hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Delta encoding
Delta encoding is a way of storing or transmitting data in the form of differences (deltas) between sequential data rather than complete files; more generally this is known as data differencing. Delta encoding is sometimes called delta compression, particularly where archival histories of changes are required (e.g., in revision control software).

The differences are recorded in discrete files called "deltas" or "diffs". In situations where differences are small – for example, the change of a few words in a large document or the change of a few records in a large table – delta encoding greatly reduces data redundancy. Collections of unique deltas are substantially more space-efficient than their non-encoded equivalents.

From a logical point of view, the difference between two data values is the information required to obtain one value from the other – see relative entropy. The difference between identical values (under some equivalence) is often called 0 or the neutral element.

Equivalence relation
In mathematics, an equivalence relation is a binary relation that is reflexive, symmetric, and transitive. The equipollence relation between line segments in geometry is a common example of an equivalence relation. A simpler example is numerical equality. Any number  is equal to itself (reflexive). If , then  (symmetric). If  and , then  (transitive).

Each equivalence relation provides a partition of the underlying set into disjoint equivalence classes. Two elements of the given set are equivalent to each other if and only if they belong to the same equivalence class.
Puppet Master (Glee)
"Puppet Master" is the seventh episode of the fifth season of the American musical television series Glee, and the ninety-fifth episode overall. Written by Matthew Hodgson and directed by Paul McCrane, it aired on Fox in the United States on November 28, 2013. The episode features the return of special guest star Demi Lovato as Dani, and of Adam Lambert as Elliott "Starchild" Gilbert. The reason why Sue Sylvester (Jane Lynch) always wears tracksuits is finally revealed.

You're My Best Friend
"You're My Best Friend" is a song by the British rock band Queen, written by the band's bass player, John Deacon, who wrote it for and about his wife. It was first included on the 1975 album A Night at the Opera, and later released as a single. The ballad also appeared on the Live Killers (1979) live album, and on the compilation albums Greatest Hits (1981), Absolute Greatest (2009) and Queen Forever (2014).

The song reached number seven in the UK Singles Chart and number 16 on the US Billboard Hot 100. It is certified platinum by the RIAA in the US with over one million copies sold. The song has since featured in television, film, and other media, such as The Simpsons and Family Guy.
Little Science, Big Science
Little Science, Big Science is a book of collected lectures given by Derek J. De Solla Price, first published in 1963. The book presents the 1962 Brookhaven National Laboratory Pegram Lectures, a series of lectures dedicated to discussing science and its place in society. Price's goal in the lectures is to outline what it may look like for science to be analysed scientifically, by applying methods of measuring, hypothesizing, and deriving to science itself. With this goal in mind, he sets out to define quasi-mathematically how the shape and size of science has shifted from "small science" to "big science" in a historical and sociological way. Price presents a quantification of science as a measurable entity via an analogy to thermodynamics, conceptualizing science like a gas with individual molecules possessing individual velocities and interactions, a total volume, and general properties or laws.

Brookhaven National Laboratory
Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) is a United States Department of Energy national laboratory located in Upton, New York, a hamlet of the Town of Brookhaven. It was formally established in 1947 at the site of Camp Upton, a former U.S. Army base on Long Island. Located approximately 60 miles east of New York City, it is managed by Stony Brook University and Battelle Memorial Institute.

Research at BNL includes nuclear and high energy physics, energy science and technology, environmental and bioscience, nanoscience, and national security. The 5,300-acre campus contains several large research facilities, including the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and National Synchrotron Light Source II. Seven Nobel Prizes have been awarded for work conducted at Brookhaven Lab.
Finerty
Finerty is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Christopher E. Finerty (born c. 1970), United States Air Force general

Joseph E. Finerty  (1905–1992), American politician

John F. Finerty (1846–1908), American politician

Joseph E. Finerty
Joseph Edward Finerty (September 28, 1905 – November 7, 1992) was an American politician. He was the Democratic mayor of Gary, Indiana from 1943 to 1948.  He was Gary's first Irish Catholic mayor.  He defeated the Republican incumbent Ernst Schaible, the last Republican to hold the office, with 58% of the vote.

Finerty's election was the first Gary election in which a majority of voters in the all-black Midtown neighborhood voted for the Democratic rather than the Republican party.  In 1945, Finerty became enmeshed in a bitter controversy over racial integration of Froebel High School (since closed).  Backlash against his support for the school's pro-integration principal led him to withdraw his name from candidacy for reelection in 1947.

Upon retirement, Finerty had a personal estate of US$3 million, despite having made only $8,000 per year in salary.
Lower Lena Hydropower Project
The Lower Lena Hydropower Project of the 1970s assumed the creation of a hydro plant on the river Lena at the place which is close to its mouth with installed capacity 20 GW and annual production above 100 TWh. The Lower Lena HPP (Russian: Нижнеленская ГЭС, Nizhnelenskaya HES) was envisioned as an effort to improve navigation conditions in the lower flow of the river for large scale ships upstream to Yakutsk. The location of the proposed HPP was chosen on the base of convenient landscape at this place, which includes narrow river channel and highland topography.

In the case of realization of this project the hydro power plant and its reservoir would have following parameters:

Lena River
The Lena is a river in the Russian Far East and is the easternmost river of the three great rivers of Siberia which flow into the Arctic Ocean, the others being Ob and Yenisey. The Lena River is 4,294 km (2,668 mi) long and has a capacious drainage basin of 2,490,000 km2 (960,000 mi2); thus the Lena is the eleventh-longest river in the world and the longest river entirely within Russia. Geographically, permafrost underlies all the Lena River's catchment and it is continuous in over 75 percent of the basin.
2025 International Challenger Zhangjiagang – Doubles
Kaichi Uchida and Takeru Yuzuki were the defending champions but chose to defend their title with different partners. Uchida partnered Yusuke Kusuhara but lost in the quarterfinals to Luca Castelnuovo and Akira Santillan. Yuzuki partnered Nam Ji-sung but lost in the semifinals to Castelnuovo and Santillan.

Castelnuovo and Santillan won the title after defeating Petr Bar Biryukov and Alexandr Binda 6–3, 6–7(8–10), [10–3] in the final.

Akira Santillan
Akira Santillan (アキラ サンティラン, Santiran Akira; born 22 May 1997) is a Japanese tennis player. He represents Japan in competitions, though he played for Australia from 2010 to 2015, and from 2017 to 2025.
Germany at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Germany competed at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea, from 9 to 25 February 2018, with 153 competitors in 14 sports. They won 31 medals in total, 14 gold, 10 silver and 7 bronze, ranking second in the medal table after Norway at the 2018 Winter Olympics. Germany excelled in ice track events (11 medals), biathlon (7 medals), Nordic combined (5 medals) and Ski jumping (4 medals). The men's ice hockey team took a silver medal, having lost a closely contested final to Olympic Athletes from Russia.

Nordic combined at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Nordic combined at the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Alpensia Ski Jumping Centre and Alpensia Cross-Country Skiing Centre. The three events were scheduled to take place between 14 and 22 February 2018.
Stand Up Central
Rob Delaney's Stand Up Central (formerly known as Russell Howard's Stand Up Central and Chris Ramsey's Stand Up Central) is a British stand-up comedy television show. It started broadcasting on Comedy Central on 29 April 2015, and ran for ten episodes.

The series features Delaney performing stand-up in front of a live audience at the Electric Ballroom in Camden and answering questions from social media. Each week also features two guests performing stand-up. The second series began broadcasting on 25 May 2016.

In 2017, it was announced a third series was ordered, with Chris Ramsey replacing Howard, who could not return to present the series due to touring commitments. In 2018, for the fourth series, the host was Rob Delaney.

Comedy Central (UK & Ireland)
Comedy Central is a pay television channel in the United Kingdom and Ireland that features original and syndicated comedy programming. The local variant of the Comedy Central channel in the United States, it launched as The Paramount Channel in 1995, later rebranding as the Paramount Comedy Channel in 1997, Paramount Comedy in 2002 and Paramount Comedy 1 in 2005 before adopting its current name on 6 April 2009.
Balkhash-Alakol Basin
The Balkhash-Alakol Basin or Balkhash-Alakol Depression(Kazakh: Балқаш-Алакөл ойысы; Russian: Балхаш-Алакольская котловина), is a flat structural basin in southeastern Kazakhstan.

The basin is named after lakes Balkhash and Alakol, the largest waterbodies in the trough. The main city in the area is Balkhash.

Balkhash (city)
Balkhash or Balqash  is a city in Kazakhstan, located on the northern shore of Lake Balkhash, on the Bay Bertys, and in the south of the Kazakh Uplands. The population of the city is 68,833 (2009 census results); 65,431 (1999 census results).

Balkhash was founded in 1937 as an industrial city centred on the mining and smelting of copper, which is still being exploited in the area. The city lies approximately 500 km west of the Chinese border, on the north side of the lake at an altitude of 440 m.
Later Jin invasion of Joseon
The Later Jin invasion of Joseon occurred in early 1627 when the Later Jin prince Amin led an invasion of the Joseon dynasty. The war ended after three months with the Later Jin establishing itself as sovereign tributary overlord over Joseon. However Joseon continued its relationship with the Ming dynasty and showed defiance in solidifying its tributary relationship with the Later Jin. It was followed by the Qing invasion of Joseon in 1636.

Hong Taiji
Hong Taiji (28 November 1592 – 21 September 1643), sometimes rendered as Huang Taiji and occasionally referred to as Abahai in Western literature, also known by his temple name Emperor Taizong of Qing, was the second khan of the Later Jin dynasty and the founding emperor of the Qing dynasty. He was responsible for consolidating the empire that his father Nurhaci had founded and laid the groundwork for the conquest of the Ming dynasty, although he died before this was accomplished. He conquered Inner Mongolia and the remainder of Manchuria and invaded Korea, which became a Qing tributary state. He was also responsible for changing the name of the Jurchens to "Manchu" in 1635, and changing the name of his dynasty from "Great Jin" to "Great Qing" in 1636.
Barry Simon
Barry Martin Simon  (born 16 April 1946)  is an American mathematical physicist and was the IBM professor of Mathematics and Theoretical Physics at Caltech, known for his prolific contributions in spectral theory, functional analysis, and nonrelativistic quantum mechanics (particularly Schrödinger operators), including the connections to atomic and molecular physics. He has authored more than 400 publications on mathematics and physics.

His work has focused on broad areas of mathematical physics and analysis covering: quantum field theory, statistical mechanics, Brownian motion, random matrix theory, general nonrelativistic quantum mechanics (including N-body systems and resonances), nonrelativistic quantum mechanics in electric and magnetic fields, the semi-classical limit, the singular continuous spectrum, random and ergodic Schrödinger operators, orthogonal polynomials, and non-selfadjoint spectral theory.

Random matrix
In probability theory and mathematical physics, a random matrix is a matrix-valued random variable—that is, a matrix in which some or all of its entries are sampled randomly from a probability distribution. Random matrix theory (RMT) is the study of properties of random matrices, often as they become large. RMT provides techniques like mean-field theory, diagrammatic methods, the cavity method, or the replica method to compute quantities like traces, spectral densities, or scalar products between eigenvectors. Many physical phenomena, such as the spectrum of nuclei of heavy atoms, the thermal conductivity of a lattice, or the emergence of quantum chaos, can be modeled mathematically as problems concerning large, random matrices.
The Great Father
The Great Father is a 2017 Indian Malayalam-language neo-noir crime thriller film directed by Haneef Adeni and produced by August Cinema. It stars Mammootty, Arya, Sneha, Anikha, Malavika Mohanan, Santhosh Keezhattoor, Balaji Sharma and Kalabhavan Shajon, with Shaam in a guest appearance.

The Great Father was released on 30 March 2017 to positive reviews from critics and became a commercial success at the box office.

Kalabhavan Shajohn
Shaji John, professionally credited by his stage name Kalabhavan Shajohn is an Indian actor, director and comedian who works primarily in Malayalam cinema. He started his career as a mimicry artist in Kalabhavan, Kochi. Making his debut in 1999 as a body double in My Dear Karadi and having made more than 100 appearances, he received a major breakthrough in his career with Drishyam (2013), in which he played a negative role. He made his directorial debut with Brother's Day starring Prithviraj Sukumaran. As of 2025, he has starred in more than 150 Malayalam films.
Symbiodiniaceae
Symbiodiniaceae is a family of marine dinoflagellates notable for their symbiotic associations with reef-building corals, sea anemones, jellyfish, marine sponges, giant clams, acoel flatworms, and other marine invertebrates. Symbiotic Symbiodiniaceae are sometimes colloquially referred to as Zooxanthellae, though the latter term can be interpreted to include other families of symbiotic algae as well. While many Symbiodiniaceae species are endosymbionts, others are free living in the water column or sediment.

Most symbiotic members of Symbiodiniaceae were previously assigned to the genus Symbiodinium; however, recent genetic analysis has led to a taxonomic reorganization with several former members of Symbiodinium (previously "clades") reassigned to new genera within the Symbiodiniaceae family. Species formerly classified within Symbiodinum Clade A are retained in the Symbiodinium genus.

Acoela
Acoela, or the acoels, is an order of small and simple invertebrates in the subphylum Xenacoela of phylum Xenacoelomorpha, a deep-branching bilaterian group of animals, which resemble flatworms. Historically, they were treated as an order of turbellarian flatworms. About 400 species are known, but probably many more are not yet described.

The etymology of "acoel" is from the Ancient Greek words ἀ (a), the alpha privative, expressing negation or absence, and κοιλία (koilía), meaning "cavity". This refers to the fact that acoels have a structure lacking a fluid-filled body cavity.
Kourtesi
Kourtesi (Greek: Κουρτέσι) is a village and a community in the southwestern part of the municipal unit of Vouprasia, Elis, Greece. It is in a flat rural area, southeast of the Kotychi lagoon, 7 km southwest of Varda in the northeast, 1 km east of Areti and 7 km northeast of Lechaina. Kourtesi lies on the Greek National Road 9 connecting Patras and Pyrgos, and on the railway from Patras to Pyrgos. The community consists of the villages Kourtesi, Ano Kourtesi and Kotteika. The smaller villages Ano Kourtesi and Kotteika lie to the southeast of Kourtesi.

Elis
Elis, also known as Ellis or Ilia (Greek: Ηλεία, Eleia), is a historic region in the western part of the Peloponnese peninsula of Greece. It is administered as a regional unit of the modern region of Western Greece. Its capital is Pyrgos. Until 2011 it was Elis Prefecture, covering the same territory.

The modern regional unit is nearly coterminous with the ancient Elis of the classical period. Here lie the ancient ruins of cities of Elis, Epitalion and Olympia, known for the ancient Olympic Games which started in 776 BC.
Maracich v. Spears
Maracich v. Spears, 570 U.S. ___ (2013), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that an attorney's solicitation of clients is not a permissible purpose covered by the "litigation exception" to the federal Driver's Privacy Protection Act.

Driver's Privacy Protection Act
The Driver's Privacy Protection Act of 1994 (also referred to as the "DPPA"), Title XXX of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, is a United States federal statute governing the privacy and disclosure of personal information gathered by state Departments of Motor Vehicles.

The law was passed in 1994. It was introduced by Democratic Rep. Jim Moran of Virginia in 1992, after an increase in some opponents of abortion using public driving license databases to track down and harass abortion providers and patients. Prominent among such cases was physician Susan Wicklund, who faced protests and harassment including her house being picketed for a month.  The law is currently codified at Chapter 123 of Title 18 of the United States Code.
Katarina Ammitzbøll
Katarina Ammitzbøll (born 15 July 1969 in Charlottenlund) is a Danish politician, who is a member of the Folketing for the Conservative People's Party. She was elected into parliament at the 2019 Danish general election.

Conservative People's Party (Denmark)
The Conservative People's Party (Danish: Det Konservative Folkeparti, DKF), also known as The Conservatives (De Konservative), is a centre-right political party in Denmark. The party is a member of the International Democracy Union and the European People's Party.
Charles Petter
Charles Gabriel Petter (26 March 1880 – 7 July 1953) was a Swiss firearms designer. He is best known as the designer of the Pistolet automatique modèle 1935A (also known as the Modèle 1935A, French Model 1935A, or M1935A). He also designed a submachine gun that was patented and formally adopted into French service in 1939, but never produced.

Submachine gun
A submachine gun (SMG) or sub-gun is a magazine-fed automatic carbine designed to fire handgun cartridges. The term "submachine gun" was coined by John T. Thompson, the inventor of the Thompson submachine gun, to describe its design concept as an automatic firearm with notably less firepower than a machine gun (hence the prefix "sub-"). As a machine gun must fire rifle cartridges to be classified as such, submachine guns are not considered machine guns.

In the 20th century, the submachine gun was developed during World War I (1914–1918) as a close-quarter offensive weapon, mainly for trench raiding. At its peak during World War II (1939–1945), millions of submachine guns were made for assault troops and auxiliaries whose doctrines emphasized close-quarter suppressive fire. New submachine gun designs appeared frequently during the Cold War, especially among special forces, commandos and mechanized infantrymen. Submachine gun usage for frontline combat decreased in the 1980s and 1990s.
Ludvík Kománek
Ludvík Kománek (7 August 1909 – 19 January 1994) was a Czech hurdler and triple jumper. He competed in the men's 110 metres hurdles at the 1936 Summer Olympics.

He was born on 7 August 1909 in Břeclav. He was the first Czech who achieved 14 metres threshold in triple jump, when he jumped 14.15 m. In 1930, he became the champion of Czechoslovakia in triple jump. He died on 19 January 1994.

Athletics at the 1936 Summer Olympics – Men's 110 metres hurdles
The men's 110 metres hurdles event at the 1936 Summer Olympic Games took place on August 5 and August 6. Thirty-one athletes from 20 nations competed. The maximum number of athletes per nation had been set at 3 since the 1930 Olympic Congress. The final was won by American Forrest Towns. It was the second of nine consecutive American victories, and the eighth overall gold medal for the United States in the 110 metres hurdles. Don Finlay of Great Britain became the second man to win two medals in the event.
Aaron Libby
Aaron F. Libby (born April 4, 1983) is an American politician from Maine. Libby, a Republican from Waterboro, Maine, served in the Maine House of Representatives from December 2010 to December 2014. Libby's district comprised Waterboro and parts of Lyman. In April 2014, Libby announced that he would not seek re-election.

Lyman, Maine
Lyman is a town in York County, Maine, United States. The population was 4,525 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Portland–South Portland–Biddeford, Maine metropolitan statistical area. Lyman, together with Alfred, is home to the Massabesic Experimental Forest.
Ekeberg (surname)
Ekeberg is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Anders Gustaf Ekeberg (1767–1813), Swedish chemist

Arne Ekeberg (born 1925), Norwegian judge

Birger Ekeberg (1880–1968), Swedish jurist

Carl Gustaf Ekeberg (1716–1784), Swedish physician, chemist and explorer

Herman Ekeberg (born 1972), Norwegian football player

Herman Ekeberg
Herman Ekeberg (born 14 March 1972) is a former Norwegian professional football defender playing for Norwegian team Aalesunds FK. After his last active season, 2006, he continued working for the club, focusing on marketing. Herman started his career with Mjøndalen IF.
Chasing Rivers
"Chasing Rivers" is a song by Swedish singer Nano. The song was performed for the first time in Melodifestivalen 2019, where it made it to the final. This was Nanos first music single after his 2017 Melodifestivalen entry "Hold On".

Melodifestivalen 2019
Melodifestivalen 2019 was the 59th edition of the Swedish music competition Melodifestivalen and was held from 2 February to 9 March 2019. Presenters were Sarah Dawn Finer, Kodjo Akolor, Marika Carlsson and Eric Saade. Edward af Sillén returned as a consultant and adviser, producing various interval acts for the hosts. The winner of the contest is John Lundvik with the song "Too Late for Love". He represented Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest 2019 in Tel Aviv, Israel, finishing in 5th place.