hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
The Walter and Duncan Gordon Foundation
The Walter and Duncan Gordon Foundation is a private charitable foundation focused on the improvement of public policy in Canada. The foundation is based in Toronto, Ontario, and has two major areas of focus: the Arctic and Water Security.

Science for Peace
Science for Peace is a charitable organisation dedicated to popular education and research on demilitarisation, climate change mitigation, social justice and non-violence. It was co-founded by a group of University of Toronto faculty members including  Eric Fawcett and Anatol Rapaport. It is based in Toronto, Ontario. Activities undertaken include lectures, workshops, administering the Franz Blumenfeld Peace Education Fund, and hosting the biannual Eric Fawcett Memorial Forum.
Sergey Lukashok
Sergey Lukashok (Hebrew: סרגיי לוקשוק; born 20 June 1958) is a retired Israeli discus thrower.

His personal best throw was 66.64 metres, achieved in September 1983 in Odessa, while representing the Soviet Union. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union he got Belarusian citizenship, but emigrated to Israel. He won the Israeli championship in 1993, 1994 and 1995. Internationally he represented his new country at the 1993 and 1995 World Championships, and finished eleventh at the 1994 European Championships.

He stood at 2.02 m (6 ft 7+1⁄2 in) tall, and weighed about 130 kilograms (290 lb) during his active career.

1994 European Athletics Championships – Men's discus throw
These are the official results of the Men's discus throw event at the 1994 European Championships in Helsinki, Finland, held at Helsinki Olympic Stadium on 12 and 14 August 1994. There were a total number of 21 participating athletes.
Aviation engineering
Aviation engineering is a branch of engineering that deals with airspace development, airport design, aircraft navigation technologies, and aerodrome planning. It also involves the formulation of public policy, regulations, aviation laws pertaining to airspace, airlines, airports, aerodromes and the conduct of air services agreements through treaty.

This branch of engineering is distinct from aerospace engineering which deals with the development of aircraft and spacecraft.

Airspace
Airspace is the portion of the atmosphere controlled by a country above its territory and territorial waters that fall under the country's sovereignty and regulatory control.

Internationally, allocation and management of airspace is coordinated by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), which was established through the Chicago Convention in 1947 to unify air traffic. ICAO organizes airspace into Flight Information Regions (FIRs) and provides classification guidelines. National authorities, such as the FAA, CAA, or EASA implement rules and regulations for air traffic control, special-use airspace, and enforcement within their own FIRs.

Airspace can be used for both civilian flight and for defense or military operations, and countries are responsible for protecting their own airspace using measures such as air policing. Legal and technical challenges include the vertical boundary between airspace and outer space and temporary restrictions such as NOTAMs or TFRs.
Léon Duguit
Léon Duguit (1859–1928) was a leading French scholar of public law (droit public). After a stint at Caen from 1882 to 1886, he was appointed to a chair of constitutional law at the University of Bordeaux in 1892, where one of his colleagues was Émile Durkheim.

Duguit's novel objectivist theory of public law, developed in amicable rivalry with his colleague Maurice Hauriou of Toulouse, was to have a lasting effect on the development of these parts of law. In Duguit's opinion, the state was not a mythical Sovereign inherently superior to all its subjects, or even a particularly powerful legal person, but merely a group of people engaged in public service, the activity constituting and legitimising the state. Although critical of notions such as sovereignty, democracy, legal personhood and even property to the extent it is not legitimised by a social purpose, he distinguished himself from Marxists by emphasizing the function of the economy for the development of the state.

Scholar
A scholar is a person who is a researcher or has expertise in an academic discipline. A scholar can also be an academic, who works as a professor, teacher, or researcher at a university. An academic usually holds an advanced degree or a terminal degree, such as a master's degree or a doctorate. Independent scholars and public intellectuals work outside the academy yet may publish in academic journals and participate in scholarly public discussion.
MacOS High Sierra
macOS High Sierra (version 10.13) is the fourteenth major release of macOS, Apple's desktop operating system for Macintosh computers. macOS High Sierra was announced at the WWDC 2017 on June 5, 2017 and was released on September 25, 2017. The name "High Sierra" refers to the High Sierra region in California. Its name signified its goal to be a refinement of the previous macOS version, macOS Sierra, focused on performance improvements and technical updates rather than features. This makes it similar to previous macOS releases Snow Leopard, Mountain Lion and El Capitan. Among the apps with notable changes are Photos and Safari.

macOS High Sierra is the final version of macOS to support the Unibody iMac and the Polycarbonate Unibody MacBook, as its successor, macOS Mojave, drops support for the late 2009 and final models.

macOS High Sierra is the first to run on a Mac with T2 Security chip.

Photos (Apple)
Photos is a photo management and editing application developed by Apple. It was released as a bundled app in iPhone OS 1, and released as a bundled app to OS X Yosemite users in the 10.10.3 update on April 8, 2015, replacing iPhoto and Aperture. It was released for tvOS 10 on September 13, 2016. With the introduction of the Apple Vision Pro at WWDC 2023 on June 5, 2023, the Photos app came to visionOS.
Dark Fields (album)
Dark Fields is the sixth studio album by English acoustic roots duo Show of Hands, released in 1997 on their own label Hands on Music. The album follows the duo's 1996 performance at the Royal Albert Hall in London, a performance which raised their profile. A live album of the performance was released as Live at the Royal Albert Hall in August, becoming the band's best selling album. The duo followed the success with Dark Fields.

Recorded in St Merryn, Dark Fields features Knightley's characteristic West Country-focused lyrics and a "live" sound carried over from their previous studio release Lie of the Land (1995). The album was released in May 1997, received positive reviews from critics. The band also released a single from the album, "Crazy Boy", which was the band's first single.

Chris While
Chris While (born 1956) is an English songwriter, singer and musician, known particularly for her vocals and live performances. She has worked as a solo artist, a songwriter and as a member of a number of duos and groups. Her music is often classified as English folk, but contains strong American influences.
William Adams (British Columbia politician)
William Adams (March 12, 1851 – July 1, 1936) was a farmer and political figure in British Columbia. He represented Cariboo in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia from January 1894 to June 1898. He retired and did not seek a third term in the Legislature in the 1898 provincial election. Adams was not a member of a political party during his tenure as MLA, rather he was a member of the Davie and Turner government factions. He was unsuccessful when he tried to return to the Legislature in the 1903 provincial election, running in the Cariboo riding as a Conservative.

He was born in Dumfries Township, Canada West, the son of Scottish immigrants, and was educated there. In 1883, Adams married Charlotte McDonald. Adams was first elected to the assembly in an 1893 by-election held following the death of Ithiel Nason. He lived at Lightning Creek. Adams raised livestock. He owned Springfield Ranch, later selling it to his daughter and son-in-law. He died in Chilliwack in 1936.

Legislative Assembly of British Columbia
The Legislative Assembly of British Columbia (French: Assemblée législative de la Colombie-Britannique) is the deliberative assembly of the Legislature of British Columbia, in the province of British Columbia, Canada. The legislature also includes the lieutenant governor of British Columbia. The assembly has 93 elected members and meets in Victoria. Members are elected from provincial ridings and are referred to as members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs). Bills passed by the assembly are given royal assent by the lieutenant governor in the name of the King of Canada.

The current legislature is the 43rd Parliament. The most recent general election was held on October 19, 2024. Proceedings of the Legislative Assembly are broadcast by Hansard Broadcasting Services.
Bleeding toad
The bleeding toad, fire toad or Indonesian tree toad (Leptophryne cruentata) is a species of true toad in the amphibian family Bufonidae, endemic to Java, Indonesia. L. javanica was, formerly, synonymous with the bleeding toad prior to its description as a distinct species in 2018, although the degree of differentiation between these species is low. The bleeding toad is listed as a critically endangered species due to a drastic population decline. The factors behind this decline are unclear, but appear consistent (despite ambiguous observations) with the global spread of chytrid fungus, a particularly lethal fungal spore for frogs and toads; once infected, the animals develop a condition known as chytridiomycosis before ultimately dying.

Chytridiomycota
Chytridiomycota are a division of zoosporic organisms in the kingdom Fungi, informally known as chytrids. The name is derived from the Ancient Greek χυτρίδιον (khutrídion), meaning "little pot", describing the structure containing unreleased zoospores. Chytrids are one of the earliest diverging fungal lineages, and their membership in kingdom Fungi is demonstrated with chitin cell walls, a posterior whiplash flagellum, absorptive nutrition, use of glycogen as an energy storage compound, and synthesis of lysine by the α-amino adipic acid (AAA) pathway.

Chytrids are saprobic, degrading refractory materials such as chitin and keratin, and sometimes act as parasites. There has been a significant increase in the research of chytrids since the discovery of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, the causal agent of chytridiomycosis.
Arlanza (DO)
42°1′35″N 3°45′32″W﻿ / ﻿42.02639°N 3.75889°W﻿ / 42.02639; -3.75889

Arlanza is a Spanish Denominación de Origen Protegida (DOP) located in the provinces of Burgos and Palencia, Castile and León, Spain. It was officially upgraded from the lower status of QWPSR (VCPRD in Spanish) in 2007. The DOP covers 67 municipalities (54 in the province of Burgos and 13 in the province of Palencia). There are 23 wineries (bodegas) from Burgos registered and 2 from Palencia. The DOP takes its name from the river Arlanza which flows through it.

Province of Burgos
The province of Burgos is a province of northern Spain, in the northeastern part of the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is bordered by the provinces of Palencia, Cantabria, Vizcaya, Álava, La Rioja, Soria, Segovia, and Valladolid. Burgos is the province of Spain that has borders with most provinces. Its capital is the city of Burgos.

The Cartularies of Valpuesta from the monastery Santa María de Valpuesta, in Burgos, are considered to be the oldest known documents containing words written in the Spanish language.
Kosmyryn
Kosmyryn (Ukrainian: Космирин) is a village in Chortkiv Raion (district) of Ternopil Oblast (province) in western Ukraine. It belongs to Zolotyi Potik settlement hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. The Dniester River flows near the edge of the village.

Raions of Ukraine
A raion (Ukrainian: район, romanized: raion; pl. райони, raiony), often translated as district, is the second-level administrative division in Ukraine. Raions were created in a 1922 administrative reform of the Soviet Union, to which Ukraine, as the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, belonged.

On 17 July 2020, the Verkhovna Rada (Ukraine's parliament) approved an administrative reform to merge most of the 490 raions, along with the "cities of regional significance", which were previously outside the raions, into just 136 reformed raions. Most tasks of the raions (education, healthcare, sport facilities, culture, and social welfare) were taken over by new hromadas, the subdivisions of raions. The 136 new districts include ten in Crimea, which have been de facto outside Ukrainian control since the start of the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2014.
Peter Xu
Peter Xu (徐永泽 Xu Yongze; 9 October 1940) is the founder of an Evangelical Christian movement in China known as the "New Birth", "All Range" (全范围教会 Quanfanwei jiaohui), or "Born Again Movement." It is a Chinese house church movement, unregistered by the Chinese government.  In 1997, he was sentenced to three years in prison for his leadership role. He moved to the United States following his release.

He is one of the subjects of the book Back to Jerusalem: Three Chinese House Church Leaders Share Their Vision to Complete the Great Commission by Paul Hattaway.

House church (China)
In China, house churches or family churches (Chinese: 家庭教会; pinyin: jiātíng jiàohuì) are Protestant assemblies in the People's Republic of China that operate independently from the state-sanctioned Three-Self Patriotic Movement (TSPM) and China Christian Council (CCC). They represent a tradition of independent churches that would not come under the control of the Chinese Communist Party dating back to Wang Ming-Dao in the 1950s. However, they came into their current form of existence after the Cultural Revolution in the early-1980s.
Edward Norfolk
The Ven.  Edward Matheson Norfolk, BA (29 September 1921 – 22 July 2017) was the Archdeacon of St Albans in the Church of England from 1982 until 1987.

Although of service age, Norfolk did not serve in World War II. Norfolk was educated at Latymer Upper School and the University of Leeds. He was ordained in 1947 and began his career with curacies at  Holy Cross, Greenford, King Charles the Martyr, South Mymms and St James and St Paul, Bushey. He held incumbencies at Waltham Cross, Welwyn Garden City, Great Berkhamsted and King's Langley before his years as an Archdeacon.

Bushey
Bushey is a town in the Hertsmere borough of Hertfordshire in the East of England. It had a population of 25,328 in the 2011 census, rising to 28,416 in the 2021 census, an increase of 12.19%. This makes Bushey the second most populated town in Hertsmere. Bushey Heath is a large neighbourhood south east of Bushey on the boundary with the London Borough of Harrow reaching elevations of 165 metres (541 ft) above sea level.
Northern Subdivision (Pennsylvania)
The Northern Subdivision is a railroad line owned and operated by the Buffalo and Pittsburgh Railroad (BPRR), which is owned by Genesee and Wyoming Industries, in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania.  The line is one of the oldest in Pennsylvania, and at one time, stretched all the way from Callery, to Mount Jewett, Pennsylvania.  Today, more than half the line is gone.

Genesee and Wyoming Railroad
The Genesee and Wyoming Railroad (reporting mark GNWR) was a flagship short-line railroad owned by Genesee & Wyoming Inc.

The G&W Railroad was the small Western NY salt-hauling railroad that ran between Retsof, New York, and Caledonia, New York, only 14.5 miles (23.3 km) long, and began in 1899. It was the first railroad in today's global G&W corporation "family" of shortlines all over the world. "G&W Orange", that began on the G&W railroad, can today be seen on railroads all over the world.

The Genesee and Wyoming Railroad was absorbed into the Rochester and Southern Railroad system in 2003, but still exists as a non-operating subsidiary of Genesee & Wyoming.

Genesee Street and Wyoming Street in the West Bottoms, the former site of the Kansas City Stockyards are named for the railroad.
Jiggs and Maggie in Court
Jiggs and Maggie in Court is a 1948 American comedy film directed by William Beaudine and starring Joe Yule, Renie Riano and George McManus. It was the second of a series of four films featuring Yule and Riano as the title characters, in a spin-off from the 1946 film Bringing Up Father.

Joe Yule
Ninnian Joseph Yule (30 April 1892 – 30 March 1950) was a Scottish-American burlesque and vaudeville actor who later appeared in many films as a character actor. He starred alongside Renie Riano in the Jiggs and Maggie film series. Yule was the father of actor Mickey Rooney.
Lévy–Steinitz theorem
In mathematics, the Lévy–Steinitz theorem identifies the set of values to which sums of rearrangements of an infinite series of vectors in Rn can converge. It was proved by Paul Lévy in his first published paper when he was 19 years old. In 1913 Ernst Steinitz filled in a gap in Lévy's proof and also proved the result by a different method.

In an expository article, Peter Rosenthal stated the theorem in the following way.

The set of all sums of rearrangements of a given series of vectors in a finite-dimensional real Euclidean space is either the empty set or a translate of a linear subspace (i.e., a set of the form v + M, where v is a given vector and M is a linear subspace).

Peter Rosenthal
Peter Michael Rosenthal (June 1, 1941 – May 25, 2024) was an American-Canadian mathematician, lawyer, and activist who was Professor of Mathematics at the University of Toronto, and an adjunct professor of law at the University of Toronto Law School.
1995 Men's World Allround Speed Skating Championships
The 56th edition of the Men's World Allround Speed Skating Championships was held on 11 and 12 February 1995 at the Ice Rink Piné, Baselga di Piné in Italy.

The field consisted of 35 speed skaters from 19 countries. It was the final edition held separately for men. From 1996 onward the men's and women's World Allround Speed Skating Championships would be combined into a single tournament.

Rintje Ritsma won the world title ahead of Keiji Shirahata and Roberto Sighel. It was his first world title. From 1996 onward, the men's and women's World Allround Speed Skating Championships took place on the same days and at the same venue.

Keiji Shirahata
Keiji Shirahata (白幡 圭史, Shirahata Keiji, born 8 October 1973) is a retired Japanese speed skater.

With two silver and one bronze medals at the World All-Round Speed Skating Championships he has been the most successful Japanese long track speed skater in all-round competitions. He was ranked 4th on the Adelskalender in February 1997. Shirahata established 22 national records and was nine times national all-round champion.
Daniel Suero Alonso
Daniel Suero Alonso (born May 30, 1988, in Huelva, Andalusia, Spain) is a Spanish businessman, financial advisor, angel investor, and writer. He founded Nuevo Sol, a company that offered advisory services for energy savings through thermal and photovoltaic solar panels and co-founded LEQ (Light Environment Quality), a company that was dedicated to the import of energy efficiency materials with operations in Spain, Germany, and China. As at January 2025, he is the president and CEO of Sunday Marketplace, a credit intermediation company.

Huelva
Huelva (US: /ˈhwɛlvə/ WHEL-və, Spanish: [ˈwelβa] ⓘ, locally [ˈɡweɾβa]) is a municipality of Spain and the capital of the province of Huelva, in the autonomous community of Andalusia. Located in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula, it sits between the estuaries of the Odiel and Tinto rivers on the Atlantic coast of the Gulf of Cádiz. According to the 2010 census, the city had a population of 149,410.

While the existence of an earlier pre-Phoenician settlement within the current urban limits since c. 1250 BC has been tentatively defended by scholars, Phoenicians established a stable colony roughly by the 9th century BC. Modern economic activity conformed to copper and pyrite extraction upstream funded by British capital and to the role of its port, as well as with the later development of a petrochemical industry.

Huelva is home to Recreativo de Huelva, the oldest football club in Spain.
Super Deluxe
Super Deluxe was an entertainment company owned by Turner Broadcasting. Founded by Turner Entertainment executives Marc Lazarus and Drew Reifenberger in 2006, the company's main output was in online video, television series, and documentaries. It was revived in the 2010s by media executive Wolfgang Hammer.

Fullscreen (company)
Fullscreen, Inc. was an American entertainment company which offered software tools, services, and consultation to social media content creators and brands. It was an original multi-channel network on YouTube. It was fully acquired for $845M in 2018 by AT&T-owned Otter Media, which is now a subsidiary of Warner Bros. Discovery.

Fullscreen also provided channel management and optimization services for brands and media companies to grow their presence on social media. Fullscreen's clients included NBCUniversal, Mattel, Fox, Fremantle, JASH, Fine Brothers Entertainment, and more.
TLB (legal consultancy)
The Law Boutique, (trade name TLB) is a London based legal consultancy founded in 2015 by Electra Japonas. The company began as a legal managed services business, but now also operates as a legal design consultancy. TLB offers a range of services, including legal tech implementation, document design, legal operations and other ongoing support.

Having worked together on the oneNDA initiative, Linklaters, CreateiQ and TLB announced a formal partnership in October 2022. The aim of the collaboration is to offer clients holistic legal advice while also advising on the implementation of technology and digitisation of legal processes.

As of 2023 TLB consists of 10 employees.

Managed services
A Managed Service Provider (MSP) is a third-party company that remotely manages a customer's IT infrastructure and end-user systems, typically on a proactive basis and under a subscription model. This contrast with the traditional break/fix or on demand approach, where services are rendered and billed only after a technical failure occurs. Instead, the MSP maintains continuous oversight of the client’s systems, assuming long-term responsibility for the functionality and health of their IT environment.

The external organization is referred to as a managed service(s) provider (MSP).
Hunnenschlacht (Liszt)
Hunnenschlacht (The Battle of the Huns), S.105, is a symphonic poem by Franz Liszt, written in 1857 after a painting of the same name by Wilhelm von Kaulbach. Liszt conducted the premiere himself in Weimar on 29 December 1857.

The painting depicts the battle of the Catalaunian Fields around 20 June 451 AD, where the Hun armies led by Attila fought a savage battle against a Roman coalition led by Roman General Flavius Aëtius and the Visigothic king Theodoric. According to legend, the battle was so ferocious that the souls of the dead warriors continued their fighting in the sky as they rose to Heaven.

Symphonic poem
A symphonic poem or tone poem is a piece of orchestral music, usually in a single continuous movement, which illustrates or evokes the content of a poem, short story, novel, painting, landscape, or other (non-musical) source. The German term Tondichtung (tone poem) appears to have been first used by the composer Carl Loewe in 1828. The Hungarian composer Franz Liszt first applied the term Symphonische Dichtung to his 13 works in this vein, which commenced in 1848.