hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Constructive nonstandard analysis
In mathematics, constructive nonstandard analysis is a version of Abraham Robinson's nonstandard analysis, developed by Moerdijk (1995), Palmgren (1998), Ruokolainen (2004).  Ruokolainen wrote:

The possibility of constructivization of nonstandard analysis was studied by Palmgren (1997, 1998, 2001). The model of constructive nonstandard analysis studied there is an extension of Moerdijk’s (1995) model for constructive nonstandard arithmetic.

Abraham Robinson
Abraham Robinson (born Robinsohn; October 6, 1918 – April 11, 1974) was a mathematician who is most widely known for development of nonstandard analysis, a mathematically rigorous system whereby infinitesimal and infinite numbers were reincorporated into modern mathematics. Nearly half of Robinson's papers were in applied mathematics rather than in pure mathematics.
Womrather Höhe
The Womrather Höhe, at 599.1 m above sea level (NN), is the highest peak in the Lützelsoon hills, which are part of the Hunsrück mountains in Germany's Central Uplands. It is located in the counties of Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis and Bad Kreuznach in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate.

The forested hill lies on the boundary between Schlierschied (Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis) to the northwest and Kellenbach (Bad Kreuznach) to the southeast. It was named after the Hunsrück parish of Womrath, 7 kilometres to the north, which owned 3 plots of land in the parish of Schlierschied below the Womrather Höhe until the major exchange of forest estates in the region in 1966.

Views over the Lützelsoon hills and their surrounding area are possible at the observation tower known as Langer Heinrich on the Teufelsfels around 2 kilometres to the southwest.

Normalnull
Normalnull ("standard zero") or Normal-Null (short N. N. or NN) is an outdated official vertical datum used in Germany. Elevations using this reference system were to be marked Meter über Normal-Null (“meters above standard zero”). Normalnull has been replaced by Normalhöhennull (NHN).
Ronald J. Rabin
Ronald Joseph Rabin (born May 16, 1932) is a Republican state senator in the state of North Carolina, representing the 12th district, encompassing Harnett, Johnston, Lee Counties. Rabin was born in Rochester, New York in 1932. He attended high school there and then went on to attend the University of Southern Mississippi where he was in the Reserve Officers' Training Corps program. He also attended the University of Alabama, where he was a member of the Sigma Alpha Mu fraternity. He was later commissioned into the Army as a second lieutenant of infantry. He is a business consultant in the aerospace and defense industries, having served previously in the United States Army as a Colonel for 24 years. He was elected to the North Carolina Senate on November 5, 2012, having defeated Democrat Brad Salmon.

Rabin is married to Mona and has 3 children: Mark, Scott, Rachel, and 9 grandchildren.  He resides at Anderson Creek, Harnett County, North Carolina.

Johnston County, North Carolina
Johnston County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2020 census, its population was 215,999. Its county seat is Smithfield. Johnston County is included in the Raleigh-Cary, NC Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Raleigh-Durham-Cary, NC Combined Statistical Area, which had an estimated population of 2,368,947 in 2023.
Sun City Stadium
Sun City Stadium was a baseball park located in Sun City, Arizona, from 1971 until the mid-1990s. It was built by developer Del Webb, and served as the spring training home of the Milwaukee Brewers of Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1973 to 1985. The park was dismantled in early 1995, and a retirement community was subsequently built on the site.

Ballpark
A ballpark, or baseball park, is a type of sports venue where baseball is played. The playing field is divided into two field sections called the infield and the outfield. The infield is an area whose dimensions are rigidly defined in part based on the placement of bases, and the outfield is where dimensions can vary widely from ballpark to ballpark. A larger ballpark may also be called a baseball stadium because it shares characteristics of other stadiums.
Starosel Gate
Starosel Gate (Staroselska Porta \sta-ro-'sel-ska 'por-ta\) is a 150-m wide pass of elevation 500 m situated between St. Naum Peak and the north extremity of Balchik Ridge in Levski Ridge, Tangra Mountains on Livingston Island, Antarctica.  Providing overland access from Boyana Glacier to upper Macy Glacier.  Bulgarian topographic survey Tangra 2004/05.  Named after the settlement of Starosel in central Bulgaria.

62°41′34.5″S 60°06′11″W﻿ / ﻿62.692917°S 60.10306°W﻿ / -62.692917; -60.10306

Balchik Ridge
Balchik Ridge (Balchishki Rid \bal-'chish-ki 'rid\) is a 1.3 km long narrow ridge in Tangra Mountains on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica with a highest point of 550m.  The ridge adjoins the col linking Silistra Knoll and Peshev Ridge and surmounts Boyana Glacier to the southwest, south and east.  The ridge was named after the Bulgarian town of Balchik.
Pearl Hotel
The Pearl Hotel, located on South Main in Kadoka, South Dakota, was built in 1907.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.

It was built for J.A. Jones and his wife Minnie in 1907 after the town was established in 1906 and a Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad train depot was built in 1907.  It was the only restaurant and hotel in the town.  The Joneses operated it until 1924.

Milwaukee Road
The Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad (CMStP&P), better known as the Milwaukee Road (reporting mark MILW), was a Class I railroad that operated in the Midwest and Northwest of the United States from 1847 until 1986.

The company experienced financial difficulty through the 1970s and 1980s, including bankruptcy in 1977 (though it filed for bankruptcy twice in 1925 and 1935, respectively). In 1980, it abandoned its Pacific Extension, which included track in the states of Montana, Idaho, and Washington. The remaining system was merged into the Soo Line Railroad (reporting mark SOO), a subsidiary of Canadian Pacific Railway (reporting mark CP), on January 1, 1986. Much of its historical trackage remains in use by other railroads. The company brand is commemorated by buildings like the historic Milwaukee Road Depot in Minneapolis and preserved locomotives such as Milwaukee Road 261 which operates excursion trains.
U.S. Women's Open Chess Championship
The U.S. Women's Open Championship is an open chess tournament that has been held irregularly.  From 1934 through at least 1966 it was held in conjunction with the annual U.S. Open Chess Championship.  After some years of inactivity, the event was reinstituted in 2009.

Chess Life
The monthly Chess Life and bi-monthly Chess Life Kids (formerly School Mates and Chess Life for Kids) are the official magazines published by the United States Chess Federation (US Chess). Chess Life is advertised as the "most widely read chess magazine in the world", and reaches more than a quarter of a million readers each month. It focuses on American chess players and tournaments, instruction, human interest, and US Chess governance matters. Chess Life Kids is geared towards those under 14. A subscription to Chess Life and Chess Life Kids is currently one benefit of becoming a US Chess member or affiliate. All members are given access to the online versions of Chess Life and Chess Life Kids (including back issues). Affiliates and some membership categories also receive printed copies of Chess Life and/or Chess Life Kids.
Rafiq Sabir
Rafiq Sabir (Kurdish: Refîq Sabîr) is a contemporary Kurdish poet.

He was born in Qaladiza in Iraqi Kurdistan in 1950. In 1974, he received Bachelor of Arts degree from Baghdad University. He moved to Sweden in 1989. He writes in the Sorani dialect. He belongs to the post-Abdulla Goran generation of modernists in Kurdish poetry.

Central Kurdish
Central Kurdish, also known as Sorani Kurdish, is a Kurdish language variety spoken in Iraq, mainly in Iraqi Kurdistan, as well as the Iranian provinces of Kurdistan, Kermanshah, and West Azerbaijan. Central Kurdish is one of the two official languages of Iraq, along with Arabic, and is in administrative documents simply referred to as "Kurdish".

The term Sorani, named after the Soran Emirate, refers to a variety of Central Kurdish based on the dialect spoken in Slemani. Central Kurdish is written in the Kurdo-Arabic alphabet, an adaptation of the Arabic script developed in the 1920s by Sa'ed Sidqi Kaban and Taufiq Wahby.
Catabolite repression
Carbon catabolite repression, or simply catabolite repression, is an important part of global control system of various bacteria and other microorganisms.  Catabolite repression allows microorganisms to adapt quickly to a preferred (rapidly metabolizable) carbon and energy source first. This is usually achieved through inhibition of synthesis of enzymes involved in catabolism of carbon sources other than the preferred one. The catabolite repression was first shown to be initiated by glucose and therefore sometimes referred to as the glucose effect. However, the term "glucose effect" is actually a misnomer since other carbon sources are known to induce catabolite repression.

It was discovered by Frédéric Diénert in 1900. Jacques Monod provides a bibliography of pre-1940 literature.

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP, cyclic AMP, or 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate) is a second messenger, or cellular signal occurring within cells, that is important in many biological processes. cAMP is a derivative of  adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and used for intracellular signal transduction in many different organisms, conveying the cAMP-dependent pathway.
Hypotrachyna catawbiensis
Hypotrachyna catawbiensis, the powder-tipped antler lichen, is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. First described in 1941, it forms pale ivory to greenish-gray leaf-like growths that attach loosely to tree bark or rocks. The lichen has narrow, forking lobes that often curl inward, and produces powdery structures called soredia for asexual reproduction. Though originally discovered in the Appalachian Mountains of the eastern United States, it has since been found across tropical and temperate regions worldwide, including Mexico, South America, East Africa, China, and Papua New Guinea. It usually grows at high elevations. Genetic studies have shown that despite this widely scattered distribution, populations from different continents belong to the same species. It typically grows as an epiphyte (an organism that grows on other plants) on hardwood trees, though it can also be found on conifers and rocks.

Rhododendron
Rhododendron (/ˌroʊdəˈdɛndrən/; pl.: rhododendra), from Ancient Greek ῥόδον (rhódon), meaning "rose", and δένδρον (déndron), meaning "tree", is a very large genus of about 1,024 species of woody plants in the heath family (Ericaceae). They can be either evergreen or deciduous. Most species are native to eastern Asia and the Himalayan region, but smaller numbers occur elsewhere in Asia, and in North America, Europe and Australia.

It is the national flower of Nepal, the state flower of Washington and West Virginia in the United States, the state flower of Nagaland and Himachal Pradesh in India, the provincial flower of Jeju Province in South Korea, the provincial flower of Jiangxi in China and the state tree of Sikkim and Uttarakhand in India. Most species have brightly coloured flowers which bloom from late winter through to early summer.

Azaleas make up two subgenera of Rhododendron. They are distinguished from "true" rhododendrons by having only five anthers per flower.
Jonathan F. P. Rose
Jonathan Frederick Phinneas  Rose (born 1952) is an American urban planner and real estate developer. Through his corporation Jonathan Rose Companies, he is known for developing communities that are considered affordable and environmentally-responsible. Apart from his involvement in various aspects of property, Rose has founded Gramavision Records, a jazz and New Music label. Rose has written several books including The Well Tempered City: What Modern Science, Ancient Civilizations and Human Behavior Teach Us About the Future of Urban Life.

New pop
New pop is a British-centric pop music movement consisting of ambitious, DIY-minded artists who achieved commercial success in the early 1980s, aided by platforms like MTV. Rooted in the post-punk movement of the late 1970s, the movement encompassed a wide variety of styles and artists, including acts such as Orange Juice, the Human League, and ABC.

The term "rockist", a pejorative aimed at those who rejected this type of music, became associated with new pop.

"New Music" is a similar but slightly more expansive umbrella term referring to a pop music and cultural phenomenon in the US tied to the Second British Invasion. The term was popularized by the music industry and American journalists during the 1980s to describe emerging movements such as new pop and New Romanticism.
Mavrlen
Mavrlen (pronounced [ˈmaːʋəɾlɛn]; in older sources also Maverl, German: Maierle) is a settlement in the hills west of Črnomelj in the White Carniola area of southeastern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.

White Carniola
White Carniola (Slovene: Bela krajina; Croatian: Bela krajina; German: Weißkrain or Weiße Mark) is a traditional region in southeastern Slovenia on the border with Croatia. Due to its smallness, it is often considered a subunit of the broader Lower Carniola region, although with distinctive cultural, linguistic, and historical features.

Due to its proximity with Croatia, White Carniola shares many cultural and linguistic features with the neighboring Kajkavian Croatian areas. It is generally considered the Slovenian region with the closest cultural affinity with other South Slavic territories. It was part of Slavonia until the 12th century, after which it shared the historical fate with the Windic March and Lower Carniola to the north. During the 19th century, it was one of the regions with the highest emigration rate in the Slovene Lands, and the Austrian Empire in general. During World War II, it was an important center of anti-Fascist resistance in Slovenia.
Vladimir Šubic
Vladimir Šubic (23 May 1894 – 16 September 1946) was a Slovene architect. He designed several moderate functionalist buildings in Ljubljana, most notably the Nebotičnik skyscraper, which was the tallest building in Yugoslavia upon its completion. His architectural design was rational and economic, following metropolitan patterns and American high-rise examples.

Slovenes
The Slovenes, also known as Slovenians (Slovene: Slovenci [slɔˈʋéːntsi]), are a South Slavic ethnic group native to Slovenia and adjacent regions in Italy, Austria and Hungary. Slovenes share a common ancestry, culture, and history, and speak Slovene as their native language.

Outside of Slovenia and Europe, Slovenes form diaspora groups in the United States, Canada, Argentina and Australia.
Lluís Graner
Lluís Graner i Arrufí, or Arrufat in Spanish (5 February 1863–7 May 1929) was a Catalan painter in the Realistic style, artistic director and theater entrepreneur from Barcelona, Spain. After achieving notable success in painting, he moved into lighting design for theatrical shows and developed the Catalan lyrical theater genre of "musical visions".

He was the owner of the sala Mercè, on Barcelona's Rambla, where he established the first stable season of cinematograph sessions and musical visions. In 1905 he won the competition for the lease of Barcelona's Teatro Principal, where he set up the company Espectacles-Audicions Graner. Under his artistic direction, notable pieces of Catalan lyric theater were premiered, such as La santa espina, by Enric Morera and Àngel Guimerà.

Àngel Guimerà
Àngel Guimerà i Jorge (Catalan pronunciation: [ˈaɲʒəl ɣiməˈɾa j ˈxoɾxe];  6 May 1845 or 6 May 1847 or 1849 – 18 July 1924), usually known simply as Àngel Guimerà, was a Catalan Spanish playwright and poet. His work is known for bringing together under romantic aspects the main elements of realism. He is considered one of the principal representatives of the Renaixença movement, at the end of the nineteenth century.
József de Révay
Jozsef Maria Julius Simon de Revay, Count Sklabina and Blatnicka, (20 October 1902 – 19 April 1945) was a Hungarian philosopher, professor, and ice hockey player. He played for the Hungarian national team at the 1928 and 1936 Winter Olympics and at the World Championships. He later taught at Pázmány Péter Catholic University.

1936 Winter Olympics
The 1936 Winter Olympics, officially known as the IV Olympic Winter Games (German: IV. Olympische Winterspiele) and commonly known as Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1936, were a winter multi-sport event held from 6 to 16 February 1936 in the market town of Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. Later that year, the country also hosted the 1936 Summer Olympics, which were held in Berlin. It was the last year in which the Summer and Winter Games both took place in the same country (the cancelled 1940 Olympics would have been held in Japan, with Tokyo hosting the Summer Games and Sapporo hosting the Winter Games).

The 1936 Winter Games were organized on behalf of the German League of the Reich for Physical Exercise (DRL) by Karl Ritter von Halt, who had been named president of the committee for the organization of the Fourth Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen by Reichssportführer Hans von Tschammer und Osten.
Lispeth
"Lispeth" is a short story by Rudyard Kipling. It was first published in the Civil and Military Gazette on 29 November 1886; its first appearance in book form was in the first Indian edition of Plain Tales from the Hills in 1888, and it later appeared in subsequent editions of that collection. The tale is an interesting example of Kipling's attitudes to different races and cultures, which is less simple than many accounts of his beliefs allow.

The Civil and Military Gazette
The Civil and Military Gazette was a daily English-language newspaper founded in 1872 in British India. It was published from Lahore, Simla and Karachi, some times simultaneously, until its closure in 1963. The archives are owned by Lahore-based businessman Humayun Naseer Shaikh and have been digitized by Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy's Citizens Archive of Pakistan.
Into the River
Into the River is a novel by Ted Dawe, featuring a coming-of-age story set in New Zealand, and intended for a young adult audience. It was awarded the Margaret Mahy Book of the Year prize and also won the top prize in the Young Adult Fiction category at the 2013 New Zealand Post Children's Book Awards. It was briefly banned from sale and supply in New Zealand.

Coming-of-age story
In genre studies, a coming-of-age story is a genre of literature, theatre, film, and video game that focuses on the growth of a protagonist from childhood to adulthood, or "coming of age". Coming-of-age stories tend to emphasize dialogue or internal monologue over action and are often set in the past. The subjects of coming-of-age stories are typically teenagers. The Bildungsroman is a specific subgenre of coming-of-age story.

The plot points of coming-of-age stories are usually emotional changes within the character(s) in question.
Glacier County Courthouse
Glacier County Courthouse, a PWA Moderne-style courthouse at Cut Bank in Glacier County, Montana, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.

It was built in 1938-1939 during an economic boom in Glacier County, while the Great Depression was going on in the rest of the nation, as the "Santa Rita Strip" provided oil boom jobs and optimism.

Glacier County, Montana
Glacier County is located in the U.S. state of Montana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 13,778. The county is located in northwestern Montana between the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains, known to the Blackfeet as the "Backbone of the World". The county is geographically and culturally diverse and includes the Blackfeet Indian Reservation, Glacier National Park, and Lewis and Clark National Forest. The county is bordered by 75 miles of international boundary with two ports of entry (Piegan and Del Bonita) open year-round and one seasonal (Chief Mountain) international border crossing into Alberta, Canada.
Horizons: Software Starter Pack
Horizons: Software Starter Pack is a software compilation for the ZX Spectrum, designed by Psion Software Ltd and published by Sinclair Research Ltd in 1982.

It was not released on its own, but came bundled with new ZX Spectrums. Side A of the cassette tape contains lessons and tutorials pertaining to the Spectrum and Side B contains eight programs written in BASIC. It was considered a good companion to the Spectrum manual.

Sinclair Research
Sinclair Research Ltd is a British consumer electronics company founded by Clive Sinclair in Cambridge in the 1970s. In 1980, the company entered the home computer market with the ZX80 at £99.95, at that time the cheapest personal computer for sale in the United Kingdom. A year later, the ZX81 became available through retailers, introducing home computing to a generation, with more than 1.5 million sold. In 1982 the ZX Spectrum was released, becoming the UK's best selling computer, and competing aggressively against Commodore and Amstrad.

A combination of the failures of the Sinclair QL computer and the TV80 pocket television led to financial difficulties in 1985, and a year later Sinclair sold the rights to its computer products and brand name to Amstrad. Sinclair Research Ltd continued to exist as a one-man company, marketing Clive Sinclair's inventions.
Dennis Winston
Dennis "Dirt" Winston (born October 25, 1955) is an American former professional football player who was a linebacker in the National Football League (NFL) for the Pittsburgh Steelers and the New Orleans Saints. He played college football for the Arkansas Razorbacks. He substituted for the injured Jack Ham in Super Bowl XIV as the starting left outside linebacker. On October 17, 2013, Winston was named interim head coach for the Grambling State Tigers football team.

Winston coached for Grove City, Slippery Rock, Arkansas State, Norfolk State, Arkansas, Lincoln High School, Kentucky State, Toledo, the Edmonton Elks of the Canadian Football League (CFL), Mississippi Valley State, Arkansas–Pine Bluff, and Eastern Illinois.

Kentucky State Thorobreds football
The Kentucky State Thorobreds football program represents Kentucky State University in the sport of American football. The Thorobreds compete in the Division II (D2) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and the Western Division of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (SIAC).

The Thorobreds have competed in football as members of SIAC since the 1996 NCAA Division II football season (in 1995, their games against other members of SIAC were treated as non-conference contests). From 1967 to 1984, the program competed in the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) as a football independent. The program competed in the Midwest Athletic Association (MAA) in earlier years, including during its 1934 and 1935 seasons.