hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Abnormal grain growth
In materials science, abnormal or discontinuous grain growth, also referred to as exaggerated or secondary recrystallisation grain growth, is a grain growth phenomenon in which certain energetically favorable grains (crystallites) grow rapidly in a matrix of finer grains, resulting in a bimodal distribution of grain size.

In ceramic materials, this phenomenon can result in the formation of elongated prismatic, acicular (needle-like) grains in a densified matrix. This microstructure has the potential to improve fracture toughness by impeding the propagation of cracks.

Matrix (geology)
The matrix or groundmass of a rock is the finer-grained mass of material in which larger grains, crystals, or clasts are embedded.

The matrix of an igneous rock consists of finer-grained, often microscopic, crystals in which larger crystals, called phenocrysts, are embedded. This porphyritic texture is indicative of multi-stage cooling of magma. For example, porphyritic andesite will have large phenocrysts of plagioclase in a fine-grained matrix. Also in South Africa, diamonds are often mined from a matrix of weathered clay-like rock (kimberlite) called "yellow ground".

The matrix of sedimentary rocks is finer-grained sedimentary material, such as clay or silt, in which larger grains or clasts are embedded. It is also used to describe the rock material in which a fossil is embedded.
Otaru
Otaru (小樽市, Otaru-shi) is a city and port in Shiribeshi Subprefecture, Hokkaido, Japan, northwest of Sapporo. The city faces Ishikari Bay and the Sea of Japan, and has long served as the main port of the bay. With its many historical buildings, Otaru is a popular tourist destination. Because it is a 25-minute drive from Sapporo, it has grown as a commuter town. As of July 31, 2023, the city had an estimated population of 107,432 and a population density of 441 persons per km² (1,100 persons per mi²). The total area is 243.83 km2 (94.14 sq mi). Although it is the largest city in Shiribeshi Subprefecture, the subprefecture's capital is the more centrally located Kutchan.

Cities of Japan
A city (市, shi) is a local administrative unit in Japan. Cities are ranked on the same level as towns (町, machi) and villages (村, mura), with the difference that they are not a component of districts (郡, gun). Like other contemporary administrative units, they are defined by the Local Autonomy Law of 1947.
Free Now (service)
Freenow, stylized as freenow, a division of Lyft, is a mobility-as-a-service provider headquartered in Hamburg, Germany. It operates a mobile app that allows users to book taxis, private hire vehicles and various micromobility options such as e-scooters, e-bikes, e-mopeds and carsharing services. Freenow operates in over 150 cities in nine European countries.

The mobile app can be used to book e-scooters from scooter-sharing systems including Dott, Tier and Voi, e-mopeds from Emmy, Felyx and Cooltra, and e-bikes. The platform also offers access to carsharing services through partners such as Share Now and Sixt.

Dott (transportation company)
Dott (formally Tier Mobility SE) is a German company based in Berlin, Germany which was founded in July 2018. In January 2024, TIER and Dott announced the closing of a financial transaction to merge the two companies. With revenues of €250m, supporting over 125M trips a year in more than 20 countries, the newly combined business creates the European champion of shared micromobility. Dott is one of the three companies that are authorized to operate rentals of electric scooters in London during a one-year trial of the use of e-scooters.
Ulinastatin
Ulinastatin is a glycoprotein that is isolated from healthy human urine or synthetically produced and has molecular weight of 25 - 40kDa. It acts as a urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI). Highly purified ulinastatin has been clinically used for the treatment of acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, Stevens–Johnson syndrome, burns, septic shock, and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN).

The drug is used in Japan, where its brand name is Miraclid, as well as in South Korea, China, and India. In India, where it is approved to treat severe sepsis and acute pancreatitis, In India it is marketed under the brand name U-Tryp (BSV), Pranastin (Pranada Biopharma) and so many other brands are also available. It is also known by the names Bikunin and Urinastatin. In China, where it is approved to treat acute pancreatitis, chronic recurrent pancreatitis and acute circulatory failure, it is marketed under the brand name Techpool Roan.

Septic shock
Septic shock is a potentially fatal medical condition that occurs when sepsis, which is defined as an abnormal immune response to infection that leads to life threatening organ dysfunction, leads to dangerously low blood pressure and abnormalities in cellular and metabolic dysfunction. The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3) defines septic shock as a subset of sepsis in which particularly profound circulatory, cellular, and metabolic abnormalities are associated with a greater risk of mortality than with sepsis alone. Patients with septic shock are cared for in the emergency department and intensive care units.
Goodea atripinnis
Goodea atripinnis, the blackfin goodea, is a species of killifish from the family Goodeidae. This species was described by David Starr Jordan in 1880 with the type locality given as León, Guanajuato in Mexico. This species occurs as a native in  nine Mexican federal states and has been introduced to Durango and Mexico City. It has the largest distribution range of any species within the family Goodeidae, its range extending from Hidalgo in the east to Nayarit in the west and from Michoacán in the south to Zacatecas in the north.

Durango
Durango, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Durango, is one of the states which make up the 32 federal entities of Mexico, situated in the northwest portion of the country. With a population of 1,832,650, the 8th lowest of Mexico's states, Durango has Mexico's second-lowest population density, after Baja California Sur. The capital city, Victoria de Durango, is named after the first President of Mexico, Guadalupe Victoria.
2011–12 Iran 2nd Division
2011–12 Iran 2nd Division season is the edition of third tier of the Iranian football league system's 2nd Division annual football competitive season for the Persian Gulf Cup.

The league is composed of 28 teams that are divided into two geographic divisions of 14 teams each. Teams contested only other teams in their own division: once at home and once away for a total of 26 matches each.

In each group, the top two teams are promoted to Azadegan League, and bottom two teams are relegated to 3rd Division plus the relegation playoff loser. In total, the league promotes 4 teams to Azadegan League and relegates 5 teams to 3rd Division.

The football league competition started on 8 September 2011.

Persian Gulf Pro League
The Persian Gulf Pro League (Persian: لیگ برتر خلیج فارس, Lig-e Bartar-e Xalij-e Fârs), formerly known as the Iran Pro League (Persian: لیگ برتر ایران, Lig-e bartar-e Irân), is a professional association football league in Iran and the highest level of the Iranian football league system. It is controlled by the FFIRI and is contested by 16 teams over a 30-matchday period.

Each year, its top team becomes the Iranian football champion, and the two lowest finishers are relegated to the Azadegan League.

Since 2013, the league comprises 16 teams. The winner of the Persian Gulf Pro League along with the Hazfi Cup champion automatically qualify for the AFC Champions League Elite group stages. The third of the Persian Gulf Pro League is qualified for the AFC Champions League Elite Play-off round. The bottom two teams in the league are relegated to Azadegan League. In the past, the format and number of teams were changed for various times.
ABCC11
ATP-binding cassette transporter sub-family C member 11, also MRP8 (Multidrug Resistance-Related Protein 8), is a membrane transporter that exports certain molecules from inside a cell. It is a protein that in humans is encoded by gene ABCC11.

The gene is responsible for determination of human cerumen type (wet or dry ear wax) and presence of underarm osmidrosis (odor associated with sweat caused by apocrine secretion), and is associated with colostrum secretion.

Membrane transport protein
A membrane transport protein is a membrane protein involved in the movement of ions, small molecules, and macromolecules such as another protein, across a biological membrane. Transport proteins are integral transmembrane proteins, that is: they exist permanently within and span the membrane, across which they transport substances. The proteins may assist in the movement of substances by facilitated diffusion, active transport, osmosis, or reverse diffusion. The two main types of proteins involved in such transport are broadly categorized as either channels or carriers (a.k.a. permeases or transporters). Examples of channel/carrier proteins include the GLUT 1 uniporter, sodium channels, and potassium channels. The solute carriers and atypical SLCs are secondary active or facilitative transporters in humans. Collectively membrane transporters and channels are known as the transportome. Transportomes govern cellular influx and efflux of, not only ions and nutrients, but drugs as well.
Her First Affaire (film)
Her First Affaire is a 1932 British drama film directed by Allan Dwan and starring Ida Lupino, George Curzon and Diana Napier. It was based on Frederick J. Jackson's 1930 version of Merrill Rogers's 1927 play Her First Affaire; a play which Jackson significantly modified for the London stage and for which he shared co-author credit in this 1930 version. It was shot at Teddington Studios, with sets designed by the art director J. Elder Wills.

Teddington Studios
Teddington Studios was a large British television studio in Teddington, London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, providing studio facilities for programmes airing on the  BBC, ITV, Channel 4, Channel 5, Sky One and others. The complex also provided studio space for channel continuity. Towards the end of its history the site was run by the Pinewood Studios Group.

Originally built as film studios, the studios were the main production centres for the ITV franchisees ABC Weekend TV and Thames Television.

Pinewood Group's lease on Teddington Studios expired in 2014. The studios were demolished in February 2016 to be turned into housing, with programmes made there having moved to other facilities. The studio buildings have now been replaced by four modern apartment blocks and other smaller houses.
Buster Brown suit
A Buster Brown suit was a very popular style of clothing for young boys in the United States during the early 20th century. It was named after the comic strip character Buster Brown, created in 1902 by Richard Felton Outcault.

It typically consisted of a belted, double-breasted tunic or jacket worn with a large round collar, floppy bow, and shorts or knickerbockers. It was often worn with a round straw hat and a haircut with bangs. Along with the sailor suit, the Eton suit, the Norfolk suit and the Fauntleroy suit, the Buster Brown suit is cited as one of the key looks in boys' clothing of the period.

Straw hat
A straw hat is a wide-brimmed hat that is woven out of straw or straw-like synthetic materials. Straw hats are a type of sun hat designed to shade the head and face from direct sunlight, but are also used in fashion as a decorative element or a uniform.
Cocagne
Cocagne (English: /koʊˈkæn/) is a Canadian community, formerly part of an eponymous local service district (LSD) and later incorporated rural community, in Kent County, New Brunswick. It is now part of the rural community of Beausoleil.

Kent County, New Brunswick
Kent County (2021 population 32,169) is located in east-central New Brunswick, Canada. The county features a unique blend of cultures including Mi'kmaq, Acadian, and English. Some larger tourist attractions include the dune de Bouctouche, Kouchibouguac National Park, and Bonar Law Commons.

Federally, it is split between the ridings of Beauséjour, represented by Dominic LeBlanc of the Liberal Party of Canada and Miramichi—Grand Lake, represented by Jake Stewart of the Conservative Party of Canada. Provincially, it is split between the electoral districts of Kent North and Kent South.
Hellested
Hellested is a village, with a population of 569 (1 January 2025), in Stevns Municipality, Region Zealand in Denmark. It is located 4 km (2.5 mi) south of Hårlev, 4 km (2.5 mi) northeast of Karise and 17 km (11 mi) south of Køge.

Hellested Church is located in the village. It dates back to the 12th century, and a small part of the longwalls still remains. The nave is built of chalk-stone from Stevns Klint and had originally a flat raftered ceiling.

Stevns Municipality
Stevns Municipality (Danish: Stevns Kommune) is a kommune in the Region Sjælland on the southeast coast of the island of Zealand in south Denmark. The municipality covers an area of 250 square kilometres (97 sq mi), and has a population of 23,612 (1 January 2025). The municipality covers most of Stevns Peninsula.

The third largest town and the site of its municipal council is the town of Hårlev.

On 1 January 2007 Stevns municipality, as the result of Kommunalreformen ("The Municipal Reform" of 2007), merged with Vallø municipality to form an enlarged Stevns municipality.
1804 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania
A presidential election was held in Pennsylvania in 1804, as part of the 1804 United States presidential election. Voters chose 20 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.

Pennsylvania voted for the Democratic-Republican candidate, Thomas Jefferson, over the Federalist candidate, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. Jefferson won Pennsylvania by a wide margin of 89.38%, and every county except for Adams.

Adams County, Pennsylvania
Adams County is a county in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. As of the 2020 census, the population was 103,852. Its county seat is Gettysburg. The county was created on January 22, 1800, from part of York County, and was named for John Adams, the second President of the United States.

Between July 1 and July 3, 1863, the Battle of Gettysburg, the bloodiest and most significant battle of the American Civil War, was fought near Gettysburg. As a result, Adams County is a center for Civil War-related tourism.  Adams County comprises the Gettysburg metropolitan statistical area, which is also included in the Harrisburg–York–Lebanon combined statistical area. The county is part of the South Central region of the commonwealth.
John Robinson (English actor)
John Robinson (11 November 1908 – 6 March 1979) was an English actor, who was particularly active in the theatre. Mostly cast in minor and supporting roles in film and television, he is best remembered for being the second actor to play the famous television science-fiction role of Professor Bernard Quatermass, in the 1955 BBC Television serial Quatermass II.

Science fiction on television
Science fiction (Sci-fi) first appeared in television programming in the late 1930s, during what is called the Golden Age of Science Fiction. Special effects and other production techniques allow creators to present a living visual image of an imaginary world not limited by the constraints of reality.
A Climber's Guide to the Teton Range
A Climber's Guide to the Teton Range is a mountain climbing guidebook by Leigh N. Ortenburger and Reynold G. Jackson. The third edition was published in 1996 by The Mountaineers of Seattle, Washington. A fourth edition was published in 2023. The book details the approaches and routes to hundreds of climbs in the Teton Range, most of which are in Grand Teton National Park in Wyoming. It is a comprehensive guide to climbing in the region and includes background material including the climate, geology, and climbing history of the Teton Range.

Dalton Johnson from Men's Journal called the book the Teton guide book I wish I had, and the book is on the recommended reading list of the National Park Service. The American Alpine Club describes it as exhaustive but “warm,” deeply evocative of a splendid scene, and striving earnestly to tell us everything.

The Mountaineers (club)
The Mountaineers is an alpine club in the US state of Washington. Founded in 1906, it is organized as an outdoor recreation, education, and conservation 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization, and is based in Seattle, Washington. The club hosts a wide range of outdoor activities, primarily alpine mountain climbing and hikes. The club also hosts classes, training courses, and social events.

The club runs a publishing business, Mountaineers Books, which has several imprints. Publications include Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills.
Nkwanta South (Ghana parliament constituency)
Nkwanta South is one of the constituencies represented in the Parliament of Ghana. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. Nkwanta South is located in the Nkwanta South district  of the Oti Region of Ghana.

Nkwanta South Municipal District
Nkwanta South Municipal Assembly (French: Nkwanta Sud) is one of the nine districts in Oti Region, Ghana. Originally it was formerly part of the then-larger Nkwanta District on 10 March 1989, which was established by Legislative Instrument (L.I.) 1496, until the northern part of the district was split off to create Nkwanta North District on 29 February 2008, which was established by Legislative Instrument (L.I.) 1892; thus the remaining part has been renamed to become Nkwanta South District. However, on 14 November 2017 (effectively 15 March 2018), it was later elevated to municipal district assembly status to become Nkwanta South Municipal District; which was established by Legislative Instrument (L.I.) 2283. The municipality is located in the northern part of Oti Region and has Nkwanta as its capital town.
Rubus cuneifolius
Rubus cuneifolius, the sand blackberry, is a North American species of flowering plant in the rose family. It occurs in the eastern United States in every coastal state from Louisiana to New Hampshire, with the exception of Rhode Island. There are also reports of inland populations in Tennessee, Arkansas, and Oklahoma, and the species has become an invasive species in South Africa.

Within its native range, R. cuneifolius has been observed in habitat types such as hardwood forests, longleaf pinelands, and in wooded floodplains. It has also been observed in disturbed environments such as along roadsides and firebreaks.

The genetics of Rubus is extremely complex, so that it is difficult to decide on which groups should be recognized as species. There are many rare species with limited ranges such as this. Further study is suggested to clarify the taxonomy.

Firebreak
A firebreak or double track (also called a fire line, fuel break, fireroad and firetrail in Australia) is a nonflammable gap in vegetation or other combustible material that acts as a barrier to slow or stop the progress of a bushfire or wildfire. A firebreak may occur naturally where there is an absence of vegetation or "fuel", such as a river, lake or canyon. Firebreaks may also be man-made, and many of these also serve as roads, such as logging roads, four-wheel drive trails, secondary roads, or highways.
Gary Connelly
Gary Connelly (born December 22, 1950) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player. During the 1973–74 season, Connelly played 4 games in the World Hockey Association with the Chicago Cougars, scoring no goals and one assist.

Chicago Cougars
The Chicago Cougars were a professional ice hockey team in Chicago. They competed in the World Hockey Association from 1972 to 1975. The Cougars played their home games in the International Amphitheatre.
Friedrich Boie
Friedrich Boie (4 June 1789 – 3 March 1870) was a German entomologist, herpetologist, ornithologist, and lawyer. He was born at Meldorf in Holstein and died at Kiel. Friedrich Boie was the brother of Heinrich Boie.

In 1860, Friedrich Boie was elected a Member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina.

Friedrich Boie was the author of Bemerkungen über Merrem's Versuch eines Systems der Amphibien (Isis von Oken 1827) and Auszüge aus dem System der Ornithologie (Isis von Oken 1844).

Friedrich Boie was the author of several new species and new genera of birds including the hummingbird genus Glaucis,  the swallow genus Progne, the cuckooshrike genus Pericrocotus, the passerine genus Lipaugus, the owl genus Athene, and the cuckoo genus Chrysococcyx. Also, he and his brother Heinrich, working together, described about 50 new species of reptiles.

A species of Indian gecko, Cnemaspis boiei, is named in honor of Friedrich Boie or his brother Heinrich Boie.

Cuckooshrike
The cuckooshrikes and allies in the family Campephagidae are small to medium-sized passerine bird species found in the subtropical and tropical Africa, Asia and Australasia. The 107 species are divided into 11 genera. The woodshrikes (Tephrodornis) were often considered to be in this family but are now placed in their own family, Vangidae, along with the philentomas and the flycatcher-shrikes. Another genus, Chlamydochaera, which has one species, the black-breasted fruithunter, was often placed in this family but has now been shown to be a thrush (Turdidae).
Kalamunda Road
Kalamunda Road is a minor arterial road linking the historic suburb of South Guildford with the Darling Scarp suburb of Kalamunda, in Perth, Western Australia.

It serves as a major access road for Perth Airport, and provides the foothills suburbs with access to the Perth central business district.

Darling Scarp
The Darling Scarp (Nyungar: Katta Moorda), also referred to as the Darling Range or Darling Ranges, is a low escarpment running north–south to the east of the Swan Coastal Plain and Perth, Western Australia. The escarpment extends generally north of Bindoon, to the south of Pemberton. The adjacent Darling Plateau goes easterly to include Mount Bakewell near York and Mount Saddleback near Boddington. It was named after the Governor of New South Wales, Lieutenant-General Ralph Darling.
Castle Hotel, Ruthin
Castle Hotel is a Grade II* listed building in the community of Ruthin, Denbighshire, Wales. It is in St Peter's Square, which is in the centre of the town. It was listed by Cadw (Reference Number 917).

The building is a 3-storey brick construction dating back to the early 18th century. It was originally a coaching inn between Chester and Holyhead, and was known as the White Lion. In 2011, it was purchased by the hotel chain J D Wetherspoon.

Wetherspoons
J D Wetherspoon plc (branded variously as Wetherspoon or Wetherspoons, and colloquially known as Spoons) is a British pub company operating in the United Kingdom, the Isle of Man, the Republic of Ireland and from January 2026, Spain.

The company was founded in 1979 by Sir Tim Martin and is based in Watford, England. It operates the sub-brand of Lloyds No.1 bars, and 56 Wetherspoon hotels. Wetherspoon is known for converting unconventional premises, such as former cinemas and banks, into pubs – part of its wider engagement with local history. The company is publicly listed on the London Stock Exchange (LSE) and is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index.