hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Vereinsgewehr 1857
The Vereinsgewehr 1857 (union rifle, mod. 1857) was the commonly developed rifle of Baden, Hesse and Württemberg for their troops of the army of the German Confederation (VIII Corps) as a successor of the Musket Model 1777 corrigé. The rifle for the line infantry was, with minor modifications in the sights, adopted by all three states; pistols and carbines for the cavalry and sharpshooter rifles for the Jäger were, however, developed by each state on its own.

The rifle has a percussion lock construction of Swiss model, i.e. there was no loading position of the hammer.

A number were converted to the Dreyse needle fire breech-loading bolt-action system in 1867, and became known as Model 1857/67.

Württemberg
Württemberg (/ˈwɜːrtəmbɜːrɡ, ˈvɜːrt-/ WURT-əm-burg, VURT-; German: [ˈvʏʁtəmbɛʁk] ⓘ) is a historical German territory roughly corresponding to the cultural and linguistic region of Swabia. The main town of the region is Stuttgart.

Together with Baden and Hohenzollern, two other historical territories, Württemberg now forms the Federal State of Baden-Württemberg. Württemberg was formerly also spelled Würtemberg and Wirtemberg.
Steingrímur Thorsteinsson
Steingrímur Thorsteinsson (19 May, 1831 – 21 August, 1913) was an Icelandic poet and writer. He translated many works of literature into Icelandic, including Arabian Nights and the fairy tales of Hans Christian Andersen.

Hans Christian Andersen
Hans Christian Andersen (/ˈændərsən/ AN-dər-sən; Danish: [ˈhænˀs ˈkʰʁestjæn ˈɑnɐsn̩, - ˈkʰʁæs-] ⓘ; 2 April 1805 – 4 August 1875) was a Danish author. Although a prolific writer of plays, travelogues, novels, and poems, he is best remembered for his literary fairy tales.

Andersen's fairy tales, consisting of 156 stories across nine volumes, have been translated into more than 125 languages. They have become embedded in Western collective consciousness, accessible to children as well as presenting lessons of virtue and resilience in the face of adversity for mature readers. His most famous fairy tales include "The Emperor's New Clothes", "The Little Mermaid", "The Nightingale", "The Steadfast Tin Soldier", "The Red Shoes", "The Princess and the Pea", "The Snow Queen", "The Ugly Duckling", "The Little Match Girl", and "Thumbelina." Andersen's stories have inspired ballets, plays, and animated and live-action films.
Horticultural oil
Horticultural oils are refined petroleum fractions (mineral oils) widely used as insecticides. They are used against various insects (aphids, mites, beetle larvae, leaf miners, thrips, leafhopper, whitefly, scale) on fruit, vegetable and other crops, as well as against powdery mildew. They are approved for use in organic farming under the U.S. National Organic Program.

Erysiphaceae
Erysiphaceae (commonly known as powdery mildews) is a family of ascomycete fungi in the order Helotiales. The members of this family are obligate parasites with a superficial mycelium that forms a characteristic white, powdery coating on their host plants.

The family contains seventeen genera and around a thousand species. Combined they infect over 10,000 species of plants, many of which are commercially valuable.
Division of Phillip
The Division of Phillip was an Australian Electoral Division in the state of New South Wales. It was located in the Sydney's eastern suburbs, and was named after Captain Arthur Phillip, captain of the First Fleet and first Governor of New South Wales. The Division included the suburbs of Bondi, Coogee, Kensington and Randwick.

The seat was proclaimed at the redistribution of 11 May 1949, and was first contested at the 1949 Federal election. It was abolished prior to the 1993 federal election.  It was a marginal seat that from 1963 onward was held by the governing party of the day.

Randwick
Randwick is a suburb in the Eastern Suburbs of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Randwick is located 6 kilometres south-east of the Sydney central business district and is the administrative centre for the local government area of the City of Randwick.
Judith E. Stein
Judith E. Stein (born 1943) is a Philadelphia-based art historian and curator, whose academic career has focused on the postwar New York art world. She has written a biography of the art dealer Richard Bellamy, as well as feature articles regarding artists including Jo Baer, Red Grooms, Lester Johnson, Alfred Leslie and Jay Milder.

Alfred Leslie
Alfred Leslie  (October 29, 1927 – January 27, 2023) was an American painter and filmmaker. He first achieved success as an Abstract Expressionist painter, but changed course in the early 1960s and became a painter of realistic figurative paintings.
System of Survival
"System of Survival" is a song by the band Earth, Wind & Fire issued as a single in September 22, 1987 on Columbia Records. The single reached number one on both the Billboard Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart and Billboard Hot R&B Singles chart. "System of Survival" also reached No. 9 on the New Zealand Pop Singles chart, No. 14 on the Dutch Pop Singles chart and No. 25 on the Belgian Pop Singles chart.

Ultratop
Ultratop is an organization which generates and publishes the official record charts in Belgium. Ultratop is a non-profit organization, created in 1995 on the initiative of the Belgian Entertainment Association (BEA), the Belgian member organization of the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. Two parallel sets of charts are concurrently produced and published: one is on behalf of Belgium's mainly Dutch-speaking Flanders region, and the other caters to the nation's mainly French-speaking region of Wallonia.
The Law of Lombardy
The Law of Lombardy is a 1779 tragedy by the Irish writer Robert Jephson. The original Drury Lane cast included William Smith as Paladore, Robert Bensley as King, John Hayman Packer as Rinaldo, Richard Hurst as Asciano, James Wrighten as Forester, John Henderson as Bireno, Mary Robinson as Alinda and Elizabeth Younge as Princess. It was dedicated by Jephson to George III.

William "Gentleman" Smith
William Smith (1730 – 13 September 1819), known as "Gentleman Smith", was a celebrated English actor of the 18th century who worked with David Garrick, and was the original creator of the role of Charles Surface in Richard Brinsley Sheridan's The School for Scandal.
Ambrose Smith
Ambrose Smith or Smythe (died 1584) was a London mercer in Cheapside and silkman who supplied Elizabeth I

Smith was a son of John Smith (died 1545) of Withcote, near Oakham, in Leicestershire, and Dorothy Cave, a sister of Ambrose Cave. John Leland visited their "right goodly house" at Withcote in 1539, "one of the fairest houses in Leicestershire".

His older brother Roger Smith (died 1603) inherited the estate, but Ambrose bought it from him in 1575. Roger Smith married Frances Griffin, a daughter of Thomas Griffin of Dingley.

Ambrose Smith supplied velvet, satin, taffeta, and sarsenet to Queen Elizabeth.

He sold fabrics to Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester and Amy Robsart, some for the use of their Spanish tailor. Thomas Butler, 10th Earl of Ormond owed him money in 1580. Ambrose Smith died in 1584.

John Leland (antiquary)
John Leland or Leyland (13 September, c. 1503 – 18 April 1552) was an English poet and antiquary.

Leland has been described as "the father of English local history and bibliography". His Itinerary provided a unique source of observations and raw materials for many subsequent antiquaries, and introduced the county as the basic unit for studying the local history of England, an idea that has been influential ever since.
Sweden in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2007
Sweden was represented at the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2007, held in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, with their entry organised by broadcaster TV4. TV4 held a national final Stage Junior 2007 to select the Swedish entry for the contest, which was held on 31 August 2007.

Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2007
The Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2007 was the fifth edition of the Junior Eurovision Song Contest, held on 8 December 2007 at the Ahoy indoor sporting arena in Rotterdam, Netherlands, and presented by Sipke Jan Bousema and Kim-Lian van der Meij. It was organised by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and host broadcaster AVRO, which was chosen by the EBU over Croatia's Hrvatska radiotelevizija (HRT) and the Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation (CyBC). The host broadcaster was announced on 13 July 2006 and the host city was announced on 11 September 2006. The budget for the contest was stated to be more than €2,000,000. Profits made from the televoting were donated to UNICEF.

The winner was Belarus with the song "S druz'yami" by Alexey Zhigalkovich, by a single point over Armenia. This was Belarus' second win; they won for the first time in 2005.
Édouard Mignan
Édouard Charles Octave Mignan (17 March 1884 — 17 September 1969) was a French organist and composer.

He was born in Orléans and 14 years old he became the organist of  église Saint Paterne. He studied organ in Paris with Alexandre Guilmant and Louis Vierne and won the Grand Prix de Rome in 1912. He was organist at Saint-Thomas-d'Aquin from 1917 to 1935. He succeeded Henri Dallier as organist of la Madeleine in 1935 and held that post until 1962.

He died in Paris at the age of 85.

Prix de Rome
The Prix de Rome (pronounced [pʁi də ʁɔm]) or Grand Prix de Rome was a French scholarship for arts students, initially for painters and sculptors, that was established in 1663 during the reign of Louis XIV of France. Winners were awarded a bursary that allowed them to stay in Rome for three to five years at the expense of the state. The prize was extended to architecture in 1720, music in 1803 and engraving in 1804. The prestigious award was abolished in 1968 by André Malraux, then Minister of Culture, following the May 68 riots that called for cultural change.
Seoul High Court
The Seoul High Court (Korean: 서울고등법원) is a high court in South Korea. It is composed of the Chief Justice of the High Court and a number of judges specified by the Supreme Court Rules, and its adjudication power is subordinate to the Consensus Division, which consists of three judges. Seoul, Incheon, Gyeonggi Province, and Gangwon Province are under its jurisdiction.

Consensus decision-making
Consensus decision-making is a group decision-making process in which participants work together to develop proposals for actions that achieve a broad acceptance. Consensus is reached when everyone in the group assents to a decision (or supermajority; see stand aside) even if some do not fully agree to or support all aspects of it. Consensus decision-making in a democracy is consensus democracy.

Consensus differs from unanimity, which requires all participants to support a decision.
Unibank (Azerbaijan)
Unibank is one of the largest private banks established in Azerbaijan in July 1992 under the name of MBank. In 2021, Unibank co-founded the first Azerbaijani neobank called Leobank.

The bank was established on 15 October 2002 as a result of the merger of two advanced private commercial banks of Azerbaijan, MBank with PROMTEXBANK, one of the leading banks of Azerbaijan. The merged bank was named Unibank.

In December 2025, Ilkin Guliyev was elected to the bank’s Board of Directors and appointed Chief Administrator for Retail Banking and Marketing.

Neobank
A neobank is a type of direct bank that operates exclusively using online banking without traditional physical branches. In contrast to direct banks, in many cases, neobanks do not have their own banking licenses, and instead rely on partner banks. They typically have lower operational costs, which can sometimes result in lower fees and more competitive interest rates.
Gunther's robber frog
Gunther's robber frog, Günther's robber frog, or Guerreran robber frog (Craugastor omiltemanus, in Spanish rana-ladrona de Omilteme) is a species of frog in the family Craugastoridae. It is endemic to the Sierra Madre del Sur in the Mexican state of Guerrero.
Its natural habitats are pine, oak, and pine-oak forests with plenty of leaf-litter on the ground. It is a relatively common species but declining and threatened by habitat loss and disturbance.

Craugastoridae
Craugastoridae, commonly known as fleshbelly frogs, is a family of New World direct-developing frogs. As delineated here, following the Amphibian Species of the World, it contains 129 species. They are found from the southern United States southwards to Central and South America.
The Sign of Four (1923 film)
The Sign of Four is a 1923 British silent mystery film directed by Maurice Elvey and starring Eille Norwood, Isobel Elsom and Fred Raynham. The film is based on the 1890 novel The Sign of the Four by Arthur Conan Doyle, and was one of a series of Sherlock Holmes films starring Norwood.

The Sign of the Four
The Sign of the Four, also called The Sign of Four, is an 1890  detective novel, the second novel featuring Sherlock Holmes by British writer Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Doyle wrote four novels and 56 short stories featuring the fictional detective.
Fritz Krauss (tenor)
Fritz Krauss (June 16, 1883, Lehenhammer, near Amberg-Sulzbach – Feb 28, 1976, Überlingen) was a German operatic tenor. He made his debut in Bremen in 1911. He was a resident principal tenor at the Cologne Opera from 1915 until 1921 when he left to take the same position at the  Bavarian State Opera (BSO). He remained at BSO until his retirement in 1943. There he portrayed Asmus in the world premiere of Hans Pfitzner's Das Herz in 1931. He also made guest appearances at the Royal Opera House in London and the Vienna State Opera. He excelled in the operas of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, portraying Ferrando in Così fan tutte, Don Ottavio in Don Giovanni, Belmonte in Die Entführung aus dem Serail, and Tamino in The Magic Flute. Other roles in repertoire included Florestan in Fidelio,  Radames in Aida, and the title roles in Lohengrin, Tannhäuser, and The Tales of Hoffmann among others.

Die Entführung aus dem Serail
Die Entführung aus dem Serail (German: [diː ʔɛntˈfyːʁʊŋ ʔaʊs dɛm zeˈʁaɪ]) (K. 384; The Abduction from the Seraglio; also known as Il Seraglio) is a singspiel in three acts by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. The German libretto is by Gottlieb Stephanie, based on Christoph Friedrich Bretzner's Belmont und Constanze, oder Die Entführung aus dem Serail. The plot concerns the attempt of the hero Belmonte, assisted by his servant Pedrillo, to rescue his beloved Constanze from the seraglio of Pasha Selim. The work premiered on 16 July 1782 at the Vienna Burgtheater, with the composer conducting.
Comobatrachus
Comobatrachus (meaning "Como Bluff frog") is a dubious genus of extinct frog known only from the holotype, YPM 1863, part of the right humerus, found in Reed's Quarry 9 near Como Bluff, Wyoming in the Late Jurassic-aged Morrison Formation. The holotype was commented on but not described by Moodie in 1912, although it was probably discovered alongside the holotype of Eobatrachus, but was not described by Othniel Charles Marsh when he named Eobatrachus in 1887. The type, and only species, C. aenigmatis, was named and described in 1960. It was probably related to the contemporaneous Eobatrachus.

Late Jurassic
The Late Jurassic is the third epoch of the Jurassic period, and it spans the geologic time from 161.5 ± 1.0 to 143.1 ± 0.6 million years ago (Ma), which is preserved in Upper Jurassic strata.

In European lithostratigraphy, the name "Malm" indicates rocks of Late Jurassic age. In the past, Malm was also used to indicate the unit of geological time, but this usage is now discouraged to make a clear distinction between lithostratigraphic and geochronologic/chronostratigraphic units.
Raoul Duke
Raoul Duke is the partially fictionalized author surrogate character and sometimes pseudonym used by Hunter S. Thompson as the main character and antihero for many of his works. He is best known as the narrator for his 1971 autobiographical novel Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas. The book was originally written under the name Raoul Duke. The character wears a bucket hat and yellow tinted aviator sunglasses.

Aviator sunglasses
Aviator sunglasses are a style of sunglasses that was developed by a group of American firms. The original Bausch & Lomb design is now commercially marketed as Ray-Ban Aviators, although other manufacturers also produce aviator-style sunglasses.
Athletics at the 2015 Pan American Games – Men's hammer throw
The men's hammer throw competition of the athletics events at the 2015 Pan American Games took place on July 22 at the CIBC Pan Am and Parapan Am Athletics Stadium. The defending Pan American Games champion is Kibwe Johnson of the United States.

York Lions Stadium
43°46′30″N 79°30′25″W﻿ / ﻿43.775°N 79.507°W﻿ / 43.775; -79.507

York Lions Stadium is an outdoor sports stadium on the Keele Campus of Toronto's York University in the former city of North York. It is home to the York Lions, the varsity teams of York University, the Toronto Arrows of Major League Rugby and Inter Toronto of the Canadian Premier League. The facility was primarily built for the 2015 Pan American and Parapan American Games, where it hosted track and field events and the opening ceremony. In 2021, the stadium's running track was removed to expand the playing surface used for football and soccer.
Tickfaw River
The Tickfaw River /ˈtɪkfɔː/ runs 113 miles (182 km) from Amite County in southwest Mississippi to Livingston Parish in southeast Louisiana.  Its mouth opens into Lake Maurepas, which conjoins with Lake Pontchartrain.

The name Tickfaw (Tiak foha) is thought to be derived from the Choctaw phrase meaning "pine rest" or "Rest Among the Pines". More recent analysis however has determined the name to be derived from shortening and alteration of Pawticfaw meaning "place where wild animals have shed their hair".  Alternate/historical names and spellings:

Rio De San Vicente

Rio De Tickfaw

Rio Go Tickfoha

Rivière Ticfoha

Ticfaw River

Tickfah River

Tickfaw Creek

Livingston Parish, Louisiana
Livingston Parish (French: Paroisse de Livingston, Spanish: Parroquia de Livingston) is a parish in the U.S. state of Louisiana. Its parish seat is the town of Livingston. Livingston Parish is one of the Florida Parishes; unlike the rest of the state, the region was part of the Spanish Empire, rather than the French Empire.

The name Livingston is an eponym honoring Edward Livingston, an American jurist and statesman who assisted in the drafting of the Louisiana Civil Code of 1825.

Livingston Parish is part of the Baton Rouge metropolitan area. At the 2020 census, the population of the county was 142,282. The southeastern portion of Livingston Parish is part of Louisiana's 1st congressional district, while northern and western Livingston is part of the 5th district.
Stripe 82
Stripe 82 is a 300 deg2 equatorial field of sky that was imaged multiple times by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey from 2000 to 2008. It approximately covers the region with right ascension from 20:00h to 4:00h and declination from -1.26° to +1.26°.

Stripe 82 has also been observed using many other telescopes and instruments, a list of which is given below.

Telescope
A telescope is a device used to observe distant objects by their emission, absorption, or reflection of electromagnetic radiation. Originally, it was an optical instrument using lenses, curved mirrors, or a combination of both to observe distant objects – an optical telescope. Nowadays, the word "telescope" is defined as a wide range of instruments capable of detecting different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, and in some cases other types of detectors.

The first known practical telescopes were refracting telescopes with glass lenses and were invented in the Netherlands at the beginning of the 17th century. They were used for both terrestrial applications and astronomy.

The reflecting telescope, which uses mirrors to collect and focus light, was invented within a few decades of the first refracting telescope.

In the 20th century, many new types of telescopes were invented, including radio telescopes in the 1930s and infrared telescopes in the 1960s.
Ring Off (song)
"Ring Off" is a song by American singer Beyoncé, taken from the reissue of her fifth studio album Beyoncé (2013), subtitled Platinum Edition (2014). The song was released on November 28, 2014, to contemporary hit radio in Italy and urban adult contemporary in the United States as the second single from the reissue. A midtempo reggae-tinged ballad which is built around a slight dancehall rhythm and dubstep-influenced beats, "Ring Off" addresses the end of a marriage between Beyoncé's parents. It was written in a form of open letter of encouragement for her mother Tina Knowles.

Upon the release of the Platinum Edition, "Ring Off" received mostly favorable reviews from music critics, who deemed it one of the most personal songs ever released by Beyoncé. Commercially, the single appeared on a few charts, including the US Bubbling Under Hot 100, where it peaked at number 5. It also charted in several European countries including France, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.

Mike Caren
Michael Caren is an American record executive. He founded Artist Publishing Company in 2007, as well as its subsidiary Artist Partner Group in 2013. He has served as President of Worldwide A&R at Warner Music Group from 2012 to 2015, as well as the company's Creative Officer until 2020, Executive Vice President of A&R at Atlantic Records from 2007 to 2012, and Co-president of Elektra Entertainment from 2008 to 2012.
Archemachus of Euboea
Archemachus or Archemacchus (Ancient Greek: Ἀρχέμαχoς) was an ancient Greek writer who wrote on his native island (Euboea). His works consisted of at least three books. Whether this Archemachus was the author of the grammatical work Metonyms (Aἱ Μετωνυμίαι, Hai Metonymiai), is uncertain.

Euboea
Euboea (/juːˈbiːə/ yoo-BEE-ə; Ancient Greek: Εὔβοια, romanized: Eúboia, IPA: [ěu̯boi̯a]), also known as Evia (/ˈɛviə/ EV-ee-ə; Modern Greek: Εύβοια, IPA: [ˈevi.a]), is the second-largest Greek island in area and population, after Crete, and the sixth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. It is separated from Boeotia in mainland Greece by the narrow Euripus Strait (only 40 m (130 ft) at its narrowest point), the North Euboean Gulf, and the South Euboean Gulf. In general outline it is a long and narrow island; it is about 180 km (110 mi) long, and varies in breadth from 50 km (31 mi) to 6 km (3.7 mi). Its geographic orientation is from northwest to southeast, and it is traversed throughout its length by a mountain range, which forms part of the chain that bounds Thessaly on the east, and is continued south of Euboia in the lofty islands of Andros, Tinos and Mykonos.

It forms most of the regional unit of Euboea, which also includes Skyros and a small area of the Greek mainland.