hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Vieri Tosatti
Vieri Tosatti (born Rome, 1920 - died there, 1999) was an Italian composer.  He is best known for his operas, among them Il sistema della dolcezza (1948), after Edgar Allan Poe's "The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether", and Partita a pugni (1953), about a boxing match.  His output also includes chamber music, as well as some symphonic and choral works.  He studied at the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia under Ildebrando Pizzetti.

Symphony
A symphony is an extended musical composition in Western classical music, most often for orchestra. Although the term has had many meanings from its origins in the ancient Greek era, by the late 18th century the word had taken on the meaning common today: a work usually consisting of multiple distinct sections or movements, often four, with the first movement in sonata form. Symphonies are almost always scored for an orchestra consisting of a string section (violin, viola, cello, and double bass), brass, woodwind, and percussion instruments which altogether number about 30 to 100 musicians. Symphonies are notated in a musical score, which contains all the instrument parts. Orchestral musicians play from parts which contain just the notated music for their own instrument. Some symphonies also contain vocal parts (e.g., Beethoven's Ninth Symphony, or Mahler's Second Symphony).
Backward disadvantage
The backward disadvantage (simplified Chinese: 后发劣势; traditional Chinese: 後發劣勢), or the disadvantage of backwardness, also known as latecomer's disadvantage, is a viewpoint put forward by Chinese-Australian economist Yang Xiaokai. It is borrowed from the American economist Watson's concept of "curse to the late comer".

Yang pointed out that the "backward disadvantage" refers to the fact that it is easier for late-development countries to imitate technologies, but more difficult to imitate the system, because the reform will offend vested interests, although late developing countries can achieve rapid developments in the short term, but will leave hidden problems for long-term development.

In 2002, in a lecture at the Tianze Economic Research Institute in Beijing, Yang cited Watson's "curse of the late comer" to draw public attention to "backward disadvantages" in China's future social and economic development, which aroused strong reactions in Chinese and foreign academic circles.

Xiaokai Yang
Xiaokai Yang (born as Yang Xiguang; Simplified Chinese: 杨小凯; 6 October 1948 – 7 July 2004) was a Chinese-Australian economist. He was one of the world's pre-eminent theorists in economic analysis, and an influential campaigner for democracy in China.
Low kick
A low kick (also known as a leg kick) is a kick in which the attacker strikes the opponent's lower body (thigh or calf) with the shinbone or foot. Under different names, such kicks are utilized in numerous martial arts, including as karate, taekwondo, kūdō, kickboxing, pradal serey, lethwei, Muay Thai, MMA, and various styles of kung fu.

Kun Khmer
Kun Khmer (Khmer: គុនខ្មែរ [kun kʰmae] lit. 'Khmer martial arts'), or Pradal Serey (Khmer: ប្រដាល់សេរី [prɑɗal seːrəj] lit. 'free boxing'), is a combat sport that originated in Cambodia. The sport consists of stand up striking and clinch fighting, where the objective is to knock an opponent out, force a technical knockout, or win a match by points. The sport was codified in Cambodia by the French colonial administration in the early 20th century, and was derived from centuries-old traditions, namely Bokator, the close-quarter combat system used during the Khmer empire. The official name of the sport in Khmer is Kbach Kun Pradal Khmer (Khmer: ក្បាច់គុនប្រដាល់ខ្មែរ [kʰɓac kun prɑɗal kʰmae] lit. 'Khmer martial art of boxing').
Webster, Ontario
Webster is an unincorporated place and important railway point in Unorganized Kenora District in northwestern Ontario, Canada. It is located on Webster Bay on Lost Lake on the English River, part of the Nelson River drainage basin.

It is on the Canadian National Railway transcontinental main line, between Taggart to the west and Hudson to the east, and is passed but not served by Via Rail transcontinental Canadian trains.

Northwestern Ontario
Northwestern Ontario is a secondary region of Northern Ontario in the Canadian province of Ontario which lies north and west of Lake Superior and west of Hudson Bay and James Bay. It includes most of subarctic Ontario. Its western boundary is the Canadian province of Manitoba, which disputed Ontario's claim to the western part of the region. Ontario's right to Northwestern Ontario was determined by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in 1884 and confirmed by the Canada (Ontario Boundary) Act, 1889, of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. In 1912, the Parliament of Canada by the Ontario Boundaries Extension Act gave jurisdiction over the District of Patricia to Ontario, thereby extending the northern boundary of the province to Hudson Bay.
Roman Vajs
Roman Vajs (born 18 November 1974 in Liptovský Mikuláš) is a retired Slovak slalom canoeist who competed at the international level from 1990 to 2004, specializing in the C2 discipline.

Vajs won two medals in the C2 team event at the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships with a silver in 1999 and a bronze in 1993. He won the overall World Cup title in the C2 class in 1998. He also won 3 medals at the European Championships (1 gold, 1 silver and 1 bronze).

Vajs finished 13th in the C2 event at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta.

His partner in the C2 boat until 2000 was Roman Štrba, who was paralyzed in an accident in March 2001. In the years after Štrba's accident, Vajs teamed up with Pavol Hric who had competed in K1 until then.

1999 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships
The 1999 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships were held in La Seu d'Urgell, Catalonia, Spain under the auspices of International Canoe Federation at the Segre Olympic Park. It was the 26th edition. A record eleven nations won medals at these championships.
Harrisonian
The Harrisonian North American Stage on the geologic timescale is the North American  faunal stage according to the North American Land Mammal Ages chronology (NALMA), typically set from 24,800,000 to 20,600,000 years BP, a period of 4.2 million years. It is usually considered to overlap the Chattian and Aquitanian stages within the late Paleogene. The Harrisonian is preceded by the Monroecreekian and followed by the Hemingfordian NALMA stage.

Before Present
Before Present (BP) or "years before present (YBP)" is a time scale used mainly in archaeology, geology, and other scientific disciplines to specify when events occurred relative to the origin of practical radiocarbon dating in the 1950s. Because the "present" time changes, standard practice is to use 1 January 1950 as the commencement date (epoch) of the age scale, with 1950 being labelled as the "standard year". The abbreviation "BP" has been interpreted retrospectively as "Before Physics", which refers to the time before nuclear weapons testing artificially altered the proportion of the carbon isotopes in the atmosphere, which scientists must account for when using radiocarbon dating for dates of origin that may fall after this year.

In a convention that is not always observed, many sources restrict the use of BP dates to those produced with radiocarbon dating; the alternative notation "RCYBP" stands for the explicit "radio carbon years before present".
Riyadh Valley Co
Riyadh Valley Co (formally known as: Riyadh Techno Valley; RTV) is one of the contributions of King Saud University in building partnership with the public and private sectors in the area of knowledge economics. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has adopted a long term economic strategy that shifts its focus to develop a knowledge-based economy. King Saud University (KSU) is seeking to play a full part in this strategy through the development of a substantial science and technology park, “Riyadh Techno Valley - King Saud University (RTV-KSU)”, on its Riyadh campus. Through this project, KSU aims to satisfy the demands of the knowledge-based industries, and to commercialize its research outcomes, in addition to enhancing the research environment and encouraging researchers and graduates to participate in the incubation program and to establish spin-off knowledge-based companies.

Knowledge economy
The knowledge economy, or knowledge-based economy, is an economic system in which the production of goods and services is primarily driven by knowledge-intensive activities that contribute to the advancement of technical and scientific innovation. The key element of value in this paradigm lies in the increased reliance on human capital and intellectual property as primary sources of innovative ideas, information, and practices. Organizations are called upon to leverage this "knowledge" in their production processes to stimulate and consolidate their business development. This approach is characterized by reduced dependence on physical inputs and natural resources. A knowledge-based economy is founded on the crucial role of intangible assets within organisations as an enabler of modern economic growth.
Falkner Cornwall Stewart
Falkner Cornwall Stewart (August 21, 1833 – April 27, 1897) was an Ontario merchant and political figure. He represented Dufferin in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario as a Conservative member from 1886 to 1890.

He was born in County Monaghan, Ireland in 1833, the son of Robert Cornwall Stewart, and came to Simcoe County, Upper Canada with his parents in 1834. He was educated in Orillia and Barrie. Stewart worked as a clerk in a store in Barrie and then in Toronto, before opening his own business in Cookstown. He moved to Orangeville in 1859 and opened a general store there. In 1862, he married Olive Esther Rutledge. He served as the first reeve of Orangeville and as warden for Dufferin County in 1879 and 1881.

His sister Jennie Francis married judge Thomas Anthony Maitland McCarthy; their son Maitland Stewart McCarthy later served in the Canadian House of Commons.

He died aged 65 in 1897.

Orangeville, Ontario
Orangeville is a town in south-central Ontario, Canada, and is the seat of Dufferin County.

The first patent of land was issued to Ezekiel Benson, a land surveyor, on August 7, 1820. That was followed by land issued to Alan Robinet in 1822.
Isabel Reuss
Isabel Reuss Gerding (born April 10, 1962) is a Mexican Olympic freestyle swimmer who participated in the 1980 Summer Olympics for her native country.

Her best result in Moscow, Soviet Union was a sixth place in the Women's 4 × 100 m Freestyle Relay.

As of March 2008, she still holds the oldest swimming Mexican Record with her 2:04.19 in the 200 free (long course) from the 1982 World Championships.

1982 World Aquatics Championships
The 4th FINA World Aquatics Championships took place from July 29-August 8, 1982, in Guayaquil, Ecuador. They featured 848 athletes, competing in four Aquatics disciplines:

Diving - 4 events (2 male, 2 female);

Swimming - 29 events (15 male, 14 female);

Synchronized Swimming - 3 events (all female); and

Water Polo - 1 event (male).
Finding Merlin
Finding Merlin: The Truth Behind The Legend is a 2007 book by Scottish advocate Adam Ardrey, in which he puts forward the theory that Merlin was a Scottish druid, politician and scholar. The book claims that Merlin was born in 540 CE in Cadzow (Hamilton), and died circa 618  in Drumelzier, near Dunipace. The book also states that one of Merlin's main antagonists was Saint Mungo.

Saint Mungo
Kentigern (Welsh: Cyndeyrn Garthwys; Latin: Kentigernus), known as Mungo, was a missionary in the Brittonic Kingdom of Strathclyde in the late sixth century, and the founder and patron saint of the city of Glasgow.
66th Armor Regiment
The 66th Armor Regiment is the oldest armored unit in the United States Army, tracing its lineage to the 301st Tank Battalion which served with distinction soon after it was formed in the First World War; the 301st trained at Camp Meade, Maryland, where then-Cpt. Dwight D. Eisenhower was an instructor.  It has often been rumored that the 301st, the parent unit of the 66th, was first commanded by Col. George S. Patton, but this appears not to have been the case; while Patton was the first officer assigned to the Tank Corps, and while the 301st Tank Battalion was the first unit formed, Patton went nearly immediately to France to train Americans attached to Allied commands. The 301st was the only American heavy tank battalion to have seen action in the war.  After the war, the 301st transitioned in the Regular Army to become the 66th Infantry Regiment (Light Tanks) by way of the 16th Tank Battalion.

Meritorious Unit Commendation
The Meritorious Unit Commendation (MUC; pronounced muck) is a mid-level unit award of the United States Armed Forces. The U.S. Army awards units the Army MUC for exceptionally meritorious conduct in performance of outstanding achievement or service in combat or non-combat, the U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps award units the Navy MUC for valorous or meritorious achievement or service in combat or non-combat, and the U.S. Coast Guard awards units the Coast Guard MUC for valorous or meritorious achievement or service not involving combat.
Coastal fortifications of colonial Chile
In Colonial times the Spanish Empire diverted significant resources to fortify the Chilean coast to defend against Dutch and British raids. During the 16th century the Spanish strategy was to complement the fortification work in its Caribbean ports with forts in the Strait of Magellan. As attempts at settling and fortifying the Strait of Magellan were abandoned the Spanish began to fortify the Captaincy General of Chile and other parts of the west coast of the Americas. The coastal fortifications and defense system was at its peak in the mid-18th century.

Spanish Main
During the Spanish colonization of the Americas, the Spanish Main (Spanish: Mar Caribe) comprised the parts of the Spanish Empire that were on the mainland of the Americas and had coastlines on the Caribbean Sea or Gulf of Mexico. The term was used by English speakers to distinguish those regions from the numerous islands Spain controlled in the Caribbean, which were known as the Spanish West Indies.
Mount Clara
Mount Clara (54°51′S 36°2′W﻿ / ﻿54.850°S 36.033°W﻿ / -54.850; -36.033) is a peak rising to about 790 metres (2,600 ft) to the east of Mount Normann and south of Larsen Harbour, in southeast South Georgia. It was charted and named by Discovery Investigations personnel in 1927.

Discovery Investigations
The Discovery Investigations were a series of scientific cruises and shore-based investigations into the biology of whales in the Southern Ocean. They were funded by the British Colonial Office and organised by the Discovery Committee in London, which was formed in 1918. They were intended to provide the scientific background to stock management of the commercial Antarctic whale fishery.

Discovery Investigations contributed greatly to knowledge of the whales, the krill they fed on and their habitat's oceanography, while charting the local topography, including Atherton Peak. They continued until 1951, with the final report published in 1980.

Collected specimens are in the Discovery Collections.
Cue sports at the 2009 World Games
The cue sports competition at the 2009 World Games, including three-cushion billiards, nine-ball (a pool discipline) and snooker, took place from 22 to 26 July, at the Chung Cheng Martial Arts Stadium in Kaohsiung, Taiwan.

Three-cushion billiards
Three-cushion billiards, also called three-cushion carom, is a form of carom billiards. The object of the game is to carom the cue ball off both object balls while contacting the rail cushions at least three times before contacting the second object ball. A point is scored for each successful carom. In most shots the cue ball hits the object balls one time each, although hitting them any number of times is allowed as long as both are hit. The cue ball may contact the cushions before or after hitting the first object ball. It does not have to contact three different cushions as long as it has been in contact with any cushion at least three times in total.
2009 Valencia Open 500 – Doubles
Máximo González and Juan Mónaco were the defending champions, but González chose not to participate this year.
Mónaco partnered with Pablo Cuevas, but they lost in the second round against Victor Hănescu and Horia Tecău.
František Čermák and Michal Mertiňák won in the final 6–4, 6–3, against Marcel Granollers and Tommy Robredo.

Michal Mertiňák
Michal Mertiňák (born 11 October 1979) is a retired professional tennis player from Slovakia. He turned professional in 1999, and has won six doubles titles in his career on the ATP Tour. He reached his career high doubles ranking of World No. 12 in February 2010. He played in the 2005 Davis Cup for Slovakia, who finished runner-up to Croatia. Mertiňák played two ties in the final, including losing the deciding fifth rubber to Mario Ančić.

From 2009 until 2010 his doubles partner was Czech František Čermák. He won five tournaments with him in the 2009 season. Subsequently he partnered up with André Sá.
Dmitry Krasilnikov (political science)
Dmitriy Georgievich Krasilnikov (born 5 May 1971, in Kungur, USSR) is a Russian politologist, a public character, Doctor of Political Science, a professor, and a rector of the Perm University (since 2020). A chairman of the Perm Civic Chamber.

A vice-rector for Strategic Development, Economics and Legal Affairs (from 2011 to 2018), a vice-rector for common questions (from 2018 to 2020), a Head of Chair of State and municipal management (from 2011 to 2018) of the Perm University. A researcher of the administrative reform in contemporary Russia and transitional political developments.

Doctor of Sciences
A Doctor of Sciences is a higher doctoral degree that was awarded in the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union and many Commonwealth of Independent States countries. It is currently awarded in some post-soviet nations, particularly Russia and Belarus. One of the prerequisites for receiving a Doctor of Sciences degree is obtaining a PhD-equivalent Candidate of Sciences degree. In addition, the Doctor of Sciences conferral also requires applicants to demonstrate significant and outstanding contributions to their research field. This degree is generally regarded as recognition for a lifetime of academic achievements rather than an ordinary academic degree achieved through courses and theses.
Mayfield Township, Grand Traverse County, Michigan
Mayfield Township is a civil township of Grand Traverse County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 1,786 at the 2020 census, an increase from 1,550 at the 2010 census.

There is community named Mayfield in Grand Traverse County, located several miles northeast of the township in adjacent Paradise Township.

Buckley, Michigan
Buckley is a village in Wexford County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 775 at the 2020 census, an increase from 697 at the 2010 census. The village is located within Hanover Township, and lies immediately south of the Grand Traverse County line. The village lies about 6.5 miles (10.5 km) north of Mesick, about 20 miles (32 km) northwest of Cadillac, and about 15 miles (24 km) south of Traverse City.
Hwangbo (Korean surname)
Hwangbo (Korean: 황보) is an uncommon family name in Korea. As of 2000, there were just 9,148 people by this name in South Korea. The Hwangbo surname has two clans, the Yeongcheon Hwangbo clan and the Hwangju Hwangbo clan. The name Hwangbo originated from the Chinese surname Huangfu.

Yeongcheon Hwangbo clan
Yeongcheon Hwangbo clan (Korean: 영천 황보씨; Hanja: 永川 皇甫氏) is one of the Korean clans. Their Bon-gwan is in Yeongcheon, North Gyeongsang Province. According to the research held in 2015, the number of Yeongcheon Hwangbo clan’s member was 10001. Hwangbo clan in Korea began when Hwangbo gyeong (Hanja: 皇甫鏡) was naturalized in Silla from Tang dynasty. Their founder was Hwangbo Neungjang who was a Hwangbo gyeong (Hanja: 皇甫鏡)’s great-grandchild. Hwangbo Neungjang supported Taejo of Goryeo and made a contribution to the unification of three Koreas. He became four-star rank and Prince of Yeongcheon. Then he made Yeongcheon, Yeongcheon Hwangbo clan’s Bon-gwan and officially began Yeongcheon Hwangbo clan.
Igbo language
Igbo (English: /ˈiːboʊ/ EE-boh, US also /ˈɪɡboʊ/ IG-boh; Standard Igbo: Ásụ̀sụ́ Ìgbò [ásʊ̀sʊ̀ ìɡ͡bò] ⓘ) is the principal native language of the Igbo people, an ethnicity in the Southeastern part of Nigeria.

Igbo languages are spoken by a total of 31 million people. The number of Igboid languages depends on how one classifies a language versus a dialect, so there could be around 35 different Igbo languages. The core Igbo cluster, or Igbo proper, is generally thought to be one language but there is limited mutual intelligibility between the different groupings (north, west, south and east). A standard literary language termed 'Igbo izugbe' (meaning "general igbo") was generically developed and later adopted around 1972, with its core foundation based on the Orlu (Isu dialects), Anambra (Awka dialects) and Umuahia (Ohuhu dialects), omitting the nasalization and aspiration of those varieties.

Ekpe
Ekpe Listenⓘ, also known as Mgbe/Egbo (Ekoi language: leopard; derived from the Efik term for the same), is a West African secret society in Nigeria and Cameroon flourishing chiefly among the Ejagham. It is also found among a number of other ethnic groups, including the Efik and Bahumono of the Cross River State, the Ibibio, the Uruan and the Oron of Akwa Ibom State, Arochukwu and some other parts of Abia State, as well as in the diaspora, such as in Cuba and Brazil. The society is still active at the beginning of the 21st century, now playing more of a ceremonial role.

There are two distinct but related societies. The primary society is located in the Cross River, Akwa Ibom and Arochukwu areas of Nigeria, and the secondary society consists of members from the Southern and Eastern Igbo groups of the same country.
Bolokhovo
Bolokhovo (Russian: Бо́лохово) is a town in Kireyevsky District of Tula Oblast, Russia, located on the Olen River (Oka's basin), 20 kilometers (12 mi) southeast of Tula, the administrative center of the oblast. Population:  9,622 (2010 Census); 10,364 (2002 Census); 11,787 (1989 Soviet census).

Oka (river)
The Oka (UK: /ˈɒkə/, US: /ˈoʊkə/; Russian: Ока IPA: [ɐˈka]) is a river in central Russia, the largest right tributary of the Volga. It flows through the regions of Oryol, Tula, Kaluga, Moscow, Ryazan, Vladimir and Nizhny Novgorod and is navigable over a large part of its total length, as far upstream as the town of Kaluga. Its length is 1,500 km (930 mi) and its catchment area 245,000 km2 (95,000 sq mi). The Russian capital Moscow sits on one of the Oka's tributaries—the Moskva, from which the capital's name is thought to be derived.
Rowhedge Ironworks
Rowhedge Ironworks was a shipyard situated on the River Colne, and in the village of Rowhedge, in the English county of Essex. It existed from 1904 to 1964, and built a number of coastal vessels, including VIC type Clyde puffers and ferries for the Hythe Ferry in Southampton. The yard also specialised in building small craft for overseas buyers, often in kit form for assembly abroad, including vessels for use on Lake Titicaca and the River Nile.

The site of the yard is now occupied by a riverside housing development.

River Colne, Essex
The River Colne ( /koʊn/ or /koʊln/) is a small river that runs through Essex, England and passes through Colchester. It is not a tributary of any other river, instead having an estuary that joins the sea near Brightlingsea. The river's name is of Celtic origin, combining the word for rock "cal" with a remnant of the word "afon", or river, giving the meaning "stony river". However, another authority states that the river's name was originally Colonia Fluvius, the "waterway of the Colonia": a reference to Colchester's status in Roman times. There are two other rivers in the UK that share the same name.