hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bulbothrix cinerea
Bulbothrix cinerea is a species of lichenized fungi within the family Parmeliaceae. Among other Bulbothrix species, only B. isidiza has isidia combined with an underside that is light coloured. B. isidiza's laciniae are wider, while its thallus is pale, and contains salazinic acid. In turn, B. ventricosa is larger and a black underside and rhizinae. The African species B. decurtata is an obligately saxicolous lichen, and while similar, it has a dark underside and produces salazinic acid in its medulla. The species' name thus refers to its uncommon dark gray colouration of its thallus.

Medulla (lichenology)
The medulla is a horizontal layer within a lichen thallus.  It is a loosely arranged layer of interlaced hyphae below the upper cortex and photobiont zone, but above the lower cortex. The medulla generally has a cottony appearance.  It is the widest layer of a heteromerous lichen thallus.
Wakayama Castle (Suō)
Wakayama Castle (若山城, Wakayama-jō) is the remains of a castle structure in Shūnan, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan. Its ruins have been protected as a Prefectural Historic Sites. It is located on a 217 meter mountain.

Wakayama castle was built by the Sue clan, one of the most important retainers of the Ōuchi clan and became a home castle of the Sue clan in the Sengoku period. Sue Harukata improved and strengthened the castle before the Tainei-ji incident.

The castle was attacked by the Mōri clan soon after the Battle of Miyajima, Harukata's son Nagafusa was defeated and he committed seppuku. It is believed the castle was demolished by the Mōri clan after the fall of the castle.

Shūnan
Shūnan (周南市, Shūnan-shi) is a city in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan. As of 31 May 2023, the city had an estimated population of 137,019 in 6828 households and a population density of 210 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 656.29 square kilometres (253.39 sq mi).
Jean-René Van der Plaetsen
Jean-René Van der Plaetsen (born 9 August 1962) is a French journalist and writer. He is Deputy Managing Editor of Le Figaro Magazine. He has also been a member of the jury of the Prix de Flore since its creation in 1994.

Le Figaro Magazine
Le Figaro Magazine (French: [l(ə) fiɡaʁo magazin]) is a French weekly news magazine published in Paris. The magazine is the weekly supplement of the daily newspaper Le Figaro and has been in circulation since 1978.
Factory Girl (TV series)
Girls' Generation's Factory Girl (Korean: 소녀시대의 팩토리 걸) is a 2008 reality television show starring South Korean girl group Girls' Generation. The show revolves around the members of the group working as intern editors at Elle Girl Korea. The concept of the show was inspired by the 2006 Hollywood movie The Devil Wears Prada.

Sunny (singer)
Susan Soonkyu Lee (born May 15, 1989), known professionally as Sunny, is a South Korean and American singer and entertainer based in South Korea. She debuted as a member of girl group Girls' Generation (and later its subgroup Girls' Generation-Oh!GG) in August 2007, which went on to become one of the best-selling artists in South Korea and one of South Korea's most widely known girl groups worldwide. Apart from her group's activities, Sunny has participated in numerous side projects including original soundtracks, television variety shows, musical acting and radio hosting.
Chondrocalcinosis
Chondrocalcinosis or cartilage calcification is calcification (accumulation of calcium salts) in hyaline cartilage and/or fibrocartilage. Chondrocalcinosis is an observation that can be visualized through diagnostic imaging tests such as X-rays, CT, MRI, and ultrasound.

Fibrocartilage
Fibrocartilage consists of a mixture of white fibrous tissue and cartilaginous tissue in various proportions.  It owes its inflexibility and toughness to the former of these constituents, and its elasticity to the latter. It is the only type of cartilage that contains type I collagen in addition to the normal type II.
Sarankulma
Sarankulma is a district located in the southern part of Tampere, Finland. It borders Härmälä in the north, Peltolammi in the east and the Pirkkala's municipal border in the west. There is industry in the area and former editorial office of Aamulehti was previously located in Sarankulma. The Pärrinkoski's nature conservation area is located on the southern border of Sarankulma.

The name Sarankulma derives from a croft called Sarka located at the Hatanpää Manor area, which was later divided into the premises of Nuutisara and Pöytäsara. The district is relatively new, as its town plan was approved in 1972. Sarankulma was primarily zoned as an industrial area.

Pirkkala
Pirkkala (Finnish: [ˈpirkːɑlɑ]; Swedish: Birkala) is a municipality in Finland, located in the Pirkanmaa region. It lies to the southwest of the regional capital, Tampere. The population of Pirkkala is approximately 21,000, while the metropolitan area has a population of approximately 424,000. It is the 48th most populous municipality in Finland.

Pirkkala has an area of 104.04 square kilometres (40.17 sq mi) of which 22.66 km2 (8.75 sq mi) is water. The population density is 259.08 inhabitants per square kilometre (671.0/sq mi), which makes it the most densely populated municipality in Finland that does not use the title of town or city. Pirkkala is also currently the fastest-growing municipality in the Pirkanmaa region. The municipality is unilingually Finnish.

Tampere-Pirkkala Airport is located in southwest Pirkkala. The most significant main road in Pirkkala is Tampere Ring Road.
Line Creek (Flint River tributary)
Line Creek is a stream in Coweta, Fayette, Fulton, Meriwether, Spalding and Troup counties in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is a tributary to the Flint River.

Line Creek was so named for the fact the Coweta-Fayette county line is formed by its course.

Meriwether County, Georgia
Meriwether County is a county in the West Central region of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 20,613. The county seat is Greenville, home of the Meriwether County Courthouse. The county was formed on December 14, 1827, as the 73rd county in Georgia. It was named for David Meriwether, a general in the American Revolutionary War and member of Congress from Georgia.

Meriwether County is part of the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell MSA.
Hakan Günday
Hakan Günday (born 29 May 1976) is a Turkish writer novelist and screenwriter. He was born on the island of Rhodes in 1976. He lived in Brussels as a boy, before moving to Ankara where he completed Tevfik Fikret High School. He studied in Hacettepe University, Université libre de Bruxelles and Ankara University.

His first novel Kinyas ve Kayra came out in 2000. Notable works include Loss (Ziyan), which won the Prix France-Turquie, and More (Daha) which won the Prix Médicis étranger.

Günday lives and works in Istanbul.

Hacettepe University
Hacettepe University (Turkish: Hacettepe Üniversitesi) is a public research university in Ankara, Turkey. It was established on 8 July 1967. It is ranked first among the Turkish universities by University Ranking by Academic Performance in 2021.

The university has two main campuses. The first campus, located in the old town of Ankara, hosts the Medical Centre. The second campus, Beytepe Campus, is situated 13 km from the city center. Beytepe Campus spans 6,000,000 m2 (600 ha; 1,483 acres) of green land and woodland and houses the faculties of Economic and Administrative Sciences, Law, Education, Engineering, Fine Arts, Letters, and Science. In addition to these two main campuses, the School of Social Work is located in Keçiören, and the Turkish State Conservatory, affiliated with the university since 1982, is situated at the Beşevler Campus. The current rector of the university, appointed by the Presidency on 24 June 2020, is Mehmet Cahit Güran.
David Drury (cricketer)
David Brian Drury (born 1 May 1961) is an English former cricketer. He was a left-handed batsman and wicket-keeper who played for Cumberland.

Drury made his debut for Cumberland in the Minor Counties Championship on 28 May 1985, playing as a specialist batsman at number seven.  Cumberland, who had former Test cricketer David Lloyd opening the batting, won the match by 116 runs, with Drury scoring 27 in the first-innings and 24* in the second. He played in five further matches in the Minor Counties Championship, but failed to better his score of 27. His only List A appearance came in the first round of the 1985 NatWest Trophy, when he scored four runs during a loss to Middlesex.

Friends Provident Trophy
The Friends Provident Trophy was a one-day cricket competition in the British Isles.

It was one of the four tournaments in which the eighteen first-class counties competed each season. They were joined by teams from Scotland and Ireland. Lancashire won the title a record seven times.

The competition was previously known as the Gillette Cup (1963–1980), the NatWest Trophy (1981–2000), and the C&G Trophy (2000–2006). For a short period following the 2006 season, the competition was known as the ECB One-Day Trophy because no sponsors were forthcoming when Cheltenham and Gloucester decided to end their association with the competition after the 2006 season. The tournament, along with the Pro40 forty-overs competition, was replaced by the ECB 40 competition from the 2010 season.
Han Ji
Han Ji (died 10 April 238), courtesy name Gongzhi, was a Chinese politician who served in the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He previously served under the warlords Liu Biao and Cao Cao during the late Eastern Han dynasty.

Memorial to the throne
A memorial to the throne (Chinese: 章表; pinyin: zhāngbiǎo) was an official communication to the emperor of China. They were generally careful essays in Classical Chinese and their presentation was a formal affair directed by government officials. Submission of a memorial was a right theoretically available to everyone from the crown prince to a common farmer, but the court secretaries would read them aloud to the emperor and exercised considerable control over what was considered worthy of his time. They were used in imperial China as a means of regulating corrupt local officials who might otherwise have escaped oversight.
Bjoern Rehbein
Bjoern Rehbein, also known as Björn Rehbein, is a German-American hairstylist and make-up artist. He was nominated for an Academy Award in the category Best Makeup and Hairstyling for the film The Smashing Machine.

In addition to his Academy Award nomination, he was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award in the category Outstanding Makeup for his work on the television program The Wiz Live!. His nomination was shared with Cookie Jordan, Matiki Anoff, Debi Young, Stephanie McGee and Christine Domaniecki.

The Wiz Live!
The Wiz Live! is an American television special that aired live on NBC on December 3, 2015. Produced by Craig Zadan and Neil Meron, it was a performance of a new adaptation of the 1975 Broadway musical The Wiz, a soul/R&B reinterpretation of L. Frank Baum's 1900 novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. The broadcast was performed live from Grumman Studios in Bethpage, New York. This adaptation of the musical combined aspects of both the Broadway play and its 1978 film adaptation.
Mitsubishi Rayon
Mitsubishi Rayon Co., Ltd. (三菱レイヨン株式会社, Mitsubishi Reiyon Kabushiki-gaisha) (est. August 31, 1933) is a Japanese textile company that manufactures chemicals, plastics, and fibers. It is Japan's biggest acrylic fiber maker.  In 2010, it became a wholly owned subsidiary of Mitsubishi Chemical Holdings.

In addition to the primary acrylic fiber, Mitsubishi Rayon also is one of the top makers of golf shafts, now largely popular on the PGA and European Tours now gaining popularity by consumers.  Current Success in the shaft market includes the making of new golf clubs by brands such as Ping (golf), Callaway Golf, Nike, Titleist, and TaylorMade sold manufactured with a Mitsubishi Rayon shaft.

Fiber
Fiber (spelled fibre in British English; from Latin: fibra) is a natural or artificial substance that is significantly longer than it is wide. Fibers are often used in the manufacture of other materials. The strongest engineering materials often incorporate fibers, for example carbon fiber and ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene.

Synthetic fibers can often be produced very cheaply and in large amounts compared to natural fibers, but for clothing natural fibers have some benefits, such as comfort, over their synthetic counterparts.
Monica Kristensen Solås
Monica Kristensen Solås (born 30 June 1950), is a Norwegian glaciologist, meteorologist, polar explorer and crime novelist. She was awarded a Founders Gold Medal by the Royal Geographical Society in 1989.

Glaciology
Glaciology (from Latin  glacies 'frost, ice' and Ancient Greek  λόγος (logos) 'subject matter'; lit. 'study of ice') is the scientific study of glaciers, or, more generally, ice and natural phenomena that involve ice.

Glaciology is an interdisciplinary Earth science that integrates geophysics, geology, physical geography, geomorphology, climatology, meteorology, hydrology, biology, and ecology. The impact of glaciers on people includes the fields of human geography and anthropology. The discoveries of water ice on the Moon, Mars, Europa and Pluto add an extraterrestrial component to the field, which is referred to as "astroglaciology".
Captains Flat
Captains Flat is a town in the Southern Tablelands of rural New South Wales, Australia, in Queanbeyan-Palerang Regional Council. It is south of Queanbeyan. Captains Flat township is bounded by the non-urban parts of the locality of Captains Flat in the north, east and west, and Captains Flat Road, the Molonglo River and Foxlow Street in the south.

Queanbeyan
Queanbeyan (/ˈkwiːnbiən/ KWEEN-bee-ən) is a city in south-eastern New South Wales, Australia, located adjacent to the Australian Capital Territory in the Southern Tablelands region. Located on the Queanbeyan River, the city is the council seat of the Queanbeyan-Palerang Regional Council. At the 2021 census, the Queanbeyan part of the Canberra–Queanbeyan built-up area had a population of 37,511.

Queanbeyan's economy is based on light construction, manufacturing, service, retail and agriculture. Canberra, Australia's capital, is located 15 kilometres (9 miles) to the west, and Queanbeyan is a commuter town. The word Queanbeyan is the anglicised form of Quinbean or *Kuwinbiyan, a Ngarigo word meaning "clear waters".
Tentoxin
Tentoxin is a natural cyclic tetrapeptide produced by phytopathogenic fungus Alternaria alternata. It selectively induces chlorosis in several germinating seedling plants. Therefore, tentoxin may be used as a potential natural herbicide, and is a lactam.

Tentoxin was first isolated from Alternaria alternata (syn. tenuis) and characterized by George Templeton et al. in 1967.

Tentoxin has also been used in recent research to eliminate the polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity from seedlings of higher plants.

Alternaria alternata
Alternaria alternata is a fungus causing leaf spots, rots, and blights on many plant parts, and other diseases. It is an opportunistic pathogen on over 380 host species of plant.

It can also cause upper respiratory tract infections and asthma in humans with compromised immunity.
Alice Osborne Curwen
Alice Osborne Curwen (c.1902 – July 21, 1983) later Alice Osborn McKeen, was an American zoologist, medical college professor, and clubwoman. She taught anatomy, histology, and embryology classes at the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania.

Embryology
Embryology (from Greek ἔμβρυον, embryon, 'the unborn, embryo'; and -λογία, -logia) is the branch of zoology that studies the prenatal development of gametes (sex cells), fertilization and development of embryos and fetuses. Embryology includes teratology, the study of congenital disorders that occur before birth.

Early embryology, put forward by Marcello Malpighi, was preformationist in concept: based on the idea that organisms develop from pre-existing miniature versions of themselves.  The theory now accepted, epigenesis, is the idea that organisms develop from seed or egg in a sequence of steps.  This concept was proposed in antiquity by Aristotle. Modern embryology developed from the work of Karl Ernst von Baer, though accurate observations had been made in Italy by anatomists such as Aldrovandi and Leonardo da Vinci in the Renaissance.
Adriana Umaña-Taylor
Adriana Janette Umaña-Taylor is an American professor of education in the Harvard Graduate School of Education. Prior to this, she was a faculty member in the T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics at Arizona State University, where she worked from 2004 until 2017, starting as an assistant professor and advancing through the ranks of associate professor and full professor, eventually being named a Foundation Professor. Umaña-Taylor's first position after graduate school was at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in the Human and Community Development Department.

Harvard Graduate School of Education
The Harvard Graduate School of Education (HGSE) is the education school of Harvard University, a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1920, it was the first school to grant the EdD degree and the first Harvard school to award degrees to women. HGSE enrolls around 800 students between its master of education (Ed.M.) and three-year doctor of education leadership (Ed.L.D.) programs.

It is associated with the Harvard Education Publishing Group whose imprint is the Harvard Education Press and publishes the Harvard Educational Review.
Izi (Ancient Egyptian official)
Izi was an important ancient Egyptian official of the Fourth Dynasty. His most important title was overseer of the treasury. Other important titles he hold are scribe of the king's document, overseer of the great house and overseer of the king's ornament.

Izi is mainly known from different relief decorated blocks of his mastaba. These blocks are now in the Egyptian Museum (Cairo), in the Pushkin Museum and in the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek. On the latter blocks he bears different titles making it possible that they belong to a different person with the name Izi. His mastaba was discovered around 1890 at Saqqara. In the same year Vladimir Golenishchev bought eight blocks in Cairo for the Pushkin Museum. On stylistical grounds of the reliefs, Izi dates most likely to the Fourth Dynasty.

Mastaba
A mastaba (/ˈmæstəbə/ MASS-tə-bə, /ˈmɑːstɑːbɑː/ MAHSS-tah-bah or /mɑːˈstɑːbɑː/ mahss-TAH-bah), also mastabah or mastabat) is a type of ancient Egyptian tomb in the form of a flat-roofed, rectangular structure with inward sloping sides, constructed out of mudbricks or limestone. These edifices marked the burial sites of many eminent Egyptians during Egypt's Early Dynastic Period and Old Kingdom. Non-royal use of mastabas continued for over a thousand years.

The word mastaba is from the Arabic word for "bench". The Ancient Egyptian name was pr-ḏd (Old Egyptian pronunciation [ˈpaːɾuw cʼaːtʼ], transliteration per-djed), meaning "house of stability", "house of eternity", or "eternal house".
Andrew Newton (rugby union)
Andrew Winstanley Newton (12 September 1879 – 14 September 1944) was an Irish–born England international rugby union player.

A lieutenant in the Royal Dublin Fusiliers, Newton served in the same regiment as Ireland international Basil Maclear and was quartered at Buttevant in County Cork. He however played rugby for an English club Blackheath and it was for England that he was capped in 1907, featuring as a wing three–quarter against Scotland in London.

Newton immigrated to Australia to serve as private secretary to Lord Chelmsford, the newly appointed Governor of Queensland.

Royal Dublin Fusiliers
The Royal Dublin Fusiliers was an infantry regiment of the British Army created in 1881 and disbanded in 1922. It was one of eight 'Irish' regiments of the army which were raised and garrisoned in Ireland, with the regiment's home depot being located in Naas. The regiment was created via the amalgamation of the Royal Bombay Fusiliers and Royal Madras Fusiliers, two army regiments stationed in India, with militia units from Dublin and Kildare as part of the Childers Reforms. Both battalions of the regiment served in the Second Boer War.

During World War I, a further six battalions were raised and the regiment saw action on the Western Front, the Mediterranean and the Middle East, during which its members won three Victoria Cross medals. Following the establishment of the Irish Free State in 1922, five army regiments whose traditional recruiting grounds were located in the new state, including the Royal Dublin Fusiliers, were disbanded.
Scooby-Doo! Night of 100 Frights
Scooby-Doo! Night of 100 Frights is a 3D platform game developed by Heavy Iron Studios and published by THQ for the PlayStation 2, GameCube, and Xbox. The game was released in May 2002 in North America and was released later that year in PAL regions. It was the first Scooby-Doo! video game on sixth-generation consoles. The PlayStation 2 version became a Greatest Hits title in May 2003. The next Scooby-Doo game to be released for consoles was Scooby-Doo! Mystery Mayhem.

The game puts players in the control of Scooby-Doo in a story that revolves around him searching for the rest of the gang around a haunted mansion after they are kidnapped by an eccentric villain. The game has twelve areas, ranging from graveyards and secret labs to fishing villages and haunted mazes.

Video game graphics
A variety of computer graphic techniques have been used to display video game content throughout the history of video games. The predominance of individual techniques have evolved over time, primarily due to hardware advances and restrictions such as the processing power of central or graphics processing units.
Milutin Mićović
Milutin Mićović, is a Serbian writer, born in Velimlje, near Nikšić on June 12, 1953. He is the president of the Writers' Society «Njegoš», founded in 2004, and the editor of the traditional cultural manifestation «Days of Njegoš». He is a member of Association of Writers of Montenegro and Serbian Literary Guild. In 2021, he was awarded the Montenegrin state award, Miroslav's Gospel, for the book The Lights in the Darkness of Montenegro.  He lives in Nikšić, Montenegro.

Serbian Literary Guild
The Serbian Literary Guild (Serbian: Српска књижевна задруга, romanized: Srpska književna zadruga, SKZ) is Serbia's oldest writers' organization and the second-oldest publishing house after Matica srpska.
Hollywood Museum
The Hollywood Museum is a museum located at North Highland Avenue in the Hollywood neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, United States, houses a collection of memorabilia from the history of American motion pictures and television. It is housed in the historic Max Factor Salon on Highland Avenue designed by American architect Simeon Charles Lee.

The collection of the Hollywood Museum contains over 11,000 items, including costumes, props, stop motion figures, photographs, scripts, and other artifacts. Among the exhibits are the original four makeup rooms used by pioneering Hollywood makeup artist Max Factor—one for redheads, one for blondes, one for brownettes, and one for brunettes.

The museum is connected to a branch of Mel's Drive-In restaurant.

Max Factor Sr.
Max Factor Sr. (September 15, 1877 – August 30, 1938), born Maksymilian Faktorowicz, was a Polish-American businessman, beautician, entrepreneur and inventor. As a founder of the cosmetics giant Max Factor & Company, he largely developed the modern cosmetics industry in the United States and popularized the term "make-up" in noun form based on the verb.

He is also known for doing makeovers for starlets and giving them their signature looks; his most iconic works include Jean Harlow's platinum hair, Clara Bow's bob, Lucille Ball's false lashes and red curls, and Joan Crawford's "Hunter's Bow", or overdrawn lips.