hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Aut dedere aut judicare
In law, the principle of aut dedere aut judicare (Latin for "either extradite or prosecute") refers to the legal obligation of states under public international law to prosecute persons who commit serious international crimes where no other state has requested extradition. However, the Lockerbie case demonstrated that the requirement to extradite or prosecute is not a rule of customary international law. The obligation arises regardless of the extraterritorial nature of the crime and regardless of the fact that the perpetrator and victim may be of alien nationality. It is generally included as part of international treaties dealing with an array of transnational crimes to facilitate bringing perpetrators to justice.

Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial
The Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial began on 3 May 2000, more than 11 years after the destruction of Pan Am Flight 103 on 21 December 1988. The 36-week bench trial took place at a specially convened Scottish Court in the Netherlands set up under Scots law and held at a disused United States Air Force base called Camp Zeist near Utrecht.
Zephyr (cloth)
Zephyr or zephyr cloth is a sheer, lightweight cotton fabric, usually plain woven, used for dresses, blouses, and shirts. It may be striped or checked.  It is named after Zephyr, the Greek god of the west wind.

Blouse
A blouse (/blaʊz, blaʊs, bluːz/) is a loose-fitting upper garment that may be worn by workmen, peasants, artists, women, and children. It is typically gathered at the waist or hips (by tight hem, pleats, parter, or belt) so that it hangs loosely ("blouses") over the wearer's body.  Today, the word most commonly refers to a girl's or woman's dress shirt, although there is considerable confusion between a true blouse and a women's shirt. It can also refer to a man's shirt if it is a loose-fitting style (e.g. poet shirts and Cossack shirts), though it rarely is. Traditionally, the term has been used to refer to a shirt which blouses out or has an unmistakably feminine appearance, although even many "standard" shirts today have a somewhat blousy fit, and the numbers of men wearing such shirts may match (or even exceed) that of women wearing actual blouses.

The term is also used for some men's military uniform jackets.
Essex Heritage
Essex Heritage is a non-profit organization charted to promote the cultural heritage of Essex County in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Working with both public and private partnerships and with the National Park Service, the group supports and develops programs that enhance, preserve and encourage regional awareness of the area’s unique historic, cultural and natural resources. Headquartered in Salem, Massachusetts, the Commission services the 34 communities of Essex County. It has been recognized by the United States Congress in recognition of the important role that this region played in American history and the significant heritage sites that are still in the area. The organization's website is: www.essexheritage.org. See Essex National Heritage Commission.

Essex National Heritage Area
The Essex National Heritage Area is a National Heritage Area composed of all of Essex County, Massachusetts. It is overseen by the Essex National Heritage Commission (ENHC), a non-profit organization based in Salem, Massachusetts. The commission promotes the cultural heritage with public and private partnerships and with the National Park Service by developing programs that enhance, preserve and encourage regional awareness of the area's unique historic, cultural and natural resources.
Richard Williams (racing driver)
Richard Williams (born 11 June 1977) is a British racing driver who competed in the Porsche Mobil 1 Supercup as a member of the SPS Automotive Performance Team.

Williams was born in Yeovil, Somerset. He entered motor sport through karting before moving to cars. After coming fourth overall with a single race win the Renault Clio Cup in 2004, he entered the 2005 BTCC in a Lexus, ran by SpeedEquipe and sponsored by Friends Reunited and HPI Racing. He came 14th overall in a small field, with a best result of seventh . In 2006, he contested the Porsche Carrera Cup, with a best result of third, also entering the Supercup round at Silverstone as a wild card of sorts. For 2007, he contested the British GT Championship

Porsche Supercup
The Porsche Supercup (officially known as Porsche Mobil 1 Supercup, known as Porsche Michelin Supercup prior to 2007 and often abbreviated as PSC) is an international one-make production stock car racing series supporting the FIA Formula One World Championship organized by Porsche Motorsport GmbH.

Porsche Supercup drivers compete in identical Porsche 911 GT3 Cup cars. On average, 24 race cars take part in each race. Most circuits visited by the series are European, although circuits in Bahrain, United Arab Emirates, the United States and Mexico have been included in the calendar as well.
2nd Independent Motorized Infantry Battalion (Ukraine)
The 2nd Independent Motorized Infantry Battalion was a formation of the Ukrainian Ground Forces. Initially created as the 2nd Ukrainian territorial defense battalion «Horyn» drawn from volunteers from Rivne oblast, the creation of the Battalion was announced in May 2014, following the outbreak of the Russo-Ukrainian War. Training began in June 2014.

The head of the Rivne Regional State Administration, Serhiy Rybachok, proposed the name of the battalion after the Horyn River during a meeting with the soldiers. This name was adopted at the general meeting of the 2nd Ukrainian Territorial Defense Battalion.

Governor of Rivne Oblast
The governor of Rivne Oblast is the head of executive branch for the Rivne Oblast.

The office of governor is an appointed position, with officeholders being appointed by the president of Ukraine, on recommendation from the prime minister of Ukraine, to serve four-year term.

The official residence for the governor is located in Rivne.
Oksana Ilyushkina
Oksana Ilyushkina (née Kochetkova; born 25 May 1974) is a retired Ukrainian athlete who specialized in the 400 metres and 800 metres.

In the 4 x 400 metres relay she finished fourth at the 2005 European Indoor Championships, fifth at the 2005 World Championships, and sixth at the 2006 European Championships. She also competed at the 2004 Olympic Games without reaching the final, and on the 2007 European Indoor Championships team that was disqualified.

Her personal best times are 51.60 seconds in the 400 metres, achieved in August 2004 in Kyiv; 57.47 seconds in the 400 metres hurdles, achieved in June 2005 in Mykolaiv; and 2:01.67 minutes in the 800 metres, achieved in June 2002 in Donetsk.

2006 European Athletics Championships
The 19th European Athletics Championships were held in Gothenburg, Sweden, between 7 August and 13 August 2006. The competition arena was the Ullevi Stadium and the official motto "Catch the Spirit". Gothenburg also hosted the 1995 World Championships in Athletics, and Stockholm, Sweden's capital, hosted 1958 European Athletics Championships.
Eggon people
The Eggon (pronounced "EH-gone", also Egon, Ero, or Mo Egon, sometimes referred to as Mada or Madan Dutse meaning Hill Mada by the Hausa) are an ethnic group mostly based in Middle Belt Nigeria (namely Nassarawa and Plateau states).

Autonyms for singular: abegon single individual; plural: moa ègón people in general.

They are a diverse but culturally homogenous people, numbering around 200,000 or more as of an estimate in 2016. They existed through most of their pre-colonial history as a decentralised and deeply independent society, having their own distinct culture, language and history like most minor societies in the West African Savannah. Their native language is the Eggon Language, which most Eggon People still speak today, they also speak Hausa Language the regional language of Northern/North Central Nigeria, and English after British colonisation.

Plateau State
Plateau is a Nigerian state located in the North Central geopolitical zone. Its capital city is Jos. Officially nicknamed the "Home of Peace and Tourism", the state has a population of around 4.7 million people.
Fuse Kofun
The Fuse Kofun (布勢古墳) is a Kofun period burial mound located in the Fuse neighborhood of the city of  Tottori, Tottori Prefecture in the San'in region of Japan. The tumulus was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1974.

San'in region
The San'in Region (山陰地方, San'in Chihō) is an area in the southwest of Honshū, the main island of Japan. It consists of the northern part of the Chūgoku region, facing the Sea of Japan. Specifically, it is the two prefectures of Shimane and Tottori.
John C. H. Grabill
John C. H. Grabill (1849 – 23 August 1903) was an American photographer, known for his historical photographs, most of which were taken in South Dakota. He was born at Donnelsville, Ohio in 1849, the youngest son of David Grabill, a carpenter by his wife Catherine, née Kay. By 1860 the family had relocated to Champaign, Illinois where Grabill spent his formative years. He was involved in mining in Pitkin and Chaffee Counties in Colorado.

Grabill had studios in Buena Vista, Colorado, Sturgis, Deadwood, Lead City and Hot Springs, South Dakota and Chicago, Illinois. He was the official photographer of the Black Hills and Fort Pierre Railroad and the Homestake Mining Company in South Dakota. Between 1887 and 1892 Grabill sent 188 photographs to the Library of Congress for copyright protection. These photographs are now in the public domain.

Devils Tower
Devils Tower (also known as Matȟó Thípila or Bear Lodge) is a laccolithic butte, composed of igneous rock in the Bear Lodge Ranger District of the Black Hills, near Hulett and Sundance in Crook County, northeastern Wyoming, above the Belle Fourche River. It rises 1,267 feet (386 m) above the Belle Fourche River, standing 867 ft (264 m) from summit to base. The summit is 5,112 ft (1,558 m) above sea level.

Devils Tower National Monument was the first United States national monument, established on September 24, 1906, by President Theodore Roosevelt. The monument's boundary encloses an area of 1,347 acres (545 ha).
Paramjit Singh (artist)
Paramjit Singh (born 1935) is an Indian artist. He was born in Amritsar, India. Currently he lives in New Delhi, India. Singh is married to fellow painter Arpita Singh, with whom he had a daughter, the artist Anjum Singh.

He earned his Bachelors and PhD in Fine Arts from Delhi Polytechnic in 1958 and 1962, respectively. For nearly three decades Singh was a Professor in the Department of Fine Arts at Jamia Millia Islamia in New Delhi.

The Seventh Walk (2013), an experimental documentary film by Indian filmmaker Amit Dutta is about the charcoal drawings of Singh.

Amit Dutta
Amit Dutta (born 1977 in Jammu) is an Indian experimental filmmaker and writer. He is considered to be one of the most significant contemporary practitioners of experimental cinema, known for his distinctive style of filmmaking rooted in field-research and personal symbolism resulting in images that are visually rich and acoustically stimulating. His works mostly deal with subjects of art history, ethno-anthropology, and cultural inheritance through cinema. In 2007, his short film Kramasha (To Be Continued) was included by Jonathan Rosenbaum in his list of 1,000 personal favorite films of all time. In 2024 Richard Brody named Nainsukh (2010) among the best biographical films ever made in The New Yorker.
A Beautiful Noise (musical)
A Beautiful Noise is a jukebox musical based on the life and music of Neil Diamond.  It opened on Broadway at the Broadhurst Theatre on December 4, 2022. It grossed more than $1 million at the box office in the week leading up to its Broadway premiere.

Titled for Diamond's 1976 album of the same name, A Beautiful Noise was written by Anthony McCarten and produced by Ken Davenport and Bob Gaudio. The musical is structured around a series of therapy sessions during which Diamond reacts to his lyrics as they are read by his psychiatrist from a second-hand copy of The Complete Lyrics of Neil Diamond.  In a June 19, 2022 interview with  The Boston Globe McCarten said: “She opens the book, and all 60 years of his songwriting and all that exploration pours out into a majestic musical collage, and once unloosed from the book, the songs take on lives of their own."

Bob Gaudio
Robert John Gaudio (born November 17, 1942) is an American songwriter, singer, musician, and record producer, and the keyboardist and backing vocalist of the pop/rock band the Four Seasons. Gaudio wrote or co-wrote the vast majority of the band's music, including hits like "Sherry" and "December, 1963 (Oh, What a Night)", as well as "Can't Take My Eyes Off You" for Frankie Valli. Though he no longer performs with the group, Gaudio and lead singer Valli remain co-owners of the Four Seasons brand.
Greenhorn Limestone
The Greenhorn Limestone or Greenhorn Formation is a geologic formation in the Great Plains Region of the United States, dating to the Cenomanian and Turonian ages of the Late Cretaceous period. The formation gives its name to the Greenhorn cycle of the Western Interior Seaway.

Turonian
The Turonian is, in the ICS' geologic timescale, the second age in the Late Cretaceous Epoch, or a stage in the Upper Cretaceous Series. It spans the time between 93.9 ± 0.2 Ma and 89.8 ± 0.3 Ma (million years ago). The Turonian is preceded by the Cenomanian Stage and underlies the Coniacian Stage.

At the beginning of the Turonian an oceanic anoxic event (OAE 2) took place, also referred to as the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event or the "Bonarelli Event". Sea level fall took place in the latter part of the Turonian from the highstand at the beginning of the Turonian.
Jukka Pohjola
Jukka Pohjola (19 November 1878, Kangasala – 8 November 1948) was a Finnish smallholder, journalist and politician. He was a Member of the Parliament of Finland from 1909 to 1913 and again from 1916 to 1917, representing the Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP). Pohjola sided with the Reds during the Finnish Civil War of 1918. After the defeat of the Red side, Pohjola fled to Soviet Russia. He returned to Finland later and was imprisoned for some time for his role on the defeated side of the Civil War.

Smallholding
A smallholding or smallholder is a small farm operating under a small-scale agriculture model. Definitions vary widely for what constitutes a smallholder or small-scale farm, including factors such as size, food production technique or technology, involvement of family in labor and economic impact. Smallholder farms are often defined as those operating on less than two hectares of land.

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) estimates that there are roughly 500 million smallholder farms – those covering less than two hectares – which account for about 85 percent of all farms globally but manage only around 9 percent of the world’s agricultural land.
Four Inch Course
The Four Inch Course was a road-racing circuit first used for the 1908 Tourist Trophy Race for cars, held on public roads closed for racing by an Act of Tynwald (the parliament of the Isle of Man). The name of the course derives from the regulations for the 1908 Tourist Trophy adopted by the Royal Automobile Club, which limited the competitors' engines to a cylinder-diameter of four inches. The Four-Inch Course was adopted by the Auto-Cycle Club for the 1911 Isle of Man TT Races. The Four-Inch Course was subsequently known as the Snaefell Mountain Course or Mountain Course when used for motor-cycle racing.

Royal Automobile Club
The Royal Automobile Club is a British private social and athletic club. It has two clubhouses: one in London at 89 Pall Mall, and the other in the countryside at Woodcote Park, near Epsom in Surrey. Both provide accommodation and a range of dining and sporting facilities.

It is best-known for establishing the roadside assistance service RAC Limited, though this is no longer owned by the club.
Michael C. Steinlauf
Michael C. Steinlauf is Professor of History Emeritus at Gratz College, Pennsylvania. The son of Polish-Jewish Holocaust survivors, Steinlauf has taught Jewish history, theatre and culture in Eastern Europe as well as Polish-Jewish relations and is the author of numerous studies of Jewish culture in prewar Poland. He was one of the founders of the POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews in Warsaw. His work has been translated into Polish, Hebrew, German and Italian. He makes an appearance in the 1996 documentary, Shtetl, which tells the story of Poland's rural Jews before and during the Holocaust.

Shtetl (film)
Shtetl is a 1996 American documentary film that was produced and directed by Marian Marzynski. The film aired April 17, 1996 on the Frontline series on PBS. The film recounts the history of the Polish village of Brańsk that had a substantial population of Jewish residents. During World War II the Germans occupied the village of Brańsk and sent 2,000 Jews to the Treblinka extermination camp. The film also examines the role of Polish anti-Semitism during the German occupation of Poland and lingering anti-Semitism during documentary's filming.
Barebone computer
A barebone computer is a partially assembled platform or an unassembled kit of computer parts allowing more customization and lower costs than a retail computer system. They are available for desktop computer, notebook (see  barebook) and server purposes, and in nearly any form factor. Manufacturers are also able to produce systems of a specialized or non-standard form factor, since the system is sold as a pre-built unit, with the motherboard and power supply already installed.

Motherboard
A motherboard, also known as a mainboard, system board, logic board, and informally mobo (see "Nomenclature" section), is the main printed circuit board (PCB) in general-purpose computers and other expandable systems. It holds and allows communication between many of the crucial electronic components of a system, such as the central processing unit (CPU) and memory, and provides connectors for other peripherals.

Unlike a backplane, a motherboard usually contains significant sub-systems, such as the CPU, the chipset's input/output and memory controllers, interface connectors, and other components integrated for general use.: 48
Round Top Branch
The Round Top Branch was an extension of the Gettysburg and Harrisburg Railroad from the Gettysburg borough across the Gettysburg Battlefield to Round Top, Pennsylvania. The branch ran southward from the terminus of the railroad's main line (its junction with the Hanover Junction, Hanover and Gettysburg Railroad north of Meade School), west of the school and St. Francis Xavier Cemetery, across the field of Pickett's Charge, south of Cemetery Ridge, east of Weikert Hill and Munshower Knoll, and through Round Top to a point between Little Round Top's east base and Taneytown Road. In addition to battlefield tourists, the line carried stone monoliths and statues for monuments during the battlefield's memorial association and commemorative eras and equipment, supplies and participants for Gettysburg Battlefield camps after the American Civil War (e.g., the 1884 Camp Gettysburg, 1913 Gettysburg reunion, 1918 Camp Colt and 1938 Gettysburg reunion).

Gettys-Black divide
The Gettys-Black divide is the primary drainage divide of Cumberland Township, Adams County, Pennsylvania; extending from the mouth of Stevens Creek southward past Samuel Gettys' 1761 tavern ~7 miles to the mouth of Plum Run at the dam site for Robert Black's 1798 Mill.  From a ridge within the Gettysburg borough, the divide extends southward across several strategic features of the Gettysburg Battlefield:

Cemetery Hill (503 ft)

Cemetery Ridge, including the triple point for Plum R/Stevens Cr (west) & Rock Cr (east)

Weikert Hill

Little Round Top

Big Round Top

The divide descends the east slope of Big Round Top and passes north of a drainage, then extends south-southeast across farm fields near the Taneytown Road to Rock Creek at the unincorporated community of Barlow, Pennsylvania.
Charles W. Clinton
Charles William Clinton (1838–1910) was an American architect.  From 1894 until his death, Clinton was a partner of the prominent firm of Clinton and Russell, but from 1858 through 1894 he conducted his own significant career.

Clinton was born and raised in New York, and received his formal architectural training in the office of Richard Upjohn. He left Upjohn in 1858 to begin a private practice, although he was associated with Edward Tuckerman Potter, and in the 1870s Clinton is twice credited alongside James W. Pirsson as collaborators.

Clinton's most prominent solo commission is the privately funded and unusually ornate 1880 Seventh Regiment Armory on Park Avenue in New York City; the architect himself was a member of the Seventh Regiment's Company K.

Clinton died at his home in New York City on December 1, 1910.

Edward Tuckerman Potter
Edward Tuckerman Potter (September 25, 1831 – December 21, 1904) was an American architect best known for designing the 1871 Mark Twain House in Hartford, Connecticut.  With his half-brother William Appleton Potter, he also designed Nott Memorial Hall (1858–79) at his alma mater, Union College, Schenectady, New York.  Both the Mark Twain House and Nott Memorial Hall are National Historic Landmarks.
Cheryl Smith (rugby union)
Cheryl Moana Smith MNZM (née Waaka; born 12 May 1970) is a New Zealand rugby union coach and administrator and former player. She represented New Zealand and Auckland as a flanker or number 8.

Waaka made her international debut on 13 August 1997 against England at Burnham. She was part of the team that won the 1998 and 2002 Rugby World Cup's.

In 2005, Waaka became the first woman in Northland to coach a senior men's club rugby team.

In the 2023 New Year Honours, Smith was appointed a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to rugby.

2002 Women's Rugby World Cup
The 2002 Women's Rugby World Cup was the second World Cup fully sanctioned by the sports governing body the International Rugby Board (IRB). The tournament was held in Barcelona, Spain. The format was the same as the previous tournament and again 16 nations competed.

For the first time a pre-tournament qualification match took place to decide Asia's second representative but other than that all competitors took part by invitation. 14 of the 16 teams taking part were the same as in 1998 but two lowest ranked European teams (Sweden and Russia) were replaced by teams from Asia (Japan) and Oceania (Samoa).

The competition was won by defending champions, New Zealand.
2001 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior women's race
The Senior women's race at the 2001 IAAF World Cross Country Championships was held at the Hippodrome Wellington in Ostend (Oostende), Belgium, on March 24, 2001.  Reports of the event were given in The New York Times, in the Herald, and for the IAAF.

Complete results for individuals, for teams, medallists, and the results of British athletes who took part were published.

The Herald (Glasgow)
The Herald is a Scottish broadsheet newspaper founded in 1783. The Herald is the longest running national newspaper in the world and is the eighth oldest daily paper in the world. The title was simplified from The Glasgow Herald in 1992. Following the closure of the Sunday Herald, the Herald on Sunday was launched as a Sunday edition on 9 September 2018.