hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Prison violence
Prison violence refers to physical assaults, sexual abuse, riots, and other forms of aggressive behavior that occur within correctional facilities. It represents a significant challenge for prison administrators, affects the safety and rehabilitation of incarcerated individuals, and raises broader questions about the conditions of confinement.

Violence in correctional settings occurs worldwide, and in several forms.

Prisons try to avoid and deal with such situations by being proactive. Steps that are taken include placing violent convicts and gang leaders into solitary confinement, balancing the cells by critically examining each inmate to see where they are likely to reside peacefully, reducing blind spots, and conducting officer training and education. However, prison violence is often overlooked and ignored, which can lead to severe injuries and fatalities.

Razor
A razor is a bladed tool primarily used in the removal of body hair through the act of shaving. Kinds of razors include straight razors, safety razors, disposable razors, and electric shavers.

While the razor has been in existence since before the Bronze Age (the oldest razor-like object has been dated to 18,000 BC), the most common types of razors currently used are the safety razor and the electric razor.
Afghanistan at the 2025 Asian Winter Games
Afghanistan competed at the 2025 Asian Winter Games in Harbin, China, from February 7 to 14. The Afghani team consisted of three male snowboarders. Snowboarder Nizaruddin Ali Zada was the country's opening ceremony flagbearer.

Afghanistan returns to the Asian Winter Games with their last competition being in 2011. Despite the fall of the Islamic Republic and the takeover of the Taliban in 2021, Afghan athletes competed under the old tricolor flag.

2025 Asian Winter Games
The 2025 Asian Winter Games (Chinese: 第九届亚洲冬季运动会; pinyin: Dì jiǔ jiè yàzhōu dōngjì yùndònghuì), officially known as the 9th Asian Winter Games, and commonly known as Harbin 2025 (哈尔滨2025), were the ninth edition of the Asian Winter Games, a multi-sport event held between 7 and 14 February 2025 in Harbin, Heilongjiang, China. This was the second time that Harbin has hosted the event and the third time China had hosted the Asian Winter Games.
Akira Masuda
Akira Masuda (増田 章, Masuda Akira) (born May 22, 1962) is a Japanese Kyokushin kaikan karateka. In March 1991 he completed the 100 man kumite supervised by Mas Oyama.

He was born in 1962 in Kanazawa, Ishikawa prefecture, Japan. In junior high school he was captain of the school judo club. When he was 16 years old he joined Kyokushin Kaikan Ishikawa Dojo. At 19 years old he made his debut in his first All Japan Tournament.

He remained a top athlete in Kyokushin All Japan Tournaments, going on to beat Michel Wedel, Gerard Gordeau and Michael Thompson. He fought and lost to Andy Hug however Hug was unable to walk after the fight.

In 1990 he won a gold medal in the 22nd All Japan Kyokushin Tournament. and in 1991 he placed second in the 5th World Karate Tournament.

He is the shihan of Kyokushin Kaikan Masuda Dojo. In 2007 Masuda published the book "Freestyle Karate" and in 2009 he published "Masuda Akira - Go, Budojin toshite Ikiru".

Gerard Gordeau
Gerard Gordeau (born 30 March 1956) is a Dutch former Savateur, Karateka, Kickboxer, and mixed martial artist. He is the 1991 World Champion Savate and holder of the Dutch Champion Karate title for eight consecutive years, but foremost known internationally for his fight against Teila Tuli in the first televised Ultimate Fighting Championship bout on 12 November 1993.
Fasciculus
Fasciculus vesanus is an extinct species of stem-group ctenophores known from the Burgess Shale of British Columbia, Canada. It is dated to 515 to 505 million years ago and belongs to middle Cambrian strata.

The species is remarkable for its two sets of long and short comb rows, not seen in similar form elsewhere in the fossil record or among modern species.

Burgess Shale
The Burgess Shale is a fossil-bearing deposit exposed in the Canadian Rockies of British Columbia, Canada. It is famous for the exceptional preservation of the soft parts of its fossils. At 508 million years old (middle Cambrian), it is one of the earliest fossil beds containing soft-part imprints.

The rock unit is a black shale and crops out at several localities near the town of Field in Yoho National Park and the Kicking Horse Pass. Another outcrop is in Kootenay National Park 42 km to the south.
Acacia fragilis
Acacia fragilis is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a dense, rounded or openly branched shrub with glabrous, terete branchlets, more or less terete phyllodes, spherical heads of golden yellow flowers and linear, thinly crust-like pods slightly constricted between the seeds.

Terete
Terete is a term in botany used to describe a cross section that is circular, or like a distorted circle, with a single surface wrapping around it. That is usually contrasted with cross-sections that are flattened, with a distinct upper surface that is different from the lower surface. The cross-section of a branch in a tree is somewhat round, so the branch is terete. The cross section of a normal leaf has an upper surface, and a lower surface, so the leaf is not terete. However, the fleshy leaves of succulents are sometimes terete. Fruticose lichens are terete, with a roughly circular cross section and a single wrap-around skin-like surface called the cortex, compared to foliose lichens and crustose lichens, which have a flattened cross section with an upper surface that is distinct from the lower surface.

Plants and lichens may also be described as subterete, meaning that they are not completely terete.
Hezekiah Gold Rogers
Hezekiah Gold Rogers (February 22, 1811 – March 19, 1882) was the United States chargé d'affaires in Sardinia from 1840 to 1841.

Rogers, the eldest child of the Hon. Edward Rogers, member of the United States House of Representatives from New York, and of Sally Maria (Gold) Rogers, was born in Madison, New York, February 22, 1811.  He graduated from Yale College in 1831.  He studied law and began practice in Pittsburgh, and in 1837 was one of the delegates from Alleghany County to the convention for the revision of the Pennsylvania Constitution.  In June 1840, he was appointed chargé d'affaires to the Kingdom of Sardinia by President Martin Van Buren, but showing symptoms of mental derangement he was superseded in November 1841, and returned to his father's house. During his later life he was a wanderer.  He died in the county alms-house in Lancaster, Pennsylvania on March 19, 1882, aged 71. He was unmarried.

Almshouse
An almshouse (also known as a bede-house, poorhouse, or hospital) is charitable housing provided to people in a particular community, especially during the Middle Ages. They were often built for the poor of a locality, for those who had held certain jobs, or their widows, and for elderly people who could no longer pay rent. They are generally maintained by a charity or the trustees of a bequest. "Alms" are, in the Christian tradition, money or services donated to support the poor and indigent. Almshouses were originally formed as extensions of the church system and were later adapted by local officials and authorities.
Achterwehr
Achterwehr is a municipality, located in the district of Rendsburg-Eckernförde in the German Bundesland of Schleswig-Holstein.

Achterwehr is situated 12 km west of Kiel and about 5 km south of the Kiel Canal (German: Nord-Ostsee-Kanal). The Autobahn 210 from Kiel to Rendsburg passes to the north of Achterwehr, and the river Eider crosses it.

Achterwehr is the seat of the Amt ("collective municipality") Achterwehr.

Bundesautobahn 210
Bundesautobahn 210 (translates from German as Federal Motorway 210, short form Autobahn 210, abbreviated as BAB 210 or A 210) is a route that connects the federal state capital of Kiel to Rendsburg. This route serves to further ease the ground transportation route  from Kiel to Schleswig and into Scandinavia.
Brown County High School (Illinois)
Brown County High School, or BCHS, is a public four-year high school located at 500 East Main Street in Mount Sterling, Illinois, a small city in Brown County, Illinois, in the Midwestern United States. BCHS serves the communities of Mount Sterling, Ripley, Timewell, and Versailles. The campus is located 40 miles (64 km) east of Quincy, Illinois, and serves a mixed small city, village, and rural residential community.

Brown County, Illinois
Brown County is a county located in the U.S. state of Illinois. As of the 2020 census, the population was 6,244. Its county seat is Mount Sterling. Siloam Springs State Park is located partly in this county.
2nd Carabinieri Mobile Brigade
The 2nd Carabinieri Mobile Brigade (Italian: 2° Brigata Mobile Carabinieri), based in Livorno, is the Carabinieri formation dedicated to military missions abroad, including military police tasks. It employs the 7th Carabinieri Regiment "Trentino-Alto Adige", the 13th Carabinieri Regiment "Friuli-Venezia Giulia", the 1st Parachute Carabinieri Regiment "Tuscania" and the Gruppo di intervento speciale.

Military organization
Military organization (AE) or military organisation (BE) is the structuring of the armed forces of a state so as to offer such military capability as a national defense policy may require. Formal military organization tends to use hierarchical forms (see Modern hierarchy for terminology and approximate troop strength per hierarchical unit).

In some countries, paramilitary forces are included in a nation's armed forces, though not considered military. Armed forces that are not a part of military or paramilitary organizations, such as insurgent forces, often emulate military organizations, or use these structures.
Johann Amerbach
Johann Amerbach (1444 in Amorbach, Germany; 25 December 1514 in Basel, Switzerland) was a celebrated printer in Basel in the 15th century. He was the first printer in Basel to use the Roman type instead of Gothic and Italian and spared no expense in his art.

Roman type
In Latin script typography, roman is one of the three main kinds of historical type, alongside blackletter and italic. Sometimes called normal or regular, it is distinct from these two for its upright style (relative to the calligraphy-inspired italic) and its simplicity (relative to blackletter).

During the early Renaissance, roman (in the form of Antiqua) and italic type were used separately. Today, roman and italic type are mixed, and most typefaces are composed of both an upright roman style and an associated italic or oblique style.
Boo Hanks
James Arthur "Boo" Hanks (April 30, 1928 – April 15, 2016) was an American Piedmont blues guitarist and singer. He was billed as the last of the Piedmont blues musicians.

Hanks recorded two albums in his lifetime, Pickin' Low Cotton (2007) and Buffalo Junction (2012), both released by the Music Maker record label. A one-time farmer, who grew up in and lived most of his adult life around Buffalo Junction, Virginia, Hanks appeared at the Roots of American Music Festival at the Lincoln Center, shared a bill with Patti Smith, was covered by The New York Times, and performed at the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival; plus he toured in both the US and Europe.

Buffalo Junction, Virginia
Buffalo Junction is an unincorporated community in Mecklenburg County, Virginia, United States. Buffalo Junction is located on Virginia State Route 49, 4.4 miles (7.1 km) west-southwest of Clarksville. Buffalo Junction has a post office with ZIP code 24529.

The name of the location is derived from its history as a railroad junction. The Atlantic and Danville Railway used to pass through the community and a wye was located there that connected the mainline to Buffalo Springs, 3.89 miles away, via the Buffalo Springs Branch. The branch opened prior to 1890 and was closed by 1940.
Leskë
Leskë (Albanian definite form: Leska, formerly Lajthizë "place of hazelnuts"; Macedonian/Bulgarian: Леска) is a village in the Pustec Municipality of the Korçë County in Albania. Leska is situated west of Lake Prespa, near the village of Pustec. The village is mainly composed of ethnic Macedonians.

Definiteness
In linguistics, definiteness is a semantic feature of noun phrases that distinguishes between referents or senses that are identifiable in a given context (definite noun phrases) and those that are not (indefinite noun phrases). The prototypical definite noun phrase picks out a unique, familiar, specific referent such as the sun or Australia, as opposed to indefinite examples like an idea or some fish.

There is considerable variation in the expression of definiteness across languages, and some languages such as Japanese do not generally mark it, so the same expression can be definite in some contexts and indefinite in others. In other languages, such as English, it is usually marked by the selection of determiner (e.g., the vs. a). Still other languages, such as Danish, mark definiteness morphologically by changing the noun itself (e.g. Danish en mand (a man), manden (the man)).
Morris LaGrand
Morris LaGrand (born February 9, 1953) is an American former professional football player who was a running back in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Tampa Spartans. LaGrand played in the NFL for the Kansas City Chiefs and New Orleans Saints in 1975.

Tampa Spartans football
The Tampa Spartans football program was an intercollegiate American football team for the University of Tampa (UT) located in Tampa, Florida, that began play in 1933. The program competed against other small college programs in the forerunner of today's NCAA Division II for almost forty years before moving to the top level of NCAA Division I as an independent in 1971. Successfully competing against top college programs as a much smaller school put an enormous strain on the university's finances, and the school decided to discontinue football after the 1974 season.
Music Moves Europe Award
The Music Moves Europe Award, also known as the MME Award, is an annual prize recognizing the success of ten emerging artists or groups who reached audiences outside their own countries with their first internationally released album in the past year. The prize was known as the European Border Breakers Award (EBBA) until 2019, and the Music Moves Europe Talent Award (MMETA) until 2022.

Alyona Alyona
Aliona Olehivna Savranenko (Ukrainian: Альо́на Олегівна Савране́нко; born 14 June 1991), better known by her stage name Alyona Alyona (Ukrainian pronunciation: [ɐˈlʲɔnɐ ɐˈlʲɔnɐ]; stylized in all lowercase), is a Ukrainian rapper, singer, and songwriter. She released her debut album, Pushka (Пушка), in 2019, followed by an extended play the same year, V khati MA (В хаті МА).

Alyona has been dubbed "the new rap star of Ukraine" and "the sensation of Ukrainian rap" by Ukrainian media. In an article titled "15 European Pop Acts Who Matter Right Now", The New York Times likened her to Azealia Banks.

She and Jerry Heil represented Ukraine in the Eurovision Song Contest 2024 with the song "Teresa & Maria".
Summers Peak
Summers Peak (69°42′S 64°53′E﻿ / ﻿69.700°S 64.883°E﻿ / -69.700; 64.883) is the highest peak (2,225 m) of the Stinear Nunataks in Mac. Robertson Land. Discovered by an ANARE (Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions) southern party (1954) led by R.G. Dovers, who named it for Dr. R.O. Summers, medical officer at Mawson Station in 1954.

Mac. Robertson Land
Mac. Robertson Land is the portion of Antarctica lying southward of the coast between William Scoresby Bay and Cape Darnley. It is located at 70°00′S 65°00′E﻿ / ﻿70.000°S 65.000°E﻿ / -70.000; 65.000. In the east, Mac. Robertson Land includes the Prince Charles Mountains. It was named by the British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition (BANZARE) (1929–1931), under Sir Douglas Mawson, after Sir Macpherson Robertson of Melbourne, a patron of the expedition.

From 1965 onward, members of the SAE (Soviet Antarctic Expeditions) began undertaking geological fieldwork in the Prince Charles Mountains, eventually establishing a base, Soyuz Station, on the eastern shore of Beaver Lake in the northern Prince Charles Mountains.
Taffy Howard
Taffy D. Howard (née Chewning) is an American politician in the South Dakota Senate. She formerly served from 2017 to 2023 as a member of the South Dakota House of Representatives from the 33rd district as a Republican. She unsuccessfully ran for the U.S. House to represent South Dakota's at-large congressional district in 2022.

South Dakota Senate
The South Dakota Senate is the upper house of the South Dakota Legislature, the state legislature of the U.S. state of South Dakota. The lower house is the South Dakota House of Representatives. It consists of 35 members, one representing each legislative district, who can serve up to four consecutive two-year terms. It meets at the South Dakota State Capitol in Pierre.
Vasiliki Diamantopoulou
Vasiliki Diamantopoulou (Greek: Βασιλική Διαμαντοπούλου, born 12 March 1993) is a Greek water polo player for NC Vouliagmeni and the Greece women's national water polo team.

She participated at the 2018 Women's European Water Polo Championship.

2018 Women's European Water Polo Championship
The 2018 Women's European Water Polo Championship was held from 14 to 27 July 2018 in Barcelona, Spain.

The Netherlands won their fifth title by defeating Greece 6-4 in the final. Spain captured the bronze medal after a 12-6 win over Hungary.
Acacia cracentis
Acacia cracentis is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a bushy shrub with mostly straight, terete phyllodes, more or less spherical heads of golden yellow flowers and erect, linear, thinly leathery pods.

Terete
Terete is a term in botany used to describe a cross section that is circular, or like a distorted circle, with a single surface wrapping around it. That is usually contrasted with cross-sections that are flattened, with a distinct upper surface that is different from the lower surface. The cross-section of a branch in a tree is somewhat round, so the branch is terete. The cross section of a normal leaf has an upper surface, and a lower surface, so the leaf is not terete. However, the fleshy leaves of succulents are sometimes terete. Fruticose lichens are terete, with a roughly circular cross section and a single wrap-around skin-like surface called the cortex, compared to foliose lichens and crustose lichens, which have a flattened cross section with an upper surface that is distinct from the lower surface.

Plants and lichens may also be described as subterete, meaning that they are not completely terete.
Bar Council of Punjab and Haryana
Bar Council of Punjab and Haryana is the state regulatory and statutory representative body for lawyers practicing law in the three states of Punjab and Haryana and Union Territory of Chandigarh. It was constituted as per the mandatory requirement of Advocates Act, 1961 and Bar Council of India. In March 1953, the 'All India Bar Committee', headed by S. R. Das, submitted a report which proposed the creation of a Bar Council for each state and an All-India Bar Council as an apex body. Members of the Bar Council are elected from amongst members enrolled and practicing as lawyers in Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh, and they represent the state in Bar Council of India meetings. Bar Council enforces standards of professional conduct to be followed by member advocates, and designs etiquettes and has the power to enforce disciplinary guidelines over the members of Bar.

Etiquette
Etiquette (/ˈɛtikɛt, -kɪt/) can be defined as a set of norms of personal behavior in polite society, usually occurring in the form of an ethical code of the expected and accepted social behaviors that accord with the conventions and norms observed and practiced by a society, a social class, or a social group. In modern English usage, the French word étiquette (label and tag) dates from the year 1750 and also originates from the French word for "ticket," possibly symbolizing a person's entry into society through proper behavior. There are many important historical figures that have helped to shape the meaning of the term as well as provide varying perspectives.
Servaes de Koninck
Servaes de Koninck, or Servaes de Konink, Servaas de Koninck or Servaas de Konink, or Servaes de Coninck (1653/54 – c.1701) was a Flemish baroque composer of motets, Dutch songs, chamber and incidental music, French airs and Italian cantatas.  After training and starting his career in Flanders he moved to Amsterdam in the Dutch Republic, where he was active in circles connected to the Amsterdam Theatre.

Sonata
In music, a sonata (/səˈnɑːtə/; pl. sonate) is a piece that consists of 3 or 4 movements that can be for different musical instruments.: 17  The term evolved through the history of music, designating a variety of forms until the Classical era, when it took on increasing importance. Sonata is a vague term, with varying meanings depending on the context and time period. By the early 19th century it came to represent a principle of composing large-scale works. It was applied to most instrumental genres and regarded—alongside the fugue—as one of two fundamental methods of organizing, interpreting and analyzing concert music. Though the musical style of sonatas has changed since the Classical era, most 20th- and 21st-century sonatas maintain the overarching structure.

The term sonatina, pl. sonatine, the diminutive form of sonata, is often used for a short or technically easy sonata.
Rodvínov
Rodvínov is a municipality and village in Jindřichův Hradec District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 600 inhabitants.

Rodvínov lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) north-east of Jindřichův Hradec, 48 km (30 mi) north-east of České Budějovice, and 112 km (70 mi) south-east of Prague.

České Budějovice
České Budějovice (Czech: [ˈtʃɛskɛː ˈbuɟɛjovɪtsɛ] ⓘ; German: Budweis) is a city in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 97,000 inhabitants. The city is located in the valley of the Vltava River, at its confluence with the Malše.

České Budějovice is the largest city in the region and its political and commercial capital, the seat of the Diocese of České Budějovice and the University of South Bohemia. It is famous for the Budweiser Budvar Brewery. The historic city centre is well preserved and is protected as an urban monument reservation.
Martina Franca railway station
Martina Franca railway station (Italian: Stazione di Martina Franca) is a railway station in Martina Franca, Italy. The station is located on the Bari–Martina Franca–Taranto railway and Martina Franca–Lecce railway. The train services and the railway infrastructure are operated by Ferrovie del Sud Est.

Bari–Martina Franca–Taranto railway
The Bari–Martina Franca–Taranto railway is a 113-kilometre (70 mi) long Italian railway line, that connects Bari with Putignano, Martina Franca and further to Taranto.

The line was opened in three stages between 1900 and 1931. On 12 August 1900 the section from Bari to Putignano opened, the line was further extended on 14 December 1903 to Locorotondo. On 24 December 1925 the line opened between Locorotondo and Martina Franca and finally from Martina Franca to Taranto on 22 April 1931.