hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Principal parts
In language learning, the principal parts of a verb are the most fundamental forms of a verb that can be conjugated into any form of the verb. The concept originates in the humanist Latin schools, where students learned verbs by chanting them in the four key forms from which all other forms can be deduced, for example:

ferō – ferre – tulī – lātum  ('to carry')

Not all languages have to be taught in this way. In French, for example, regular verbs can be deduced from a single form, the infinitive, and irregular verbs are too random to be systematized under fixed parts. But the concept can be carried over to many languages in which the verbs have some kind of "regular irregularity", i.e. irregularity always occurs at the same place in an otherwise regular system.

Although the term 'principal part' is usually applied to verbs, the same phenomenon can be found in some languages in nouns and other word types.

Past tense
The past tense is a grammatical tense whose function is to place an action or situation in the past. Examples of verbs in the past tense include the English verbs sang, went and washed. Most languages have a past tense, with some having several types in order to indicate how far back the action took place. Some languages have a compound past tense which uses auxiliary verbs as well as an imperfect tense which expresses continuous or repetitive events or actions. Some languages inflect the verb, which changes the ending to indicate the past tense, while non-inflected languages may use other words meaning, for example, "yesterday" or "last week" to indicate that something took place in the past.
Gallagher's Travels
Gallagher's Travels is a 1987 Australian TV movie about an investigative journalist.

The plot has been described as a reporting team chasing an "animal smuggling ring through the wilds of Australia."

Filming took place in early 1986 at Tangalooma on Moreton Island in Queensland.

Tangalooma, Queensland
Originally a whaling station, Tangalooma Island Resort (formerly known as Tangalooma Wild Dolphin Resort) is a resort on the west side of Moreton Island in Queensland, Australia.  It lies on the eastern shore of Moreton Bay and is known for its resort accommodation, dolphin-feeding program, sand dunes and wreck diving. Swimming is popular along the white beaches.  It has a population of over 300 and receives more than 3,500 visitors every week as it is about 70 minutes from Brisbane by express catamaran.  Moreton Island National Park covers 98% of the island, though there are three small townships including Bulwer, Kooringal and Cowan Cowan.  The adjacent waters are protected as the Moreton Bay Marine Park.
Tangalooma is the aboriginal word meaning "where the fish gather".
Astra 2A
Astra 2A was one of the Astra communications satellites owned by SES. Launched in 1998 into the 28.2° East orbital position, half its expected end-of-life capacity of 28 transponders were pre-booked by BSkyB, to launch the new Sky Digital service. The satellite was retired after more than 26 years.

Footprint (satellite)
The footprint of a communications satellite is the ground area that its transponders offer coverage, and determines the satellite dish diameter required to receive each transponder's signal. There is usually a different map for each transponder (or group of transponders), as each may be aimed to cover different areas.

Footprint maps usually show either the estimated minimum satellite dish diameter required or the signal strength in each area measured in dBW.
Six Flags Hurricane Harbor Chicago
Six Flags Hurricane Harbor Chicago is a water park in Gurnee, Illinois, United States, next to the Six Flags Great America amusement park. Owned and operated by Six Flags, the water park opened on May 28, 2005. It was built as part of a US$42 million expansion of the amusement park. The water park has been separately gated from Six Flags Great America since 2021.

Spanning 20 acres (8.1 ha), the water park has 25 water slides, two pools, and a themed area named Riptide Bay. The park's most recent addition, Tsunami Surge, opened in 2021 and currently holds the record as the tallest water coaster in North America as of 2025. The water park has received accolades from the World Waterpark Association and Amusement Today's Golden Ticket Awards.

WhiteWater West
WhiteWater is a manufacturing company based in Richmond, British Columbia, Canada. It was established in 1980 and manufactures a variety of products for water parks including water slides and water play areas. The company also owns FlowRider, which produces a line of surf simulators.
Gombaud
Gombaud may mean:

Gombaud, a brand of wine produced in Château Lascombes

Antoine Gombaud, Chevalier de Méré, a French writer

Jean Ogier de Gombauld, a French playwright and poet

Gombald or Gundobald, an Archbishop of Bordeaux

Antoine Gombaud
Antoine Gombaud, alias Chevalier de Méré, (1607 – 29 December 1684) was a French writer, born in Poitou. Although he was not a nobleman, he adopted the title chevalier (knight) for the character in his dialogues who represented his own views (chevalier de Méré because he was educated at Méré). Later his friends began calling him by that name.
B-Sides and Other Things I Forgot
B-Sides and Other Things I Forgot is a compilation album by American multi-genre project Blue Stahli, released on May 7, 2013. The album is composed of cover songs, outtakes from Blue Stahli's Antisleep album series, and alternate versions of previously recorded songs.

Outtake
An outtake is a portion of a work (usually a film or music recording) that is removed in the editing process and not included in the work's final, publicly released version. In the digital era, significant outtakes have been appended to CD and DVD reissues of many albums and films as bonus tracks or features, in film often, but not always, for the sake of humor. In terms of photos, an outtake may also mean the ones which are not released in the original set of photos (i.e. photo shoots and digitals).
Meyer wavelet
The Meyer wavelet is an orthogonal wavelet proposed by Yves Meyer. As a type of a continuous wavelet, it has been applied in a number of cases, such as in adaptive filters, fractal random fields, and multi-fault classification.

The Meyer wavelet is infinitely differentiable with infinite support and defined in frequency domain in terms of function  as

where

There are many different ways for defining this auxiliary function, which yields variants of the Meyer wavelet.
For instance, another standard implementation adopts

The Meyer scaling function is given by

In the time domain, the waveform of the Meyer mother-wavelet has the shape as shown in the following figure:

Auxiliary function
In mathematics, auxiliary functions are an important construction in transcendental number theory.  They are functions that appear in most proofs in this area of mathematics and that have specific, desirable properties, such as taking the value zero for many arguments, or having a zero of high order at some point.
Molisch's test
Molisch's test is a sensitive chemical test, named after Austrian botanist Hans Molisch, for the presence of carbohydrates, based on the dehydration of the carbohydrate by sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid to produce an aldehyde, which condenses with two molecules of a phenol (usually α-naphthol, though other phenols such as resorcinol and thymol also give colored products), resulting in a violet ring.

Hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric acid, also known as muriatic acid or spirits of salt, is an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride (HCl). It is a colorless solution with a distinctive pungent smell. It is classified as a strong acid. It is a component of the gastric acid in the digestive systems of most animal species, including humans. Hydrochloric acid is an important laboratory reagent and industrial chemical.
Matheson House (Perth)
Matheson House is a historic house in Perth, Ontario, Canada. It was constructed in 1840 for Roderick Matheson, a local merchant and later a member of the Senate of Canada.

A two-storey, five-bay sandstone house of Palladian-inspired design, Matheson House is surrounded by a stone garden wall.  After Roderick Matheson's death in 1873, the house was inherited by Arthur James Matheson, a lawyer and member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. After a series of subsequent owners, the house was acquired by the municipality and became the Perth Museum.

The house was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1966.

Arthur Matheson
Arthur James Matheson (December 12, 1845 – January 25, 1913) was a Canadian lawyer and politician. He served as a Conservative Member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario for Lanark South from 1898 to 1913, and was provincial treasurer from 1905 to 1913.

He was born in Perth, Canada West in 1845, the son of Roderick Matheson, and educated at Upper Canada College and Trinity College, Toronto. Matheson studied law, was called to the bar in 1870 and set up practice in Perth. He was mayor of Perth in 1883 and 1884. Matheson served in the local militia, including service during the Fenian raids, and became lieutenant-colonel in 1886. Other than serving as provincial treasurer, Matheson was member of various house committees, including the Standing Committee on Public Accounts. He died in office in 1913.

The geographical township of Matheson, part of Black River-Matheson Township, was named after Arthur Matheson.
Halima El Abassi
Halima El Abassi (born 9 April 1978) is a Danish social worker, researcher and debater with a Danish-Moroccan background. She is best known for her research and information work in the areas of honor-related conflicts and social control. Since 2018, she has chaired the Council for Ethnic Minorities.

Social control
Social control is the regulations, sanctions, mechanisms, and systems that restrict the behaviour of individuals in accordance with social norms and orders. Through both informal and formal means, individuals and groups exercise social control both internally and externally. As an area of social science, social control is studied by researchers of various fields, including anthropology, criminology, law, political science, and sociology.

Social control is considered one of the foundations of social order. Sociologists identify two basic forms of social control. Informal means of control refer to the internalization of norms and values through socialization. Formal means comprise external sanctions enforced by government to prevent the establishment of chaos or anomie in society. Some theorists, such as Émile Durkheim, refer to formal control as regulation.
Murray Bannerman
Murray Bannerman (born April 27, 1957) is a Canadian former ice hockey goaltender. He spent the majority of his career with the Chicago Blackhawks, though also briefly played for the Vancouver Canucks, who selected him in the 1977 NHL amateur draft.

1977 NHL amateur draft
The 1977 NHL amateur draft was the 15th NHL entry draft. It was held at the Mount Royal Hotel in Montreal, Quebec. It was notable for the inclusion of players being drafted at 20 years of age.

This was the only draft in which the Cleveland Barons as a distinctive franchise drafted, as they would fold prior to the 1978 draft.

The last active player in the NHL from this draft class was Gordie Roberts, who played his last NHL game in the 1993–94 season.
Proton EMAS
Proton EMAS is a range of concept cars designed by Italdesign Giugiaro and developed by Proton. It debuted at the 2010 Geneva Motor Show as a hybrid vehicle.

"EMAS" is an acronym for Eco Mobility Advance Solution. The word "emas" means "gold" in Malay.

Proton EMAS was planned to be Malaysia's and Proton's first global car and was expected to be in production by 2012.  As of August 2014 the concept car had not reached production.

Proton's subsidiary Lotus Cars has shown a plug-in hybrid city concept car based on the EMAS named the Lotus Ethos.

Concept car
A concept car (also known as a concept vehicle or show vehicle) is a car made to showcase new styling or new technology. Concept cars are often exhibited at motor shows to gauge customer reaction to new and radical designs which may or may not be produced.

General Motors designer Harley Earl is generally credited with inventing the concept car, and did much to popularize it through its traveling Motorama shows of the 1950s.

Concept cars never go into production directly. In modern times, all would have to undergo many changes before the design is finalized for the sake of practicality, safety, regulatory compliance, and cost. A "production-intent" prototype, as opposed to a concept vehicle, serves this purpose.
Ivan Dimitrov (footballer)
Ivan Milanov Dimitrov (Bulgarian: Иван Миланов Димитров; 14 May 1935 – 1 January 2019) was a Bulgarian footballer who played as a defender for the Bulgaria national team. At club level, he made 340 appearances in the Bulgarian League, playing for Stroitel Sofia, Torpedo Sofia, Zavod 12 Sofia, Lokomotiv Sofia, Spartak Sofia and Akademik Sofia.

Dimitrov was capped 70 times for the Bulgaria national football team. He appeared in the 1962 and 1970 FIFA World Cups. He also competed in the men's tournament at the 1960 Summer Olympics. He died on 1 January 2019 at the age of 83.

Football at the 1960 Summer Olympics
The football tournament at the 1960 Summer Olympics was held from 26 August to 10 September in 1960 throughout Italy. The tournament featured 16 men's national teams from four continental confederations. Starting with this edition, the competition's format was changed: rather than a knockout tournament like in the previous Olympic Games, the 16 teams were drawn into four groups of four and each group played a round-robin tournament, in a similar format to that instituted in the 1958 FIFA World Cup, which persists to the present day. At the end of the group stage, the first-ranked teams of each group advanced to the semi-finals, and culminating with the gold medal match in Rome on 10 September 1960.
Lindaunis Bridge
The Lindaunis Bridge (Danish: Lindånæsbroen) is a bascule bridge crossing the Schlei, an inlet of the Baltic Sea in Schleswig-Holstein, at one of its narrowest parts. The bridge thereby connects the Schwansen and Angeln regions. The steel bridge, that has been declared a monument in 1997, opened to traffic on 17 July 1927.

The bridge is special in the sense that it is used both by the hourly local train travelling along the Kiel-Flensburg railway, and by car traffic. The bridge opens at most once every hour for ships.

Street running train
A street running train is a train which runs on a track built on public streets. The rails are embedded in the roadway, and the train shares the street with other users, such as pedestrians, cars and cyclists, thus often being referred to as running in mixed traffic. Tram and light rail systems frequently run on streets, with light rail lines typically separated from other traffic.

For safety, street running trains travel more slowly than trains on dedicated rights-of-way. Needing to share the right-of-way with motor vehicles can cause delays and pose a safety risk.

Stations on such routes are rare and may appear similar in style to a tram stop, but often lack platforms, pedestrian islands, or other amenities. In some cases, passengers may be required to wait on a distant sidewalk, and then board or disembark by crossing the traffic.
US Labor Against Racism and War
US Labor Against Racism and War (USLARW), previously named US Labor Against the War (USLAW), was an anti-war, anti-racist labor organization in the United States. USLAW formed in 2003 to oppose the invasion of Iraq and became defunct in 2023.

Notable members included Michael Letwin, Amy Newell, and Nancy Wohlforth.

Michael Letwin
Michael Letwin (born 1956) is a public defender in Brooklyn, New York,.

He is co-convener of New York City Labor Against the War (NYCLAW); a founding member of Labor for Palestine and former president of the Association of Legal Aid Attorneys. In the 1970s, he was a leader of the Red Tide, a newspaper and youth organization which he cofounded in 1971.
Jigme Wangchuck
Jigme Wangchuck (Dzongkha: འཇིགས་མེད་དབང་ཕྱུག, Wylie: ’jigs med dbang phyug; 1905 – 30 March 1952) was King of Bhutan from 26 August 1926 until his death in 1952. He pursued legal and infrastructural reform during his reign. Bhutan continued to maintain almost complete isolation from the outside world during this period; its only foreign relations were with the British Raj in India, under which Bhutan was a protected state. He was succeeded by his son, Jigme Dorji Wangchuck.

Dzongkha
Dzongkha (རྫོང་ཁ་ [d͡zòŋkʰɑ́]), also known by its exonym Bhutanese, is a Tibeto-Burman language in the Sino-Tibetan language family that is primarily spoken by the Bhutanese people. It is the official and national language of Bhutan, and is written using the Tibetan script.

The word dzongkha means "the language of the fortress", from dzong "fortress" and kha "language". As of 2013, Dzongkha had 171,080 native speakers and about 640,000 total speakers.

Dzongkha is a South Tibetic language. It is closely related to Laya and Lunana and partially intelligible with Sikkimese, and to some other Bhutanese languages such as Chocha Ngacha, Brokpa, Brokkat and Lakha. It has a more distant relationship to Standard Tibetan.
Aaro Vainio
Aaro Vainio (born 2 October 1993) is a Finnish former racing driver who last competed in the 2019 GT World Challenge Europe. He previously competed in GP3 Series between 2011 and 2013. He currently acts as a mentor towards Formula 3 driver Tuukka Taponen.

Tech 1 Racing
Tech 1 Racing is a racing team based in Toulouse, France. Founded in 2000 by racing driver Simon Abadie and his sister Sarah, it has garnered success in the World Series by Renault, the Eurocup Mégane Trophy and the GP3 Series, most notably winning the 2007 Formula Renault 3.5 Series with Álvaro Parente.

More recently, Tech 1 operated the racing programmes of Panis Racing and its predecessor Panis Barthez Compétition from 2016 to 2023. These included entry to the European Le Mans Series and Asian Le Mans Series's LMP2 class, as well as the GT World Challenge Europe, where they ran a Lexus RC F GT3. Ultimate, a small outfit owned by brothers Jean-Baptiste and Matthieu Lahaye, also partnered Tech 1 for their LMP2 efforts in the ELMS in 2021 and the FIA World Endurance Championship in 2022.
Arborane
Arborane is a class of pentacyclic triterpene consisting of organic compounds with four 6-membered rings and one 5-membered ring. Arboranes are thought to be derived from arborinols, a class of natural cyclic triterpenoids typically produced by flowering plants. Thus arboranes are used as a biomarker for angiosperms and cordaites. Arborane is a stereoisomer of a compound called fernane, the diagenetic product of fernene and fernenol. Because aborinol and fernenol have different biological sources, the ratio of arborane/fernane in a sample can be used to reconstruct a record for the relative abundances of different plants.

Stereoisomerism
In stereochemistry, stereoisomerism, or spatial isomerism, is a form of isomerism in which molecules have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms (constitution), but differ in the three-dimensional orientations of their atoms in space. This contrasts with structural isomers, which share the same molecular formula, but the bond connections or their order differs. By definition, molecules that are stereoisomers of each other represent the same structural isomer.
Aleksandras Plechavičius
Aleksandras Plechavičius (1 June 1897 – 6 May 1942) was a Lithuanian military officer in the Imperial Russian Army and then the Lithuanian Army. In the service of Lithuania, he rose to the rank of colonel in the interwar period. He was a younger brother to the more famous Lithuanian military officer and later statesman Povilas Plechavičius.

Lithuanians
Lithuanians (Lithuanian: lietuviai) are a Baltic ethnic group. They are native to Lithuania, where they number around 2,378,118 people. Another two million make up the Lithuanian diaspora, largely found in countries such as the United States, United Kingdom, Brazil and Canada. Their native language is Lithuanian, one of only two surviving members of the Baltic language family along with Latvian. According to the census conducted in 2021, 84.6% of the population of Lithuania identified themselves as Lithuanians. Most Lithuanians belong to the Catholic Church, while the Lietuvininkai who lived in the northern part of East Prussia prior to World War II, were mostly Lutherans.
1992 Volvo Women's Open – Doubles
Nana Miyagi and Suzanna Wibowo were the defending champions, but Wibowo did not compete this year. Miyagi teamed up with Yayuk Basuki and lost in the quarterfinals to Isabelle Demongeot and Natalia Medvedeva.

Demongeot and Medvedeva won the title by defeating Pascale Paradis-Mangon and Sandrine Testud 6–1, 6–1 in the final.

Yayuk Basuki
Yayuk Basuki (born 30 November 1970) is an Indonesian former professional tennis player who is now a politician. She is the highest-ever ranked tennis player from Indonesia, having reached No. 19 in singles in the WTA rankings in October 1997. She retired from playing singles in 2000, but remained an active doubles player on the circuit until 2013.

She sat in the Indonesian House of Representatives between 2014 and 2019. In January 2018, she was elected Chair of the Indonesian Olympian Association (IOA) for a four-year term. She unsuccessfully ran for re-election in 2019.
Simon Leys
Pierre Ryckmans (28 September 1935 – 11 August 2014), better known by his pen name Simon Leys, was a Belgian-Australian writer, essayist and literary critic, translator, art historian, sinologist, and university professor, who lived in Australia from 1970. His work particularly focused on the politics and traditional culture of China, calligraphy, French and English literature, the commercialization of universities, and nautical fiction. His trilogy Les Habits neufs du président Mao (1971), Ombres chinoises (1974) and Images brisées (1976) denounced the Cultural Revolution in China and the idolizing of Mao in the West.

Sinology
Sinology, also referred to as China studies, is a subfield of area studies or East Asian studies involved in social sciences and humanities research on China. It is an academic discipline that focuses on the study of the Chinese civilization primarily through Chinese language, history, culture, literature, philosophy, art, music, cinema, and science. Its origin "may be traced to the examination which Chinese scholars made of their own civilization."

The academic field of sinology often refers to Western scholarship. Until the 20th century, it was historically seen as equivalent to philology concerning the Chinese classics and other literature written in the Chinese language. Since then, the scope of sinology has expanded to include Chinese history and palaeography, among other subjects.
Signal Corps Band
The Signal Corps Band (officially the 434th Army Band) was a military band maintained by the United States Army and associated with the United States Army Signal Corps. It was activated in 1943 as the band of the 4th Engineer Amphibian Brigade and was posted to Fort Gordon, Georgia, for most of its existence. The band was inactivated in 2016.

The Signal Corps Band did not share a common lineage with an identically named unit active from 1930 to 1944.

United States Army Signal Corps
The United States Army Signal Corps (USASC) is a branch of the United States Army responsible for creating and managing communications and information systems for the command and control of combined arms forces. It manages new technologies and portfolios that are eventually transferred to other U.S. government entities; such responsibilities include military intelligence, weather forecasting, and aviation.