hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Arvind Singhal (academician)
Arvind Singhal (born 1962) is an Indian-born American social scientist and academician. His academic research has focused on diffusion of innovations, the positive deviance approach, organizing for social change, the entertainment-education strategy, and liberating interactional structures. He currently holds the positions of Samuel Shirley and Edna Holt Marston Endowed Professor of Communication and Director of the Social Justice Initiative in Department of Communication at University of Texas at El Paso since 2007, William J. Clinton Distinguished Fellow at the Clinton School of Public Service since 2010 and Distinguished Professor 2 in the Faculty of Business Administration, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, since 2015.

University of Inland Norway
The University of Inland Norway (also known as INN University, Norwegian: Universitetet i Innlandet) is a state university in Innlandet county, Norway. It was established in 2017 as the Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, from the merger of the Hedmark University College and Lillehammer University College. It has six campuses, of which the campus in Lillehammer is the biggest, located at the television and radio center built for the 1994 Winter Olympic Games.
Hay Foot, Straw Foot
Hay Foot, Straw Foot is a 1919 American silent comedy film directed by Jerome Storm and written by Julien Josephson. The film stars Charles Ray, Doris May, William Conklin, Spottiswoode Aitken and J. P. Lockney. The film was released on June 22, 1919, by Paramount Pictures. It is not known whether the film currently survives.

Jerome Storm
Jerome Storm (November 11, 1890 – July 10, 1958) was an American film director, actor, and writer. He acted in 48 films between 1914 and 1941 and directed 47 films between 1918 and 1932. He was born in Denver, Colorado, and died in Desert Hot Springs, California.
Lake Jasna
Lake Jasna (Slovene: Jezero Jasna) is the name of two interconnected artificial lakes located near Kranjska Gora along the road to the Vršič Pass.

The lakes are arranged for the needs of tourism at the confluence of Mala and Velika Pišnica. At the confluence there is an even smaller natural canyon and a somewhat hidden Kranjska Gora Hydroelectric Power Plant.

There are walking paths around Jasna, and the forest path along the Mala Pišnica valley, which was abandoned after the earthquake in 1980, has its beginnings here. Next to the lake, in addition to the apartments, there is also a playground and a bronze statue of an Ibex on a natural rock, created between 1986 and 1988 by the sculptor Stojan Batič.

Ibex
An ibex (/aɪbɛks/ pl.: ibex, ibexes or ibices) is any of several species of wild goat (genus Capra), distinguished by the male's large curved horns, which are transversely ridged in front. Ibex are found in Eurasia, North Africa and East Africa.
Washa Mikael Rock-Hewn Church
The Washa Mikael Rock-Hewn Church (Amharic: ዋሻ ሚካኤል [wä schä mi kä el] literally "The Cave of Michael")  is a rock-hewn semi-monolithic church located in the Yeka district of Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia.

Monolithic church
A monolithic church or rock-hewn church is a church made from a single block of stone. Because freestanding rocks of sufficient size are rare, such edifices are usually hewn into the ground or into the side of a hill or mountain. They can be of comparable architectural complexity to constructed buildings.

The term monolithic church is used of churches in various countries, not least the complex of eleven churches in Lalibela, Ethiopia, believed to have been created in the 12th century.
David Rundqvist
David Rundqvist (born January 13, 1993) is a Swedish professional ice hockey player, currently playing for Leksands IF in the Swedish Hockey League (SHL).

Rundqvist made his Elitserien debut playing with Färjestad BK during the 2012–13 Elitserien season.

Leksands IF
Leksands Idrottsförening is a Swedish professional ice hockey team from the town of Leksand in the region of Dalarna. The team plays in the top-tier league, Swedish Hockey League (SHL), after succeeding through the 2019 SHL qualifiers and thus earning promotion to the SHL. The club's home arena is Tegera Arena, which seats 7,650 spectators.
Area 120
Area 120 is Google's in-house incubator in which employees work on 20% Project product ideas. It has helped develop Gmail, AdSense, Google News, Call Center AI, and Aloud, YouTube's translation and dubbing tool.

The Area 120 division was created by Sundar Pichai in March 2016 and has since spawned over 200 projects. The objective for the Area 120 program is to incubate products that "graduate" back to Google.

In November 2021, the division was reorganized under a new division called Google Labs (unrelated to the defunct service of the same name).

Area 120 was significantly reduced as part of Google's January 2023 layoffs.

Google News
Google News is a news aggregator service developed by Google. It presents a continuous flow of links to articles organized from thousands of publishers and magazines.

Google News is available as an app on Android, iOS, and the Web. Google released a beta version in September 2002 and the official app in January 2006. The initial idea was developed by Krishna Bharat.

The service has been described as the world's largest news aggregator. In 2020, Google announced they would be spending US$1 billion to work with publishers to create Showcases, "a new format for insightful feature stories".
Simcha Shiloni
Simcha Shiloni (Hebrew: שמחה שילוני; 1919 – 3 December 2015) was a commander of the Palmach during the 1948 Palestine war.

Simcha Shiloni was born in 1919 in Gomel to Ida and Ephraim. He made aliyah with his parents in 1922 settling in Migdal.

In 1941, Shiloni was one of the first to enlist in the Palmach.

His son, Ehud Shiloni, created a scholarship fund for students from the town of Ofakim in honour of his father's unit. His daughter, Ruth Shiloni, was a torchbearer at a 1966 Independence Day ceremony commemorating fighters from the 1948 Palestine war.

Independence Day (Israel)
Yom Ha'atzmaut (Hebrew: יוֹם הָעַצְמָאוּת, Arabic: عيد الاستقلال, romanized: ʿīd al-istiqlāli, lit. 'Day of Independence') is Israel's national day, commemorating the Israeli Declaration of Independence on 14 May 1948. It is marked by a variety of official and unofficial ceremonies and observances.

Because Israel declared independence on 14 May 1948, which corresponded with the 5th of Iyar on the Hebrew calendar in that year, Yom Ha'atzmaut was originally celebrated on that date. However, to avoid Sabbath desecration, it may be commemorated one or two days before or after the 5th of Iyar if it falls too close to the Sabbath. The day preceding Israel's independence day is Yom HaZikaron, which is dedicated to the memory of fallen Israeli soldiers and Israeli civilian victims of terrorism.

In the Hebrew calendar, days begin in the evening; Yom Ha'atzmaut is observed from nightfall until the following evening of the designated day.
Teksla Island
Teksla Island (67°27′S 60°56′E﻿ / ﻿67.450°S 60.933°E﻿ / -67.450; 60.933) (called Norris Island in Australia) is the largest island in the Colbeck Archipelago near the coast of Mac. Robertson Land, 1 nautical mile (1.9 km) north of Chapman Ridge. Mapped by Norwegian cartographers from aerial photographs taken by the Lars Christensen Expedition, 1936–37, and named Teksla (the coopers axe).

Mac. Robertson Land
Mac. Robertson Land is the portion of Antarctica lying southward of the coast between William Scoresby Bay and Cape Darnley. It is located at 70°00′S 65°00′E﻿ / ﻿70.000°S 65.000°E﻿ / -70.000; 65.000. In the east, Mac. Robertson Land includes the Prince Charles Mountains. It was named by the British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition (BANZARE) (1929–1931), under Sir Douglas Mawson, after Sir Macpherson Robertson of Melbourne, a patron of the expedition.

From 1965 onward, members of the SAE (Soviet Antarctic Expeditions) began undertaking geological fieldwork in the Prince Charles Mountains, eventually establishing a base, Soyuz Station, on the eastern shore of Beaver Lake in the northern Prince Charles Mountains.
La Porte, British Columbia
La Porte was a boomtown in British Columbia, Canada, during the Big Bend Gold Rush. The site at the foot of the Dalles des Morts, or Death Rapids, was chosen as the location of a ferry and town on April 23, 1866, during the first voyage of the steamboat Forty-Nine up the Columbia River. The name reflected its role as the gateway to the mines.

By 1871, engineer Walter Moberly returned from a survey trip to report that a single resident remained at La Porte, by 1885 all of the houses were in ruins.

Boomtown
A boomtown is a community that undergoes sudden and rapid population and economic growth, or that is started from scratch. The growth is normally attributed to the nearby discovery of a precious resource such as gold, silver, or oil, although the term can also be applied to communities growing very rapidly for different reasons, such as a proximity to a major metropolitan area, large infrastructure projects, or an attractive climate.
Hokkons Baules
Hokkons Baules (born 7 June 1948) is a Palauan businessman and a politician, and currently a member of the Senate of Palau. He has been the president of the Senate since 19 January 2017. He was elected in 2008 to fill the seat of the late Senate president Johnny Reklai. He had previously served in the Senate of the Second Olbiil Era Kelulau from 1985 until 1988.

Senate of Palau
The Senate of Palau is the upper house of the Palau National Congress (Olbiil era Kelulau). The Senate members are elected to serve four-year terms in multi-seat constituencies. Since January 2025, the Senate has 15 members. No political parties exist. The most recent election was held in November 2024.
Lonar Wildlife Sanctuary
The Lona Wildlife Sanctuary is situated around a lagoon called Lonar Lake, which was created by a meteorite impact about 50,000 years ago. The diameter of the Lonar lake is 1.83 km. This sanctuary located in Lonar taluka of Buldhana district of Maharashtra. The sanctuary is spread over an area of 365.16 Hectares . It includes the 77.69 Ha Lonar lake. The forest around the lake is mainly Southern Tropical dry Deciduous Forest. In 2020 the Lonar lake was declared as Ramsar site. The foul smell of hydrogen sulfide gas is common near the lake water.

Ramsar site
A Ramsar site is a wetland site designated to be of international importance under the Ramsar Convention, also known as "The Convention on Wetlands",  an international environmental treaty signed on 2 February 1971 in Ramsar, Iran, under the auspices of UNESCO. It came into force on 21 December 1975, when it was ratified by a sufficient number of nations. It provides for national action and international cooperation regarding the conservation of wetlands, and wise sustainable use of their resources. Ramsar treaty participants meet regularly to identify and agree to protect "Wetlands of International Importance", especially those providing waterfowl habitat.

As of January 2026, there are 2,520 Ramsar sites around the world, which protect 253,075,668 hectares (625,363,590 acres), and 172 national governments participate in the convention.
1996 North Carolina judicial elections
The North Carolina judicial elections of 1996 were held statewide on November 5, 1996, to elect judges to the North Carolina Supreme Court and North Carolina Court of Appeals. A total of three seats were on the ballot, and in each case, incumbents who had been appointed by Gov. Jim Hunt (running for re-election that same day) were elected to terms in their own right.

North Carolina Supreme Court
The Supreme Court of the State of North Carolina is the state of North Carolina's highest appellate court. Until the creation of the North Carolina Court of Appeals in the 1960s, it was the state's only appellate court. The Supreme Court consists of six associate justices and one chief justice, although the number of justices has varied.  The primary function of the Supreme Court is to decide questions of law that have arisen in the lower courts and before state administrative agencies.
Antoine-François Delandine
Antoine-François Delandine (5 March 1756 – 5 May 1820), was a French writer.

Delandine was born in Lyon. A lawyer at the Parliament of Dijon and the Parliament of Paris, he had a brief political career during the French Revolution when he was elected to the Estates-General of 1789 as deputy of the Forez. He was imprisoned during the Reign of Terror because of his opposition to the Republicans. He survived and went on to become the director of the municipal library of Lyon.

Forez
Forez (Occitan: Forés, Forin; Arpitan: Forêz) is a former province of France, corresponding approximately to the central part of the modern Loire département and a part of the Haute-Loire and Puy-de-Dôme départements.

The final "z" in Forez (French pronunciation: [fɔʁɛ]) is not pronounced in the Loire département; however, it is pronounced in the western part of the former province, essentially when referring to the correspondent Forez mountains (on the border between Puy-de-Dôme and Loire. The name is derived from the city of Feurs. Franco-Provençal is the language that was historically spoken in the region.

The city of Montbrison, Loire is considered the historical capital of the Forez.

Residents of the Forez are called Foréziens.

The rue du Forez in the third arrondissement of Paris was built in the late 16th century and appears on Turgot's map of Paris.

Honoré d'Urfé was a native of Forez, and set his novel L'Astrée there.
2014 Birthday Honours
The 2014 Birthday Honours were appointments by some of the 16 Commonwealth realms of Queen Elizabeth II to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of those countries. The Birthday Honours are awarded as part of the Queen's Official Birthday celebrations during the month of June. The Queen's Birthday Honours were announced on 14 June 2014 in the United Kingdom, on 9 June 2014 in Australia, on 2 June 2014 in New Zealand, on 14 June 2014 in Grenada, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia and Belize.

The recipients of honours are displayed as they were styled before their new honour and arranged by the country (in order of precedence) whose ministers advised The Queen on the appointments, then by honour with grades i.e. Knight/Dame Grand Cross, Knight/Dame Commander etc. and then divisions i.e. Civil, Diplomatic and Military as appropriate.

Royal Aeronautical Society
The Royal Aeronautical Society, also known as the RAeS, is a British multi-disciplinary professional institution dedicated to the global aerospace community. Founded in 1866, it is the oldest aeronautical society in the world. Members, Fellows, and Companions of the society can use the post-nominal letters MRAeS, FRAeS, or CRAeS, respectively.
Journal of Environmental Management
The Journal of Environmental Management is a semi-monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on environmental science and quality that was established in 1973 by Academic Press in London. It is currently published by Elsevier and the editors-in-chief are Raf Dewil (KU Leuven), Jason Evans (Stetson University), and Lixiao Zhang (Beijing Normal University).

Beijing Normal University
Beijing Normal University (BNU) (Chinese: 北京师范大学) is a public university in Haidian, Beijing, China. It is affiliated with the Ministry of Education of China, and co-funded by the Ministry of Education and the Beijing Municipal People's Government. It is a renowned institution of higher education known for teacher education, education science and basic learning in both the arts and the sciences. The university is part of Project 211, Project 985, and the Double First-Class Construction.
Louis de Wecker
Louis de Wecker (29 September 1832 – 24 January 1906) was a French ophthalmologist born in Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

He studied medicine in Würzburg, Berlin, Vienna and Paris, earning doctorates from Würzburg (1855) and Paris (1861). From 1862 he maintained a popular ophthalmology clinic in Paris.

In 1867 he performed an enucleation of the eye of Léon Gambetta. His name is associated with "de Wecker scissors", which are small sharp-pointed scissors used for intraocular surgery of the iris and lens capsule.

Dr. José Rizal (1861-1896), martyr and national hero of the Philippines, completed his ophthalmological training under Professor Louis de Wecker in Paris in 1885.

Eye surgery
Eye surgery, also known as ophthalmic surgery or ocular surgery, is surgery performed on the eye or its adnexa. Eye surgery is part of ophthalmology and is performed by an ophthalmologist or eye surgeon. The eye is a fragile organ, and requires due care before, during, and after a surgical procedure to minimize or prevent further damage. An eye surgeon is responsible for selecting the appropriate surgical procedure for the patient, and for taking the necessary safety precautions. Mentions of eye surgery can be found in several ancient texts dating back as early as 1800 BC, with cataract treatment starting in the fifth century BC. It continues to be a widely practiced class of surgery, with various techniques having been developed for treating eye problems.
Givat Ela
Givat Ela (Hebrew: גִּבְעַת אֵלָה, lit. 'Ela Hill') is a community settlement in northern Israel. Located near Ilut and Zarzir, it falls under the jurisdiction of Jezreel Valley Regional Council. In 2022 it had a population of 1,896.

Ilut
Ilut, also spelt ʿAilut (Arabic: عيلوط; Hebrew: עִלּוּט), is an Arab local council in the Northern District of Israel. It was declared a local council in 1991. In 2022 its population was 8,863.

Ilut is located to the northwest of Nazareth. The town is home to the Ilut Stadium, the home ground of Maccabi Ahi Nazareth.
Dave Romasko
David Sherman Romasko (born November 3, 1963) is an American former professional football tight end who played for the Cincinnati Bengals of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at University of Idaho and Carroll College. He was also a member of the New York Jets.

Carroll College
Carroll College is a private Catholic college in Helena, Montana, United States. The college has 21 buildings on a 63-acre campus, has over 35 academic majors, participates in 15 NAIA athletic sports, and is home to All Saints Chapel. The college motto, in Latin, is Non scholae, sed vitae. The college translates this into English as "Not for school, but for life." Carroll's colors are purple and gold and the school's athletics teams are known as the Fighting Saints.
Bronisławów, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
Bronisławów [brɔniˈswavuf] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Tarłów, within Opatów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 8 km (5 mi) south of Tarłów, 25 km (16 mi) north-east of Opatów, and 77 km (48 mi) east of the regional capital Kielce.

Opatów
Opatów ([ɔˈpatuf] ⓘ; Yiddish: אַפּטאַ, אַפּט, romanized: Apt, Apte) is a town in southeastern Poland, within Opatów County in the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship. Historically, it was part of a greater region called Lesser Poland. In 2012 the population was 6,658. Opatów is located among the hills of Lesser Polish Upland, with the Opatówka river dividing the town into two parts.

A town with a history of some 1,000 years, Opatów is one of the province's best-preserved historic towns and once one of the largest cities in its territory, owing its prosperity to crafts and trade. Its landmarks include the Collegiate Church of St. Martin, listed as a Historic Monument of Poland as one of the most precious examples of Romanesque architecture in Poland, the Baroque Bernardine monastery, town hall and underground tourist routes in late medieval cellars under the old town. Opatów is home to local specialties such as pączki, krówki and kiełbasa.
Richelieu (Province of Canada electoral district)
Richelieu was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly of the Parliament of the Province of Canada, in Canada East, in the Richelieu River valley, north-east of Montreal.  It was created in 1841 and was based on the previous electoral district of the same name for the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada. It was represented by one member in the Legislative Assembly.

The electoral district was abolished in 1867, upon the creation of Canada and the province of Quebec.

Canada East
Canada East (French: Canada-Est) was the northeastern portion of the Province of Canada. Lord Durham's Report investigating the causes of the Upper and Lower Canada Rebellions recommended merging those two colonies. The new colony, known as the Province of Canada, was created by the Act of Union 1840 passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, having effect in 1841. For administrative purposes, the new Province was subdivided into Canada West and Canada East.  The former name of "Lower Canada" came back into official use in 1849, and as of Canadian Confederation of 1867 it formed the newly created province of Quebec.

An estimated 890,000 people lived in Canada East in 1851.
James L. Resseguie
James L. Resseguie (born January 1, 1945, Buffalo, NY) is distinguished professor of New Testament emeritus at Winebrenner Theological Seminary, where he held the J. Russell Bucher Chair of New Testament. He received his A.B. from the University of California, Berkeley (1967), his M.Div. from Princeton Theological Seminary (1972), and his Ph.D. from Fuller Theological Seminary (1978). He is an ordained minister of the Presbyterian Church (USA). His research interests include narrative criticism, especially the elements of point of view (literature) and defamiliarization, and reader-response criticism.  He has published frequently on the application of such interpretive methods to the Gospel of Luke, Gospel of John, and the Book of Revelation.

Fuller Theological Seminary
Fuller Theological Seminary  is an Evangelical seminary in Pasadena, California, with regional campuses in the western United States. It is egalitarian in nature.

Fuller has a student body of approximately 664 FTE students from many countries and denominations. There are over 41,000 alumni. Fuller is broadly evangelical among faculty and student body. Some hold conservative evangelical views such as unlimited inerrancy while others hold liberal evangelical sentiments such as limited inerrancy which views the Bible as true on matters of salvation but contains error in its recording of history and science.
Alexander Hood, 5th Duke of Bronte
Sir Alexander Nelson Hood, 5th Duke of Bronte, KCVO, OCI (28 June 1854 – 1 June 1937), of Castello di Maniace, Bronte, and La Falconara (now "Villa Nelson"), Taormina, both in Sicily, and of 13 Pelham Crescent, South Kensington, London, was a British courtier and Sicilian nobleman. "Discreetly homosexual" and described by his Sicilian biographer as "intelligent and refined", he was well-respected and liked by the Brontese, and spent six months of each year resident at Maniace until his old age. He was, like many contemporaries in his pre-World War II aristocratic circle, a "great admirer of Mussolini and the Fascist regime".

Castello di Maniace
The Castello di Maniace (or Castello Bronte and Castello dei Nelson 'Castle of the Nelsons') is a manor house built on the site of a former ancient monastery 3 km south of the centre of the small village of Maniace and 8 km north of the large town of Bronte, on the eastern foothills of Mount Etna. From 1799 to 1981 it was the seat of the Dukes of Bronte, English noblemen, the first of whom was Admiral Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson (1758–1805), in 1799 created Duke of Bronte by King Ferdinand III of Sicily and Naples. In 1981 the manor house and large estate was sold to the Commune of Bronte by Alexander Hood, 4th Viscount Bridport (born 1948), 7th Duke of Bronte, descended from the daughter of William Nelson, 1st Earl Nelson (1757–1835) 2nd Duke of Bronte, elder brother and heir of Admiral Nelson.