hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Moduli of algebraic curves
In algebraic geometry, a moduli space of (algebraic) curves  is a geometric space (typically a scheme or an algebraic stack) whose points represent isomorphism classes of algebraic curves.  It is thus a special case of a moduli space. Depending on the restrictions applied to the classes of algebraic curves considered, the corresponding moduli problem and the moduli space is different. One also distinguishes between  fine and coarse moduli spaces for the same moduli problem.

The most basic problem is that of moduli of smooth complete curves of a fixed genus. Over the field of complex numbers these correspond precisely to compact Riemann surfaces of the given genus, for which Bernhard Riemann proved the first results about moduli spaces, in particular their dimensions ("number of parameters on which the complex structure depends").

Smooth morphism
In algebraic geometry, a morphism  between schemes is said to be smooth if

(i) it is locally of finite presentation

(ii) it is flat, and

(iii) for every geometric point  the fiber  is regular.

(iii) means that each geometric fiber of f is a nonsingular variety (if it is separated). Thus, intuitively speaking, a smooth morphism gives a flat family of nonsingular varieties.

If S is the spectrum of an algebraically closed field and f is of finite type, then one recovers the definition of a nonsingular variety.

A singular variety is called smoothable if it can be put in a flat family so that the nearby fibers are all smooth. Such a family is called a smoothning of the variety.
Mitrofanova, Kursk Oblast
Mitrofanova (Russian: Митрофанова) is a rural locality (Russian: деревня, lit. 'village') and the administrative center of Katyrinsky Selsoviet Rural Settlement, Oktyabrsky District, Kursk Oblast, Russia. Population:  309 (2010 Census); 317 (2002 Census);

Oktyabrsky District, Kursk Oblast
Oktyabrsky District (Russian: Октя́брьский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-eight in Kursk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the center of the oblast. The area of the district is 628 square kilometers (242 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality (a work settlement) of Pryamitsyno. Population: 23,164 (2021 census); 22,569 (2010 census);  23,877 (2002 Census); 125,296 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Pryamitsyno accounts for 22.4% of the district's total population.
Mission: Impossible – Fallout (soundtrack)
Mission: Impossible – Fallout (Music from the Motion Picture) is the score album to the 2018 film Mission: Impossible – Fallout. The sixth installment in the Mission: Impossible film series, starring Tom Cruise, and the sequel to Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation (2015), the film is directed by Christopher McQuarrie and featured original score composed by Lorne Balfe, in McQuarrie's maiden collaboration and also replacing Joe Kraemer who composed for McQuarrie's previous films, including Rogue Nation. The album was released digitally on July 13, 2018, by Paramount Music, and the physical version of the soundtrack was released by La-La Land Records on September 19.

Christopher McQuarrie
Christopher McQuarrie (born October 25, 1968) is an American filmmaker. He received the BAFTA Award, Independent Spirit Award, and Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for the neo-noir mystery film The Usual Suspects (1995). He made his directorial debut with the crime thriller film The Way of the Gun (2000).

McQuarrie is a frequent collaborator with Tom Cruise, having written and directed the action film Jack Reacher (2012), as well as four installments of the Mission: Impossible film series: Rogue Nation (2015), Fallout (2018), Dead Reckoning (2023), and The Final Reckoning (2025), in addition to uncredited rewrites on Ghost Protocol (2011). He was also a part of the writing and/or producing team on the Cruise films Valkyrie (2008), Edge of Tomorrow (2014), Jack Reacher: Never Go Back (2016), The Mummy (2017), and Top Gun: Maverick (2022), the last of which received Academy Award nominations for Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Picture.
Graphene oxide paper
Graphene oxide paper or graphite oxide paper is a  material fabricated from graphite oxide. Micrometer thick films of graphene oxide paper are also named as graphite oxide membranes (in the 1960s) or (more recently) graphene oxide membranes. The membranes are typically obtained by slow evaporation of graphene oxide solution or by the filtration method.

The material has exceptional stiffness and strength, due to the intrinsic strength of the two-dimensional graphene backbone and to its interwoven layer structure which distributes loads.

Strength of materials
The strength of materials is determined using various methods of calculating the stresses and strains in structural members, such as beams, columns, and shafts. The methods employed to predict the response of a structure under loading and its susceptibility to various failure modes takes into account the properties of the materials, such as yield strength, ultimate strength, Young's modulus, and Poisson's ratio. In addition, the mechanical element's macroscopic (geometric) properties, such as its length, width, thickness, boundary constraints, and abrupt changes in geometry, such as holes, are considered.

The theory began with the consideration of the behavior of one and two dimensional members of structures, whose states of stress can be approximated as two dimensional, and was then generalized to three dimensions to develop a more complete theory of the elastic and plastic behavior of materials. An important founding pioneer in mechanics of materials was Stephen Timoshenko.
Men's K-1 at WAKO World Championships 2007 Belgrade -86 kg
The men's cruiserweight (86 kg/189.2 lbs) K-1 category at the W.A.K.O. World Championships 2007 in Belgrade was the third heaviest of the K-1 tournaments, involving ten fighters from two continents (Europe and Africa).  Each of the matches was three rounds of two minutes each and were fought under K-1 rules.

Due to the small number of fighters unsuitable for a sixteen-man tournament, six of the men had byes through to the quarter-finals.  The tournament champion was Bosnian Dženan Poturak (brother of K-1 heavyweight Dževad) who defeated Croat Ivan Stanić in the final to win gold.  Defeated semi finalists Belarusian Siarhei Krauchanka and Azerbaijani Zaur Alakbarov both won bronze.

Dževad Poturak
Dževad Poturak (born September 20, 1977) is a Bosnian heavyweight kickboxer, fighting out of Jumruk Gym in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. He is the former WAKO Pro World Low-Kick champion and K-1 Fighting Network Prague 2007 tournament champion.

He holds notable wins over Daniel Ghiță, Melvin Manhoef, Sergei Lashchenko and Jörgen Kruth.
Spadina Avenue
Spadina Avenue (/spəˈdaɪnə/, less commonly /spəˈdiːnə/) is one of the most prominent streets in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Running through the western section of downtown, the road has a very different character in different neighbourhoods.

Spadina Avenue runs south from Bloor Street to the Gardiner Expressway, just north of Lake Ontario. Lower Spadina Avenue continues the last block to the lake after the Gardiner. North of Bloor Street, the physical street continues as Spadina Road and this has new street address numbering starting over at zero. For much of its extent, Spadina Road is a less busy residential road (especially north of Dupont Street and the railway track underpass) than Spadina Avenue.

Downtown Toronto
Downtown Toronto is the main city centre of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Located entirely within the district of Old Toronto, it is approximately 16.6 square kilometres (6.4 sq mi) in area, bordered by Bloor Street to the northeast, a Canadian Pacific Railway line to the northwest, Lake Ontario to the south, the Don Valley to the east, and Bathurst Street to the west. It is also the home of the municipal government of Toronto and the Government of Ontario.

The area showcases Canada's largest concentration of skyscrapers and businesses that form Toronto's skyline. Since 2022, downtown Toronto had the second most skyscrapers in North America exceeding 200 metres (656 ft) in height, behind only Midtown Manhattan, New York City.
Daphnephila
Daphnephila is a genus of gall midge that appears in the Palearctic and Oriental biogeographic realms. Daphnephila species create leaf and stem galls on species of laurel plants, particularly in Machilus. Based on analysis on sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, it has been suggested that in this genus, the stem-galling habit is a more ancestral state as opposed to the leaf-galling habit.

Daphnephila was first described in 1905 by French entomologist Jean-Jacques Kieffer. It contains at least nine described species from India, Japan, and Taiwan, and many more undescribed species are known. The genus appears to have originated tropically and dispersed to Japan through Taiwan.

Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I
Cytochrome c oxidase I (COX1) also known as mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase I (MT-CO1) is a protein that is encoded by the MT-CO1 gene in eukaryotes. The gene is also called COX1, CO1, or COI. Cytochrome c oxidase I is the main subunit of the cytochrome c oxidase complex. In humans, mutations in MT-CO1 have been associated with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), acquired idiopathic sideroblastic anemia, Complex IV deficiency, colorectal cancer, sensorineural deafness, and recurrent myoglobinuria.
Nothing But Coincidence
Nothing But Coincidence (German: Nichts als Zufälle) is a 1949 West German comedy film directed by E. W. Emo and starring Theo Lingen, Sonja Ziemann, and Josef Meinrad. It was shot at the Göttingen Studios. The film's sets were designed by the art directors Hans Ledersteger and Ernst Richter.

Theo Lingen
Theo Lingen (German pronunciation: [ˈteːo ˈlɪŋən] ⓘ; 10 June 1903 – 10 November 1978), born Franz Theodor Schmitz, was a German actor, film director and screenwriter. He appeared in more than 230 films between 1929 and 1978, and directed 21 films between 1936 and 1960.
Zelene, Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast
Zelene (Ukrainian: Зелене) is a village in the Verkhovyna Raion of the Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast of Ukraine. The village is located 22 km (14 mi) from Verkhovyna and 43 km (27 mi) from Vorokhta railway station. Zelene lies within the boundaries of the Carpathian National Nature Park. It hosts the administration of Zelene rural hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.

Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast
Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast (Ukrainian: Івано-Франківська область, romanized: Ivano-Frankivska oblast), also referred to as Ivano-Frankivshchyna (Івано-Франківщина) or simply Frankivshchyna, is an oblast (region) in western Ukraine. Its administrative center is the city of Ivano-Frankivsk. It has a population of 1,351,822 (2022 estimate).

The area, also known as Prykarpattia, was part of the historical region of Galicia, where the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia flourished. After World War I, the area became part of the Second Polish Republic and was administered as part of Stanisławów Voivodeship until the invasion of Poland. The area was annexed by the Soviet Union and was known as Stanislav Oblast until 1962, when its administrative center was renamed after the Ukrainian writer Ivan Franko. Kolomyia was a historical center of the oblast and remains a major cultural center of Pokuttia, the traditional name for the southern part of the oblast.
Pendleton High School (Oregon)
Pendleton High School (PHS) is a public high school located in Pendleton, Oregon, United States.

Pendleton photographer Walter S. Bowman photographed some of the school's teams in the early 20th century.

High school diploma
A high school diploma (sometimes referred to as a high school degree) is a diploma awarded upon graduation of high school. A high school diploma is awarded after completion of courses of studies lasting four years, from grade 9 to grade 12. It is the school leaving qualification in the United States and Canada.

The diploma is awarded by the school in accordance with the requirements of the local state or provincial government. Requirements for earning the diploma vary by jurisdiction, and there may be different requirements for different streams or levels of high school graduation. Typically they include a combination of selected coursework meeting specified criteria for a particular stream and acceptable passing grades earned on the state exit examination.
Diocese of Caledonia
The Diocese of Caledonia is a diocese of the Ecclesiastical Province of British Columbia and Yukon of the Anglican Church of Canada.

Early missionary leaders who served in this diocese include William Ridley and James Benjamin McCullagh.

In 1977 the diocese published The Nishga Liturgy for Nisga'a Anglicans.

Nisga'a
The Nisga’a (English: /ˈnɪsɡɑː/; Nisga'a: Nisg̱a’a [nisqaʔa]), formerly spelled Nishga or Niska, are an Indigenous people in British Columbia, Canada. They reside in the Nass River valley of northwestern British Columbia. The origin of the term Niska is uncertain. The spelling Nishga is used by the Nishga Tribal Council, and some scholars claim that the term means 'people of the Nass River'. The name is a reduced form of [naːsqaʔ], which is a loan word from Tongass Tlingit, where it means 'people of the Nass River'.

The official languages of Nisg̱a’a are the Nisg̱a’a language and English.
Plaza Carrousel
Plaza Carrousel is a shopping mall in the La Mesa borough of Tijuana, anchored by Sears (formerly Dorian's), a Soriana supermarket (formerly Comercial Mexicana and way before Soriana again), Cinepolis multicinemas, and Sanborn's. The mall was built on the site of the former Cine Carrousel cinema. The area around the mall is a retail hub known as "Cinco y Diez" (Five and Ten), named after a former "five and dime" store located there.

Variety store
A variety store  is a retail store that sells general merchandise, such as apparel, auto parts, dry goods, toys, hardware, furniture, and a selection of groceries. It usually sells them at discounted prices, sometimes at one or several fixed price points, such as one dollar, or historically, five and ten cents. Variety stores, as a category, are different from general merchandise superstores, hypermarkets (such as those operated by Target and Walmart), warehouse clubs (such as Costco), grocery stores, or department stores.

Dollar stores that sell food have been alleged to create food deserts: areas with limited access to affordable and healthy food. This is alleged to occur when dollar stores outcompete local businesses, and soon become some of the only grocery store–like businesses available in some areas.
Eigenstiller
Eigenstiller is a surname occurring in Austria. Notable people with the surname include:

Johann Eigenstiller (1943–2025), Austrian football player, brother of Kurt

Kurt Eigenstiller (1928–2015), Austrian football player

Johann Eigenstiller
Johann "Hans" Eigenstiller (17 June 1943 – 28 March 2025) was an Austrian professional footballer who played as a defender for SK Vorwärts Steyr, FC Wacker and Rapid Wien. At international level, he made 37 appearances for the Austria national team. On 28 March 2025, he died at the age of 81. His older brother Kurt was also a footballer.
Yael (name)
Yael (Hebrew: יָעֵל, pronounced [jaˈʔel]; also spelled Jael) is a given name of Hebrew origin. It is the name of biblical figure Jael, who saved the Israelites by killing Sisera, commander of the Canaanite king Jabin's army, by hammering a tent peg through his temple while asleep in her tent. The Hebrew ya'el means ibex, a nimble, sure-footed mountain goat native to that region. As of 2018, Yael was one of the most common female first names in contemporary Israel.

Jael
Jael (/ˈdʒeɪəl/) or Yael (/ˈjeɪəl/' Hebrew: יָעֵל, romanized: Yāʿēl) is a heroine of the Bible who aids the Israelites in their war with King Jabin of the city of Hazor in Canaan by killing Sisera, the commander of Jabin's army. This episode is depicted in chapters 4 and 5 of the Book of Judges. According to that account, after Sisera's defeat by the Israelite leader Barak in the Battle of Mount Tabor, he seeks refuge in the tent of Jael, who kills him by driving a tent peg through his skull (Judges 4:17–21) near the great tree in Zaanaim near Kedesh.
Fantazia
Fantazia could refer to:

Fantazia, a dance music organisation based in the United Kingdom

Fantazia (novel series), a series of books by Egyptian writer Ahmed Khaled Towfik

Fantázia,  a Slovak science fiction, fantasy, and horror magazine

Fantazia (novel series)
Fantazia (Arabic: فانتازيا) is a virtual world novel series by Egyptian author Ahmed Khaled Tawfik. Its main character is Abeer Abdel Rahman, an antihero who can, with the help of a device invented by her husband, go through many fictional and historical adventures.
Canada (surname)
Canada is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Cody Canada (born 1976), American country singer

Geoffrey Canada (born 1952), American social activist and educator

Jim Canada (1912–1975), American baseball player

Jordin Canada (born 1995), American basketball player

Larry Canada (1954–2021), American football player

Matt Canada (born 1972), American football coach

Ron Canada (born 1949), American actor

Tom Canada (born 1980), American football player

Jordin Canada
Jordin Elizabeth Canada (born August 11, 1995) is an American professional basketball player for the Atlanta Dream of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) and for the Laces of Unrivaled. She was selected by the Seattle Storm with the 5th overall pick in the 2018 WNBA draft. Born and raised in Los Angeles, Canada played collegiately with the UCLA Bruins. She is known for her playmaking, speed and crossover skills. In her rookie season with the Storm, she won her first WNBA championship as they swept the Washington Mystics. In 2020, after winning her second WNBA championship, she signed an endorsement deal with Air Jordan.
William I. Koch International Sea Scout Cup
The William I. Koch International Sea Scout Cup is a biannual Sailing Regatta put on by the William I. Koch International Sea Scout Cup Association, Inc. in conjunction with the  Sea Scouting (Boy Scouts of America). The event was founded by Bill Koch in 2002 in order to allow Sea Scouts from around the world to compete. The original National Sea Scout Sailing Championship began in the 1930s but went dormant when Sea Scouts left the program to serve in World War II.
Today Sea Scouts from around the world gather for a week of friendly competition. Scouts from Australia, Brazil, Denmark, Egypt, England, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Liberia, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Sweden, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, and the United States have participated.

Bill Koch (businessman)
William Ingraham Koch (/koʊk/ KOHK; born May 3, 1940) is an American billionaire businessman, sailor, and collector. His boat was the winner of the America's Cup in 1992. Forbes estimated Koch's net worth at $1.8 billion in 2019, from oil and other investments.
Counterinsurgency in Northern Afghanistan
The following addresses the events in Northern Afghanistan between April 2009 and 2014. While this part of the country had long been relatively peaceful compared to the all-out war zones of the south and east, tensions would flare up again in 2008 when the German soldiers deployed to the area came under attack more often, leading to the deaths of the several soldiers. Previously hindered by national caveats, the deteroriating security situation prompted the German-led Regional Command North to launch a series of operations to take on the rising insurgency. Concerted operations began after an insurgent attack on PRT Kunduz within minutes of German Chancellor Angela Merkel's departure from a visit. Within two years, the German presence would be doubled, along with a deployment by the United States Army's elite 10th Mountain Division.  These additional reinforcements from ISAF were called in, which would set the pace for an extremely aggressive and bloody campaign of the war.

Kommando Spezialkräfte
The Kommando Spezialkräfte (KSK) is the special forces command of the German Army (Heer).

Formed in 1996, it is a brigade-level unit responsible for covert operations, counterterrorism, hostage rescue, direct action, high-value target missions, irregular warfare, ISTAR, rapid response in military emergencies, and other special operations. The KSK is based at the Graf Zeppelin Barracks in Calw, Baden-Württemberg, and is subordinated to the Rapid Forces Division (Division Schnelle Kräfte, DSK).

The Special Air Service (SAS), the United States Special Operations Command (USSOCOM), and the German Federal Police's GSG 9 (Grenzschutzgruppe 9) of the former Federal Border Guard (Bundesgrenzschutz, BGS) served as models for the formation of the KSK.

The unit has received decorations and awards from NATO, the United States, and allied forces. KSK personnel have participated in joint counterterrorism operations, notably in the Balkans and the Middle East.
The First Snow
"The First Snow" (Korean: 첫 눈; RR: Cheot Nun; Chinese: 初雪; pinyin: Chūxuě) is a song by South Korean–Chinese boy band Exo. It was released on December 9, 2013, as a B-side track from their second extended play Miracles in December. It was released in both Korean and Chinese versions by their label SM Entertainment. The track is a pop-ballad with heartfelt lyrics reminiscing about a former lover.

"The First Snow" has seen a significant rise in popularity each December since it was released. It initially debuted at number two on the Gaon Digital Chart in South Korea in 2013. Since then, it has returned to the charts in the holiday season following the arrival of the first snowfall. In 2023, a viral dance challenge helped propel "The First Snow" to the top of the Circle Digital Chart, ten years after the song's release.

SM Entertainment
SM Entertainment Co., Ltd. (Korean: SM엔터테인먼트) is a South Korean multinational entertainment agency established in 1995 by Lee Soo-man. It is one of South Korea's largest entertainment companies and has been responsible for fostering and popularizing the careers of many K-pop stars garnering huge global fanbases. The company operates as a record label, talent agency, music production company, event management and concert production company, and music publishing house. SM Entertainment is known for having led the worldwide K-pop phenomenon and the musical side of "Hallyu", also known as the "Korean Wave", with early overseas successes such as H.O.T., S.E.S., and BoA.

The label currently represents K-pop artists such as Kangta, TVXQ, Super Junior, Girls' Generation, Shinee, Exo, Red Velvet, NCT, Aespa, Riize, Naevis, and Hearts2Hearts.
German minority in Denmark
Approximately 15,000 people in Denmark belong to an autochthonous ethnic German minority traditionally referred to as hjemmetyskere, meaning "Home Germans" in Danish, and as Nordschleswiger in German. They are Danish citizens and most self-identify as ethnic Germans. They generally speak Low Saxon and South Jutlandic Danish as their home languages.

Unrelated to the North Schleswig Germans, there are also a substantial number of citizens of Germany who live in Denmark under the aegis of the Schengen Area and have no connection to the historical German inhabitants of the Duchy of Schleswig.

South Jutlandic
South Jutlandic or South Jutish (South Jutish: synnejysk; Danish: sønderjysk; German: Südjütisch or Plattdänisch) is a dialect of the Danish language. South Jutlandic is spoken in Southern Jutland (Sønderjylland; also called Schleswig or Slesvig) on both sides of the border between Denmark and Germany.

Variants of the dialect include Western and Eastern South Jutlandic (including Alsisk). The former variant in Angeln (Danish: Angel) and Schwansen (Svansø) was known as Angel Danish.

The other dialects classified as belonging to the Jutlandic or Jutish (Jysk) group of dialects are West, East, and North Jutlandic.