hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Overproduction
In economics, overproduction, oversupply, excess of supply, or glut refers to excess of supply over demand of products being offered to the market. This leads to lower prices and/or unsold goods along with the possibility of unemployment.

The demand side equivalent is underconsumption; some consider supply and demand two sides to the same coin – excess supply is only relative to a given demand, and insufficient demand is only relative to a given supply – and thus consider overproduction and underconsumption equivalent.

In lean thinking, overproduction of goods or goods in process is seen as one of the seven wastes (Japanese term: muda) which do not add value to a product, and is considered "the most serious" of the seven.

Overproduction is often attributed to previous overinvestment – creation of excess productive capacity, which must then either lie idle (or under capacity), which is unprofitable, or produce an excess supply.

Excess supply
In economics, an excess supply, economic surplus market surplus or briefly supply is a situation in which the quantity of a good or service supplied is more than the quantity demanded, and the price is above the equilibrium level determined by supply and demand. That is, the quantity of the product that producers wish to sell exceeds the quantity that potential buyers are willing to buy at the prevailing price.  It is the opposite of an economic shortage (excess demand).

In cultural evolution, agricultural surplus in the Neolithic period is theorized to have produced a greater division of labor, resulting in social stratification and class.
Gigi (novella)
Gigi (pronounced [ʒi.ʒi]) is a 1944 novella by French writer Colette. The plot concerns a young Parisian girl who is being prepared for a career as a courtesan by her grandmother. The novel also describes her relationship with Gaston, a wealthy, cultured family friend who falls in love with her and eventually marries her.

The novel was translated into English by Roger Senhouse and published (with "The Cat" translated by Antonia White) in 1953.

The life story of Yola Letellier, 
the wife of Henri Letellier (publisher of Le Journal and mayor of Deauville (1925–1928)), was the inspiration for the novel.

Antonia White
Antonia White (born Eirene Adeline Botting; 31 March 1899 – 10 April 1980) was a British writer and translator, known primarily for Frost in May, a semi-autobiographical novel set in a convent school. It was the first book reissued by Virago Press in 1978, as part of their Modern Classics series of books by previously neglected women authors.
Otto Piisinen
Otto Piisinen (17 August 1885, Kuopion maalaiskunta – 15 August 1965) was a Finnish journalist and politician. He was a Member of the Parliament of Finland from 1913 to 1917, representing the Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP). He belonged to the right wing of the party and, unlike most members of his party, sided with the Whites during the Finnish Civil War of 1918. Moving even further to the right, he was later active in the Patriotic People's Movement (IKL).

Patriotic People's Movement
Patriotic People's Movement (Finnish: Isänmaallinen kansanliike, IKL, Swedish: Fosterländska folkrörelsen) was a Finnish nationalist and anti-communist political party. IKL was the successor of the previously banned Lapua Movement. It existed from 1932 to 1944 and had an ideology similar to its predecessor, except that IKL participated in elections with limited success.
Histoire de Melody Nelson
Histoire de Melody Nelson (French: [istwaʁ də melɔdi nɛlsɔn]; "Story of Melody Nelson") is a 1971 concept album by French singer and songwriter Serge Gainsbourg, arranged and co-written by Jean-Claude Vannier. Produced by Jean-Claude Desmarty, the album was released on March 24, 1971 through Philips Records. Its narrative follows an illicit romance which develops between the middle-aged narrator and fourteen-year-old girl Melody Nelson, portrayed on the album and its cover art by Gainsbourg's then-partner Jane Birkin.

Histoire de Melody Nelson is considered by many critics and fans to be Gainsbourg's most influential and accomplished work, as well as one of the greatest French-language albums in popular music history.

Jarvis Cocker
Jarvis Branson Cocker (born 19 September 1963) is an English singer and musician. As the founder, frontman, lyricist and only consistent member of the band Pulp, he became a reluctant figurehead of the Britpop genre of the mid-1990s. Cocker has also pursued a solo career, and for seven years he presented the BBC Radio 6 Music show Jarvis Cocker's Sunday Service.
Alan Bennion
Alan Bennion (18 April 1930 – 27 July 2018) was a British actor. He was best known for his work on the science fiction television series Doctor Who and the police drama Z-Cars. He made a total of five appearances on Z-Cars, and appeared in the Doctor Who serials The Seeds of Death, The Curse of Peladon and The Monster of Peladon, each time playing a different "Ice Lord".

He also appeared in a 1971 production of Hamlet with Sir Ian McKellen and Tim Pigott-Smith.

The Seeds of Death
The Seeds of Death is the fifth serial of the sixth season of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who. Written by Brian Hayles and an uncredited Terrance Dicks and directed by Michael Ferguson, it originally aired in six weekly parts on BBC1 from 25 January to 1 March 1969. It sees the return of the Ice Warriors, previously introduced by Hayles in the 1967 serial The Ice Warriors.

The serial is set in London and on the Moon in the late 21st century. In the serial, the time traveller the Second Doctor (Patrick Troughton) and his travelling companions Jamie McCrimmon (Frazer Hines) and Zoe Heriot (Wendy Padbury), along with the technicians Gia Kelly (Louise Pajo) and Phipps (Christopher Coll), try to prevent the Ice Warriors' plot to make the Earth's atmosphere inhospitable to humans but viable for the Ice Warriors to invade.
Tŷ Mawr Wybrnant
Tŷ Mawr Wybrnant is a house located in the Wybrnant Valley, in the community of Bro Machno, near Betws-y-Coed in Conwy County Borough, North Wales. It was the birthplace of Bishop William Morgan, first translator of the whole Bible into Welsh.

Conwy County Borough
Conwy County Borough (Welsh: Bwrdeistref Sirol Conwy) is a county borough in the north of Wales. It borders Gwynedd to the west and south and Denbighshire to the east. The largest settlement is Colwyn Bay, and Conwy is the administrative centre.

Conwy has an area of 1,126 square kilometres (435 sq mi) and a population of 114,891 in 2024, making it sparsely populated. The population is concentrated along the coast, along which are several seaside resorts and the county's largest towns: Colwyn Bay (34,284), Llandudno (20,701), and Conwy (14,753). Inland is much less populous, and the only town is Llanrwst (3,323).
New Mexico State Road 271
State Road 271 (NM 271) is a 24.1-mile-long (38.8 km) state highway in the US state of New Mexico. NM 271's southern terminus is at the end of state maintenance at the Mora/ San Miguel County line, and the northern terminus is at NM 120 in Wagon Mound.

San Miguel County, New Mexico
San Miguel County (Spanish: Condado de San Miguel) is a county in the U.S. state of New Mexico. As of the 2020 census, the population was 27,201. Its county seat is Las Vegas.

San Miguel County comprises the Las Vegas Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Albuquerque–Santa Fe–Las Vegas combined statistical area.
Tephromela
Tephromela is a genus of lichens in the family Tephromelataceae. There are about 50 species in this widespread genus. The genus was established in 1929 by the French lichenologist Maurice Choisy, who separated these species from the broader genus Lecanora based on their distinctive straight asexual spores and dark violet spore-bearing layers. These rock and bark-dwelling lichens are characterized by their white to pale grey crusty growth and black disc-shaped reproductive structures with purple-tinted interiors.

Medulla (lichenology)
The medulla is a horizontal layer within a lichen thallus.  It is a loosely arranged layer of interlaced hyphae below the upper cortex and photobiont zone, but above the lower cortex. The medulla generally has a cottony appearance.  It is the widest layer of a heteromerous lichen thallus.
Caroline (The Badloves song)
"Caroline" is a song by Australian band the Badloves, released in August 1995 as the lead single from the band's second studio album, Holy Roadside (1995). The song peaked at number 63 on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart.

Holy Roadside
Holy Roadside is the second studio album by Australian rock and pop band The Badloves. The album was released in October 1995, peaked at number 14 and was certified gold.

At the ARIA Music Awards of 1996, the album earned The Badloves a nomination for ARIA Award for Best Group and Doug Roberts for Producer of the Year.
Marquette Transportation Company
The Marquette Transportation Company is a marine transportation company based in Paducah, Kentucky, United States.

According to the company website, Marquette operates over 800 barges with a fleet of more than 50 line-haul vessels, over 60 inland towing vessels, and 9 offshore tugboats. The company operates on the Mississippi River, the Ohio River, the Illinois River, the Tennessee River, the Arkansas River, the Cumberland River, the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway, the Intracoastal Waterway (Brownsville, TX to St. Marks, FL), the Eastern Seaboard, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean.

Marquette operates in three divisions of marine transportation: River, Gulf-Inland, and Offshore Transportation. In addition to transportation services for dry, liquid, and specialty cargo, Marquette provides marine towing, dredge support, and oilfield services.

Tennessee River
The Tennessee River is a 652 mi (1,049 km) long river located in the southeastern United States. Flowing through the Tennessee Valley in the states of Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, and Kentucky, it begins at the confluence of French Broad and Holston rivers at Knoxville, and drains into the Ohio River near Paducah, Kentucky. It is the largest tributary of the Ohio, and drains a basin of 40,876 sq mi (105,870 km2).

Its tributary, the Little Tennessee River, flows into it from Western North Carolina and northeastern Georgia.
John J. St. John
John J. St. John (1857–1930) was a merchant and politician in Newfoundland. He represented Harbour Main in the Newfoundland House of Assembly from 1897 to 1900 as a Conservative and from 1900 to 1904 as a Liberal.

The son of James St. John and Mary Hunt, he was born in Conception Harbour and was educated in Avondale, in Brigus and at Saint Bonaventure's College. After completing his education, he joined a firm of dry goods merchants. In 1888, St. John set up his own grocery business. He retired from politics in 1904 and returned to his business interests.

St. John married Margaret Hackett.

Newfoundland Colony
Newfoundland was an English, and later British, colony established in 1610 on the island of Newfoundland. That followed decades of sporadic English settlement on the island, which was at first only seasonal. Newfoundland was made a Crown colony in 1824 and a dominion in 1907. Its economy collapsed during the Great Depression. On 16 February 1934, the Newfoundland legislature agreed to the creation of a six-member Commission of Government to govern the country. In 1949, the country voted to join Canada as the province of Newfoundland.
Ultrafiltration
Ultrafiltration (UF) is a variety of membrane filtration in which forces such as pressure or concentration gradients lead to a separation through a semipermeable membrane. Suspended solids and solutes of high molecular weight are retained in the so-called retentate, while water and low molecular weight solutes pass through the membrane in the permeate (filtrate). This separation process is used in industry and research for purifying and concentrating macromolecular (103–106 Da) solutions, especially protein solutions.

Ultrafiltration is not fundamentally different from microfiltration. Both of these are separate based on size exclusion or particle capture. It is fundamentally different from membrane gas separation, which separate based on different amounts of absorption and different rates of diffusion. Ultrafiltration membranes are defined by the molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of the membrane used. Ultrafiltration is applied in cross-flow or dead-end mode.

Fick's laws of diffusion
Fick's laws of diffusion describe diffusion and were first posited by Adolf Fick in 1855 on the basis of largely experimental results. They can be used to solve for the diffusion coefficient, D. Fick's first law can be used to derive his second law, which in turn is identical to the diffusion equation.

Fick's first law: Movement of particles from high to low concentration (diffusive flux) is directly proportional to the particle's concentration gradient.

Fick's second law: Prediction of change in concentration gradient with time due to diffusion.

A diffusion process that obeys Fick's laws is called normal or Fickian diffusion; otherwise, it is called anomalous diffusion or non-Fickian diffusion.
French rule in the Ionian Islands
The Ionian Islands were twice under French rule:

French rule in the Ionian Islands (1797–1799), under the First French Republic

French rule in the Ionian Islands (1807–1814), under the First French Empire

French rule in the Ionian Islands (1807–1814)
The second period of French rule in the Ionian Islands (Greek: Δεύτερη Γαλλοκρατία των Επτανήσων) began in August 1807, when the Septinsular Republic, a Russian protectorate comprising the seven Ionian Islands, was occupied by the First French Empire in accordance with the Treaty of Tilsit. The French annexed the Republic but maintained most of its institutions for local governance. In 1809–10, the British occupied the southernmost islands, leaving only Corfu, Paxoi, and the mainland exclave of Parga in French hands. The British also imposed a naval blockade on the French-ruled islands, which began to suffer from famine. Finally, the British occupied Paxoi in late 1813 and Parga in March 1814. Following the Abdication of Napoleon, the French governor-general in Corfu, François-Xavier Donzelot, capitulated and the French garrison was evacuated. In 1815, the islands became a British protectorate, the United States of the Ionian Islands.
Kader Asmal
Abdul Kader Asmal  (8 October 1934 – 22 June 2011) was a lawyer in South Africa and Ireland and later a South African politician. He was a Senior Lecturer in Trinity College Dublin and a professor of human rights at the University of the Western Cape, chairman of the council of the University of the North and vice-president of the African Association of International Law. He was married to Louise Parkinson and had two sons.

Asmal was an Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, received a doctorate Honoris Causa from Queen's University Belfast (1996) and was a laureate of the 2000 Stockholm Water Prize.

Demographics of South Africa
According to the 2022 census, the population of South Africa is about 62 million people of diverse origins, cultures, languages, and religions, with a majority being Black Africans. The South African National Census of 2022 was the most recent census held; the next will be in 2032.

In 2011, Statistics South Africa counted 2.1 million foreigners in total. Reports suggest that is an underestimation. The real figure may be as high as five million, including some three million Zimbabweans.
Anna Seniuk
Anna Seniuk (born 17 November 1942, in Stanisławów) is a Polish actress.

After World War II, together with other Poles from Stanisławów, she was forced by the Soviet government to leave her hometown, settling in the town of Zator, near Oświęcim. In 1964 Seniuk graduated from Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Teatralna (Academy for the Dramatic Arts) in Kraków and debuted in the renowned Helena Modrzejewska (Old Theatre). In the early 1970s, she moved to Warsaw, where she played in several theatres. Since 2003, she has been working there at the National Theatre.

Seniuk is known to Polish viewers mainly for her role of Magda Karwowska in the immensely popular 1970s Polish TV series Czterdziestolatek (The Forty-Year-Old). She has cooperated with Polish Radio and has been featured in more than 40 radio shows. Among her most famous film roles, there are appearances in such productions as Europa Europa, Potop and The Maids of Wilko.

AST National Academy of Theatre Arts in Kraków
AST National Academy of Theatre Arts (Polish: Akademia Sztuk Teatralnych w Krakowie, often shortened to AST) is a drama school based in Kraków and Wrocław, Poland. It was founded in 1946 by actor Juliusz Osterwa, who took the initial steps leading to the establishment of the Academy through the amalgamation of three local studios; Stary Teatr, the Słowacki Theatre, and Iwo Gall's Dramatic Studio.
Lithothelium quadrisporum
Lithothelium quadrisporum is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) lichen in the family Pyrenulaceae. Found in Thailand, it was formally described as a new species in 2006 by Dutch lichenologist André Aptroot. The type specimen was collected on the Doi Chiang Dao mountain (Chiang Mai Province) at an altitude of 1,600 m (5,200 ft). Here, in a sheltered secondary rainforest, the thin pale green to brownish thallus of the lichen was found growing on the bark of a tree trunk. The specific name refers to the asci, which are the only consistently four-spored asci in genus Lithothelium.

André Aptroot
André Aptroot (Heemskerk, 1961) is a Dutch mycologist and lichenologist. His primary research focus is on biodiversity, particularly tropical lichens, encompassing systematics, floristic surveys, and taxonomic reviews. A prolific researcher, he has published more than 500 scientific papers and described hundreds of new fungal and lichen species.
Lea Park, Alberta
Lea Park is an unincorporated community in Alberta, Canada. It is located in east-central Alberta, between Lloydminster and Bonnyville.

The community was established on the banks of the North Saskatchewan River at its confluence with the Vermilion River, at an elevation of 545 meters (1,788 ft). The Jubilee Regional Park, administered by the village of Marwayne, is located north of the community, along with the Lea Park golf course.

The community gives the name to the Cretaceous age Lea Park Formation, which was described in an outcrop near Lea Park in 1918.

North Saskatchewan River
The North Saskatchewan River is a glacier-fed river that flows from the Canadian Rockies continental divide east to central Saskatchewan, where it joins with the South Saskatchewan River to make up the Saskatchewan River. Its water flows into the Hudson Bay via Lake Winnipeg and the Nelson River.

The Saskatchewan River system is the largest shared between the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. Its watershed includes most of southern and central Alberta and Saskatchewan.
Craig-y-penrhyn
Craig-y-penrhyn is a hamlet in the community of Llangynfelyn, Ceredigion, Wales, which is 79.3 miles (127.7 km) from Cardiff and 178.1 miles (286.6 km) from London. Craig-y-penrhyn is represented in the Senedd by Elin Jones (Plaid Cymru) and is part of the Ceredigion Preseli constituency in the House of Commons.

Elin Jones
Elin Jones (born 1 September 1966), PC  MS is a Welsh politician who has served as the Llywydd of the Senedd since 2016. A member of Plaid Cymru, Jones has been the Member of the Senedd (MS) for Ceredigion since 1999.
Lists of Spanish-language television channels
The following articles contain lists of Spanish-language television channels:

Television in Latin America

List of Mexican television networks

List of Spanish-language television networks in the United States

Television in Spain

Television in Latin America
Television in Latin America currently includes more than 1,500 television stations and more than 60 million TV sets throughout the 20 countries that constitute Latin America. Due to economic and political problems television networks in some countries of this region have developed less than the North American and European networks, for instance. In other countries like Colombia or Chile, television broadcasting has historically been public-broadcast dominated until the 1990s. The largest commercial television groups are Mexico-based Televisa, Brazil-based Globo and Canada-based Canwest Latin American Group. Due to the shared language of Spanish by two thirds of Latin Americans a lot of programmes and broadcasters operate throughout the region, offering both United States television (often dubbed into Spanish) and Spanish-language television.
Niedersohren
Niedersohren is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis (district) in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde of Kirchberg, whose seat is in the like-named town.

Baden
Baden (/ˈbɑːdən/; German: [ˈbaːdn̩]) is a historical territory in southern Germany. In earlier times it was considered to be on both sides of the Upper Rhine, but since the Napoleonic Wars, it has been considered only East of the Rhine.
Romário Vieira
Romário Augusto Vieira Nan (born 19 July 1998) is a semi-professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Yorkshire Amateur. 
Born in Guinea-Bissau, he has a single cap for the national team and also holds Portuguese and English nationality.

Tadcaster Albion A.F.C.
Tadcaster Albion Association Football Club is an association football club in Tadcaster, North Yorkshire, England. Formed in 1892, their ground is situated behind the John Smith's Brewery in Tadcaster, thus the reason for their nickname "The Brewers". They compete in the Northern Counties East League Premier Division.
Stenoma acratodes
Stenoma acratodes is a moth of the family Depressariidae. It is found in the Guianas.

The wingspan is 18–19 mm. The forewings are whitish-grey ochreous, the costal edge light brownish ochreous with a slender brown streak along the dorsum from one-fourth to the tornus. The plical and second discal stigmata are minute and dark grey, sometimes nearly obsolete. There are very faint traces of rather oblique lines from the costa at one-third and beyond the middle, as well as a fine somewhat curved brownish-ochreous line from three-fourths of the costa to the dorsum before the tornus. The terminal edge is brownish ochreous, obscurely dotted with dark grey. The hindwings are rather light grey with a long grey hair-pencil from the base lying along a subdorsal fold.

Hair-pencil
Hair-pencils and coremata are pheromone signaling structures present in lepidopteran males. Males use hair-pencils in courtship behaviors with females. The pheromones they excrete serve as both aphrodisiacs and tranquilizers to females as well as repellents to conspecific males.  Hair-pencil glands are stored inside the male until courtship begins, at which point they are forced out of the body by sclerotized levers present on the abdomen. Coremata (the singular form being corema) are very similar structures. Their exact definition is confused by early descriptions but they are more specifically defined as the internal, glandular, eversible structures that bear the hair-pencils and can be voluntarily inflated with hemolymph or air.