hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Power theory of economics
Developed by Yasuma Takada in a series of lectures at Kyoto University, the power theory of economics is mostly based on a critique of both mainstream economics as well as heterodox economics theories of unemployment, most notably Keynesian economics and Marxian economics. The theory accommodates Thorstein Veblen, Vilfredo Pareto and Joseph Schumpeter.

Takada sometimes referred to the theory as a second order approximation, as introducing a theory of power relations into the materialism of economics was seen as one step closer to a true picture of socio-economic relationships.

Mainstream economics
Mainstream economics is the body of knowledge, theories, and models of economics, as taught by universities worldwide, that are generally accepted by economists as a basis for discussion. Also known as orthodox economics, it can be contrasted to heterodox economics, which encompasses various schools or approaches that are only accepted by a minority of economists.

The economics profession has traditionally been associated with neoclassical economics. However, this association has been challenged by prominent historians of economic thought including David Colander. They argue the current economic mainstream theories, such as game theory, behavioral economics, industrial organization, information economics, and the like, share very little common ground with the initial axioms of neoclassical economics.
Karabakh Shikastasi (mode)
Karabakh Shikastasi (Azerbaijani: Qarabağ şikəstəsi) — is one of the rhythmic Azerbaijani mughams. It is a macama-based segah. Musical size - 2/4. It is performed at a heavy pace. After each verse sung by the singer, a different melody (instrumental episode) is played. It is considered one of the most popular shikeste - lyrical extended songs.

"Karabakh Shikeste" was used in the opera"Asli and Kerem" of Uzeyir Hajibeyov, "Shah Ismail" of Muslim Magomayev,"Shahsenem" of Reingold Glier. The melody of this mugham is played in the 28 May metro station in Baku.

It is believed that "Karabakh shikestesi" was performed with special brilliance by the Peoples Artist of the Azerbaijan SSR Khan Shushinsky. ( listen the mugham performed by Khan Shushinskyⓘ)

28 May (Baku Metro)
28 May is a Baku Metro station. It was opened on 6 November 1967. It was formerly called 28 April. It is connected to the adjacent Baku Central Railway Station by a pedestrian tunnel. It is also nearby 28 May Shopping Mall. This station is located in the city Transport HUB. There is nearby Landmark Hotel Baku.
USS Polaris
USS Polaris is a name used more than once by the United States Navy:

USS Polaris (1871), a converted Civil War screw steamer used on the Polaris expedition

USS Polaris (AF-11), built in 1939 as SS Donald McKay and acquired from the Maritime Commission on 27 January 1941

USS Polaris (1871)
USS Polaris, originally called the America, was an 1864 screw steamer procured by the Union Navy as USS Periwinkle during the final months of the American Civil War. She served the Union Navy's struggle against the Confederate States as a gunboat.

After the war, the ship was retained by the U.S. Navy. She was renamed Polaris in 1871 and became the designated vessel of the Hall scientific expedition to the North Pole. It was on this voyage that she proceeded into Arctic waters, only to have her hull crushed by the ice in October 1872.
Eats, Shoots & Leaves
Eats, Shoots & Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation is a non-fiction book written by Lynne Truss, the former host of BBC Radio 4's Cutting a Dash programme. In the book, published in 2003, Truss bemoans the state of punctuation in the United Kingdom and the United States and describes how rules are being relaxed in today's society. Her goal is to remind readers of the importance of punctuation in the English language by mixing humour and instruction.

Truss dedicates the book "to the memory of the striking Bolshevik printers of St. Petersburg who, in 1905, demanded to be paid the same rate for punctuation marks as for letters, and thereby directly precipitated the first Russian Revolution". She added this dedication as an afterthought after remembering the factoid when reading one of her radio plays.

Factoid
A factoid was originally defined to mean a false statement presented as a fact. In colloquial speech, it is often used to mean a true but brief or trivial item of news or information (which can be less ambiguously described as a "factlet").

The term was coined in 1973 by American writer Norman Mailer to mean a piece of information that becomes accepted as a fact even though it is not actually true, or an invented fact believed to be true because it appears in print. Since the term's invention in 1973, it has become used to describe a brief or trivial item of news or information.
Mary Russ
Mary L. Russ (born c. 1953 in Tampa, Florida) is a retired jockey in Thoroughbred horse racing who was the first female rider in North America to win a Grade 1 race, the first to earn more than $1 million in purses in a season, and the first to win a major race meet. She was inducted into the Calder Race Course Hall of Fame in 2003. While still an apprentice, on February 28, 1982, Mary Russ became the first female jockey to win a Grade 1 race when she captured the 1982 edition of the Widener Handicap aboard Lord Darnley, trained by Roger Laurin, at Hialeah Park in Florida. That same year, aboard Majestic Cat, she won the 1982 New York City Big Apple OTB Handicap and the Albany Stakes, two of the three races that would comprise the Big Apple Triple.

She is married to Rick Tortora, son of trainer Manny Tortora.

Hialeah Park Race Track
The Hialeah Park Race Track (also known as the Hialeah Race Track or Hialeah Park) is a historic racetrack in Hialeah, Florida, United States. Its site covers 40 square blocks of central-east side Hialeah from Palm Avenue east to East 4th Avenue, and from East 22nd Street on the south to East 32nd Street on the north. It was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1979. The facility is served by the Miami Metrorail at Hialeah Station at Palm Avenue and East 21st Street.
Vein of Galen aneurysmal malformations
Vein of Galen aneurysmal malformations (VGAMs) and Vein of Galen aneurysmal dilations (VGADs) are the most frequent arteriovenous malformations in infants and fetuses. A VGAM consists of a tangled mass of dilated vessels supplied by an enlarged artery. The malformation increases greatly in size with age, although the mechanism of the increase is unknown. Dilation of the great cerebral vein of Galen is a secondary result of the force of arterial blood either directly from an artery via an arteriovenous fistula or by way of a tributary vein that receives the blood directly from an artery. There is usually a venous anomaly downstream from the draining vein that, together with the high blood flow into the great cerebral vein of Galen causes its dilation. The right sided cardiac chambers and pulmonary arteries also develop mild to severe dilation.

Arteriovenous fistula
An arteriovenous fistula is an abnormal connection or passageway between an artery and a vein. It may be congenital, surgically created for hemodialysis treatments, or acquired due to pathologic process, such as trauma or erosion of an arterial aneurysm.
Jade Konkel
Jade Elizabeth Konkel-Roberts (née Konkel; born 9 December 1993), known professionally as Jade Konkel, is a professional rugby union player. She currently plays for Harlequins Women in the PWR, having joined the team in 2018 and been appointed club captain in 2023. Konkel also played for the Scotland women's national team from 2013 to 2025, after which she retired from international rugby. Konkel plays in the position of Number 8.

Harlequins Women
Harlequins Women, formerly known as Harlequins Ladies, are a women's rugby union club based in Guildford, Surrey, England and in Twickenham, Middlesex, England. They were founded in 1995 as the women's team of Harlequin F.C. and rebranded in 2017 after merging with Aylesford Bulls. In 2017, they were selected as one of the franchises for the new Premier 15s league, but they also cater for new, aspiring and social players within their 3rd XV squad.
Moisés de Lemos Martins
Moisés de Lemos Martins (born March 8, 1953) is a full professor at the Department of Communication Sciences, University of Minho. He is the Director of CECS – the Communication and Society Research Centre, which he founded in 2001, and of the Virtual Museum of Lusophony, which he set up in 2017. He is also the director of the scientific journals Comunicação e Sociedade (Communication and Society), Revista Lusófona de Estudos Culturais/Lusophone Journal of Cultural Studies, and the Vista. He launched the former in 1999, the second in 2013, and the latter in 2020. He is a sociologist and communication theorist, as well as an essayist and regular contributor to the media.

Karl-Otto Apel
Karl-Otto Apel (/ˈɑːpəl/; German: [ˈaːpl̩]; 15 March 1922 – 15 May 2017) was a German philosopher and Professor Emeritus at the University of Frankfurt am Main. He specialized on the philosophy of language and was thus considered a communication theorist. He developed a distinctive philosophical approach which he coined transcendental pragmatics.
Kistenmacher
Kistenmacher (lit. 'crate maker', in German also Kistner) is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Catherine B. Kistenmacher (1927–2008), American artist and art advocate

Enrique Kistenmacher (1923–1990), Argentine decathlete

Enrique Kistenmacher
Enrique Alberto Kistenmacher (4 April 1923 – 11 February 1990) was an Argentine decathlete.

At the 1948 Summer Olympics he finished fourth in decathlon  and tenth in long jump. He became South American decathlon champion in 1947 and 1949. In long jump he became South American champion in 1949 and won the bronze medal in 1947.
Roy Smith (Australian politician)
Roy Anthony Smith (1953/54 – 31 July 2010) was an Australian politician, and a former manager of the New South Wales Sporting Shooters Association of Australia. He was a member of the Shooters Party, and at the 2007 state election was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Council. Prior to entering politics, he worked as an electrical fitter. He attended Benedict College (Trinity Catholic College) in Sydney.

On 31 July 2010, Smith died in his sleep at his home in Werrington in Sydney's west, at age 56.

2007 New South Wales state election
The 2007 New South Wales state election was held on Saturday, 24 March 2007. The entire Legislative Assembly and half of the Legislative Council was up for election. The Labor Party led by Morris Iemma won a fourth four-year term against the Liberal–National coalition led by Peter Debnam.

Labor's majority survived the election almost intact going from a 13 seat majority prior to the election to a marginally decreased 11 seat majority. The Liberals succeeded in taking two independent-held seats and one Labor-held seat, whilst the Nationals and an independent each took one Labor-held seat. This would be NSW Labor's last state election win until 2023. It also remains the most recent contest in which NSW Labor formed a majority government.
2010 BMW Open – Singles
Tomáš Berdych was the defender of title; however, he lost to Philipp Petzschner in the quarterfinals. Mikhail Youzhny won in the final 6–3, 4–6, 6–4 against Marin Čilić.

Former world no. 7 Mario Ančić played his last professional match of his career, losing in straight sets to Daniel Köllerer in the first round. He would announce his retirement the following year due to recurrence of his mononucleosis.

Daniel Köllerer
Daniel Köllerer (German pronunciation: [ˈdaːni̯eːl ˈkœləʁɐ, -ni̯ɛl -]; born 17 August 1983) is a former professional tennis player from Austria who turned professional in 2002 and was given a lifetime ban in 2011 for match fixing.
Delhi Public School, Riyadh
Daratassalam International Delhi Public School, Riyadh (Arabic: مدرسة دارة السلام العالمية الرياض), better known as DPS Riyadh, is a K–12 gender-isolated English-medium community-based international school in Umm al-Hammam, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Primarily serving the Indian diaspora, it was founded in 2004 and comes under the aegis of Delhi Public School Society. It offers Indian curriculum prescribed by the Central Board of Secondary Education besides being a registered Cambridge International School. It is a member of the CBSE Gulf Sahodaya and is approved by the Ministry of Education, Government of Saudi Arabia.

K–12
K–12 (from kindergarten to twelfth grade) is an English language expression that indicates the range of years of publicly supported primary and secondary education found in the United States and Canada, which is similar to publicly supported school grades before tertiary education in several other countries, such as  Armenia, Australia, China, Ecuador, Egypt, India, Iran, the Philippines, South Korea, and Turkey. K–12 refers to the American system which affords authority to local intersectional "districts" which may be specific to a municipality, county, or several regions, depending on population and proximity.
Sherrard Clemens
Sherrard Clemens (April 28, 1820 – May 30, 1880) was a politician and lawyer from Virginia and Missouri. He was a cousin to author Samuel L. Clemens (Mark Twain). The unincorporated community of Sherrard in Marshall County, West Virginia is named after him.

Marshall County, West Virginia
Marshall County is a county in the U.S. state of West Virginia. At the 2020 census, the population was 30,591. Its county seat is Moundsville. With its southern border at what would be a continuation of the Mason-Dixon line to the Ohio River, it forms the base of the Northern Panhandle of West Virginia.

Marshall County is part of the Wheeling metropolitan area.

Marshall County is home to the largest conical burial mound in North America, at Moundsville. Marshall County was formed in 1835 from Ohio County by act of the Virginia Assembly. In 1852, on Christmas Eve, workers completed the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad's connection to the Ohio River at Rosby's Rock in Marshall County. It more recently became home to the New Vrindaban community of Hare Krishnas, and Prabhupada's Palace of Gold.
Amanda Septimo
Amanda Septimo is an American politician from the state of New York. A Democrat, Septimo is the Assemblymember for the 84th district of the New York State Assembly, based in the South Bronx; her term began in January 2021, and she was re-elected in November of 2024. In December of 2025, she announced that she would running for NY-15 in the US House of Representatives in a crowded field challenging incumbent Richie Torres.

New York's 15th congressional district
New York's 15th congressional district for the United States House of Representatives is located in New York City, State of New York. The district has been represented by Democrat Ritchie Torres since 2021. At the time of his election, it was the poorest congressional district in the United States.

The 15th district is located entirely within the Bronx, namely the southern portion of the West Bronx as well as the South Bronx. Latinos make up the majority of the district's population, followed by Black people. Whites, Asians and other racial groups comprise a small minority. Yankee Stadium and the Bronx Zoo are both located within the district. The 15th district has the highest percentage of Puerto Ricans of any district in New York, and the second highest percentage of Dominican Americans of any district in New York, after the neighboring 13th congressional district.
Irishtown, California
Irishtown (also, Irish Town) is a former settlement in Amador County, California, United States. It was located 1.5 miles (2.4 km) south-southwest of Pine Grove, at an elevation of 1972 feet (601 m). The townsite lies within the boundaries of Pine Grove. Irishtown is a former Miwok settlement.

Miwok
The Miwok (also spelled Miwuk, Mi-Wuk, or Me-Wuk) are members of four linguistically related Native American groups indigenous to what is now Northern California, extending to Central California. They traditionally spoke one of the Miwok languages in the Utian family. The word Miwok means people in the Miwok languages.: 1
De Schelde Scheldemusch
The de Schelde Scheldemusch was a single-seat pusher biplane designed in the Netherlands to be easy and safe to fly.  It was one of the first light aircraft to use a tricycle undercarriage. Despite a sales campaign in the UK, only six were built, one being briefly tested by the RAF. A single example of a flying boat version, one of the smallest of this class, was also built.

Scheldt
The Scheldt (/ʃɛlt, skɛlt/ SHELT, SKELT; French: Escaut [ɛsko] ⓘ; Dutch: Schelde [ˈsxɛldə] ⓘ) is a 435-kilometre-long (270 mi) river that flows through northern France, western Belgium, and the southwestern part of the Netherlands, with its mouth at the North Sea. Its name is derived from an adjective corresponding to Old English sċeald ("shallow"), Modern English shoal, Low German schol, West Frisian skol, and obsolete Swedish skäll ("thin").
Hasselbacken
Hasselbacken is a restaurant in Cirkus, Djurgården in Stockholm, Sweden with a connection to a hotel at Hazeliusbacken 20 in Södra Djurgården with a history dating back to 1748.

Since 2019 the restaurant and hotel have been part of the Pophouse Entertainment group preserved by the majority owners Björn Ulvaeus and Conni Jonsson.

Pophouse Entertainment
Pophouse Entertainment is a private entertainment company based in Stockholm, Sweden. The company creates, acquires, and develops brands in various related fields, such as music, podcasting, stage performance, and gaming. Pophouse invests in music rights, as well as other types of intellectual property in the entertainment industry. Founded in 2014 by Conni Jonsson and Björn Ulvaeus, it has since been affiliated with many of Sweden's most notable entertainment brands including ABBA, Swedish House Mafia and Avicii, among others. Jessica Koravos currently serves as the group's CEO.
Monstera 'Esqueleto'
Monstera 'Esqueleto' is an undescribed species of flowering plant in the family Araceae, of unknown provenance and without accompanying accession data. It has been widely cultivated in botanical gardens for many decades and may have been first shared from collections at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, before recently becoming more widely available to the public. For many years, it was incorrectly identified as Monstera epipremnoides until 2019 when that species was being more thoroughly documented for a revision of Monstera species in Costa Rica. The plant in cultivation, finally known not to be M. epipremnoides, was now a nameless botanical mystery. Although it is not believed to be a cultivar, but rather a species collected from the wild, the cultivar name 'Esqueleto' was given to it by Jody Benicek as a placeholder name in order to be able to unambiguously refer to it until it receives a species epithet, pending publication. The location of its wild population is unknown.

International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants
The International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP) is a guide to the rules and regulations for naming cultigens, plants whose origin or selection is primarily due to intentional human activity. It is also known as Cultivated Plant Code. Cultigens under the purview of the ICNCP include cultivars, Groups (cultivar groups), and grexes. All organisms traditionally considered to be plants (including algae and fungi) are included. Taxa that receive a name under the ICNCP will also be included within taxa named under the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, for example, a cultivar is a member of a species.
Anne Meara
Anne Meara (September 20, 1929 – May 23, 2015) was an American comedian and actress. Along with her husband Jerry Stiller, she was one-half of the prominent 1960s comedy team Stiller and Meara. Their son is actor, director, and producer Ben Stiller. She was also featured on stage, on television, and in numerous films and later became a playwright. During her career, Meara was nominated for four Emmy Awards and a Tony Award, and she won a Writers Guild Award as a co-writer for the television movie The Other Woman.

The Other Woman (1983 film)
The Other Woman is a 1983 American made-for-television romantic comedy film  directed  by Melville Shavelson. The film  was originally broadcast on CBS. It was the only television film directed by Shavelson that he did not also write.
Toccoa station
Toccoa station is an Amtrak train station in Toccoa, Georgia, served by the daily Crescent. The first station in Dry Pond (later Toccoa) opened on the Atlanta and Richmond Air-Line Railway in 1870. A new station building was constructed in 1915. It was restored from 2005 to 2009. The structure was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2011 as part of the Toccoa Downtown Historic District.

Crescent (train)
The Crescent is a daily long-distance passenger train operated by Amtrak between New York City and New Orleans (the "Crescent City"). The 1,377-mile (2,216 km) route connects the Northeast to the Gulf Coast via the Appalachian Piedmont, with major stops in Charlotte, North Carolina; Atlanta, Georgia; and Birmingham, Alabama.

Most of the route of the Crescent is on the Norfolk Southern Railway. It is the successor to the Southern Crescent, introduced in 1970 by Norfolk Southern's predecessor, the Southern Railway.
Seshachalam Hills biosphere
Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve is located in the Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh, India, encompassing parts of Chittoor and Kadapa districts. It is distinguished as the first biosphere reserve in Andhra Pradesh, recognized for its rich biodiversity and designated under UNESCO's Man and Biosphere (MAB) Programme on 20 September 2010.

Chittoor district
Chittoor district (pronunciationⓘ) is one of the eight districts in the Rayalaseema region of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It had a population of 18,72,951 at the 2011 census of India. It is a major market centre for mangoes, grains, sugarcane, and peanuts. The district headquarters is at Chittoor City. The major cities/towns in the district are Chittoor, Nagari, Palamaner, and Kuppam.
Tasty Time with ZeFronk
Tasty Time with ZeFronk is an American animated short series produced for and aired on the Playhouse Disney block on Disney Channel from November 8, 2008, to September 24, 2010. Reruns aired on Playhouse Disney after the final episode of the series aired until February 13, 2011, when Playhouse Disney ended its run on Disney Channel. Reruns were later on moved to Disney Channel's Disney Junior block which debuted the next day at 6:00 AM Eastern Time. This animated short series is aimed at getting preschoolers to make their own snacks.

The series won a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Class Short Format Daytime in 2011.

Dachshund
The dachshund  (UK: /ˈdækshʊnd, -ənd, -hʊnt/ DAKS-huund, -⁠ənd, -⁠huunt or US: /ˈdɑːkshʊnt, -hʊnd, -ənt/ DAHKS-huunt, -⁠huund, -⁠ənt; German: 'badger dog'), also known as the wiener dog, or sausage dog, badger dog, doxen and doxie, is a short-legged, long-bodied, hound-type dog breed. The dog may be smooth-haired, wire-haired, or long-haired, with varied coloration.

The dachshund was bred to scent, chase, and flush out badgers and other burrow-dwelling animals. The miniature dachshund was bred to hunt small animals such as rabbits.

The dachshund was ranked 6th in registrations with the American Kennel Club (AKC) in 2024. The AKC describes the breed's personality as bold, brave and vivacious. The breed can be aggressive to strangers and other dogs.