hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
French Shoes
French Shoes was a shoe chain headquartered in Montreal, Quebec. It began in 1956, with its last location closing in the 1990s.

French Shoes featured stylish and affordable women's shoes, growing to 30 locations throughout the provinces of Quebec and Ontario.

The founder of French Shoes was Seymour (Sonny) Lubin (1932–2009) who was joined by Gerard Gingras in the early years of the chain.

The company was sold in 1979 to Bata Shoes, which was seeking to enter a higher grade of shoe market. However, the acquisition was not successful and the brand was sold again a few years to later to Calderone Shoes, a large Toronto shoe company started by Joseph Calderone. Calderone Shoes eventually fell on hard times, and the French Shoes legend and name died.

Bata Corporation
The Bata Corporation (known as Bata, and in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, known as Baťa, [ˈbaca]) is a multinational footwear, apparel and fashion accessories manufacturer and retailer of Moravian (Czech) origin, headquartered in Lausanne, Switzerland. In 2017, the global marketing department moved to Prague to further centralize the company.

A family-owned business for over 125 years, the company is organized into three business units: Bata, Bata Industrials (safety shoes) and AW Lab (sports style). Bata is a portfolio company with more than 20 brands and labels, such as Bata, North Star, Power, Bubblegummers, sprint, Weinbrenner, Sandak, and Toughees. In 2004, the Guinness World Records named Bata the "Largest Shoe Seller and Manufacturer" of all time, as the company has sold over 14 billion pairs of shoes since its inception.
Johann Puch
Johann Puch (Slovene: Janez Puh, 27 June 1862 – 19 July 1914) was a Slovene inventor and mechanic who went on to become the founder of the Austrian Puch automobile plants, then one of the most significant vehicle producers in Europe.

Mechanic
A mechanic is a skilled tradesperson who uses tools to build, maintain, or repair machinery, especially engines.  Formerly, the term meant any member of the handicraft trades, but by the early 20th century, it had come to mean one who works with machinery.
Athoracophorinae
Athoracophorinae, common name the leaf-veined slugs, are a subfamily in the family Athoracophoridae, which are air-breathing, stalk-eyed land slugs, or terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks. They are endemic to New Zealand, including its subantarctic islands.

Slug
Slug or land slug is a common name for any apparently shell-less terrestrial gastropod mollusc. The word slug is also often used as part of the common name of any gastropod mollusc that has no shell, a very reduced shell, or only a small internal shell, particularly sea slugs and semi-slugs (this is in contrast to the common name snail, which applies to gastropods that have a coiled shell large enough that they can fully retract their soft parts into it).

Various taxonomic families of land slugs form part of several quite different evolutionary lineages, which also include snails. Thus, the various families of slugs are not closely related, despite the superficial similarity in overall body form. The shell-less condition has arisen many times independently as an example of convergent evolution, and thus the category "slug" is polyphyletic.
Ski pole
Ski poles, also referred to as poles (in North America), sticks (UK), or stocks (Australia), are used by skiers for balance and propulsion. Modern ski poles are most commonly made from aluminum and carbon fiber, though materials such as bamboo are still used. Poles are used in alpine skiing, freestyle skiing (with the exception of aerials), and cross-country skiing. Ski jumpers do not use poles.

Freestyle skiing
Freestyle skiing is a  skiing discipline comprising aerials, moguls, cross, half-pipe, slopestyle and big air as part of the Winter Olympics. It can consist of a skier performing aerial flips and spins and can include skiers sliding rails and boxes on their skis. Known as "hot-dogging" in the early 1970s, it is also commonly referred to as freeskiing, jibbing, and many other names, around the world.
Mount Degerfeldt
Mount Degerfeldt (66°58′S 51°1′E﻿ / ﻿66.967°S 51.017°E﻿ / -66.967; 51.017) is a mountain 3.5 nautical miles (6 km) south of Mount Storer, in the Tula Mountains in Enderby Land. It was plotted from air photos taken from Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions aircraft in 1956 and 1957, and was named by the Antarctic Names Committee of Australia for Carl Larsson Degerfeldt, a member of the crew of the Discovery during the British Australian New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition of 1929–31.

British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition
The British Australian (and) New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition (BANZARE) was a research expedition into Antarctica between 1929 and 1931, involving two voyages over consecutive Austral summers. The expedition was led by Australian geologist Sir Douglas Mawson.
Battle of Slupčane
The Battle of Slupčane (Macedonian: Битка за Слупчане, Albanian: Beteja e Sllupçanit) was a military confrontation between the Macedonian security forces and Albanian insurgents belonging to the National Liberation Army (NLA), which at the time, was launching a campaign of guerrilla attacks against facilities of the Macedonian Government, the Macedonian Police force, and the Macedonian Armed Forces. The NLA was victorious, in part due to the withdrawal of Macedonian forces and suspension of all military operations in Kumanovo–Lipkovo region so that international officials could inspect the water supply.

Politics of North Macedonia
Politics in North Macedonia occur within the framework of a parliamentary representative democratic republic, whereby the Prime Minister is the head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. The Economist Intelligence Unit rated North Macedonia a "flawed democracy" in 2022.
Counting measure
In mathematics, specifically measure theory, the counting measure is an intuitive way to put a measure on any set – the "size" of a subset is taken to be the number of elements in the subset if the subset has finitely many elements, and infinity  if the subset is infinite.

The counting measure can be defined on any measurable space (that is, any set  along with a sigma-algebra)  but is mostly used on countable sets.

In formal notation, we can turn any set  into a measurable space by taking the power set of  as the sigma-algebra  that is, all subsets of  are measurable sets.  
Then the counting measure  on this measurable space  is the positive measure  defined by

for all  where  denotes the cardinality of the set

The counting measure on  is σ-finite if and only if the space  is countable.

Set (mathematics)
In mathematics, a set is a collection of different things; the things are called elements or members of the set and are typically mathematical objects: numbers, symbols, points in space, lines, geometric shapes, variables, or other sets.  A set may be finite or infinite. There is a unique set with no elements, called the empty set; a set with a single element is a singleton.

Mathematics typically does not define precisely what constitutes a "set" or "collection", because such a definition would have to be in terms of something else previously defined.  Instead, sets serve as foundational objects whose behavior is described by axioms modeled on intuition about collections, and then essentially all other mathematical objects are rigorously defined in terms of sets.

Set theory studies possible axiom systems and their consequences.
Since the first half of the 20th century, ZFC (Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory with the axiom of choice) has been the axiom system most commonly used.
Hull Glacier
The Hull Glacier (75°5′S 137°15′W﻿ / ﻿75.083°S 137.250°W﻿ / -75.083; -137.250﻿ (Hull Glacier)) is a glacier, about 35 nautical miles (65 km; 40 mi) long, flowing northwest between Mount Giles and Mount Gray into Hull Bay, in Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica.

Marie Byrd Land
Marie Byrd Land (MBL) is an unclaimed region of Antarctica. With an area of 1,610,000 km2 (620,000 sq mi), it is the largest unclaimed territory on Earth. It was named after the wife of American naval officer Richard E. Byrd, who explored the region in the early 20th century.

The territory lies in West Antarctica, east of the Ross Ice Shelf and the Ross Sea and south of the Pacific Ocean portion of the Antarctic or Southern Ocean, extending eastward approximately to a line between the head of the Ross Ice Shelf and Eights Coast. It stretches between 158°W and 103°24'W. The inclusion of the area between the Rockefeller Plateau and Eights Coast is based upon Byrd's exploration.
Elizabeth Wayland Barber
Elizabeth Jane Wayland "E.J.W." Barber (née Wayland; born 1940) is an American scholar and expert on archaeology, linguistics, textiles, and folk dance as well as professor emerita of archaeology and linguistics at Occidental College.

Folk dance
A folk dance is a dance that reflects the life of the people of a certain country or region. Not all ethnic dances are folk dances. For example, ritual dances or dances of ritual origin are not considered to be folk dances. Ritual dances are usually called "religious dances" because of their purpose.

The terms "ethnic" and "traditional" are used when it is required to emphasize the cultural roots of the dance. In this sense, nearly all folk dances are ethnic ones. If some dances, such as polka, cross ethnic boundaries and even cross the boundary between "folk" and "ballroom dance", ethnic differences are often considerable enough to mention.
Port Victoria P.V.4
The Port Victoria P.V.4 was a prototype two-seat reconnaissance floatplane of the First World War.  The P.V.4 was a small single engined pusher biplane. It was unsuccessful as the engine it was designed around was a failure and alternatives were unsuitable, only one aircraft being built.

Clerget-Blin
Clerget-Blin (full name being Société Clerget-Blin et Cie) was a French aircraft engine manufacturer formed in 1913 by the engineer and inventor Pierre Clerget(fr) and industrialist Eugène Blin. During World War I, the company and its licensees produced over 30,000 rotary engines.

Following World War I, a sharp decline in aircraft engine orders combined with heavy taxes imposed by the French government led to the bankruptcy and subsequent closure of the firm in September 1920.

Eugène Blin committed suicide in December 1920. Pierre Clerget joined the Service Technique de l'Aéronautique (STAé) as an engineer, where he specialised in the study of aircraft diesel engines.
Châtelard VD railway station
Châtelard VD railway station (French: Gare de Châtelard VD), is a railway station in the municipality of Montreux, in the Swiss canton of Vaud. It is an intermediate stop and a request stop on the 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) metre gauge Montreux–Lenk im Simmental line of Montreux Oberland Bernois Railway.

Montreux Oberland Bernois Railway
The Montreux Oberland Bernois Railway (French: Chemin de fer Montreux Oberland Bernois, German: Montreux Berner Oberland Bahn, abbreviated MOB) is a company that operates an electrified railway line, the Montreux–Lenk im Simmental line, in southwest Switzerland, one of the oldest electric railways in the country. Its main line, 62.4 km (38.8 mi) in length, is built to the 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) gauge. It connects Montreux, Gstaad, and Zweisimmen. At Zweisimmen, passengers may transfer to the Zweisimmen to Spiez line — a standard gauge line owned by BLS AG. A 12.9 km (8.0 mi) branch-line also connects Zweisimmen to Lenk.
Thornwood, West Virginia
Thornwood is an unincorporated community in Pocahontas County, West Virginia, United States. Thornwood is on the East Fork of the Greenbrier River. US Route 250 passes approximately one-half mile to the south. It is approximately 5 miles (8.0 km) east-northeast of Durbin.

Thornwood was incorporated in 1912.

Greenbrier River
The Greenbrier River is a tributary of the New River, 162 miles (261 km) long, in southeastern West Virginia, in the United States. Via the New, Kanawha and Ohio rivers, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River, draining an area of 1,656 square miles (4,290 km2).  It is one of the longest rivers in West Virginia.
The Flash: Vertical Velocity (Six Flags Discovery Kingdom)
The Flash: Vertical Velocity (formerly known as V2: Vertical Velocity) is an impulse roller coaster located at Six Flags Discovery Kingdom in Vallejo, California. It is California's first and only inverting Inverted Impulse Coaster, built by Intamin and opened on June 8, 2001. It stands 150 ft tall (46 m) and reaches speeds of up to 65 mph (105 km/h).

Intamin
Intamin Amusement Rides is a design and manufacturing company in Schaan, Liechtenstein, best-known for designing and constructing thrill rides and roller coasters at dozens of international theme parks, amusement parks and other establishments. The Intamin brand name is a syllabic abbreviation for "international amusement installations". The company has corporate offices across the world, including three in Europe, three in Asia, and two in the United States.
Complexity economics
Complexity economics, or economic complexity, is the application of complexity science to the problems of economics. It relaxes several common assumptions in economics, including general equilibrium theory. While it does not reject the existence of an equilibrium, it features a non-equilibrium approach and sees such equilibria as a special case and as an emergent property resulting from complex interactions between economic agents. The complexity science approach has also been applied as the primary field in computational economics.

Computational economics
Computational or algorithmic economics is an interdisciplinary field combining computer science and economics to efficiently solve computationally-expensive problems in economics. Some of these areas are unique, while others established areas of economics by allowing robust data analytics and solutions of problems that would be arduous to research without computers and associated numerical methods.

Major advances in computational economics include search and matching theory, game theory, the theory of linear programming, algorithmic mechanism design, and fair division algorithms.
Caerphilly railway station
Caerphilly railway station (Welsh: Gorsaf reilffordd Caerffili) is a railway station serving the town of Caerphilly, south Wales. It is a stop on the Rhymney Line of the Valley Lines network.  The station is located at Station Road in the south of the town. Facilities include a small shop and a ticket kiosk. A self-service ticket machine was installed near the entrance to the station on 22 December 2008. Several advertising murals depicting holiday travel in various parts of South Wales have been placed on the northbound side of the station in order to improve the 'look' of the station.

Valleys & Cardiff Local Routes
Valleys & Cardiff Local Routes (formerly Valley Lines) is the urban and suburban rail network radiating from Cardiff, Wales. It includes lines within the city itself, the Vale of Glamorgan and the South Wales Valleys.

The services are currently operated by Transport for Wales Rail as the South Wales Metro. In total, it serves 81 stations in six unitary authority areas: 20 in the city of Cardiff, 11 in the Vale of Glamorgan, 25 in Rhondda Cynon Taf, 16 in Caerphilly, 8 in Bridgend and 5 in Merthyr Tydfil.

Services on these routes are currently provided by a transitional fleet of Class 150 DMUs, Class 231 Diesel–electric multiple units and Class 756 tri-mode multiple units. They are typically end-to-end, in that they run from one branch terminus, through Cardiff Queen Street station, to another branch terminus, e.g. from Pontypridd to Barry Island.

The major hubs of the network are Cardiff Queen Street and Cardiff Central. Other hubs are Pontypridd, Bridgend and Barry.
St. Targmanchats Monastery (Nurgut)
St. Targmanchats Monastery was an Armenian monastery located in Nürgüt village (Ordubad district) of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan. It was located in the central part of the village.

Ordubad District
Ordubad District (Azerbaijani: Ordubad rayonu) is one of the 7 districts of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan. The district borders the district of Julfa, as well as the Syunik Province of Armenia, and the East Azerbaijan Province of Iran. Its capital and largest city is Ordubad. As at 2020, the district had a population of 50,200.
Eleonora Fonseca Pimentel
Eleonora Anna Maria Felice de Fonseca Pimentel (Italian: [eleoˈnɔːra ˈanna maˈriːa feˈliːtʃe de fonˈsɛːka pimenˈtɛl]; born Leonor da Fonseca Pimentel Chaves, Portuguese: [ljuˈnoɾ ðɐ fõˈsekɐ pimẽˈtɛl ˈʃavɨʃ, lewˈ-]; 13 January 1752 – 20 August 1799) was an Italian poet, librarian, and revolutionary. As a revolutionary, she was connected with the Neapolitan revolution and subsequent short-lived Neapolitan Republic (also known as the Parthenopean Republic) of 1799, a sister republic of the French Republic and one of many set up in the 1790s in Europe.

Revolutionary
A revolutionary is a person who either participates in, or advocates for, a revolution. The term revolutionary can also be used as an adjective to describe something producing a major and sudden impact on society.
F.A.M.E. (song)
"F.A.M.E." (abbreviation for Fake Ass Motherfuckers Envy) is a song by American rapper Young Jeezy, released on October 11, 2011, as the third single from his fourth studio album Thug Motivation 103: Hustlerz Ambition (2011). The song features fellow Atlanta-based rapper T.I. and was produced by production team J.U.S.T.I.C.E. League, who sampled "Air for Life" as performed by Above & Beyond with Andy Moor as well as "You and Love are the Same" as performed by The Grass Roots.

J.U.S.T.I.C.E. League
J.U.S.T.I.C.E. (Just Undeniably Some of The Illest Composers Ever) League is an American record production team and rappers composed of producers and instrumentalists from Tampa, Florida.

The group is made up of members Erik "Rook" Ortiz and Kevin "Colione" Crowe. The group takes their name from the DC Comics superhero team the Justice League. The distinctive producer tag of a J.U.S.T.I.C.E. League production has a female voice echoing the words "Justice League" twice at the beginning of most of their songs. They have a Grammy Award for Best R&B Album for their work on Mary J. Blige's The Breakthrough (2006).
Ana Vasconcelos
Ana Carolina Vasconcelos (born November 7, 1981) is a female water polo player from Brazil, who won the bronze medal with the Brazil women's national water polo team at the 2003 Pan American Games. She also competed at the 2007 Pan American Games, finishing in fourth place.

2003 Pan American Games
The 2003 Pan American Games, officially the XIV Pan American Games (Spanish: XIV Juegos Panamericanos) and commonly known as Santo Domingo 2003, were held in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, from August 1 to 17, 2003.  The successful bid for the Games was made in the mid-1990s, when Dominican Republic had one of the highest growth rates in Latin America.

All 42 PASO countries and over 5,223 athletes pre-registered for participation in the XIV Pan American Games. An additional 2,425 trainers and delegates attended. The United States pre-registered the most athletes (713) and Saint Lucia entered the least (6).  The host country entered 562 athletes.
Hassan Nagib
Hassan M. Nagib is a mechanical engineer, aerospace engineer, and academic. He is the John T. Rettaliata Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at the Illinois Institute of Technology and was also the Founding Director of the institute's Fluid Dynamics Research Center.

Nagib is most known for his research in fluid mechanics, turbulent flow, and flow management and control. His research encompasses a range of topics, including fundamental aspects of fluids, applied turbulence, hydrodynamic stability and transition, wind engineering, and atmospheric diffusion. He is the recipient of Robert T. Knapp Award, the NASA Langley Achievement Award, and the IIT Professional Achievement Award.

Nagib is a Fellow of the American Physical Society, American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

Hydrodynamic stability
In fluid dynamics, hydrodynamic stability is the field which analyses the stability and the onset of instability of fluid flows. The study of hydrodynamic stability aims to find out if a given flow is stable or unstable, and if so, how these instabilities will cause the development of turbulence. The foundations of hydrodynamic stability, both theoretical and experimental, were laid most notably by Helmholtz, Kelvin, Rayleigh and Reynolds during the nineteenth century. These foundations have given many useful tools to study hydrodynamic stability. These include Reynolds number, the Euler equations, and the Navier–Stokes equations. When studying flow stability it is useful to understand more simplistic systems, e.g. incompressible and inviscid fluids which can then be developed further onto more complex flows. Since the 1980s, more computational methods are being used to model and analyse the more complex flows.
Rosendo Salvado
Rosendo Salvado Rotea OSB (1 March 1814 – 29 December 1900) was a Spanish Benedictine monk, missionary, bishop, pianist, composer, author, founder and first abbot of the Territorial Abbey of New Norcia in Western Australia.  Salvado introduced the blue gum to Galicia, a species which displaced the native Spanish chestnut and oak.

Blue gum
Blue gum is a common name for subspecies or the species in Eucalyptus globulus complex, and also a number of other species of Eucalyptus in Australia. In Queensland, it usually refers to Eucalyptus tereticornis, which is known elsewhere as forest red gum.
Laurance Delaney
Laurance Delaney (born 8 May 1956) is a Welsh former rugby union international.

Delaney grew up in Llanelli and attended Stebonheath Secondary Modern School. He was a welder by profession.

A tight-head prop, Delaney earned 11 caps for Wales and featured in all three matches Wales played at the 1991 Rugby World Cup. He was a stalwart of his local side Llanelli RFC and celebrated his 500th club game in 1993.

Llanelli
Llanelli (Welsh for 'St Elli's Parish'; Welsh: [ɬaˈnɛɬi] ⓘ) is a market town and community in Carmarthenshire and the preserved county of Dyfed, Wales. It is on the estuary of the River Loughor and is the largest town in the county of Carmarthenshire.

The town is 11 miles (18 km) north-west of Swansea and 12 miles (19 km) south-east of Carmarthen. At the 2021 census the community had a population of 25,366, and the built up area had a population of 42,155. The local authority was Llanelli Borough Council when the county of Dyfed existed, and it has been under Carmarthenshire County Council since 1996.
Zemská brána
Zemská brána (English: 'Land's Gate') is a valley and a nature reserve in the Orlické Mountains in the Czech Republic. It is located around the Divoká Orlice River in the territory of Klášterec nad Orlicí and Bartošovice v Orlických horách in the Hradec Králové Region, near the Czech-Polish border.

It is a rocky valley carved by the river, offering a remarkable environment of forests. At the beginning of the valley there is a stone bridge. Zemská brána was declared a nature reserve in 1987.

Protected areas of the Czech Republic
There are several types of protected areas of the Czech Republic. The main form of landscape protection is delimitation of special protected areas. All the types of protected areas are determined by law.