hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Permanganate index
The permanganate index is an assessment of water quality. It involves the detection of oxidation by potassium permanganate in an acid medium under hot conditions.

The method is to heat a sample in a boiling water-bath with a known amount of potassium permanganate and sulfuric acid for a fixed period time (10 min). Part of the permanganate will be reduced by oxidizable material in the sample. The consumed permanganate can be determined by addition of an excess of oxalate solution, followed by titration with permanganate. The method applies to waters having a chloride ion concentration of less than 300 mg/L. Samples having a permanganate index over 10 mg/L should be diluted before analysis. The lower limit of the optimum range of the test is 0.5 mg/L.

The permanganate index method is not recommended for waste water because some organic compounds are not oxidized or incompletely oxidized.

Water quality
Water quality refers to the chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of water based on the standards of its usage. It is most frequently used by reference to a set of standards against which compliance, generally achieved through treatment of the water, can be assessed. The most common standards used to monitor and assess water quality convey the health of ecosystems, safety of human contact, extent of water pollution and condition of drinking water. Water quality has a significant impact on water supply and often determines supply options.
Super.com
Super.com (formerly Snapcommerce and SnapTravel) is a technology company headquartered in San Francisco and co-founded by Hussein Fazal and Henry Shi. The company provides financial services, including reward programs and travel bookings.

The company has received venture capital funding from firms including iNovia Capital, Titanium Ventures, and Acrew Capital. Individual investors include basketball player Steph Curry, Shopify president Harley Finkelstein, and software engineer Neha Narkhede.

Neha Narkhede
Neha Narkhede (born 1984 or 1985) is an American technology entrepreneur and the co-founder and former CTO of Confluent, a streaming data technology company. She co-created the open source software platform Apache Kafka. Narkhede now serves as a board member of Confluent. She co-founded risk detection platform developer, Oscilar, in 2021, where she is the CEO. In 2020, she was listed as one of America’s Self-Made Women by Forbes.
Wola, Pomeranian Voivodeship
Wola [ˈvɔla] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pelplin, within Tczew County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It is located within the ethnocultural region of Kociewie in the historic region of Pomerania.

During the German occupation of Poland in World War II, on October 21, 1939, three local Poles (parish priest, parish vicar, medical doctor) were murdered in the village by the Germans (see also Nazi war crimes in occupied Poland during World War II).

Kociewie
Kociewie is an ethnocultural region in the eastern part of Tuchola Forest, in northern Poland, Pomerania, that is inhabited by the Kociewians. Its cultural capital is Starogard Gdański, the biggest town is Tczew, while other major towns include Świecie, and Pelplin. The region has about 250,000 inhabitants. It has well-developed industry and agriculture. Administratively, it is divided between the Pomeranian and Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeships.

Kociewie is bordered by the Chełmno Land in the south, Powiśle in the east, Kashubia and Żuławy Wiślane in the north, and other parts of historic Pomerania in the west.
Wes Goodwin
Wesley Goodwin (born December 28, 1984) is an American football coach who is currently the assistant linebacker and outside linebacker coach at the University of Oklahoma. Was formerly the defensive coordinator and linebackers coach at Clemson University. He previously served as an assistant coach for the Arizona Cardinals and at Mississippi State University.

Mississippi State Bulldogs football
The Mississippi State Bulldogs football program represents Mississippi State University in the sport of American football. The Bulldogs compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) as well as the Southeastern Conference (SEC). They also have won one SEC championship in 1941 and a division championship in 1998. The Bulldogs have 27 postseason bowl appearances. The program has produced 38 All-Americans (three consensus), 171 All-SEC selections, and 124 NFL players (11 first-round draft picks). The Bulldogs’ home stadium, Davis Wade Stadium at Scott Field, is the second oldest in the NCAA Division I FBS.
44 Cats
44 Cats (Italian: 44 Gatti) is an Italian animated children's television series created by Iginio Straffi. The series is mainly produced by the Rainbow studio, which was co-owned by Viacom at the time of the show's premiere. Viacom's Nickelodeon channels broadcast 44 Cats worldwide, while both RAI's YoYo network and Nickelodeon Italy air the series in Italy. The series follows the adventures of four kittens - Lampo, Meatball, Milady and Pilou - who are part of a musical group called the Buffycats. The series premiered on Rai YoYo in Italy on 12 November 2018.

The series was inspired by a song from the 1968 Zecchino d'Oro competition called "Quarantaquattro gatti".

The series was renewed for a second season, which began airing in Italy in March 2020. It aired internationally later in the year.

Nickelodeon (Italy)
Nickelodeon is an Italian children’s television channel launched on 1 November 2004 on Sky Italia.
From 1996 until 1999, Rai Sat 2 broadcast Nickelodeon cartoons for three hours a day. It is based on the eponymous American cable television channel.
Oracle Text
Oracle Text is search engine and text analysis software developed and sold by Oracle Corporation. It is proprietary software, sold as part of Oracle Database, a proprietary relational database management system.

When integrated with a text storage system,  it can analyze text and provide text-filtering and text-reduction for speed-reading and summary-viewing. It can return  grammatical assessments of the text it processes, checking for grammatical errors and rating the quality and style of the writing.

Oracle Corporation
Oracle Corporation is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Austin, Texas. Co-founded in Santa Clara, California by Bob Miner, Ed Oates, and current chairman of the board and chief technology officer, Larry Ellison in 1977, Oracle is among the 20 largest companies in the world by market cap, and ranked 66th on the Forbes Global 2000 as of 2025.

The company sells database software (particularly the Oracle Database), enterprise applications, and cloud infrastructure and hardware. Oracle's core application software is a suite of enterprise software products, including enterprise resource planning (ERP), human capital management (HCM), customer relationship management (CRM), enterprise performance management (EPM), Customer Experience Commerce (CX Commerce) and supply chain management (SCM) software.
Camponotus floridanus
Camponotus floridanus, or Florida carpenter ant, is a species of ant in the genus Camponotus. First described as Formica floridana by Buckley in 1866, the species was moved to Camponotus by Mayr in 1886. The ant is widespread in Florida and occurs as far north as North Carolina and as far west as Mississippi.

Megaponera
Megaponera analis is the sole species of the genus Megaponera. They are a strictly termite-eating (termitophagous) ponerine ant species widely distributed in Sub-Saharan Africa and most commonly known for their column-like raiding formation when attacking termite feeding sites. Their sophisticated raiding behaviour gave them the common name Matabele ant after the Matabele tribe, fierce warriors who overwhelmed various other tribes during the 1800s.  With some individuals reaching up to 25 millimetres (0.98 in) in length, M. analis is one of the world's largest ants.

In 2014, the specific name analis, in Latin "anus-related", chosen by Latreille, replaced foetens "stinking", given by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1793, because Guillaume-Antoine Olivier had given the same name Formica foetens to another species in 1792. Both names allude to the fact that the mandibular gland of this ant releases dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl trisulfide, which smell like human feces.
Annie Sanders
Anastasia "Annie" Sanders (born July 22, 2007) is an American rock climber who specialises in competition climbing, with an emphasis on the bouldering, lead, and combined disciplines. She came to international attention at the 2021 IFSC Climbing World Youth Championships in Voronezh, where she won gold in all three Youth B U16 events before the age of 15. In the same year, she flashed the sport climbing route, Omaha Beach 5.14a (8b+) at the Red River Gorge, a climbing route considered an extreme standard of difficulty in outdoor sport climbing.

In 2025, Sanders became the first American woman to win IFSC World Cup titles in both Lead and Bouldering. The Olympics has described her as a “teenage sensation” in the sport.

2023 IFSC Climbing World Cup
The 2023 IFSC Climbing World Cup is the 35th edition of the international competition climbing series organized by the International Federation of Sport Climbing (IFSC), held in 12 locations. There are 18 events: six bouldering, six lead, and six speed events. The series begins on 23 April in Hachioji, Japan with the first bouldering competitions of the season, and concluded on 24 September in Wujiang, China.

The top 3 in each competition receive medals, and the overall winners are awarded trophies. At the end of the season, an overall ranking is determined based upon points, which athletes are awarded for finishing in the top 40 of each individual event.
Konami GB Collection
Konami GB Collection is a series of four video game compilations published by Konami, each comprising four of their previously released Game Boy titles on a single cartridge. The compilations were originally released from 1997 to 1998 in Japan on the Game Boy, and featured Super Game Boy palette and border support, with game descriptions and instructions provided by the girls from the original Tokimeki Memorial. The compilations later received a European release in 2000 for the Game Boy Color, which removed the Super Game Boy support and Tokimeki Memorial content but added colour support.

Super Game Boy
The Super Game Boy is a peripheral that allows Game Boy cartridges to be played on a Super Nintendo Entertainment System console. Released in June 1994, it retailed for US$59.99 (equivalent to $127.27 in 2024) in the United States and £49.99 (equivalent to £125.59 in 2023) in the United Kingdom. In South Korea, it is called the Super Mini Comboy and was distributed by Hyundai Electronics. A revised model, the Super Game Boy 2, was released in Japan in January 1998.
WLGC-FM
WLGC-FM (105.7 MHz) is a radio station broadcasting a classic country format under the Hank FM brand. Licensed to Greenup, Kentucky, United States, the station's studios are located in Ashland, Kentucky, with its transmitter remaining in Greenup. The station broadcasts to the Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH, Metropolitan Statistical Area. The station is currently owned by Total Media Group, Inc. of Jackson, Ohio.

Huntington–Ashland metropolitan area
The Huntington–Ashland metropolitan area is a metropolitan area in the Appalachian Plateau region of the United States. Referred to locally as the "Tri-State area", and colloquially as "Kyova" (Kentucky, Ohio, and West Virginia), the region spans seven counties in the three states of Kentucky, Ohio, and West Virginia. With a population of 361,580, the Tri-State area is nestled along the banks of the Ohio River. The region offers a diverse range of outdoor activities.
VR Snabbtåg Sverige
VR Snabbtåg Sverige (lit. 'VR High-Speed Train Sweden'), formerly MTRX, is a Swedish company running open access intercity railway services between Gothenburg and Stockholm. It is a subsidiary of the Finnish state-owned railway company VR Group, connected to its Swedish subsidiary VR Sverige.

VR Group
VR-Group Plc (Finnish: VR-Yhtymä Oyj, Swedish: VR-Group Abp), commonly known as VR, is a government-owned railway company in Finland. VR's most important function is the operation of Finland's passenger rail services with 250 long-distance and 800 commuter rail services every day. With 7,500 employees and net sales of €1,251 million in 2017, VR is one of the most significant operators in the Finnish public transport market area.

VR was created in 1995 after being known as Swedish: Finska Statsjärnvägarna, Finnish: Suomen Valtion Rautatiet (Finnish State Railways) from 1862 to 1922, and Valtionrautatiet ('State Railways', Swedish: Statsjärnvägarna) from 1922 to 1995.

The concern includes subsidiaries Avecra for onboard catering service and Pohjolan Liikenne for bus traffic. Its headquarters is located at the Iso Paja building, previously occupied by the state-owned broadcasting company Yle, in northern-central Helsinki.
2009 Flea Market Cup – Doubles
Rik de Voest and Ashley Fisher were the defending champions, but only de Voest tried to defend his title.
He partnered with Frederik Nielsen. However, they lost to Andis Juška and Dmitri Sitak in the quarterfinal.
Juška and Sitak won this tournament, by defeating Lee Hsin-han and Yang Tsung-hua 3–6, 6–3, [10–2] in the final.

Yang Tsung-hua
Yang Tsung-hua (Chinese: 楊宗樺; born 29 March 1991) is a Taiwanese professional tennis player. On the junior circuit, Yang reached a career-high combined ranking of No. 1 in 2008, when he won the French Open singles title against Polish player Jerzy Janowicz in two sets, and the Australian Open and Wimbledon doubles titles alongside Hsieh Cheng-peng.
Jan Kohout
Jan Kohout (born 29 March 1961) is a Czech diplomat and politician. He was Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic in caretaker governments of Jan Fischer and Jiří Rusnok. Between 1986–1989 he had been a member of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia; since 1995 is a member of the Social Democratic Party but before accepting the office of Foreign Minister he suspended party membership.

After the Velvet revolution, he entered the Czechoslovak and later Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He served as Ambassador to the EU in Brussels as well as Deputy Foreign Minister. After Prime Minister Vladimír Špidla resigned in 2004, Kohout was offered the post but refused; Stanislav Gross took over as Premier.

Kohout is a graduate of the Faculty of Arts of the Charles University in Prague. He is divorced and has two children.

Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Czech Republic)
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic (MFACR; Czech: Ministerstvo zahraničních věcí České republiky; MZVČR) is a Czech government ministry responsible for international relations of the Czech Republic.

The Ministry is headquartered in Černín Palace, Loretánské náměstí 5, 118, Prague 1, (Hradčany). The Ministry operates the diplomatic missions of the Czech Republic abroad and is responsible for implementing the foreign policy of the Czech Republic and Czech diplomacy efforts.

The Ministry is led by the Minister of Foreign Affairs, who is nominated by the Prime Minister of the Czech Republic. The current Minister of Foreign Affairs is Petr Macinka, in office since 15 December 2025.
Lategan
Lategan is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Barry Lategan (1935–2024), South Africa-born British fashion and portrait photographer

Henk Lategan (born 1994), South African off-road racing driver

Liske Lategan (born 1998), South African rugby sevens player

Tjol Lategan (1925–2015), South African rugby union player

Waldo Lategan (born 1989), South African cricketer

Waldo Lategan
Waldo Lategan (born 15 April 1989) is a South African first class cricketer. He was included in the South Western Districts cricket team for the 2015 Africa T20 Cup. Lategan since completed his level 3 umpiring course in South Africa, subsequently a proud member of the Western Province Cricket Umpires Association. In 2023, nominated to write and successfully passed the National CSA Cricket Umpiring examination.
Rex Records (1933)
Rex Records was a United Kingdom-based record label founded in 1933 by the Crystalate Gramophone Record Manufacturing Company, also the parent of British Imperial Records. Rex released their first discs in September 1933, with the initial catalogue numbers being 8000 or 8001. The company was taken over by Decca Records in March 1937. Rex Records were sold at Marks & Spencer's chain stores.

The label was discontinued in February 1948. Despite wartime limitations, they had released approximately 2,250 discs.

The label name reappeared in 1965 as part of the Decca group. For more information, see Rex Records (1965).

Chain store
A chain store or retail chain is a retail outlet in which several locations share a brand, central management, and standardized business practices. They have come to dominate many retail markets, dining markets, and service categories in many parts of the world. A franchised retail establishment is one form of a chain store.  In 2005, the world's largest retail chain, Walmart, became the world's largest corporation based on gross sales.
Curtiss C-1 Canada
The Curtiss C-1 Canada was a twin-engined bomber aircraft of the First World War which was designed by Curtiss of America to be built by their Canadian subsidiary for the British Royal Naval Air Service and Royal Flying Corps.  Although large orders were placed, only twelve were built, the type being rejected in favour of more capable aircraft such as the Handley Page O/100.

Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company
The Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company (1909–1929) was an American aircraft manufacturer originally founded by Glenn Hammond Curtiss and Augustus Moore Herring in Hammondsport, New York. After significant commercial success in its first decades, it merged with the Wright Aeronautical to form Curtiss-Wright Corporation.
Surface acoustic wave
A surface acoustic wave (SAW) is an acoustic wave traveling along the surface of a material exhibiting elasticity, with an amplitude that typically decays exponentially with depth into the material, such that they are confined to a depth of about one wavelength.

Acoustic wave
Acoustic waves are types of mechanical waves that propagate through matter—such as gas, liquid, and/or solids—by causing the particles of the medium to displace from their equilibrium positions. These waves carry energy and are characterized by properties like acoustic pressure, particle velocity, and acoustic intensity. The speed of an acoustic wave depends on the properties of the medium it travels through and on temperature; for example, it travels at approximately 343 meters per second in air, and 1480 meters per second in water. Acoustic waves encompass a broad range of phenomena, from audible sound to seismic waves and ultrasound, finding applications in diverse fields like acoustics, engineering, and medicine.
Joel Holst
Joel Holst is a current American baseball coach at Independence HS (IA) in Independence, Iowa, following one year as the head coach of Janesville high school. Holst played college baseball and college football at Coe College from 1981 to 1985. He then served as the head coach at West Delaware high school in Manchester, Iowa before making a stop at Northwest Missouri State as an assistant.  He got his first head coaching job at the collegiate level at Loras College before arriving at Wartburg College in 1996. He reached 1000 career wins in 2025 while coaching at Janesville High School.

Northwest Missouri State University
Northwest Missouri State University (NW Missouri) is a public university in Maryville, Missouri, United States. It has an enrollment of 9,152 students. Founded in 1905 as a teachers college, its campus is based on the design for Forest Park at the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair and is the official Missouri State Arboretum. The school is governed by a state-appointed Board of Regents and headed by President Lance Tatum.

The Northwest Bearcats compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (Division II) and Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association for men's and women's sports.
Schleicher (Hammond, Indiana)
Schleicher is a small neighborhood in the southern portion of Hammond, IN. It is south of I-80/94, with US Route 41 (Indianapolis BLVD) bordering it to the east, Columbia AVE to the west, and the Little Calumet River to the south, separating Hammond from Munster, IN.

Schleicher is also the home of Optimist Baseball Fields, located on the western side of the neighborhood where James Whitcomb Riley Elementary (closed in 2005) once stood.

Schleicher is dominated by standard slab, single family homes. Students in this neighborhood attend Frank O'Bannon Elementary and Donald E. Gavit Middle/High School.

Calumet River
The Calumet River is a system of  industrialized rivers and canals in the region between the south side of Chicago, Illinois, and the city of Gary, Indiana. Historically, the Little Calumet River and the Grand Calumet River were one, the former flowing west from Indiana into Illinois, then turning back east to its mouth at Lake Michigan at Marquette Park in Gary.  Now the system is part of the Chicago Area Waterway System and through the use of locks flows away from Lake Michigan to the Cal-Sag Channel.
Hans Jörg Schelling
Johann Georg "Hans Jörg" Schelling (Austrian German pronunciation: [ˈhans ˈjœrɡ ˈʃɛlɪŋ]; born 27 December 1953) is an Austrian entrepreneur and politician of the Austrian People's Party and who served as Minister of Finance of Austria in the governments of chancellors Werner Faymann and Christian Kern.

Werner Faymann
Werner Faymann (German: [ˈvɛʁnɐ ˈfaɪman]; born 4 May 1960) is an Austrian former politician who was Chancellor of Austria and chairman of the Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPÖ) from 2008 to 2016. On 9 May 2016, he resigned from both positions amid widening criticism within his party.
River Shira
River Shira (Scottish Gaelic: Siara / Abhainn Siara) is the river that runs for about 7 miles through Glen Shira, in Argyll and Bute, west of Scotland. Originating to the north-east at 350 metres (1,150 ft) altitude, near the start of the River Fyne.

The river runs into the Lochan Shira reservoir, feeding the 5 MW Sron Mor (Big Nose), Shira Hydro-Electric Scheme, at 340 metres (1,120 ft) altitude and dropping 49 metres (161 ft). The river includes a few waterfalls and islands, including Eilean an Eagail (The Island of Fear).

The River Shira flows into Loch Dubh (Black Lake), where the Ancient Clan MacNaghten castle and crannogs used to be situated, then passes Stuart Liddell's house. Loch Dubh drains through the short (River Garron), then flows under the Garron Bridge into Loch Fyne, a sea loch.Gearr Abhainn

The river lends its name to the ferry MV Loch Shira.

Stuart Liddell
Stuart Liddell MBE (born 12 January 1973) is a Scottish bagpipe player, playing Great Highland bagpipe. As well as competing in solo competitions, he is the Pipe major of the Inveraray and District Pipe Band.
Djibouti at the 2019 African Games
Djibouti competed at the 2019 African Games held from 19 to 31 August 2019 in Rabat, Morocco. In total, athletes representing Djibouti won one silver medal and one bronze medal and the country finished in 33rd place in the medal table.

2019 African Games
The 12th African Games (Arabic: الألعاب الإفريقية الثانية عشرة), also known as Rabat 2019 (Arabic: الرباط 2019), were held from 19 to 31 August 2019 in Rabat, Morocco. This was the first time that the African Games were hosted by Morocco following the country's readmission to the African Union in January 2017.

Later five Egyptian athletes (Abderrahmane Al Sayed, Ibrahim Moustafa, Samar Hossein, Sara Ahmed Samir, Farag Salma) were disqualified due to anti-doping violations.