hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Autoethnography
Autoethnography is a form of ethnographic research in which a researcher connects personal experiences to wider cultural, political, and social meanings and understandings. It is considered a form of qualitative and arts-based research.

Autoethnography has been used across various disciplines, including anthropology, arts education, communication studies, education, educational administration, English literature, ethnic studies, gender studies, history, human resource development, marketing, music therapy, nursing, organizational behavior, paramedicine, performance studies, physiotherapy, psychology, social work, sociology, and theology and religious studies.

Marketing information system
A marketing information system (MkIS) is a management information system (MIS) designed to support marketing decision making. Jobber (2007) defines it as a "system in which marketing data is formally gathered, stored, analysed and distributed to managers in accordance with their informational needs on a regular basis." In addition, the online business dictionary defines Marketing Information System (MkIS) as "a system that analyzes and assesses marketing information, gathered continuously from sources inside and outside an organization or a store."  Furthermore, "an overall Marketing Information System can be defined as a set structure of procedures and methods for the regular, planned collection, analysis and presentation of information for use in making marketing decisions." (Kotler, at al, 2006)

MkIS is really becoming very decisive while and before taking any decisions of Marketing, Positioning & Launching in any new markets.
Water cooling
Water cooling is a method of heat removal from components and industrial equipment. Evaporative cooling using water is often more efficient than air cooling. Water is inexpensive and non-toxic; however, it can contain impurities and cause corrosion.

Water cooling is commonly used for cooling automobile internal combustion engines and power stations. Water coolers utilising convective heat transfer are used inside some high-end personal computers to further lower the temperature of CPUs and other components compared to air cooling.

Other uses include the cooling of lubricant oil in pumps; for cooling purposes in heat exchangers; for cooling buildings in HVAC and in chillers.

Heat
In thermodynamics, heat is defined as the form of energy crossing the boundary of a thermodynamic system by virtue of a temperature difference across the boundary. A thermodynamic system does not contain heat. Nevertheless, the term is also often used to refer to the thermal energy contained in a system as a component of its internal energy and that is reflected in the temperature of the system.

Calorimetry is measurement of heat by its effect on the states of interacting bodies, for example, by the amount of ice melted or by change in temperature of a body.

In the International System of Units (SI), the unit of measurement for heat is the joule (J).
Chaudière-Appalaches
Chaudière-Appalaches (French: [ʃodjɛʁ apalaʃ], Quebec French: [ʃoˈd͡zjaɛ̯ʁ apaˈlaʃ]) is an administrative region in Quebec, Canada. It comprises most of what is historically known as the "Beauce" (French: La Beauce; compare with the electoral district of Beauce). It is named for the Chaudière River and the Appalachian Mountains. Chaudière-Appalaches has over 50% of sugar maples in Quebec, thus producing the most maple syrup in Canada as well as the World.

Chaudière-Appalaches has a population of 433,312 residents (as of the Canada 2021 Census) and a land area of 15,071.51 square kilometres (5,819.14 sq mi). The main cities are Lévis, Saint-Georges, Thetford Mines, Sainte-Marie and Montmagny.

Thetford Mines
Thetford Mines (French pronunciation: [tɛtfɚd majnz, -fœʁd -]; Canada 2021 Census population 26,072) is a city in south-central Quebec, Canada. It is the seat of Les Appalaches Regional County Municipality.
The city is located in the Appalachian Mountains, 187 km east-northeast of Montreal and 79 km south of Quebec City.
It is known mostly as the asbestos capital of Canada.
1983 World Championships in Athletics – Men's 5000 metres
These are the official results of the men's 5000 metres event at the 1983 IAAF World Championships in Helsinki, Finland. There were a total of 39 participating athletes, with three qualifying heats, two semi-finals and the final held on Sunday 14 August 1983.

1983 World Championships in Athletics
The 1st World Championships in Athletics (Finnish: Yleisurheilun maailmanmestaruuskilpailut 1983; Swedish: Världsmästerskapen i friidrott 1983) were run under the auspices of the International Association of Athletics Federations and were held at the Olympic Stadium in Helsinki, Finland between 7 and 14 August 1983. Despite the existence of previously held championship events in both 1976 and 1980, this 1983 championship was marked as the inaugural World Championship.
2005–06 FIS Freestyle Skiing World Cup
The 2005/06 FIS Freestyle Skiing World Cup was the twenty seventh World Cup season in freestyle skiing organised by International Ski Federation. The season started on 3 September 2005 and ended on 19 March 2006. This season included four disciplines: aerials, moguls, ski cross and halfpipe.

There were no dual mogul events on world cup calendar this season.

Mogul skiing
Mogul skiing, commonly shortened to moguls, is a freestyle skiing competition consisting of one timed run of free skiing on a steep, bumpy course, stressing technical turns, aerial maneuvers and speed. Internationally, the sport is contested at the FIS Freestyle World Ski Championships, and at the Winter Olympic Games.

Moguls are a series of bumps on a piste formed when skiers push snow into mounds as they do sharp turns. This tends to happen naturally as skiers use the slope but they can also be constructed artificially. Once formed, a naturally occurring mogul tends to grow as skiers follow similar paths around it, further deepening the surrounding grooves known as troughs. Since skiing tends to be a series of linked turns, moguls form together to create a bump field.

The term mogul is from the Bavarian/Austrian German word Mugel, meaning 'mound, hillock'.
Skirmish at Abingdon
In the American Civil War, a Skirmish at Abingdon, Virginia, between Union Army and Confederate States Army forces occurred on December 15, 1864, during Stoneman's 1864 Raid. Skirmishing took place near Abingdon with Union forces consisting mostly of cavalry regiments from Tennessee. The action is listed as a skirmish in  Dyer's Compendium of the War of the Rebellion.

Frederick H. Dyer
Frederick Henry Dyer (July 2, 1849 – September 21, 1917) served as a drummer boy in the Union Army during the American Civil War. After the war, he wrote A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion – a complete record of every regiment formed under the Union Army, their histories, and the battles they fought in – taking forty years to compile.
Claudia Hoffmann
Claudia Hoffmann (born 10 December 1982 in Nauen) is a German sprinter who specialises in the 400 metres. She represents SC Potsdam and trains under Frank Möller.

Her personal best time is 51.65 seconds, achieved in June 2010 in Regensburg.

Frank Möller (athlete)
Frank Möller (born 16 February 1960) is a retired East German sprinter.

He finished fourth in the 4 × 400 metres relay at the 1988 Olympic Games, with teammates Jens Carlowitz, Mathias Schersing and Thomas Schönlebe.
St. Maries High School
St. Maries High School is a four-year public secondary school in St. Maries, Idaho, the only high school in the St. Maries Joint School District #41. Located in north central Idaho in Benewah County, the high school is just north of the city and its airport, across the St. Joe River. Adjacent to a national forest in an area historically dominated by logging, the school colors are forest green and gold and the mascot is a lumberjack.

The middle school and only elementary school (Heyburn) in St. Maries have the same mascot and school colors as the high school. The lumberjack statue at the elementary school on Main Street was originally a Texaco "Big Friend," a Muffler Man from  the mid-1960s.

Lumberjack
Lumberjack is a mostly North American term for workers in the logging industry who perform the initial harvesting and transport of trees. The term usually refers to loggers in the era before 1945 in the United States, when trees were felled using hand tools and dragged by oxen to rivers.

The work was difficult, dangerous, intermittent, low-paying, and involved living in primitive conditions. However, the men built a traditional culture that celebrated strength, masculinity, confrontation with danger, and resistance to modernization.
Kurtutel
Kurtutel (Russian: Куртутель; Bashkir: Ҡыртүтәл, Qırtütäl) is a rural locality (a village) in Ziriklinsky Selsoviet, Sharansky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 176 as of 2010. There are 2 streets.

Sharansky District
Sharansky District (Russian: Шара́нский райо́н; Bashkir: Шаран районы, Şaran rayonı) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifty-four in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia. It is located in the west of the republic and borders with Bakalinsky District in the northwest and north, Chekmagushevsky District in the northeast, Buzdyaksky District in the southeast, Tuymazinsky District in the south, and with the Republic of Tatarstan in the west. The area of the district is 1,384 square kilometers (534 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Sharan. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 22,514, with the population of Sharan accounting for 26.3% of that number.
Eleanor Ryan-Doyle
Eleanor Sarah Ryan-Doyle (born 14 May 1998) is an Irish professional footballer who plays as a forward, most recently for Durham of the English Women's Championship. She previously played for Peamount United of the Women's National League (WNL).

Professional sports
In professional sports, as opposed to amateur sports, participants receive payment for their performance. Professionalism in sport has come to the fore through a combination of developments. Mass media and increased leisure have brought larger audiences, enabling sports organizations and teams to command large incomes. As a result, more sportspeople can afford to make sport their primary career, devoting the training time necessary to increase skills, physical condition, and experience to modern levels of achievement. This proficiency has also helped boost the popularity of sports. In most sports played professionally, there are many more amateurs than professional players, though amateurs and professionals do not usually compete.
Beethoven's 5th (film)
Beethoven's 5th is a 2003 American family comedy film and is the fifth installment in the Beethoven film series. The film was released direct-to-video on December 2, 2003.

The cast was completely renewed for this film. Daveigh Chase takes over the role of Sara, which was originally played by Michaela Gallo in the previous two films.

It was also the final film of the original series, as the 2008 film, Beethoven's Big Break was a reboot of the character.

Reboot (fiction)
In serial fiction, a reboot is a new start to an established fictional universe, work, or series. A reboot usually discards continuity to re-create its characters, plotlines and backstory from the beginning. It has been described as a way to "rebrand" or "restart an entertainment universe that has already been established".

Another definition of a reboot is a remake which is part of an established film series or other media franchise. The term has been criticized for being a vague and "confusing" "buzzword", and a neologism for remake, a concept which has been losing popularity since the 2010s. William Proctor proposes that there is a distinction between reboots, remakes and retcons.
Colin Butler (entomologist)
Colin Gasking Butler (26 October 1913 – 4 January 2016) was a British entomologist who first isolated the pheromone, known as "queen substance", which attracts drones to queen bees.

The son of a schoolmaster, Butler was born at Horsham and educated at Monkton Combe School, Bath, and at Queens' College, Cambridge. Following his graduation, he won a scholarship doing research at the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries and was later appointed to superintend Cambridge University's entomological field station.

He eventually left Cambridge for the entomology department of the Rothamsted Experimental Station at Harpenden, where his research helped to uncover the "queen substance" pheromone. He worked at Rothamsted until his retirement in 1976 as head of the entomology department, publishing several books.

Horsham
Horsham (/ˈhɔːrʃəm/) is a market town on the upper reaches of the River Arun on the fringe of the Weald, in West Sussex, England. The town lies 31 miles (50 km) south-south-west of London, 18.5 miles (30 km) north-west of Brighton and 26 miles (42 km) north-east of the county town of Chichester. Nearby towns include Crawley to the north-east and Haywards Heath and Burgess Hill to the south-east. It is the administrative centre of the Horsham district.
Tsubawara Dam
The Tsubawara Dam, also known as the Tsubakihara Dam, is a gravity dam on the Shō River about 5 km (3.1 mi) north of Shirakawa in Gifu Prefecture, Japan. It was constructed between 1952 and 1953. The dam has an associated 107 MW hydroelectric power station which was built in two parts. The first part of the power station (42 MW) was commissioned in 1954 and the second part of the power station (65 MW) was commissioned in 1975. Of the nine dams on the Shō River it is the seventh furthest downstream.

Shirakawa, Gifu (village)
Shirakawa (白川村, Shirakawa-mura; lit. 'White River Village') is a village located in Ōno District, Gifu Prefecture, Japan. It is best known for being the site of Shirakawa-gō, a small, traditional village showcasing a building style known as gasshō-zukuri. Together with Gokayama in Nanto, Toyama, it is one of UNESCO's World Heritage Sites.

As of 1 January 2019, the village had an estimated population of 1,630 in 588 households and a population density of 4.6 persons per km2. The total area of the village was 356.55 km2 (137.66 sq mi).
Tampico Mounds
The Tampico Mounds are a prehistoric archaeological site located in Fulton County, Illinois near the community of Maples Mill. The site contains three circular mounds in a 2.5-acre (1.0 ha) space; while there were originally six mounds at the site, the remainder have been destroyed. It was occupied from roughly 750 to 1000 A.D. during the Late Woodland period and is the type site for the Maples Mills culture. As one of two major Late Woodland sites in the Spoon River vicinity, the site provides evidence of regional practices prior to the influence of the Mississippian culture. It also provides potential insight into Maples Mills cultural burial practices as one of the only known burial mound sites linked to the culture.

The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 14, 1979.

Mississippian culture
The Mississippian culture was a collection of Native American societies that flourished in what is now the Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern United States from approximately 800 to 1600 CE, varying regionally. It was known for building large, earthen platform mounds, and often other shaped mounds as well. It was composed of a series of urban settlements and satellite villages linked together by loose trading networks. The largest city was Cahokia, believed to be a major religious center, located in what is present-day southern Illinois.

The Mississippian way of life began to develop in the Mississippi River Valley (for which it is named). Cultures in the tributary Tennessee River Valley may have also begun to develop Mississippian characteristics at this point. Almost all dated Mississippian sites predate 1539–1540 (when Hernando de Soto explored the area), with notable exceptions being Natchez communities. These maintained Mississippian cultural practices into the 18th century.
Eric Tung
Eric Chunyee Tung (born 1984) is an American lawyer who has served as a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit since 2025. He was a partner with the law firm of Jones Day from 2019 to 2025.

Law firm
A law firm is a business entity formed by one or more lawyers to engage in the practice of law. The primary service rendered by a law firm is to advise clients (individuals or corporations) about their legal rights and responsibilities, and to represent clients in civil or criminal cases, business transactions, and other matters in which legal advice and other assistance are sought.
Newton, West Lothian
Newton or (The Newton) is a small village in the county of West Lothian, Scotland. It lies on the A904 trunk road 2.6 miles (4.2 km) west of South Queensferry and the Forth Road Bridge and 6 miles (9.7 km) east of Linlithgow.

In 1846, it had 250 inhabitants and was known for its limestone quarry.

All road traffic travelling west from the Forth Road Bridge currently has to pass through the village in order to gain access to the M9 Motorway although this was set to change under proposals to upgrade M9 Junction 1a as part of the Forth Replacement Crossing scheme by 2013.

The village's location serves it well as a commuter village for those who travel daily to Edinburgh and Fife. It currently hosts a petrol service station, a small shop and a pub. There is a community hall on Duddingston Crescent.

Forth Road Bridge
The Forth Road Bridge is a suspension bridge that crosses the Firth of Forth in Scotland. The bridge opened in 1964 and, at the time, was the longest suspension bridge in the world outside the United States. The bridge  connects Edinburgh to Fife; replacing a centuries-old ferry service to carry vehicular traffic, cyclists and pedestrians across the Forth. Railway crossings are made by the nearby Forth Bridge, opened in 1890.

The Scottish Parliament voted to abolish tolls on the bridge from February 2008. The adjacent Queensferry Crossing was opened in August 2017 to carry the M90 motorway across the Firth of Forth, replacing the Forth Road Bridge which had exceeded its design capacity. At its peak, the Forth Road Bridge carried 65,000 vehicles per day.

The bridge was subsequently closed for repairs and refurbishment. It reopened in February 2018, redesignated as a dedicated public transport corridor; only certain vehicles, pedestrians and cyclists are permitted to use the bridge.
Ed Costain
Edric George Costain (November 4, 1923 – September 30, 2009) was an American professional basketball player. He played for the Toledo Jeeps in the National Basketball League in three games during the 1946–47 season and averaged 1.3 points per game.

He had spent time as a taxicab driver in Toledo, Ohio prior to working for The (Toledo) Blade as a photographer. Costain worked at The Blade for 34 years.

The Blade (Toledo, Ohio)
The Blade, also known as the Toledo Blade, is a newspaper in Toledo, Ohio, published daily online and printed Thursday and Sunday by Block Communications. The newspaper was first published on December 19, 1835.
Goh See Hua
Goh See Hua (simplified Chinese: 吴锡华; traditional Chinese: 吳錫華; pinyin: Wú Xīhuá; born 17 September 1989) is a Malaysian politician who has served as Member of the Perak State Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Pasir Pinji since November 2022. He is a member of the Democratic Action Party (DAP), a component party of the Pakatan Harapan (PH) and formerly Pakatan Rakyat (PR) coalitions. He has served as the State Assistant Organising Secretary of DAP of Perak since September 2024. He was Political Secretary to the MLA for Jalong Loh Sze Yee from 2018 to 2022, Member of Parliament (MP) for Kampar Ko Chung Sen from 2013 to 2018, Member of the Kuala Kangsar Municipal Council (MPKK) from 2018 to 2020 and Village Development Officer (PKP) of Sungai Siput in 2020.

Jalong
Jalong is a state constituency in Perak, Malaysia, that has been represented in the Perak State Legislative Assembly.

This constituency mandated to return a single member to the Perak State Legislative Assembly under the first past the post voting system.
1943–44 Svenska mästerskapet (men's handball)
The 1943–44 Svenska mästerskapet was the 13th season of Svenska mästerskapet, a tournament held to determine the Swedish Champions of men's handball. Teams qualified by winning their respective District Championships. 19 teams competed in the tournament. Majornas IK were the two-time defending champions, and won their fifth title, defeating IFK Karlskrona in the final. The final was played on 2 April in Karlskrona, and was watched by 1,499 spectators.

IK Göta
Idrottsklubben Göta, commonly known as IK Göta, is a sports club in Stockholm, now active in ice hockey, that was successful in several sports such as athletics, football, handball, field hockey, ice hockey, and bandy during the 20th century. Of them, nine Swedish championships in men's ice hockey, including the inaugural 1922 edition, ranks fourth among Swedish teams after Djurgården, Brynäs and Färjestad.
Maximus II of Constantinople
Maximus II of Constantinople (Greek: Μάξιμος; died December 1216) was Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 3 June to December 1216. He had been abbot of the monastery of the Akoimetoi and was the confessor of the Nicaean emperor Theodore I Laskaris before he became patriarch. George Akropolites and Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos are highly critical of Maximus II, suggesting that he was "uneducated" and that the only reason he was made patriarch was his intrigue into the palace's women's quarters. Akropolites writes that he "paid court to the women's quarters and was in turn courted by it; for it was nothing else which raised him to such eminence." Maximus II was Patriarch-in-exile as at the time his titular seat was occupied by the Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople, and he lived in Nicaea. He died in office after only six months on the patriarchal throne.

Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos
Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos (Greek: Νικηφόρος Κάλλιστος Ξανθόπουλος; Latinized as Nicephorus Callistus Xanthopulus; c. 1256 – 1335) was a Greek ecclesiastical historian and litterateur of the late Byzantine Empire. His most popular work, the voluminous Ecclesiastica historia, constitutes a significant documentary source on primitive Christianity and its doctrinal controversies, as well as for hagiographical, liturgical, and legendary texts from Byzantine culture.
Hemiboeckella powellensis
Hemiboeckella powellensis is a zooplankton copepod of which only four of its kind have ever been observed. "Hemiboeckella" refers to this genus being similar to Boeckella, whilst "powellensis" refers to Lake Powell in Western Australia, the region it is endemic to. Its existence was initially recorded in May and June 1977, and has not been observed since.

Copepod
Copepods (/ˈkoʊpəpɒd/; meaning 'oar-feet') are a group of small crustaceans found in nearly every freshwater and saltwater habitat. Some species are planktonic (living in the water column), some are benthic (living on the sediments), several species have parasitic phases, and some continental species may live in limnoterrestrial habitats and other wet terrestrial places, such as swamps, under leaf fall in wet forests, bogs, springs, ephemeral ponds, puddles, damp moss, or water-filled recesses of plants (phytotelmata) such as bromeliads and pitcher plants. Many live underground in marine and freshwater caves, sinkholes, or stream beds. Copepods are sometimes used as biodiversity indicators.