hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Any-source multicast
Any-source multicast (ASM) is the older and more usual form of multicast where multiple senders can be on the same group/channel, as opposed to source-specific multicast where a single particular source is specified.

Any-source multicast allows a host computer to map IPs and then sends IPs to a number of groups via IP address. This method of multicasting allows hosts to transmit to/from groups without any restriction on the location of end-user computers by allowing any receiving host group computer to become a transmission source. Bandwidth usage is nominal allowing Video Conferencing to be used extensively. However, this type of multicast is vulnerable in that it allows for unauthorized traffic and denial-of-service attacks.

Commonly, any-source multicast is used in IGMP version 2; however, it can also be used in PIM-SM, MSDP, and MBGP. ASM utilizes IPv4 in association with the previously stated protocols; in addition, MLDv1 protocol is used for IPv6 addresses.

IPv4
Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is the first version of the Internet Protocol (IP) as a standalone specification. It is one of the core protocols of standards-based internetworking methods in the Internet and other packet-switched networks. IPv4 was the first version deployed for production on SATNET in 1982 and on the ARPANET in January 1983. It is still used to route most Internet traffic today, even with the ongoing deployment of Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6), its successor.

IPv4 uses a 32-bit address space which provides 4,294,967,296 (232) unique addresses, but large blocks are reserved for special networking purposes. This quantity of unique addresses is not large enough to meet the needs of the global Internet, which has caused a significant issue known as IPv4 address exhaustion during the ongoing transition to IPv6.
Jefferson Stafford
Chester Jefferson "Jeff" Stafford (April 20, 1939 – July 24, 1990) was a Virginia lawyer and politician. Elected in 1971 as a Republican member of the Virginia House of Delegates, he represented what had been Virginia's 12th district but was renumbered Virginia's 5th district after the 1972 census, which included parts of Carroll, Giles, Montgomery, and Pulaski counties; and the city of Radford from 1972 until his death.

Radford, Virginia
Radford (formerly Lovely Mount, Central City, English Ferry and Ingle's Ferry) is an independent city in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of 2020, the population was 16,070 by the United States Census Bureau. For statistical purposes, the Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the city of Radford with neighboring Montgomery County.

Radford is included in the Blacksburg–Christiansburg metropolitan area.

Radford is the home of Radford University. Despite its name, the Radford Arsenal, historically a major employer of   city residents, is in neighboring Pulaski and Montgomery counties. Radford City has four schools: McHarg Elementary, Belle Heth Elementary, Dalton Intermediate, and Radford High School.
Grain quality
In agriculture, grain quality judgement depends on the intended use of the grain. In ethanol production, aspects of the chemical composition of grain–and specific aspects such as starch content–are considered important. In food processing and feed manufacturing, properties such as protein, oil, and sugar are significant. In the milling industry, soundness is the most important factor. For grain farmers, high germination percentage and seed dormancy are the main features to consider. For consumers, sensory properties such as color and flavor are most important.

Fiber
Fiber (spelled fibre in British English; from Latin: fibra) is a natural or artificial substance that is significantly longer than it is wide. Fibers are often used in the manufacture of other materials. The strongest engineering materials often incorporate fibers, for example carbon fiber and ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene.

Synthetic fibers can often be produced very cheaply and in large amounts compared to natural fibers, but for clothing natural fibers have some benefits, such as comfort, over their synthetic counterparts.
2020 Thailand Open (tennis)
The 2020 Thailand Open (also known as the GSB Thailand Open presented by E@ for sponsorship reasons) was a Women's Tennis Association (WTA) tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 2nd edition of the Hua Hin Championships as part of the WTA International tournaments of the 2020 WTA Tour. It took place at the True Arena Hua Hin in Hua Hin, Thailand, from 10 February to 16 February 2020.

Ellen Perez
Ellen Perez (born 10 October 1995) is an Australian professional tennis player.
Her career-high rankings in singles and doubles are world No. 162 and No. 7, achieved in August 2019 and in April 2024, respectively.
She has won eight doubles titles on the WTA Tour, three doubles titles on the Challenger Tour, as well as two singles and 19 doubles titles on the ITF Circuit.

Perez made her major main-draw debut at the 2016 Australian Open in doubles with Belinda Woolcock; they lost in the first round to Jessica Moore and Storm Sanders. Perez made her first singles major appearance at the 2016 US Open, after winning the Australian Wildcard Play-off.
Investigations in Numbers, Data, and Space
Investigations in Numbers, Data, and Space is a K–5 mathematics curriculum, developed at TERC in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. The curriculum is often referred to as Investigations or simply TERC. Patterned after the NCTM standards for mathematics, it is among the most widely used of the new reform mathematics curricula. As opposed to referring to textbooks and having teachers impose methods for solving arithmetic problems, the TERC program uses a constructivist approach that encourages students to develop their own understanding of mathematics. The curriculum underwent a major revision in 2005–2007.

Constructivist teaching methods
Constructivist teaching  is based on constructivism. Constructivist teaching is based on the belief that learning occurs as learners are actively involved in a process of meaning and knowledge construction as opposed to passively receiving information.
Inner Knowledge
Inner Knowledge is the debut solo studio album by Bengali Baul singer and musician Paban Das Baul. The album was released in the United Kingdom on 4 November 1997 by Real World Records and was produced by Michael Brook.

Baul
The Baul (Bengali: বাউল) are a group of mystic minstrels of mixed elements of Sufism and Vaishnava Sahajiya from different parts of Bangladesh and the Indian states of West Bengal, Tripura and Assam's Barak Valley and Meghalaya. Bauls constitute both a syncretic religious sect of troubadours and a musical tradition. Bauls are a very heterogeneous group, with many sects, but their membership mainly consists of Gaudiya Vaishnava Bengali Hindus and Sufi Bengali Muslims. They can often be identified by their distinctive clothes and musical instruments. Lalon Shah is regarded as the most celebrated Baul saint in history.

Although Bauls constitute only a small fraction of the Bengali population, their influence on the culture of Bengal is considerable. In 2005, the "Baul tradition of Bangladesh" was included in the list of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO.
Mike Horacek
Mickal Lee Horacek (born July 7, 1973) is an American former professional football wide receiver who played in the Arena Football League (AFL). He played college football at Iowa State. Horacek played professionally for the Iowa Barnstormers, New Jersey / Las Vegas Gladiators, Indiana Firebirds, New York Dragons and the Kansas City Brigade. His best season as a professional came in 2000, when he won the Arena Football League Offensive Player of the Year Award.

After retiring from football, Horacek became a realtor in Omaha.

Kansas City Command
The Kansas City Command (formerly the Kansas City Brigade) were a professional arena football team that played in the Arena Football League (AFL). The team was founded before the 2006 season. Former Kansas City Chiefs strong safety Kevin Porter served as head coach. The team's new head coach in 2011 was Danton Barto.

The team played at Kemper Arena in Kansas City, Missouri and later moved to the Sprint Center in downtown Kansas City for the 2008 AFL season. The team was owned by a Kansas City local, Chris Likens. One of the most notable co-owners is former Kansas City Chiefs star Neil Smith. Captain Max Runway was named the mascot of the team in June 2007.
Arctotheca forbesiana
Arctotheca forbesiana is a plant belonging to the genus Arctotheca. The species is endemic to the Western Cape and occurs from Malmesbury to Somerset West, Caledon and Elim. The plant is part of the fynbos and renosterveld vegetation. Although the area of occurrence is 4,266 km2, the area of occupation is smaller than 10 km2. The plant has given up large parts of its habitat to crop cultivation and suburban development, especially on the Cape Flats and at the Strand. The subpopulations at Faure, Kraaifontein and Raapenberg have been lost. Low-cost
housing is also a threat at Caledon.

Kraaifontein
Kraaifontein is a town in the Western Cape province of South Africa and is located on the north-eastern outskirts of the City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality.

The name originated from the large number of crows (Kraai in Afrikaans) that nest in the region.

The name is derived from the Xam word !gauru, ‘crow, white crow’, and kamma, therefore its ǀXam name was !gaurukamma.

Phonetically, the town’s name is pronounced as "Cry-phontaine".
Philipp Müller (politician)
Philipp Müller (born 5 November 1952, in Mogelsberg, St. Gallen) is a Swiss politician and was the leader of FDP.The Liberals from 2012 until 16 April 2016. He served in the National Council from 2003 to 2015, before being elected to the Council of States in 2016, representing Aargau.

Council of States (Switzerland)
The Council of States is a house of the Federal Assembly of Switzerland, the other house  being the National Council. As the powers of the houses are the same, it is sometimes called perfect bicameralism.

It comprises 46 members. Twenty of the country's cantons are represented by two councillors each. Six cantons, traditionally called "half cantons", are represented by one councillor each for historical reasons. These are Obwalden, Nidwalden, Basel-Stadt, Basel-Landschaft, Appenzell Ausserrhoden and Appenzell Innerrhoden. The councillors serve for four years, and are not bound in their vote to instructions from the cantonal authorities.
Tomoki Nojiri
Tomoki Nojiri (野尻智紀, Nojiri Tomoki; born 15 September 1989) is a Japanese racing driver who currently competes as a Honda factory driver in Super GT for ARTA and in Super Formula for Team Mugen, where he won the championship title in 2021 and 2022.

Super GT
Super GT (stylized as SUPER GT) is a sports car racing series that began in 1993. Launched as the All Japan Grand Touring Car Championship (全日本GT選手権, Zen Nihon GT Senshūken), the series was renamed to Super GT in 2005. It is the top level of sports car racing in Japan.

The series is sanctioned by the Japan Automobile Federation (JAF) and managed by the GT Association (GTA). Autobacs has been the title sponsor of the series and its predecessor since 1998.
Verkhneye Labkomakhi
Verkhneye Labkomakhi (Russian: Верхнее Лабкомахи; Dargwa: ЧебяхӀ Лябхъумахьи) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative centre of Verkhne-Labkomakhinsky Selsoviet, Levashinsky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. The population was 741 as of 2010. There are 22 streets.

Levashinsky District
Levashinsky District (Russian: Левашинский райо́н; Dargwa: Лавашала къатI; Avar: Лаваша мухъ) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the forty-one in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia. It is located in the center of the republic. The area of the district is 830 square kilometers (320 sq mi).  Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Levashi. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 70,704, with the population of Levashi accounting for 14.2% of that number.
Church of St George, Whatley
The Anglican Church of St George in Whatley, within the English county of Somerset, dates from the 14th century. It is a Grade II* listed building.

Parts of the church survive from the 14th century, however extensive restoration was undertaken in 1859 and 1870. The three stage tower is supported by diagonal buttresses. Within the tower are a peel of six bells.

There is a Sarsen stone in the church which may have pagan origins.

The parish is part of the benefice of Mells with Buckland Dinham, Chantry, Great Elm and  Whatley within the Diocese of Bath and Wells.

Buckland Dinham
Buckland Dinham is a small village near Frome in Somerset, England. The village has a population of 381.  The village's main industry is farming (arable and dairy), but the village is also a dormitory village for the nearby cities of Bath and Bristol.
Lowelltown, Maine
Lowelltown is a township in the North Franklin Unorganized Territory of Franklin County, Maine. It is located 3 miles from the border between Maine and Canada, and is situated on Moose River. Its village center contains a handful of homesteads and is right along the retired line of International Railway of Maine at the end of Lowelltown Road.

Franklin County, Maine
Franklin County is a county located in the state of Maine, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 29,456, making it the second-least populous county in Maine. Its county seat is Farmington. The county was established on May 9, 1838, and named for Benjamin Franklin.
Glyptocera
Glyptocera is a genus of snout moths. It was described by Ragonot in 1889, and contains the species G. consobrinella. It is found in eastern North America, including Alabama, Florida, Illinois, Maryland, Michigan, Mississippi, Nova Scotia, Ohio, Oklahoma, Ontario, and Quebec.

The larvae feed on Viburnum (including Viburnum lentago) and Acer species.

Pyralidae
The Pyralidae, commonly called pyralid moths, snout moths or grass moths, are a family of Lepidoptera in the ditrysian superfamily Pyraloidea. In many (particularly older) classifications, the grass moths (Crambidae) are included in the Pyralidae as a subfamily, making the combined group one of the largest families in the Lepidoptera. The latest review by Eugene G. Munroe and Maria Alma Solis retain the Crambidae as a full family of Pyraloidea.

The wingspans for small and medium-sized species are usually between 9 and 37 mm (0.35 and 1.46 in) with variable morphological features.

It is a diverse group, with more than 6,000 species described worldwide, and more than 600 species in America north of Mexico, comprising the third largest moth family in North America. At least 42 species have been recorded from North Dakota in the subfamilies of Pyralidae.
KSIV (AM)
KSIV (1320 AM) is a non-commercial radio station licensed to Clayton, Missouri, and serving the Greater St. Louis region. KSIV airs the Christian talk and teaching programming of the Bott Radio Network and is one of the network's two stations in St. Louis, alongside KSIV-FM (91.5). KSIV's AM transmitter site is located along Deer Creek in Webster Groves, near Brentwood. In addition to a standard analog transmission, KSIV is relayed over low-power FM translator K240ES (95.9 FM) in St. Louis, broadcasting from the master FM tower in Crestwood.

Webster Groves, Missouri
Webster Groves is an inner-ring suburb of St. Louis in St. Louis County, Missouri, United States. The population was 24,010 at the 2020 census. The city is home to the main campus of Webster University.
Zieria fordii
Zieria fordii, commonly known as Ford's stink bush, is a species of flowering plant that is endemic to North Queensland in Australia. It is a shrub with many stems, densely covered with star shaped hairs, hairy trifoliate leaves, white flowers borne singly or in groups of up to three and hairy fruits containing a shiny seed.

North Queensland
North Queensland or the Northern Region is the northern part of the Australian state of Queensland that lies just south of Far North Queensland. Queensland is a massive state, larger than many countries, and its tropical northern part has been historically remote and undeveloped, resulting in a distinctive regional character and identity.  The region is prone to floods and cyclones.

The region has a population of 231,628 and covers 80,041.5 km2 (30,904.2 sq mi).
Pioneer Mountain (Idaho)
Pioneer Mountain at 10,525 feet (3,208 m) high is a peak in the Pioneer Mountains on the border of Blaine and Custer counties in Idaho. The peak is also located on the border of Sawtooth and Salmon-Challis National Forests. The isolation of Pioneer Mountain is 1.47 miles (2.37 km). The southern and western slopes of the peak are drained by tributaries of Muldoon Creek, which as a tributary of the Little Wood River. The northern and eastern slopes are drained by tributaries of Star Hope Creek, which is a tributary of the Big Lost River.

Little Wood River (Idaho)
Little Wood River is a 130-mile-long (210 km) river in south-central Idaho in the United States. It is a tributary of the Malad River, which in turn is a tributary to the Snake River and Columbia River.
11th Manitoba Legislature
The members of the 11th Manitoba Legislature were elected in the Manitoba general election held in July 1903. The legislature sat from January 7, 1904, to February 28, 1907.

The Conservatives led by Rodmond Roblin formed the government.

Thomas Greenway of the Liberal Party served as Leader of the Opposition. After Greenway entered federal politics in November 1904, Charles Mickle became opposition leader.

James Johnson served as speaker for the assembly.

There were four sessions of the 11th Legislature:

Daniel Hunter McMillan was Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba.

Daniel Hunter McMillan
Sir Daniel Hunter McMillan, KCMG (January 14, 1846 – April 14, 1933) was a Manitoba politician.  He was a cabinet minister in Thomas Greenway's government from 1889 to 1900, and served as the seventh Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba from 1900 to 1911.
Hanna Sköld
Hanna Sköld (born 4 July 1997) is a Swedish ice hockey forward, currently playing for Leksands IF Dam in the Swedish Women's Hockey League (SDHL). She served as Leksands captain during 2019 to 2022, and has appeared intermittently with the Swedish national team.

Sweden women's national ice hockey team
The Swedish women's national ice hockey team (Swedish: Sveriges damlandslag i ishockey) or Damkronorna ("the Lady Crowns" in Swedish) represents Sweden at the International Ice Hockey Federation's IIHF World Women's Championships. The women's national team is organized by the Swedish Ice Hockey Association. Sweden had 3,425 female players registered with the IIHF in 2011.
ET3 Global Alliance
ET3 Global Alliance is an American open consortium of licensees that has tried to implement the Evacuated Tube Transport (ET3). It was founded by Daryl Oster in 1997.

The stated goal of the consortium was to build a global transportation system using car-sized capsules traveling in 1.5-meter-diameter tubes via frictionless superconductive maglev. Oster claims that the ET3 system will cost only 20 cents' worth of electrical energy to get up to 350 mph (560 km/h). ET3 claims that initial systems would travel at the speed of 600 km/h (370 mph) for in-state trips and later will be developed to 6,500 km/h (4,000 mph, hypersonic speed).

Hypersonic speed
In aerodynamics, hypersonic speed refers to speeds much faster than the speed of sound, usually more than approximately Mach 5.

The precise Mach number at which a craft can be said to be flying at hypersonic speed varies, since individual physical changes in the airflow (like molecular dissociation and ionization) occur at different speeds; these effects collectively become important around Mach 5–10. The hypersonic regime can also be alternatively defined as speeds where specific heat capacity changes with the temperature of the flow as the kinetic energy of the moving object is converted into heat.

Hypersonic weapons are typically boost-glide vehicles or cruise missiles designed for aerodynamic flight and maneuvering above Mach 5.

High hypersonic speeds are experienced during atmospheric entry. Spaceplanes are designed to be capable of flight in this regime. The North American X-15 and the Space Shuttle orbiter are the only crewed vehicles to fly above Mach 5.
San Justo Dam
San Justo Dam is a dam and reservoir in San Benito County, California, about three miles (5 km) southwest of Hollister.  The dam provides offstream water storage for the federal Central Valley Project via the Pacheco Conduit and Hollister Conduit fed by the San Luis Reservoir.

Completed in January 1986, the dam is an earthfill structure 151 feet (46 m) high.  Along with a companion dike structure 79 feet (24 m) high, it forms a reservoir with a capacity of about 9,785 acre-feet (12 million cubic meters).

San Justo Reservoir was closed in 2008 following a zebra mussel infection and remains closed until further notice.

San Benito County, California
San Benito County (/ˌsæn bəˈniːtoʊ/ ⓘ; San Benito, Spanish for "St. Benedict"), officially the County of San Benito, is a county located in the Central Coast region of California. Situated in the California Coast Ranges, the county had a population of 64,209, as of the 2020 United States census. The county seat is the city of Hollister.

San Benito County is included in the San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA Combined Statistical Area. El Camino Real passes through the county and includes one mission in San Juan Bautista.
Portrait of Count Arese in Prison
Portrait of Count Arese in Prison (Italian: Ritratto del Conte Arese in carcere) is an 1828 portrait painting by the Italian artist Francesco Hayez. It depicts the aristocrat and supporter of Italian unification Francesco Teodoro Arese Lucini, who had been imprisoned by the Austrian authorities for three years in Špilberk Castle for his role in the 1821 Milan uprising.

The work was commissioned by Arese, who wanted to be depicted unconventionally as a victim of the Italian national cause by being portrayed in a bare prison cell with chains around his ankles. Since 2023 the painting has been in the collection of the Gallery of Modern Art in Florence.

Aristocracy (class)
The aristocracy (from Greek ἀριστοκρατία aristokratía, "rule of the best"; Latin: aristocratia) is historically associated with a "hereditary" or a "ruling" social class. In many states, the aristocracy included the upper class with hereditary rank and titles. They are usually below only the monarch of a country or nation in its social hierarchy.
Prion, Denbighshire
Prion is a village in the Vale of Clwyd, and is located in the community of Llanrhaeadr-yng-Nghinmeirch in Denbighshire, Wales, about two miles south of the town of Denbigh and on the northern border of the Denbigh Moors. There is no centre for the village, just a collection of scattered houses and farms. Ysgol Pantpastynog primary school, Capel Prion (Presbyterian) and Saint James' Church (closed in 2008) are in the village.

Vale of Clwyd
The Vale of Clwyd (Welsh: Dyffryn Clwyd) is a tract of low-lying ground in the county of Denbighshire in north-east Wales. The Vale extends south-southwestwards from the coast of the Irish Sea for some 20 miles (about 30 km) forming a triangle of low ground bounded on its eastern side by the well-defined scarp of the Clwydian Range and to the west by numerous low hills. The River Clwyd (Welsh: Afon Clwyd) which rises within Clocaenog Forest, southwest of Denbigh, runs the full length of the vale. It is joined by the two major left bank tributaries of the River Clywedog (Welsh: Afon Clywedog) and River Elwy (Welsh: Afon Elwy) and the smaller right bank tributary of the River Wheeler (Welsh: Afon Chwiler).