hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Shape note
Shape notes are a musical notation designed to facilitate congregational and social singing.  The notation became a popular teaching device in American singing schools during the 19th century. Shapes were added to the noteheads in written music to help singers find pitches within major and minor scales without the use of more complex information found in key signatures on the staff.

Shape notes of various kinds have been used for over two centuries in a variety of music traditions.

Minor scale
A minor scale is a sequence of musical notes in which the third scale degree is a minor third above the tonic. The notes A–B–C–D–E–F–G form a prototypical minor scale.

There are three common types of minor scales: the natural minor scale, the melodic minor scale, and the harmonic minor scale. The Aeolian, Phrygian, and Dorian modes are also examples of minor scales.
Sternbach
Sternbach is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Joni Sternbach, American photographer

June Sternbach (born 1995), American social media personality

Leo Sternbach, chemist

Leon Sternbach, philologist

Ludwik Sternbach, Indologist

Rick Sternbach, illustrator

Leon Sternbach
Leon Sternbach (2 July 1864, in Drohobych – 20 February 1940, in Sachsenhausen concentration camp) was a Polish philologist and classicist, professor at Jagiellonian University, and member of Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Leon Sternbach was of Jewish descent and had studied in Leipzig, Dresden and Vienna from 1882 to 1886. He initiated the study of ancient Byzantium within Poland. In 1939, two months after the German invasion of Poland, under Nazi occupation, Sternbach was arrested along with 184 other professors and staff of the Jagiellonian by the Gestapo during Sonderaktion Krakau. After being held in a Kraków Gestapo prison, he was sent to Sachsenhausen concentration camp, where he was murdered.
Seán Ó Súilleabháin
Seán Ó Súilleabháin (30 November 1903 – 13 December 1996) was a teacher and folklorist with the Irish Folklore Commission. He was a native Irish speaker from County Kerry.

Educated at St Brendan's College, Killarney, he trained as a national school teacher from 1921 to 1923 at De La Salle College Waterford. He worked as a teacher in County Kilkenny and Mount Sion, Waterford. In 1934, he earned an external BA in Celtic Studies from University College London, followed by an MA. In 1935, he became the first archivist with the Irish Folklore Commission, which had been established, and received training at Uppsala University in Sweden. Following the commission's closure, he worked as a lecturer at University College Dublin. He was awarded an honorary DLittCelt from the National University of Ireland in 1976.

National University of Ireland
The National University of Ireland (NUI; Irish: Ollscoil na hÉireann)  is a federal university system of constituent universities (previously called constituent colleges) and recognised colleges set up under the Irish Universities Act 1908, and significantly amended by the Universities Act, 1997.

The constituent universities are for all essential purposes independent universities, except that the degrees and diplomas are those of the National University of Ireland with its seat in Dublin.

In post-nominals, the abbreviation NUI  is used for degrees from all the constituent universities of the National University of Ireland.
1831 in birding and ornithology
Death of  Louis Pierre Vieillot

Christian Ludwig Brehm publishes  Handbuch der Naturgeschichte alle Vögel Deutschlands

Second voyage of HMS Beagle commences

Adolphe Delattre makes the first of several trips to South America.

Johann Friedrich von Brandt  appointed director of the Zoological Department at the St Petersburg Academy of Sciences

Nicholas Aylward Vigors describes the great Indian bustard

"Maison Deyrolle" established in Paris.

Louis Pierre Vieillot
Louis Pierre Vieillot (French pronunciation: [lwi pjɛʁ vjɛjo]; 10 May 1748 in Yvetot – 24 August 1830 in Sotteville-lès-Rouen) was a French ornithologist.

Vieillot is the author of the first scientific descriptions and Linnaean names of a number of birds, including species he collected himself in the West Indies, as well as North American and South American species discovered but not formally named by Félix de Azara and his translator Sonnini de Manoncourt. He was among the first ornithologists to study changes in plumage and one of the first to study live birds. At least 88 of the genera erected by Vieillot are still in use.
Ethnic groups in Syracuse, New York
The story of the city of Syracuse began with the land which was covered with swamps and bogs, and with a large forest surrounding a clear, freshwater lake located in the northeast corner of the Finger Lakes Region. The land around the present day city was originally the home of the Haudensaunee, or the Onondaga Nation. They were members of the Iroquois Confederacy, which spanned most of Upstate New York.

Over the course of 400 years, ethnic groups from all over the world have been attracted to the Central New York area, including the African, Asian, British, French, German, Greek, Irish, Italian, Jewish, Lebanese, Latino, Native American, Pacific Islander, Polish, Assyrian, Ukrainian, and Welsh communities.

In the 21st century, Syracuse became home to emigrants from Somalia, Vietnam, Iraq, Syria, Sudan, South Sudan, Afghanistan, Bosnia, and many other countries.

Onondaga County, New York
Onondaga County (/ˌɒnənˈdɑːɡə/ ON-ən-DAH-gə) is a county in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 476,516. The county seat is Syracuse. The county is part of the Central New York region of the state.

Onondaga County is the core of the Syracuse Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Spodnji Gasteraj
Spodnji Gasteraj (pronounced [ˈspoːdnji ɡastɛˈɾaːi̯]) is a settlement in the Municipality of Sveti Jurij v Slovenskih Goricah in northeastern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included in the Drava Statistical Region.

A small chapel-shrine in the settlement dates to the early 20th century.

Drava Statistical Region
The Drava Statistical Region (Slovene: podravska statistična regija) is a statistical region in Slovenia. The largest city in the region is Maribor. The region's name comes from the Drava River and includes land on both banks along its course through Slovenia as well as the Pohorje mountains in the northeast of the region. The Drava is used for the production of hydroelectricity and the fertile land around it is used for agriculture. The share of job vacancies in all available jobs is among the highest in Slovenia and the region has a positive net migration rate but a very high natural decrease, which means an overall decrease in the population.
2016 Hoboken train crash
On September 29, 2016, an NJ Transit commuter train crashed at Hoboken Terminal in Hoboken, New Jersey. The accident occurred during the morning rush hour, at one of the busiest transportation hubs in the New York metropolitan area. One person died, and 114 others were injured. The train operator, who was in the cab car, was among the injured.

National Transportation Safety Board
The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) is an independent U.S. government investigative agency responsible for civil transportation accident investigation. In this role, the NTSB investigates and reports on aviation accidents and incidents, certain types of highway crashes, ship and marine accidents, pipeline incidents, bridge failures, and railroad accidents. The NTSB is also in charge of investigating cases of hazardous materials releases that occur during transportation. The agency is based in Washington, D.C. It has three regional offices, located in Anchorage, Alaska; Aurora, Colorado; and Federal Way, Washington. The agency also operated a national training center at its Ashburn facility.
El Cristo, Chiriquí
El Cristo  is a corregimiento in Tolé District, Chiriquí Province, Panama. It has a land area of 31.3 square kilometres (12.1 sq mi) and had a population of 1,500 as of 2010, giving it a population density of 47.8 inhabitants per square kilometre (124/sq mi). It was created by Law 10 of March 7, 1997; this measure was complemented by Law 5 of January 19, 1998 and Law 69 of October 28, 1998. Its population as of 2000 was 1,354.

Corregimientos of Panama
In Panama, a corregimiento is a subdivision of a district, which in turn is a subdivision of a province. It is the smallest administrative division level in the country; which is further subdivided into populated places/centres. As of 2012, Panama is subdivided into a total of 693 corregimientos, since several of these were created in the province of Bocas del Toro and the indigenous region (comarca indígena) of Ngäbe-Buglé.
Aleksandr Ernepesov
Aleksandr Ernepesov (born 27 February 1995) is a Turkmen tennis player.

Ernepesov hasn't a career high ATP singles ranking yet.

Ernepesov has represented Turkmenistan at Davis Cup, where he has a win–loss record of 21–18.

He played at the 2014 Asian Games on singles he lost in the 2nd round against the late winner Yoshihito Nishioka, in doubles with Georgiý Poçaý lost in the 2nd round against Gong Maoxin-Li Zhe Chinese duo.

Tennis at the 2014 Asian Games
Tennis at the 2014 Asian Games was held at the Yeorumul Tennis Courts, in Incheon, South Korea from 20 September to 30 September 2014.

A total of 153 tennis players from 24 nations competed in tennis at the 2014 Asian Games, Chinese Taipei finished first at the medal table by winning five medals.
Euro Catch Festival
Euro Catch Festival was an annual professional wrestling event produced by Catch Wrestling Association (CWA) between 1991 and 1999. The event was hailed as the company's flagship event and the biggest event of the year. Two editions of the event were held once a year; the July event was held in Graz, Austria and the December event was held in Bremen, Germany. The 1999 edition of the event was the final CWA show as the promotion closed after that event.

Rambo headlined all of the events with the exception of the July 1996 edition which was headlined by Ludvig Borga and August Smisl. All the events were headlined by a match for the promotion's top title, the prestigious CWA World Heavyweight Championship, with the exception of the 1999 event, which was headlined by a CWA World Middleweight Championship match between Franz Schumann and Jesus Cristobal, which would be the final match in CWA history.

Professional wrestling championship
In professional wrestling, a championship or title is a recognition promoted by professional wrestling organizations. Championship reigns are determined by professional wrestling matches, in which competitors are involved in predetermined rivalries; these narratives create feuds between the various competitors, which usually cast them as either faces (heroes), heels (villains), or more rarely tweeners (morally ambiguous). The bookers in a company, who decide the winners and where the storyline goes, will place the title on the most accomplished performer or the one they believe will generate fan interest in terms of event attendance and television viewership.
Vollenborn
Vollenborn (German pronunciation: [ˈfɔlənˌbɔʁn]) is a village and a former municipality in the district of Eichsfeld in Thuringia, Germany. Since 31 December 2013, it is part of the municipality Deuna.

Eichsfeld (district)
Eichsfeld is a district in Thuringia, Germany, and part of the historical region of Eichsfeld. It is bounded by (from the east and clockwise) the districts of Nordhausen, Kyffhäuserkreis and Unstrut-Hainich-Kreis, and by the states of Hesse (district Werra-Meißner-Kreis) and Lower Saxony (district Göttingen).
Great Britain at the 1924 Winter Olympics
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland competed as Great Britain at the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix, France. Based on medal count, this was Great Britain's best ever performance at a Winter Olympic Games until the 2014 games were held in Sochi in Russia. On 3 February Great Britain won two medals on one day. This was not to be bettered until the 2018 games when 3 medals were won on one day.

Chamonix
Chamonix-Mont-Blanc (French pronunciation: [ʃamɔni mɔ̃ blɑ̃]; Arpitan: Chamôni-Mont-Blanc), more commonly known simply as Chamonix (Chamôni), is a commune in the Haute-Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in Southeastern France. It was the site of the first Winter Olympics, held in 1924.

Chamonix is situated in the French Alps just north of Mont Blanc, the highest mountain in Western Europe. Between the peaks of the Aiguilles Rouges and the notable Aiguille du Midi, it borders both Switzerland and Italy. It is one of the oldest ski resorts in France, popular with alpinists and mountain enthusiasts. Via the cable car lift to the Aiguille du Midi it is possible to access the off-piste ski run of the Vallée Blanche ('white valley').
Haasrode, Leuven
The northern part of the former municipality of Haasrode (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɦaːsroːdə]) is now a part of the city of Leuven, Belgium. According to the official website of Leuven, Haasrode is a part of the sub-municipality of Heverlee.

In 1977, Haasrode was merged with Oud-Heverlee, Blanden, Vaalbeek and Sint-Joris-Weert to form the municipality of Oud-Heverlee. The northern part of the former municipality of Haasrode was administratively annexed to Leuven. Haasrode Research-Park is located in Leuven's Haasrode.

Deelgemeente
A deelgemeente (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈdeːlɣəˌmeːntə] ⓘ, literally sub-municipality), or section (French pronunciation: [sɛksjɔ̃] ⓘ), is a subdivision of a municipality in Belgium and, until March 2014, in the Netherlands as well.
Richard Deane (priest)
Richard Deane was an Irish Anglican priest in the second half of the 17th century.

Daene was educated at Trinity College, Dublin after which he became Vicar of Rower. He was deprived after the Irish Rebellion of 1641. In 1662 he became a prebendary of Lismore  and a year later  Archdeacon of Waterford,  He was archdeacon until his resignation in 1667; and prebendary until 1680.

Prebendary
A prebendary is a member of the Catholic or Anglican clergy, a form of canon with a role in the administration of a cathedral or collegiate church.  When attending services, prebendaries sit in particular seats, usually at the back of the choir stalls, known as prebendal stalls.
Nightexpress
Nightexpress Luftverkehrsgesellschaft mbH was a small German cargo airline based at Frankfurt Airport. In 2013, the company was bought by BDA (Bespoke Distribution Aviation). The company ceased operations in late 2017.

Cargo airline
Cargo airlines (or air freight carriers, and derivatives of these names) are airlines mainly dedicated to the transport of cargo by air. Some cargo airlines are divisions or subsidiaries of larger passenger airlines.
In 2018, airline cargo traffic represented 262,333 million tonne-kilometres with a 49.3% load factor: 52.1% for dedicated cargo operations, and 47.9% within mixed operations (belly freight of passenger airliners).

Dedicated cargo airlines such as FedEx, UPS, and DHL, operate a fleet of cargo aircraft and handle the entire freight transportation process. Many airlines, like Emirates and Qatar Airways, have dedicated cargo divisions that operate their own fleet of cargo aircraft alongside their passenger operations. During the COVID-19 pandemic, airlines like American Airlines, Air Canada, and Delta Air Lines utilized their passenger planes, removing seats to create space for cargo, to meet the demand for freight transport.
Jade, Germany
Jade (German pronunciation: [ˈjaːdə] ⓘ) is a municipality in the district of Wesermarsch, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated on the river Jade, approx. 23 km (14 mi) north of Oldenburg, and 50 km (31 mi) northwest of Bremen.

Oldenburg (city)
Oldenburg (German pronunciation: [ˈɔldn̩bʊʁk] ⓘ; Northern Low Saxon: Ollnborg) is an independent city in the state of Lower Saxony, Germany.  The city is officially named Oldenburg (Oldb) (Oldenburg in Oldenburg) to distinguish from Oldenburg in Holstein.

During the French annexation (1811–1813) in the wake of the Napoleonic war against Britain, it was also known as Le Vieux-Bourg in French. The city is at the rivers Hunte and Haaren, in the northwestern region between the cities of Bremen in the east and Groningen (Netherlands) in the west. According to Germany's 2022 census, the city's population is 176.068 in 2024. Oldenburg is part of the Northwest Metropolitan Region, which is home to approximately 2.8 million people.

The city is the place of origin of the House of Oldenburg. Before the end of the German Empire (1918), it was the administrative centre and residence of the monarchs of Oldenburg.
Paul Rivet
Paul Rivet (French: [pɔl ʁivɛ]; 7 May 1876 – 21 March 1958) was a French ethnologist known for founding the Musée de l'Homme in 1937. In his professional work, Rivet is known for his theory that South America was originally populated in part by migrants who sailed there from Australia and Melanesia. He married Mercedes Andrade Chiriboga, who was from Cuenca, Ecuador.

René Verneau
René Verneau (French pronunciation: [ʁəne vɛʁno]; 25 April 1852 – 7 January 1938) was a French palaeoanthropologist. Among his work is the reconstruction of the Grimaldi man from Liguria, and study of the Guanches.

In 2005, the Mission laïque française college in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, the only francophone college in the island, adopted his name.
Akron Goodyear Wingfoots
The Akron Goodyear Wingfoots are one of the oldest basketball teams in the United States. They were founded in 1918, by the workers at the Goodyear Tire Company, in Akron, Ohio. The teams, while giving workers recreation, also helped to promote one of the first canvas/rubber based shoes made specifically for athletics, the wingfoot.

Pete McCaffrey
John Paul "Pete" McCaffrey (December 24, 1938 – March 4, 2012) was an American basketball player. He played for the gold medal-winning United States men's national basketball team at the 1964 Summer Olympics. He also played for the fourth place squad at the 1963 FIBA World Championship.

McCaffrey was born in Tucson, Arizona and played collegiately at Saint Louis. Later, in 1994, he was inducted into the school's hall of fame.

Aside from playing for the national team, McCaffrey played in the Amateur Athletic Union, first for the Buchan Bakers and then for the Akron Goodyear Wingfoots. He was named an AAU All-American three times (1962–1964) while playing for the Wingfoots. He also played 16 times for the United States.
Nod Glas Formation
The Nod Glas Formation (also known as the Nod Glas Black Shale, the Cadnant Shale, the Penarwel Mudstones or just Nod Glas) is an Ordovician lithostratigraphic group (a sequence of rock strata) in Mid Wales. The rock of the formation is made up of pyritous, graptolitic mudstone that is generally black in colour. It weathers to a soft, very well cleaved and coal-like material. The formation runs from Conwy in the north, down to Cardigan Bay in the area around Aberdyfi and Tywyn, though it is not a continuous over this area.

The formation is the topmost of the Caradoc Series in North Wales, and the name refers to all the black shale beds in the area. In South Wales, the equivalent beds of shale are called the Dicranograptus Shales.

Tywyn
Tywyn (/ˈtaʊ.ɪn/; Welsh pronunciation: [ˈtəu̯ɨn]), formerly spelled Towyn, is a town, community, and seaside resort on the Cardigan Bay coast of southern Gwynedd, Wales. It was previously in the historic county of Merionethshire. It is famous as the location of the Cadfan Stone, a stone cross with the earliest known example of written Welsh, and the home of the Talyllyn Railway.
Ruszów railway station
Ruszów (German: Rauscha) is a railway station in the village of Ruszów, Zgorzelec County, within the Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

The station is situated on the Miłkowice–Jasień railway (between Węgliniec and Zielona Góra via Żary) and was once the terminus of the now abandoned Ruszów–Gozdnica railway.

Węgliniec
Węgliniec [vɛŋˈɡliɲɛt͡s] (German: Kohlfurt; Upper Sorbian: Wěgliniec) is a town in Zgorzelec County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland, close to the border with Germany. It is the seat of the administrative district (gmina) called Gmina Węgliniec. As of 2024, the town has a population of 2,642.
Actoxumab
Actoxumab is a human monoclonal antibody designed for the prevention of recurrence of Clostridioides difficile infection.

This drug, along with bezlotoxumab, was developed through Phase II efficacy trials by a partnership between Medarex Inc and MassBiologics of the University of Massachusetts Medical School. The project was then licensed to Merck & Co., Inc. for further development and commercialization.

A study compared it with bezlotoxumab (that targets CD toxin-B) and found Actoxumab less effective.

Phases of clinical research
The phases of clinical research are the stages in which scientists conduct experiments with a health intervention to obtain sufficient evidence for a process considered effective as a medical treatment. For drug development, the clinical phases start with testing for drug safety in a few human subjects, then expand to many study participants (potentially tens of thousands) to determine if the treatment is effective. Clinical research is conducted on drug candidates, vaccine candidates, new medical devices, and new diagnostic assays.
P. O. Ackley
Parker Otto Ackley (May 25, 1903 – August 23, 1989) was an American gunsmith, barrel maker, author, columnist, and wildcat cartridge developer.  The Ackley Improved family of wildcat cartridges are designed to be easily made by rechambering existing firearms, and fireforming the ammunition to decrease body taper and increase shoulder angle, resulting in a higher case capacity.  Ackley improved not only standard cartridges, but also other popular wildcats, and was the first to create a .17 caliber (4.5 mm) centerfire cartridge.

Gunsmith
A gunsmith is a person who repairs, modifies, designs, or builds guns. The occupation differs from an armorer, who usually replaces only worn parts in standard firearms. Gunsmiths do modifications and changes to a firearm that may require a very high level of craftsmanship, requiring the skills of a top-level machinist, a very skilled woodworker, and even an engineer. Gunsmiths perform factory-level repairs and renovations to restore well-used or deteriorated firearms to new condition. They may make alterations to adapt sporting guns to better fit the individual shooter that may require extensive modifications to the firearm's stocks and metal parts. Repairs and redesigns may require fabrication and fitting of unavailable parts and assemblies constructed by smiths themselves. Gunsmiths may also renew metal finishes or apply decorative carvings or engravings to guns. Many gun shops offer gunsmithing services on the premises.
Üch-Korgon Hydroelectric Power Station
The Üch-Korgon Hydro Power Plant (Kyrgyz: Үч-Коргон ГЭСи, Russian: Уч-Курганская ГЭС) is an active hydroelectric plant on the river Naryn in Shamaldy-Say, Kyrgyzstan, upstream from Uchqoʻrgʻon in Uzbekistan. Completed in 1962, it is the oldest of the three hydroelectric plants on the river Naryn near Tash-Kömür, 25 km downstream from the Shamaldy-Say Hydroelectric Power Station. It has 4 individual turbines with a nominal output of around 45 MW and a total nominal capacity of 180 MW. The power plant's dam is 34 m (112 ft) tall and it creates a 53,000,000 m3 (42,968 acre⋅ft) reservoir of which20,000,000 m3 (16,214 acre⋅ft) is active (or useful) for power generation.

Tash-Kömür
Tash-Kömür (Kyrgyz: Таш-Көмүр, Russian: Таш-Кумыр Tash-Kumyr) is one of the five largest towns of Jalal-Abad Region in Southern Kyrgyzstan. It is a city of regional significance, not part of a district. Its area is 47 square kilometres (18 sq mi), and its resident population was 44,065 in 2021. It is located along the West bank of the river Naryn, opposite the main Osh - Bishkek road.  Located at the edge of the Tien Shan Mountains, when heading South from Bishkek, Tash-Kömür is the gateway to the Fergana valley.