hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Stephen C. Harrison
Stephen C. Harrison is professor of biological chemistry and molecular pharmacology, professor of pediatrics, and director of the Center for Molecular and Cellular Dynamics of Harvard Medical School, head of the Laboratory of Molecular Medicine at Boston Children's Hospital, and investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID, /ˈnaɪ.æd/) is one of the 27 institutes and centers that make up the National Institutes of Health (NIH), an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services. NIAID's mission is to conduct basic and applied research to better understand, treat, and prevent infectious, immunologic, and allergic diseases.

NIAID has on-campus laboratories in Maryland and Hamilton, Montana, and funds research conducted by scientists at institutions in the United States and throughout the world. NIAID also works closely with partners in academia, industry, government, and non-governmental organizations in multifaceted and multidisciplinary efforts to address emerging health challenges such as the H1N1/09 pandemic and the COVID-19 pandemic.
Sunday's River Valley Local Municipality
Sundays River Valley Municipality (Xhosa: uMasipala wase Sundays River Valley; Afrikaans: Sondagsriviervallei Munisipaliteit) is a local municipality within Sarah Baartman District Municipality, in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. It has a total population of nearly 70,000 people. The municipality is one of the key production areas for citrus in South Africa. It also encompasses the Addo Elephant National Park and other significant areas of nature conservation.

Xhosa language
Xhosa (/ˈkoʊsə/ KOH-sə, Xhosa: [ᵏǁʰôːsa] ⓘ), formerly spelled Xosa and also known by its local name isiXhosa, is a Bantu language, indigenous to Southern Africa and one of the official languages of South Africa and Zimbabwe.

Xhosa is spoken as a first language by approximately 8 million people and as a second language in South Africa, particularly in Eastern Cape, Western Cape, Northern Cape and Gauteng, and also in parts of Zimbabwe and Lesotho. It has perhaps the heaviest functional load of click consonants in a Bantu language (approximately tied with Yeyi), with one count finding that 10% of basic vocabulary items contained a click.
Wellington station (CTA)
Wellington is a Chicago 'L' station on the Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) Brown Line; Purple Line express trains also stop at the station during weekday rush hours. It is an elevated station with four tracks and two side platforms, located at 945 West Wellington Avenue in the Lakeview neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois. Red Line trains pass through the station on the middle tracks, but do not stop. The station closed for renovations from March 30, 2008, until July 30, 2009.

Chicago Transit Authority
The Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) is a public transit agency in Chicago, Illinois, United States. It operates the Chicago "L" rail system and CTA bus services.

The CTA was established as an independent governmental agency by the Metropolitan Transportation Act passed by the Illinois General Assembly on April 12, 1945. It started operations on October 1, 1947, upon the purchase and combination of the transportation assets of the Chicago Rapid Transit Company and the Chicago Surface Lines streetcar system. In 1952, CTA purchased the assets of the Chicago Motor Coach Company, resulting in a fully unified system. Today, the CTA is one of the three service boards financially supported by the Regional Transportation Authority, and CTA service connects with Metra commuter rail and Pace Suburban Bus.

In 2025, the system had a ridership of 319,160,900, or about 971,400 per weekday as of the fourth quarter of 2025.
Ashiana (1952 film)
Ashiana is a 1952 Hindi language romantic movie produced by B. Swinder Sabharwal. The film is directed by B. Trilochan. The film stars Raj Kapoor and  Nargis in lead roles along with Iftekhar, Randhir and Shivraj. The film's music was composed by Madan Mohan. The film was based on a story written by Arjun Dev Rashk.

Madan Mohan (composer)
Madan Mohan Kohli (25 June 1924 – 14 July 1975), better known as Madan Mohan, was an Indian music director of the 1950s, 1960s and the 1970s. He is considered one of the most melodious and skilled music directors of the Hindi film industry. He is particularly remembered for the immortal ghazals he composed for Hindi films. Some of his best works are with singers Lata Mangeshkar, Mohammed Rafi and Talat Mahmood, and these were the three singers he had worked with most of his career.
Hadi Oshtorak
Hadi Oshtorak (Persian: هادی اشترک, born 29 June 1992) is an Iranian kabaddi player that represents Iran in international matches and also currently plays for Gujarat Giants in the Indian Pro Kabaddi League. He is regarded as one of the finest all rounders in the Pro Kabaddi League scoring over 50 points.

Gujarat Giants (PKL)
Gujarat Giants, formerly Gujarat Fortune Giants, is a professional Kabaddi team based in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, competing in the Pro Kabaddi League. Owned by the sports arm of the Adani Group, Adani Sportsline, Gujarat Giants joined the league in 2017. The team, currently led by Iranian all-rounder Mohammad Reza Shadloui and coached by Jaivir Sharma and Varinder Singh, plays home matches at The Arena by TransStadia. They made it to the finals in their first two seasons, in 2017 and 2018, finishing as runners-up both times. Despite a strong come-back, they were eliminated in the playoffs of PKL Season X by Haryana Steelers in the Eliminator.
Valley of the Cross
31°46′23″N 35°12′27″E﻿ / ﻿31.77306°N 35.20750°E﻿ / 31.77306; 35.20750

The Valley of the Cross (Hebrew: עמק המצלבה Emek Hamatzlevah) is a valley in western Jerusalem, named after the Monastery of the Cross which is located in the valley.

The monastery was built in the 11th century, during the reign of King Bagrat IV by the Georgian monk Prochorus the Iberian. It is believed that the site was originally consecrated in the 4th century under the instruction of the Roman emperor Constantine the Great, who later gave the site to the Georgian King Mirian III of Iberia after the conversion of his country to Christianity in 327.

On the valley's west side is the hill of Givat Ram, with the Israel Museum and the Knesset overlooking the valley. On its east is the neighborhood of Rehavia.

The Tzofim scout movement maintains its Jerusalem headquarters in the Valley of the Cross. The Jerusalem headquarters of Bnei Akiva, a religious youth movement is also located there.

Bnei Akiva
Bnei Akiva (Hebrew: בְּנֵי עֲקִיבָא, /bneɪ əkivə/, "Children of Akiva") is the largest religious Zionist youth movement in the world, with over 125,000 members in 42 countries. It was first established in Mandatory Palestine in 1929, advocating the values of Torah and labor.

Bnei Akiva in Israel is the central youth movement of the religious Zionist public in Israel and the third-largest youth movement in Israel. The movement's Secretary-General in Israel is Yigal Klein.
F. W. Woolworth Co. v. Contemporary Arts, Inc.
F. W. Woolworth Co. v. Contemporary Arts, Inc. nicknamed The Cocker Spaniel Case, 344 U.S. 228 (1952), is a United States Supreme Court case regarding copyright infringement.  The Copyright Act of 1909 allows recovery of either the profits of the infringing company or of the damages suffered by the copyright holder as the legal remedies.  When the actual damages cannot be determined, statutory damages can be levied instead.  At issue, is whether the trial judge can impose statutory damages when the actual profits of the infringer are known.

Statutory damages for copyright infringement
Statutory damages for copyright infringement are available under some countries' copyright laws.

The charges allow copyright holders, who succeed with claims of infringement, to receive an amount of compensation per work (as opposed to compensation for losses, an account of profits or damages per infringing copy).  Statutory damages can in some cases be significantly more than the actual damages suffered by the rightsholder or the profits of the infringer.

At least in the United States, the original rationale for statutory damages was that it would often be difficult to establish the number of copies that had been made by an underground pirate business and awards of statutory damages would save rightsholders from having to do so.
Ostoja Rajaković
Ostoja Rajaković (Serbian Cyrillic: Остоја Рајаковић, d. October 1379) was a Serbian nobleman in the service of Marko Mrnjavčević. He governed land around Ohrid. He was the son-in-law of župan (count) Andrea Gropa. He belonged to the Ugarčić family that hailed from Nevesinje.

Ohrid
41°07′01″N 20°48′06″E﻿ / ﻿41.11694°N 20.80167°E﻿ / 41.11694; 20.80167

Ohrid (Macedonian: Охрид [ˈɔxrit] ⓘ) is a city in North Macedonia and is the seat of the Ohrid Municipality. It is the largest city on Lake Ohrid and the eighth-largest city in the country, with it recording a population of over 38,000 inhabitants as of 2021. Ohrid is known for once having 365 churches, one for each day of the year, and has been referred to as the "Jerusalem of the Balkans". The city is rich in picturesque houses and monuments, and tourism is predominant. It is located southwest of Skopje, west of Resen and Bitola. In 1979 and in 1980, respectively, Ohrid and Lake Ohrid were accepted as Cultural and Natural World Heritage Sites by UNESCO. Ohrid is one of only 40 sites that are part of UNESCO's World Heritage that are Cultural as well as Natural sites.
Mix Me a Person
Mix Me a Person is a 1962 British crime drama film directed by Leslie Norman, starring Anne Baxter, Donald Sinden, Adam Faith, Walter Brown and Carole Ann Ford. A young London criminal is faced with being hanged for murdering a policeman. With even his defence counsel convinced of his guilt, a female psychiatrist tries to prove that the police and legal system have made a mistake.

Donald Sinden
Sir Donald Alfred Sinden (9 October 1923 – 12 September 2014) was an English actor.

Sinden featured in the film Mogambo (1953), and achieved early fame as a Rank Organisation film star in the 1950s in films including The Cruel Sea (1953), Doctor in the House (1954), Simba (1955), Eyewitness (1956) and Doctor at Large (1957).

He became highly regarded as an award-winning Shakespearean and West End theatre actor and television sitcom star, winning the 1977 Evening Standard Award for Best Actor for King Lear, and starring in the sitcoms Two's Company (1975–79) and Never the Twain (1981–91).
Uninitialized variable
In computing, an uninitialized variable is a variable that is declared but is not set to a definite known value before it is used. It will have some value, but not a predictable one. As such, it is a programming error and a common source of bugs in software.

Computing
Computing is any goal-oriented activity that requires, benefits from, or creates computing machinery. It includes the study and experimentation of algorithmic processes, and the development of both hardware and software. Computing encompasses scientific, engineering, mathematical, technological, and social aspects. Major computing disciplines include computer engineering, computer science, cybersecurity, data science, information systems, information technology, and software engineering.

The term computing is also synonymous with counting and calculating. In earlier times, it was used in reference to the action performed by mechanical computing machines, and before that, to human computers.
Gervaise Macquart
Gervaise Macquart, Op. 119, is an opera in two acts by Giselher Klebe. His wife, Lore Klebe, wrote the libretto based on the novel L'Assommoir (in German: Der Totschläger) by Émile Zola.

The opera premiered on 10 November 1995 at the Deutsche Oper am Rhein, Düsseldorf, Germany, under the direction of August Everding, conducted by János Kulka, with Marta Marquez in the title role, Martha Mödl as Bazouga, Markus Müller as Lantier, and Gwendolyn Killebrew as Madame Goujet.

L'Assommoir
L'Assommoir [lasɔmwaʁ], published as a serial in 1876, and in book form in 1877, is the seventh novel in Émile Zola's twenty-volume series Les Rougon-Macquart. Usually considered one of Zola's masterpieces, the novel — a study of alcoholism and poverty in the working-class districts of Paris — was a huge commercial success and helped establish Zola's fame and reputation throughout France and the world.
2019 U.S. Open (badminton)
The 2019 U.S. Open (officially known as the Yonex US Open 2019 for sponsorship reasons) was a badminton tournament which took place at Titan Gym in Fullerton, California, United States, from 9 to 14 July 2019 and had a total purse of $150,000.

Lu Ching-yao
Lu Ching-yao (Chinese: 盧敬堯; pinyin: Lú Jìngyáo; born 7 June 1993) is a Taiwanese badminton player. He was the silver medalist at the 2011 Asian Junior Championships, and 2015 Summer Universiade. He won his first senior international title at the 2014 Singapore International Series tournament in the men's doubles event partnered with Huang Po-jui. Lu educated at the University of Taipei, department of Ball Sports.
2010 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix
The 2010 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix was the fourth round of the 2010 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of 4–6 June 2010 at the Mugello Circuit. Seven-time MotoGP world champion Valentino Rossi suffered a displaced compound fracture of his right tibia in free practice, after losing control of his Yamaha in one of the circuit's fast corners. The injury saw him lose any hope of retaining his 2008 and 2009 crowns.

Dani Pedrosa dominated the MotoGP event aboard his Honda, reaching the finish line well clear of chasing championship leader Jorge Lorenzo in second. Andrea Dovizioso took third, while ex-champion Casey Stoner took his Ducati to fourth on the final lap. The 125cc race saw the first victory of future multiple MotoGP world champion Marc Márquez.

Mugello Circuit
Mugello Circuit (in Italian: Autodromo Internazionale del Mugello; in English: Mugello International Autodrome) is a motorsport race track in Scarperia e San Piero, Florence, Tuscany, Italy. The circuit length is 5.245 km (3.259 mi). It has 15 turns and a 1.141 km (0.709 mi) long straight. The circuit stadium stands have a capacity of 50,000.

The Italian motorcycle Grand Prix is held annually at the circuit (for MotoGP and smaller classes). Since 1988, the track has been owned and used by Scuderia Ferrari for Formula One testing.

The circuit hosted its first ever Formula One race on 13 September 2020, named the Tuscan Grand Prix, as part of the season being restructured due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This Grand Prix was the 1000th Grand Prix for Scuderia Ferrari.
Robert Curteis
Robert Mascall Curteis (12 October 1851 – 21 January 1927) was an English cricketer. Curteis was a right-handed batsman. He was born at Hailsham, Sussex, and was educated at Westminster School.

Curteis made his first-class debut for Sussex against Kent in 1873 at Ashford, Eastbourne. His next appearance for Sussex in first-class cricket came against Gloucestershire in 1873, with Curteis making seven further first-class appearances for the county, the last of which came against the Marylebone Cricket Club in 1878. In his nine first-class matches for Sussex, he scored a total of 101 runs at an average of 7.21, with a high score of 41. He also made two first-class appearances for the Marylebone Cricket Club, both against Hampshire in 1880 and 1881.

He died at the town of his birth on 28 October 1919. His father, Herbert Sr., played first-class cricket, as did his brother Herbert Jr.

Ashford Road
Ashford Road was a cricket ground in Eastbourne, Sussex.  The first recorded match on the ground was in 1857, when Eastbourne played a United All-England Eleven. Sussex played  Kent in the grounds first first-class match.  The second and final first-class match held at the ground was played in 1873 and was between Sussex and Kent.  The final recorded match held on the ground came in 1879 when the Eastbourne played E Christian's XI.  The site is today occupied by buildings.
Thomas Jefferson T-STEM Early College High School
Thomas Jefferson T-STEM is a 4-year public early college high school located in Pharr, Texas. It is one of the six high schools located in the Pharr-San Juan-Alamo Independent School District. The school focuses on preparing students for university academics and a career in the STEM fields. Partnered with South Texas College, enrolled students have the opportunity to earn college credit towards an associate degree in various subjects.

South Texas College
South Texas College (STC) is a public community college in the Rio Grande Valley region of South Texas.  It is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools to award Bachelor of Applied Technology, Associate of Applied Science, Associate of Arts, and Associate of Science degrees. As of fall 2023, STC has an enrollment of over 26,000 students and a staff of approximately 1,600 working across six campuses. It was created on September 1, 1993, with the passage of Texas Senate Bill 251, the purpose of which was to serve Hidalgo and Starr County.

As defined by the Texas Legislature, the official service area of STC includes all of Hidalgo and Starr Counties.
The Future of Children
The Future of Children is a biannual academic journal published by the Princeton School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University and the Brookings Institution. It focuses on providing policy makers with the best available information about policies and programs regarding children.

Princeton School of Public and International Affairs
The Princeton School of Public and International Affairs (abbrev. SPIA; formerly the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs) is a professional public policy school at Princeton University. The school provides an array of comprehensive coursework in the fields of international development, foreign policy, science and technology, and economics and finance through its undergraduate (AB) degrees, graduate Master of Public Affairs (MPA), Master of Public Policy (MPP), and PhD degrees.
Karol Rosa
Karol Rosa Cavedo (born December 30, 1994) is a Brazilian mixed martial artist. A professional since 2012, she currently competes in the women's Bantamweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). As of August 5, 2025, she is #9 in the UFC women's bantamweight rankings.

UFC 296
UFC 296: Edwards vs. Covington was a mixed martial arts event produced by the Ultimate Fighting Championship that took place on December 16, 2023, at the T-Mobile Arena in Paradise, Nevada, part of the Las Vegas Metropolitan Area, United States.
Tuhin Das
Tuhin Das (born 7 March 2000) is a footballer from West Bengal, India. He plays as a defender for the East Bengal Club after getting into a pre-contract agreement for the 2022 football season. He has also represented the West Bengal state football team. He was part of the West Bengal Football Team in the Santosh Trophy 2021-22 campaign where they ended up runners-up after losing to Kerala in the Final. He scored the lone goal in the 1-0 win for the Bengal Santosh Trophy runner's up team friendly against ATK Mohun Bagan as part of the latter's preparation for the AFC Cup.

West Bengal football team
The West Bengal football team (Bengali: পশ্চিমবঙ্গ ফুটবল দল), also known as IFA Bengal football team or earlier the Bengal football team, is an Indian football team representing West Bengal in Indian state football competitions including the Santosh Trophy. They were the second Indian team to participate in the continental top tier tournament – Asian Champion Club Tournament, by playing in the 1970 edition following Mysore in 1969.
John Surratt
John Harrison Surratt  Jr. (April 13, 1844 – April 21, 1916) was an American  Confederate spy who was accused of plotting with John Wilkes Booth to kidnap U.S. President Abraham Lincoln. He was also suspected of involvement in the Abraham Lincoln assassination. His mother, Mary Surratt, was convicted of conspiracy by a military tribunal and hanged; she owned the boarding house that the conspirators used as a safe house and to plot the scheme.

He eluded arrest following the assassination by fleeing to Canada and then to Europe. He thus avoided the fate of the other conspirators, who were hanged. He served briefly as a Pontifical Zouave, but was recognized and arrested. He escaped to Egypt but was eventually re-arrested and extradited. By the time of his trial, the statute of limitations had expired on most of the potential charges. He was tried in civilian court in 1867 in Washington D.C. and was not convicted due to a hung jury. He was never tried again.

United States District Court for the District of Columbia
The United States District Court for the District of Columbia (in case citations, D.D.C.) is a federal district court in Washington, D.C. Along with the United States District Court for the District of Hawaii and the High Court of American Samoa, it also sometimes handles federal issues that arise in the territory of American Samoa, which has no local federal court or territorial court.

Appeals from the District Court are taken to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, except for patent claims and claims against the United States federal government under the Tucker Act, which are appealed to the Federal Circuit.

The United States Attorney for the District of Columbia is Jeanine Pirro.
KITI (AM)
KITI (1420 AM) is a radio station broadcasting in an oldies format. Licensed to Centralia, Washington, United States, it serves the Centralia-Chehalis area in western Washington. KITI airs news from ABC News Radio on the top of each hour.

ABC News Radio
ABC News Radio is the news radio service of ABC Audio, a division of ABC News in the United States.  Formerly known as ABC Radio News, ABC News Radio feeds, through Skyview Networks, 5-minute newscasts on the hour, and news briefs at half-past the hour, to its network affiliates.  ABC News Radio is the largest commercial radio news organization in the US.

ABC Radio aired the first broadcast report of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963. Kennedy was shot in Dallas, Texas, at 18:30 UTC  and Don Gardiner anchored the initial bulletin at 18:36:50 UTC, minutes before any other radio or television network.
Don't Sweat It
Don't Sweat It is an American home improvement show produced by Notional which airs on HGTV. It is broadcast on Saturdays, 10am e/p and is hosted by Steve Watson. On the show, Watson leads families on a series of 3 "high octane" home improvement projects over 2 days.  Assisting Watson is carpenter Jimmy Little.

HGTV
HGTV (Home & Garden Television) is an American basic cable channel owned by Warner Bros. Discovery. The network primarily broadcasts reality programming related to home improvement and real estate. It was formerly owned by the E. W. Scripps Company, which spun off its cable networks, including HGTV, into Scripps Networks Interactive. As of November 2023, HGTV was available to approximately 72,000,000 pay television households in the United States, down from its 2011 peak of 100,000,000 households.