hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gerhard Kaufhold
Gerhard Kaufhold (2 December 1928 – 4 October 2009) was a German footballer who spent his entire career at Kickers Offenbach. He played a total of 396 games in the Oberliga Süd for the club, scoring 112 goals. He also represented West Germany in a 3–1 defeat against England in 1954.

Oberliga Süd (1945–1963)
The Oberliga Süd (English: Premier League South) was the southernmost of the five Oberligen, the regional leagues forming the top level of association football in West Germany from 1945 until the formation of the Bundesliga in 1963. Oberliga Süd covered the southern three German states of Bavaria, Baden-Württemberg and Hesse.
Puka Puka (La Paz)
Puka Puka (Quechua puka red, the reduplication indicates that there is a group or a complex of something, "a complex of red color", also spelled Puca Puca) is a mountain east of the Apolobamba mountain range in the Andes of Bolivia, about 4,840 m (15,880 ft). It is located in the La Paz Department, Franz Tamayo Province, Pelechuco Municipality, north of Pelechuco. It lies west of P'isaqa and southeast of Rit'i Apachita.

Franz Tamayo Province
Franz Tamayo is a province in the Bolivian department of La Paz.  It lies in the western part of the nation, and includes the Ulla Ulla National Reserve - which today is part of the Apolobamba Integrated Management Natural Area - in the high Andean plain on the western border with Peru. Its capital is Apolo.

The province was founded with the name Caupollcán on January 23, 1826. On December 20, 1967 the name was changed in honor of the Bolivian intellectual, writer and politician Franz Tamayo (1878–1956).
Graduated cylinder
A graduated cylinder, also known as a measuring cylinder or mixing cylinder, is a common piece of laboratory equipment used to measure the volume of a liquid. It has a narrow cylindrical shape. Each marked line on the graduated cylinder represents the amount of liquid that has been measured.

Titration
Titration (also known as titrimetry and volumetric analysis) is a common laboratory method of quantitative chemical analysis to determine the concentration of an identified analyte (a substance to be analyzed). A reagent, termed the titrant or titrator, is prepared as a standard solution of known concentration and volume. The titrant reacts with a solution of analyte (which may also be termed the titrand) to determine the analyte's concentration. The volume of titrant that reacted with the analyte is termed the titration volume.
Politick! Magazine
Politick! Magazine was a quarterly British political magazine. The magazine was aimed at people aged 18 to 35 and was independent of any political party. The magazine was launched in November 2008 and was available through WHSmith, Borders and independent newsagents. Laura-Jane Foley was the magazine's founder and editor.

The first two issues of the magazine featured politicians and activists from all the major parties including David Blunkett, Lembit Öpik, Polly Toynbee, Charles Kennedy, Peter Tatchell, Michael Howard, Malcolm Rifkind, Lynne Featherstone, David Bull and Kate Hudson. The magazine also featured non-government organisations such as WWF Oxfam, Amnesty International and Christian Aid and gave information on how to get involved in political activism at all levels. It was closed in 2010.

Kate Hudson (activist)
Katharine Jane Hudson (born 1958) is a British left-wing political activist and academic who is a vice-president of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) and co-national secretary of Left Unity. She served as chair of CND from 2003 to 2010, general secretary from 2010 to 2024, and has been an officer of the Stop the War Coalition since 2002. She is also a board member of the International Peace Bureau.
Eupithecia gratiosata
Eupithecia gratiosata is a moth in the  family Geometridae. It is found in France, the Iberian Peninsula, Italy, the Balkan Peninsula, Ukraine, Poland, Russia, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, the Near East and Iran.

The wingspan is 21–25 mm.

The larvae feed on various Apiaceae species.

Apiaceae
Apiaceae (/ˌeɪpiˈeɪsi.iː, -ˌaɪ/ ⓘ), also called Umbelliferae, is a family of mostly aromatic flowering plants named after the type genus Apium, and commonly known as the celery, carrot, or parsley family, or simply as umbellifers. It is the 16th-largest family of flowering plants, with more than 3,800 species in about 446 genera, including such well-known, and economically important plants as ajwain, angelica, anise, asafoetida, caraway, carrot, celery, chervil, coriander, cumin, dill, fennel, lovage, cow parsley, parsley, parsnip and sea holly, as well as silphium, a plant whose exact identity is unclear and which may be extinct.

The family Apiaceae includes a significant number of phototoxic species, such as giant hogweed, and a smaller number of highly poisonous species, such as poison hemlock, water hemlock, spotted cowbane, fool's parsley, and various species of water dropwort.
Bead sort
Bead sort, also called gravity sort, is a natural sorting algorithm, developed by Joshua J. Arulanandham, Cristian S. Calude and Michael J. Dinneen in 2002, and published in The Bulletin of the European Association for Theoretical Computer Science.  Both digital and analog hardware implementations of bead sort can achieve a sorting time of O(n); however, the implementation of this algorithm tends to be significantly slower in software and can only be used to sort lists of positive integers.  Also, it would seem that even in the best case, the algorithm requires O(n2) space.

Michael Dinneen
Michael J. Dinneen is an American-New Zealand mathematician and computer scientist working as a senior lecturer at the University of Auckland, New Zealand. He is deputy director of the Center for Discrete Mathematics and Theoretical Computer Science. He does research in combinatorial optimization, distributed computing, and graph theory.

Dinneen was educated at the University of Idaho (BS), Washington State University, and University of Victoria (MS and PhD). He worked at the Los Alamos National Laboratory before moving to New Zealand and the University of Auckland.
September 2022 Beledweyne attack
On September 3, 2022, militants from al-Shabaab ambushed a civilian bus traveling from Beledweyne to Mahas, in Hiran, Somalia. Over twenty civilians were killed, and the bombing occurred in the middle of the 2022 Hiraan offensive by the Somali military against al-Shabaab.

Beledweyne
Beledweyne (Somali: Beledweyne, Arabic: بلد وين) is a city in central Somalia. Beledweyne District is the capital city of the Hiran region.

The city is situated in the Shebelle Valley riverine near the Ethiopian border, 210 miles (345 km) north of Mogadishu. Beledweyne is divided by the Shebelle River into eastern and western sections.
1991–92 Missouri Tigers men's basketball team
The 1991–92 Missouri Tigers men's basketball team represented the University of Missouri as a member of the Big Eight Conference during the 1991–92 NCAA men's basketball season. Led by head coach Norm Stewart, the Tigers finished third in the Big Eight Conference, lost in the quarterfinal round of the Big Eight tournament, and received a bid to the NCAA tournament as the No. 5 seed in the East region. After defeating West Virginia in the opening round, Missouri fell to Seton Hall in the second round. The Tigers finished with an overall record of 21–9 (8–6 Big Eight).

1992 Big Eight Conference men's basketball tournament
The 1992 Big Eight Conference men's basketball tournament was held March 13–15 at Kemper Arena in Kansas City, Missouri.

Top-seeded Kansas defeated #2 seed Oklahoma State in the championship game, 66–57, to earn the conference's automatic bid to the 1992 NCAA tournament.
Altingiaceae
Altingiaceae is a small family of flowering plants in the order Saxifragales, consisting of wind-pollinated trees that produce hard, woody fruits containing numerous seeds. The fruits have been studied in considerable detail. They naturally occur in Central America, Mexico, eastern North America, the eastern Mediterranean, China, and tropical Asia. They are often cultivated as ornamentals and many produce valuable wood.

Mediterranean basin
In biogeography, the Mediterranean basin (/ˌmɛdɪtəˈreɪniən/ MED-ih-tə-RAY-nee-ən), also known as the Mediterranean region or sometimes Mediterranea, is the region of lands around the Mediterranean Sea that mostly have a Mediterranean climate, with mild to cool, rainy winters and warm to hot, dry summers, which supports characteristic Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub vegetation.
Mati, Lucknow
Mati is a village in Sarojaninagar block of Lucknow district, Uttar Pradesh, India. As of 2011, its population was 5,833, in 1,071 households. A regular market is held here. It is the seat of a gram panchayat.

Sarojaninagar
Sarojininagar, also spelled Sarojani Nagar, is a community development block in Lucknow district, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is part of the tehsil of Lucknow and it includes 90 villages. As of 2011, its population was 224,045, in 40,923 households.

Sarojininagar is also the name of two wards of Lucknow, together making up 32 mohallas of the city.
Commersonia novoguinensis
Commersonia novoguinensis is a species of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae and is endemic to New Guinea. It was first formally described in 1980 by Alexander Gilli who gave it the name Disaster novoguinensis in the Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. In 2005, Gordon P. Guymer transferred the species to the genus Commersonia as C. novoguinensis in the journal Austrobaileya.

Malvaceae
Malvaceae (/mælˈveɪsi.iː, -ˌaɪ/), or the mallows, is a family of flowering plants estimated to contain 244 genera with 4225 known species. Well-known members of economic importance include cacao, cola, cotton, okra, roselle and durian. There are also some genera containing familiar ornamentals, such as Alcea (hollyhock), Malva (mallow), and Tilia (lime or linden tree). The genera with the largest numbers of species include Hibiscus (434 species), Pavonia (291 species), Sida (275 species), Ayenia (216 species), Dombeya (197 species), and Sterculia (181 species).
SC-76 Thunderbolt
The SC-76 Thunderbolt is a bolt-action sniper rifle manufactured by British company Steel Core Designs. It feeds from a detachable box magazine which holds 10 rounds of either .308 Winchester, or more commonly, 7.62x51mm NATO. It costs between $14500 and $15230 per unit and is sold on both the civilian and military markets.

Simon Schofield, head of the Security and Defence Division of the Humanitarian Intervention Centre, has described the rifle as "a serious bit of counterterrorism gear and built to be a bit civilian friendly”.

7.62×51mm NATO
The 7.62×51mm NATO (official NATO nomenclature 7.62 NATO) is a rimless, bottlenecked, centerfire rifle cartridge. It is a standard for small arms among NATO countries.

First developed in the 1940s, the cartridge had first been introduced in U.S. service in 1954 for the M14 rifle and M60 machine gun.

The later adoption of the 5.56×45mm NATO intermediate cartridge and assault rifles as standard infantry weapon systems by NATO militaries started a trend to phase out the 7.62×51mm NATO in that role.
Many other firearms that use the 7.62×51mm NATO fully powered cartridge remain in service today, especially various designated marksman rifles/sniper rifles and medium machine guns/general-purpose machine guns (e.g. M24 Sniper Rifle and M240 Medium Machine Gun). The cartridge is also used on mounted and crew-served weapons that are mounted to vehicles, aircraft, and ships.
Miniseries
In the United States, a miniseries or mini-series is a television show (or series) that tells a story in a predetermined, limited number of episodes. Many miniseries can also be referred to, and shown, as a television film.  "Limited series" is a more recent American term which is sometimes used interchangeably. As of 2021, the popularity of the miniseries format has increased in streaming, broadcast, and cable television.

The term "serial" is used in the United Kingdom and in other Commonwealth nations to describe a show that has an ongoing narrative plotline, while "series" is used for a set of episodes in a similar way that "season" is used in North America.

The Forsyte Saga (1967 TV series)
The Forsyte Saga is a 1967 BBC television adaptation of John Galsworthy's series of The Forsyte Saga novels, and its sequel trilogy A Modern Comedy. The series follows the fortunes of the upper middle class Forsyte family, and stars Eric Porter as Soames, Kenneth More as Young Jolyon and Nyree Dawn Porter as Irene.

Donald Wilson adapted the novels for television and produced the series. It was originally shown in 26 episodes on Saturday evenings between 7 January and 1 July 1967 on BBC2, at a time when only a small proportion of the population had television sets able to receive the channel. It was therefore the Sunday night repeat run on BBC1, starting on 8 September 1968, that secured the programme's success, with 18 million tuning in for the final episode in 1969.

The Forsyte Saga was shown in the United States on public television and broadcast all over the world, and became the first BBC television series to be sold to the Soviet Union.
Wittendörp
Wittendörp is a municipality  in the administrative district of Ludwigslust-Parchim in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. The municipality has a seat in the Amt of Wittenburg from where it is administered. The municipality is about 25 kilometres west of Schwerin in the north of the administrative district Ludwigslust-Parchim and borders on the administrative district of Nordwestmecklenburg in the north. The river Schilde flows through the municipality.

Nordwestmecklenburg
Nordwestmecklenburg (Northwestern Mecklenburg) is a Kreis (district) in the north-western part of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. It is situated on the coast of the Baltic Sea and borders on Schleswig-Holstein to the west. Neighboring districts are (from east clockwise) Rostock, Ludwigslust-Parchim and the district-free city Schwerin, and the district Lauenburg and the district-free city Lübeck in Schleswig-Holstein. The district seat is the town Wismar.
Sunflower League
The Sunflower League is a Kansas State High School Activities Association-sponsored league primarily based in northeastern Kansas.  Its members are currently 14 schools from Douglas, Johnson, and Leavenworth counties.

Douglas County, Kansas
Douglas County is a county located in the U.S. state of Kansas.  Its county seat and most populous city is Lawrence.  As of the 2020 census, the county population was 118,785, making it the fifth-most populous county in Kansas.  The county was named after Stephen Douglas, a U.S. Senator from Illinois and advocate for the popular sovereignty choice in the Kansas slavery debate.

Douglas County comprises the Lawrence, KS Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Kansas City-Overland Park-Kansas City, MO-KS Combined Statistical Area.
Orientations for the Chinese Clergy
Orientations for the Chinese Clergy is a June 28, 2019 document of the Holy See, published in full on the Feast of the Sacred Heart on the Vatican's official news site, that answers various questions – specifically, about conscience and conscientious objection – asked by the bishops of the Catholic Church in China, and that offers guidelines regarding the mandatory civil registration of religious leaders in China.

Feast of the Sacred Heart
The Feast of the Sacred Heart is a solemnity in the liturgical calendar of the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church. According to the General Roman Calendar since 1969, it is formally known as the Solemnity of the Most Sacred Heart of Jesus (Latin: Sollemnitas Sacratissimi Cordis Iesu) and celebrated on the second Friday after Trinity Sunday (see § Date, below). Some Anglican Franciscans keep the feast under the name of the Divine Compassion of Christ.
Augustine Heard II
Augustine F. Heard II, also known as Augustine F. Heard Jr., (1827–1905) was an American Minister Resident and Consul General to Korea. He served from January 30, 1890, until June 27, 1893. He was born in Ipswich, Massachusetts. He was the nephew of Augustine Heard. He graduated from Harvard College in 1847. Upon the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese war in 1894, he supported a policy of international guarantee by the powers to keep Korea free from Japanese control.

Embassy of the United States, Seoul
The Embassy of the United States in Seoul is the diplomatic mission of the United States in South Korea. The embassy is charged with diplomacy and South Korea–United States relations. The United States Ambassador to Korea is the head of the diplomatic mission of the United States to South Korea.
Google litigation
Google has been involved in multiple lawsuits over issues such as privacy, advertising, intellectual property and various Google services such as Google Books and YouTube. The company's legal department expanded from one to nearly 100 lawyers in the first five years of business, and by 2014 had grown to around 400 lawyers. Google's Chief Legal Officer is Senior Vice President of Corporate Development David Drummond.

Safari (web browser)
Safari is a web browser developed by Apple. It is built into several of Apple's operating systems, including macOS, iOS, iPadOS, and visionOS, and uses Apple's open-source browser engine WebKit, which was derived from KHTML.

Safari was introduced in an update to Mac OS X Jaguar in January 2003, and made the default web browser with the release of Mac OS X Panther that same year. It has been included with the iPhone since the first-generation iPhone in 2007. At that time, Safari was the fastest browser on the Mac. Between 2007 and 2012, Apple maintained a Windows version, but abandoned it due to low market share. In 2010, Safari 5 introduced a reader mode, extensions, and developer tools. Safari 11, released in 2017, added Intelligent Tracking Prevention, which uses artificial intelligence to block web tracking. Safari 13 added support for Apple Pay, and authentication with FIDO2 security keys. Its user interface was redesigned in Safari 15, Safari 18, and Safari 26.
Chen Ruoxi
Chen Ruoxi (Chinese: 陳若曦; pinyin: Chén Ruòxī; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tân Jio̍k-hi; also published in English under Romanised name Chen Jo-hsi; born 15 November 1938) is a Taiwanese author.  A graduate of National Taiwan University, she among others helped found the literary journal Xiandai wenxue (Modern Literature).

Xiandai Wenxue
Xiandai Wenxue (Chinese: 現代文學; literally "Modern Literature") was a Taiwanese literary journal created in 1960. The journal was published on a bimonthly basis.

The journal was the brainchild of several National Taiwan University students, including Ouyang Tzu, Wang Wen-hsing and Pai Hsien-yung. The journal published the literary debuts of several prominent Taiwanese writers, and emulated the modernist style that was becoming fashionable in Taiwanese literature during the late-1950s and 1960s. In 1973 the journal ended publication.
2002–03 NOFV-Oberliga
The 2002–03 season of the NOFV-Oberliga was the ninth season of the league at tier four (IV) of the German football league system.

The NOFV-Oberliga was split into two divisions, NOFV-Oberliga Nord and NOFV-Oberliga Süd. The champions of each, FC Schönberg 95 and FC Sachsen Leipzig, entered into a play-off against each other for the right to play in the 2003–04 Regionalliga Nord. FC Sachsen Leipzig won 3–0 over two legs and thus gained promotion.

Regionalliga Nord
The Regionalliga Nord (English: Regional League North) is the fourth tier of the German football league system in the states of Lower Saxony, Schleswig-Holstein, Bremen and Hamburg. It is one of five leagues at this level, together with the Regionalliga Bayern, Regionalliga Nordost, Regionalliga Südwest and the Regionalliga West. Until the introduction of the 3. Liga in 2008 it was the third tier.

From 1963 to 1974, a Regionalliga Nord existed as the second tier of the German football league system, but it is not related to the current Regionalliga.
1909 Championship of Australia
The 1909 Championship of Australia was an Australian rules football match that took place on 9 October 1909.

The championship was contested by the premiers of the VFL, South Melbourne and the premiers of the SAFL, West Adelaide.

The match was played at Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne, Victoria.

The match, played in front of 15,000, was won by South Melbourne by a margin of 24 points, giving South Melbourne its 1st Championship of Australia Title.

The West Australian Football League champions, East Fremantle Football Club also travelled to the Eastern States, defeating Port Adelaide in Adelaide but losing to a combined Victorian league side 12.8 (80) to 9.13 (67) in the curtain-raiser to the South Melbourne – West Adelaide game.

East Fremantle Football Club
The East Fremantle Football Club, nicknamed the Sharks and colloquially referred to as East Freo, is an Australian rules football club playing in the West Australian Football League (WAFL) and WAFL Women's (WAFLW). The team's home ground is East Fremantle Oval. East Fremantle is the most successful club in WAFL history, winning 30 premierships since their entry into the competition in 1898. East Fremantle's last premiership was in 2023, when they defeated Peel Thunder.
1871 in paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1871.

Burrow
A burrow is a hole or tunnel excavated into the ground by an animal to construct a space suitable for habitation or temporary refuge, or as a byproduct of locomotion. Burrows provide a form of shelter against predation and exposure to the elements, and can be found in nearly every biome and among various biological interaction types, including symbiosis and competition. Many animal species are known to form burrows. These species range from small amphipods, to very large vertebrate species such as the polar bear. Burrows can be constructed into a wide variety of substrates and can range in complexity from a simple tube a few centimeters long to a complex network of interconnecting tunnels and chambers hundreds or thousands of meters in total length; an example of the latter level of complexity, a well-developed burrow, would be a rabbit warren.
George Stewart Henry
George Stewart Henry (July 16, 1871 – September 2, 1958) was a farmer, businessman and politician in Ontario, Canada. He served as the tenth premier of Ontario from 1930 to 1934. He had acted as minister of highways while Ontario greatly expanded its highway system. Henry continued the expansion as premier, but his party did not provide relief during the Great Depression and lost the 1934 election.

Great Depression in Canada
The worldwide Great Depression of the early 1930s was a social and economic shock that left millions of Canadians unemployed, hungry and often homeless. Few countries were affected as severely as Canada during what became known as the "Dirty Thirties", due to Canada's heavy dependence on exports which declined sharply in quantity and price, together with a crippling Prairies drought known as the Dust Bowl. Widespread losses of jobs and savings ultimately transformed the country by triggering the birth of social welfare, a variety of populist political movements, and a more activist role for government in the economy.

In 1930-1931 the Canadian government responded to the Great Depression by applying severe restrictions to entry into Canada. New rules limited immigration to British and American subjects or agriculturalists with money, certain classes of workers, and immediate family of the Canadian residents. About 25,000 unemployed immigrants were also deported.