hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
History of plant breeding
Plant breeding started with sedentary agriculture, particularly the domestication of the first agricultural plants, a practice which is estimated to date back 9,000 to 11,000 years. Initially, early human farmers selected food plants with particular desirable characteristics and used these as a seed source for subsequent generations, resulting in an accumulation of characteristics over time. In time however, experiments began with deliberate hybridization, the science and understanding of which was greatly enhanced by the work of Gregor Mendel. Mendel's work ultimately led to the new science of genetics. Modern plant breeding is applied genetics, but its scientific basis is broader, covering molecular biology, cytology, systematics, physiology, pathology, entomology, chemistry, and statistics (biometrics). It has also developed its own technology. Plant breeding efforts are divided into a number of different historical landmarks.

Sedentism
In anthropology, sedentism (sometimes called sedentariness; compare sedentarism) is the practice of living in one place for a long time. As of 2026, the large majority of people belong to sedentary cultures. In evolutionary anthropology and archaeology, sedentism takes on a slightly different sub-meaning, often applying to the transition from nomadic society to a lifestyle that involves remaining in one place permanently. Essentially, sedentism means living in groups permanently in one place. The invention of agriculture led to sedentism in many cases, but the earliest sedentary settlements were pre-agricultural.
1996–97 NOFV-Oberliga
The 1996–97 season of the NOFV-Oberliga was the third season of the league at tier four (IV) of the German football league system.

The NOFV-Oberliga was split into two divisions, NOFV-Oberliga Nord and NOFV-Oberliga Süd. The champions of each, SV Babelsberg 03 and 1. FC Magdeburg, as well as F.C. Hansa Rostock II, were directly promoted to the 1997–98 Regionalliga Nordost.

1. FC Schwedt went into administration soon after the season began and withdrew from the league.

NOFV-Oberliga Süd
The NOFV-Oberliga Süd is the fifth tier of the German football league system in the southern states of the former East Germany. It covers the German states of Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia, Saxony and southern Brandenburg. It is one of fourteen Oberligas in German football. Until the introduction of the 3. Liga in 2008 it was the fourth tier of the league system, and until the introduction of the Regionalligas in 1994 the third tier.
Pterostylis pearsonii
Pterostylis pearsonii is a plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae and is endemic to Queensland. It was first formally described in 2010 by David Jones and given the name Oligochaetochilus pearsonii. The description was published in the journal The Orchadian from a specimen grown in the Australian National Botanic Gardens from a tuber collected near Eungella Dam. In 2010, Jasmine Janes and Marco Duretto changed the name to Pterostylis pearsonii.

Marco Duretto
Marco Duretto (born 1964) is a manager and senior research scientist at the Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney in Australia.

His primary research interests are systematics and conservation of Rutaceae, Rubiaceae, Orchidaceae, Stylidiaceae and evolution of Australasian flora.

Duretto's projects have included "Phylogeny and biogeography of Boronia (Rutaceae)", "Mutual pollination system involving Boronia (Rutaceae) and moths of the Heliozelidae", "A molecular and morphological phylogeny of the Phebalium Group (Rutaceae)", and "East coast species limits in Stylidium".

Marco Duretto was previously a research scientist with the University of Tasmania and before that was manager of plant science at the National Herbarium of Victoria.
Joshua Odjick
Joshua Odjick is a Canadian actor of Algonquin-Anishinaabe/Cree heritage and hails from the Kitigan Zibi Anishinabeg First Nations Community. He is most noted for his performance as Pasmay in the 2021 film Wildhood, for which he won the Canadian Screen Award for Best Supporting Actor at the 10th Canadian Screen Awards in 2022, and the Vancouver Film Critics Circle award for Best Supporting Actor in a Canadian Film at the Vancouver Film Critics Circle Awards 2021.

Vancouver Film Critics Circle Awards 2021
The 22nd Vancouver Film Critics Circle Awards were presented on March 7, 2022, to honour the films selected by the Vancouver Film Critics Circle as the best of 2021. Although usually presented in December of the same year for which the awards are presented, these awards were delayed to the winter of 2022, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada and the associated complications in film production and distribution.

Nominations were announced on February 20.
Ringshall, Berkhamsted
Ringshall is a hamlet in the Chiltern Hills of England. It is located on the border of the counties of Buckinghamshire and Hertfordshire; parts of the village lie in the civil parishes of Edlesborough and Ivinghoe in eastern Buckinghamshire, while the rest of the village is mainly within the parish of Little Gaddesden (where the population was included) in the west of Hertfordshire. Ringshall lies within the HP4 postcode and the postal address designated by Royal Mail is "Ringshall, Berkhamsted".

Post town
A post town is a required part of all postal addresses in the United Kingdom and Ireland, and a basic unit of the postal delivery system. Including the correct post town in the address increases the chance of a letter or parcel being delivered on time. Post towns in general originated as the location of delivery offices. As of 2004, their main function is to distinguish between localities or street names in addresses not including a postcode.
Vallabhaneni Balashowry
Vallabhaneni Balashowry (born 18 September 1968) is an Indian politician currently serving as the Member of Parliament representing Machilipatnam parliamentary constituency. He belongs to Jana Sena Party. He previously has represented Tenali constituency as the Member of Parliament in the 14th Lok Sabha.

Machilipatnam Lok Sabha constituency
Machilipatnam Lok Sabha constituency is one of the twenty-five lok sabha constituencies of Andhra Pradesh in India. It comprises seven assembly segments it belongs to Krishna district and NTR district.
Walking After Midnight (1988 film)
Walking After Midnight is a 1988 Canadian documentary film directed by Jonathan Kay. It screened in the Perspectives Canada section of the Toronto Festival of Festivals in late 1988. The film features celebrities from film and music, as well as the Dalai Lama, discussing reincarnation and speculating on their past lives. Narrated by Ringo Starr, it includes appearances by Martin Sheen, James Coburn, k.d. lang, Willie Nelson, Donovan, Catherine Oxenberg, Rae Dawn Chong and Helen Shaver.

The stories are supported by musical accompaniment and partly told through re-enactments. Sheen recalls a near-death experience he had while filming Apocalypse Now in the 1970s, and Lang asserts that in a past life she was country singer Patsy Cline.

K.d. lang
Kathryn Dawn Lang OC AOE (born November 2, 1961), known by her stage name k.d. lang (stylised in all lowercase), is a Canadian pop and country singer-songwriter and occasional actress. Lang has won Juno Awards and Grammy Awards for her musical performances. Her hits include the songs "Constant Craving" and "Miss Chatelaine".

A mezzo-soprano, lang has contributed songs to movie soundtracks and has collaborated with musicians such as Roy Orbison, Tony Bennett, Elton John, the Killers, Anne Murray, Ann Wilson, Karen Carpenter, and Jane Siberry. She performed at the closing ceremony of the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, Alberta, and at the opening ceremony of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia, where she performed Leonard Cohen's "Hallelujah".

Lang has also been active as an animal rights, LGBTQ rights, and Tibetan human rights activist. She is a tantric practitioner of the old school of Tibetan Buddhism.
Adama Touré (SONABEL trade unionist)
Adama Touré was a Burkinabé trade unionist. He worked as an agent at Société Nationale d'électricité du Burkina Faso (SONABEL). As of the 1980s, he was the Secretary of the Trade Union of Technicians and Workers of Burkina (STOB, Syndicat des travailleurs et ouvriers du Burkina) and Secretary for External Relations for the Burkinabé Trade Union Confederation (CSB). He was a leader of the Patriotic League for Development (LIPAD) and a member of the Central Executive Bureau of the African Independence Party (PAI).

After the rift between LIPAD and the militaries in August 1984, Toure was dismissed from public service for 'defamation of the CNR' (National Revolutionary Council). In October 1984 Toure was arrested. He was released from detention on 3 February 1986, along with the PAI general secretary Adama Touré.

He was arrested on 1 June 1987, as the CNR was cracking down on LIPAD-PAI.

He was the younger brother of CSB leader Soumane Touré.

Société Nationale d'électricité du Burkina Faso
Société Nationale d'électricité du Burkina Faso (SONABEL) is the national electricity company of Burkina Faso. The company represents Burkina Faso in the West African Power Pool.

SONABEL headquarters in Ouagadougou

The fuel powered power plant Ouaga I, in the quarter of Paspanga, Ouagadougou

Ouaga II, build in the neighborhood of Ouaga I
Aldudes
Aldudes (French pronunciation: [aldyd]; Occitan: Aldudas; Basque: Aldude) is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in southwestern France.

It is located in the former province of Lower Navarre in the Basque Country.

Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Pyrénées-Atlantiques (French pronunciation: [pi.ʁe.nez‿at.lɑ̃.tik] ⓘ; Gascon Occitan: Pirenèus Atlantics; Basque: Pirinio Atlantikoak) is a department located in the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine in the southwest corner of metropolitan France. Named after the Pyrenees mountain range and the Atlantic Ocean, it covers the French Basque Country and the Béarn. It is divided in three arrondissements and its prefecture is Pau. In 2019, it had a population of 682,621.
Van Ingen
Van Ingen is a Dutch toponymic surname meaning "from/of Ingen", a town in Gelderland. An archaic spelling is Van Inghen. People with the surname include:

Ferdinand van Ingen (1933–2021), Dutch Germanist

Gerrit Jan van Ingen Schenau (1944–1998), Dutch biomechanist, inventor of the clap skate

Henry Van Ingen (1833–1898) or Hendrik van Ingen, Dutch painter active in the United States

Herb Van Ingen, Jr. (1924–2010), American ice hockey goaltender

Marsilius van Inghen (1330s–1396), Dutch Scholastic philosopher

Wilhelmina van Ingen Elarth (1905–1969), American archaeologist

Willem van Ingen (1651–1708), Dutch painter active in Italy

William B. Van Ingen (1858–1955), American stained glass artist and painter

Gerrit Jan van Ingen Schenau
Gerrit Jan van Ingen Schenau (13 September 1944, Leiden – 2 April 1998, Weteringbrug) was a Dutch biomechanist.  He made large contributions to the field of biomechanics, particularly muscle coordination, energetics of movement, and the functions of biarticular muscles.  He focused on speed skating in particular, and played a significant part in the invention of the clap skate.

He died of cancer in 1998.
Internet censorship in the Arab Spring
The level of Internet censorship in the Arab Spring was escalated. Lack of Internet freedom was a tactic employed by authorities to quell protests. Rulers and governments across the Arab world utilized the law, technology, and violence to control what was being posted on and disseminated through the Internet. In Egypt, Libya, and Syria, the populations witnessed full Internet shutdowns as their respective governments attempted to quell protests. In Tunisia, the government of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali hacked into and stole passwords from citizens' Facebook accounts. In Saudi Arabia and Bahrain, bloggers and "netizens" were arrested and some are alleged to have been killed. The developments since the beginning of the Arab Spring in 2010 have raised the issue of Internet access as a human right and have revealed the type of power certain authoritarian governments retain over the people and the Internet.

Censorship in Saudi Arabia
Multiple forms of media including books, newspapers, magazines, films, television, and content published on the Internet are censored in Saudi Arabia.

The Saudi government closely monitors media and restricts it under official state law. Changes have been made to lessen these restrictions; however, some government-led efforts to control information have also drawn international attention. In 2014, Reporters Without Borders described the government as, "relentless in its censorship of the Saudi media and the Internet," and in 2018, it ranked Saudi Arabia 169th out of 180 countries for freedom of the press.
Jörg Lucke
Jörg Lucke (born 7 January 1942) is a retired East German rower. He won a bronze medal in the eights at the 1966 World Championships and an Olympic gold medal in the coxless pairs in 1968. After that he competed in the coxed pairs with Wolfgang Gunkel. Together they won the European title in 1971, the Olympics gold medal in 1972, and the world title in 1975, placing second in 1974.

Coxed pair
A coxed pair, abbreviated as a 2+, is a racing shell used in the sport of competitive rowing. It is designed for two persons who propel the boat with sweep oars and is steered by a coxswain (cox).

The crew consists of two rowers, each having one oar, and a cox. One rower is on the port side and other is on the starboard side. The cox steers the boat using a rudder and may be seated at the stern of the boat (from where there is a view of the crew) or in the bow (known as a bowloader). With a bowloader, amplification is needed to communicate with the crew which is sitting behind, but the cox has a better view of the course, and the weight distribution may help the boat go faster. When there is no cox, the boat is referred to as a  "coxless pair".
LBS Degree College
Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri Degree College (abbr. L.B.S. Degree College) is a government aided postgraduate degree college which is accredited by University Grants Commission (India), 'B' grade by National Assessment and Accreditation Council and affiliated to Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University. It is located in Gonda district of Uttar Pradesh, India.

National Assessment and Accreditation Council
The National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) is a public autonomous body of the government of India that assesses and accredits higher education institutions (HEIs) in India. It is funded by the University Grants Commission and headquartered in Bengaluru.
Kanyaka (magazine)
Kanyaka is an Indian Malayalam-language magazine primarily aimed at women. It is published fortnightly by Mangalam Publications, a publishing company based in Kottayam. The chief editor is Claramma Varghese, and the managing editor is Toshma Biju Varghese. Sajil Sreedhar is the editor-in-chief. The magazine's headquarters are in Mumbai, Maharashtra.

It includes current affairs, stories, poems, cartoons, interviews with celebrities and uncelebrated common personalities.

Kottayam
Kottayam (IPA: [ko:ʈ:ajam]) is a city in the Kottayam district of Kerala, India. It is the district headquarters of the district and is located about 151 km (93.8 mi) north of the state capital Thiruvananthapuram. As per the 2011 Indian census, Kottayam has a population of 136,812 people, and a population density of 2,470/km2 (6,400/sq mi). 
Kottayam is also referred to as "the City of Letters"  as many of the first Malayalam daily newspapers, such as Deepika, Malayala Manorama, and Mangalam, were started and are headquartered in Kottayam, as are a number of publishing houses.
Saint-Avold
Saint-Avold (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃.t‿avɔld]; German: Sankt Avold; Lorraine Franconian: Sänt Avuur) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

It is situated twenty-eight miles (45 km) east of Metz, France and seventeen miles (27 km) southwest of Saarbrücken, Germany.

Moselle (department)
Moselle (French pronunciation: [mɔzɛl] ⓘ) is the most populous department in Lorraine, in the northeast of France, and is named after the river Moselle, a tributary of the Rhine, which flows through the western part of the department. It had a population of 1,046,543 in 2019. Inhabitants of the department are known as Mosellans.
The Studio Albums 1969–1987
The Studio Albums 1969–1987 is a box set released by English progressive rock band Yes, released on 6 December 2013. It features the 12 studio albums released by Atlantic Records by the band, all remastered for the set in a clamshell box. The box set also features a total of 60 previously released bonus tracks. The cover for the box set was designed by long-time partner Roger Dean. The set also contains the previously only released in Japan expanded edition of Big Generator.

Roger Dean (artist)
William Roger Dean (born 31 August 1944) is an English artist, designer, and publisher. He began painting posters and album covers for musicians in the late 1960s, most notably the English rock bands Yes and Asia.

The covers often feature exotic fantasy landscapes. His work has sold more than 150 million copies worldwide.
Instituto Millenium
The Instituto Millenium (Portuguese pronunciation: [ĩs.t͡ʃiˈtu.tu mi.leˈniw̃]; lit. 'Millennium Institute'), also known by the acronym Imil ([iˈmiw]; or IMIL), is a Brazilian "advocacy think tank" based in Rio de Janeiro. It was created in 2005 by the economist Patrícia Carlos de Andrade to disseminate a world view based on economic liberalism (or "modern right"). According to Observatório da Imprensa, it has the support of large corporations and media groups, with the aim of influencing the Brazilian society through the diffusion of ideas of its representatives, experts and columnists.

Grupo Abril
Grupo Abril (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈɡɾu.pu aˈbɾiw]; lit. 'April Group') simply also known as Abril)  is a Brazilian media conglomerate headquartered in São Paulo. The company is the holding company of Editora Abril, which publishes the weekly newsmagazine Veja.
Ivan Avanethan
Ivan Avanethan (transl. That is him) is a 1960 Indian Tamil-language film directed by P. Sridhar. The film stars Udhayakumar and Ambika. It was released on 25 March 1960, and became a success. No print of the film is known to survive, making it a lost film

Ambika Sukumaran
Ambika Sukumaran Nair is an Indian actress best known for her work in Malayalam cinema during the 1950s and 1960s. She is a close relative of the Travancore Sisters; Lalitha, Padmini and Ragini, and also Shobana, Vineeth, Krishna and Sukumari. Ambika debuted in Udaya Studio's film Visappinte Vili in 1952; she is also the first heroine of Premnazir. In 1968, she acted as the lead actress in the first full-length comedy in Malayalam cinema Viruthan Shanku, directed by P. Venu. She acted in more than 80 movies.
Observatory railway station
Observatory railway station is a Metrorail station serving the suburb of Observatory in Cape Town. It is served by trains on the Southern Line.

The station is located under the Station Road bridge. It has two tracks served by two side platforms, connected by pedestrian subways.

Metrorail Western Cape
Metrorail Western Cape is a commuter rail system operating in the Cape Town metropolitan area and surrounds, in the Western Cape province of South Africa. The system operates as a division of the national PRASA, and forms part of the broader national Metrorail network.

The system serves the City of Cape Town, Drakenstein, Stellenbosch, and Swartland. It connects central Cape Town with areas such as Malmesbury, Paarl, Stellenbosch, Wellington, Strand, Mitchells Plain, Khayelitsha, and Simon’s Town. Some areas, including the Atlantic Seaboard, Durbanville, and parts of Blouberg do not have rail access.

Annual ridership totaled 22.7 million passengers for the 2025 financial year.
Seinfeld season 5
The fifth season of Seinfeld, an American comedy television series created by Jerry Seinfeld and Larry David, began airing on September 16, 1993, and concluded on May 19, 1994, on NBC. This marked the first season Seinfeld occupied the 9 PM Thursday prime-time slot, following the end of the run by Cheers in this time slot the previous season.

Must See TV
Must See TV was an American advertising slogan that was used by NBC to brand its primetime blocks during the 1990s, and most often applied to the network's Thursday night lineup, which featured some of its most popular sitcoms and drama series of the period, allowing the network to dominate prime time ratings on Thursday nights in the 1980s and 1990s. Ratings for NBC's lineup fell during the mid-to-late 2000s. The slogan was retired in 2015 amidst NBC's transition to airing more drama series on Thursday nights. The branding returned for the 2017–18 television season but was removed for a second time in the winter of the 2020–21 television season.
Nusser
Nusser or Nüsser is a surname. Notable people with this name include:

Josef Mayr-Nusser (1910–1945), Catholic martyr for refusing to become a Nazi soldier

Andrés Nusser, founding member of Astro (Chilean band)

Franz Nusser, Austrian meteorologist, namesake of Nusser Island

James Nusser (1905–1979), actor in Gunsmoke

Josef Nüsser (1931–2023), Czech skier and Olympian

Larissa Nüsser (born 2000), Dutch handball player

Laura Nusser, victim of serial killer Vincent Johnson

Robert Nusser (1931–2001), Austrian ice hockey player and Olympian

Sarah Nusser (born 1957), American statistician

Zoltan Nusser, Hungarian physiologist

Nusser Island
Nusser Island (65°43′S 65°43′W﻿ / ﻿65.717°S 65.717°W﻿ / -65.717; -65.717) is an island 1.5 nautical miles (2.8 km) north of Laktionov Island, off the east side of Renaud Island in the Biscoe Islands. The island was first accurately shown on an Argentine government chart of 1957. It was named by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) in 1959 for Franz Nusser, an Austrian meteorologist who specialized in sea ice studies.
Kolonia Bechcice
Kolonia Bechcice [kɔˈlɔɲa bɛxˈt͡ɕit͡sɛ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lutomiersk, within Pabianice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 4 km (2 mi) east of Lutomiersk, 15 km (9 mi) northwest of Pabianice, and 15 km (9 mi) west of the regional capital Łódź.

Gmina Lutomiersk
Gmina Lutomiersk is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Pabianice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the town of Lutomiersk, which lies approximately 17 kilometres (11 mi) north-west of Pabianice and 19 km (12 mi) west of the regional capital Łódź.

The gmina covers an area of 133.87 square kilometres (51.7 sq mi) and in 2006 its total population was 7,090.
Lasippa tiga
Lasippa tiga, the Malayan lascar, is an Indomalayan butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It was first described by Frederic Moore in 1858. The larva feeds on Cratoxylon species (shrubs or small to medium-sized trees).

Indomalayan realm
The Indomalayan realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms. It extends across most of South and Southeast Asia and into the southern parts of East Asia.

Also called the Oriental realm by biogeographers, Indomalaya spreads all over the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia to lowland southern China, and through Indonesia as far as Sumatra, Java, Bali, and Borneo, east of which lies the Wallace line, the realm boundary named after Alfred Russel Wallace which separates Indomalaya from Australasia. Indomalaya also includes the Philippines, lowland Taiwan, and Japan's Ryukyu Islands.

Most of Indomalaya was originally covered by forest, and includes tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests, with tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests predominant in much of India and parts of Southeast Asia. The tropical forests of Indomalaya are highly variable and diverse, with economically important trees, especially in the families Dipterocarpaceae, Ficus, and Fabaceae.