hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Folded spectrum method
In mathematics, the folded spectrum method (FSM) is an iterative method for solving large eigenvalue problems.
Here you always find a vector with an eigenvalue close to a search-value .  This means you can get a vector  in the middle of the spectrum without solving the matrix.

, with  and  the Identity matrix.

In contrast to the Conjugate gradient method, here the gradient calculates by twice multiplying matrix

Identity matrix
In linear algebra, the identity matrix of size  is the  square matrix with ones on the main diagonal and zeros elsewhere. It has unique properties, for example when the identity matrix represents a geometric transformation, the object remains unchanged by the transformation. In other contexts, it is analogous to multiplying by the number 1.
Kohút
Kohút (feminine: Kohútová) is a Slovak surname, meaning 'rooster'. The Czech counterpart is Kohout and the Polish counterpart is Kogut. Notable people with the surname include:

Berta Berkovich Kohút (1921–2021), Slovak dressmaker and Holocaust survivor

Emanuel Kohút (born 1982), Slovak volleyball player

Michal Kohút (born 2000), Czech footballer

Berta Berkovich Kohút
Berta Berkovich Kohút (Slovak: Berta Berkovičová-Kohútová;: 124  8 November 1921 – 14 February 2021) was a Czechoslovak-born survivor of the Auschwitz concentration camp. By the time of her death in 2021, she was the last surviving seamstress who lived through internment at the camp by creating dresses for the wives of Nazi officers.
Kanavel's cardinal signs
Kanavel's sign is a clinical sign found in patients with infection of a flexor tendon sheath in the hand (pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis), a serious condition which can cause rapid loss of function of the affected finger.

The sign consists of four components:

the affected finger is held in slight flexion.

there is fusiform swelling over the affected tendon.

there is tenderness over the affected flexor tendon sheath.

there is pain on passive extension of the affected finger.

The sign is named after Allen B. Kanavel who first described them in 1912.

Tenderness (medicine)
In medicine, tenderness is pain or discomfort when an affected area is touched. It should not be confused with the pain that a patient perceives without touching. Pain is patient's perception, while tenderness is a sign that a clinician elicits.
Anna and the Apocalypse
Anna and the Apocalypse is a 2017 British Christmas musical zombie film  directed by John McPhail from a screenplay by Alan McDonald and Ryan McHenry, based on McHenry's 2010 BAFTA nominated short Zombie Musical. It stars an ensemble cast of largely unknown young talent, including Ella Hunt, Malcolm Cumming, Sarah Swire, Christopher Leveaux, Marli Siu and Ben Wiggins with Mark Benton and Paul Kaye.

The film premiered at Fantastic Fest on 22 September 2017. It was released in the United Kingdom by Vertigo Releasing and United States by Orion Pictures on 30 November 2018 to generally positive reviews from critics, commending the performances, musical numbers and characterisation.

Mark Benton
Mark Benton (born 16 November 1965) is an English actor and television presenter known for his roles as Eddie in Early Doors, Howard in Northern Lights, Martin Pond in Barbara and the eponymous Frank Hathaway in Shakespeare & Hathaway: Private Investigators. Benton has also starred in the BBC One school-based drama series Waterloo Road as mathematics teacher Daniel "Chalky" Chalk from 2011 to 2014. In 2013, Benton took part in Strictly Come Dancing; further, in 2015, he hosted the daytime game show The Edge.
Pampero Pass
Pampero Pass (69°31′S 68°7′W﻿ / ﻿69.517°S 68.117°W﻿ / -69.517; -68.117) is a snow pass at about 750 m, running north–south between Mount Edgell and Mistral Ridge in northwest Palmer Land. The pass provides a sledge route between Wordie Ice Shelf and Eureka Glacier. Named by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) in association with other wind names in the area. Pampero is the cold wind that blows from the south Andes to the Atlantic Ocean.

This article incorporates public domain material from "Pampero Pass". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.

Eureka Glacier
Eureka Glacier (69°44′S 68°45′W﻿ / ﻿69.733°S 68.750°W﻿ / -69.733; -68.750) is a broad, gently sloping glacier, 18 nautical miles (33 km) long and 17 nautical miles (31 km) wide at its mouth, which flows westward from the west side of Palmer Land into George VI Sound. It is bounded on its north side by the nunataks south of Mount Edgell, on its south side by the Traverse Mountains and Terminus Nunatak, and at its head Prospect Glacier provides a route to the Wordie Ice Shelf. It was first surveyed in 1936 by the British Graham Land Expedition (BGLE) under John Rymill and resurveyed in 1948 by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey. The name, from the ancient Greek word eureka,  expresses the triumph of discovery and arose because the BGLE sledge party found their way to George VI Sound via this glacier in 1936.
1st Vanier Cup
The 1st Vanier Cup was played on November 20, 1965, at Varsity Stadium in Toronto, Ontario, and decided Canada's university football champions by way of a national invitation to participate in the game. The Alberta Golden Bears and the Toronto Varsity Blues were invited by a national panel to compete in a single elimination game to decide the Canadian university football champion for the 1965 season. The Varsity Blues won the game for their first ever championship by defeating the Golden Bears by a score of 14-7.

Alberta Golden Bears and Pandas
The Alberta Golden Bears and Pandas are the sports teams that represent the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Alberta athletics teams have won a total of 101 national championships, including 84 in U Sports sanctioned sports, making it one of the most successful programs in the country.
Paul Thompson (neuroscientist)
Paul Thompson (born 13 June 1971) is a British-American neuroscientist, and a professor of neurology at the Imaging Genetics Center at the University of Southern California.  Thompson obtained a bachelor's degree in Greek and Latin languages and mathematics from Oxford University. He also earned a master's degree in mathematics from Oxford and a PhD degree in neuroscience from University of California, Los Angeles.

Thompson specializes in the field of human brain imaging, with research interest in mathematical and computational algorithm development for human brain mapping, and has contributed to more than 900 publications. He currently leads the Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) project, a global data collection and sharing effort designed to understand how brain structure changes during the trajectory of brain atrophy, mental illness and Alzheimer's disease and the underlying genetic landscape.

Brain mapping
Brain mapping is a set of neuroscience techniques predicated on the mapping of (biological) quantities or properties onto spatial representations of the (human or non-human) brain resulting in maps.

According to the definition established in 2013 by Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), brain mapping is specifically defined, in summary, as the study of the anatomy and function of the brain and spinal cord through the use of imaging, immunohistochemistry, molecular & optogenetics, stem cell and cellular biology, engineering, neurophysiology and nanotechnology.

In 2024, a team of 287 researchers completed a full brain mapping of an adult animal (a Drosophila melanogaster, or fruit fly) and published their results in Nature.
Sigismondo d'Este (1433–1507)
Sigismondo d'Este (31 August 1433 - 1 April 1507) was a Ferrarese nobleman. He was lord of San Martino in Rio, Campogalliano, Rodeglia, Castellarano and San Cassiano, governor of Reggio, governor and duke's lieutenant of the duchy of Ferrara and captain-general of the duke of Ferrara's army.

Reggio Emilia
Reggio nell'Emilia (Emilian: Rèz; Latin: Regium Lepidi), usually referred to as Reggio Emilia, or simply Reggio by its inhabitants, and known until 1861 as Reggio di Lombardia, is a city in the region of Emilia-Romagna in Italy. With a population of 172,518, it is the 4th-largest city in Emilia-Romagna and the 22nd-largest in Italy.

The inhabitants of Reggio nell'Emilia are called Reggiani, while the inhabitants of Reggio di Calabria, in the southwest of the country, are called Reggini.

The old town has a hexagonal form, which derives from the ancient walls, and the main buildings are from the 16th–17th centuries. The commune's territory lies entirely on a plain, crossed by the Crostolo stream.
Michael Stocker
Michael  Adam Gerber Stocker (1939–2024) was a 20th-century American political philosopher. He held the Irwin & Marjorie Guttag Professorship of Ethics and Political Philosophy at Syracuse University. Stocker is known for his works on ethics; he authored the seminal paper, "The Schizophrenia of Modern Ethical Theories".

The Journal of Philosophy
The Journal of Philosophy is a monthly peer-reviewed academic journal on philosophy, founded in 1904 at Columbia University. Its stated purpose is "To publish philosophical articles of current interest and encourage the interchange of ideas, especially the exploration of the borderline between philosophy and other disciplines." Subscriptions and online access are managed by the Philosophy Documentation Center.

The journal is widely regarded as one of the most prestigious journals in the field. The journal also publishes the Dewey, Woodbridge, and Nagel Lectures series held at Columbia University.
2022 European Cadets and Juniors Fencing Championships
The 2022 European Cadets and Juniors Fencing Championships  took place in Novi Sad, Serbia, from 26 February to 7 March 2022 and were organised by the European Fencing Confederation, the recognised governing body of European fencing. On 2 March, and following the IOC recommendations, that FIE Executive Committee decided not to invite or allow the participation of Russian and Belarusian athletes and officials in FIE competitions until further notice.

International Fencing Federation
The   International Fencing Federation  (Fédération Internationale d'Escrime) commonly known by the acronym FIE, is the international governing body of Olympic fencing. Today, its head office is at the Maison du Sport International in Lausanne, Switzerland. The FIE is composed of 155 national federations, each of which is recognized by its country's Olympic Committee as the sole representative of Olympic-style fencing in that country.
Cummins Quantum Series
Cummins Quantum Series is a family of internal combustion engines, developed and manufactured by American Cummins for various heavy-duty use cases. The Quantum series comes with an electronic controlled module. It is used in heavy duty machines and in railway machines.

Cummins
Cummins Inc. is an American multinational corporation that designs, manufactures, and distributes diesel engines, electric vehicle components, and power generation products. Cummins also services engines and related equipment, including fuel systems, air handling systems controls, filtration, emission control, electrical power generation systems, and engine control units.

Headquartered in Columbus, Indiana, Cummins sells in approximately 190 countries and territories through a network of more than 600 company-owned and independent distributors and approximately 7,200 dealers.
Aviastroitel
Aviastroitel Ltd. (Russian: ООО "Авиастроитель", in English literally Aircraft Manufacturers) is a manufacturer of sailplanes that was originally based in Penza, Russia. Since 2010, the company has been known as Glider Air Craft Ltd (Russian: ООО "ГЛАЙДЕР ЭЙРКРАФТ") and has been based in Moscow.

Glider (sailplane)
A glider or sailplane is a type of glider aircraft used in the leisure activity and sport of gliding (also called soaring). This unpowered aircraft can use naturally occurring currents of rising air in the atmosphere to gain altitude. Sailplanes are aerodynamically streamlined, so they can fly a significant distance forward for a small decrease in altitude.

In North America, the term 'sailplane' is also used to describe this type of aircraft. In other parts of the English-speaking world, the word 'glider' is more common.
Nowe Kichary
Nowe Kichary [ˈnɔvɛ kiˈxarɨ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dwikozy, within Sandomierz County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 4 km (2 mi) west of Dwikozy, 7 km (4 mi) north of Sandomierz, and 81 km (50 mi) east of the regional capital Kielce.

Sandomierz County
Sandomierz County (Polish: powiat sandomierski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, south-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Sandomierz, which lies 83 kilometres (52 mi) east of the regional capital Kielce. The county also contains the towns of Koprzywnica, lying 16 km (10 mi) south-west of Sandomierz, and Zawichost, 16 km (10 mi) north-east of Sandomierz.

The county covers an area of 675.89 square kilometres (261.0 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 77,352, out of which the population of Sandomierz is 23,494, that of Koprzywnica is 2,470, that of Zawichost is 1,771, and the rural population is 49,617.
Anatoly Yarkin
Anatoly Nikolayevich Yarkin (Russian: Анатолий Николаевич Яркин; born 11 November 1958) is a retired Soviet cyclist. He was part of the Soviet team that won the time trial event at the 1980 Summer Olympics. Individually, he finished in sixth place in the road race, helping Sergei Sukhoruchenkov and Yuri Barinov to win the race. Next year, he won a silver medal in the team time trial at the 1981 UCI Road World Championships.

He retired from the Soviet team in 1984, but a few years later competed for a club in Chile. After that he worked as a cycling coach in Samara and later as a popularizer of mountain biking in Tolyatti.

Cycling at the 1980 Summer Olympics – Men's individual road race
The men's individual road race was an event at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. 115 cyclists from 32 nations took part. The maximum number of cyclists per nation was four. The event was won by Sergei Sukhoruchenkov of the Soviet Union, the nation's second victory (after 1960; tying France for second-most behind Italy) in the men's individual road race. His teammate Yuri Barinov took bronze. Czesław Lang's silver put Poland on the podium in the event for the second straight Games.
A Chance to Cut Is a Chance to Cure
A Chance to Cut Is a Chance to Cure is the fourth studio album by American electronic music duo Matmos, released in 2001. The album consists primarily of samples of medical procedures, including plastic surgeries, liposuctions, hearing tests and bonesaws. The album maintains a sense of humour in contrast with the serious nature of the audio being sampled. The exception to the medical samples is the song "For Felix (And All the Rats)", a piece dedicated to their deceased pet rat Felix, performed entirely on his cage.

The two members of Matmos, Drew Daniel and Martin Schmidt, both had doctors as parents, a fact that likely influenced them in the album's creation. The album is sometimes considered a concept album within the glitch or musique concrète genre.

Plastic surgery
Plastic surgery is a surgical specialty involving restoration, reconstruction, or alteration of the human body. It can be divided into two main categories: reconstructive surgery and cosmetic surgery. Reconstructive surgery covers a wide range of specialties, including craniofacial surgery, oral and maxillofacial surgery, hand surgery, microsurgery, and the treatment of burns. This kind of surgery focuses on restoring a body part or improving its function. In contrast, cosmetic (or aesthetic) surgery focuses solely on improving the physical appearance of the body. A comprehensive definition of plastic surgery has never been established, because it has no distinct anatomical object and thus overlaps with practically all other surgical specialties. An essential feature of plastic surgery is that it involves the treatment of conditions that require or may require tissue relocation skills.
Cash mob
A cash mob is a group of people who assemble at a local business to make purchases. The purpose of these mobs is to support both the local businesses and the overall community.  They may also serve a secondary purpose in providing social opportunities. They are a form of flash mob, and are inspired by them. The cash mob is related to the carrotmob, which supports companies for ethical, mainly pro-environmental actions.

Cash mobs also sometimes mobilize to raise money for a cause, as in the case of the cash mob that descended on a Planned Parenthood in Portland, Maine in October 2012, raising $2,000 in minutes.

Carrotmob
Carrotmob is a nonprofit organization based in San Francisco, California. It uses buycotts (a form of consumer activism where a community buys a lot of goods from one company in a small time period) to reward a business's commitment to making socially responsible changes to the business. Carrotmob also refers to a global movement of community organizers who use the Carrotmob tactic of consumer activism as a way to help change businesses in their communities. In a Carrotmob buycott, businesses compete to be the most socially responsible business, and then a network of consumers spends money to support the winner.
Garsenda
Garsenda, Garsende, or Gersenda (French: Gersende, Latin: Garsendis) is a feminine given name, popular in the Middle Ages. It was the name of:

Garsenda, Countess of Forcalquier, also countess of Provence
her mother, Garsenda of Forcalquier
her daughter, Garsenda of Provence, Viscountess of Béarn

Garsenda of Toulouse

Garsende of Béziers and Agde

Gersende of Bigorre

Garsenda I of Forcalquier
Garsenda I of Forcalquier (died before 1193) was the wife of Rainou of Sabran and the mother of Garsenda (II), Countess of Forcalquier. Her father was William of Urgell, Count of Forcalquier and her mother was Adelaide of Béziers, daughter of Raymond I Trencavel, Viscount of Agde and Béziers and his wife, Saura of Carcassonne.

It is noted in historical documentation that from 1144 to 1152, Garsenda was involved in a land dispute with the church (opposition led by Guillaume of Bénévent, Archbishop of Embrun) regarding transfer of ownership of edifices in Manosque and Toute Aures. Garsenda, along with other nobility, sought to keep the land within her family following the death of her uncle Bertrand II. It was ruled by the courts that the castles would be shared among the monks and counts of the municipality, with her mother's family making a donation to the monastery.
1967 in film
The year 1967 in film involved some significant events. It is widely considered one of the most ground-breaking years in American cinema, with "revolutionary" films highlighting the shift towards forward thinking European standards at the time, including: Bonnie and Clyde, The Graduate, Guess Who's Coming to Dinner, Cool Hand Luke, The Dirty Dozen, In Cold Blood, In the Heat of the Night, The Jungle Book and You Only Live Twice.

The Happiest Millionaire
The Happiest Millionaire is a 1967 American musical film starring Fred MacMurray, based upon the true story of Philadelphia millionaire Anthony Drexel Biddle. The film, featuring music by the Sherman Brothers, was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Costume Design by Bill Thomas. The screenplay by A. J. Carothers was adapted from the play, based on the book My Philadelphia Father by Cordelia Drexel Biddle. Walt Disney acquired the rights to the play in the early 1960s. The film was the last live-action musical film to be produced by Disney before his death on December 15, 1966.
Mary Flanagan
Mary Flanagan is an American artist, author, educator, and designer in the field of game studies. She is the founding director of the research laboratory and design studio Tiltfactor Lab at Dartmouth College. She is the author of scholarly books from MIT Press, including Playing Oppression: The Legacy of Conquest and Empire in Board Games, Values at Play in Digital Games, and Critical Play: Radical Game Design. She is the CEO of the board game company Resonym. Her artwork has exhibited at museums such as the Whitney Museum and The Guggenheim.

MIT Press
The MIT Press is the university press of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), a private research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The MIT Press publishes a number of academic journals and has been a pioneer in the open access movement in academic publishing.
Nanowood
Nanowood is a heat-insulating material derived from wood, considered to offer slightly better insulation properties than Styrofoam. Nanowood is also more environmentally friendly and biodegradable than Styrofoam. It is lightweight, strong, and composed entirely of processed wood fibers.

Nanowood was developed by engineer Liangbing Hu and his team at the University of Maryland, College Park. According to the researchers, nanowood reflects approximately 95% of radiation energy and absorbs about 2% when exposed to the solar spectrum. By comparison, silica aerogel absorbs roughly 20% and transmits around 60% of the radiative heat it is exposed to. According to Tian Li, a member of the research team, the material has the potential to significantly reduce energy costs.

Aerogel
Aerogels are a class of synthetic porous ultralight material derived from a gel, in which the liquid component for the gel has been replaced with a gas, without significant collapse of the gel structure. The result is a solid with extremely low density and extremely low thermal conductivity. Aerogels can be made from a variety of chemical compounds. Silica aerogels feel like fragile styrofoam to the touch, while some polymer-based aerogels feel like rigid foams.

Aerogels are produced by extracting the liquid component of a gel through supercritical drying or freeze-drying. This allows the liquid to be slowly dried off without causing the solid matrix in the gel to collapse from capillary action, as would happen with conventional evaporation. The first aerogels were produced from silica gels. Kistler's later work involved aerogels based on alumina, chromia, and tin dioxide. Carbon aerogels were first developed in the late 1980s.
Yu Jing (sledge hockey)
Yu Jing (born 22 September 1983) is a Chinese ice sledge hockey player.

At the 2022 Winter Paralympics, Yu became the third female para ice hockey player at the Winter Paralympic Games after Norwegians Britt Mjaasund Øyen and Lena Schrøder and the first Chinese woman to do so. She was also a member of China's bronze medal-winning team in para ice hockey at the 2022 Winter Paralympics, thus becoming the second woman to win a Paralympic medal in this sport.

Britt Mjaasund Øyen
Britt Mjaasund Øyen (born 7 September 1944) is a Norwegian known for medals in Ice sledge speed racing at the Winter Paralympics. Øyen also won Paralympic medals in cross-country skiing (1980) and ice sledge hockey (1994). She received the Erling Stordahls ærespris in 2012.