hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Dogtown, Mariposa County, California
Dogtown is a former settlement in Mariposa County, California, United States. It was located on Maxwell Creek 4 miles (6.4 km) east of Coulterville, at an elevation of 2582 feet (787 m).

Dogtown was a major hydraulic mining center in the late nineteenth century.  At its peak, the town boasted numerous hotels, saloons, a dance hall, and a red light district.  The town was supposedly named for the many stray dogs that roamed the area during the Gold Rush.  A dam failure flooded much of the townsite in 1899; by 1989, only "scattered building foundations and half a dozen wooden structures on the verge of collapse" remained at the site.

Several unrelated communities and mining camps in California also had the name Dogtown during the nineteenth century; including one in Mono County, one in neighboring Merced County, another in Butte County (now Magalia), one in Calaveras County, and a later settlement in Marin County.

Hydraulic mining
Hydraulic mining is a form of mining that uses high-pressure jets of water to dislodge rock material or move sediment. In the placer mining of gold or tin, the resulting water-sediment slurry is directed through sluice boxes to remove the gold or tin. It is also used in mining kaolin and coal.

Hydraulic mining developed from ancient Roman techniques that used water to excavate soft underground deposits. Its modern form, using pressurized water jets produced by a nozzle called a "monitor", came about in the 1850s during the California Gold Rush in the United States. Though successful in extracting gold-rich minerals, the widespread use of the process resulted in extensive environmental damage, such as increased flooding and erosion, and sediment blocking waterways and covering farm fields. These problems led to its legal regulation. Hydraulic mining has been used in various forms around the world.
Şahkulu
Şahkulu (Ottoman Turkish: شاه قولی, romanized: Şāh Ḳulu, lit. 'servant of shah'; fl. 1500–1511), also known as Şahkulu Baba, or Karabıyıkoğlu (lit. 'son of black moustache' in Turkish), was the leader of the pro-Shia and pro-Safavid uprising in Anatolia – the Şahkulu Rebellion – directed against the Ottoman Empire in 1511. He was viewed as a Messiah and Prophet by his followers. His death in battle signified the end of the uprising.

Ottoman Turkish alphabet
The Ottoman Turkish alphabet (Ottoman Turkish: الفبا, romanized: elifbâ) is a version of the Perso-Arabic script used to write Ottoman Turkish for over 600 years until 1928, when it was replaced by the Latin-based modern Turkish alphabet.

Though Ottoman Turkish was primarily written in this script, non-Muslim Ottoman subjects sometimes wrote it in other scripts, including Armenian, Greek, Latin and Hebrew alphabets.
Stuttgart-Möhringen directional radio tower
The Directional Radio Tower Stuttgart-Möhringen is a 93-metre-high (305 ft) lattice steel tower for directional radio services of the EnBW AG on the area of the substation Stuttgart-Möhringen. The Directional Radio Tower Stuttgart-Möhringen was built in 1975 and is not accessible to the public.

Latticework
Latticework is an openwork framework consisting of a criss-crossed pattern of strips of building material, typically wood or metal. The design is created by crossing the strips to form a grid or weave. 
Latticework may be functional – for example, to allow airflow to or through an area; structural, as a truss in a lattice girder;
used to add privacy, as through a lattice screen; purely decorative; or some combination of these.

Latticework in stone or wood from the classical period is also called Roman lattice or transenna (plural transenne).

In India, the house of a rich or noble person may be built with a baramdah or verandah surrounding every level leading to the living area. The upper floors often have balconies overlooking the street that are shielded by latticed screens carved in stone called jalis which keep the area cool and give privacy.
2010 Knox County, Tennessee mayoral election
The 2010 Knox County mayoral election was held on August 5, 2010, to determine the next mayor of Knox County, Tennessee. Incumbent Republican Mayor Mike Ragsdale could not run for re-election due to term limits. Republican state senator Tim Burchett won the election with 88.3% of the vote against Democrat Ezra Maize.

Tennessee Democratic Party
The Tennessee Democratic Party (TNDP) is the affiliate of the Democratic Party in Tennessee. The party was founded in 1826 initially as the Jacksonian Party. The Tennessee Democratic Party was born out of President Andrew Jackson's populist philosophy of Jacksonian democracy in the mid to late-1820s. After Jackson left office, the Democratic Party struggled in the state as the Whig Party would go on to be the dominant party in Tennessee until its collapse after the 1852 Election. Prior to the Civil War, as a result of the collapse of the former Whig Party, the Democratic Party became the dominant party in the state. After the war ended, the Republican Party would be the dominant political party during Reconstruction, but once Reconstruction ended, the Democratic Party would dominate Tennessee Politics up until 2011 when the Republican Party would gain firm control of Tennessee State Government.
Norovyn Altankhuyag
Norovyn Altankhuyag (Mongolian: Норовын Алтанхуяг, IPA: [nɔrɔwíɴ áɬtʰəɴχʊɪq]; born 20 January 1958) is a Mongolian politician who was the 27th Prime Minister of Mongolia from 2012 to 2014. He was elected  five times as member of the State Great Khural, currently he is serving as MP for a second term since 2020. He was elected Chairman of the Democratic Party by the party's National Policy Committee, serving from 2008 to 2014, when he resigned as Prime Minister. He was First Deputy Prime Minister of Mongolia in the coalition government of the Mongolian People's Party and Democratic Party from 2008 to 2012.

Previously, he served as the Minister of Agriculture and Industry between 1996 and 2000 and the Minister of Finance from 2004 to 2006. He served as senior advisor to the President of Mongolia, Khaltmaagiin Battulga, from 2017 until his resignation in early 2019.

President of Mongolia
The president of Mongolia is the executive head of state of Mongolia. The current president is Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh.

Political parties with representation in the State Great Khural nominate candidates. The president was originally limited to two four-year terms, but this was changed to a non-renewable six-year term starting with the 2021 presidential election. The president can be removed from office if two-thirds of the Khural find them guilty of abusing their powers or violating their oath. Before inauguration, however, the president-elect must suspend their membership of any political party.
Lim Teck Yin
Lim Teck Yin PPA(P) PPA(E) (Chinese: 林德仁; pinyin: Lín Dérén; born 24 December 1962) is a Singaporean public servant and former brigadier-general who served as the chief executive officer of Sport Singapore from 2011 - 2023.

Throughout his career, Lim has been involved in competitive sports as he sought to further his primary job in the army. Lim is also a former national water polo player with seven Southeast Asian Games medals, and a recipient of the Singapore National Olympic Council Team of the Year Award for 1986, 1989 and 1991.

Lim was awarded the Public Administration Medal (Military) (Silver) in 2006, and the Public Administration Medal (Gold) in 2015 for his contributions to Singapore's sports sector.

Singapore Army
The Singapore Army is the land service branch of the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF). The largest of the four branches of the SAF, the Singapore Army traces its origins to the 1st Battalion, Singapore Infantry Regiment (1 SIR), which was formed in 1957, under British colonial rule. After Singapore's independence on 9 August 1965, the Singapore Army Bill was passed in Parliament on 23 December 1965, and National Service (NS) was subsequently introduced in 1967. Mostly made up of conscripts, the Singapore Army can mobilise all operationally-ready military reservists in the event of war or national exigencies.
Patio Santa Fe
Patio Santa Fe, original name Gran Patio Santa Fe, is a 2,100,000-square-foot (200,000 m2) vertical power center in Santa Fe, Mexico City. It is nine stories tall anchored by Walmart, Sam's Club, The Home Depot, Office Depot, Petco, a Sportium gym, Cinépolis 16-screen multicinema, and a 7,000-square-metre (75,000 sq ft) glass-covered rooftop park. It has approximately 130 retail shops, 25 restaurants including Red Lobster, Toks, and IHOP, and 2,800 parking spaces.

Retail park
A retail park is a type of shopping centre found on the fringes of most large towns and cities in the United Kingdom and other European countries. Retail parks form a key aspect of European retail geographies, alongside indoor shopping centres, standalone stores like hypermarkets and more traditional high streets. They are a similar retail model to the North American power centers, neighborhood shopping centers and strip malls.

Cushman & Wakefield define a retail park as any shopping centre with mostly retail warehouse units, of a size 5,000 square metres (54,000 sq ft) or larger.

Retail parks have a number of retailers in a single location, but as opposed to an indoor centre, there is no roof, and they are therefore not weatherproof.
Diego Valeri (poet)
Diego Valeri (25 January 1887, Piove di Sacco - 28 November 1976) was an Italian poet, teacher, translator and literary critic.

Valeri was a member of the Accademia dei Lincei and Alleanza della cultura. In 1967 he received the Viareggio Prize.

Viareggio Prize
The Viareggio Prize (Italian: Premio Viareggio or Premio Letterario Viareggio-Rèpaci) is an Italian literary prize, first awarded in 1930. Named after the Tuscan city of Viareggio, it was conceived by three friends, Alberto Colantuoni, Carlo Salsa and Leonida Repaci, to rival the Milanese Bagutta Prize.

The Viareggio-Versilia International Prize is also awarded by the jury each year to a prominent figure whose work fosters dialogue among peoples, advances social progress, and promotes peace.
Quotient ring
In ring theory, a branch of abstract algebra, a quotient ring, also known as factor ring, difference ring or residue class ring, is a construction quite similar to the quotient group in group theory and to the quotient space in linear algebra. It is a specific example of a quotient, as viewed from the general setting of universal algebra. Starting with a ring  and a two-sided ideal  in ⁠⁠, a new ring, the quotient ring ⁠⁠, is constructed, whose elements are the cosets of  in  subject to special  and  operations. Quotient ring notation almost always uses a fraction slash "⁠⁠"; stacking the ring over the ideal using a horizontal line as a separator is uncommon and generally avoided.

Quotient rings are distinct from the "quotient field", or field of fractions, of an integral domain as well as from the more general "rings of quotients" obtained by localization.

Linear algebra
Linear algebra is the branch of mathematics concerning linear equations such as

linear maps such as

and their representations in vector spaces and through matrices.

Linear algebra is central to almost all areas of mathematics. For instance, linear algebra is fundamental in modern presentations of geometry, including for defining basic objects such as lines, planes and rotations. Also, functional analysis, a branch of mathematical analysis, may be viewed as the application of linear algebra to function spaces.

Linear algebra is also used in most sciences and fields of engineering because it allows modeling many natural phenomena, and computing efficiently with such models. For nonlinear systems, which cannot be modeled with linear algebra, it is often used for dealing with first-order approximations, using the fact that the differential of a multivariate function at a point is the linear map that best approximates the function near that point.
Kenneth Macgowan
Kenneth Macgowan (November 30, 1888 – April 27, 1963) was an American film producer. He won an Academy Award for Best Color Short Film for La Cucaracha (1934), the first live-action short film made in the three-color Technicolor process.

Live action
Live action is a form of cinematography or videography that uses photography instead of animation. Some works combine live action with animation to create a live-action animated feature film. Live action is used to define film, video games or similar visual media.

Photorealistic animation, particularly modern computer animation, is sometimes erroneously described as "live action", as in the case of some media reports about Disney's The Lion King (2019 remake). According to the Cambridge English Dictionary, live action involves "real people or animals, not models, or images that are drawn, or produced by computer".
1995 ATP St. Pölten – Doubles
Vojtěch Flégl and Andrew Florent were the defending champions, but Florent chose to compete at Halle during the same week. Flégl teamed up with Andrew Kratzmann and lost in the first round to Rikard Bergh and Jack Waite.

Bill Behrens and Matt Lucena won the title by defeating Libor Pimek and Byron Talbot 7–5, 6–4 in the final.

Jack Waite
Jack Waite (born May 1, 1969) is an American former tennis player.

Waite won 3 doubles titles during his professional career. The right-hander reached his highest doubles ATP ranking in September 1997, when he became no. 44 in the world.
Al Westover
Alan William Westover (born 7 September 1954) is a professional basketball coach best known for his tenure with the Melbourne Tigers in the National Basketball League (NBL), where he coached the team to four consecutive Grand Finals, winning two championships, and being the second winningest coach in league history (based on winning percentage over 100 games coached). Westover also played for the Melbourne Tigers in their inaugural season in the NBL.

Westover was the coach of the Shiga Lakestars of the Basketball Japan (BJ) League in Ōtsu City, Shiga. In his first year with the Lakestars, Westover helped the club reach their highest number of wins in their seven-year history, and to the second round of the play-offs where they lost to eventual champions, Okinawa.

Westover has a son (Boden) who also played professionally for the Melbourne Tigers.

Melbourne United
Melbourne United is an Australian professional basketball team based in Melbourne, Victoria. United compete in the National Basketball League (NBL) and play their home games at John Cain Arena.

The team made their debut in the NBL in 1984 as the Melbourne Tigers. The Tigers were led by coach Lindsay Gaze and his son Andrew from 1984 until 2005, with the pair guiding the Tigers to two championships in the 1990s. The pair were supported by fellow club legends such as Dave Simmons, Lanard Copeland and Mark Bradtke. Four consecutive NBL Grand Finals followed between 2006 and 2009, with championships coming in 2006 and 2008 behind the likes of Chris Anstey and Darryl McDonald. After 31 seasons known as the Melbourne Tigers, the franchise underwent a controversial rebrand in 2014, changing the name of the team to Melbourne United. United won NBL championships in 2018 and 2021. The franchise's six championships is second only to the Perth Wildcats (ten) for most titles in NBL history.
Nils Strandell
Nils Strandell (20 May 1876 – 20 or 28 July 1963) was a Swedish philatelist who signed the Roll of Distinguished Philatelists in 1922. He was President of Honour at the STOCKHOLMIA 55 stamp exhibition.

Philately
Philately (/fɪˈlætəli/; fih-LAT-ə-lee) is the study of postage stamps and postal history. It also refers to the collection and appreciation of stamps and other philatelic products. While closely associated with stamp collecting and the study of postage, it is possible to be a philatelist without owning any stamps. For instance, the stamps being studied may be very rare or reside only in museums.
Ben Reig
Ben Reig (d.1968) was an American fashion businessman who ran his eponymous New York company from 1929 to 1968. The company closed in 1973.

The Ben Reig company was founded in 1929. Reig employed various designers to head it up, most notably being the Hollywood costume designer Omar Kiam from 1941 to 1954. In 1946, Kiam won the Coty Award for his work at Ben Reig. In 1954, Kiam was succeeded by Edward Beckham until 1960. From 1961 to 1968, Eva Rosencrans was head designer for the label. Liz Claiborne also worked for Reig in the early 1950s when she was Kiam's assistant.

Reig died in 1968. His obituary in The New York Times credited him with helping make cotton popular as a fashion fabric.

The Ben Reig company closed in 1973.

Liz Claiborne
Anne Elisabeth Jane Claiborne (March 31, 1929 – June 26, 2007) was an American fashion designer and businesswoman. Her success was built upon stylish yet affordable apparel for career women featuring colorfully tailored separates that could be mixed and matched. Claiborne co-founded Liz Claiborne Inc., which in 1986 became the first company founded by a woman to make the Fortune 500 list. Claiborne was the first woman to become chair and CEO of a Fortune 500 company.
Any Other Way to Go?
Any Other Way To Go? (also titled as Live at Crystal Skates) is a live album released in 1987 by the Washington, D.C.–based go-go band Chuck Brown & the Soul Searchers. The album was recorded live at the Crystal Skate in Temple Hills, Maryland. The album consists go-go renditions of classic jazz and swing songs performed with a go-go beat.

The album is especially known for go-go rendition of Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five's hip-hop song "The Message", and the go-go songs "Be Bumpin' Fresh" and "Go-Go Drug Free" (which featured a cameo rap from the former Mayor of the District of Columbia Marion Barry).

Mayor of the District of Columbia
The mayor of the District of Columbia is the head of the executive branch of the government of the District of Columbia. The mayor has the duty to enforce district laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the D.C. Council. In addition, the mayor oversees all district services, public property, police and fire protection, most public agencies, and the district public school system.

The mayor's office oversees an annual district budget of $8.8 billion.
The mayor's executive office is located in the John A. Wilson Building in Downtown. The mayor appoints several officers, including the deputy mayors for Education and Planning & Economic Development, the district administrator, the chancellor of the district's public schools, and the department heads of the district agencies.
Danilo Pudgar
Danilo Pudgar (born 3 May 1952) is a Slovenian former ski jumper who competed from 1971 to 1973 representing Yugoslavia. He earned his best individual career finish of eighth in the individual large hill at the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo.

1972 Winter Olympics
The 1972 Winter Olympics, officially the XI Olympic Winter Games and commonly known as Sapporo 1972, were a winter multi-sport event held from February 3 to 13, 1972, in Sapporo, Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan. It was the first Winter Olympic Games to take place outside Europe and North America.
Abubakar Momoh
Abubakar Momoh Listenⓘ is a Nigerian politician and engineer. He has been appointed minister of the Niger Delta Development Commission by President Bola Ahmed Tinubu. He was a former legislator of the Edo State House of Assembly and a former legislator of the House of Representatives for Etsako Federal Constituency, in Edo State

Niger Delta Development Commission
The Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC) is a federal government agency established by former Nigerian president Olusegun Obasanjo in the year 2000, with the sole mandate of developing the oil-rich Niger Delta region of Nigeria. In September 2008, President Umaru Yar'Adua announced the formation of a Niger Delta Ministry, with the Niger Delta Development Commission to become a parastatal under the ministry.  One of the core mandates of the commission is to train and educate the youths of the oil rich Niger Delta regions to curb hostilities and militancy, while developing key infrastructure to promote economic diversification and productivity.
Stommeln station
Stommeln is a station on the Cologne–Mönchengladbach railway in Rhein-Erft-Kreis in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It is served by the Rhein-Erft-Bahn (RB27) and the Rhein-Erft-Express (RE8).

Cologne–Mönchengladbach railway
The Rheydt-Cologne railway is a mostly double-track electrified railway in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia between Rheydt and Cologne-Ehrenfeld. Only the section between Rheydt Hauptbahnhof and Rheydt-Odenkirchen is single track.
Henry Alfred Symonds
Henry Alfred Symonds (24 March 1924 – c. June 1994) was a British soldier who served in the British Free Corps of the Waffen-SS during World War II, attaining the rank of Rottenführer

Symonds was born in Willesden, Middlesex in March 1924. He originally joined the East Surrey Regiment at the age of 17, and then volunteered to become a paratrooper but had lost his nerve after his third jump and been transferred into Princess Louise's Kensington Regiment. He was captured in Italy on 4 October 1943. He "decided, after some initial hesitation, to stay on" in the BFC in December 1943. In February 1945 he made successful representations to go to the isolation camp at Drönnewitz. He gave evidence for the defence in the trial of Edwin Barnard Martin. He was sentenced to 15 years in prison after the war. He died in Vale Royal, Cheshire in 1994 at the age of 70.

Rottenführer
Rottenführer (German: [ˈʁɔtn̩fyːʁɐ], lit. 'section leader') was a Nazi Party paramilitary rank that was first created in the year 1932.  The rank of Rottenführer was used by several Nazi paramilitary groups, among them the Sturmabteilung (SA), the Schutzstaffel (SS) and was senior to the paramilitary rank of Sturmmann.

The insignia for Rottenführer consisted of two double silver stripes on a bare collar patch. On field grey SS uniforms, the sleeve chevrons of an Obergefreiter (senior lance-corporal) were also worn.
Mint tea (herbal tea)
Mint tea is a herbal tea made by infusing mint leaves in hot water. Mint tea made with peppermint leaves is called peppermint tea, and mint tea made with spearmint is called spearmint tea. There also exist teas that infuse peppermint and spearmint leaves. In Korea, traditional mint tea called bakha-cha (박하차) is made with East Asian wild mint leaves. In India, traditional mint tea called pudina chai (पुदीना चाय) is made by steeping spearmint or peppermint in hot chai.

Due to the high content of essential oils in leaves (1–2.5%), especially menthol, mint tea is popular for its curative effects. Affecting the digestive system and excretion of gastric juices, it is thought to act as an anti-inflammatory.

Anti-inflammatory
Anti-inflammatory refers to any drug, substance or mechanism that reduces inflammation by lessening the redness, swelling, fever, or pain and loss of function which are part of bodies inflammatory response. Anti-inflammatory drugs are agents that inhibit action or production of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines, histamines and prostaglandins. These drugs reduce pain by inhibiting mechanisms of inflammation, as opposed to opioids, which affect the central nervous system to block pain.

Common anti-inflammatory drugs include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, antileukotrienes, and monoclonal antibodies.
Antônio Calloni
Egízio Antônio Calloni (born 6 December 1961) is a Brazilian actor, best known for Os Dias Eram Assim (2017), Dois Irmãos (2017), Brazilian Western (2013) and he also dubbed Garfield in the first film and the second film.

Garfield (character)
Garfield is a fictional American cat and the protagonist of the comic strip of the same name, created by Jim Davis. Garfield is portrayed as a lazy, fat, cynical and self-absorbed orange tabby Persian cat. He is noted for his love of lasagna and pizza, coffee, and sleeping, and his hatred of Mondays, Nermal, the vet, and exercise.