hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Average absolute deviation
The average absolute deviation (AAD) of a data set is the average of the absolute deviations from a central point. It is a summary statistic of statistical dispersion or variability. In the general form, the central point can be a mean, median, mode, or the result of any other measure of central tendency or any reference value related to the given data set. 
AAD includes the mean absolute deviation and the median absolute deviation (both abbreviated as MAD).

Uniform norm
In mathematical analysis, the uniform norm (or sup norm) assigns, to real- or complex-valued bounded functions ⁠⁠ defined on a set ⁠⁠, the non-negative number

This norm is also called the supremum norm, the Chebyshev norm, the infinity norm, or, when the supremum is in fact the maximum, the max norm.  The name "uniform norm" derives from the fact that a sequence of functions ⁠⁠ converges to ⁠⁠ under the metric derived from the uniform norm if and only if ⁠⁠ converges to ⁠⁠ uniformly.

If ⁠⁠ is a continuous function on a closed and bounded interval, or more generally a compact set, then it is bounded and the supremum in the above definition is attained by the Weierstrass extreme value theorem, so we can replace the supremum by the maximum. In this case, the norm is also called the maximum norm.
In particular, if ⁠⁠ is some vector such that  in finite dimensional coordinate space, it takes the form:

This is called the -norm.
Mildred S. Wertheimer
Mildred Salz Wertheimer (April 19, 1896 – May 6, 1937) was an American political scientist, whose research focused on the rise of fascism in Europe, especially in Germany. She was a research associate at the Foreign Policy Association.

Foreign Policy Association
The Foreign Policy Association (FPA, formerly known as the League of Free Nations Association) is an American non-profit foreign policy organization. According to the FPA, the organization aims to spread global awareness and understanding of US foreign policy and global issues by informing, inspiring, and engaging with the public in community and educational forums. As of 2023, the organization's current President & CEO is Noel V. Lateef, who is also the longest serving President of the Foreign Policy Association.
Šárka Nováková
Šárka Nováková (née Makówková; born 21 February 1971 in Zlín, Czechoslovakia) is a retired Czech high jumper.

She finished thirteenth at the 1991 World Indoor Championships and ninth at the 1991 World Championships. She then competed at the 1992 Olympic Games, 1993 World Championships and the 1995 World Indoor Championships without reaching the final.

Her personal best jump was 1.95 metres, achieved in 1992.

1995 IAAF World Indoor Championships
The 5th IAAF World Indoor Championships in Athletics were held at the Palau Sant Jordi in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain from 10 March to 12 March 1995. Almost 600 athletes from 131 nations participated in 27 events.
2017 Speedway Grand Prix Qualification
The 2017 Individual Speedway World Championship Grand Prix Qualification was a series of motorcycle speedway meetings that were used to determine the three riders that qualified for the 2017 Speedway Grand Prix. The series consisted of four qualifying rounds at Terenzano, Slangerup, King's Lynn and Abensberg, two semi-finals at Goričan and Lonigo and then the Grand Prix Challenge at Vetlanda.  The three riders that qualified were Patryk Dudek, Martin Vaculík and Fredrik Lindgren.

Abensberg
Abensberg (German pronunciation: [ˈaːbənsˌbɛʁk] ⓘ) is a town in the Lower Bavarian district of Kelheim, in Bavaria, Germany, lying around 30 km (19 mi) southwest of Regensburg, 40 km (25 mi) east of Ingolstadt, 50 km (31 mi) northwest of Landshut and 100 km (62 mi) north of Munich. It is situated on the river Abens, a tributary of the Danube.
Black Bird (miniseries)
Black Bird is a 2022 American true crime drama  miniseries developed by Dennis Lehane, based on the 2010 autobiographical novel In with the Devil: a Fallen Hero, a Serial Killer, and a Dangerous Bargain for Redemption by Jimmy Keene with Hillel Levin. The six-episode miniseries premiered on July 8, 2022, on Apple TV+. The series received critical acclaim with particular praise toward Keene's original story and its cast.

Greg Kinnear
Gregory Buck Kinnear (born June 17, 1963) is an American actor and former talk show host. He was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in As Good as It Gets (1997).

Kinnear has appeared in many popular films, including Sabrina (1995), You've Got Mail (1998), Nurse Betty (2000), Someone like You (2001), We Were Soldiers, Auto Focus (both 2002), Stuck on You (2003), Robots (2005), Little Miss Sunshine, Invincible (both 2006), Green Zone, The Last Song (both 2010), Heaven Is for Real (2014), and Misbehaviour (2020). His television roles include Friends, Talk Soup, Modern Family, House of Cards, Rake, and the miniseries The Stand (2020). Kinnear portrayed John F. Kennedy in The Kennedys (2011), and Joe Biden in Confirmation (2016).
William Skirving
William Skirving (c. 1745 – 1796) was one of the five Scottish Martyrs for Liberty. Active in the cause of universal franchise and other reforms inspired by the French Revolution, they were convicted of sedition in 1793–94, and sentenced to transportation to New South Wales.

Penal transportation
Penal transportation (or simply transportation) was the relocation of convicted criminals, or other persons regarded as undesirable, to a distant place, often a colony, for a specified term; later, specifically established penal colonies became their destination. While the prisoners may have been released once the sentences were served, they generally did not have the resources to return home.
2004 IIHF World U18 Championships
The 2004 IIHF World U18 Championships were held in Minsk, Belarus. The championships began on April 8, 2004, and finished on April 18, 2004. Games were played at the Ice Palace and Palace sport in Minsk. Russia defeated the United States 3–2 in the final to claim the gold medal, while the Czech Republic defeated Canada 3–2 to capture the bronze medal.

Mexico men's national under-18 ice hockey team
The Mexico men's national under-18 ice hockey team is the men's national under-18 ice hockey team of Mexico. The team is controlled by the Mexico Ice Hockey Federation, a member of the International Ice Hockey Federation. The team represents Mexico at the IIHF World U18 Championships.
2013 World Archery Championships – Men's team recurve
The men's team recurve competition at the 2013 World Archery Championships took place on 29 September – 6 October 2013 in Belek, Turkey.

37 countries entered the full quota of 3 archers into the qualification round, thus becoming eligible for the team competition. The combined totals of the 3 archers from each country in the qualification round were added together, and the 16 teams with the highest combined scores competed in the elimination rounds.

Belek
Belek is a neighbourhood in the Serik district in Turkey's Antalya Province. As of 2022, it had a population of 9,102. Before the 2013 Turkish local government reorganization, it was a town (Belde).

Belek is one of the centers of Turkey's tourism industry and is home to more than thirty four-star and five-star hotels and many other accommodation services and entertainment facilities.

The town and the surrounding area are famous for their spas and mineral waters received from seven springs.

Belek was awarded the Best Golf Region of the Year in Europe by the International Association of Golf Tour Operators (IAGTO) in 2008. In 2012 it hosted the Turkish Airlines World Golf Final and in 2013 it hosted the Turkish Airlines Open. Belek also hosts the Antalya Open, the only professional tennis tournament currently held in Turkey.
The School for Good and Evil (soundtrack)
The School for Good and Evil (Soundtrack from the Netflix Film) is the soundtrack to the 2022 film The School for Good and Evil. Directed by Paul Feig, it is based on the 2013 novel of the same name by Soman Chainani. The film score is composed by Theodore Shapiro which consisted of an epic pop music combining medieval instrumentations, orchestra along with electronic music. The 23-track album was released through Netflix Music on October 19, 2022, featuring Shapiro's score and an end credits song "Who Do You Think You Are", previously released as a single.

Theodore Shapiro
Theodore Michael Shapiro (/ʃəˈpaɪroʊ/ shə-PY-roh; born September 29, 1971) is an American composer known for his film scores.

He is a frequent collaborator of directors Ben Stiller, Paul Feig, Jay Roach, Karyn Kusama, and Rawson Marshall Thurber, and won the 2022 and 2025 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Composition for a Series for his work on Stiller’s series Severance.
Tollerford Hundred
50°46′34″N 2°34′48″W﻿ / ﻿50.776°N 2.580°W﻿ / 50.776; -2.580
Tollerford Hundred was a hundred in the county of Dorset, England, containing the following parishes:

Chilfrome

East Chelborough

Evershot

Frome St Quintin

Frome Vauchurch

Maiden Newton

Melbury Sampford

Rampisham

Toller Fratrum

Toller Porcorum (part)

West Chelborough

Wynford Eagle

Melbury Sampford
Melbury Sampford is a village and civil parish 12 miles (19 km) northwest of Dorchester, in the Dorset district, in the ceremonial county of Dorset, England. In 2001 the parish had a population of 33. The parish touches East Chelborough, Evershot, Melbury Bubb, Melbury Osmond and Stockwood.
Ildo Lobo
Ildo Lobo (November 25, 1953 – October 20, 2004) was a Cape Verdean singer. His versatile and melodic voice, commanding stage presence and trademark berets made him one of the most recognizable performers in Cape Verde. Always well known throughout the Cape Verde Islands, Lobo rose to international fame with his first solo work, "Nôs Morna", following it with another album "Intellectual".

Beret
A beret (UK: /ˈbɛreɪ/ BERR-ay, US: /bəˈreɪ/ bə-RAY; French: béret [beʁɛ]; Basque: txapel [t͡ʃa.pel]; Spanish: boina [ˈbojna]) is a soft, round, flat-crowned cap made of hand-knitted wool, crocheted cotton, wool felt, or acrylic fibre.

Mass production of berets began in the 19th century specifically in the Basque Country, where they were already common headwear among the indigenous population, before spreading to Southern France and the north of Spain; as such, the beret remains associated with these countries. Berets are worn as part of the uniform of many military and police units worldwide, as well as by other organizations.
1978 Macdonald Lassies Championship
The 1978 Macdonald Lassies Championship, the Canadian women's curling championship was held February 26 to March 2, 1978, at the Sault Memorial Gardens in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario.

Team Manitoba, who was skipped by Cathy Pidzarko won the event by finishing round robin play with a 7–3 record. This was Manitoba's third championship with their last title coming in 1967.

This would be the last women's championship to have a champion determined by round robin and the last one before the creation of the Women's World Curling Championship.

World Curling Championships
The World Curling Championships are the annual world championships for curling, organized by the World Curling Federation and contested by national championship teams. There are men's, women's and mixed doubles championships, as well as men's and women's versions of junior and senior championships. There is also a world championship for wheelchair curling. The men's championship started in 1959, while the women's started in 1979. The mixed doubles championship was started in 2008. Since 2005, the men's and women's championships have been held in different venues, with Canada hosting one of the two championships every year: the men's championship in odd years, and the women's championship in even years. Canada has dominated both the men's and women's championships since their inception, although Switzerland, Sweden, Denmark, Germany (West Germany), Scotland, the United States, Norway and China have all won at least one championship.
Kitahara
Kitahara (written: 北原) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Aiko Kitahara (born 1982), Japanese former pop singer and songwriter

Aiko Kitahara (novelist) (1938–2013), Japanese novelist

Fumi Kitahara (1968–2025), American animation publicist

Hakushū Kitahara or Kitahara Ryūkichi (1885–1942), Japanese tanka poet

Kana Kitahara (born 1988), Japanese footballer

Koki Kitahara or Tatsumi Kitahara (born 1964), Japanese professional wrestler

Maki Kitahara (born 2009), Japanese footballer

Mie Kitahara (born 1933), Japanese actress

Norihiko Kitahara (北原 憲彦, born 1954), Japanese basketball player

Rie Kitahara (born 1991), Japanese singer and actress

Satoko Kitahara (1929–1958), Japanese Catholic convert

Sayaka Kitahara (born 1993), Japanese pop singer, voice actress, and actress

Wataru Kitahara (born 1982), Japanese futsal player

Kana Kitahara
Kana Kitahara (北原 佳奈, Kitahara Kana; born December 17, 1988) is a Japanese footballer who played as defender. She has also played for the Japan national team. Kitahara is currently the player-coach for Albirex Niigata FC (S).
Honorific
An honorific is a title that conveys esteem, courtesy, or respect for position or rank when used in addressing or referring to a person. Sometimes, the term "honorific" is used in a more specific sense to refer to an honorary academic title. It is also often conflated with systems of honorific speech in linguistics, which are grammatical or morphological ways of encoding the relative social status of speakers. Honorifics can be used as prefixes or suffixes depending on the appropriate occasion and presentation in accordance with style and customs.

Typically, honorifics are used as a style in the grammatical third person, and as a form of address in the second person. Some languages have anti-honorific (despective or humilific) first person forms (expressions such as "your most humble servant" or "this unworthy person") whose effect is to enhance the relative honor accorded to the person addressed.

Convention (norm)
A convention  influences a set of agreed, stipulated, or generally accepted standards, social norms, or other criteria, often taking the form of a custom.

In physical sciences, numerical values (such as constants, quantities, or scales of measurement) are called conventional if they do not represent a measured property of nature, but originate in a convention, for example an average of many measurements, agreed between the scientists working with these values.
De Hoop, Den Oever
De Hoop is a windmill in Den Oever, Netherlands. The mill was built in 1675 as a corn mill and served until the end of the 1930s. In 1952, the Oud-Wieringen De Hoop foundation purchased it in order to preserve it. In 1960 the mill was restored.

Den Oever
Den Oever (Dutch pronunciation: [dɛn ˈuvər]; in English, the shore, the coast) is a village in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Hollands Kroon, and lies about 18 kilometres (11 mi) east of Den Helder.
Akelarre (cipher)
Akelarre is a block cipher proposed in 1996, combining the basic design of IDEA with ideas from RC5. It was shown to be susceptible to a ciphertext-only attack in 1997.

Akelarre is a 128-bit block cipher with a variable key-length which must be some multiple of 64 bits.  The number of rounds is variable, but four are suggested. The round function of Akelarre is similar to IDEA in structure.

After the successful cryptanalysis of Akelarre, its designers responded with an updated variant called Ake98. This cipher differs from the original Akelarre in the new AR-box (addition–rotation box), the swapping of words at the end of a round, and the addition of subkeys at the beginning of each round. In 2004, Jorge Nakahara, Jr. and Daniel Santana de Freitas found large classes of weak keys for Ake98. These weak keys allow a cryptanalysis faster than exhaustive search using only 71 known plaintexts, for up to 11.5 rounds of Ake98.

Block cipher
In cryptography, a block cipher is a deterministic algorithm that operates on fixed-length groups of bits, called blocks. Block ciphers are the elementary building blocks of many cryptographic protocols. They are ubiquitous in the storage and exchange of data, where such data is secured and authenticated via encryption.

A block cipher uses blocks as an unvarying transformation. Even a secure block cipher is suitable for the encryption of only a single block of data at a time, using a fixed key. A multitude of modes of operation have been designed to allow their repeated use in a secure way to achieve the other security goals of confidentiality and authenticity. However, block ciphers may also feature as building blocks in other cryptographic protocols, such as universal hash functions and pseudorandom number generators.
Janiculum walls
The Janiculum walls (Italian: Mura gianicolensi) are a stretch of defensive walls erected in 1643 by Pope Urban VIII as a completion of the Leonine wall (defending the Vatican Hill) and for a better protection of the area of Rome rising on the right bank of the Tiber.

Temporal power of the Holy See
The Holy See exercised temporal power, as distinguished from its spiritual and pastoral activity, while the pope ruled the Papal States in central Italy. 
The Papal States ceased to exist following the capture of Rome in 1870 by the Royal Italian Army, after which its remaining territories were annexed to the Kingdom of Italy. The Lateran Treaty of 1929 later established the Vatican City, a small city-state where the Holy See currently exercises temporal powers.
Carpilius convexus
Carpilius convexus, commonly known as the marbled stone crab, is a species of crab found in the Indo-Pacific, from Hawaii to the Red Sea and South Africa. It was first described by Peter Forsskål in 1775 as "Cancer convexus", and has sometimes been treated as a variety of the larger species Carpilius maculatus. The biology of the genus Carpilius is poorly known.
The coloration of Carpilius convexus is a yellow-brown or red, with patches that are mainly brown, growing up to 25 cm (9.8 in). Despite us knowing their size, coloration, and habitat, little else is known about their biology.

Carpilius maculatus
Carpilius maculatus, common names seven-eleven crab, spotted reef crab, dark-finger coral crab, and large spotted crab, is a species of crab in the family Carpiliidae, which also includes C. convexus and C. corallinus. While there have reports of the C. maculatus as being poisonous, biochemical testing has revealed that they lack any paralytic shellfish toxins.
Point of No Return (Playhouse 90)
"Point of No Return" was an American television play broadcast on February 20, 1958, as part of the second season of the CBS television series Playhouse 90. Franklin Schaffner directed. Charlton Heston and Hope Lange starred.

Hope Lange
Hope Elise Ross Lange (November 28, 1933 – December 19, 2003) was an American film, stage, and television actress. She was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress and the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her portrayal of Selena Cross in the 1957 film Peyton Place. In 1969 and 1970, she twice won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series for her role as Carolyn Muir in the sitcom The Ghost & Mrs. Muir.
Al-Jinan
Jinan (Arabic: الجنان, romanized: al-Jinān) is a village in central Syria, administratively part of the Hama Governorate. It is located 12 kilometers (7.5 mi) east of Hama and 25 kilometers (16 mi) west of Salamiyah.

According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Jinan had a population of 3,860 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are Sunni Muslim Arabs. As of 2009, they mainly relied economically on agriculture, particularly vegetables, especially dried mallow (khubbayza), as well as pomegranates and grapes. The other main trade in the village was motorcycle repair.

Hama Governorate
Hama Governorate (Arabic: مُحافظة حماة Muḥāfaẓat Ḥamā) is one of the fourteen governorates of Syria. It is situated in western-central Syria, bordering Idlib and Aleppo Governorates to the north, Raqqa Governorate to the east, Homs Governorate to the south, and Tartus and Latakia Governorate to the west. It is the only Governorate (excluding Damascus) that does not border a foreign country. Measures of its area vary from 8,844 km2 to 8,883 km2, with its capital being the city of Hama, also notably being the only Governorate with no land borders with any foreign countries.
Martín de León Cárdenas
Martín de León Cárdenas, O.S.A. (1584 – 15 November 1655) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Palermo (1650–1655),
Bishop of Pozzuoli (1631–1650), 
and Bishop of Trivento (1630–1631).

Catholic-Hierarchy.org
Catholic-Hierarchy.org is an online database of bishops and dioceses of the Latin Church and the 23 Eastern Catholic Churches that are in full communion with Rome. The website, not officially sanctioned by the Church, is run as a private project by David M. Cheney in Kansas City.
Myronivka urban hromada
Myronivka urban hromada (Ukrainian: Миронівська міська громада) is a hromada of Ukraine, located in Obukhiv Raion, Kyiv Oblast. Its administrative center is the city Myronivka.

It has an area of 797.5 square kilometres (307.9 mi2) and a population of 32,037, as of 2020.

The hromada contains 40 settlements: 1 city (Myronivka), and 39 villages:

Obukhiv Raion
Obukhiv Raion (Ukrainian: Обухівський район, romanized: Obukhivskyi raion) is a raion (district) in Kyiv Oblast of Ukraine. Its administrative center is Obukhiv. Population: 227,209 (2022 estimate).

On 18 July 2020, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, the number of raions of Kyiv Oblast was reduced to seven, and the area of Obukhiv Raion was significantly expanded. Two abolished raions, Kaharlyk and Myronivka Raions, as well of Obukhiv Municipality and the cities of Vasylkiv and Rzhyshchiv, which were previously incorporated as cities of oblast significance, and parts of Bohuslav, Kyiv-Sviatoshyn, and Vasylkiv Raions, were merged into Obukhiv Raion. The January 2020 estimate of the raion population was 35,278 (2020 est.).
Get Born
Get Born is the debut studio album by Australian rock band Jet. It was released on 14 September 2003 and has sold over 4 million copies worldwide. The album includes Jet's most popular song, "Are You Gonna Be My Girl".

Chris Cester
Christopher James Cester (born 16 September 1981) is an Australian musician, songwriter and producer, best known as the co-founder of Australian rock band Jet. Cester served as the band's drummer – as well as providing vocals, percussion and occasionally rhythm guitar – from their 2001 formation until 2024. As a member of Jet, Cester has won awards as a songwriter from the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA), including in 2005 as Songwriter of the Year, and 2011 for "Seventeen", which won "Most Played Australian Work" and "Rock Work of the Year".
Butrick
Butrick is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Daniel Sabin Butrick (1789–1851), American missionary

Merritt Butrick (1959–1989), American actor

Richard P. Butrick (1894-1997), American diplomat

Richard P. Butrick
Richard Porter Butrick (August 6, 1894 – April 13, 1997) was the director general of the US Foreign Service from 1949 to 1952.

Butrick was born in Lockport, New York on August 6, 1894 and was a graduate of the first class of Georgetown University's School of Foreign Service (1921), died from cardiac arrest at Sibley Memorial Hospital at the age of 102.

He was consul general in São Paulo, Brazil, when he retired in 1959 with the rank of career minister.  He was consul general in Montreal (1952–1955) and Minister to Iceland. Butrick died on April 13, 1997, in Washington, D.C., from cardiac arrest at the age of 102.