hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
George Dantzig
George Bernard Dantzig (/ˈdæntsɪɡ/; November 8, 1914 – May 13, 2005) was an American mathematical scientist who made contributions to industrial engineering, operations research, computer science, economics and statistics.

Dantzig is known for his development of the simplex algorithm, an algorithm for solving linear programming problems, and for his other work with linear programming. In statistics, Dantzig solved two open problems in statistical theory, which he had mistaken for homework after arriving late to a lecture by Polish mathematician-statistician Jerzy Spława-Neyman.

At his death, Dantzig was professor emeritus of Transportation Sciences and Professor of Operations Research and of Computer Science at Stanford University.

MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
The MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive is a website maintained by John J. O'Connor and Edmund F. Robertson and hosted by the University of St Andrews in Scotland. It contains detailed biographies on many historical and contemporary mathematicians, as well as information on famous curves and various topics in the history of mathematics.

The History of Mathematics archive was an outgrowth of Mathematical MacTutor system, a HyperCard database by the same authors, which won them the European Academic Software award in 1994. In the same year, they founded their web site. It has since expanded to include biographies of more than 3200 mathematicians and scientists.

In 2015, O'Connor and Robertson won the Hirst Prize of the London Mathematical Society for their work. The citation for the Hirst Prize calls the archive "the most widely used and influential web-based resource in history of mathematics".
Deaths in January 2008
The following is a list of notable deaths in January 2008.

Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence:

Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent country of citizenship (if applicable), reason for notability, cause of death (if known), and reference.

2008 Polish Air Force C-295 crash
On 23 January 2008, a Polish Air Force EADS CASA C-295 military transport plane, flying from Warsaw, crashed in Mirosławiec as it was attempting to land at the 12th Air Base, killing all 20 passengers and crew. The 20 victims on board included high-ranking Polish air force officers.

Among the fatalities was Brig. Gen. Andrzej Andrzejewski, commander of an air brigade based in Świdwin.

This was the first fatal accident involving a CASA C-295. Subsequently, all Polish C-295s were grounded until further notice.
Bulgarian torpedo boat Drazki
Drazki (Bulgarian language: Дръзки; also transliterated as Druzki, "Intrepid") was a Bulgarian Navy torpedo boat built at the start of the 20th century. A ship of the same class is now a museum ship under her name in Varna.

Museum ship
A museum ship, also called a memorial ship, is a ship that has been preserved and converted into a museum open to the public for educational or memorial purposes. Some are also used for training and recruitment purposes, mostly for the small number of museum ships that are still operational and thus capable of regular movement.

Several hundred museum ships are kept around the world, with around 175 of them organised in the Historic Naval Ships Association though many are not naval museum ships, from general merchant ships to tugs and lightships. Many, if not most, museum ships are also associated with a maritime museum.
U magnovenju
U magnovenju (In a long intuitive flash) is the third studio album by the Serbian punk rock band Goblini, released by Metropolis Records in 1996. The album was available on compact cassette only, until it was rereleased with the debut album on the compilation album Istinite priče + Goblini in 1998. The album was re-released by One Records in 2002.

One Records (Serbia)
One Records is a record label based in Belgrade, Serbia.

Formed in 1999, its catalogue covers a fairly wide musical spectrum - from hard rock and heavy metal bands such as Alogia, Cactus Jack, Dargoron, Stratus, and others, to Irish folk/Celtic rock bands Tir na n'Og and Irish Stew of Sindidun, to the local hip-hop scene with acts like Bad Copy, Škabo, Ajs Nigrutin, Wikluh Sky, and others.

The label has also rereleased albums by Bjesovi, Ekatarina Velika, Goblini, Oktobar 1864, Riblja Čorba, Smak, Vlatko Stefanovski, Suncokret, S Vremena Na Vreme, Van Gogh, YU Grupa, and others. One Records has also released albums by Divlje Jagode, Jørn Lande, Osmi Putnik, Pretty Maids, Toto, Joe Lynn Turner, Whitesnake, and other acts for the Serbian market.
Sinah Common
Sinah Common is a 243-hectare (600-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest on Hayling Island in Hampshire, England.

This coastal site has maritime shingle grassland, some of which is rich in lichens, sand dunes, heath and saltmarsh. It has also been designated an SSSI because of its population of the endangered flowering plant childing pink at one of only two sites in Britain, and for its outstanding assemblage of other nationally scarce plants. There are also populations of nationally rare and scarce invertebrates.

It lies adjacent to the Sinah Common World War II Heavy Anti-aircraft gunsite, a scheduled monument, with a small overlap.

Petrorhagia nanteuilii
Petrorhagia nanteuilii is a species of flowering plant in the family Caryophyllaceae. Common names include childing pink, productive carnation, proliferous pink and wild carnation. P. nanteuilii in the British Isles was formerly not reliably separated from P. prolifera but now the two are recorded as separate species.  Because of this the commonly used name proliferous pink is probably not correct for this taxon.  It is an annual that grows to 50 cm tall. Leaves are linear, opposite and stem clasping. Small pink flowers are produced in small ovoid heads, with usually only one flower visible at a time. These are followed by ovoid seed capsules.

The species is native to Europe but has become naturalised elsewhere.
January 8 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
January 7 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - January 9

All fixed commemorations below are observed on January 21 by Eastern Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.

For January 8th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on December 26.

December 26 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
December 25 – Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar – December 27

All fixed commemorations below are observed on January 8 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.

For December 26th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on December 13.
St. Gallen Marktplatz railway station
St. Gallen Marktplatz station, also called Marktplatz/Bohl, is a railway station in the city of St. Gallen, in the canton of St. Gallen, Switzerland. It is located on the 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) Appenzell–St. Gallen–Trogen line of Appenzell Railways (Appenzeller Bahnen, AB), and is served by local light rail trains only. The station is also a bus stop for local and regional buses.

Bus stop
A bus stop is a place where buses stop for passengers to get on and off the bus. The construction of bus stops tends to reflect the level of usage, where stops at busy locations may have shelters, seating, and possibly electronic passenger information systems; less busy stops may use a simple pole and flag to mark the location. Bus stops are, in some locations, clustered together into transport hubs allowing interchange between routes from nearby stops and with other public transport modes to maximise convenience.
Rhynchaeites
Rhynchaeites (Greek for "beak fossil") is an extinct genus of wading bird, a stem-group threshkiornithid, which lived in Europe and North America during the Eocene epoch. The genus contains three species, R. messelensis, R. litoralis and R. mcfaddeni. It is one of the oldest members of the ibis family known from fossil remains.

Crown group
In phylogenetics, the crown group or crown assemblage is a collection of species composed of the living representatives of the collection, the most recent common ancestor of the collection, and all descendants of the most recent common ancestor. It is thus a way of defining a clade, a group consisting of a species and all its extant or extinct descendants. For example, Neornithes (birds) can be defined as a crown group, which includes the most recent common ancestor of all modern birds, and all of its extant or extinct descendants.

The concept was developed by Willi Hennig, the formulator of phylogenetic systematics, as a way of classifying living organisms relative to their extinct relatives in his "Die Stammesgeschichte der Insekten",
and the "crown" and "stem" group terminology was coined by R. P. S. Jefferies in 1979. Though formulated in the 1970s, the term was not commonly used until its reintroduction in 2000 by Graham Budd and Sören Jensen.
2019 Seoul Open Challenger – Doubles
Toshihide Matsui and Frederik Nielsen were the defending champions but only Matsui chose to defend his title, partnering Ričardas Berankis. Matsui lost in the first round to Nam Ji-sung and Song Min-kyu.

Max Purcell and Luke Saville won the title after defeating Ruben Bemelmans and Sergiy Stakhovsky 6–4, 7–6(9–7) in the final.

Luke Saville
Luke Saville (born 1 February 1994) is an Australian former professional tennis player. He has had success as a doubles player where he reached his highest ranking of World No. 23 on 8 November 2021. Saville reached the final at the 2020 Australian Open, partnering with fellow Australian Max Purcell.

As a junior, Saville enjoyed a successful career in which he won two junior grand slam singles titles at the 2011 Wimbledon Championships and 2012 Australian Open. Saville is also a former junior World No. 1 and an Australian Institute of Sport scholarship holder. In January 2013, he competed in his first ATP main draw event at the 2013 Australian Open, but has struggled in transitioning from Juniors onto the professional circuit, reaching his highest singles ranking of World No. 152.
Duracraft
Duracraft was founded in the late 1980s by Tim Chen, Bernard Chiu and Ronald Izen in Southborough, Massachusetts.  Duracraft manufactured home appliances such as fans, humidifiers, dehumidifiers and air conditioners in the United States, China, and South America.They were known for selling desk pedestal and window fans.

Humidifier
A humidifier is a household appliance or device designed to increase the moisture level in the air within a room or an enclosed space. It achieves this by emitting water droplets or steam into the surrounding air, thereby raising the humidity.

In the home, point-of-use humidifiers are commonly used to humidify a single room, while whole-house or furnace humidifiers, which connect to a home's HVAC system, provide humidity to the entire house. Medical ventilators often include humidifiers for increased patient comfort. Large humidifiers are used in commercial, institutional, or industrial contexts, often as part of a larger HVAC system.
The Smurfs in film
The Smurfs have appeared in six feature-length films and two short films loosely based on The Smurfs comic book series created by the Belgian comics artist Peyo and the 1980s animated TV series it spawned. They theatrically debuted in a 1965 animated feature film that was followed by a 1976 animated film titled The Smurfs and the Magic Flute. Twenty-eight to thirty years after The Magic Flute was released in the United States, a 2011 feature film and a 2013 sequel were produced by Sony Pictures Animation and released by Columbia Pictures. Live-action roles include Hank Azaria, Neil Patrick Harris, and Jayma Mays, while the voice-over roles include Anton Yelchin, Jonathan Winters, Katy Perry, and George Lopez. A fully animated reboot titled Smurfs: The Lost Village was released through Sony in April 2017. A live-action animated musical reboot titled Smurfs, produced by Paramount Animation, was released in July 2025.

Belgian comics
Belgian comics are a distinct subgroup in the comics history, and played a major role in the development of European comics, alongside France with whom they share a long common history. While the comics in the two major language groups and regions of Belgium (Flanders with the Dutch language and Wallonia with French) each have clearly distinct characteristics, they are constantly influencing one another, and meeting each other in Brussels and in the bilingual publication tradition of the major editors. As one of the few arts where Belgium has had an international and enduring impact in the 20th century, comics are known to be "an integral part of Belgian culture".
Diddy (song)
"Diddy" is the song by American rapper P. Diddy, featuring a guest appearance from American musician Pharrell Williams, who performs the hook. The song was released in 2001 by Bad Boy Records and Arista Records as the third single from Diddy's third studio album, The Saga Continues.... The song was produced by the Neptunes, and written by its performers along with rapper Loon.

The hook borrows elements from the 1988 song "Jimmy" by Boogie Down Productions, from which it was inspired.

Boogie Down Productions
Boogie Down Productions (BDP) was an American hip-hop group formed in the Bronx, New York City, in 1986. It originally consisted of KRS-One, D-Nice, and DJ Scott La Rock. DJ Scott La Rock was murdered on August 27, 1987, five months after the release of BDP's debut album, Criminal Minded. The name of the group, Boogie Down, derives from a nickname for the South Bronx.

The group pioneered the fusion of dancehall reggae and hip-hop music, and their debut LP Criminal Minded contains frank descriptions of life in the South Bronx during the late 1980s.
High-maltose corn syrup
High-maltose corn syrup (HMCS) is a food additive used as a sweetener and preservative. The majority of sugar is maltose. It is less sweet than high-fructose corn syrup and contains little to no fructose. It is sweet enough to be useful as a sweetener in commercial food production, however. To be given the label "high", the syrup must contain at least 50% maltose.  Typically, it contains 40–50% maltose, though some have as high as 70%.

By using β-amylase or fungal α-amylase, glucose syrups containing over 50% maltose, or even over 70% maltose (extra-high-maltose syrup) can be produced.p. 465 This is possible because these enzymes remove two glucose units, that is, one maltose molecule at a time, from the end of the starch molecule.

Food additive
Food additives are substances added to food to preserve flavor or enhance taste, appearance, or other sensory qualities. Some additives, such as vinegar (pickling), salt (salting), smoke (smoking) and sugar (crystallization), have been used for centuries to preserve food. This allows for longer-lasting foods, such as bacon, sweets, and wines.

With the advent of ultra-processed foods in the late 20th century, many additives having both natural and artificial origin were introduced. Food additives also include substances that may be introduced to food indirectly (called "indirect additives") in the manufacturing process through packaging, storage or transport.

In Europe and internationally, many additives are designated with E numbers, while in the United States, additives in amounts deemed safe for human consumption are designated as GRAS.
2025 Nottingham Open – Women's doubles
Beatriz Haddad Maia and Laura Siegemund defeated Anna Danilina and Ena Shibahara 6–3, 6–2 in the final to win the women's doubles title at the 2025 Nottingham Open. For the first time, Siegemund and Haddad Maia won a title together, being previously runner ups in other two WTA tournaments finals. This was the second Nottingham doubles title for Haddad Maia.

Gabriela Dabrowski and Erin Routliffe were the reigning champions, but Dabrowski chose not to participate and Routliffe chose to compete in the German Open.

Erin Routliffe
Erin Hope Routliffe (born 11 April 1995) is a professional tennis player from New Zealand who specializes in doubles and previously represented Canada. She has won two major doubles titles at the 2023 and 2025 US Open, partnering with Gabriela Dabrowski, thus becoming the second Kiwi woman to win a major in the Open Era, after 1979 Australian Open women's doubles champion, Judy Connor.

Routliffe is a former world No. 1 in doubles, first achieving the feat on 15 July 2024. She and Dabrowski won the doubles title at the 2024 WTA Finals. Routliffe has won 12 WTA Tour doubles titles and represented New Zealand in the BJK Cup and at the 2024 Summer Olympics.
Crundells Wharf
Crundells Wharf was a general purpose wharf once used by sailing barges bringing cargoes of timber and building materials to Queenborough near Sheerness on the Isle of Sheppey, Kent, England. Situated across the waters of the West Swale and to the north are Chetney Marshes. Here is Deadman's Island, where Napoleonic prisoners who died on the prison hulks were buried, along with those who died on vessels quarantined on the nearby River Medway.

Wharf
A wharf (pl. wharves or wharfs), quay (/kiː/ kee, also /keɪ, kweɪ/ k(w)ay), staith, or staithe is a structure on the shore of a harbour or on the bank of a river or canal where ships may dock to load and unload cargo or passengers. Such a structure includes one or more berths (mooring locations), and may also include piers, warehouses, or other facilities necessary for handling the ships. Wharves are often considered to be a series of docks at which boats are stationed. A marginal wharf is connected to the shore along its full length.
María Inés García
María Inés García (born 28 February 1964) is a Colombian dressage rider. She competed at the 2014 World Equestrian Games in Normandy, France where she finished 96th in the field of 100 competitors in the individual dressage competition.

She won a bronze medal in team dressage at the 2011 Pan American Games and a gold medal in team dressage at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games.

Individual dressage at the 2014 FEI World Equestrian Games
The individual dressage at the 2014 World Equestrian Games in Normandy was held at Stade Michel d'Ornano from 25 to 29 August.

Great Britain's Charlotte Dujardin won gold medal in both Grand Prix Special and Grand Prix Freestyle while Helen Langehanenberg won silver medal in both events for Germany. The bronze in Special was won by Kristina Sprehe of Germany while the bronze in Freestyle went to Adelinde Cornelissen representing the Netherlands.
Gaius Aurunculeius (praetor 209 BC)
Gaius Aurunculeius was a nobleman of ancient Rome, of the Aurunculeia gens. He served as praetor in 209 BC, during the Second Punic War, and had the Roman province of Sardinia as his command. He was assigned the legions of Publius Manlius Vulso. He was also given 50 warships that Scipio Africanus had brought from Hispania.

Sardinia and Corsica
The Province of Sardinia and Corsica (Latin: Provincia Sardinia et Corsica) was an ancient Roman province, that was encompassing Mediterranean islands of Sardinia and Corsica. It was created after the Roman conquest of the islands during the First Punic War (264–241 BC), and existed up to the administrative reforms of Augustus in the year 6 AD, when it was split in two separate provinces, Sardinia and Corsica. Both provinces continued to exist until Vandal conquest in the 5th century.
German Society of Pennsylvania
The German Society of Pennsylvania, located in the Northern Liberties neighborhood of Philadelphia, is the oldest German culture organization in the United States. Founded in 1764, to aid German immigrants, including those who arrived as indentured servants, it now promotes the teaching of the German language and culture, sponsors lectures, concerts and films, and awards scholarships.

Culture of Germany
The culture of Germany has been shaped by its central position in Europe and a history spanning over a millennium. Characterized by significant contributions to art, music, philosophy, religion, science, and technology, German culture is both diverse and influential. Historically, Germany was not a unified nation for long periods, leading to a wide variety of regional customs and traditions. From the medieval Holy Roman Empire to the modern Federal Republic, German culture has absorbed influences from across the continent and beyond. Key aspects include a strong emphasis on education and craftsmanship, a long literary tradition featuring figures like Goethe and Schiller, a musical heritage from Bach to Beethoven, and a philosophical legacy including Kant and Marx. Germany is also known for its numerous festivals, regional cuisines, and a commitment to preserving its historical heritage while embracing contemporary trends in art, architecture, and popular culture.
Dillegrout
Dillegrout or dilligrout is a dish traditionally presented at the coronations of kings and queens of England by the holders of the manor of Addington in a kitchen serjeanty. It is generally thought to be a soup or stew made from almond milk, capon, sugar, and spices, but a porridge-like dish of other ingredients has been described. Dillegrout was first presented in 1068 at the coronation of Matilda of Flanders, wife of William the Conqueror, and its final presentation was at the coronation of George IV in 1821.

Porridge
Porridge is a type of semi-solid food made by soaking, poaching or boiling, in milk or water, ground, crushed or chopped starchy plants, typically grain. Gruel is a thinner version of porridge, and congee is a savoury variation of porridge of Asian origin.

Porridge is often cooked with added flavourings such as sugar, honey, fruits or syrup to sweeten the cereal, or it can be mixed with spices, meat or vegetables to make a savoury dish. It is usually served hot in a bowl or a pot, depending on its consistency. Oat porridge, known as oatmeal in North America, is one of the most common types; while rice porridge is more common in Asia.
Chironico
Chironico is a former municipality located in the district of Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.  On 1 April 2012, it was incorporated into the municipality of Faido along with the former municipalities of Anzonico, Calpiogna, Campello, Cavagnago, Mairengo and Osco.

Leventina District
The Leventina District is one of the eight districts of the largely Italian-speaking canton of Ticino in Switzerland. The capital of the district is Faido but the largest town is Airolo on the southern flank of the Gotthard Pass.

Situated to the north of the canton, its territory covers the area of the river Ticino as far south as Biasca, in particular the Bedretto Valley and the Leventina Valley.

Leventina is divided into four sub-districts, termed 'circles' (Italian: circoli), and a total area of 479.57 km2 (185.16 sq mi) with a population of 8,827 (as of 31 December 2020). Its capital is the municipality (Italian: comune) of Faido. The valley became part of Switzerland on 5 March 1480, following the treaty of Lucerne with the Duchy of Milan.
Love Antell
Love Henrik Samuel Antell (born 24 October 1980) is a Swedish-Finnish singer and artist. As a student he attended Adolf Fredrik's Music School in Stockholm. Antell is known as the frontman of the band Florence Valentin, and as a solo singer. Antell's parents were both from Finland. He grew up in Östermalm in central Stockholm but nowadays resides in Hägersten. He was educated as an illustrator at Konstfack between 2001 and 2007, and he is inspired by Lars Hillersberg. Between 2007 and 2011, Antell was a guitarist in the folk-rock group Perssons Pack. He participated in Mika Ronkainen's drama documentary film "Ingen riktig finne"; the film won first prize in the category Best Nordic Documentary at the Gothenburg Film Festival in 2013.

As an artist, Love Antell has done the cover for author Lena Andersson's book "Duck City" and illustrated Michel Houellebecq's book "Plattform".

Antell was one of the singers in the 2014 season of the TV4 series Så mycket bättre.

Hägersten
Hägersten (Heronstone) is an urban district of Stockholm. It is located in the borough of Hägersten-Liljeholmen, which was formed 1 January 2007 by merging the former boroughs of Hägersten and Liljeholmen.