hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Civil Service in early India
During 313 BC, in the Mauryan period Kautilya created the treatise called Kautilya Arthashastra. He laid down the qualifications for appointments of civil servants.

During 1000–1600 AD, in the medieval period, Akbar the Great nurtured the civil service. It was during his period there was initiation of land reforms and established the land revenue system which later formed to become the constituent of the Indian taxation system.

Treatise
A treatise is a formal and systematic written discourse on some subjects concerned with investigating or exposing the main principles of the subject and its conclusions. A monograph is a treatise on a specialized topic.
Compass (Simpson)
Compass is a public art work by American artist Gail Simpson, located on the east side of Milwaukee, Wisconsin.  The painted aluminum sculpture was commissioned by the Eastside Business Improvement District #20 to serve as a gateway for pedestrians and vehicular traffic entering the North Avenue commercial zone. A tall stainless steel light post salvaged from the demolition of Milwaukee's Park East Freeway is surrounded by a colorful array of painted aluminum signs that protrude in a spiral formation. Each sign has a distinctive shape and word cut out in a unique typeface intended to reflect the history and character of the neighborhood. The artwork is located in the traffic median on the east side of the North Avenue Bridge. Milwaukee Journal Sentinel architecture critic Whitney Gould called the project, "part sculpture, part signpost."

Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel is a daily morning broadsheet printed in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where it is the primary newspaper and also the largest newspaper in the state of Wisconsin, where it is widely read. It was purchased by the Gannett Company in 2016.

In early 2003, the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel began printing at a new facility in West Milwaukee. In September 2006, the Journal Sentinel announced it had "signed a five-year agreement to print the national edition of USA Today for distribution in the northern and western suburbs of Chicago and the eastern half of Wisconsin".
Cazaril-Tambourès
Cazaril-Tambourès (Occitan: Tambors) is a village and a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France. The commune had in 2013 census, a population of 87. At the 2019 census the population remained less than 100, with 84 people.

Haute-Garonne
Haute-Garonne (French pronunciation: [ot ɡaʁɔn]; Occitan: Nauta Garona, pronounced [ˈnawto ɡaˈɾuno]; Upper Garonne) is a department in the southwestern French region of Occitanie. Named after the river Garonne, which flows through the department. Its prefecture and main city is Toulouse, the country's fourth-largest. In 2019, it had a population of 1,400,039.
Anthuan Maybank
Anthuan Maybank (born December 30, 1969) is a retired 1996 Olympic Games gold medalist in the men's 4x400 meter relay for the United States. Maybank ran the last leg for the United States and shrugged off an attack from Roger Black (UK) who had won a silver medal in the individual event. Maybank was not a well-known athlete at the time. But, a few weeks later, he confirmed his talent by winning the 400 m race at the prestigious meeting in Zürich.

Anthuan was born in Georgetown, South Carolina. He was coached by "Sweet" Freddie Young at Georgetown High where he set the current state record in the 400 m (46.67). He attended the University of Iowa on a full athletic scholarship, where he was an All-American in the 400 m and long jump. He currently resides in Delaware and is the sprint coach for the Tatnall School.

Georgetown, South Carolina
Georgetown is the third oldest city in the U.S. state of South Carolina and the county seat of Georgetown County, in the Lowcountry. As of the 2020 census it had a population of 8,403, a decrease from the 2010 census of 9,163. Located on Winyah Bay at the confluence of the Black, Great Pee Dee, Waccamaw, and Sampit rivers, Georgetown is the second largest seaport in South Carolina, handling over 960,000 tons of materials a year, while Charleston is the largest.

Beginning in the colonial era, Georgetown was the commercial center of an indigo- and rice-producing area. Rice replaced indigo as the chief commodity crop in the antebellum era. A timber industry also developed and sawmills were built.
Ooh La
"Ooh La" is a song by British indie rock band the Kooks. It was the sixth single from their debut studio album Inside In/Inside Out and was released on 23 October 2006. The song is an alleged dedication to late model Audrey Lindvall. It was featured in the Torchwood episode "Small Worlds" and was an iTunes Single of the Week. 
A small segment is also featured in the Criminal Minds episode "True Night". The song also featured in an episode of American Idol and in the twentieth series of the pop quiz show Never Mind The Buzzcocks.

Small Worlds (Torchwood)
"Small Worlds" is the fifth episode of the first series of the British science fiction television series Torchwood, which was originally broadcast on the digital television channel BBC Three on 12 November 2006.

The episode involves the alien hunters Torchwood investigating a group of deadly fairies who intend to turn the Cardiff child Jasmine Pierce (Lara Phillipart) into a fairy.

Filming took place in the villages of Radyr and Pentyrch in Cardiff North.
Fundamental psychological law
In Keynesian macroeconomics, the Fundamental Psychological Law underlying the consumption function states that marginal propensity to consume (MPC) and marginal propensity to save (MPS) are greater than zero(0) but less than one(1)
MPC+MPS = 1

e.g. Whenever national income rises by $1 part of this will be consumed and part of this will be saved

Consumption function
In economics, the consumption function describes a relationship between consumption and disposable income. The concept is believed to have been introduced into macroeconomics by John Maynard Keynes in 1936, who used it to develop the notion of a government spending multiplier.
2010 Rally Estonia
The 2010 Rally Estonia (formally known as the Mad-Croc Rally Estonia 2010) was a motor racing event for rally cars that was held over three days between 16 and 18 July 2010. It was the inaugural running of Rally Estonia. The event consisted of twelve special stages totalling 189.83 km (117.95 mi) in competitive kilometres. The stages were run on smooth gravel roads of Southern Estonia.

Local hero Markko Märtin (co-driver Kristo Kraag) was dominant as he won all twelve stages driving a Ford Focus RS WRC 03. Rising star Ott Tänak (co-driver Kuldar Sikk) finished second on his Subaru Impreza STi N14. Finnish driver Toni Gardemeister (co-driver Tapio Suominen) completed the podium driving a Ford Fiesta S2000.

Kuldar Sikk
Kuldar Sikk (born 20 June 1979) is an Estonian rally co-driver. From 2022 he is the co-driver of Benediktas Vanagas from Lithuania. Sikk holds the record for the best overall result in a car class in the Baltics as well as for an Estonian co-driver.
2022–23 Segunda División de Fútbol Salvadoreño
The 2022–23 season (officially known as Liga de Plata and also as Torneo Luis Baltazar Ramírez) was El Salvador's Segunda División de Fútbol Salvadoreño. The season was split into two championships: Apertura 2022 and Clausura 2023. The champions of the Apertura and Clausura play the direct promotion playoff every year. The winner of that series ascends to Primera División de Fútbol de El Salvador.

Primera División de El Salvador
The Primera División de Fútbol Profesional de El Salvador (First Division of Professional Football of El Salvador), more commonly known as  La Liga Mayor or La Primera, also known as Liga Pepsi for sponsorship reasons, is the top professional football league in El Salvador.

It was established in 1947, and in 2011 had 10 clubs. Initially the league was run as a year-long tournament, but since 1998 there are two tournaments each year, much like in many other football leagues in the Americas.

The Apertura season runs from July to December, while the Clausura season runs from January to May.

Of the 56 teams to have competed in the league, FAS has won the title 19 times,  followed by Alianza (19), Aguila (17), Firpo (11) and Isidro Metapan (10)
Chrome Locust
Chrome Locust were an American stoner rock band formed in New York City that was active between 1998 and 1999.

"In the Summer of 1998, while New York punk kings D Generation went on hiatus, drummer Michael Wildwood and guitarist Todd Youth (who had previously formed and played with seminal outfits Agnostic Front and Murphy's Law) began work on a side project that evolved out of a jam session that the two had with bassist Jim Heneghan (who was in Vásquez at the time). Within a few months, all three decided to leave their respective groups in order to devote all of their energies to this new band, which they dubbed Chrome Locust."

Stoner rock
Stoner rock, also known as stoner metal or stoner doom, is a rock music fusion genre that combines elements of doom metal with psychedelic rock and acid rock. The genre emerged during the early 1990s and was pioneered foremost by Kyuss and Sleep.
The First Cut Is the Deepest (album)
The First Cut Is the Deepest is the second studio album by Canadian rapper Michie Mee, released in 2000 on Koch Records. The single "Don't Wanna Be Your Slave", featuring Esthero, was nominated for Best Rap Recording at the 2000 Juno Awards.

MNRK Music Group
MNRK Music Group (pronounced "monarch"), formerly known as Koch Records and Entertainment One (eOne) Music, is an American independent record label and music management company based in New York City. It was formed in 1987 as a music division of Koch Entertainment, which was acquired by and absorbed into Entertainment One (or eOne for short) in 2004. eOne was acquired by toy and multimedia company Hasbro in 2019, absorbed its family brands division in the process and announced the sale of this division to the Blackstone Group in April 2021, which then adopted this name. Hasbro then sold the remains of eOne to Lionsgate, who then rebranded it initially as eOne Canada and then Lionsgate Canada.

MNRK owns the libraries of Artemis Records, Dualtone Records, Last Gang Records and Prosthetic Records.
Robert B. Fulton
Robert Burwell Fulton (December 22, 1910 – February 18, 2015) was a rear admiral in the United States Navy. He graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1932. RADM Fulton was a survivor of the sinking of USS Houston in 1942 and was subsequently a prisoner-of-war of the Japanese.

USS Houston (CA-30)
USS Houston (CL/CA-30), was a Northampton-class cruiser of the United States Navy. She was the second Navy ship to bear the name "Houston".

She was launched by Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company, Newport News, Virginia, on 7 September 1929, sponsored by Elizabeth Holcombe (daughter of Oscar Holcombe, ex-mayor of Houston, Texas).  Elizabeth was chaperoned by Mary Ellen Bute and Charlotte Williams (great grand-daughter of Sam Houston).  Houston was commissioned on 17 June 1930.

The ship was originally classified as a light cruiser (hull number CL-30). Houston was redesignated a heavy cruiser (CA-30) on 1 July 1931, as the provisions of the 1930 London Naval Treaty classified ships with 8-inch (20.3 cm) main battery guns as heavy cruisers.
Shitan, Miaoli
24°31′24″N 120°55′24″E﻿ / ﻿24.523387°N 120.92337°E﻿ / 24.523387; 120.92337

Shitan Township / Shihtan Township (Chinese: 獅潭鄉; Hanyu Pinyin: Shītán Xiāng; Tongyong Pinyin: Shihtán Siang) is a rural township in Miaoli County, Taiwan. It is located in a mountainous area with a mild, sub-tropical climate.  Its rainy season is from May to September. Shitan's population was estimated to be 4,141 in January 2023.

Tongyong Pinyin
Tongyong Pinyin was the official romanization of Mandarin in Taiwan between 2002 and 2008. The system was unofficially used between 2000 and 2002, while a new romanization system for Taiwan was being evaluated for adoption. Taiwan's Ministry of Education approved the system in 2002, but its use was optional.

From 1 January 2009, the Ministry of Education began promoting Hanyu Pinyin. Local governments were not able to get financial aid from the central government if they used Tongyong Pinyin-derived romanizations. However, Tongyong Pinyin has continued in use for the transliteration of some place names and personal names in Taiwan (Republic of China). Some of the romanized names of the districts, subway stations and streets in Kaohsiung, Tainan, Taichung, Yunlin County and other places are derived from Tongyong Pinyin –  for example, Cijin District (旗津區, Cíjin Cyu).
MV Chetzemoka
MV Chetzemoka ("The Chetzy") is a Kwa-di Tabil-class ferry built at Todd Pacific Shipyards in Seattle, Washington for the Washington State Ferries. It was scheduled to start on the Port Townsend-Coupeville (Keystone)
route in September 2010, but sea trials revealed excessive vibrations in the vessel's propulsion system. The ferry was christened by Governor Christine Gregoire and began service November 14, 2010.

The vessel was named after the Klallam chief Chetzemoka, who was influential during the early European-American settlement of Port Townsend.

The Chetzemoka began service to Vashon Island on January 23, 2012, replacing the now-retired MV Rhododendron on the Point Defiance-Tahlequah route.

Christine Gregoire
Christine Gregoire (/ˈɡrɛɡwɑːr/; née O'Grady; born March 24, 1947) is an American attorney and politician who served as the 22nd governor of Washington, from 2005 to 2013. A member of the Democratic Party, she defeated Republican candidate Dino Rossi in 2004 and 2008, the first of which was the closest gubernatorial election in the history of Washington. She was Washington’s second female governor. Gregoire served as chair of the National Governors Association from 2010 to 2011. She also served on the governors' council of the Bipartisan Policy Center.

Gregoire was also the Attorney General of Washington from 1993 until 2005, and is the first and only woman to serve in that role. As of April 2025, she is also the oldest living former Governor of Washington, following the death of Daniel Evans in September of 2024.
Presidential Cottage (Troodos)
The Presidential Cottage in Troodos, Cyprus, also known as the Government Cottage or Government Summer Residence, is the official summer retreat of the President of Cyprus. Located high at 1729 metres above sea level in the Troodos Mountains, the residence was built during British colonial rule in the late 19th century as the seasonal home of the Governor of Cyprus. Since independence in 1960 it has been used by the President of Cyprus as a working and leisure retreat.

History of Cyprus (1878–present)
Cyprus was part of the British Empire, under military occupation from 1914 to 1925, and a Crown colony from 1925 to 1960. Cyprus became an independent nation in 1960. Cyprus became a republic in the Commonwealth of Nations during the 1961 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference in March 1961.
Rafael Figarola
Rafael Figarola González (1882 – death date unknown) was a Cuban baseball catcher in the Cuban League and Negro leagues. He played from 1905 to 1923 with several clubs, including Almendares, the Fe club, the Habana club, the Lincoln Giants, the Brooklyn Royal Giants, and the Cuban Stars (West). Figarola was elected to the Cuban Baseball Hall of Fame in 1950. He was also listed as Jose Figarola.

Habana (Cuban League)
The Habana B.B.C. also known as the Habana Reds or, later, the Leones del Habana  was one of the oldest and most distinguished baseball teams in the old Cuban League, which existed from 1878 to 1961.  Habana, representing the city of Havana, was the only team to play in the league every season of its existence and was one of its most successful franchises.  In their early history they were known by their colors as the Reds; later they adopted the names of Leones or Lions.  Throughout their existence they had a famous rivalry with Almendares.

Habana won 30 Cuban League championships (more than any other club) and one Caribbean Series (in 1952).
Björk Orkestral
Björk Orkestral was an "unplugged" concert series by Icelandic musician Björk. Originally announced for the summer of 2020, all concert dates were delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. A four-part concert series was later announced for August 2020 at the Harpa concert hall in Reykjavík, then rescheduled to October and November 2021 due to new restrictions against the pandemic by the Icelandic government. Each date featured different musicians, instrumentation and set lists and all four concerts were live streamed to raise money for Kvennaathvarfið, a women's shelter in Reykjavík. Over 100 Icelandic musicians joined Björk on stage across the four matinee performances, which were some of the first live performances with an audience by a major international singer since COVID-19 crippled the live music industry.

After the shows in Iceland, Björk embarked on a global tour of acoustic concerts, which saw her headline music festivals such as Bluedot Festival and Primavera Sound.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the music industry
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the music industry, mirroring its impacts across all arts sectors. Numerous music events, including music festivals, concert tours, and award shows, have been cancelled or postponed. While some musicians and composers were able to use the time to create new works, there were flow-on effects on the many supporting people who relied on performers for their income. Various album releases have been delayed as well. Pollstar estimated the total lost revenue for the live music industry in 2020 at more than $30 billion.
Astragalus oxyphysus
Astragalus oxyphysus is a species of milkvetch known by the common name Mt. Diablo milkvetch or Stanislaus milk-vetch. It is endemic to central California, where it grows in dry grassland and scrub habitat in the Central Valley and the adjacent Inner Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada foothills.

California Coast Ranges
The Coast Ranges of California span 400 miles (644 km) from Del Norte or Humboldt County, California, south to Santa Barbara County. The other three coastal California mountain ranges are the Transverse Ranges, Peninsular Ranges and the Klamath Mountains.

Physiographically, they are a section of the larger Pacific Border province, which in turn is part of the larger Pacific Mountain System physiographic division. UNESCO has included the "California Coast Ranges Biosphere Reserve" in its Man and the Biosphere Programme of World Network of Biosphere Reserves since 1983.
19th Filmfare Awards
The 19th Filmfare Awards were held in 1972, honoring the best Hindi films released in the year 1971.

Anand and Mera Naam Joker led the ceremony with 7 nominations, followed by Kati Patang with 6 nominations.

Anand won 6 awards, including Best Film, Best Actor (for Rajesh Khanna) and Best Supporting Actor (for Amitabh Bachchan), thus becoming the most-awarded film at the ceremony.

Rajesh Khanna received dual nominations for Best Actor for his performances in Anand and Kati Patang, winning for the former.

Jaya Bachchan received dual nominations for Best Actress for her performances in Guddi and Uphaar, but lost to Asha Parekh who won the award for Kati Patang, her first and only win in the category.

Filmfare Award for Best Actress
The Filmfare Award for Best Actress is given by Filmfare as part of its annual Filmfare Awards for Hindi films, to recognise the actress who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role in a film released that year. The award was first presented in 1954 for the films released in 1953.
Myōjinyama
Myōjinyama (明神山) is a grassy area on a mountain ridge in Japan, 20 kilometres (12 mi) east from Mount Fuji and 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) south-east from Lake Yamanaka, off of road 147. The area is suitable for hiking and paragliding.

Paragliding
Paragliding is the recreational and competitive adventure sport of  flying paragliders: lightweight, free-flying, foot-launched glider aircraft with no rigid primary structure. The pilot sits in a harness or in a cocoon-like 'pod' suspended below a fabric wing. Wing shape is maintained by the suspension lines, the pressure of air entering vents in the front of the wing, and the aerodynamic forces of the air flowing over the outside.

Despite not using an engine, paraglider flights can last many hours and cover many hundreds of kilometres, though flights of one to five hours and covering some tens of kilometres are more the norm. By skillful exploitation of sources of lift, the pilot may gain height, often climbing to altitudes of a few thousand metres.
January 1982 lunar eclipse
A total lunar eclipse occurred at the Moon’s ascending node of orbit on Saturday, January 9, 1982, with an umbral magnitude of 1.3310. A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon moves into the Earth's shadow, causing the Moon to be darkened. A total lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon's near side entirely passes into the Earth's umbral shadow. Unlike a solar eclipse, which can only be viewed from a relatively small area of the world, a lunar eclipse may be viewed from anywhere on the night side of Earth. A total lunar eclipse can last up to nearly two hours, while a total solar eclipse lasts only a few minutes at any given place, because the Moon's shadow is smaller. Occurring about 1.3 days after perigee (on January 8, 1982, at 11:30 UTC), the Moon's apparent diameter was larger.

Earth's shadow
Earth's shadow (or Earth shadow) is the shadow that Earth itself casts through its atmosphere and into outer space, toward the antisolar point. During the twilight period (both early dusk and late dawn), the shadow's visible fringe —sometimes called the dark segment or twilight wedge—appears as a dark and diffuse band just above the horizon, most distinct when the sky is clear.

Since the angular diameters of the Sun and the Moon as viewed from Earth's surface are almost the same, the ratio of the length of Earth's shadow to the distance between Earth and the Moon will be almost equal to the ratio of the diameters of Earth and the Moon.

Since Earth's diameter is 3.7 times the Moon's, the length of the planet's umbra is correspondingly 3.7 times the average distance from the Moon to Earth: about 1.4 million km (870,000 mi). The diameter of Earth's shadow at lunar distance is about 9,000 km (5,600 mi), or 2.6 lunar diameters, which allows observation of total lunar eclipses from Earth.
Angels Costumes
Angels Costumes (previously Angels and Bermans) is a supplier of costumes based in London, England to the film, theatre and television industries, as well as to the general public. The company, founded in 1840, is the longest-established costume supplier in the world, and has supplied costumes to 37 films that have received the Academy Award for Best Costume Design, including the 2010 film Alice in Wonderland and, most recently, The Grand Budapest Hotel.

Since its founding the company has stayed in family ownership for six consecutive generations, and is currently run by Chairman Tim Angel, CBE (former chairman, BAFTA; former governor, BFI) and his three children, Emma (director of fancy dress), Daniel (head of costume) and Jeremy (creative director).

Academy Award for Best Costume Design
The Academy Award for Best Costume Design is one of the Academy Awards presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) for achievement in film costume design.

The award was first given in 1949, for films made in 1948. Initially, separate award categories were established for black-and-white films and color films. Since the merger of the two categories in 1967, the Academy has traditionally avoided giving out the award to films with a contemporary setting.