hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Critical group
In mathematics, in the realm of group theory, a group is said to be critical if it is not in the variety generated by all its proper subquotients, which includes all its subgroups and all its quotients.

Subquotient
In the mathematical fields of category theory and abstract algebra, a subquotient is a quotient object of a subobject. Subquotients are particularly important in abelian categories, and in group theory, where they are also known as sections, though this conflicts with a different meaning in category theory.

So in the algebraic structure of groups,  is a subquotient of  if there exists a subgroup  of  and a normal subgroup  of  so that  is isomorphic to .

In the literature about sporadic groups wordings like " is involved in " can be found with the apparent meaning of " is a subquotient of ".

As in the context of subgroups, in the context of subquotients the term trivial may be used for the two subquotients  and  which are present in every group .

A quotient of a subrepresentation of a representation (of, say, a group) might be called a subquotient representation; e. g., Harish-Chandra's subquotient theorem.
Valentina Moscatt
Valentina Moscatt (born 16 March 1987) is an Italian judoka. She competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in the women's 48 kg event, in which she was eliminated in the first round by Văn Ngọc Tú.

Moscattis an athlete of the Gruppo Sportivo Fiamme Oro.

Judo at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's 48 kg
The women's 48 kg competition in judo at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro was held on 6 August at the Carioca Arena 2.

The gold and silver medals were determined by a single-elimination tournament, with the winner of the final taking gold and the loser receiving silver.  Judo events awarded two bronze medals.  Quarterfinal losers competed in a repechage match for the right to face a semifinal loser for a bronze medal (that is, the judokas defeated in quarterfinals A and B competed against each other, with the winner of that match facing the semifinal loser from the other half of the bracket).

The medals for the competition were presented by Yumilka Ruiz, Cuba, member of the International Olympic Committee and the gifts were presented by Marius Vizer, president of the International Judo Federation.
Yoshihime
Yoshihime (義姫, 1548 – August 13, 1623) was a Japanese noble lady and aristocrat from the Sengoku period. She was a daughter of Mogami Yoshimori from the Mogami clan, she married Date Terumune and gave birth to Date Masamune. Yoshihime became known as the Demon Princess of the Ouu (奥 羽 の 鬼 姫) due to her personality and her attempts to usurp the power of the Date clan.

Aristocracy (class)
The aristocracy (from Greek ἀριστοκρατία aristokratía, "rule of the best"; Latin: aristocratia) is historically associated with a "hereditary" or a "ruling" social class. In many states, the aristocracy included the upper class with hereditary rank and titles. They are usually below only the monarch of a country or nation in its social hierarchy.
The Abyss (Yourcenar novel)
The Abyss (French: L'Œuvre au noir) is a 1968 novel by the Belgian-French writer Marguerite Yourcenar. Its narrative centers on the life of Zeno, a physician, philosopher, scientist and alchemist born in Bruges during the Renaissance era. The book was published in France in 1968 and was met with immediate popular interest as well as critical acclaim, obtaining the Prix Femina with unanimous votes the year of its publication. The English translation by Grace Frick has been published under the title The Abyss or alternatively Zeno of Bruges. Belgian filmmaker André Delvaux adapted it into a film in 1988.

André Delvaux
André Albert Auguste Delvaux (French: [dɛlvo]; 21 March 1926 – 4 October 2002) was a Belgian film director. He co-founded the film school INSAS in 1962 and is regarded as the founder of the Belgian national cinema. Adapting works by writers such as Johan Daisne, Julien Gracq and Marguerite Yourcenar, he received international attention for directing magic realist films.

Delvaux received the Louis Delluc Prize for Rendezvous at Bray (1971) and the André Cavens Award for Woman Between Wolf and Dog (1979) and The Abyss (1988). The king of Belgium made him a baron in 1996. The Académie André Delvaux is named after him and he posthumously received the first Honorary Magritte Award in 2011.
High-field asymmetric-waveform ion-mobility spectrometry
High-field asymmetric-waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS or RF-DC ion mobility spectrometry) is an ion mobility spectrometry technique in which ions at atmospheric pressure are separated by the application of  a high-voltage asymmetric waveform at radio frequency (RF) combined with a static (DC) waveform applied between two electrodes. Depending on the ratio of the high-field and low-field mobility of the ion, it will migrate toward one or the other electrode. Only ions with specific mobility will pass through the device.

High voltage
High voltage is an electrical potential large enough to cause injury or damage. In certain industries, high voltage refers to voltage above a nominal threshold. Equipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant special safety requirements and procedures.

High voltage is used in electrical power distribution, in cathode-ray tubes, to generate X-rays and particle beams, to produce electrical arcs, for ignition, in photomultiplier tubes, and in high-power amplifier vacuum tubes, as well as other industrial, military and scientific applications.
Yaritani (Cochabamba)
Yaritani (yarita local name for Azorella compacta, Aymara -ni a suffix, "the one with the yarita plant", also spelled Yaretani) is a mountain in the Bolivian Andes which reaches a height of approximately 4,140 m (13,580 ft). It is located in the Cochabamba Department, Tapacari Province. Yaritani lies southeast of Llust'a Q'asa.

Cochabamba Department
Cochabamba (Aymara: Quchapampa Jach'a Suyu, Spanish: Departamento de Cochabamba pronounced [kotʃaˈβamba] ⓘ, Quechua: Quchapampa Suyu), from Quechua qucha or qhucha, meaning "lake", pampa meaning "plain", is one of the nine departments of Bolivia. It is known to be the breadbasket of the country because of its variety of agricultural products from its geographical position. It has an area of 55,631 km2. Its population in the 2024 census was 2,005,373. Its capital is the city of Cochabamba, known as the "City of Eternal Spring" and "The Garden City" because of its spring-like temperatures all year.
George Mohlamonyane
George Mokope Mohlamonyane is a retired South African politician who represented the African National Congress in the National Assembly for a single term from 1994 to 1999. He was elected in the 1994 general election and served on the Portfolio Committee on Communications and Portfolio Committee on Public Enterprises.

After leaving Parliament, Mohlamonyane was a spokesman for the provincial government of Mpumalanga.

Portfolio Committee on Communications
The Portfolio Committee on Communications is a portfolio committee of the National Assembly in the Parliament of South Africa. The role of the committee is to oversee the work of the Department of Communications and Digital Technologies and other related public bodies.

Since August 2019, Boyce Maneli of the African National Congress (ANC) has served as the chairperson of the portfolio committee.
Kamarpukur Union
Kamarpukur Union (Bengali: কামারপুকুর ইউনিয়ন) is a union parishad situated at Saidpur Upazila,  in Nilphamari District, Rangpur Division of Bangladesh. The union has an area of 69.88 square kilometres (26.98 sq mi) and as of 2001 had a population of 20,362. There are 11 villages and 11 mouzas in the union.

Nilphamari District
Nilphamari District (Bengali: নীলফামারী জেলা) is a district in Northern Bangladesh. It is a part of Rangpur Division. It is about 350 kilometers to the northwest of the capital Dhaka. It has an area of 1,580.85 square kilometres (610.37 sq mi). Nilphamari is bounded by Rangpur and Lalmonirhat in east, Rangpur and Dinajpur in south, Dinajpur and Panchagarh in west, Cooch Behar of India in north. The headquarters of the district is in Nilphamari city, which is widely regarded as the industrial city of Northern Bangladesh. Saidpur which is major business center of the district also serves as connecting hub of Rangpur.
Pastry (DHT)
Pastry is an overlay network and routing network for the implementation of a distributed hash table (DHT) similar to Chord. The key–value pairs are stored in a redundant peer-to-peer network of connected Internet hosts. The protocol is bootstrapped by supplying it with the IP address of a peer already in the network and from then on via the routing table which is dynamically built and repaired. It is claimed that because of its redundant and decentralized nature there is no single point of failure and any single node can leave the network at any time without warning and with little or no chance of data loss. The protocol is also capable of using a routing metric supplied by an outside program, such as ping or traceroute, to determine the best routes to store in its routing table.

Traceroute
In computing, traceroute and tracert are diagnostic command-line interface commands for displaying possible routes (paths) and transit delays of packets across an Internet Protocol (IP) network.

The command reports the round-trip times of the packets received from each successive host (remote node) along the route to a destination. The sum of the mean times in each hop is a measure of the total time spent to establish the connection. The command aborts if all (usually three) sent packets are lost more than twice.

Ping, however, only computes the final round-trip times from the destination point.

For Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6), the tool sometimes has the name traceroute6 and tracert6.
Asat Grigolisdze
Asat Grigolisdze (Georgian: ასათ გრიგოლისძე) was a 12th-century Georgian noble (didebuli) and eristavi ("duke") of Hereti in eastern Georgia. Asat, son of Grigol, who took the post by force from Saghir Kolonkelisdze; a little later he handed it over to his son, Grigol, because he obtained for himself Arishiani (frontier region in eastern Georgia), and the right to sit on a cushion. During a revolt of treasurer Qutlu Arslan, who led a group of nobles and wealthy citizens in a struggle to limit the royal authority in 1191, Asat was one of the few nobles who remained loyal to the Queen Tamar. Following the invitation of Asat, Tamar undertook the great and glorious march to the countries below Ganja and Beylagan, then over the Araxes up to the mountain of Ararat.

Ganja, Azerbaijan
Ganja (/ˈɡændʒə/; Azerbaijani: Gəncə [ɟænˈdʒæ] ⓘ) is Azerbaijan's second largest city, with a population of around 335,600. The city has been a historic and cultural center throughout most of its existence. It was the capital of the Ganja Khanate until 1804; after Qajar Iran ceded it to the Russian Empire following the Treaty of Gulistan in 1813, it became part of the administrative divisions of the Georgia Governorate, Georgia-Imeretia Governorate, Tiflis Governorate, and Elizavetpol Governorate. Following the dissolution of the Russian Empire and the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic, it became a part of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, followed by the Azerbaijan SSR, and, since 1991, the Republic of Azerbaijan.
Matka, Raebareli
Matka is a village in Salon block of Rae Bareli district, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is located 35 km from Raebareli, the district headquarters. As of 2011, Matka has a population of 3,479 people, in 655 households. It has one primary school and no healthcare facilities.

The 1961 census recorded Matka as comprising 7 hamlets, with a total population of 1,447 people (701 male and 746 female), in 320 households and 314 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 305 acres.

The 1981 census recorded Matka as having a population of 2,048 people, in 561 households, and having an area of 345.60 hectares. The main staple foods were given as wheat and rice.

Raebareli
Raebareli (Hindi: Rāēbarēlī, pronounced [ɾaɛbəɾeliː] ⓘ) is a city in Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is the administrative headquarters of Raebareli district, and a part of Lucknow Division and comes under the Uttar Pradesh State Capital Region (UP-SCR). The city is situated on the banks of the Sai River, and center of four metropolitan cities i.e. Lucknow, Prayagraj, Ayodhya, and Kanpur. It possesses many architectural features and sites, chief of which is a strong and spacious fort. As of 2011, Raebareli had a population of 191,316 people, in 35,197 households.
2014 United States House of Representatives elections in Oregon
The 2014 United States House of Representatives elections in Oregon were held on Tuesday, November 4, 2014, to elect the five U.S. representatives from the state of Oregon, one from each of the state's five congressional districts. The elections coincided with the elections of other federal and state offices, including the governor of Oregon and a United States senator. Primary elections were held on May 20, 2014.

Suzanne Bonamici
Suzanne Marie Bonamici (/ˌbɒnəˈmiːtʃi/ BONN-ə-MEE-chee; born October 14, 1954) is an American lawyer and politician serving as the U.S. representative for Oregon's 1st congressional district, a seat she was first elected to in a 2012 special election. The district includes most of Portland west of the Willamette River,  along with most of Portland's western suburbs such as Beaverton, Hillsboro, Tigard, and Lake Oswego.

A Democrat, Bonamici represented the 17th district in the Oregon State Senate from 2008 to 2011. She was first elected to the Oregon House of Representatives in 2006.
Ultra-Trail du Mont-Blanc
The Ultra-Trail du Mont-Blanc (UTMB) is a mountain ultramarathon race, first held in 2003, that follows the route of the Tour du Mont Blanc. It has been regarded as the most competitive trail ultramarathon in the world.

Renamed in 2023 as UTMB World Series Finals, it is the final event of the UTMB World Series qualification races held throughout the world.

Catherine and Michel Poletti founded UTMB in 2003. Today, its events are produced by the UTMB Group which, since May 2021, has partnered with the Ironman Group when it was announced Ironman acquired a 45% stake in the business.

Champex
Champex (French pronunciation: [ʃɑ̃pe]; also Champex-Lac) is a village located in the French-speaking Swiss canton of Valais, part of the municipality of Orsières.

The village lies at 1,470 metres on the shore of Lac de Champex, at the foot of the Mont Blanc Massif. It is a starting point for many hikes into the surrounding mountains and huts (La Breya, Cabane du Trient, Le Catogne). Champex is also a small ski resort.

The Champex Pass is located a few hundred metres west of Champex.
Papuan scrub robin
The Papuan scrub robin or New Guinea scrub robin (Drymodes beccarii) is a species of bird in the family Petroicidae. It was found to be genetically distinct from the northern scrub robin, with which it was formerly considered conspecific.

It is found in New Guinea and the Aru Islands. There are three subspecies.

D. b. beccarii (Salvadori, 1876) – Arfak and Wandammen Mountains, western New Guinea

D. b. brevirostris (De Vis, 1897) – southern and south-eastern New Guinea with the Aru Islands

D. b. nigriceps (Rand, 1940) – northern New Guinea eastwards to Telefomin, with the Torricelli Mountains and Adelbert Range

Aru Islands Regency
The Aru Islands Regency (Indonesian: Kabupaten Kepulauan Aru) is a group of about 95 low-lying islands in the Maluku Islands of eastern Indonesia. It also forms a regency of Maluku Province, with a land area of 6,426.77 km2 (2,481.39 sq mi). At the 2011 Census the Regency had a population of 84,138; the 2020 Census produced a total of 102,237, and the official estimate as at mid 2024 was 112,531 (comprising 57,767 males and 54,764 females). Some sources regard the archipelago as part of Asia, while others regard it as part of Melanesia.
Roland Ortmayer
Roland J. Ortmayer (August 22, 1917 – October 8, 2008) was an American football player and coach. He served as the head football coach at William Penn University in Oskaloosa, Iowa from 1946 to 1947 and the University of La Verne in La Verne, California from 1948 to 1990. Ortmayer was noted for his unorthodox approach to the sport of football. He held non-mandatory practices and did not require offseason weight training for his players. When he retired, his career record of 182–209–8 gave him the most losses of any college football coach in history. His record for career losses was surpassed by Watson Brown, who retired with 211 losses in 2015.

Ortmayer taught and coached at Highland Park High School in Highland Park, Illinois before he was hired, in 1941, as an assistant coach at Dobyns-Bennett High School in Kingsport, Tennessee.

Oskaloosa, Iowa
Oskaloosa is a city in, and the county seat of, Mahaska County, Iowa. The population was 11,558 in the 2020 U.S. census. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, Oskaloosa was a national center of bituminous coal mining. Today, Oskaloosa is home to William Penn University, a private university, and Lake Keomah State Park which is located four miles east of the city.
Colleary
Colleary is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Brian Colleary, American former football coach and college athletics administrator

Michael Colleary, American film producer, screenwriter and television writer

Patrick Colleary, Irish Roman Catholic priest

R.J. Colleary (born 1957), American television producer and writer

Robert M. Colleary (1929–2012), American comedy writer and producer

William B. Colleary (1890–1973), American architect

R.J. Colleary
R.J. "Bob" Colleary (born August 26, 1957 in Montclair, New Jersey) is an American television producer and retired writer. He won the 1980 Primetime Emmy Award for his television writing for his work on Barney Miller. Colleary retired from television writing at age 46. One of the reasons for his early retirement was his rabid anti-Christianity views; the networks could no longer use his stories on any of the television shows at the time, so he was ousted because he refused to change his stance and stood his ground.

Television series for which he wrote included Touched by an Angel, Promised Land, The Hogan Family, Saved by the Bell, The Facts of Life, Night Court, It's a Living, The Golden Girls, Benson, Gimme a Break!, Love, Sidney, M*A*S*H, Barney Miller, A.E.S. Hudson Street, The Fairly OddParents, and Bunsen Is a Beast.
Tanna ground dove
The Tanna ground dove (Pampusana ferruginea), also known as Forster's dove of Tanna, is an extinct dove species. Its taxonomic affiliation is uncertain but at its first scientific discussion by Johann Georg Wagler in 1829 it was classified into the genus Gallicolumba (which includes ground doves and bleeding-hearts); its closest relative is possibly the Santa Cruz ground dove. It was endemic to the Pacific island of Tanna, Vanuatu (formerly the New Hebrides). Forster records a native name mahk, almost certainly from the Kwamera language.

New Hebrides
New Hebrides, named after the Hebrides in Scotland by Captain James Cook in 1774, was the colonial name for the island group in the South Pacific Ocean that is now Vanuatu.  The New Hebrides Condominium (French: Condominium des Nouvelles-Hébrides), which followed the governance of the islands under the Anglo-French Joint Naval Commission (1887–1889 and 1890–1906), lasted from 1906 until 1980, when New Hebrides gained its independence as the Republic of Vanuatu.
Triops newberryi
Triops newberryi is a species of Triops found on the western coast of North America, commonly in valleys throughout the states of Washington, Oregon, California, and small areas of Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, and Mexico, with at least one disjunct population in Kansas. They are found in vast numbers though in the Coachella Valley in California. T. newberryi has been reported to have potential as a biocontrol agent for larval mosquitoes breeding in seasonally-flooded habitats. T. newberryi is genetically distinct from T. longicaudatus, the dominant species in the Central United States.

Central United States
40°N 98°W﻿ / ﻿40°N 98°W﻿ / 40; -98

The Central United States is sometimes conceived as between the Eastern and Western as part of a three-region model, roughly coincident with the U.S. Census Bureau's definition of the Midwestern United States plus the western and central portions of the U.S. Census's definition of the Southern United States. The Central States are typically considered to consist of North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, Wisconsin, Illinois, Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, West Virginia, Mississippi and Alabama.
Kıbrıscık
Kıbrıscık is a small town in Bolu Province of the Black Sea region of northwestern Turkey. It is the seat of Kıbrıscık District. Its population is 1,229 (2021). The mayor is Emin Tekemen (CHP).

This was a village linked to the East Roman town of Bithynia (as Bolu and Galatia was then named) and which was brought under Ottoman Empire control at the same time as Bolu. The name comes from the river Kyberis (current Cuma Deresi near Deveoren and Nadas Villages).

Bolu Province
Bolu Province (Turkish: Bolu ili) is a province in north-western Turkey, between the capital, Ankara, and the largest city in the country, Istanbul. Its area is 8,313 square kilometres (3,210 sq mi), and its population is 320,824 (2022). The capital city of the province is Bolu.
Henry Bacon (basketball)
William Henry Bacon (born July 5, 1948) is an American former basketball player. He played collegiately for the University of Louisville.

Bacon was selected by the Golden State Warriors in the fifth round (73rd pick overall) of the 1972 NBA draft, and by the Memphis Pros in the 1972 ABA Draft.  He played for the San Diego Conquistadors (1972–73) in the ABA for 47 games.

Louisville Cardinals men's basketball
The Louisville Cardinals men's basketball team is the men's college basketball program representing the University of Louisville (U of L) in the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) of NCAA Division I. The Cardinals have officially won two NCAA championships in 1980 and 1986 (with the 2013 title being vacated); and have officially been to eight Final Fours (with the 2012 and 2013 appearances being vacated) in 39 official NCAA tournament appearances while compiling 61 tournament wins.
Adamson Soaring Falcons basketball
The Adamson Soaring Falcons are the collegiate men's basketball team representing Adamson University. The team competes in the University Athletic Association of the Philippines (UAAP) men's basketball tournament.

Ken Bono
Karl Kenneth Odani Bono (born June 19, 1984) is a Filipino basketball player who plays for the Mindoro Tamaraws of the Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League (MPBL). He played collegiate basketball for the Adamson Soaring Falcons in the University Athletic Association of the Philippines (UAAP) from 2003 to 2006 and was named the league's Most Valuable Player in his final season before being selected sixth overall by the Alaska Aces in the 2007 PBA draft.

In the Philippine Basketball League (PBL), Bono played for Montaña Pawnshop and Cebuana Lhuillier. In his last conference in the PBL, he was the MVP frontrunner but lost the award to Jayson Castro of Harbour Centre due to lack of media votes. He also played for the Bangkok Cobras in the ASEAN Basketball League.