things: resisting participation in all war, or a specific war, either before or after enlisting in, being inducted into, or being conscripted into a military force.
Nimcha
A nimcha (Arabic: نمشة) is a single-handed sword from North Africa, especially used in Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. It is classified as a type of scimitar or saif. Becoming popular in north Africa during the 16th century, surviving nimcha are usually from the late 18th century onward and are notable for often using older blades. Stylistically they often bore Arabian type handles with tugrah inscribed on the blade.

Tughra
A tughra (Ottoman Turkish: طغرا, romanized: ṭuġrā; Turkish: tuğra) is a calligraphic monogram, seal or signature of a sultan that was affixed to all official documents and correspondence. Inspired by the tamgha, it was also carved on his seal and stamped on the coins minted during his reign. Very elaborate decorated versions were created for important documents that were also works of art in the tradition of Ottoman illumination, such as the example of Suleiman the Magnificent in the gallery below.

The tughra was designed at the beginning of the sultan's reign and drawn by the court calligrapher or nişancı on written documents. The first tughra examples are from the 14th century.

Tughras served a purpose similar to the cartouche in ancient Egypt or the Royal Cypher of British monarchs. Every Ottoman sultan had his own individual tughra.
Fibonacci Sequence (ensemble)
The Fibonacci Sequence is a British chamber ensemble cofounded by horn player Stephen Stirling in 1984. Purposefully flexible, the ensemble is capable of concert programmes ranging from solo up to a dectet featuring strings, winds, brass, piano, and percussion. According to Gramophone in 2003, "no praise can be too high for the Fibonacci Sequence's polished and dashingly committed performances."

Pianist Kathron Sturrock is the artistic director. Other musicians include double bassist Duncan McTier and violist Yuko Inoue.

Graham Fitkin composed a sextet, Sinew (first performed 2009), for the ensemble.  The ensemble has released fourteen albums and appeared on at least six non-ensemble albums. Their 2012 album featured clarinetist Julian Farrell as soloist.

Decet (music)
In music, a decet—sometimes dectet, decimet, decimette, or even tentet—is a composition that requires ten musicians for a performance, or a musical group that consists of ten people. The corresponding German word is Dezett, the French is dixtuor. Unlike some other musical ensembles such as the string quartet, there is no established or standard set of instruments in a decet.
Tonstad Church
Tonstad Church (Norwegian: Tonstad kirke) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in the large Sirdal Municipality in Agder county, Norway. It is located in the village of Tonstad. It one of the four churches in the Sirdal parish which is part of the Lister og Mandal prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Agder og Telemark. The white, wooden church was built in a long church design in 1852 using plans drawn up by the architect Hans Linstow. The church seats about 300 people.

Hans Linstow
Hans Ditlev Franciscus (Frants) von Linstow (4 May 1787 – 10 June 1851) was a Danish/Norwegian architect who designed the Royal Palace in Oslo and much of the surrounding park and the street Karl Johans gate.
Twilight (1864 towboat)
The Twilight was an American sternwheeler towboat that was built in 1864 in Middletown, Pennsylvania. Initially named as the Traveler, she was rebuilt in 1882 by Lew Clark and renamed as the Twilight. She was then renamed again in May 1927 as the J. H. McCrady.

This sternwheeler was also nicknamed "The Cat with Nine Lives" because she was involved in so many accidents.

Middletown, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania
Middletown is a borough in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, on the Susquehanna River, 10 miles (16 km) southeast of Harrisburg. As of the 2020 census, it had a population of 9,550. It is part of the Harrisburg–Carlisle Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Frank Sinatra in Hollywood 1940–1964
Frank Sinatra in Hollywood 1940–1964 is a 2002 compilation album by the American singer Frank Sinatra.

This boxed set collates songs that Sinatra recorded for films made by Paramount, MGM, Columbia, RKO, Universal, Warner Bros., United Artists, and 20th Century Fox, between 1940 and 1964.

Meet Danny Wilson (film)
Meet Danny Wilson is a 1952 American drama musical film starring Frank Sinatra, Shelley Winters and Alex Nicol. Directed by Joseph Pevney, the picture captures Sinatra during his career slump between his bobby-soxer heyday and From Here to Eternity (1953) resurrection.  He plays a small-time singer who vaults to the top of his profession, only to be threatened by a gangster (Raymond Burr).
Lyndale
Lyndale can refer to any of several places and things:

Lyndale, Minneapolis, a neighborhood in Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
Lyndale Park, a park in Minneapolis
Lyndale Avenue, a major thoroughfare in Minneapolis

Lyndale Railway, a defunct Minnesota rail company

Lyndale, Ontario, a community in Ontario, Canada

Lyndale Secondary College, in Melbourne, Australia

Lyndale AFC, a former New Zealand association football team, now merged as part of Lynn-Avon United

Lyndale Secondary College
Lyndale Secondary College is a co-educational government secondary school located in Dandenong North, Victoria, Australia. It has a student enrolment of approximately 1,200, and is known as one of the largest single campus schools in Victoria.

The school is divided into two sub-schools—a middle school and a senior school. Its principal is Pam Robinson, and there are also three vice principals.

The principal features of the campus are the Hugh McRae Hall, a Resource Centre (Library), a Senior Studies Wing, a  Language Centre (West Wing), the well-equipped Graeme Fox Stadium, a STEM Centre, and recently completed Performing Arts centre.
Harman Creek
Harman Creek (also called Harmon Branch) is a stream in Crawford County in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is a tributary of the Meramec River.

The stream source area lies just south of Missouri Route 8 about one mile east of the community of Elayer. The stream joins the Meramec about two miles south-southeast of Onondaga Cave State Park.

The headwaters are at 37°58′02″N 91°16′02″W﻿ / ﻿37.96722°N 91.26722°W﻿ / 37.96722; -91.26722 and the confluence with the Meramec is at 38°01′56″N 91°14′28″W﻿ / ﻿38.03222°N 91.24111°W﻿ / 38.03222; -91.24111.

Harman Creek has the name of the local Harman family.

Elayer, Missouri
Elayer (also known as Elaver) is an unincorporated community in Crawford County, in the U.S. state of Missouri.

The community is located on Missouri Route 8, approximately four miles east of Steelville.

The community was named after William Elayer, a railroad official.
Cephalogram
A cephalogram is an X-ray of the craniofacial area. A cephalometric analysis could be used as means for measuring growth in children.

The lateral cephalogram is a profile x-ray of the skull and soft tissues and is used to assess the relation of the teeth in the jaws, the relation of the jaws to the skull and the relation of the soft tissues to the teeth and jaws. In children, growth predictions can be made and we can also determine the changes that have occurred with treatment. In adults, treatment can be predicted with varying degrees of accuracy and results quantified.

Cephalometric analysis
Cephalometric analysis is the clinical application of cephalometry. It is analysis of the dental and skeletal relationships of a human skull. It is frequently used by dentists, orthodontists, and oral and maxillofacial surgeons as a treatment planning tool. Two of the more popular methods of analysis used in orthodontology are the Steiner analysis (named after Cecil C. Steiner) and the Downs analysis (named after William B. Downs). There are other methods as well which are listed below.
Closer (Plastikman album)
Closer is the sixth studio album by Canadian electronic music producer Richie Hawtin, and his fifth studio album under the alias Plastikman. It was released on October 21, 2003 by Minus and Novamute Records. It peaked at number 41 on the UK Independent Albums Chart.

Novamute Records
NovaMute Records is the electronic dance music subsidiary of Mute Records, which was started in 1992. The label's staff included Mick Paterson (promotions), Pepe Jansz (A&R), and producer Seth Hodder, and it was originally set up to give UK releases to white label 12-inch singles and imports. In the United States, it was distributed by Tommy Boy Records while the Mute parent label was distributed by Elektra Records.

In the beginning, the label licensed records and music from small labels such as Berlin-based Tresor and Canadian label Plus 8. It expanded its remit to include new work from artists such as Richie Hawtin and Luke Slater.

NovaMute win the Best Label award at the Music und Maschine Awards in Germany in July 2002.

In 2017, Daniel Miller relaunched the label with releases from Nicolas Bougaïeff and Terence Fixmer.
Tomás Luis de Victoria
Tomás Luis de Victoria (sometimes Italianised as da Vittoria; c. 1548 – c. 20–27 August 1611) was the most famous Spanish composer of the Renaissance. He stands with Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina and Orlande de Lassus as among the principal composers of the late Renaissance, and was "admired above all for the intensity of some of his motets and of his Offices for the Dead and for Holy Week". His surviving oeuvre, unlike that of his colleagues, is almost exclusively sacred and polyphonic vocal music, set to Latin texts. As a Catholic priest, as well as an accomplished organist and singer, his career spanned both Spain and Italy. However, he preferred the life of a composer to that of a performer.

Office of the Dead
The Office of the Dead or Office for the Dead (in Latin, Officium Defunctorum) is a prayer cycle of the Canonical Hours in the Catholic Church, Anglican Church and Lutheran Church, said for the repose of the soul of a decedent.  It is the proper reading on All Souls' Day (normally November 2) for all departed souls, and can be a votive office on other days when said for a particular decedent. The work is composed of different psalms, scripture, prayers and other parts, divided into The Office of Readings, Lauds, Daytime Prayer, Vespers and Compline.
Delta set
In mathematics, a Δ-set, often called a Δ-complex or a semi-simplicial set, is a combinatorial object that is useful in the construction and triangulation of topological spaces, and also in the computation of related algebraic invariants of such spaces.  A Δ-set is somewhat more general than a simplicial complex, yet not quite as sophisticated as a simplicial set. Simplicial sets have additional structure, so that every simplicial set is also a semi-simplicial set.

As an example, suppose we want to triangulate the 1-dimensional circle . To do so with a simplicial complex, we need at least three vertices, and edges connecting them. But delta-sets allow for a simpler triangulation: thinking of  as the interval [0,1] with the two endpoints identified, we can define a triangulation with a single vertex 0, and a single edge looping between 0 and 0.

Invariant theory
Invariant theory is a branch of abstract algebra dealing with actions of groups on algebraic varieties, such as vector spaces, from the point of view of their effect on functions. Classically, the theory dealt with the question of explicit description of polynomial functions that do not change (are invariant) under the transformations from a given linear group. For example, if we consider the action of the special linear group SLn on the space of n by n matrices by left multiplication, then the determinant is an invariant of this action because the determinant of A X equals the determinant of X, when  A is in SLn.
Gerrit Oosting
Gerrit Oosting  (12 April 1941 in Zwartemeer – 15 November 2012 in Oldenzaal) was a Dutch politician.

Oosting started his career as a teacher in Oldenzaal. From 1978 to 1987 he was an alderman for the Labour Party (PvdA) in Oldenzaal. Subsequently he was mayor of Gieten from 1987 to 1997 and also mayor ad int. of Eelde from 1991 to 1992, succeedingly mayor ad int. of Ambt Delden from 1998 to 2001, and mayor ad int. of Vlagtwedde in 2009.

Eelde
Eelde (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈeːldə]) is a town in the Dutch province of Drenthe. It is a part of the municipality of Tynaarlo, and lies about 9 km south of Groningen. Groningen Airport Eelde is located near the village.

Eelde was a separate municipality until 1998, when it was merged with Vries and Zuidlaren.

During the 20th century, the villages of Eelde and Paterswolde have merged into one, "Eelde-Paterswolde". In 2012, Eelde counted 6,660 inhabitants, and Paterswolde 3,680, together 10,340 inhabitants.

Its major attractions are Groningen Airport Eelde, museum "De Buitenplaats", the annual flower parade and the lake "Paterswoldse meer".
Tungsten nitride
Tungsten nitride (W2N, WN, WN2) is an inorganic compound, a nitride of tungsten. It is a hard, solid, brown-colored ceramic material that is electrically conductive and decomposes in water.

It is used in microelectronics as a contact material, for conductive layers, and barrier layers between silicon and other metals, e.g. tungsten or copper. It is less commonly used than titanium nitride or tungsten films.

Tungsten nitride forms together with tungsten dioxide, tungsten trioxide, and tungsten pentoxide when an incandescent light bulb breaks while the filament is heated.

Tungsten silicide is another material with similar use.

Wire bonding
Wire bonding is a method of making interconnections between an integrated circuit (IC) or other semiconductor device and its packaging during semiconductor device fabrication. Wire bonding can also be used to connect an IC to other electronics or to connect from one printed circuit board (PCB) to another, although these are less common. Wire bonding is generally considered the most cost-effective and flexible interconnect technology and is used to assemble the vast majority of semiconductor packages. Wire bonding can be used at frequencies above 100 GHz.
BMW M42
The BMW M42 is a DOHC straight-four petrol engine which was produced from 1989 to 1996. It is BMW's first mass-production DOHC engine and was produced alongside the BMW M40 SOHC four-cylinder engine as the higher performance engine.

The M42 was replaced by the BMW M44, which was introduced in 1996.

Compared with the M40, the M42 features a DOHC valvetrain, a timing chain, hydraulic valve lifters and an increased 10.0:1 compression ratio. Later versions of the M42 also feature a dual length intake manifold ("DISA").

The M42 was used as the basis for the S42 racing engine, which powered the BMW 320i in the German Super Tourenwagen Cup.

BMW 3 Series (E30)
The BMW E30 is the second generation of BMW 3 Series, which was produced from 1982 to 1994 and replaced the E21 3 Series. The model range included 2-door saloon (sometimes referred to as a coupé) and convertible body styles, as well as being the first 3 Series to be produced in 4-door saloon and wagon/estate body styles. It was powered by four-cylinder petrol, six-cylinder petrol and six-cylinder diesel engines, the latter a first for the 3 Series. The E30 325iX model was the first BMW to have all-wheel drive.

The first BMW M3 model was built on the E30 platform and was powered by the high-revving BMW S14 four-cylinder petrol engine. The BMW Z1 roadster was also based on the E30 platform. Following the launch of the E36 3 Series in 1990, the E30 began to be phased out.
Seby Zavala
Bernardo Sebastian Zavala (born August 28, 1993) is an American professional baseball catcher in the Los Angeles Dodgers organization. He has previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Chicago White Sox, Arizona Diamondbacks, and Seattle Mariners.

On-base plus slugging
On-base plus slugging (OPS) is a sabermetric baseball statistic calculated as the sum of a player's on-base percentage and slugging percentage. The ability of a player both to get on base and to hit for power, two important offensive skills, are represented. An OPS of .800 or higher in Major League Baseball puts the player in the upper echelon of hitters. Typically, the league leader in OPS will score near, and sometimes above, the 1.000 mark.
Judit Sándor
Judit Sándor is a Hungarian lawyer, bioethicist, and author, as well as full professor at the Central European University (CEU), Vienna, Austria. She is also the director of the Center for Ethics and Law in Biomedicine (CELAB) in Budapest. She had a bar exam in Hungary before she conducted legal practice at Simmons & Simmons in London. In 1996 she received Ph.D. in law and political science at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.

Simmons & Simmons
Simmons & Simmons is an international law firm with headquarters in London, UK. About half of its staff are in the London office, in CityPoint, off Moorgate. The firm has practices covering asset management, investment funds, energy and infrastructure, finance, life sciences, technology, media, and telecommunications sectors.

The firm was founded in 1896 by twin brothers, Percy (1875–1939) and Edward Simmons, while both were 21 years old. Clients include Enpal and Chelsea F.C. Simmons represented Enpal in its 2021 debt fundraising and 2022 financing rounds. Simmons & Simmons advised Chelsea F.C. in its £4.25bn sale to a consortium led by Todd Boehly and Clearlake Capital.
North Umpqua River
The North Umpqua River is a tributary of the Umpqua River, about 106 miles (171 km) long, in southwestern Oregon in the United States. It drains a scenic and rugged area of the Cascade Range southeast of Eugene, flowing through steep canyons and surrounded by large Douglas-fir forests. Renowned for its emerald green waters, it is considered one of the best fly fishing streams in the Pacific Northwest for anadromous fish.

Douglas fir
The Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) is an evergreen conifer species in the pine family, Pinaceae. It is the tallest tree in the Pinaceae family.  It is native to western North America and is also known as Douglas-fir, Douglas spruce, Oregon pine, and Columbian pine. There are three varieties: coast Douglas-fir (P. menziesii var. menziesii), Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir (P. menziesii var. glauca) and Mexican Douglas-fir (P. menziesii var. lindleyana).

Despite its common names, it is not a true fir (genus Abies), spruce (genus Picea), or pine (genus Pinus). It is also not a hemlock (genus Tsuga); the genus name Pseudotsuga means "false hemlock".
Reunion (Playhouse 90)
"Reunion" was an American television play broadcast live from CBS Television City in Hollywood on January 2, 1958, as part of the second season of the CBS television series Playhouse 90. Merle Miller wrote the teleplay based on his novel of the same name. Allan Reisner directed. Hugh O'Brian, Martha Hyer, Dane Clark, and Charles Drake starred.

Television play
A television play is a television programming genre which is a drama performance broadcast from a multi-camera television studio, usually live in the early days of television but later recorded to tape. This is in contrast to a television movie, which employs the single-camera setup of film production.
Revoicer
A revoicer provides communication assistance by carefully listening to the speech patterns uttered by an individual with a speech disability, using lipreading (speechreading) and attention to other cues if necessary for full understanding of the utterances, and then repeats the same words in a manner that is more clear and understandable to the listener. Revoicers generally have excellent skills in auditory phonetic/phonemic pattern recognition similar to those utilized by a court reporter or stenographer, to identify the sounds of speech (phonemic sounds) of the speaker.

Phoneme
A phoneme (/ˈfoʊniːm/) is a set of similar speech sounds that are perceptually regarded by the speakers of a language as a single basic sound—a smallest possible phonetic unit—that helps distinguish one word from another. All languages contain phonemes (or the spatial–gestural equivalent in sign languages), and all spoken languages include both consonant and vowel phonemes. Phonemes are studied under phonology, a branch of linguistics (a discipline encompassing language, writing, speech and related matters).

Phonemes are often represented, when written, as a glyph (a character) enclosed within two forward-sloping slashes /. For example, /k/ represents the phoneme or sound used at the beginning of the English-language word cat (as opposed to, say, the /b/ of bat).
New York's 18th State Assembly district
New York's 18th State Assembly district is one of the 150 districts in the New York State Assembly. It has been represented by Democrat Noah Burroughs since 2025, succeeding Taylor Darling. In 2024, she announced that she would run for a seat in the New York State Senate, and will not run for re-election in the Assembly.

Roosevelt, New York
Roosevelt (historically known as Greenwich and Rum Point) is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) located within the Town of Hempstead in Nassau County, on the South Shore of Long Island, in New York, United States. The population was 18,066 at the time of the 2020 census.
Wahb
Wahb (Arabic: وهب) is a male Arabic given name that means "gift". This name is not to be confused with Al-Wahhab (الوهاب) (The Bestower) which is one of the 99 names of God.

People named Wahb include:

Vaballathus - Emperor of Palmyra

Wahb ibn 'Abd Manaf

Wahb ibn Munabbih

Wahb ibn Umayr

Wahb ibn Sa'd

People using it in their patronymic include:

Aminah bint Wahb

Halah bint Wahb

Umayr ibn Wahb

Vaballathus
Septimius Vaballathus (Palmyrene Aramaic: 𐡥𐡤𐡡𐡠𐡫𐡶‎, romanized: Wahbʾalat; Arabic: وهب اللات‎, romanized: Wahb Allāt, lit. 'Gift of Allāt'; c. 259 – c. 274 AD) was emperor of the Palmyrene Empire centred at Palmyra in the region of Syria.

He came to power as a child under his regent mother Zenobia, who led a revolt against the Roman Empire and formed the independent Palmyrene Empire.