hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Situation theory
Situation theory is a mathematical and logical framework for modelling information, partial states of affairs and their structure. It was introduced in the early 1980s as the formal background for situation semantics developed by Jon Barwise and John Perry, and has since been elaborated by authors such as Keith Devlin, Jeremy Seligman and Lawrence S. Moss into a general theory of information and information flow. In many presentations the mathematical foundations make essential use of non-well-founded set theory, especially Peter Aczel's anti-foundation axiom, in order to model self-referential and other "circular" informational structures.

The relation between situation theory and situation semantics is often compared to that between type theory and Montague semantics: situation theory provides a general mathematical ontology (infons, situations, types, constraints), while situation semantics applies that ontology to natural-language meaning and context dependence.

John Perry (philosopher)
John Richard Perry (born January 16, 1943) is an American philosopher who is professor emeritus at Stanford University and the University of California, Riverside. He has made significant contributions to philosophy in the fields of philosophy of language, metaphysics, and philosophy of mind. He is known primarily for his work on situation semantics (together with Jon Barwise), reflexivity, indexicality, personal identity, and self-knowledge.
Metzneria neuropterella
Metzneria neuropterella, the brown-veined neb, is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found from most of Europe to the southern Ural Mountains, the Caucasus, southern
and south-eastern Siberia and Mongolia, as well as in North Africa. The habitat consist of short-turfed, herb rich chalk downland.

The wingspan is 14–24 mm. Adults are on wing from June to August.

The larvae feed in the seedheads of Cirsium acaule and Centaurea nigra. Larvae can be found from late August onwards and pupation takes place in June.

Centaurea nigra
Centaurea nigra is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, and is also known as lesser knapweed, common knapweed, black knapweed and bell weed.

It is native to central Europe, and has been introduced to temperate North America and Australasia, where it is usually regarded as a noxious weed due to its fast spread, hardiness and competitive potential.
Explora
Explora can refer to:

Ici Explora, Canadian French-language television channel

Explora (Albuquerque, New Mexico), science center in Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA

Parque Explora, science museum in Medellín, Colombia

Explora-Museum, science museum in Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Explora Phones Inc, New York-based telecommunications company

Explora Journeys, cruise brand

Explora Petroleum, Norwegian oil company

Explora Knoll, undersea knoll in the Antarctic

Explora (magazine), Italian monthly magazine

Explora (comics), series of comics published by Glénat since 2012

Explora (Light studio), Indian light studio

Explora, a fictional character in Crush Crush, based on the protagonist of Internet Explorer by Merryweather Media

Ici Explora
Ici Explora (stylized as ICI Explora) is a Canadian French language specialty channel owned by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (known in French as Société Radio-Canada) that focuses on science, environment, nature, and health programming.
USS Hopkins (DD-6)
USS Hopkins (DD-6) was a Hopkins-class destroyer, which was a sub-class of the Bainbridge-class destroyer, in the United States Navy. She was the first of three Navy vessels named in honor of Commodore of the Continental Navy Esek Hopkins.

Vice admiral (United States)
Vice admiral (abbreviated as VADM) is a three-star commissioned officer rank in the United States Navy, the United States Coast Guard, the United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps, and the United States Maritime Service, with the pay grade of O-9. Vice admiral ranks above rear admiral and below admiral. Vice admiral is equivalent to the rank of lieutenant general in the other uniformed services.
Linsburg station
Linsburg station (German: Bahnhof Linsburg) is a railway station located in Linsburg, Germany. The station is located on the Wunstorf–Bremen railway line. The train services are operated by Transdev Hannover as part of the Hanover S-Bahn. Linsburg is served by the S2.

Wunstorf–Bremen railway line
The Wunstorf–Bremen railway line is one of the most important lines in the German state of Lower Saxony. It connects the port city of Bremen via Verden an der Aller and Nienburg to Wunstorf, where it connects with the line to Hanover. The 122.3-kilometre-long (76.0 mi), twin-track main line is continuously electrified. The maximum speed is 160 kilometres per hour (99 mph), the maximum axle load is 22.5 tonnes (50,000 lb) and the line is rated as class D4 (the highest class) in the German system of track classification. It was opened on in 1847.
1934 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1934.

Burrow
A burrow is a hole or tunnel excavated into the ground by an animal to construct a space suitable for habitation or temporary refuge, or as a byproduct of locomotion. Burrows provide a form of shelter against predation and exposure to the elements, and can be found in nearly every biome and among various biological interaction types, including symbiosis and competition. Many animal species are known to form burrows. These species range from small amphipods, to very large vertebrate species such as the polar bear. Burrows can be constructed into a wide variety of substrates and can range in complexity from a simple tube a few centimeters long to a complex network of interconnecting tunnels and chambers hundreds or thousands of meters in total length; an example of the latter level of complexity, a well-developed burrow, would be a rabbit warren.
Vilma Lwoff-Parlaghy
Princess Elisabeth Vilma Lwoff-Parlaghy (born as Brachfeld Vilma Erzsébet, Hajdúdorog, 15 April 1863 - New York, 28 August 1923) was a Hungarian-born portrait painter who worked in the German Empire and the United States. She is known to have painted about 120 portraits of prominent Americans and Europeans between 1884 and 1923.

John Burroughs
John Burroughs (April 3, 1837 – March 29, 1921) was an American naturalist and nature essayist, active in the conservation movement in the United States. The first of his essay collections was Wake-Robin in 1871.

In the words of his biographer Edward Renehan, Burroughs' special identity was less that of a scientific naturalist than that of "a literary naturalist with a duty to record his own unique perceptions of the natural world." The result was a body of work whose resonance with the tone of its cultural moment explains both its popularity at that time, and its relative obscurity since.
42nd Guldbagge Awards
The 42nd Guldbagge Awards ceremony, presented by the Swedish Film Institute, honored the best Swedish films of 2006, and took place on 22 January 2007. Kidz in da Hood directed by Ylva Gustavsson and Catti Edfeldt was presented with the award for Best Film.

Swedish Film Institute
The Swedish Film Institute (Swedish: Svenska Filminstitutet, SFI) is a statutory body located in Stockholm, Sweden that supports the Swedish film industry. Founded in 1963 (1963), the institute is responsible for administering the annual Guldbagge Awards, and for managing the Swedish Film Database. Notable CEOs of the institute include founder-director Harry Schein (1963–1970 and 1972–1978) and Anna Serner (2011–2021). Serner is known for creating an initiative which aimed for gender parity in the film industry. Since mid-April 2024 the CEO is Anna Croneman.
Mike Dunleavy (politician)
Michael James Dunleavy (born May 5, 1961) is an American politician and educator serving since 2018 as the 12th governor of Alaska. A member of the Republican Party, he served from 2013 to 2018 as a member of the Alaska Senate. He defeated former U.S. senator Mark Begich in the 2018 gubernatorial election after incumbent governor Bill Walker dropped out of the race, and was reelected in 2022.

1978 Alaska gubernatorial election
The 1978 Alaska gubernatorial election took place on November 7, 1978, to elect the governor of Alaska. Republican incumbent Jay Hammond defeated four opponents: former Governor of Alaska and write-in candidate Wally Hickel, Alaska Senator and Democratic nominee Chancy Croft, former Commissioner of Natural Resources and Independent candidate Tom Kelly and Alaskan Independence Party nominee Don Wright. After losing to Hammond in the Republican primary, Hickel ran as a write-in candidate and was able to outperform Croft. Republican Tom Fink and Democrat Jay Kerttula also ran in the open primary.

This was the first time an incumbent Republican governor was re-elected for a second term, and this would not occur again until 2022. This was also the last time until 1998 that an incumbent governor, regardless of party, would be re-elected, and the last time a Republican was elected governor of Alaska until 2002.
Ligerz railway station
Ligerz railway station (German: Bahnhof Ligerz, French: Gare de Gléresse) is a closed railway station in the municipality of Ligerz, in the Swiss canton of Bern. It is an intermediate stop on the standard gauge Jura Foot line of Swiss Federal Railways. The station closed in December 2024 as part of the building of the Ligerz Tunnel, scheduled to open in 2029. A regular bus service was introduced between La Neuveville and Twann due to the closure of the station.

It is located next to Ligerz (Talstation), the lower station of the funicular Vinifuni Ligerz–Prêles, and Ligerz (Schiff), the landing stage for passenger ships of Lake Biel.

Twann
Twann (French: Douanne [dwan]) was a municipality in the district of Nidau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2010 the municipalities of Tüscherz-Alfermée and Twann merged into the municipality of Twann-Tüscherz.
Education in Karnataka
The state of Karnataka in India has well known institutions like the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Indian Institute of Technology, Dharwad (IIT, DWD) Indian Institute of Management (IIM), the National Institute of Technology Karnataka (NITK), Indian Institute of Information Technology, Dharwad (IIIT), International Institute of Information Technology, Bangalore, Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU) and the National Law School of India University. In addition, a Visvesvaraya Institute of Advanced Technology (VIAT) is being constructed in Muddenahalli.

As per the 2011 census, Karnataka has a literacy rate of 75.36% with 82.47% of males and 68.08% of females being literate.

Indian Institute of Science
The Indian Institute of Science (IISc) is a public, deemed, research university for higher education and research in science, engineering, design, and management. It is located in Bengaluru, Karnataka. The institute was established in 1909 with active support from Jamsetji Tata and thus is also locally known as the Tata Institute. It was granted a deemed university status in 1958 and recognized as an Institute of Eminence in 2018.
Nasser Abufarha
Nasser Abufarha is a Palestinian-American anthropologist and social entrepreneur. He is the founder of Canaan Fair Trade and the Palestine Fair Trade Association—a network of small-scale family farms organized under fair trade and organic production, active in 54 villages across the West Bank with 1500 members.

His book, The Making of a Human Bomb: An Ethnography of Palestinian Resistance, was published by Duke University Press in 2009.

Palestinian Americans
Palestinian Americans (Arabic: فلسطينيو أمريكا, romanized: Filasṭīnīyū Amrīkā) are Americans who are of full or partial Palestinian descent.

There are around 160,000 Palestinian Americans according to the 2023 American Community Survey, making up around 0.05% of the U.S. population.

The Palestinian community is concentrated in the Chicago, New York City, Philadelphia, Houston, and Detroit metropolitan areas, with other populations in the Los Angeles and San Francisco metropolitan areas. Some Palestinians have emigrated to smaller metropolitan or micropolitan/rural areas, such as Gallup, New Mexico, in the late 20th and 21st century.
Master Grossmith
William Robert Grossmith, also known as Master Grossmith (1818–1899), was a 19th-century child actor, the eldest son of William Grossmith, who then established a second career as a maker of prosthetic limbs.

Prosthesis
In medicine, a prosthesis (pl.: prostheses; from Ancient Greek: πρόσθεσις, romanized: prósthesis, lit. 'addition, application, attachment'), or a prosthetic implant, is an artificial device that replaces a missing body part, which may be lost through physical trauma, disease, or a condition present at birth (congenital disorder). Prostheses may restore the normal functions of the missing body part, or may perform a cosmetic function.

A person who has undergone an amputation is sometimes referred to as an amputee, Rehabilitation for someone with an amputation is primarily coordinated by a physiatrist as part of an inter-disciplinary team consisting of physiatrists, prosthetists, nurses, physical therapists, and occupational therapists. Prostheses can be created by hand or with computer-aided design (CAD), a software interface that helps creators design and analyze the creation with computer-generated 2-D and 3-D graphics as well as analysis and optimization tools.
Crist (surname)
Crist is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alice Guerin Crist (1876–1941), Australian poet, author and journalist

Carole Crist (born 1969), American businesswoman

Charlie Crist, American. politician, former Florida governor and member of the House of Representatives

Chuck Crist (1951–2020), American football safety

The Crist Brothers (Dave, born 1982, and Jake, born 1984), American professional wrestlers

Dayne Crist (born 1989), American football quarterback

George B. Crist, U.S. Marine Corps General, former Commander of Central Command

Henry Crist (1764–1844), United States Representative from Kentucky

John Crist, American comedian

John Crist, American decathlete

Judith Crist, U.S. film critic

Linda Crist (1944–2005), labanotationist

Myndy Crist, American actress

Victor Crist, Republican member of the Florida Senate

George B. Crist
George Brainard Crist (January 23, 1931 – July 26, 2024) was a four-star general of the United States Marine Corps and was the first Marine to be designated as a Unified Commander, serving as Commander in Chief of the United States Central Command from 1985 to 1988. He was the first Marine to head one of the combatant commands.
William Richard Sadler
William Richard Sadler was an American politician from Pennsylvania who represented the 18th district of the Pennsylvania Senate from 1847 to 1850.

William Sadler's son, John Durbin Sadler, served as a Lieutenant in the Union Army during the American Civil War, being killed in the Battle of Antietam.

Pennsylvania State Senate
The Pennsylvania State Senate is the upper house of the bicameral Pennsylvania General Assembly, the Pennsylvania state legislature. Senators are elected for four-year terms, staggered every two years, such that half of the seats are contested at each election. Even- and odd-numbered district seats are contested in separate election years. The State Senate meets in the State Capitol building in Harrisburg, and has been meeting since 1791.

The president of the Senate is the lieutenant governor, who has no vote except to break a tie. The president pro tempore becomes the lieutenant governor in the event of the sitting lieutenant governor's removal, resignation or death. In this case the president pro tempore and lieutenant governor would be the same person.
The Deep (aquarium)
The Deep is a public aquarium situated at Sammy's Point, at the confluence of the River Hull and the Humber Estuary in Kingston upon Hull, England. It opened in March 2002.

Billed as "the world's only submarium", the exhibits contain thousands of sea creatures (including seven species of shark), 2,500,000 litres (550,000 imp gal) of water and 87 tonnes (86 long tons) of salt housed in a building designed by Terry Farrell and built as part of the UK National Lottery's Millennium Commission project.

The Deep is also a landmark centre for marine research. A team of aquarists look after the animals in The Deep's collection as well as carrying out research into the marine environment. In 2013, the aquarium was voted the best family place to visit in Hull.

The Deep is a charitable public aquarium dedicated to increasing people's enjoyment and understanding of the world's oceans.

Public aquarium
A public aquarium (pl. aquaria; or public water zoo) is the aquatic equivalent of a zoo, which houses living aquatic animal and plant specimens for public viewing. Most public aquariums feature tanks larger than those kept by home aquarists, as well as smaller tanks.

Since the first public aquariums were built in the mid-19th century, they have become popular and their numbers have increased. Most modern accredited aquariums stress conservation issues and educating the public.
Harry Corry
Harry Corry is a Northern Irish home decor retail chain headquartered in Belfast, Northern Ireland.

Harry Corry Interiors is a family-run business which was established by Harry Corry in 1968. The business has its origins in a Belfast market stall operated by its namesake founder since 1948. The company has 46 retail outlets throughout the island of Ireland and 10 in Scotland. It employs more than 700 staff. It sells curtains, bedding, curtain poles, lamps and towels.

The company launched an e-commerce site in 2013, as well as building a strong presence across various social media sites.

In 2018 the company sponsored a Best Interior Design Award.

Harry Corry has sponsored the Belfast Giants since 2016, including branding around and on the ice at the SSE Arena, Belfast. They also sponsor four players at the team, Ben Lake, Cianan Long, Colby McAuley and David Gilbert after previously sponsoring Darcy Murphy, Ciaran Long, Ben Lake, and Jordan Boucher during the 2021/2022 season.

Belfast Giants
The Belfast Giants are a professional ice hockey team based in Belfast, Northern Ireland. They compete in the UK's Elite Ice Hockey League (EIHL). They play their home games at the SSE Arena and are owned by the Odyssey Trust, a charitable company set up to hold and maintain the Odyssey complex, including the SSE Arena and its facilities. The Giants operated as the anchor tenant for the Arena at its opening before becoming an integrated part of the organisation.

Since their inception in 2000, the Giants have won seventeen major honours, including eight British league championships (by finishing top of the regular season standings), three British national championships (by winning the post-season play-off tournament), and six Challenge Cups.
House Rules NZ
House Rules NZ is a New Zealand reality television series based on the Australian series which broadcast on 10 September 2023 on Three. The series follows teams of two who renovate each other's homes, with the team receiving the highest score winning $100,000 off their home loan.

The series was announced in December 2022 due the postponement of The Block NZ 2024 series after the former season homes struggled to sell in a struggling house market. On 6 August 2023, the series confirmed its host, judges and five teams and premiered on 10 September 2023 on Three.

Three (TV channel)
Three (stylised as +HR=E) is a New Zealand nationwide television channel. Launched on 26 November 1989 as TV3, it was New Zealand's first privately owned television channel. The channel currently broadcasts nationally (with regional advertising targeting four markets) in digital free-to-air form via the state-owned Kordia on terrestrial and satellite. It previously broadcast nationally on analogue television until that was switched off on 1 December 2013.

Three is a general entertainment channel formerly owned by Warner Bros. Discovery New Zealand, with a news element under the banner of ThreeNews. Three carries a significant amount of local content, most of which airs at prime-time. The channel has been owned by Sky Network Television from 1 August 2025.
A4234 road
The A4234, also known as the Central Link Road, is a spur off the A4232 in Cardiff, the capital of Wales.  It links the southern part of Cardiff city centre to the motorway network.  The length of the A4234 is just 0.9 miles (1.4 km) and is entirely a two lane dual carriageway with clearway restrictions.  The road was opened on 16 February 1989.

Spur route
A spur route is a short road forming a branch from a longer, more important road such as a freeway, Interstate Highway, or motorway. A bypass or beltway is not considered a  spur route as it typically reconnects with another or the same major road.
Ethelbert P. Oliphant
Ethelbert Patterson Oliphant (October 4, 1803 – May 8, 1884) was a judge of the Supreme Court of Washington Territory from 1861 to 1865. He graduated from Jefferson College (now Washington & Jefferson College).

Washington & Jefferson College
Washington & Jefferson College (W&J College or W&J) is a private liberal arts college in Washington, Pennsylvania, United States. It traces its origin to three Presbyterian missionaries of the 1780s, John McMillan, Thaddeus Dod, and Joseph Smith, whose early schools evolved into two rival institutions: Washington College in Washington, and Jefferson College in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania. The two colleges merged in 1865 to form Washington & Jefferson College.

The 60-acre (24 ha) Washington & Jefferson College campus has more than 40 buildings, with the oldest dating to 1793. The college enrolled over 1,100 students as of fall 2022. It has a longstanding tradition of literary societies, dating back before the union of the two colleges. Nearly all of the college's students live on campus, and roughly one-third are members of fraternities or sororities. The W&J athletic program competes in NCAA Division III.