hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Actinism
Actinism is the property of solar radiation that leads to the production of photochemical and photobiological effects. It is important in chemical photography and x-ray imaging, and causes sunburn and photodegradation of materials. Actinic chemicals include silver salts used in photography and other light-sensitive chemicals.

The word actinism is derived from the Ancient Greek ἀκτίς, ἀκτῖνος ('ray, beam').

Photobiology
Photobiology is the scientific study of the beneficial and harmful interactions of light (technically, non-ionizing radiation) in living organisms. The field includes the study of photophysics, photochemistry, photosynthesis, photomorphogenesis, visual processing, circadian rhythms, photomovement, bioluminescence, and ultraviolet radiation effects.

The division between ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation is typically considered to be a photon energy greater than 10 eV, which approximately corresponds to both the first ionization energy of oxygen, and the ionization energy of hydrogen at about 14 eV.

When photons come into contact with molecules, these molecules can absorb the energy in photons and become excited. Then they can react with molecules around them and stimulate "photochemical" and "photophysical" changes of molecular structures.
Elementary mathematics
Elementary mathematics, also known as primary or secondary school mathematics, is the study of mathematics topics that are commonly taught at the primary or secondary school levels around the world. It includes a wide range of mathematical concepts and skills, including number sense, algebra, geometry, measurement, and data analysis. These concepts and skills form the foundation for more advanced mathematical study and are essential for success in many fields and everyday life. The study of elementary mathematics is a crucial part of a student's education and lays the foundation for future academic and career success.

Set (mathematics)
In mathematics, a set is a collection of different things; the things are called elements or members of the set and are typically mathematical objects: numbers, symbols, points in space, lines, geometric shapes, variables, or other sets.  A set may be finite or infinite. There is a unique set with no elements, called the empty set; a set with a single element is a singleton.

Mathematics typically does not define precisely what constitutes a "set" or "collection", because such a definition would have to be in terms of something else previously defined.  Instead, sets serve as foundational objects whose behavior is described by axioms modeled on intuition about collections, and then essentially all other mathematical objects are rigorously defined in terms of sets.

Set theory studies possible axiom systems and their consequences.
Since the first half of the 20th century, ZFC (Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory with the axiom of choice) has been the axiom system most commonly used.
William Hart (MP)
William Hart (fl.1388-1417), was an English Member of Parliament (MP).

He was a Member of the Parliament of England for Bletchingley in September 1388, 1393, 1395, January 1397, 1402, November 1414, 1415 and 1417.

Bletchingley (UK Parliament constituency)
Bletchingley was a parliamentary borough in Surrey. It returned two Members of Parliament (MPs) to the House of Commons of England from 1295 to 1707, to the House of Commons of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800, and to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom until 1832, when the constituency was abolished by the Great Reform Act.

Elections were held using the bloc vote system.

The constituency was just 31⁄2 miles south-east of the similar rotten borough of Gatton.
The Target (novel)
The Target is a thriller novel written by David Baldacci. It is the third installment to feature Will Robie, a highly skilled U.S. Government assassin. The book was initially published on April 22, 2014 by Grand Central Publishing.

Grand Central Publishing
Grand Central Publishing is a book publishing imprint of Hachette Book Group, originally established in 1970 as Warner Books when Kinney National Company acquired the New York City-based Paperback Library. When Time Warner sold their book publishing business to Hachette Livre in March 2007, the North American operations of the Time Warner Book Group were renamed Hachette Book Group, while the group's Warner Books imprint became Grand Central Publishing, named in part by the proximity of their new offices to New York's Grand Central Terminal.

In addition to the Grand Central imprint itself, Grand Central Publishing has several sub-imprints, including Balance, Forever/Forever Yours, Legacy Lit, and Twelve.
Gradius Deluxe Pack
Gradius Deluxe Pack is a 1996 video game compilation developed and published by Konami. It was originally released for the Sega Saturn and PlayStation, and later for Windows computers a year later. It includes the first two games in the company's Gradius series of shoot'em ups — Gradius (1985) and Gradius II (1988) — alongside extras such as CG movies and minor changes to the included titles.

Video game compilation
A video game compilation is a type of product bundling in which different video games are available for purchase as a special collection. They are often stored on the same physical media or digital package, making use of menu interfaces that allow players to select the game they want to play. They are a form of video game preservation.
Doulton's Claypit
Doulton's Claypit (grid reference SO936870) is a 3.3 hectares (8.2 acres) geological site of Special Scientific Interest in the West Midlands. The site was notified in 1986 under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 and is currently managed by the Country Trust.

The site is noteworthy for its exposure of strata of the Middle Coal Measures, laid down during the Westphalian stage of the Carboniferous period.

Country Trust
The Country Trust is a British education charity that connects children from areas of high social and economic disadvantage with the land, through visits to the working countryside and by promoting a better understanding of the links between food and farming.

The Country Trust is registered with The Charity Commission no. 1122103, and is a company limited by guarantee, no. 6436266.

The organisation raises money through donations, fundraising initiatives, events and partnerships.
London Overground Rail Operations
London Overground Rail Operations Limited was a train operating company contracted to operate the London Overground train service on the National Rail network, under the franchise control of Transport for London. The company was a 50/50 joint venture between Arriva UK Trains and MTR Corporation.

Enfield Town railway station
Enfield Town railway station is the terminus of the Enfield Town branch of the Lea Valley Lines, located in Enfield Town, north London. It is one of three northern termini of London Overground's Weaver line, 10 miles 55 chains (17.2 km) down the line from London Liverpool Street.

Its three-letter station code is ENF and it is in London fare zone 5. In 2015 the line and Enfield Town station were transferred from Abellio Greater Anglia operation to London Overground and added to the Tube map.
Jairani
Jairani (possibly from Aymara k'ayra frog, -ni a suffix, "the one with a frog (or frogs)") is a mountain in the Vilcanota mountain range in the Andes of Peru, about 5,000-metre (16,404 ft) high. It is located in the Puno Region, Carabaya Province, Corani District. Jairani lies northeast of the glaciated area of Quelccaya (Quechua for "snow plain").

Carabaya province
Carabaya is a province of the Puno Region located in the southern part of Peru. It is bounded on the north by the Madre de Dios Region, on the east by the province of Sandia, on the south by the provinces of Azángaro, Melgar and Putina and on the west by the Cusco Region. The capital of the province is the city of Macusani.
Hankyu Sasaki
Hankyu Sasaki (佐々木 半九, 1 January 1896 – 6 October 1971) was an Imperial Japanese Navy admiral. During World War II he was force commander of the midget submarines that attacked Pearl Harbor and Sydney Harbour.

Midget submarine
A midget submarine is any submarine under 150 tons, typically operated by a crew of one or two but sometimes up to six or nine, with little or no on-board living accommodation. They normally work with mother ships, from which they are launched and recovered and which provide living accommodation for the crew and support staff.

Both military and civilian midget submarines have been built. Military types work with surface ships and other submarines as mother ships. Civilian and non-combatant military types are generally called submersibles and normally work with surface ships. Most early submarines would now be considered midget submarines, such as the United States Navy's USS Holland (SS-1) and the British Royal Navy's HMS Holland 1 (both named for the same designer).
1958 Colombian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Colombia on 16 March 1958 to elect the Senate and Chamber of Representatives. They were the first elections held under the National Front agreement, which only allowed the Conservative Party and the Liberal Party to contest the elections, and allocated 50% of the seats in both houses to each party. As a result, the main contest at the elections was between factions within each party.

Senate of Colombia
The Senate of the Republic of Colombia  (Spanish: Senado de la República de Colombia) is the upper house of the Congress of Colombia, with the lower house being the Chamber of Representatives. The Senate has 108 members elected for concurrent (non-rotating) four-year terms.
James DeWoody
James DeWoody (born 1945) is an American painter, printmaker, and sculptor who has worked in New York City since 1972.  He was born in Ft. Smith, Arkansas, but grew up in Texarkana, Texas.  He received his BA degree in English and Studio Art from Tulane University in 1967.  DeWoody received his MFA degree from Pratt Institute in 1975 in painting, new forms, and art history, studying under George McNeil.

DeWoody is also a professor at the New York Institute of Technology in New York City where he teaches drawing, painting, printmaking, and art history.  He previously taught studio courses at New York University and the Philadelphia College of Art.

University of the Arts (Philadelphia)
The University of the Arts (UArts) was a private arts university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Its campus made up part of the Avenue of the Arts cultural district in Center City, Philadelphia. On May 31, 2024, university administrators suddenly announced that the university would close on June 7, 2024, although its precarious financial situation had been known for some time. It was accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education.

The university included six schools: the School of Art, School of Dance, School of Design, School of Film, School of Music (accredited by the National Association of Schools of Music), and the Ira Brind School of Theater Arts, along with graduate and professional programs. A Saturday School of art classes for children opened in 1900.
Archips audax
Archips audax is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found on the island of Honshu in Japan.

The moth is 17–25 mm for males and 21–30 mm for females.

The larvae feed on Quercus acutissima, Quercus serrata, Quercus variabilis, Abies, Castanea and Larix species.

Quercus acutissima
Quercus acutissima, the sawtooth oak, is an Asian species of oak native to China, Tibet, Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Siberia, Mongolia, Bangladesh, Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Brunei, Indochina (Vietnam, Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos), Himalayas (Nepal, Bhutan, Northeast India).  It is widely planted in many lands and has become naturalized in parts of North America.

Quercus acutissima is closely related to the Turkey oak, classified with it in Quercus sect. Cerris, a section of the genus characterized by shoot buds surrounded by soft bristles, bristle-tipped leaf lobes, and acorns that mature in about 18 months.
Wayne Flynt
James Wayne Flynt (born October 4, 1940) is University Professor Emeritus in the Department of History at Auburn University. He has won numerous teaching awards and been a Distinguished University Professor for many years.  His research focuses on Southern culture, Alabama politics, Southern religion, education reform, and poverty.  He was the first Editor-in-Chief of the online Encyclopedia of Alabama. Flynt received his Bachelor of Arts degree from Howard College (shortly before its reorganization as Samford University) in 1961 before taking his Master of Science (1962) and Ph.D. (1965) from Florida State University. After teaching at Samford for 12 years, he joined the faculty at Auburn University in 1977, where he remained until his retirement in 2005. He was a friend of author Harper Lee.

Samford University
Samford University is a private Christian university in Homewood, Alabama, United States. Homewood is an inner-suburb of Birmingham. Samford was founded by Baptists in 1841 as Howard College and located until 1887 in Marion, Alabama. It is governed by an independent board of trustees, which requires board members to be Baptists.

In fall 2025, the university enrolled 6,324 students from 44 states, 1 U.S. territory, and 16 other countries, marking the 17th consecutive record-setting year for enrollment.
Elmira, Corning and Waverly Railway
The Elmira, Corning and Waverly Railway was an electric interurban line connecting the cities of Elmira, Waverly, and Corning along the Southern Tier region of New York State. The railroad was briefly controlled by the Erie Railroad. Completed in 1911, traffic dwindled through the 1920s in the face of stiff competition from better roads and increased automobile ownership. The effects of the Great Depression hastened the abandonment of all service in 1930. Replacement bus service was provided by Carpenter's Rapid Transit of Corning. The last surviving car from this line, complete with its trucks, motors and control equipment is in the permanent collection of the New York Museum of Transportation, Rush, New York.

Elmira, New York
Elmira (/ɛlˈmaɪrə/) is a city in and the county seat of Chemung County, New York, United States. It is the principal city of the Elmira, New York, metropolitan statistical area, which encompasses Chemung County. The population was 26,523 at the 2020 census, down from 29,200 at the 2010 census, a decline of more than 7 percent.

The City of Elmira is in the south-central part of the county, surrounded on three sides by the Town of Elmira.  It is in the Southern Tier of New York, a short distance north of the Pennsylvania state line.

The city was the site of the Elmira Prison, a prisoner-of-war camp that held over 12,000 captured Confederate soldiers during the American Civil War. Elmira College is located within the city.
James Joseph Francis Xavier King
James Joseph Francis Xavier King F.E.S. (1855–1933) was a Scottish entomologist, artist, librarian and lecturer at the Glasgow School of Art and Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College. In his entomological publications King is sometimes referred to by his initials as J.J.F.X. King, and his pupils at The Glasgow School of Art gave him the nickname 'Alphabetical King.'

Charles Rennie Mackintosh
Charles Rennie Mackintosh (7 June 1868 – 10 December 1928) was a Scottish architect, designer, water colourist and artist. His artistic approach had much in common with European Symbolism. His work, alongside that of his wife Margaret Macdonald, was influential on European design movements such as Art Nouveau and Secessionism and praised by great modernists such as Josef Hoffmann. Mackintosh was born in Glasgow, Scotland and died in London, England. He is among the most important figures of the Modern Style.
Regional park (Quebec)
A regional park, in Québec, is an area designated by a regional county municipality (MRC), or equivalent territory, for the dual purposes of recreation and promoting of nature conservation.

While National Parks of Quebec is solely dedicated to the conservation and stewardship of the natural environment, the Regional Parks organisation—despite sharing a potentially ‘earth-friendly’ perspective—allows more for recreational hobbies, sporting and leisurely activities, as well as some commercial property-leasing management and resource development.

Portneuf Regional County Municipality
Portneuf (French pronunciation: [pɔʁnœf]) is a regional county municipality (RCM) in the Capitale-Nationale administrative region of Quebec, Canada. RCM of Portneuf has been established on January 1, 1982. It is composed of 21 municipalities: nine cities, seven municipalities, two parishes and three unorganized territories. The county seat is located in Cap-Santé.
Andrée & Rosenqvist
Oy Andrée & Rosenqvist Ab (shorter form Oy Andros Ab) was a boat building yard and engineering works in Turku, Finland in 1906–1939. The company was known for its fast and high-quality boats and also marine engines, which were also applied in stationary use.

In 1939 Andros was taken over by Wärtsilä which merged it to the neighbouring Crichton-Vulcan yard. The last Andros engines were produced in 1958.

Boat building
Boat building is the design and construction of boats (instead of the larger ships) — and their on-board systems. This includes at minimum the construction of a hull, with any necessary propulsion, mechanical, navigation, safety and other service systems as the craft requires.

The boat building industry provides for the design, manufacturing, repair and modification of human-powered watercrafts, sailboats, motorboats, airboats and submersibles, and caters for various demands from recreational (e.g. launches, dinghies and yachts), commercial (e.g. tour boats, ferry boats and lighters), residential (houseboats), to professional (e.g. fishing boats, tugboats, lifeboats and patrol boats).
Chatku Ahmed
Syed Uddin Ahmed, popularly known as Chatku Ahmed (born 6 October 1946) is a Bangladeshi film director, producer, dialogue writer and screenwriter. In 1986, he won the Bachsas Awards in 3 categories for the film Griha Bibad. He won Bangladesh National Film Awards in best dialogue writer category for Satya Mithya film in 1989.

His film Sotter Mrittu Nei is one of the highest grossing Bangladeshi films of all time.

Satya Mithya
Satya Mithya is a 1989 Bangladeshi film directed by A. J. Mintu. It won five Bangladesh National Film Awards in the Best Producer, Best Screenplay, Best Dialogue, Best Editing and Best Child Artist categories.
Weltzien
Weltzien is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Audun Weltzien (born 1983), Norwegian orienteering competitor

Eystein Weltzien (born 1949), Norwegian orienteering competitor

Ingunn Hultgreen Weltzien (born 1986), Norwegian orienteering competitor and cross-country skier

Karl Weltzien (1813–1870), German scientist

Ludwig von Weltzien (1815–1870), Prussian lieutenant general

Ingunn Hultgreen Weltzien
Ingunn Hultgreen Weltzien (born 19 May 1986) is a Norwegian orienteering competitor and cross-country skier.

She received a bronze medal in the relay event at the 2007 World Orienteering Championships in Kyiv, together with Marianne Andersen and Anne Margrethe Hausken. She became Junior World Champion in sprint in Druskininkai in 2006.

She represents the club IL Tyrving. She has a silver medal in the 3000 metres steeplechase at the 2008 Norwegian Championships, with the time 10:24.69 minutes, a personal best.

Ingunn Hultgreen Welzien is daughter of orienteering world champion (in relay) and cross-country skier Eystein Weltzien, and her mother, Wenche, has also been on the national orienteering team. She is a younger sister of Audun Weltzien.
Voltinia dramba
Voltinia dramba is a fossil metalmark butterfly, found in pieces of amber in the Dominican Republic on the island of Hispaniola in 2004. The butterfly, belonging to the extant genus Voltinia, is the first species to be taxonomically described from amber and the first true fossil of an adult  riodinid. Five specimens, all females, were found in pieces of amber from the resin of the extinct leguminous tree Hymenaea protera (Poinar 1991). Also, the genus Voltinia contains nine heterogeneous species that range from Mexico to Brazil. The fossil appeared to be 15-25 million years old and it's a holotype female fossil. However, the fossil's origin may be unknown, it is ingrained in highly polymerized Dominican amber.

Amber
Amber is fossilized tree resin. It has been appreciated for its color (orange, brown and, sometimes, red) and natural beauty since the Neolithic times, and worked as a gemstone since classical antiquity. Amber is used in jewelry and as a healing agent in folk medicine.

There are five classes of amber, defined on the basis of their chemical constituents. Because it originates as a soft, sticky tree resin, amber sometimes contains animal and plant material as inclusions. Amber occurring in coal seams is also called resinite, and the term ambrite is applied to that found specifically within New Zealand coal seams.
Forest spotted gecko
The forest spotted gecko or Erode ground gecko (Cyrtodactylus speciosus) is a species of gecko that is endemic to hills of South India, in parts of Eastern Ghats and Western Ghats. It was first described from hills near Erode in Tamil Nadu in 1870. Subsequently, this species was thought to be similar to Cyrtodactylus collegalensis, but recent studies have confirmed that they are distinct. This species has been sighted in hills around Coimbatore, Tirupur and Erode, in parts of the Eastern Ghats in Tamil Nadu.

Hill
A hill is a landform that extends above the surrounding terrain. It often has a distinct summit, and is usually applied to peaks which are above elevation compared to the relative landmass, though not as prominent as mountains. Hills fall under the category of slope landforms.
Kiryak Shkurtov
Kiryak Hristov Shkurtov or Kiriak Shkurtov (Bulgarian: Киряк Христов Шкуртов) (1872 in Starichani, present-day  Lakkomata, Greece – 1965 in Plovdiv, Bulgaria) was a Bulgarian revolutionary, voivode of Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization in the region of Kostur, present-day Greece.

Kastoria
Kastoria (Greek: Καστοριά, Kastoriá [kastoˈrʝa]) is a city in northern Greece in the region of Western Macedonia. It is the capital of the Kastoria regional unit, in the geographic region of Macedonia. It is situated on a promontory on the western shore of Lake Orestiada, in a valley surrounded by limestone mountains. The city is known for its many Byzantine churches, Byzantine and Ottoman-era domestic architecture, its lake and its fur clothing industry.
Qarib Qarib Singlle
Qarib Qarib Singlle (transl. Almost single) is a 2017 Indian Hindi-language romantic comedy film co-written and directed by Tanuja Chandra and produced by Zee Studios, JAR Pictures and Sutapa Sikdar. The film stars Irrfan Khan and Parvathy Thiruvothu in the lead roles and Neha Dhupia in cameo role. The film was released worldwide on 10 November 2017.

Aerial lift
An aerial lift, also known as a cable car or ropeway, is a means of cable transport in which cabins, cars, gondolas, or open chairs are hauled above the ground by means of one or more cables. Aerial lift systems are frequently employed in a mountainous territory where roads are relatively difficult to build and use, and have seen extensive use in mining. Aerial lift systems are relatively easy to move and have been used to cross rivers and ravines. In more recent times, the cost-effectiveness and flexibility of aerial lifts have seen an increase of gondola lift being integrated into urban public transport systems.