hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Notice and take down
Notice and take down is a process operated by online hosts in response to court orders or allegations that content is illegal. Content is removed by the host following notice. Notice and take down is widely operated in relation to copyright infringement, as well as for libel and other illegal content.

In United States and European Union law, notice and takedown is mandated as part of limited liability, or safe harbour, provisions for online hosts (see the Digital Millennium Copyright Act 1998 and the Electronic Commerce Directive 2000). As a condition for limited liability online hosts must expeditiously remove or disable access to content they host when they are notified of the alleged illegality.

Electronic Frontier Foundation
The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) is an American international non-profit digital rights group based in San Francisco, California. It was founded in 1990 to promote Internet civil liberties.

It provides funds for legal defense in court, presents amicus curiae briefs, defends individuals and new technologies from what it considers abusive legal threats, works to expose government malfeasance, provides guidance to the government and courts, organizes political action and mass mailings, supports some new technologies which it believes preserve personal freedoms and online civil liberties, maintains a database and web sites of related news and information, monitors and challenges potential legislation that it believes would infringe on personal liberties and fair use, and solicits a list of what it considers are abusive patents with intentions to defeat those that it considers are without merit.
Nonesis Nek Pass
31°50′29.6″S 26°59′17.7″E﻿ / ﻿31.841556°S 26.988250°E﻿ / -31.841556; 26.988250

Nonesis Nek Pass is a mountain pass in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. It lies on the regional road R396 between Lady Frere and Queenstown. It takes its name from the Thembu leader Nonesi, widow of Ngubengcuka, who served as queen regent of the tribe after her husband's death.

Lady Frere
Lady Frere (officially Cacadu) is a small town in Chris Hani District Municipality in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. The town was renamed to Cacadu in 2017 after changes to the country's colonial names. Cacadu, meaning "bulrush water", is the Xhosa name for the White Kei River, which rises in the district. It is one of the largest rural parts in the former Transkei.
Mealey
Mealey is a surname. Notable people with this surname include:

Brian Mealey, American periodontist

Damien Mealey, Australian cricketer

Jack Mealey, American baseball catcher

Katrina Mealey, American veterinary pharmacologist

Linda Mealey, American evolutionary psychologist

Phil Mealey, British actor

Rondell Mealey, American football player

Tobias Mealey, Canadian-born American entrepreneur

Tobias Mealey
Tobias Gilmore "T.G." Mealey (August 5, 1823 – April 27, 1904) was a Canadian-born American entrepreneur, politician, and early settler of Minnesota.  He grew up in New Brunswick, made his fortune in the California Gold Rush, and became an influential figure upon settling in Monticello, Minnesota.  He served in both houses of the Minnesota Legislature between 1873 and 1882. The Tobias G. Mealey House, his 1855 home in Monticello, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Ambohimirary
Ambohimirary is a rural municipality in Analamanga Region, in the Central Highlands of Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Anjozorobe and its populations numbers to 7,261 in 2017. It is situated at 35 km north-west of Anjozorobe.

It was created in 2003. Before that date, the municipality belonged to the municipality of Analaroa.

Analamanga
Analamanga is a region in central Madagascar, containing the capital Antananarivo and its surrounding metropolitan area. The region has an area of 17,488 square kilometres (6,752 square miles), and had a population of 4,325,226 in 2018.
Kate O'Hanlon
Kate O'Hanlon (1930 in Belfast – 2 August 2014) was an Accident & Emergency nursing sister at the Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland, during the Troubles. She wrote a book about her experiences, Sister Kate: Nursing Through the Troubles, which was published by Blackstaff Press on 31 December 2010.

She worked in the RVH Falls Road casualty department from 1960 until the late 1980s. She helped treat victims of violence from all sides, such as bombings, shootings, stabbings, etc., including the Malvern Street shootings of 1966, the loyalist bomb attack on McGurk's Bar, the IRA bombing of the Abercorn Restaurant, the carbombing in Donegall Street which saw 150 casualties arrive, and Bloody Friday, among other incidents.

New methods of nursing care were developed and the RVH treated victims of rubber bullets, plastic baton rounds, and paramilitary punishments such as tarring and feathering, and drilled knee caps.

Kate died on 2 August 2014.

Kneecapping
Kneecapping is a form of malicious wounding, in which the victim is injured in the knee, often as torture. The injury is typically inflicted by a low-velocity gunshot to the back of the knee (popliteal fossa) with a handgun. The term is considered a misnomer by medical professionals, because only a very small minority of victims suffer damage to the kneecap. A review of eighty kneecapping victims found that only two had a fractured kneecap. Some victims have their elbows and ankles shot as well.
Bellechasse (Lower Canada)
The district of Bellechasse was established in 1829, under the regime of the Constitutional Act of 1791.  It was located in the current Chaudière-Appalaches area.

Bellechasse was represented simultaneously by two Members at the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada.

Chaudière-Appalaches
Chaudière-Appalaches (French: [ʃodjɛʁ apalaʃ], Quebec French: [ʃoˈd͡zjaɛ̯ʁ apaˈlaʃ]) is an administrative region in Quebec, Canada. It comprises most of what is historically known as the "Beauce" (French: La Beauce; compare with the electoral district of Beauce). It is named for the Chaudière River and the Appalachian Mountains. Chaudière-Appalaches has over 50% of sugar maples in Quebec, thus producing the most maple syrup in Canada as well as the World.

Chaudière-Appalaches has a population of 433,312 residents (as of the Canada 2021 Census) and a land area of 15,071.51 square kilometres (5,819.14 sq mi). The main cities are Lévis, Saint-Georges, Thetford Mines, Sainte-Marie and Montmagny.
Baddeck Academy
Baddeck Academy is a Primary through Grade 12 school located in Baddeck, Nova Scotia, Canada, on Cape Breton Island in Victoria County.  It is governed by the Cape Breton – Victoria Regional School Board.   The Academy overlooks Bras d'Or Lake.

The 2008–09 enrollment of the school was 326 students, with 138 at the elementary level, 95 at the junior level and 93 at the senior high level.

Victoria County, Nova Scotia
Victoria County (Scottish Gaelic: Siorramachd Bhioctoria) is an historical county and census division of Nova Scotia, Canada. Local government is provided by the Municipality of the County of Victoria and the Wagmatcook 1 reserve.
Apteranthes europaea
Apteranthes europaea is a succulent subshrub flowering plant that belongs to the genus Apteranthes in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae of the family Apocynaceae. Its basionym is Stapelia europaea. The native range of this species is Almería and Murcia in southeast Spain, the islands of Linosa and Lampedusa in the Mediterranean sea, North Africa from Morocco to Egypt and from the Sinai to west Jordan.

Common names in Spain include: chumberilla, chumberillo de lobo, empeinadora, espinal, penquilla, penquilla del campo. Called dghemsi, dghibsi or Dawa Nafli (= the medicine of Nafli) in Palestine. Called daghmous in Morocco.

Linosa
Linosa (Italian: [liˈnoːza, -oːsa]; Sicilian: Linusa [lɪˈnuːsa]) is one of the Pelagie Islands in the Sicily Channel of the Mediterranean Sea.

The island is a part of the Italian comune of Lampedusa e Linosa, part of the province of Agrigento in Sicily, Italy. It has a population of 430.
Kenneth W. Benner
Kenneth Wachter Benner (May 6, 1904 – September 10, 1975) was a decorated officer in the United States Marine Corps with the rank of Brigadier general. A graduate of the United States Naval Academy, he trained as Anti-Aircraft Artillery officer and participated in the Defense of Pearl Harbor, Guadalcanal Campaign and Battle of Okinawa.

Marine defense battalions
Marine Defense Battalions were United States Marine Corps battalions charged with coastal and air defense of advanced naval bases during World War II. They maintained large anti-ship guns, anti-aircraft guns, searchlights, and small arms to repel landing forces.
Sheer Greed
Sheer Greed is the first album of the British glam rock band Girl, released in January 1980 by Jet Records. The album was published during the explosion of the new wave of British heavy metal phenomenon and its sales took advantage of the favourable attitude towards hard rock bands in the UK in that period. Sheer Greed peaked at No. 33 in the UK Albums Chart. Hollywood Tease was released as a single, and reached No. 50.

The song "Hollywood Tease" was later covered by the bands L.A. Guns (featuring Phil Lewis) and Sheer Greed (featuring Gerry and Simon Laffy). The American glam metal band Lillian Axe recorded a version of "My Number" on the album Love + War in 1989.

"Do You Love Me?" is a cover of a song from Kiss' 1976 album Destroyer.

Lillian Axe
Lillian Axe is an American hard rock band from New Orleans, Louisiana, best known for its major label albums, Lillian Axe, Love + War, Poetic Justice and Psychoschizophrenia.  Originally formed in 1983, the group is still active, though only the guitarist Steve Blaze and bassist Michael "Maxx" Darby remain from the original lineup.
Great Falls (Passaic River)
The Great Falls of the Passaic River is a 77 feet (23 m) high waterfall on the Passaic River in the city of Paterson in Passaic County, New Jersey. One of the United States' largest waterfalls, it played a significant role in the early industrial development of New Jersey starting in the earliest days of the nation. The falls and surrounding area are protected as part of the Paterson Great Falls National Historical Park, administered by the National Park Service. Congress authorized its establishment in 2009.

In 1967 it was designated a National Natural Landmark together with Garret Mountain Reservation.  The falls and the surrounding neighborhood have also been designated as a National Historic Landmark District since 1976.  The Great Falls' raceway and power systems were designated a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark and a National Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark in 1977.

National Historic Landmark District
A National Historic Landmark District (NHLD) is a geographical area that has received recognition from the United States Government that the buildings, landscapes, cultural features and archaeological resources within it are of the highest significance and worthy of preservation.
Tola, Nicaragua
Tola is a municipality in the Rivas department of Nicaragua. Tola means "Land of Tula", or "Land of the Toltecs" and its etymology derives from Nahuatl Tōllān, the altepetl of the Classic and Post Classic Toltec Empire of central Mexico. Tola is a direct reference to the Toltec ancestry of the Nahuas in Nicaragua. The indigenous inhabitants of Tola are the Nahuas.

As of 2023, the estimated population of Tola is 23,927.

Mesoamerican chronology
Mesoamerican chronology divides the history of prehispanic Mesoamerica into several periods: the Paleo-Indian (first human habitation until 3500 BCE); the Archaic (before 2600 BCE), the Pre-classic or Formative (2500 BCE – 250 CE), the Classic (250–900 CE), and the Postclassic (900–1521 CE); as well as the post European contact Colonial Period (1521–1821), and Postcolonial, or the period after independence from Spain (1821–present).

The periodisation of Mesoamerica by researchers is based on archaeological, ethnohistorical, and modern cultural anthropology research dating to the early twentieth century. Archaeologists, ethnohistorians, historians, and cultural anthropologists continue to work to develop cultural histories of the region.
Logan Creek (Black River tributary)
Logan Creek is a stream in western Reynolds County in the Ozarks of southeast Missouri. It is a tributary of the Black River.

The source area of the stream lies just south of Missouri Route 72 northwest of Reynolds. The stream flows south parallel to Missouri Route B and then turns east near the community of Exchange and flows parallel to Missouri Route 106 past northeast Ellington. East of Ellington the stream turns southeast and enters Clearwater Lake and its confluence with the Black River.

Logan Creek has the name of James Logan, a pioneer citizen.

Clearwater Lake (Missouri)
Clearwater Lake is a reservoir on the Black River, six miles (9.7 km) from Piedmont, Missouri. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers uses Clearwater for flood control in the White and lower Mississippi River Basins.

Clearwater Lake was so named on account of its clear, spring-fed water. Construction began in 1940 but was halted temporarily at the advent of World War II. Clearwater Lake Dam opened in 1948 as an earthen and concrete dam, 114 feet (35 m) high.  The lake has a surface area of about 2.5 sq mi (6.5 km2).

Though recreation was not part of the lake's initial mission, Clearwater now offers boating, swimming, and camping facilities.
Government of Mokhtar Ould Djay
The government of Mokhtar Ould Djay is the 19th Government of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, in office since 6 August 2024. It is a coalition between El Insaf, the National Democratic Alliance and El Islah, with the Union for Democracy and Progress also joining the cabinet on 18 September 2025 after a partial reshuffle.

Equity Party (Mauritania)
The Equity Party (Arabic: حزب الإنصاف, romanized: ḥizb al-inṣāf; French: Parti de l'équité), often known by the transliteration of its Arabic name El Insaf, is a political party in Mauritania. It was founded on 3 July 2022 after the governing Union for the Republic rebranded itself ahead of the 2023 Mauritanian parliamentary election.

It was led by Mohamed Melainine Ould Eyih, who left his cabinet positions to focus on the leadership of the party ahead of the 2023 parliamentary election.
Mardan Museum
Mardan Museum is located in the Mardan District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The museum was first established in 1991 in a Town Hall with a single hall with 22 show cases displaying more than 90 Gandhara's sculptures by the supervision of Sahibzada Riaz Noor (then Commissioner of Mardan Division). Later in 2006 a portion of land provided by the Mardan District Government on the request of Provincial Government and build three Galleries which was inaugurated by a former Chief Minister of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Ameer Haider Khan Hoti in 2009.

Takht-i-Bahi
Takht-i-Bahi (Pashto/Urdu: تختِ باهی, lit. 'throne of the water spring'), is an Indo-Parthian archaeological site of an ancient Buddhist monastery in Mardan, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The site is considered among the most important relics of Buddhism in all of what was once Gandhara.

The monastery was founded in the 1st century CE, and was in use until the 7th century. The complex is regarded by archaeologists as being particularly representative of the architecture of Buddhist monastic centers from its era.  Takht-i-Bahi was listed as a World Heritage Site in 1980, with UNESCO describing it as "exceptionally well-preserved."
Stephen M. Ross (politician)
Stephen Miles Ross (born 1951) is an American politician. He was elected to the North Carolina House of Representatives in 2012, and he served from 2013 until 2021. He was reelected in 2022 after a rematch with Ricky Hurtado, who previously had defeated Ross in 2020.  A Republican, he serves the 63rd district. He has also served as mayor of Burlington, North Carolina.

Burlington, North Carolina
Burlington is a city in Alamance and Guilford counties in the U.S. state of North Carolina. It is the principal city of the Burlington, NC Metropolitan Statistical Area, which encompasses all of Alamance County, in which most of the city is located, and is a part of the Greensboro–Winston-Salem–High Point, NC Combined Statistical Area. The population was 57,303 at the 2020 census, which makes Burlington the 18th-most populous city in North Carolina.
Brooks Yeomans
Brooks Yeomans (born 1957) is an American artist often classified as an outsider artist.

His work is included in the collection of the Lille Métropole Museum of Modern, Contemporary and Outsider Art, the Hickory Museum of Art and the Tate Gallery, London.

Hickory Museum of Art
Hickory Museum of Art (HMA) is an art museum in Hickory, North Carolina which holds exhibitions, events, and public educational programs based on a permanent collection of 19th to 21st century American art.  The museum also features a long-term exhibition of Southern contemporary folk art, showcasing the work of self-taught artists from around the region.  North Carolina's second-oldest museum, Hickory Museum of Art was established in 1944.
Laurine van Riessen
Laurine van Riessen (born 10 August 1987) is a Dutch long track speed skater and track cyclist, who currently rides for UCI Track Team BEAT Cycling Club. She competed for the Netherlands at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver in the 500, 1000, and 1500 metres and won the bronze medal in the 1000 metres. In 2015, she switched to track cycling and won a bronze medal in the team sprint at the 2015 UEC European Track Championships in Grenchen, Switzerland.

Van Riessen competed for the Netherlands in track cycling at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In 2017, she rode for the British team Matrix Pro Cycling. On 4 September 2018 she joined BEAT Cycling Club.

Netherlands at the 2016 Summer Olympics
The Netherlands competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, from 5 to 21 August 2016. Since the nation's official debut in 1900, Dutch athletes had competed at every edition of the Summer Olympic Games in the modern era, with the exception of the sparsely attended 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis and 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne (except the equestrian events in Stockholm), which the Netherlands boycotted because of the Soviet invasion of Hungary.
Aheloy
Aheloy (Bulgarian: Ахелой [axeˈɫoj]) is a town and seaside resort in Pomorie Municipality of Burgas Province. As of 2006 it had 2,175 inhabitants. It is situated in eastern Bulgaria, on the Black Sea Coast between the major port of Burgas to the south and the bustling tourist centres Nesebar, Slanchev Bryag, and Sveti Vlas to the north.

One of the bloodiest battles in the Middle Ages took place near the town in 917 when the Bulgarian Emperor Simeon I delivered a devastating blow to the Byzantine army. More than 90,000 men perished in the battle, 70,000 of whom were Byzantines. In the decades following the Battle of Anchialus the Bulgarian Empire entered a period of upheaval and relished a territorial extent, covering most of the Balkan peninsula.

The river Aheloy flows into the Black Sea south of the town.

Aheloy was officially proclaimed a town in 2009 with a decision by the Government of Bulgaria.

Aheloy Nunatak in Antarctica is named after the town.

Sunny Beach
Sunny Beach (Bulgarian: Слънчев бряг [ˈsɫɤnt͡ʃɛf brʲak], Slanchev bryag) is a seaside resort on the Black Sea coast of Bulgaria, 35 km (22 mi) north of Burgas and 94 km (58 mi) south of Varna.

Created in 1958 as a weekend getaway for Bulgarian families, Sunny Beach has become the largest tourist and vacation spot in the country. Today, the area contributes a significant part of the province's annual gross domestic product. Initially a small beachside resort, it has grown to include a large variety of recreational activities and services, gambling establishments as well as sports and music venues.

Its rapid growth makes it the largest resort on the entire Black Sea coast; to the south, the complex has merged with the town of Nesebar.
Haydar
Haydar (Arabic: حَيْدَر), also spelt Hajdar, Hayder, Haidar, Heidar, Haider, Heydar, Hyder, and other variants, is an Arabic male given name, also used as a surname, and means an epithet for "lion".

In Islamic tradition, the name is primarily associated with Ali ibn Abi Talib (first Shia Imam and fourth Rashidun Caliph), the son-in-law and cousin of Muhammad, who was nicknamed "Haydar".

The variant Hyder  (Urdu: حیدر) is an Urdu variant used predominantly by Muslims in South Asia.

Imamate in Shia doctrine
In Shia Islam, the Imamah (Arabic: إمامة) is a doctrine which asserts that certain individuals from the lineage of the Islamic prophet Muhammad are to be accepted as leaders and guides of the ummah after the death of Muhammad. Imamah further says that Imams possess divine knowledge and authority (Ismah) as well as being part of the Ahl al-Bayt, the family of Muhammad. These Imams have the role of providing commentary and interpretation of the Quran as well as guidance.
Original Black Entertainment TV
OBE TV (Original Black Entertainment TV) was a British television channel launched in 2003. It showed film, food, advertisements, sports and talk shows as well as conservative Christian programmes. The channel was aimed at African audiences and showed programmes from South Africa, DR Congo, Nigeria and Ghana. Its programmes were primarily taken from the South African Broadcasting Corporation, including the SABC's news broadcasts.

A timeshifted service named OBE +1 launched on Thursday 29 November 2007 and it was replaced by DMAX on 8 January 2008 while the linear channel closed down permanently in 2011.

DMAX (TV channel)
DMAX is a men's lifestyle channel operated by Warner Bros. Discovery EMEA, a division of Warner Bros. Discovery International owned by Warner Bros. Discovery.

It broadcasts free-to-air in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, United Kingdom, Ireland, Italy and Spain; Turkey has their own version of the channel too. It is also widely available throughout the rest of Europe. It is seen as the only free-to-air mainstream channel with a focus on non-fiction entertainment, unique in German media.

DMAX broadcasts from the Astra 1H, 1L, and 3A satellites and is uplinked by SES Platform Services (later MX1, now part of SES Video).
52nd International Emmy Awards
The 52nd International Emmy Awards, presented by the International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (IATAS), recognizes the best television programs initially produced and aired outside the United States in 2023. The winners were announced at an awards ceremony at the New York Hilton Midtown in New York City. Indian comedian Vir Das served as host for the ceremony.

Gaumont CEO Sidonie Dumas was honored with the International Emmy Directorate Award, while American writer-producer David E. Kelley received the International Emmy Founders Award.

New York Hilton Midtown
The New York Hilton Midtown is the largest hotel in New York City. The hotel is owned by Park Hotels & Resorts and managed by Hilton Worldwide. It has approximately 2,000 rooms and over 150,000 square feet (14,000 m2) of meeting space.

The 47-floor building, north of Rockefeller Center at Sixth Avenue and 53rd Street in Midtown Manhattan, has hosted every U.S. president since John F. Kennedy. The world's first handheld cell phone call was made in 1973 by hotel guest Martin Cooper, an engineer, in front of the hotel. Donald Trump delivered his 2016 United States presidential election victory speech at the hotel.