hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Joseph Pearce
Joseph Pearce (born February 12, 1961) is a British-born American writer who serves as director of the Center for Faith and Culture at Aquinas College in Nashville, Tennessee. He previously held positions at Ave Maria College in Ypsilanti, Michigan, and Ave Maria University in Ave Maria, Florida. He is a co-editor of the St. Austin Review.

Pearce has written biographies of literary figures, often Christian, including William Shakespeare, J. R. R. Tolkien, Oscar Wilde, C. S. Lewis, G. K. Chesterton, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and Hilaire Belloc.

Tolkien research
The works of J. R. R. Tolkien have generated a body of research covering many aspects of his fantasy writings. These encompass The Lord of the Rings and The Silmarillion, along with his legendarium that remained unpublished until after his death, and his constructed languages, especially the Elvish languages Quenya and Sindarin. Scholars from different disciplines have examined the linguistic and literary origins of Middle-earth, and have explored many aspects of his writings from Christianity to feminism and race.
The Fountain House (Doylestown, Pennsylvania)
The Fountain House is a historic tavern building located in the borough of Doylestown, Pennsylvania, in the central commercial district.  The four-story building is a major landmark of the Bucks County area. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.

Bucks County, Pennsylvania
Bucks County is in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. As of the 2020 census, the population was 646,538, making it the fourth-most populous county in Pennsylvania. Its county seat is Doylestown. The county is named after the English county of Buckinghamshire. The county is part of the Southeast region of the commonwealth.

The county represents the northern boundary of the Philadelphia–Camden–Wilmington, PA–NJ–DE–MD metropolitan statistical area.

To its southwest, Bucks County borders Montgomery County and Philadelphia, the nation's sixth-largest city. To its east, the county borders the Delaware River and U.S. state of New Jersey. To its north, the county borders Lehigh and Northampton counties in the state's Lehigh Valley region. The county is approximately 30 miles (48 km) southeast of Allentown, the state's third-largest city, and 40 miles (64 km) north of Philadelphia, the state's largest city.
Cambridge Centre for the Future of Democracy
The Cambridge Centre for the Future of Democracy is a research institute at the University of Cambridge founded by David Runciman and Roberto Stefan Foa in January 2020. Centre reports rely upon data synchronization to merge and combine public opinion data from across the world and over time in order to reveal generalizable trends in global attitudes.

The work of the centre is cited in books by authors such as Martin Wolf, Yascha Mounk, Alastair Campbell, Gideon Rachman, and Moises Naim. In addition to media coverage, the centre is notable for engagement with global policy and decision makers, including the Biden administration Summit for Democracy, the 2022, 2023 and 2024 Council of Europe World Forum for Democracy, the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, and the 2024 Report of the Barcelona Centre for International Affairs.

Martin Wolf
Martin Harry Wolf CBE (born 16 August 1946 in London) is a British journalist who focuses on economics. He is the chief economics commentator at the Financial Times.  He also wrote a weekly column for the French newspaper Le Monde until 2016.
USS Brooklyn (ACR-3)
USS Brooklyn (ACR-3/CA-3) was the third United States Navy armored cruiser, the only one to be named at commissioning for a city rather than a state.

Ordered for $3,450,420.29 (hull and machinery), she was launched on 2 October 1895 by William Cramp & Sons Ship and Engine Building Company of Philadelphia; sponsored by Miss Ida May Schieren, daughter of Charles A. Schieren, Mayor of Brooklyn, New York; and commissioned on 1 December 1896, Captain Francis Augustus Cook in command.

William Cramp & Sons
William Cramp & Sons Shipbuilding Company (also known as William Cramp & Sons Ship & Engine Building Company) was an American shipbuilding company based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, founded in 1830 by William Cramp. During its heyday in late 19th century, it was the preeminent American iron shipbuilder.
Tõstamaa
Tõstamaa is a small borough (Estonian: alevik) in Pärnu municipality, Pärnu County, southwestern Estonia. Tõstamaa has a population of 466 (as of 1 January 2020).

St. Mary's Lutheran Church in Tõstamaa was built in 1763–1768.

Populated places in Estonia
Populated places in Estonia are cities or settlement units of rural municipalities, but only cities have administrative functions. Settlement units are divided into settlements and urban regions (subdivisions of cities).

Officially there are four types of settlement unit in Estonia:

village (küla) – a sparsely populated settlement or a densely populated settlement with fewer than 300 permanent inhabitants

small borough (alevik) – a densely populated settlement with at least 300 permanent inhabitants

town (alev) – a densely populated settlement with at least 1000 permanent inhabitants

city (linn) - a densely populated settlement with at least 1000 permanent inhabitants.

As of 2024, there were 47 cities, 13 towns, 186 hamlets and 4457 villages in Estonia. There were 3 cities with under 1000 permanent inhabitants as of 2023.
Schoemaker
Schoemaker is a Dutch occupational surname meaning "shoemaker" (modern Dutch schoenmaker). People with this name include:

Andries Schoemaker (1660–1735), Dutch historian and draughtsman

Arend Schoemaker (1911–1982), Dutch footballer

Hubert Schoemaker (1950–2006), Dutch biotechnologist

Jacobus Schoemaker Doyer (1792–1867), Dutch painter

Jan Schoemaker (1882–1954), Dutch footballer

Jeremy Schoemaker (born 1974), American web entrepreneur

Maurice Schoemaker (1890–1964), Belgian composer

Paul J. H. Schoemaker (born 1949), Dutch management academic

Richard Schoemaker (1886–1942), Dutch fencer, architect and World War II resistance fighter

W. R. Schoemaker (1863–1937), American Baptist pastor.

Willem Schoemaker (1909–1983), first bishop of Purwokerto

Wolff Schoemaker (1882–1949), Dutch architect, brother of Richard

Hubert Schoemaker
Hubert Jacob Paul Schoemaker (March 23, 1950 – January 1, 2006) was a Dutch biotechnologist. He was a co-founder and the president of one of America's first biotechnology companies, Centocor, which was founded in 1979 for the commercialising of monoclonal antibodies.  In 1999 he founded Neuronyx, Inc., for the manufacture of stem cells and the development of stem-cell therapies.
Space tug
A space tug is a type of spacecraft used to transfer spaceborne cargo from one orbit to another orbit with different energy characteristics. The term can include expendable upper stages or spacecraft that are not necessarily a part of their launch vehicle. However, it can also refer to a spacecraft that transports payload already in space to another location in outer space, such as in the Space Transportation System concept. An example would be moving a spacecraft from a low Earth orbit (LEO) to a higher-energy orbit like a geostationary transfer orbit, a lunar transfer, or an escape trajectory.

The term is often used to refer to reusable, space-based vehicles. Some previously proposed or built space tugs include the NASA 1970s STS proposal or the proposed Russian Parom, and has sometimes been used to refer to expendable upper stages, such as Fregat, Spaceflight Industries Sherpa, and the Inertial Upper Stage, when such stages are optional.

Parabolic trajectory
In astrodynamics or celestial mechanics a parabolic trajectory is a Kepler orbit with the eccentricity (e) equal to 1 and is an unbound orbit that is exactly on the border between elliptical and hyperbolic. When moving away from the source it is called an escape orbit, otherwise a capture orbit. It is also sometimes referred to as a  orbit (see Characteristic energy).

Under standard assumptions a body traveling along an escape orbit will coast along a parabolic trajectory to infinity, with velocity relative to the central body tending to zero, and therefore will never return. Parabolic trajectories are minimum-energy escape trajectories, separating positive-energy hyperbolic trajectories from negative-energy elliptic orbits.
Acetaldehyde ammonia trimer
Acetaldehyde ammonia trimer is a chemical compound described by the formula (CH3CHNH)3.  The pure material is colourless but samples often appear light yellow or slightly beige due to the degradation by oxidation. It is hygroscopic, and can be found in a trihydrate form.

As implied by its name, it is a trimeric species formed from the reaction of acetaldehyde and ammonia:

3 CH3CHO  +  3  NH3  →  (CH3CHNH)3  +  3  H2O

Studies using NMR spectroscopy indicate that the three methyl groups are equatorial, thus the molecule has C3v point group symmetry.

The compound is related to hexamethylenetetramine, which is the condensation product of ammonia and formaldehyde.

Hydrate
In chemistry, a hydrate is a substance that contains water or its constituent elements. The chemical state of the water varies widely between different classes of hydrates, some of which were so labeled before their chemical structure was understood.
Lionel Tollemache, 4th Earl of Dysart
Lionel Tollemache, 4th Earl of Dysart, KT (1 May 1708 – 10 March 1770), styled Lord Huntingtower from 1712 to 1727, was an English peer and landowner.

Lionel's father, a namesake in 1712 predeceased his father Lionel Tollemache, 3rd Earl of Dysart – on the latter's death in 1727, Lionel inherited the earldom and five main estates: Ham House in Surrey, Helmingham Hall in Suffolk, Harrington and Bentley in Northamptonshire, and 20,000 acres (8,100 ha; 31 sq mi) in Cheshire. The following year he went on a Grand Tour.

In 1729, he was elected High Steward of Ipswich, a post he held for 41 years.

High steward (civic)
High steward is an honorary title bestowed by the councils or charter trustees of certain towns and cities in England. Originally a judicial office with considerable local powers, by the 17th century it had declined to a largely ceremonial role. The title is usually awarded for life, and in some cases has become associated with a particular peerage title. As of 2007 twenty-four communities have the right to confer the status of high steward, although the office is in abeyance in a number of these.
Kulunda Steppe
The Kulunda Steppe or Kulunda Plain (Russian: Кулундинская равнина, Kazakh: Құлынды даласы, Qūlyndy dalasy) is an alluvial plain in Russia and Kazakhstan. It is an important agricultural region in Western Siberia.

Akkuly District
Akkuly (Kazakh: Аққулы ауданы, Aqquly audany, اققۋلى اۋدانى), until 2018 Lebyazhye (Kazakh: Лебяжі ауданы, Lebiaji audany) is a district of Pavlodar Region in northern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is the selo of Akkuly (Kazakh: Аққулы, Aqquly; formerly Akku, Kazakh: Аққу, Aqqu (2018-1996); Lebyazhye (Russian: Лебяжье (until 1996)). Population: 12444 (on January 1, 2018 estimate); 13,798 (2013 estimate); 14,593 (2009 census results); 19,653 (1999 census results).

On 4 August 2018 President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev adopted decree to rename Lebyazhye District to Akkuly District.
Flute Concerto (Kernis)
The Flute Concerto is a composition for flute and orchestra by the American composer Aaron Jay Kernis.  The work was jointly commissioned for the flautist Marina Piccinini by the Detroit Symphony Orchestra, the Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra, the Chautauqua Institution, and the Peabody Conservatory of Music.  It was first performed in Detroit on January 21, 2016, by Piccinini and the Detroit Symphony Orchestra conducted by Leonard Slatkin.  The piece is dedicated to Marina Piccinini "with warmth and admiration."

Marina Piccinini
Marina Piccinini (born 1968)  is an Italian-American flautist. She is noted for her performances of both the traditional classical repertoire as well as by modern composers, and has performed with many of the world's leading orchestras and conductors.
Willie Bloomquist
William Paul Bloomquist (/ˈbluːmkwɪst/; born November 27, 1977) is an American baseball coach and former utility player, who is the current head baseball coach of the Arizona State Sun Devils. He played college baseball at Arizona State for coach Pat Murphy from 1997 to 1999 and played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for 14 seasons from 2002 to 2015. In 2021, he returned to his alma mater, Arizona State.

The Seattle Mariners selected Bloomquist in the third round of the 1999 MLB draft. He played 14 years primarily an outfielder and shortstop, with Seattle from 2002 to 2008, the Kansas City Royals from 2009 to 2010, the Cincinnati Reds in 2010, the Arizona Diamondbacks from 2011 to 2013 before returning to Seattle from 2014 to 2015.

Utility player
In sports, a utility player is one who can play several positions competently. Sports in which the term is often used include association football, basketball, rugby, baseball, softball, ice hockey, and water polo.

The term has gained prominence in all sports due to its use in fantasy leagues, but in rugby union and rugby league, it is commonly used by commentators to recognize a player's versatility.

The use of this term to describe a player may in some circumstances be a backhanded compliment, as it suggests the player is not good enough to be considered a specialist in one position (i.e., a jack of all trades).
Tom Coughlin
Thomas Richard Coughlin (/ˈkɒflɪn/ KOF-lin; born August 31, 1946) is an American former football coach and executive of the National Football League (NFL). He was the head coach for the New York Giants from 2004 to 2015. He led the Giants to victory in Super Bowl XLII and Super Bowl XLVI, both times against the New England Patriots. Coughlin was also the inaugural head coach of the Jacksonville Jaguars, serving from 1995 to 2002 and leading the team to two AFC Championship Game appearances. Prior to his head coaching career in the NFL, he was head coach of the Boston College Eagles football team from 1991 to 1993, and served in a variety of coaching positions in the NFL as well as coaching and administrative positions in college football.

Shahid Khan
Shahid Rafiq Khan (born July 18, 1950) is a Pakistani and American businessman. He owns the Jacksonville Jaguars of the National Football League (NFL) and Fulham F.C. of the Premier League and is also a lead investor of the American wrestling promotion All Elite Wrestling (AEW), owned by his son, Tony. Khan is also the owner of Flex-N-Gate, an American supplier of motor vehicle components.

Khan appeared on the front cover of Forbes magazine in 2012, associating him as the face of the American Dream. As of January 2025, Khan's estimated net worth is $13.3 billion. In 2024, he ranked 55th in the Forbes 400 list of richest Americans, 167th richest in the world, and the richest auto parts magnate.
John Charnley
Sir John Charnley, CBE, FRS (29 August 1911 – 5 August 1982) was an English orthopaedic surgeon. He pioneered the hip replacement operation, which is now one of the most common operations both in the UK and elsewhere in the world, and created the "Wrightington centre for hip surgery".
He also demonstrated the fundamental importance of bony compression in operations to arthrodese (fuse) joints, in particular the knee, ankle and shoulder.

Charnley also influenced generations of orthopaedic surgeons through his textbook on conservative fracture treatment which was first published in 1950.

Arthrodesis
Arthrodesis, also known as joint fusion, is the artificial induction of joint ossification between two bones by surgery. This is done to relieve intractable pain in a joint which cannot be managed by pain medication, splints, or other normally indicated treatments. The typical causes of such pain are fractures which disrupt the joint, severe sprains, and arthritis. It is most commonly performed on joints in the spine, hand, ankle, and foot. Historically, knee and hip arthrodeses were also performed as pain-relieving procedures, but with the great successes achieved in hip and knee arthroplasty, arthrodesis of these large joints has fallen out of favour as a primary procedure, and now is only used as a procedure of last resort in some failed arthroplasties.
4-carboxymethyl-4-methylbutenolide mutase
In enzymology, a 4-carboxymethyl-4-methylbutenolide mutase (EC 5.4.99.14) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

4-carboxymethyl-4-methylbut-2-en-1,4-olide  4-carboxymethyl-3-methylbut-2-en-1,4-olide

Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, 4-carboxymethyl-4-methylbut-2-en-1,4-olide, and one product, 4-carboxymethyl-3-methylbut-2-en-1,4-olide.

This enzyme belongs to the family of isomerases, specifically those intramolecular transferases transferring other groups.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is 4-carboxymethyl-4-methylbut-2-en-1,4-olide methylmutase. Other names in common use include 4-methyl-2-enelactone isomerase, 4-methylmuconolactone methylisomerase, and 4-methyl-3-enelactone methyl isomerase.

Isomerase
In biochemistry, isomerases are a general class of enzymes that convert a molecule from one isomer to another. Isomerases facilitate intramolecular rearrangements in which bonds are broken and formed. The general form of such a reaction is as follows:

There is only one substrate yielding one product. This product has the same molecular formula as the substrate but differs in bond connectivity or spatial arrangement. Isomerases catalyze reactions across many biological processes, such as in glycolysis and carbohydrate metabolism.
Hajar Dabbaghi
Hajar Dabbaghi Ashrafi Varnosfaderani (Persian: هاجر دباغی اشرفی ورنوسفادرانی; born 22 March 1999), known as Hajar Dabbaghi (هاجر دباغی), is an Iranian footballer who plays as a forward for the Kowsar Women Football League club Sepahan SC and the Iran women's national team. She also played for the Indian Women's League club Gokulam Kerala.

Sepahan L.F.C.
Sepahan Ladies Football Club is an Iranian women's football club based in Isfahan, Isfahan province who play in Kowsar Women Football League.

The team was known as Ayandehsazan Mihan until 2017 when they ran into financial problems and were taken over by the popular men's football team Sepahan.
Banović
Banović is a Serbian,Croatian and in rare cases Montenegrin surname.

Boris Banović, Croatian fashion designer

Igor Banović (born 1987), Croatian footballer

Ivan Banović (born 1984), Croatian footballer

Ivica Banović (born 1980), Croatian footballer

Marko Banović (born 1967), Croatian rower

Mladen Banović, Croatian engineer

Patrik Banovič (born 1991), Slovak footballer

Predrag Banović (born 1969), Bosnian Serb war criminal

Petra Banović (born 1979), Croatian swimmer

Strahinja Banović (died 1389), Medieval Serb hero

Yakka Banovic (born 1956), Australian footballer of Croatian descent

Zoran Banović (born 1977), Montenegrin footballer

Patrik Banovič
Patrik Banovič (born 13 November 1991) is a Slovak footballer who plays as a centre back for OFK Malženice.

He is grandson of a famous former defender Kamil Majerník, who also played for Spartak Trnava.
Ālavī
Ālavī (Pāli: Ālavī) or Āṭavī (Sanskrit: Āṭavī) was an ancient kingdom of northern-central India whose existence is attested during the Indian Iron Age.

The name of the state was derived from that of its capital, named Ālabhiyā, or Ālavī (in Pāli) or Āṭavī (in Sanskrit), which lied on the road between Kosala's capital of Sāvatthī and Magadha's capital of Rājagaha, and was located thirty yojana from Sāvatthī and twelve yojana from Varanasi.

Yojana
A yojana (Devanagari: योजन; Khmer language: យោជន៍; Thai: โยชน์; Burmese: ယူဇနာ) is a measure of distance that was used in ancient India, Cambodia, Thailand and Myanmar. Some sources define the unit as the distance an army can march in a day. Various textual sources from ancient India define Yojana as ranging from 3.5 to 15 km.
Blackfriars Crown Court
Blackfriars Crown Court was a Crown Court centre which dealt with criminal cases at 1–15 Pocock Street, London SE1. It is located in Southwark a short distance from Blackfriars Road, from which it takes its name.

Crown Court
The Crown Court is the criminal court of first instance in England and Wales responsible for hearing all indictable offences, some either way offences and appeals of the decisions of magistrates' courts. It is one of three Senior Courts of England and Wales.

The Crown Court sits in around 92 locations in England and Wales, divided into Circuits.  When sitting in the City of London, it is known as the Central Criminal Court or "Old Bailey".

The  Crown Court is administered by HM Courts and Tribunals Service, an executive agency of the Ministry of Justice.
Marvin Kaye
Marvin Nathan Kaye (March 10, 1938 – May 13, 2021) was an American mystery, fantasy, science fiction, horror author, anthologist, and editor. He was also a magician and theater actor. Kaye was a World Fantasy Award winner and served as co-publisher and editor of Weird Tales Magazine.

Bookspan
Bookspan LLC is a New York–based online bookseller, founded in 2000.

Bookspan began as a joint endeavor by Bertelsmann and Time Warner. Bertelsmann took over control in 2007, and a year later, sold its interest to Najafi Companies, an Arizona investment firm. Najafi held its ownership in a subsidiary named Direct Brands, which also held Najafi's ownership in the Columbia House record club. In 2013, Najafi sold its interest in Direct Brands to Pride Tree Holdings, a New York–based media and consumer technology holding company founded in 2012 and incorporated in Delaware.
Society for Radiological Protection
The Society for Radiological Protection is the leading UK professional body promoting learning and skills in the field of Radiological Protection. The Society was formed in 1963, and received its Royal Charter in 2007. It has the overall objectives of improving public knowledge and maintaining professional standards in that field. It is the largest society of its kind in Europe, and second largest in the world.

In 1998 the SRP was affiliated to IRPA, the International Radiation Protection Association, as the UK Associate Society. It is a registered UK charity.

The society is a joint publisher of the Journal of Radiological Protection.

Professional association
A professional association (also called  a professional body, professional organization, or professional society) is a group that usually seeks to further a particular profession, the interests of individuals and organisations engaged in that profession, and the public interest. In the United States, such an association is typically a nonprofit business league for tax purposes. In the UK, they may take a variety of legal forms.
Salman bin Khalifa Al Khalifa
Sheikh Salman bin Khalifa Al Khalifa is a member of the Bahraini ruling family. He is the current Minister of Finance and National Economy.

Salman got a bachelor of science degree in 1999 in investments and economics from Babson College. He worked at UBS investment bank in United Kingdom from 2000 to 2005. Then he worked as managing director of global markets from 2008 to 2012 for the Middle East region at Deutsche Bank AG in Dubai. He was a director general in the office of the First Deputy Prime Minister since 2013.

In December 2018 Salman was appointed Minister of Finance and National Economy. He is also vice chairman of the board of the National Oil and Gas Authority.

Babson College
Babson College is a private business school in Wellesley, Massachusetts, United States specializing in entrepreneurship education. Founded in 1919 by Roger Babson, the college was established as the Babson Institute in his Wellesley home and initially granted one-year certificates. Babson College earned degree-granting authority from the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in 1947.