hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Heckman correction
The Heckman correction is a statistical technique to correct bias from non-randomly selected samples or otherwise incidentally truncated dependent variables, a pervasive issue in quantitative social sciences when using observational data. Conceptually, this is achieved by explicitly modelling the individual sampling probability of each observation (the so-called selection equation) together with the conditional expectation of the dependent variable (the so-called outcome equation). The resulting likelihood function is mathematically similar to the tobit model for censored dependent variables, a connection first drawn by James Heckman in 1974. Heckman also developed a two-step control function approach to estimate this model, which avoids the computational burden of having to estimate both equations jointly, albeit at the cost of inefficiency. Heckman received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2000 for his work in this field.

Conditional expectation
In probability theory, the conditional expectation, conditional expected value, or conditional mean of a random variable is its expected value evaluated with respect to the conditional probability distribution. If the random variable can take on only a finite number of values, the "conditions" are that the variable can only take on a subset of those values. More formally, in the case when the random variable is defined over a discrete probability space, the "conditions" are a partition of this probability space.

Depending on the context, the conditional expectation can be either a random variable or a function. The random variable is denoted  analogously to conditional probability. The function form is either denoted  or a separate function symbol such as  is introduced with the meaning .
Pat Duff
Patrick Henry Duff (May 6, 1875 – September 11, 1925) was an American professional baseball player. Duff played one game in Major League Baseball, and in one at bat he didn't compile a hit. Despite his limited playing time in the majors, Duff's minor league career spanned eight nonconsecutive seasons.

Connecticut League
The Connecticut League, also known as the Connecticut State League, was a professional baseball association of teams in the state of Connecticut. The league was a minor league for most of its existence. It began as offshoot of the original Connecticut State League, which dates back as far as 1884. In 1891, the Connecticut State League included the Ansonia Cuban Giants, a team made up of entirely African-American ballplayers, including future Hall-of-Famers Frank Grant and Sol White. In 1902, it was a Class D league with teams in eight cities. In 1905, the league became Class B, which lasted until 1913, when the league became the Eastern Association due to several teams outside of the state entering the league. Also a Class B league, it survived two more seasons, then folded after the 1914 season.
Ed Whitmore
Ed Whitmore is a British screenwriter. He has written for a number of successful British TV series such as Waking the Dead and Silent Witness. In 2022, he was nominated for a BAFTA for his work on the second season of ITV true crime drama Manhunt. Whitmore is an alumnus of Westfield College.

Manhunt (2019 TV series)
Manhunt is a British television drama based on murder investigations. The first series focused on the true story surrounding the investigation into the death of French student Amélie Delagrange. The subsequent manhunt eventually led to the arrest of Levi Bellfield for Delagrange's murder, and several other high profile, yet previously unsolved cases.

The series was first shown in the United Kingdom on 6 January 2019, airing on three consecutive nights. Consolidated figures show an average of 8.7 million viewers across the three episodes, rising further to 9 million viewers when online viewing is included. This made the series ITV's highest rated launch of a new drama series since the first series of Broadchurch in 2013.  The series has so far won two BAFTA Cymru awards: Best Director, Fiction for Marc Evans, and Best Actor for Celyn Jones. On 6 March 2019, the show was renewed for a second series which premiered on 20 September 2021.
Russian Circuit Racing Series
The Russian Circuit Racing Series (RCRS) is a national Russian racing series created in 2004. It started with four classes: touring, super-production, touring-light, and national class; and national-junior was added in 2015. Sergey Krylov was the championship's promoter beginning in 2004, until Oleg Petrikov became promoter of the series in 2014.

Lada Kalina
The Lada Kalina (Russian: Ла́да Кали́на) is a supermini car produced by the Russian manufacturer Lada (AvtoVAZ) from 18 November 2004 to July 2018. The name Kalina comes from the Russian name for a type of viburnum. It is also marketed as the Lada 117/119 in Finland.

The works on Lada Kalina started in 1993. In 1998 the projected vehicle was named "Lada-Kalina". Prototypes were presented in 1999 (hatchback), 2000 (sedan) and 2001 (combi).
George Vaults
The George Vaults (formerly the George Inn) at 35 High Street in Rochester, Kent, is a public house built over a remarkable early 14th-century vaulted undercroft.

The undercroft dates to circa 1320–1325 and is of exceptional historical importance, giving the building its Grade II* listing. The present three-storey brick pub front (added in the late 18th/19th century) features a central glazed double door and large windows at street level, with a Venetian window on the first floor. The pub is situated just below Rochester Castle and Cathedral on the old High Street – a location that aligns with the medieval street plan of Roman Watling Street.

Venetian window
A Venetian window (also known as a Serlian or Palladian window or Serlian motif)  is a distinctive architectural element that consists of a central arched window flanked by two smaller rectangular windows. This design is often used in classical architecture and has been widely employed in Renaissance, Baroque, and Neoclassical buildings. Although Sebastiano Serlio (1475–1554) did not invent it, the window features largely in the work of the Italian architect Andrea Palladio (1508–1580) and is almost a trademark of his early career. The true Palladian window is an elaborated version. Both the Venetian window or Serlian window and the Palladian window were inspired by Hellenistic and Roman examples which are part of the classical tradition and related to prestige and sacredness.
Cult of Luna
Cult of Luna is a Swedish post-metal band from Umeå founded in 1998. Their style of music is similar to contemporary bands Neurosis and Isis. Cult of Luna was signed to Earache Records in the early 2000s and released five albums, including the commercially successful albums Salvation (2004) and Somewhere Along the Highway (2006). After an extended period of inactivity, Cult of Luna returned with its Indie Recordings debut Vertikal (2013) and companion EP Vertikal II (2013), both drawing inspiration from Fritz Lang's 1927 film, Metropolis. In 2016 the band released their space-themed collaborative album, Mariner, featuring American vocalist Julie Christmas.

Earache Records
Earache Records is a British independent record label, music publisher and management company founded by Digby Pearson in 1985, based in Nottingham, England, with offices in London and New York. The label helped to pioneer extreme metal by releasing early grindcore and death metal records between the late 1980s and mid-1990s. Its roster has since diversified into more mainstream guitar music, working with bands such as Rival Sons, the Temperance Movement, Blackberry Smoke, Scarlet Rebels and the White Buffalo. The company also hosted the 'Earache Express' stage at Glastonbury Festival in 2017 and 'The Earache Factory' at Boomtown 2018. The label's logo is a homage to Thrasher magazine, as Pearson was a skateboard culture enthusiast.
All'Italia
All'Italia (English: To Italy) is a poem composed by Giacomo Leopardi. Dated to September 1818, Leopardi published it in Rome in the following year, along with its twin canzone Sopra il monumento di Dante.

The first edition of the Canti belongs to the tradition of Italian civil poetry, inspired by political and patriotic themes, inspired by classical works such as Dante Alighieri's Purgatory sixth canto and the ballads Spirto gentil and Italia mia from Petrarca's Il Canzoniere. The influence of Ugo Foscolo is also evident, derived by The Last Letters of Jacopo Ortis and Dei Sepolcri.

The Last Letters of Jacopo Ortis
The Last Letters of Jacopo Ortis (Italian: Ultime lettere di Jacopo Ortis) is an epistolary novel written by Ugo Foscolo between 1798 and 1802 and first published later that year. A second edition, with major changes, was published by Foscolo in Zurich (1816) and a third one in London (1817).

The model was Goethe's novel The Sorrows of Young Werther (1774). Another influence is Rousseau's Julie, or the New Heloise (1761). Foscolo's work was also inspired by the political events that occurred in Northern Italy during the Napoleonic period, when the Fall of the Republic of Venice and the subsequent Treaty of Campoformio forced Foscolo to go into exile from Venice to Milan. The autobiographic elements reflect into the novel.

Ortis is composed of letters written by Jacopo to his friend Lorenzo Alderani; the last chapter is the description of the young man's last hours and suicide written by Lorenzo.
Denis Landy
Denis Landy (born 28 February 1962) is an Irish former Labour Party politician who served as a Senator for the Agricultural Panel from 2016 to 2017 and previously for the Administrative Panel from 2011 to 2016.

He was a member of South Tipperary County Council from 1991 to 2011 for the Fethard local electoral area, and was also a member of Carrick-on-Suir Town Council from 1988 to 2011, and served as Mayor of the town on two occasions.

He was the Labour Party candidate for the Tipperary South constituency at the 2001 by-election and at the 2002 general election but was not elected.

He was the Labour Party Seanad spokesperson on Environment and Defence from 2011 to 2016.

He retired from the Seanad on health grounds in November 2017.

Tipperary South (Dáil constituency)
Tipperary South is a parliamentary constituency represented in Dáil Éireann, the lower house of the Irish parliament or Oireachtas. The constituency elects three deputies (Teachtaí Dála, commonly known as TDs) on the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV).
Berliner Kunstpreis
The Berliner Kunstpreis (Berlin Art Prize), officially Großer Berliner Kunstpreis, is a prize for the arts by the City of Berlin. It was first awarded in 1948 in several fields of art. Since 1971, it has been awarded by the Academy of Arts (Akademie der Künste) on behalf of the Senate of Berlin. Annually one of its six sections, fine arts, architecture, music, literature, performing arts and film and media arts, gives the great prize, endowed with €15,000, whereas the other five sections annually award prizes endowed with €5,000.

Ernst Pepping
Ernst Pepping (12 September 1901 – 1 February 1981) was a German composer of classical music and academic teacher. He is regarded as an important composer of Protestant sacred music in the 20th century.

Pepping taught at the Spandauer Kirchenmusikschule and the Berliner Hochschule für Musik. His music includes works for instruments (three symphonies), the church (the motet Jesus und Nikodemus, the Missa Dona nobis pacem), and collections including the Spandauer Chorbuch (Spandau choir book) and the three volume Großes Orgelbuch (Great Organ Book), which provides pieces for the entire liturgical year.
Eldridge Bay
Eldridge Bay is a Canadian Arctic waterway located mainly in the Qikiqtaaluk Region or Nunavut but with a small portion in the southwest corner of the Inuvik Region of the Northwest Territories. Lying off the coast of Melville Island's Sabine Peninsula, the bay is an arm of Hecla and Griper Bay. To the south lies Sabine Bay.

Melville Island (Northwest Territories and Nunavut)
Melville Island (French: île Melville; Inuktitut: ᐃᓗᓪᓕᖅ, Ilulliq) is an uninhabited member of the Queen Elizabeth Islands of the Arctic Archipelago. With an area of 42,149 km2 (16,274 sq mi), it is the 33rd largest island in the world and Canada's eighth largest island.

Mountains on Melville Island, some of the largest in the western Canadian Arctic, reach heights of 750 m (2,460 ft).

Melville Island is shared by the Northwest Territories, which is responsible for the western half of the island, and Nunavut, which is responsible for most of the eastern half.  The border runs along the 110th meridian west. The eastern half of the island contains two subnational pene-exclaves that lie west of the 110th meridian and form part of the Northwest Territories. These can be reached by land only from Nunavut.
MAFFT
In bioinformatics, MAFFT (multiple alignment using fast Fourier transform) is a program used to create multiple sequence alignments of amino acid or nucleotide sequences. Published in 2002, the first version used an algorithm based on progressive alignment, in which the sequences were clustered with the help of the fast Fourier transform. Subsequent versions of MAFFT have added other algorithms and modes of operation, including options for faster alignment of large numbers of sequences, higher accuracy alignments, alignment of non-coding RNA sequences, and the addition of new sequences to existing alignments.

Non-coding RNA
A non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is a functional RNA molecule that is not translated into a protein. The DNA sequence from which a functional non-coding RNA is transcribed is often called an RNA gene. Abundant and functionally important types of non-coding RNAs include transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), as well as small RNAs such as microRNAs, siRNAs, piRNAs, snoRNAs, snRNAs, exRNAs, scaRNAs and the long ncRNAs such as Xist and HOTAIR.

The number of non-coding RNAs within the human genome is unknown; however, recent transcriptomic and bioinformatic studies suggest that there are thousands of non-coding transcripts. 
Many of the newly identified ncRNAs have unknown functions, if any. 
There is no consensus on how much of non-coding transcription is functional: some believe most ncRNAs to be non-functional "junk RNA", spurious transcriptions, while others expect that many non-coding transcripts have functions to be discovered.
Champions Sprint (VRC)
The Champions Sprint, registered as the Victoria Racing Club Stakes, is a Victoria Racing Club Group One  Thoroughbred horse race for horses aged three years old and over, under weight for age conditions, over a distance of 1200 metres held at Flemington Racecourse, Melbourne, Australia, on the last day of the VRC Spring Carnival. Total prize money for the race is A$3,000,000.

Victoria Racing Club
The Victoria Racing Club was founded in 1864. It was formed following the disbanding of the Victoria Turf Club and the Victoria Jockey Club. A legacy passed from the Victoria Turf Club was the annual "race that stops a nation", the Melbourne Cup, which was first contested in 1861.

From its foundation in 1864 until 2001, the Victoria Racing Club was the responsible authority for the conduct of thoroughbred racing in the State of Victoria, Australia. Since 2001, this role has been managed by Racing Victoria Limited.

The VRC is managed by an unpaid committee, elected by club members.

In 1871, the Victorian Government appointed the VRC as trustees of a site of 352 acres (1.4 km2) of Crown Land, next to the Maribyrnong River, which became known as Flemington Racecourse.
Much of the early success of the VRC is attributed to the administration of the first Secretary of the club, R. C. Bagot and his successors H. Byron Moore and A. V. Kewney.
WYBF
WYBF (89.1 FM, "Cavalier Radio") was a college radio station which broadcast in the Philadelphia area via a 700 watt transmitter that covered a 15-mile radius around Radnor, Pennsylvania; the station was owned by Cabrini College. WYBF had a freeform type of format, which allowed the student DJs to create their own playlists; however most of the music played on WYBF was of the modern rock genre.

The station's license was cancelled by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on August 25, 2022, at the request of the licensee. The closure of WYBF came after Cabrini College agreed to end its share-time agreement with Villanova University's WXVU; as part of the deal, Cabrini will be paid $125,000 upon FCC approval of WXVU's application for full-time operation. The "Cavalier Radio" programming continues to operate as an Internet radio station.

Radnor, Pennsylvania
Radnor is a community which straddles Montgomery and Delaware Counties, Pennsylvania, United States. It is located approximately 13 miles west of Philadelphia, in the Main Line suburbs. The community was named after Radnor, in Wales.

Radnor is home to Cabrini University and a large office complex by the train station. The southern portion, by Lancaster Avenue, was rapidly commercialized in the 1980s, and it is currently one of suburban Philadelphia's premier office destinations.
Cumberland Valley Rail Trail
Cumberland Valley Rail Trail (CVRT) is a National Recreation Trail rail trail that follows the former Cumberland Valley Railroad corridor for 9.5 miles in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania. CVRT travels through the farmlands from Shippensburg to Newville.

Rail trail
A rail trail or railway walk is a shared-use path on a railway right of way. Rail trails are typically constructed after a railway has been abandoned and the track has been removed; in addition, rails with trails share the rail corridor with active railways, light rail or with disused track. As shared-use paths, rail trails are primarily for non-motorised traffic including pedestrians, bicycles, horseback riders, skaters and cross-country skiers, although snowmobiles and all-terrain vehicles may be allowed. The characteristics of abandoned railways lend themselves to rail trails and account for their popularity; these include gentle grades, well-engineered rights of way and structures (bridges and tunnels), and passage through historical areas. Many rail trails are long-distance trails, while some shorter rail trails are known as greenways or linear parks.
Nova Roma
Nova Roma (English: New Rome) is an international Roman reconstructionist, cultural revivalist, and educational nonprofit organization formed in 1998, later incorporated in Maine. Nova Roma is dedicated to promoting "the restoration of classical Roman religion, culture, and virtues" and "shared Roman ideals".

Notable for providing extensive resources about Roman culture, Latin, ancient Roman costuming and reenactment, Nova Roma aims to be more than a community of reenactors or history study group. Based on the reconstructed Roman ceremonies and spiritual aspects of the activities of Nova Roma, Strimska, Davy, Adler, Gallagher-Ashcraft, and Chryssides have noted its importance to Roman reconstructionism. Because it has a structure based on the ancient Roman Republic, with a senate, magistrates, laws enacted by vote of the comitia, its own coinage, and its self-identity as a "sovereign nation", some outside observers classify it as a micronation.

Executive magistrates of the Roman Republic
The executive magistrates of the Roman Republic were officials of the ancient Roman Republic (c. 510 BC – 44 BC), elected by the People of Rome. Ordinary magistrates (magistratus) were divided into several ranks according to their role and the power they wielded:  censors, consuls (who functioned as the regular head of state), praetors, curule aediles, and finally quaestor. Any magistrate could obstruct (veto) an action that was being taken by a magistrate with an equal or lower degree of magisterial powers. By definition, plebeian tribunes and plebeian aediles were technically not magistrates as they were elected only by the plebeians, but no ordinary magistrate could veto any of their actions. Dictator was an extraordinary magistrate normally elected in times of emergency (usually military) for a short period. During this period, the dictator's power over the Roman government was absolute, as they were not checked by any institution or magistrate.
Merle Haggard's Christmas Present
Merle Haggard's Christmas Present is the eighteenth studio album by American country singer Merle Haggard backed by The Strangers, released in 1973. The single, "If We Make It Through December" spent four weeks at No. 1 on the Billboard magazine Hot Country Singles chart in December 1973 and January 1974, and cracked the Top 30 of the Billboard Hot 100. "If We Make It Through December" was the No. 2 song of the year on Billboard's Hot Country Singles 1974 year-end chart.

The original LP release of the album carries the subtitle Something Old, Something New.

The Strangers (American band)
The Strangers were an American country band that formed in 1966 in Bakersfield, California. They mainly served as the backup band for singer-songwriter Merle Haggard, who named them after his first hit single "(My Friends Are Gonna Be) Strangers". In addition to serving as his backing band, members of the Strangers also produced many of Haggard's records, sang lead vocals on select tracks, and co-wrote many of Haggard's songs with him, including the No. 1 singles, "Okie From Muskogee" and "I Always Get Lucky with You".

From 1969 to 1973, they issued several records independent of Haggard, released on Capitol Records, and even had their own Top 10 hit single called "Street Singer" on the Billboard Hot Country Songs Chart. Three members of the Strangers would go on to be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Between 1969 and 1987, the Strangers were voted Band of the Year by the Academy of Country Music eight times—more than any other group in history.
Athletics at the 2015 Parapan American Games – Men's 100 metres T42
The men's T42 100 metres competition of the athletics events at the 2015 Parapan American Games was held on August 11 at the CIBC Athletics Stadium. The defending Parapan American Games champion was Shaquille Vance of the United States of America.

York Lions Stadium
43°46′30″N 79°30′25″W﻿ / ﻿43.775°N 79.507°W﻿ / 43.775; -79.507

York Lions Stadium is an outdoor sports stadium on the Keele Campus of Toronto's York University in the former city of North York. It is home to the York Lions, the varsity teams of York University, the Toronto Arrows of Major League Rugby and Inter Toronto of the Canadian Premier League. The facility was primarily built for the 2015 Pan American and Parapan American Games, where it hosted track and field events and the opening ceremony. In 2021, the stadium's running track was removed to expand the playing surface used for football and soccer.
Cycles of Time
Cycles of Time: An Extraordinary New View of the Universe is a science book by mathematical physicist Roger Penrose published by The Bodley Head in 2010. The book outlines Penrose's Conformal Cyclic Cosmology (CCC) model, which is an extension of general relativity but opposed to the widely supported multidimensional string theories and cosmological inflation following the Big Bang.

Mathematical physics
Mathematical physics is the development of mathematical methods for application to problems in physics. The Journal of Mathematical Physics defines the field as "the application of mathematics to problems in physics and the development of mathematical methods suitable for such applications and for the formulation of physical theories". An alternative definition would also include those mathematics that are inspired by physics, known as physical mathematics.