hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Sinusoidal model
In statistics, signal processing, and time series analysis, a sinusoidal model is used to approximate a sequence Yi to a sine function:

where C is constant defining a mean level, α is an amplitude for the sine, ω is the angular frequency, Ti is a time variable, φ is the phase-shift, and Ei is the error sequence.

This sinusoidal model can be fit using nonlinear least squares; to obtain a good fit, routines may require good starting values for the unknown parameters.
Fitting a model with a single sinusoid is a special case of spectral density estimation and least-squares spectral analysis.

Non-linear least squares
Non-linear least squares is the form of least squares analysis used to fit a set of m observations with a model that is non-linear in n unknown parameters (m ≥ n).  It is used in some forms of nonlinear regression.  The basis of the method is to approximate the model by a linear one and to refine the parameters by successive iterations. There are many similarities to linear least squares, but also some significant differences. In economic theory, the non-linear least squares method is applied in (i) the probit regression, (ii) threshold regression, (iii) smooth regression, (iv) logistic link regression, (v) Box–Cox transformed regressors ().
Listed buildings in Irlam
Irlam is a town in the City of Salford Metropolitan Borough, Greater Manchester, England. The town and the area of Cadishead contain three listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England. All the listed buildings are designated at Grade II, the lowest of the three grades, which is applied to "buildings of national importance and special interest". They consist of two 17th-century houses and a war memorial.

Metropolitan borough
A metropolitan borough (or metropolitan district) is a type of local government district in England. Created in 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972, metropolitan boroughs are defined in English law as metropolitan districts within metropolitan counties. All of the metropolitan districts have been granted or regranted royal charters giving them borough status (and in some cases, they also have city status). Metropolitan boroughs have been effectively unitary authority areas since the abolition of metropolitan county councils by the Local Government Act 1985. Metropolitan boroughs pool much of their authority in joint boards and other arrangements that cover whole metropolitan counties, such as local enterprise partnerships and combined authorities, with most of the latter having a directly elected metropolitan mayor.
Coregonus albula
Coregonus albula, known as the vendace or as the Least cisco, is a species of freshwater whitefish in the family Salmonidae. It is found in lakes in northern Europe, especially Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Sweden, Russia and Estonia, and in some lakes of Norway, the United Kingdom, northern Germany, and Poland. It is also found in diluted brackish water in the Gulfs of Finland and Bothnia, both of which are in the Baltic Sea.

The length of an adult is normally about 20 cm (8 in). The maximum age is about ten years.

The vendace is traditionally the most important target of freshwater fisheries in parts of Fennoscandia and Russia. Vendace roe is considered a delicacy, which has been granted a PDO status in the Swedish Bothnian Bay archipelago (Kalix löjrom).

Bothnian Bay
The Bothnian Bay or Bay of Bothnia (Swedish: Bottenviken; Finnish: Perämeri) is the northernmost part of the Gulf of Bothnia, which is in turn the northern part of the Baltic Sea. The land holding the bay is still rising after the weight of ice-age glaciers has been removed, and within 2,000 years the bay will be a large freshwater lake since its link to the south Kvarken is mostly less than 20 metres (66 ft) deep. The bay today is fed by several large rivers, and is relatively unaffected by tides, so has low salinity. It freezes over each year for up to six months. Compared to other parts of the Baltic, it has little plant or animal life.
Electoral division of McIntyre
The electoral division of McIntyre is one of the fifteen electorates in the Tasmanian Legislative Council, it includes Flinders Island, the northern east coast of Tasmania, and regional areas south and west of Launceston. It is named after Margaret McIntyre, who was the first woman to be elected into the Parliament of Tasmania in 1948.

There were temporarily two representatives for the single-member division of McIntyre until 2018. The next scheduled periodic election will be held in 2028.

Flinders Island
Flinders Island, the largest island in the Furneaux Group, is a 1,367-square-kilometre (528 sq mi) island in the Bass Strait, northeast of the island of Tasmania. Today Flinders Island is part of the state of Tasmania, Australia. It is 54 kilometres (34 mi) from Cape Portland and is located on 40° south, a zone known as the Roaring Forties.
Ras l'Front
Ras l'Front (abbreviated as RLF) was a network of associations in France, aligned with the far-left. It was established in 1990 following the "Appeal of the 250" (personalities), aimed at countering the Front National and its ideology.

Political movement
A political movement is a collective attempt by a group of people to change government policy or social values. Political movements are usually in opposition to an element of the status quo, and are often associated with a certain ideology. Some theories of political movements are the political opportunity theory, which states that political movements stem from mere circumstances, and the resource mobilization theory which states that political movements result from strategic organization and relevant resources. Political movements are also related to political parties in the sense that they both aim to make an impact on the government and that several political parties have emerged from initial political movements. While political parties are engaged with a multitude of issues, political movements tend to focus on only one major issue.
Kurunegala railway station
Kurunegala Railway Station (Sinhala: කුරුණෑගල දුම්රිය ස්ථානය, Tamil: குருநாகலை ரயில் நிலையம்) is a major station, situated in the Kurunegala District, North Western Province, Sri Lanka. It is the 5th railway station on the Northern Line and 39th overall from the Colombo Fort Railway Station, at an elevation of 122.86 metres (403.1 ft) above sea level.  The station is located 2.2 km (1.4 mi) away from Kurunegala's town centre.

The station serves as a terminus for several trains, with all trains running on the Northern Line, Trincomalee Line, and Batticaloa Line, stopping at the station, however a number of Intercity express trains do not stop at the station. The station has one platform with several passing loops or sidings and a crossing loop to facilitate the switching of terminating trains.

Trincomalee line
The Trincomalee line is a railway line in Sri Lanka. Branching off the Batticaloa line at Gal Oya Junction, the line heads north-east through North Central and Eastern provinces before terminating at the eastern city of Trincomalee. The line is 70 kilometres (43 mi) long and has nine stations. The line opened in 1927. The rail line was originally called the Batticaloa-Trincomalee Light Railway, as only locomotives with light axle loads were permitted. The circuitous route led to some rail employees wondering if the construction costs were paid on a mileage basis, with a manager stating "it followed the path of an intelligent cow". In the 1950s the route was deviated removing a number of sharp curves and steep gradients together with a switch to heavier rails to match the rest of the country's rail system.
Diego Orejuela
Diego Orejuela Rodríguez (20 January 1962 – 20 June 2024) was a Spanish professional footballer who played as a midfielder.

He represented mainly Español in a 14-year career, making 303 competitive appearances and reaching the 1988 UEFA Cup final.

1988 UEFA Cup final
The 1988 UEFA Cup Final was an association football tie played on 4 May 1988 and 18 May 1988 between RCD Español of Spain and Bayer Leverkusen of West Germany, to determine the champion of the 1987–88 UEFA Cup competition. Leverkusen won 3–2 on penalties after a 3–3 draw on aggregate.
Maroli railway station
Maroli railway station is a railway station on the Western Railway network in the state of Gujarat, India. It is 8 kilometers from the Navsari railway station. Passenger, MEMU and few Express/Superfast trains halt at Maroli railway station.

MEMU
A Mainline Electric Multiple Unit (MEMU) is an electric multiple unit (EMU) train in Indian Railway that serves short and medium-distance routes in India, as compared to normal EMU trains that connect urban and suburban areas.
Premiership of Naoto Kan
Naoto Kan's tenure as prime minister of Japan began on 8 June 2010 when he was officially appointed prime minister by Emperor Akihito in a ceremony at the Tokyo Imperial Palace. On 26 August 2011, Kan announced his resignation. Yoshihiko Noda was elected as his successor.

Naoto Kan
Naoto Kan (菅 直人, Kan Naoto; born 10 October 1946) is a Japanese former politician who served as Prime Minister of Japan and President of the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) from June 2010 to September 2011.

Kan was the first Prime Minister since the resignation of Junichiro Koizumi in 2006 to serve for more than one year, with his predecessors Yukio Hatoyama, Tarō Asō, Yasuo Fukuda, and Shinzo Abe either resigning prematurely or losing an election. On 26 August 2011, Kan announced his resignation. Yoshihiko Noda was elected as his successor.

On 1 August 2012, United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon announced Kan would be one of the members of the UN high-level panel on the post-2015 development agenda.

Kan would announce his retirement from politics in November 2023. In February 2024 he would publish a memoir reflecting on his time in politics titled 'Fifty Years of Citizen Politics' (市民政治50年, Shimin Seiji 50-nen).
Jesús Aceves
Jesús Aceves (born in Loreto, Zacatecas, Mexico 1968) is the second person in his family born with a rare condition known as hypertrichosis. He is married and has two daughters, both of whom have the condition. His sister, Lili, was also born with hypertrichosis. She is married with one son, and works as a police officer in Mexico. Many in his family believe that they are descendants of Julia Pastrana, the "Monkey Girl".

In 2007, he was featured in Ripley's Believe It or Not! and Guinness World Records.

Zacatecas
Zacatecas, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Zacatecas, is one of the 31 states of Mexico. It is divided into 58 municipalities and its capital city is Zacatecas.

It is located in north-central Mexico and is bordered by the states of Durango to the northwest, Coahuila to the north, Nayarit to the west, San Luis Potosí and Nuevo León to the east, and Jalisco, Guanajuato and Aguascalientes to the south. The state is best known for its rich deposits of silver and other minerals, its colonial architecture and its importance during the Mexican Revolution. Its main economic activities are mining, agriculture and tourism.
Macon Braves
The Macon Braves were a Minor League Baseball team based in Macon, Georgia, that served as the Class A farm team of the Atlanta Braves between 1991 and 2002. The Macon Braves played their home games at Luther Williams Field for all 12 years of their existence.

The team began play in 1991 when the Sumter Braves relocated from Sumter, South Carolina. After the 2002 season, the Macon Braves moved to Rome, Georgia, where they became known as the Rome Braves.

Sumter, South Carolina
Sumter (/ˈsʌmtər/ SUM-tər) is a city in and the county seat of Sumter County, South Carolina, United States. The city makes up the Sumter, SC Metropolitan Statistical Area. Sumter County, along with Clarendon and Lee counties, form the core of Sumter–Lee–Clarendon tri-county (or East Midlands) area of South Carolina that includes three counties straddling the border of the Sandhills (or Midlands), Pee Dee, and Lowcountry regions. The population was 43,463 at the 2020 census, making it the 9th-most populous city in the state.
Thomas Henry Barker
Thomas Henry Barker (18 May 1841 – 9 April 1917) was Secretary of the Liverpool Chamber of Commerce from 1884 to 1912. He was made Chevalier of the Order of Saint Anna for his services (along with those of Alfred Lewis Jones) to the duma during the Russian imperial visit to Cowes in 1909.

James Baines & Co.
James Baines & Co. of Liverpool was a British shipping company, most famous for the Liverpool Black Ball Line of Australian Packets, a fleet of packet ships running cargo and passenger services between Liverpool, England, and Australia in the second half of the 1800s. It also traded in India and Crimea.
Gagoze
Gagoze (元興寺), also gagoji, guwagoze, gangō, and gangōji no oni (元興寺の鬼, the oni of gangōji) is a yōkai said to have appeared at Gangō-ji in the Nara Prefecture around the Asuka period. It can also be found in the text of the Heian period Nihon Ryōiki (in the story, 雷の憙を得て生ま令めし子の強き力在る縁," On a Boy of Great Strength Who Was Born of the Thunder’s Rejoicing"), the Honchō Monzui, among others. In classical yōkai drawings such as the Gazu Hyakki Yagyō by Toriyama Sekien, it is depicted as an oni with the appearance of a monk.

Nara Prefecture
Nara Prefecture (奈良県, Nara-ken; Japanese pronunciation: [naꜜ.ɾa, na.ɾaꜜ.keɴ]) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu. As of 2020, Nara Prefecture has a population of 1,321,805 and has a geographic area of 3,691 square kilometres (1,425 sq mi). Nara Prefecture borders Kyoto Prefecture to the north, Osaka Prefecture to the northwest, Wakayama Prefecture to the southwest, and Mie Prefecture to the east.

Nara is the capital and largest city of Nara Prefecture, with other major cities including Kashihara, Ikoma, and Yamatokōriyama. Nara Prefecture is located in the center of the Kii Peninsula on Japan's Pacific Ocean coast, and is one of only eight landlocked prefectures. Nara Prefecture has the distinction of having more UNESCO World Heritage listings than any other prefecture in Japan.
Agistment
Agistment originally referred specifically to the proceeds of pasturage in the king's forests. To agist is, in English law, to take cattle to graze, in exchange for payment (derived, via Anglo-Norman agister, from the Old French giste, gite, a "lying place").

English law
English law is the common law legal system of England and Wales, comprising mainly criminal law and civil law, each branch having its own courts and procedures. The judiciary is independent, and legal principles like fairness, equality before the law, and the right to a fair trial are foundational to the system.
Mjej I Gnuni
Mjej I Gnuni (Armenian: Մժեժ Ա Գնունի) was an Armenian nobleman from the Gnuni family who served as the marzban of Persian Armenia from 518 to 548.

Between 515 and 516, several Hunnic tribes made incursions into Armenia. Mjej then decided to organize a counterattack and successfully repelled them. As a reward, the Sassanian shah Kavadh I appointed him as the marzban of Armenia in 518. According to the twelfth-century history Samuel Anetsi: "after the patrician Vard Mamikonian, brother of Vahan, the Persian marzbans ruled Armenia for 11 years. The government of Armenia then passed to Mjej of the Gnuni family, who held it for thirty years". During this period, Mjej maintained religious peace. In 527, he repelled other Hunnic invasions. In 548, he was succeeded by Gushnasp Bahram.

Shah
Shāh (/ʃɑː/; Persian: شاه [ˈʃaːɦ] ⓘ) is a royal title meaning 'king' in Persian. Though chiefly associated with the monarchs of Iran, it was also used to refer to the leaders of numerous Persianate societies, such as the Ottoman Empire, the Khanate of Bukhara and the Emirate of Bukhara, the Mughal Empire, the Bengal Sultanate, and various Afghan dynasties, as well as among Gurkhas. With regard to Iranian history, in particular, each ruling monarch was not seen simply as the head of the concurrent dynasty and state, but as the successor to a long line of royalty beginning with the original Persian Empire of Cyrus the Great. To this end, he was more emphatically known as the Shāhanshāh (شاهنشاه, šāhanšāh, 'king of kings' [ˌʃaːhanˈʃaːɦ]), since the Achaemenid dynasty. A roughly equivalent title is Pādishāh (پادشاه, pādišāh, pādšāh, 'master king'), which was most widespread during the Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent.
2006 Speedway Grand Prix of Italy
The 2006 Speedway Grand Prix of Italy was the sixth round of the 2006 Speedway Grand Prix season (the world championship). It took place on 29 July 2006 at the Santa Marina Stadium in Lonigo, (Italy).

It was the third time that the Speedway Grand Prix of Italy had been held.

The Grand Prix was by the Australian rider Jason Crump (his 16th career Grand Prix win).

Lonigo
Lonigo is a town and comune in the province of Vicenza, Veneto, northern Italy, its population counts around 16,400 inhabitants.

In its frazione of Bagnolo is the Villa Pisani, a Renaissance patrician villa designed by Andrea Palladio, which is part of a World Heritage Site.  Another villa in the comune, Rocca Pisana, was designed by Vincenzo Scamozzi.

Outside the town is the church and complex of the 16th-century Sanctuary of Madonna dei Miracoli.
Ernest Jarrold
Ernest Justin Jarrold (1848 – March 18, 1912) was the American author of a series of popular fictional stories about a boy named Mickey Finn. The "Mickey Finn" stories were published in newspapers across the United States, bringing nationwide fame to Jarrold.

Jarrold was born in August 1848 in Brentwood, Essex, England.  When Jarrold was three years old, his family moved to New York and settled in the town of Kingston.

Jarrold married Ella Adelaid Clark on October 22, 1869, in Peekskill, New York.  In 1881, he moved his family to Brooklyn and obtained a job at the New York Evening Sun.  He eventually became a staff writer, and began writing short stories about a boy named "Mickey Finn" growing up in the Irish section of bucolic Rondout, New York, where he had lived previously with his wife and children.

At times, Jarrold published under the pseudonym Mickey Finn. He had several books published during his career, including collections of his Mickey Finn short stories.

The Sun (New York City)
The Sun was a New York newspaper published from 1833 until 1950. It was considered a serious paper, like the city's two more successful broadsheets, The New York Times and the New York Herald Tribune. The Sun was the first successful penny daily newspaper in the United States, and was for a time the most successful newspaper in America.

The paper had a central focus on crime news, in which it was a pioneer, and was the first journal to hire a police reporter. Its audience was primarily working class readers.

The Sun is well-known for publishing the Great Moon Hoax of 1835, as well as Francis Pharcellus Church's 1897 editorial containing the line "Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus".

It merged with the New York World-Telegram in 1950.
Marcelo Marmelo
Marcelo Marmelo da Silva (born August 1, 1972) is a Brazilian former footballer who played as a striker. He is one of the most famous player in Chinese former top league Jia A.

Marmelo scored a superb solo goal which was scored one of the greatest goal in Chinese professional league history, in a game against Shanghai Shenhua.

Marmelo is living in Chengdu after he retired. His wife is a Russian and has a son.

Chinese Jia-A League
The National Football Jia A League (simplified Chinese: 全国足球甲A联赛), commonly known as Jia-A, was the highest tier of professional football in the People's Republic of China, during 1994 through 2003, operating under the auspices of the Chinese Football Association.

The Chinese Professional Football League was established in 1994. Under the direct supervision of the CFA's Professional League Committee, this nationwide league was divided into Divisions 1 and 2.  Division 1 was subdivided into Divisions 1A and 1B, Jia A and Jia B, Jia being the Chinese word for top or first. Division 2 was and still is subdivided into regional divisions.
Line-oriented flight training
Line-oriented flight training (or LOFT) is training in a simulator with a complete crew using representative flight segments that contain normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures that may be expected in line operations. An instructor will monitor the crew's performance and review the simulated flight or flights with the crew afterwards to point out errors or good decisions that were made.

Aircrew
Aircrew  are personnel who operate an aircraft while in flight. The composition of a flight's crew depends on the type of aircraft, plus the flight's duration and purpose. Air crew consist of Flight Crew and Cabin Crew.
Oshkosh M1070
The Oshkosh M1070 is a U.S. Army tractor unit. Defined as a Heavy Equipment Transporter, it was produced in A0, A1, and M1300 configurations, replacing the earlier Oshkosh M911 tractor unit.

The M1070’s primary role in the U.S. Army is as a tank transporter, hauling the M1 Abrams tank on a DRS Technologies M1000 semi-trailer as the Heavy Equipment Transport System (HETS). It is also used as a prime mover to transport, deploy, and evacuate armored personnel carriers, self-propelled artillery, armored bulldozers and other heavy vehicles and equipment of all types. The M1300 is a U.S. Army Europe-specific derivative designed to be road legal within Europe and operates with a different trailer.

Export sales of A0 and A1 variants have been made, and derivatives of the M1070 have been produced or are available, these including the M1070F and the Global HET.

Armored bulldozer
The armoured bulldozer is a basic tool of combat engineering. These combat engineering vehicles combine the earth-moving capabilities of the bulldozer with armour that protects the vehicle and its operator in or near combat. Most are civilian bulldozers modified by the addition of vehicle armour/military equipment, but some are tanks stripped of armament and fitted with a dozer blade. Some tanks (called tankdozers) have bulldozer blades while retaining their armament, but this does not make them armoured bulldozers as such, because combat remains the primary role—earth moving is a secondary task.
Captain Goodvibes
Captain Goodvibes, a.k.a. the Pig of Steel, is the creation of Australian cartoonist Tony Edwards and an icon of Australian surfing culture from the 1970s. In 1992 Captain Goodvibes was named by Australia's Surfing Life magazine as one of "Australia's 50 Most Influential Surfers." The character was inspired by American cartoonist Gilbert Shelton's underground comix character, Wonder Wart-Hog, a.k.a. the "Hog of Steel."

Gilbert Shelton
Gilbert Shelton (born May 31, 1940) is an American cartoonist and a key member of the underground comix movement. He is the creator of the iconic underground characters The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers, Fat Freddy's Cat, and Wonder Wart-Hog.
SF Norge
SF Norge AS is a Norwegian-to-Swedish adult company for film distribution which was established in 1989. The company buys and sells films and distributes them to Norwegian cinemas. On 1 January 2000, SF signed a deal with the American film company  20th Century Fox. SF has also signed distribution deals with other large companies such as New Line Cinema, MGM and Revolution Studios.

In 2004, SF Norge set up its own production company for Norwegian films. They produce local films, and deal with the rights, launch and investment in Norwegian films from external producers.

Revolution Studios
Revolution Studios Distribution Company, LLC (operating as Revolution Studios) is an American independent motion picture and foreign sales company headed by Chief Executive Officer Scott Hemming, founded by Joe Roth on January 12, 2000, and based in Los Angeles, California.

The company focuses primarily on the distribution, remake, and sequel rights to titles in its library, which it continues to add to through acquisitions and new productions.