hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Christoph Rudolff
Christoph Rudolff (born 1499 in Jawor, Silesia, died 1545 in Vienna) was a German mathematician, the author of the first German textbook on algebra.

From 1517 to 1521, Rudolff was  a student of Henricus Grammateus (Schreyber from Erfurt) at the University of Vienna and was the author of a book computing, under the title: Behend und hübsch Rechnung durch die kunstreichen regeln Algebre so gemeinicklich die Coss genent werden (Nimble and beautiful calculation via the artful rules of algebra [which] are so commonly called "coss").

He introduced the radical symbol (√) for the square root. It is believed that this was because it resembled a lowercase "r" (for "radix"), though there is no direct evidence. Florian Cajori only says that a "dot is the embryo of our present symbol for the square root" though it is 'possible, perhaps probable' that Rudolff's later symbols are not dots but 'r's.

Furthermore, he used the meaningful definition that x0 = 1.

Florian Cajori
Florian Cajori (February 28, 1859 – August 14 or 15, 1930) was a Swiss-American historian of mathematics, especially known for his comprehensive treatise about mathematical notation, A History of Mathematical Notations.
Benin women's national football team results
The Benin women's national football team is the representative women's association football team of Benin . Its governing body is the Benin  Football Federation (BFF) and it competes as a member of the Confederation of African Football (CAF).

Benin Football Federation
The Benin Football Federation (French: Fédération Béninoise de Football, FEBEFOOT, FBF) is the governing body of association football in Benin. It was founded in 1960, affiliated to CAF in 1962 and to FIFA in 1964. It organizes the national football leagues, including the Benin Premier League and overlooks national teams, most notably the national team.
Dereboyu Avenue
Dereboyu Avenue (Turkish: Dereboyu Caddesi), also known simply as Dereboyu and officially as Mehmet Akif Avenue (Turkish: Mehmet Akif Caddesi), is the busiest avenue in North Nicosia, as well as its centre of entertainment. The term "Dereboyu" means "alongside the river", and although in the traditional sense this is only used for Mehmet Akif Avenue running alongside the Pedieos river, the term has expanded in meaning to denote a region extending to the neighbouring Osman Paşa Avenue.

The avenue extends into the Green Line along a northwest to south axis. The part of it under Turkish Cypriot control has a length of 1,500-1,600 metres.

Kutlay Erk
Kutlay Erk (born 1952) is a Cypriot politician. He served as mayor of North Nicosia, the Turkish Cypriot part of Nicosia, the capital of Cyprus, from 2002 to 2006. Erk was elected to the post in June 2002 for a four-year term, leaving office in June 2006.
Derain (crater)
Derain is a crater on Mercury named after 
André Derain, a French artist, painter, sculptor and co-founder of Fauvism with Henri Matisse. It has uncommonly dark material within and surrounding the crater. The material is darker than the neighboring terrain such that this crater is easily identified even in a distant global image of Mercury. The dark halo may be material with a mineralogical composition different from the majority of Mercury's visible surface. Craters with similar dark material on or near their rims were seen on the floor of the Caloris basin during MESSENGER’s first flyby.

Derain is one of 110 peak ring basins on Mercury.

The larger and older crater Ellington is to the southeast of Derain.  Both Derain and Ellington lie within a much older, 730-km-diameter, unnamed crater (referred to as b36).

Approximate color image

Enhanced-color image

Fauvism
Fauvism (/foʊvɪzəm/ FOH-viz-əm) is a style of painting and an art movement that emerged in France at the beginning of the 20th century. It was the style of les Fauves (French pronunciation: [le fov], the wild beasts), a group of modern artists whose works emphasized painterly qualities and strong color over the representational or realistic values retained by Impressionism. While Fauvism as a style began around 1904 and continued beyond 1910, the movement as such lasted only a few years, 1905–1908, and had three exhibitions. The leaders of the movement were André Derain and Henri Matisse.
Martin Eng
Martin Eng (born 5 March 1986) is a retired Norwegian biathlete.

He competed at three Junior World Championships, winning a silver medal in pursuit and a gold medal in relay in 2005; and winning a silver medal in the relay in 2007.

After several years on the IBU Cup circuit and the European Championships, he made his Biathlon World Cup debut in 2011 in Holmenkollen, finishing 67th. Later that year, he improved to 11th place in Hochfilzen and in total made five World Cup starts in the 2011–12 season. He briefly returned to the World Cup in 2013–14 and retired after the 2014–15 season.

Biathlon Junior World Championships 2005
The 2005 Biathlon Junior World Championships was held in Kontiolahti, Finland from March 14 to March 20, 2005. There was to be a total of 16 competitions: sprint, pursuit, individual, and relay races for men and women.
Under the Double Eagle
"Under the Double Eagle" (German: Unter dem Doppeladler), Op. 159, is an 1893 march composed by Josef Wagner, an Austrian military music composer. The title is a reference to the two-headed eagle in the coat of arms of Austria-Hungary. This piece is in E-flat major, though the Trio is in A-flat major. It is written in ternary form.

It was published in the United States in 1902 by Eclipse Publishing Co., a branch of Joseph Morris Music in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In 1935, Bill Boyd and His Cowboy Ramblers, with an arrangement by Mort Glickman on Bluebird Records, was second only to the Carter Family in the top Hillbilly (Country) music hits of the year. It became a Western swing standard, and has been recorded by many Country and Bluegrass artists since. The tune was parodied in the Benny Goodman recording "Benjie's Bubble" and was also used for the well-known Monty Python's Flying Circus animation segment "Conrad Poohs And His Dancing Teeth".

Mort Glickman
Mort Glickman (December 6, 1898 – February 27, 1953) was an American composer of film scores.  He spent most of his career writing scores (often uncredited) for Republic Pictures, where he contributed to more than 175 films.
Tom Mitchell (American football)
Thomas Gordon Mitchell (August 22, 1944 – July 16, 2017) was an American college and professional football player.

A 6'2", 215 lb (98 kg). tight end from Bucknell University and member of the Bucknell Athletics Hall of Fame, Mitchell played one season (1966) for the American Football League (AFL)'s Oakland Raiders, and ten seasons (1968–1977) in the National Football League (NFL) for the Baltimore Colts and the San Francisco 49ers. He was nicknamed "the Crocodile" and his pouring of a pitcher of beer on the head of author George Plimpton is recounted in the book Mad Ducks and Bears. He died of cancer at the age of 72 in 2017. He was father-in-law to former Tampa Bay Buccaneers and current Rutgers head coach Greg Schiano, and grandfather to Bucknell defensive lineman Joe Schiano.

Bucknell University
Bucknell University is a private liberal-arts college in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States. Founded in 1846 as the University at Lewisburg, it now consists of the College of Arts and Sciences, the Freeman College of Management, and the College of Engineering. It offers 65 majors and 70 minors in the sciences and humanities. Located just south of Lewisburg, the 445-acre (1.80 km2) campus rises above the West Branch of the Susquehanna River.

Approximately 3,900 undergraduate students and 50 graduate students attend Bucknell. It is a member of the Patriot League in NCAA Division I athletics. Its athletic teams are the Bucknell Bison and its mascot is Bucky the Bison.
William Dennis (priest)
William Dennis  was Anglican priest in Ireland in the 18th century.

Dennis was educated at Trinity College Dublin.  A Prebendary of Kilrossanty in Lismore Cathedral, Ireland, he was appointed Archdeacon of Lismore in 1723. He died in June 1749 and is buried in the grounds of Waterford Cathedral.

Lismore Cathedral, Ireland
St. Carthage's Cathedral, Lismore is a Church of Ireland cathedral in Lismore, County Waterford. It is in the ecclesiastical province of Dublin. Formerly the cathedral of the Diocese of Lismore, it is now one of six cathedrals in the  United Dioceses of Cashel and Ossory.
Graham J. Zellick
Graham John Zellick CBE KC FRSA (born 12 August 1948) is a former Vice-Chancellor of the University of London, serving from 1997 to 2003. He was previously Principal of Queen Mary and Westfield College, London
from 1991 to 1998.

Principal (academia)
The principal is the chief executive and the chief academic officer of a university or college in certain parts of the Commonwealth.

In the United States, the principal is the head of school at most pre-university, non-boarding schools.
Tremanotidae
Tremanotidae is an extinct family of Paleozoic fossil molluscs with isostrophically coiled shells. They occupy an uncertain position taxonomically: it is not known whether they were (gastropods (snails) or monoplacophorans.

Monoplacophora
Monoplacophora /ˌmɒnoʊpləˈkɒfərə/, meaning "bearing one plate", is a polyphyletic class of molluscs with a cap-like shell, inhabiting deep sea environments. Extant representatives were not recognized as such until 1952; previously they were known only from the fossil record, and were thought to have become extinct 375 million years ago.

Although the shell of many monoplacophorans is limpet-like in shape, they are not gastropods, nor do they have any close relation to gastropods.
Racquetball Association of Pakistan
The Racquetball Association of Pakistan is national sports governing body to promote and develop sport of racquetball in Pakistan. The association is based in Karachi.

The association is affiliated with the International Racquetball Federation and its continental counterpart, the Asian Racquetball Federation.

Sports governing body
A sports governing body is a sports organization that has a regulatory or sanctioning function.

Sports governing bodies come in various forms and have a variety of regulatory functions, including disciplinary procedure for rule infractions and deciding on rule
changes in the sport that they govern. Governing bodies have different scopes. They may cover a range of sport at an internationally acceptable level, such as the International Olympic Committee and the International Paralympic Committee, or only a single sport at a national level, such as the Rugby Football League. National bodies will largely have to be affiliated with international bodies for the same sport. The first international federations were formed at the end of the 19th century.
John Murphy (high jumper)
John Leonard Murphy (March 23, 1895 – August 17, 1972) was an American track and field athlete who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. He was born in Portland, Oregon and died in Midland, Michigan. In 1920, he finished fifth in the high jump competition.

Competing for the Notre Dame Fighting Irish track and field team, Murphy won the 1921 and 1922 NCAA Track and Field Championships national titles in the high jump.

Midland, Michigan
Midland is a city in Midland County, Michigan, United States, and its county seat. The population was 42,547 at the 2020 census. It is the principal city of the Midland metropolitan statistical area, part of the larger Saginaw-Midland-Bay City combined statistical area. The city is bordered by Midland Township, though the two are administered separately.

Midland is located at the confluence of Chippewa and Tittabawassee rivers in Central Michigan. The city is home to the headquarters of Dow Chemical Company, one of the largest chemical producers in the world, which was founded by Herbert Henry Dow in the city in 1897. The city is also home to Midland Center for the Arts and Northwood University.
Patent model
A patent model was a handmade miniature model no larger than 12" by 12" by 12" (approximately 30 cm by 30 cm by 30 cm) that showed how an invention works. It was one of the most interesting early features of the United States patent system.

Since some early inventors had little technological or legal training, it was difficult for them to submit formal patent applications which require the novel features of an invention to be described in a written application and a number of diagrams.

Scale model
A scale model is a physical model that is geometrically similar to an object (known as the prototype). Scale models are generally smaller than large prototypes such as vehicles, buildings, or people; but may be larger than small prototypes such as anatomical structures or subatomic particles. Models built to the same scale as the prototype are called mockups.

Scale models are used as tools in engineering design and testing, promotion and sales, filmmaking special effects, military strategy, and hobbies such as rail transport modeling, wargaming and racing; and as toys. Model building is also pursued as a hobby for the sake of artisanship.

Scale models are constructed of plastic, wood, or metal. They are usually painted with enamel, lacquer, or acrylics.
Model prototypes include all types of vehicles (railroad trains, cars, trucks, military vehicles, aircraft, and spacecraft), buildings, people, and science fiction themes (spaceships and robots).
Anwar Shemza
Anwar Jalal Shemza (Urdu: انور جلال شمزا) (14 July 1928 – 18 January 1985) was an artist and writer active in Pakistan and later the United Kingdom. Despite being better known as an artist, Shemza published several Urdu novels and books of poetry in the 1950s and wrote plays performed on Radio Pakistan. Shemza was initially influenced by Modernism most notably Paul Klee although later works also showed a traditional Islamic influence. He was also an accomplished printmaker, having his work exhibited at the International Print Biennial in Tokyo.

Paul Klee
Paul Klee (German: [paʊ̯l ˈkleː]; 18 December 1879 – 29 June 1940) was a Swiss-born German artist. His highly individual style was influenced by movements in art that included expressionism, cubism, and surrealism.

Klee was a natural draftsman who experimented with and eventually deeply explored color theory, writing about it extensively. His lectures Writings on Form and Design Theory (Schriften zur Form und Gestaltungslehre), published in English as the Paul Klee Notebooks, are held to be as important for modern art as Leonardo da Vinci's A Treatise on Painting was for the Renaissance.

He and his colleague, Russian painter Wassily Kandinsky, both taught at the Bauhaus school of art, design and architecture in Germany. His works reflect his dry humor and his sometimes childlike perspective, his personal moods and beliefs, and his musicality.
Jonathan Ndiku
Jonathan Muia Ndiku (born 18 September 1991) is a Kenyan long-distance runner who specialises in the 3000 metres steeplechase. He has a personal best of 8:07.75 minutes. He was the gold medallist in the event at the 2014 Commonwealth Games, where he broke the Commonwealth Games record.

As a youth Ndiku ran the fastest steeplechase time for an under-17 athlete. He went on to win back-to-back titles at the IAAF World Junior Championships in Athletics in 2008 and 2010 – the first ever to do so. He was also the African junior steeplechase champion in 2009. Based in Japan with the Hitachi Cable team, he has also represented Kenya at the 2013 IAAF World Cross Country Championships.

World Athletics U20 Championships
The World Athletics U20 Championships is a biennial world championships for the sport of athletics organised by the World Athletics, contested by athletes in the under-20 athletics age category (19 years old or younger on 31 December in the year of the competition.

The competition was launched as the IAAF World Junior Championships in Athletics in 1986 and renamed to IAAF World U20 Championships in November 2015. The current name was adapted with the name change of the sports governing body in 2019.

Anneisha McLaughlin-Whilby is the most successful athlete at the championships, having won one gold and four silver in individual and relay sprinting events between 2000 and 2004. Chris Nelloms, Davidson Ezinwa and Dexter Lee share the position of most successful male athlete, at four medals each.
Reevesby Island
Reevesby Island is a small, uninhabited island in the Sir Joseph Banks group of islands in southern Spencer Gulf, South Australia. The island is one of the largest in the Sir Joseph Banks Conservation Park and is home to many unique species including greater stick-nest rats, hooded plovers, little penguins and Cape Barren geese. Since 2018, a group of volunteers now known as the Friends of Reevesby Island have been restoring the old homestead on the island, which was inhabited until it became a conservation park in 1974. Author and local historian Eric Kotz is a member. The homestead is encircled by a low fence which was built to keep the island's resident Tiger snakes and Death adders away from the island's human inhabitants.

Cape Barren goose
The Cape Barren goose (Cereopsis novaehollandiae), sometimes also known as the pig goose, is a species of goose endemic to southern Australia. It is a distinctive large, grey bird that is mostly terrestrial and is not closely related to other extant members of the subfamily Anserinae.
Chondrolaryngoplasty
Chondrolaryngoplasty (commonly called tracheal shave, but this is a misnomer as the trachea is not involved) is a surgical procedure in which the thyroid cartilage is reduced in size by shaving down the cartilage through an incision in the throat, generally to aid those who are uncomfortable with the girth of their Adam's apple.

An alternative to this procedure is feminization laryngoplasty, albeit this procedure involves additional risks and has an effect on the voice that the patient may not desire.

Patient
A patient is any recipient of health care services that are performed by healthcare professionals. The patient is most often ill or injured and in need of treatment by a physician, nurse, optometrist, dentist, veterinarian, or other health care provider.
Zahariev Peak
Vasil Christian Zahariev Peak (or Zahariev Peak) (Bulgarian: Захариев връх, romanized: Zahariev vrah, IPA: [zɐˈxariɛv ˈvrɤx]) is a rocky, partly ice-free peak rising to 816 m in Metlichina Ridge on Oscar II Coast, Graham Land in Antarctica.  It overlooks Punchbowl Glacier to the northeast and Borima Bay to the southwest.

The feature is named after the Bulgarian meteorologist Vasil Christian Zahariev (1929-2006) who worked at the Soviet base Mirny in 1967–69.

Meteorologist
A meteorologist is a scientist who studies and works in the field of meteorology aiming to understand or predict Earth's atmospheric phenomena including the weather. Those who study meteorological phenomena are meteorologists in research, while those using mathematical models and knowledge to prepare daily weather forecasts are called weather forecasters or operational meteorologists.

Meteorologists work in government agencies, private consulting and research services, industrial enterprises, utilities, radio and television stations, and in education. They are not to be confused with weather presenters, who present the weather forecast in the media and range in training from journalists having just minimal training in meteorology to full-fledged meteorologists.
2025 New Zealand Grand Prix
The 2025 New Zealand Grand Prix was an event for open wheel racing cars held at Highlands Motorsport Park in Cromwell, Otago on 9 February 2025. It was the sixty-ninth New Zealand Grand Prix and utilised Formula Regional cars. The event served as the final race of the 2025 Formula Regional Oceania Championship.

The race was won by reigning Supercars champion, Will Brown. This marked the first time an Australian had won the marquee event since Warwick Brown in 1975. The podium was rounded out by Zack Scoular and Arvid Lindblad.

Earlier in the weekend, Lindblad had also secured the Formula Regional Oceania Championship and became the first Briton to win the title since Lando Norris.

Zack Scoular
Zack Scoular (/ˈskuːlər/; born 23 November 2007) is a New Zealand and Australian racing driver who competes in Eurocup-3 for Palou Motorsport.

Scoular previously competed in the 2025 Formula Regional Oceania Championship with mtec Motorsport, where he finished runner-up to Arvid Lindblad. He won the New Zealand Grand Prix in 2026.
Dudley Shoals
Dudley Shoals is a populated place and former village located in the Little River township of Caldwell County, North Carolina, United States. It is located about 10 miles (16.09 km) northeast of the town of Granite Falls.

Dudley Shoals houses Dudley Shoals Elementary School, part of the Caldwell County Schools school district.

Geologically, Dudley Shoals is abundant in Sillimanite crystals.

Caldwell County Schools
Caldwell County Schools is a PK–12 graded school district serving Caldwell County, North Carolina. Its 26 schools serve 12,811 students as of the 2010–2011 school year.

Its boundary is that of the entire county.
Jayne Senior
Jayne Senior is a British youth worker and manager of the Swinton Lock Activity Centre near Mexborough in South Yorkshire, England.

Senior is a former manager of Risky Business in Rotherham, a youth project set up in 1997 by Rotherham Council to work with girls and young women at risk of sexual exploitation.

Working for over a decade to expose the issue of child sexual exploitation within Rotherham, Senior's efforts included acting as a whistleblower for a series of articles in The Times about the council's apparent attempts to cover up the abuse. The articles triggered a public inquiry by Alexis Jay, an inspection of the council by Louise Casey, the subsequent replacement of the councillors by government-appointed commissioners, and several criminal inquiries.

Senior was awarded an MBE in the 2016 Birthday Honours. She is the author of Broken and Betrayed: The true story of the Rotherham abuse scandal by the woman who fought to expose it (2016).

Mexborough
Mexborough is a town in the City of Doncaster District, South Yorkshire, England, between Manvers and Denaby Main, on the River Don close to where it joins the River Dearne, and the A6023 road. It is contiguous with Swinton to the southwest and Conisbrough to the east.

Historically part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, Mexborough had a population of 15,244 at the 2011 Census.
Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology
Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology (abbreviated SLIET ) is a Govt. of India established (1989) deemed university under Section 3 of the UGC Act 1956 for higher education and research in India. The UG Program of SLIET is accredited as TIER 1 by the NBA ( National Board of Accreditation).  It is well known as the "Modern Gurukul" of Tech Education due to lush green campus of 451 acres (183 ha) in Longowal, Sangrur, Punjab, India. SLIET is fully funded by the Ministry of Human Resource Development, and is an autonomous body controlled by the SLIET Society. Institute has been set up in the memory of Late Sh. Harchand Singh ji Longowal under Rajiv Longowal Punjab accord. Educational opportunities include technical and practical training in the fields of engineering and technology. The students and alumni of SLIET are informally referred to as SLIETians.

University Grants Commission Act, 1956
The University Grants Commission Act, 1956 is an Act of the Parliament of India. The Act is sometimes referred to as "the UGC Act" and, among other things, regulates central assistance for public universities.