hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Käte Hamburger
Käte Hamburger (September 21, 1896 in Hamburg – April 8, 1992 in Stuttgart) was a Germanist, literary scholar and philosopher.  She was a professor at the University of Stuttgart.

Hamburger earned her doctorate in 1922 in Munich. Expelled by the Nazis because of her Jewish heritage, she immigrated to Sweden in 1934, where she lived until 1956, earning her living as a language teacher, journalist and writer. She resumed her university career on her return to Germany, writing about Thomas Mann and Rainer Maria Rilke, among others.

Her examination of the ontological status of literary objects in Die Logik der Dichtung (1957; translated into English as The Logic of Literature, 1973) established her renown in the field of literary theory. Along with Eberhard Lämmert and Franz Karl Stanzel, Hamburger contributed in the 1950s to a reorientation of Germanistics in Germany in the direction of a rational and analytic methodology.

German studies
German studies is an academic field that researches, documents and disseminates German language, literature, and culture in its historic and present forms. Academic departments of German studies therefore often focus on German culture, German history, and German politics in addition to the language and literature component. Approaches to the discipline vary by country. Modern German studies is usually seen as a combination of two sub-disciplines: German linguistics alongside Germanophone literature and cultural studies.

Common names for "German Studies" for the field within German-speaking countries are Germanistik, Deutsche Philologie, and Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft und Literaturwissenschaft. In English, the terms Germanistics or Germanics are sometimes used (mostly by Germans), but the subject is more often referred to as German studies, German language and literature, or German philology. Academics who specialize in German studies are referred to as Germanists.
Veguli Penn
Veguli Penn (transl. An Innocent Girl) is a 1971 Indian Tamil-language mystery drama film directed and co-written by S. S. Devadoss. The film stars Gemini Ganesh and Devika, with R. Muthuraman, Nagesh, V. K. Ramasamy, V. Nirmala, Radhika, K. Balaji and S. Varalakshmi in supporting roles. It revolves around a woman who becomes pregnant, and the mystery surrounding the father of her child.

Veguli Penn is an adaptation of the play Vellikizhamai (transl. Friday) by Kalaignanam. The film was released on 2 July 1971, received critical acclaim and became a commercial success, with a 100-day run in theatres. It also won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil at the 19th National Film Awards.

R. Muthuraman
Muthuraman Radhakrishnan (4 July 1929 – 16 October 1981) was an Indian actor who predominantly worked in Tamil cinema. He was a leading actor during the 1960s and 1970s and was known as Navarasa Thilagam for his versatile acting and language proficiency. He had paired with all the leading heroines of his time performing in main and character roles.
Jan-Michael Gambill
Jan-Michael Charles Gambill (born June 3, 1977) is an American former professional tennis player who made his professional debut in 1996. His career-high singles ranking is world No. 14, which he achieved on June 18, 2001. Best known for his unusual double-handed forehand, Gambill reached the quarterfinals of the 2000 Wimbledon Championships, the final of the 2001 Miami Masters, and won three singles titles.

ATP rankings
The PIF ATP Rankings (previously known as the Pepperstone ATP Rankings) are the merit-based method used by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) for determining the qualification for entry as well as the seeding of players in all singles and doubles tournaments. The first rankings for singles were published on 23 August 1973 while the doubles players were ranked for the first time on 1 March 1976. Ranking points are awarded according to the stage of tournament reached, and the prestige of the tournament, with the four Grand Slam tournaments awarding the most points. The rankings are updated every Monday, and points are dropped 52 weeks after being awarded (with the exception of the ATP Finals, from which points are dropped on the Monday following the last ATP Tour event of the following year). As of February 27,
2026, Carlos Alcaraz is the current men's singles world No. 1.
1993 Newsweek Tennis Classic – Doubles
Bret Garnett and Jared Palmer were the defending champions, but Palmer chose to rest in order to compete at Montreal the following week. Garnett teamed up with Mike Briggs and lost in the second round to Mark Keil and Christo van Rensburg.

Byron Black and Rick Leach won the title by defeating Grant Connell and Patrick Galbraith 6–4, 7–5 in the final.

Rick Leach
Rick Leach (born December 28, 1964) is a tennis coach and former professional player from the United States. A doubles specialist, he won five Grand Slam doubles titles (three at the Australian Open, one at Wimbledon, and one at the US Open), and four mixed doubles titles (two at the Australian Open, one at Wimbledon, and one at the US Open). He reached the world No. 1 doubles ranking in 1990.

Leach was a member of the US team which won the Davis Cup in 1990. Partnering Jim Pugh, he won the doubles rubbers in all four of the rounds which the US played in that year, and clinched the team's victory in the final with a win over Pat Cash and John Fitzgerald of Australia.

Prior to turning professional, Leach became the first four-time Division 1 All-American in singles and doubles at the University of Southern California (where he played for his father Dick), and won the NCAA doubles title in 1986 and 1987.
Winnemac (fictional U.S. state)
Winnemac is a fictional U.S. state invented by the writer Sinclair Lewis. His novel Babbitt takes place in Zenith, its largest city (population 361,000, according to a sketch-map Lewis made to guide his writing). Winnemac is also a setting for Gideon Planish, Arrowsmith, Elmer Gantry, and Dodsworth.

Dodsworth (novel)
Dodsworth is a satirical novel by American writer Sinclair Lewis, first published by Harcourt Brace & Company on March 14, 1929. Its subject, the differences between US and European intellect, manners, and morals, is one that frequently appears in the works of Henry James.  In 1936 it was made into a movie, Dodsworth, which received seven Academy Award nominations and has been regarded as historically significant by the Library of Congress.
Potter-Blocker Trail
The Potter-Blocker Trail (sometimes called the Potter-Bacon Cutoff or Potter-Bacon Trail), was a cattle trail in Texas, United States. It was blazed by Jack Potter—son of Andrew Jackson Potter—c. 1883. It was a collateral branch of the Great Western Cattle Trail, but was shorter and crossed more unforgiving land. The trail went at least from Hebbronville, Texas up to Albany, intersecting the Western Trail at Alice.

It was likely never a widely utilized trail since by the time it sprang up in 1889 trail drives had fallen out of use as rail lines increasingly connected distant states with the rest of the country.

Alice, Texas
Alice is a city in and the county seat of Jim Wells County, Texas, United States, in the South Texas region of the state. As of the 2020 census, Alice had a population of 17,891. Alice was established in 1888. The city was originally named "Bandana", then "Kleberg", and finally "Alice" after Alice Gertrudis King Kleberg, the daughter of Richard King, who established the King Ranch.
Desulfobulbus propionicus
Desulfobulbus propionicus is a Gram-negative, anaerobic chemoorganotroph. Three separate strains have been identified: 1pr3T, 2pr4, and 3pr10. It is also the first pure culture example of successful disproportionation of elemental sulfur to sulfate and sulfide. Desulfobulbus propionicus has the potential to produce free energy (in the form of electrons) and chemical products.

Acetate
An acetate is a salt formed by the combination of acetic acid with a base (e.g. alkaline, earthy, metallic, nonmetallic, or radical base). "Acetate" also describes the conjugate base or ion (specifically, the negatively charged ion called an anion) typically found in aqueous solution and written with the chemical formula C2H3O−2. The neutral molecules formed by the combination of the acetate ion and a positive ion (called a cation) are also commonly called "acetates" (hence, acetate of lead, acetate of aluminium, etc.). The simplest of these is hydrogen acetate (called acetic acid) with corresponding salts, esters, and the polyatomic anion CH3CO−2, or CH3COO−.

Most of the approximately 5 million tonnes of acetic acid produced annually in industry are used in the production of acetates, which usually take the form of polymers. In nature, acetate is the most common building block for biosynthesis.
Educational games in the Sonic the Hedgehog series
As the Sonic the Hedgehog series of platform games has grown in popularity, its publisher Sega has expanded the franchise into multiple different genres. Among these are several educational video games designed to appeal to young children. The first attempt to create an educational Sonic game was Tiertex Design Studios' Sonic's Edusoft for the Master System in late 1991, which was canceled despite having been nearly finished. When Sega launched the Sega Pico in 1994, it released Sonic the Hedgehog's Gameworld and Tails and the Music Maker for it. Orion Interactive also developed the 1996 Sega PC game Sonic's Schoolhouse, which used a 3D game engine and had an exceptionally large marketing budget. In the mid-2000s, LeapFrog Enterprises released educational Sonic games for its Leapster and LeapFrog Didj.

Torus Games
Torus Games was an Australian video game developer founded in 1994 by Bill McIntosh. The company was located in Bayswater, Victoria. Its managing director is Bill McIntosh. The company being a family business. Torus has developed over 145 titles. The company is most known for family action/adventure games, based on well-known licenses.
Boosted Dart
Boosted Dart is a United States single stage sounding rocket of the Loki family.  Between 1966 and 1968, 39 of these rockets were launched by NASA. The Boosted Dart has a length of 3.30 meters, a diameter of 0.1 meters and a maximum flight altitude of 75 kilometers.

Flight level
In aviation, a flight level (FL) is an aircraft's altitude as determined by a pressure altimeter using the International Standard Atmosphere. It is expressed in hundreds of feet or metres. The altimeter setting used is the ISA sea level pressure of 1013 hPa or 29.92 inHg. The actual surface pressure will vary from this at different locations and times. Therefore, by using a standard pressure setting, every aircraft has the same altimeter setting, and vertical clearance can be maintained during cruise flight.
Giovanni Motisi
Giovanni Motisi (Italian pronunciation: [dʒoˈvanni moˈtiːzi], Sicilian: [mʊˈtiːsɪ]; born 1 January 1959, in Palermo) also known as 'U Pacchiuni (Sicilian for 'The Fatman'), is a member of the Sicilian Mafia in Sicily from the Altarello neighbourhood in Palermo. He has been on the most wanted list of the Italian Ministry of the Interior since 1998.

Ministry of the Interior (Italy)
The Ministry of the Interior (Italian: Ministero dell'Interno) is a government agency of Italy, headquartered in Rome. It is a cabinet-level ministry of the Italian Republic. Since October 2022, the minister has been Matteo Piantedosi, former Prefect of Rome.
Pleasant Hill, Saline County, Arkansas
Pleasant Hill is an unincorporated community in Saline County, Arkansas, United States. Pleasant Hill is 9.2 miles (14.8 km) north of Benton. The Pleasant Hill Methodist Church, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, is located in Pleasant Hill. Pleasant Hill was established before the Civil War as an agricultural community. The church has historically served as a community center and hosts a community reunion on the third Sunday of July each year.

Benton, Arkansas
Benton is a city in and the county seat of Saline County, Arkansas, United States. A suburb of Little Rock, it was established in 1837. At the 2020 census, the city had a population of 35,014, making it the 12th most populous city in Arkansas. It is part of the Little Rock-North Little Rock-Conway metropolitan area. The city of Benton, first settled in 1833 and named after Missouri Senator Thomas Hart Benton, was formally chartered in 1836 when Arkansas became a state.
Green Farmhouse, Poulton
Green Farmhouse is on the east side of the Straight Mile, Poulton, Cheshire, England.  It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building.

The house dates from the 18th century and was altered in the middle of the 19th century for the 2nd Marquess of Westminster.  In 1889–90 further alterations and additions were made for the 1st Duke of Westminster, which were designed by the Chester architect John Douglas.  The house is constructed in brown brick; it is symmetrical with three storeys in five bays.  Douglas' additions include the rear extension, which has diapering in blue bricks and is joined to the original part of the house by a timber-framed link.  Douglas also altered the end gables, adding blue-brick diapering and terracotta copings.

Hugh Grosvenor, 1st Duke of Westminster
Hugh Lupus Grosvenor, 1st Duke of Westminster, KG, PC, JP (13 October 1825 – 22 December 1899), styled Viscount Belgrave between 1831 and 1845, Earl Grosvenor between 1845 and 1869, and known as The Marquess of Westminster between 1869 and 1874, was an English landowner, politician and racehorse owner. He inherited the estate of Eaton Hall in Cheshire and land in Mayfair and Belgravia, London, and spent much of his fortune in developing these properties. Although he was an MP from the age of 22, and then a member of the House of Lords, his main interests were not in politics, but rather in his estates, in horse racing, and in country pursuits. He developed the stud at Eaton Hall and achieved success in racing his horses, who won the Derby on four occasions.
Leopold König
Leopold König (born 15 November 1987) is a Czech former professional road cyclist, who rode professionally between 2006 and 2019 for the PSK Whirlpool–Author, NetApp–Endura, Team Sky and Bora–Hansgrohe teams. Since retiring, he has acted as the race director for the Czech Cycling Tour and the Course de la Paix U23 – Grand Prix Jeseníky.

Course de la Paix U23 – Grand Prix Jeseníky
The Course de la Paix U23 – Grand Prix Jeseníky is a multi-day road cycling race held annually in the Czech Republic. It is part of the UCI Europe Tour in category 2.ncup, meaning it is part of the UCI Under 23 Nations' Cup. It had a rating of 2.2U from 2013 to 2014, and was upgraded to 2.ncup in 2015.
Wake Forest Demon Deacons men's soccer
The Wake Forest University Demon Deacons men's soccer team is an NCAA Division I college soccer team composed of students attending Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. They achieved their greatest result in 2007, winning the 2007 Division I Men's College Cup. Like all sports teams from Wake Forest, men's soccer competes in the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC). The Deacons play their home matches at Spry Stadium on the campus of Wake Forest.

Charlotte FC
Charlotte Football Club is an American professional soccer club based in Charlotte, North Carolina. The club competes in Major League Soccer (MLS) as a member of the Eastern Conference. The team is owned by David Tepper, who was awarded the expansion franchise on December 17, 2019. It began play in the 2022 MLS season as the league's 28th franchise. Charlotte FC plays at Bank of America Stadium, which it shares with the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League, a team also owned by Tepper; the stadium capacity is reduced to 38,000 for most matches.
Cyaphide
Cyaphide, −C≡P, is the phosphorus analogue of cyanide. It is not known as a discrete salt; however, in silico measurements reveal that the −1 charge in this ion is located mainly on carbon (0.65), as opposed to phosphorus.

The word "cyaphide" was first coined in 1992, by analogy with cyanide.

In silico
In biology and other experimental sciences, an in silico experiment is one performed on a computer or via computer simulation software. The phrase is pseudo-Latin for 'in silicon' (correct Latin: in silicio), referring to silicon in computer chips. It was coined in 1987 as an allusion to the Latin phrases in vivo, in vitro, and in situ, which are commonly used in biology (especially systems biology).  The latter phrases refer, respectively, to experiments done in living organisms, outside living organisms, and where they are found in nature.
Hisar Valley
Hisar (also Gissar, Gisar, Hissar, or Hisor) Valley in Tajikistan runs east–west along the southern slopes of Hisar Range and on the northern border of Khatlon Province. It is about 100 km long and up to 20 km wide in the middle, stretching from Vahdat district in the east to Tursunzoda district on the border with Uzbekistan in the west, with the capital Dushanbe and Hisar district at its center. The elevations in the valley range from 700 meters (2,300 ft) to 1,000 meters (3,300 ft). The valley is irrigated by Kofarnihon River in its upper and middle course. Warm temperatures (29 °C in the summer, 0 °C to – 1 °C in the winter) and abundant water for irrigation make the Hisar Valley one of the prime cotton growing areas in Tajikistan.

Kofarnihon
The Kofarnihon (Tajik: Кофарниҳон, Uzbek: Kofarnihon) is one of the major tributaries of the Amu Darya (together with Vakhsh and Panj) in Tajikistan. The river is 387 kilometres (240 mi) long and has a basin area of 11,600 square kilometres (4,500 sq mi). It rises on the southern slopes of Gissar Range in Vahdat district, formerly Kofarnihon district, and flows in the general south-western direction past the cities of Vahdat and Dushanbe, where it turns south and runs through Khatlon Province toward the border with Afghanistan. It falls into Amudarya some 40 km west of the confluence point of Vakhsh and Panj rivers. The Kofarnihon is an important source of drinking water, and yet it is highly polluted by irrigation runoff and inadequately cleaned recycled water around the cities of Dushanbe and Vahdat.

For part of its course, it forms the border between Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Its main tributaries are the Varzob and Khanaka from the right, and the Elok from the right.
Battle of Mariupol (May–June 2014)
During the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine in the aftermath of the Revolution of Dignity, the city of Mariupol, in Donetsk Oblast, saw skirmishes break out between Ukrainian government forces, local police, and separatist militants affiliated with the Donetsk People's Republic. Government forces withdrew from Mariupol on 9 May 2014 after heavy fighting left the city's police headquarters gutted by fire. These forces maintained checkpoints outside the city. Intervention by Metinvest steelworkers on 15 May 2014 led to the removal of barricades from the city centre, and the resumption of patrols by local police. Separatists continued to operate a headquarters in another part of the city until their positions were overrun in a government offensive on 13 June 2014.

Military parade
A military parade is a formation of military personnels whose movement is restricted by close-order manoeuvering known as drill or marching. Large military parades are today held on major holidays and military events around the world. Massed parades may also hold a role for propaganda purposes, being used to exhibit the apparent military strength of a country.
Gordon Chater
Gordon Maitland Chater AM (6 April 1922 – 12 December 1999) was an English Australian comedian and actor, and recipient of the Gold Logie, he appeared in revue, theatre, radio, television and film, with a career spanning almost 50 years.

Sydney Theatre Company
Sydney Theatre Company (STC) is an Australian theatre company based in Sydney, New South Wales. The company performs in the Wharf Theatre at Dawes Point in The Rocks area of Sydney as well as the Roslyn Packer Theatre (formerly Sydney Theatre) and the Sydney Opera House Drama Theatre.
Environmental warfare
Environmental warfare means waging warfare by means of deliberate environmental destruction or alteration, in order to repel enemy assault, as well as to hinder or injure the opponent or hamper the military supply-chain.

Criminal law deals with Environmental warfare, also referred to as ″environcide″, as a Crime against humanity and/or a Crime against nature.

Military supply-chain management
Military supply-chain management is a cross-functional approach to procuring, producing and delivering products and services for military materiel applications. Military supply chain management includes sub-suppliers, suppliers, internal information and funds flow.
Philip Skell
Philip S. Skell (December 30, 1918 – November 21, 2010) was an American chemist, emeritus Evan Pugh Professor at Pennsylvania State University, and from 1977 a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences.

Evan Pugh
Evan Pugh (February 29, 1828 – April 29, 1864) was the first president of the Pennsylvania State University, serving from 1859 until his death in 1864.

An agricultural chemist, he was responsible for securing Penn State's designation in 1863 as a land-grant institution under the Morrill Land Grant Act. He was buried in Union Cemetery in Bellefonte, Pennsylvania, along with his wife, Rebecca Valentine Pugh.
2011 Busan Open Challenger Tennis – Doubles
Rameez Junaid and Alexander Peya were the defending champions, but decided not to participate.
Im Kyu-tae and Danai Udomchoke won this tournament, defeating Jamie Baker and Vasek Pospisil 6–4, 6–4 in the final.

Jamie Baker (tennis)
Jamie Baker (born 5 August 1986) is a retired British professional male tennis player, who was British No. 2 in 2008.

He won the first match of Leon Smith's tenure as Davis Cup captain, in the tie against Turkey, helping Great Britain to a first Davis Cup win in three years.

Baker has twelve Futures single titles; in doubles, he has 1 Challenger and four Futures titles.

After retiring from tennis, Baker moved into Corporate Finance for a bank,  whilst also being a part-time television pundit for Eurosport and the BBC.
2021 Miami Open – Women's singles
Defending champion Ashleigh Barty won the women's singles tennis title at the 2021 Miami Open after Bianca Andreescu retired from the final with the scoreline at 6–3, 4–0. Barty saved a match point en route to the title, in the second round against Kristína Kučová.

Barty and Naomi Osaka were in contention for the WTA No. 1 singles ranking. Barty retained the top ranking by winning the title after Osaka lost to Maria Sakkari in the quarterfinals, ending a 23-match winning streak dating to the 2020 Cincinnati Masters.

Liudmila Samsonova
Liudmila Dmitrievna Samsonova (Russian: Людмила Дмитриевна Самсонова, IPA: [lʲʊdˈmʲiɫə sɐmˈsonəvə]; born 11 November 1998) is a Russian professional tennis player. She has career-high WTA rankings of No. 12 in singles and No. 36 in doubles.

She has won five singles and two doubles titles on the WTA Tour, her first title being a WTA 500 title at the 2021 German Open. She has also won a total of eight singles and three doubles titles on the ITF Circuit. During the 2020–21 Billie Jean King Cup, Samsonova led the Russian team to their first triumph since 2008, winning all five of her matches in both singles and doubles.

Samsonova also competed for Italy from 2014 to 2018.
Li Hui (footballer)
Li Hui (Chinese: 李辉; born 12 February 1960) is a Chinese football manager and former player. In his playing career, he was a forward and spent the majority of his career with Beijing FC before ending it with German club SpVgg Bayreuth. He also represented his country in the 1984 Asian Cup, where China became runners-up.

SpVgg Bayreuth
SpVgg Bayreuth is a German football club based in Bayreuth, Bavaria. Apart from coming within two games of earning promotion to the Bundesliga in 1979, the club also reached the quarter finals of the DFB-Pokal twice, in 1977 and 1980.