hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
John Monteath Robertson
John Monteath Robertson (24 July 1900 – 27 December 1989) was a Scottish chemist and crystallographer. He was the recipient of the Davy Medal in 1960 and president of the Chemical Society from 1962 to 1964.

Phase problem
In physics, the phase problem is the problem of loss of information concerning the phase that can occur when making a physical measurement. The name comes from the field of X-ray crystallography, where the phase problem has to be solved for the determination of a structure from diffraction data. The phase problem is also met in the fields of imaging and signal processing. Various approaches of phase retrieval have been developed over the years.
Doreen Shaffer
Monica Johnson, better known by her stage name Doreen Shaffer (sometimes spelled Schaffer or Schaeffer), is a Jamaican ska, rocksteady, and reggae singer. Known as the "Queen of Ska", she was a founding member in 1964 of the Skatalites. Following the death of Skatalites member Lester Sterling on 16 May 2023, Shaffer is now the last surviving founding member of the Skatalites.

Studio One (record label)
Studio One is one of Jamaica's most renowned record labels and recording studios; it has been described as the Motown of Jamaica. The record label was involved with most of the major music movements in Jamaica during the 1960s and 1970s, including ska, rocksteady, reggae, dub and dancehall.
Empress Dowager Bo
Empress Dowager Bo (薄太后), personal name lost to history, was an imperial concubine of Emperor Gaozu of Han (Liu Bang). She was also known as Consort Bo (薄姬) during the life of the Emperor, and more formally as either Empress Dowager Xiaowen (孝文太后) or (rarer) Empress Gao (高皇后). Despite being a concubine of lower standing, her son, Liu Heng, became Emperor Wen of Han, cementing her place in history. The year of her birth is not known. She died on 9 June 155 BC.

Empress Dowager Bo is formally the first grand empress dowager in Chinese history, as Empress Dowager Lü, the only other empress dowager till then who lived to see her grandson become emperor, never claimed the title.

Book of Han
The Book of Han (Chinese: 漢書), finished in 111 CE, is one of the Twenty-Four Histories and covers the Western, or Former Han dynasty from the first emperor in 206 BCE to the fall of Wang Mang in 23 CE. The work was composed by Ban Gu (32–92 CE), an Eastern Han court official, with the help of his sister Ban Zhao, continuing the work of their father, Ban Biao. They modelled their work on the Records of the Grand Historian (c. 91 BCE), a cross-dynastic general history, but theirs was the first in this annals-biography form to cover a single dynasty. It is the best source, sometimes the only one, for many topics such as literature in this period. The Book of Han is also called the Book of the Former Han (前漢書; Qián Hàn shū) to distinguish it from the Book of the Later Han (後漢書; Hòu Hàn shū) which covers the Eastern Han period (25–220 CE), and was composed in the fifth century by Fan Ye (398–445 CE).
Oh Chanukah
Oh Chanukah (also Chanukah, Oh Chanukah) is an English version of the Yiddish Oy Chanukah (Yiddish: חנוכּה אױ חנוכּה Khanike Oy Khanike). The English words, while not a translation, are roughly based on the Yiddish. "Oy Chanukah" is a traditional Yiddish Chanukah song. "Oh Chanukah" is a very popular modern English Chanukah song. This upbeat playful children's song has lines about dancing the Horah, playing with dreidels, eating latkes, lighting the candles, and singing happy songs. The song was written by Mordkhe (Mark) Rivesman, and first published in Susman Kiselgof's 1912 Lider-Zamlbukh [Song anthology].

Susman Kiselgof
Susman (Zinoviy Aronovich) Kiselgof (Зусман Аронович Кисельгоф, זוסמאַן קיסעלהאָף Zusman Kiselhof; 1878–1939) was a Russian-Jewish folksong collector and pedagogue associated with the Society for Jewish Folk Music in St. Petersburg. Like his contemporary Joel Engel, he conducted fieldwork in the Russian Empire to collect Jewish religious and secular music. Materials he collected were used in the compositions of such figures as Joseph Achron, Lev Pulver, and Alexander Krein.
Leonard Green (cricketer)
Leonard Green CB CBE MC TD DL (1 February 1890 – 2 March 1963) was an English cricketer active from 1922 to 1935 who played for Lancashire, and a Territorial Army officer who commanded the 125th (Lancashire Fusiliers) Brigade from 1934 to 1938. He was born and died in Whalley, Lancashire. Green was born in a house built by his Father, Roger Green, who represented the Whalley Cricket Club at the 1864 meeting which led to the foundation of Lancashire County Cricket Club. At the time of his death, he lived in the Manor House which he shared with his brother James.

Whalley, Lancashire
Whalley /ˈhwɔːli/ is a village and civil parish in the Ribble Valley on the banks of the River Calder in Lancashire, England. It is overlooked by Whalley Nab, a large wooded hill over the river from the village. The population of the civil parish was 2,645 at the census of 2001, and increased to 3,629 at the census of 2011.

The main road through Whalley is King Street, which leads through to Clitheroe Road. Neighbouring Whalley are the small villages of Wiswell, Billington, Barrow, and Read. Close by is Downham village and Pendle Hill which was made famous in William Harrison Ainsworth's book The Lancashire Witches.
Rio Grande's Last Race and Other Verses
Rio Grande's Last Race and Other Verses (1902) is the second collection of poems by Australian poet Banjo Paterson. It was released in hardback by Angus and Robertson in 1902, and features the poems "Rio Grande's Last Race", "Mulga Bill's Bicycle", "Saltbush Bill's Game Cock" and "Saltbush Bill's Second Fight".

The original collection includes 46 poems by the author that are reprinted from various sources. Later editions added further poems.

Hardcover
A hardcover, hard cover, or hardback (also known as hardbound, and sometimes as casebound) book is one bound with rigid protective covers (typically of binder's board or heavy paperboard covered with buckram or other cloth, heavy paper, or occasionally leather). It has a flexible, sewn spine which allows the book to lie flat on a surface when opened. Modern hardcovers may have the pages glued onto the spine in much the same way as paperbacks. Following the ISBN sequence numbers, books of this type may be identified by the abbreviation Hbk.
Landscape After the Battle
Landscape After the Battle (Polish: Krajobraz po bitwie) is a 1970 Polish drama film directed by Andrzej Wajda and starring Daniel Olbrychski; telling a story of a Nazi German concentration camp survivor soon after liberation, residing in a DP camp somewhere in Germany. It is based on the writings of Holocaust survivor and Polish author Tadeusz Borowski. In most part, the plot revolves around the events depicted in Borowski's short story called "Bitwa pod Grunwaldem" ("The Battle of Grunwald") from his collection This Way for the Gas, Ladies and Gentlemen. The film was entered into the 1970 Cannes Film Festival.

This Way for the Gas, Ladies and Gentlemen
This Way for the Gas, Ladies and Gentlemen, also known as Ladies and Gentlemen, to the Gas Chamber, is a collection of short stories by Tadeusz Borowski, which were inspired by the author's concentration camp experience. The original title in the Polish language was Pożegnanie z Marią (Farewell to Maria). Following two year imprisonment at Auschwitz, Borowski had been liberated from the Dachau concentration camp in the spring of 1945, and went on to write his collection in the following years in Stalinist Poland. The book, translated in 1959, was featured in the Penguin's series "Writers from the Other Europe" from the 1970s.
Levant Front
The Levant Front (Arabic: الجبهة الشامية, romanized: al-Jabhat aš-Šāmiyya, Jabhat al-Shamiyah, also translated as the Sham Front or the Levantine Front) was a Syrian revolutionary group based around Aleppo involved in the Syrian Civil War. It was formed in December 2014.

The northern branch of the Levant Front is part of the Turkish-backed Syrian National Army. The Netherlands' public prosecutor declared it to be a terrorist organisation in 2018, despite the Dutch government having earlier provided it with support.

At the Syrian Revolution Victory Conference, which was held on 29 January 2025, most factions of the armed opposition, including the Levant Front, announced their dissolution and were incorporated into the newly formed Ministry of Defense.

Ministry of Defense (Syria)
The Ministry of Defense (Arabic: وزارة الدفاع, romanized: Wizārat al-Difāʿ) is a cabinet ministry of Syria, responsible for defense affairs and national security. Murhaf Abu Qasra, Minister of Defense holds the position of Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Armed Forces.
Inauguration of Petr Pavel
The inauguration of Petr Pavel as President of the Czech Republic took place on 9 March 2023 at a ceremonial joint meeting of both chambers of the Parliament of the Czech Republic in the Vladislav Hall of Prague Castle. This is the seventh inauguration in the history of the independent Czech Republic.

Prague Castle
Prague Castle (Czech: Pražský hrad; [ˈpraʃskiː ˈɦrat]) is a castle complex in Prague, Czech Republic serving as the official residence and workplace of the president of the Czech Republic. Built in the 9th century, the castle has long served as the seat of power for kings of Bohemia, Holy Roman emperors, and presidents of Czechoslovakia. As such, the term "Prague Castle" or simply "Hrad" ("the Castle") are often used as metonymy for the president and his staff and advisors. The Bohemian Crown Jewels are kept within a hidden room inside it.

According to the Guinness Book of Records, Prague Castle is the largest ancient castle in the world, occupying an area of almost 70,000 square metres (750,000 square feet), at about 570 metres (1,870 feet) in length and an average of about 130 metres (430 feet) wide. The castle is the most visited tourist attraction in the Czech Republic. In 2024, the castle attracted 2.59 million visitors.
Deltatheridiidae
Deltatheridiidae is an extinct family of basal carnivorous metatherians that lived during the Cretaceous and Paleogene. They were closely related to marsupials. Their fossils are restricted to Central Asia (Mongolia and Uzbekistan) and North America (United States - Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, Wyoming). They mostly disappeared in the KT event, but a ghost lineage, currently represented by Gurbanodelta, survived until the late Paleocene by decreasing in size and becoming insectivorous.

The family consist in six genera:

Atokatheridium Kielan-Jaworowska & Cifelli, 2001

Deltatheridium Gregory & Simpson, 1926

Deltatheroides Gregory & Simpson, 1926

Gurbanodelta X. Ni et al. 2016

Lotheridium S. Bi et al. 2015

Oklatheridium Davis, Cifelli & Kielan-Jaworowska, 2008

Nanocuris Fox, Scott & Bryant, 2007

Sulestes Nessov, 1985

Tsagandelta G. W. Rougier et al. 2015

Metatheria
Metatheria is a mammalian clade that includes all mammals more closely related to marsupials than to placentals. First proposed by Thomas Henry Huxley in 1880, it is a more inclusive group than the marsupials; it contains all marsupials as well as many extinct non-marsupial relatives. It is one of two groups placed in the clade Theria alongside Eutheria, which contains the placentals. Remains of metatherians have been found on all of Earth's continents.
Aspergillus westlandensis
Aspergillus westlandensis is a species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus. It is from the Circumdati section. The species was first described in 2014. It has been reported to produce aspergamide A and B, penicillic acid, dehydropenicillic acid, xanthomegnin, viomellein, vioxanthin, and traces of ochratoxin A.

Ochratoxin A
Ochratoxin A—a toxin produced by different Aspergillus and Penicillium species—is one of the most-abundant food-contaminating mycotoxins. It is also a frequent contaminant of water-damaged houses and of heating ducts. Human exposure can occur through consumption of contaminated food products, particularly contaminated grain and pork products, as well as coffee, wine grapes, and dried grapes. The toxin has been found in the tissues and organs of animals, including human blood and breast milk. Ochratoxin A, like most toxic substances, has large species- and sex-specific toxicological differences.
Tan Eng Huat
Tan Eng Huat (Chinese: 陈永发; born 1974), also known as Kutu, is a Malaysian comics penciller and inker. After self-publishing comics in his homeland, Tan began a career in Western comics, starting with Doom Patrol volume 3 in 2001 by DC Comics.

Penciller
A penciller (or penciler) is an artist who works on the creation of comic books, graphic novels, and similar visual art forms, with a focus on the initial pencil illustrations.

In the American comic book industry, the penciller is the first step in rendering the story in visual form, and may require several steps of feedback with the writer. These artists are concerned with layout (positions and vantages on scenes) to showcase steps in the plot.
European route E961
European route E961 is a Class B European route in the Greek regional units of Arcadia and Laconia, running from Tripoli to Gytheio. Introduced as part of the original alignment of the E65 in 1983, it is part of the International E-road network, a network of main roads in Europe.

Regional units of Greece
The 74 regional units of Greece are the country's third-level administrative units (counting decentralized administrations as first-level). They are subdivisions of the country's 13 regions, and are further divided into municipalities.

They were introduced as part of the Kallikratis administrative reform on 1 January 2011 and are comparable in area and, on the mainland, coterminous with the "pre-Kallikratis" prefectures of Greece.
Neelu Kohli
Neelu Kohli (also Nilu Kohli) is an Indian film and television actress. She has done many roles in Indian television series, like Sangam, Naamkaran, Mere Angne Mein, Maddam Sir and Choti Sarrdaarni. She has also worked in Hindi films such as Housefull 2, Hindi Medium and Patiala House.

Maddam Sir
Maddam Sir is an Indian Hindi comedy action television series which aired from 24 February 2020 to 18 February 2023 on Sony SAB and digitally streamed on SonyLIV. Produced by Jay Mehta for Jay Productions, it stars Gulki Joshi, Yukti Kapoor, Priyanshu Singh, Sonali Naik and Bhavika Sharma.
Thiosilicate
In chemistry and materials science, thiosilicate refers to materials containing anions of the formula [SiS2+n]2n−. Derivatives where some sulfide is replaced by oxide are also called thiosilicates, examples being materials derived from the oxohexathiodisilicate [Si2OS6]6−. Silicon is tetrahedral in all thiosilicates and sulfur is bridging or terminal. Formally such materials are derived from silicon disulfide in analogy to the relationship between silicon dioxide and silicates. Thiosilicates are typically encountered as colorless solids. They are characteristically sensitive to hydrolysis. They are from the class of chalcogenidotetrelates.

Silicate
A silicate is any member of a family of polyatomic anions consisting of silicon and oxygen, usually with the general formula [SiO(4−2x)−4−x]n, where 0 ≤ x < 2.  The family includes orthosilicate SiO4−4 (x = 0), metasilicate SiO2−3 (x = 1), and pyrosilicate Si2O6−7 (x = 0.5, n = 2).  The name is also used for any salt of such anions, such as sodium metasilicate; or any ester containing the corresponding chemical group, such as tetramethyl orthosilicate. The name "silicate" is sometimes extended to any anions containing silicon, even if they do not fit the general formula or contain other atoms besides oxygen; such as hexafluorosilicate [SiF6]2−. Most commonly, silicates are encountered as silicate minerals.

For diverse manufacturing, technological, and artistic needs, silicates are versatile materials, both natural (such as granite, gravel, and garnet) and artificial (such as Portland cement, ceramics, glass, and waterglass).
Dutchy's Hole Park
Dutchy's Hole Park or Robinson Park is a park on the Rideau River in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It is part of the downtown Ottawa neighbourhood of Sandy Hill. The park has a wading pool, playground, and a football field, called Robinson Field. Pathways connect the park with Strathcona Park, the Rideau Campus of the University of Ottawa and via a former train bridge with Parc Riverain/River Road Park across the Rideau River in Vanier.

The park includes a football field, called Robinsonfield, the Dutchie's Hole Wading Pool, and the Sandy Hill and Strathcona Heights community gardens.
It is one of three locations the City of Ottawa uses to release mute swans and black swans that inhabit the Rideau River during the summer months.

Downtown Ottawa
Downtown Ottawa is the central area of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It is sometimes referred to as the Central Business District and contains Ottawa's financial district. It is bordered by the Ottawa River to the north, the Rideau Canal to the east, Gloucester Street to the south and Bronson Avenue to the west. This area and the residential neighbourhood to the south are also known locally as 'Centretown'. The total population of the area is 5,501 (2021 Census).
Eophila eti
Eophila eti is a worm found in Tasmania a member of the Lumbricidae family. It is commonly called the mystery worm. The holotype specimen was found in 2008 in northern Tasmania, Dalgarth Forest Reserve.

Based on its name and description as an enigma it might later be moved taxonomically after further genetics work is published.

Eophila eti, Blakemore, R.J. 2008. It was added as part of group Oligochaeta on June 15, 2011.

Oligochaeta
Oligochaeta is a subclass of soft-bodied animals in the phylum Annelida, which is made up of many types of aquatic and terrestrial worms, including all of the various earthworms.  Specifically, oligochaetes comprise the terrestrial megadrile earthworms (some of which are semiaquatic or fully aquatic), and freshwater or semiterrestrial microdrile forms, including the tubificids, pot worms and ice worms (Enchytraeidae), blackworms (Lumbriculidae) and several interstitial marine worms.

With around 10,000 known species, the Oligochaeta make up about half of the phylum Annelida. These worms usually have few setae (chaetae) or "bristles" on their outer body surfaces, and lack parapodia, unlike polychaeta.
1995–96 Honduran Segunda División
The 1995–96 Honduran Segunda División was the 29th season of the Honduran Segunda División.  Under the management of Miguel Escalante, Universidad won the tournament after finishing first in the final round (or Cuadrangular) and obtained promotion to the 1996–97 Honduran Liga Nacional.

1996–97 Honduran Liga Nacional
The 1996–97 Honduran Liga Nacional season was the 31st edition of the Honduran Liga Nacional.  The format of the tournament remained the same as the previous season.  Club Deportivo Olimpia won the title after defeating C.D. Platense in the finals.  Both teams qualified to the 1998 CONCACAF Champions' Cup.  This was the last long-season tournament before the introduction of the Apertura and Clausura format.
Giardino delle Orchidee Spontanee del Mediterraneo
The Giardino delle Orchidee Spontanee del Mediterraneo is a botanical garden operated by the World Wide Fund for Nature within its Palo Laziale nature reserve. It is located Via Palo Laziale 2, Palo Laziale, Ladispoli, Province of Rome, Lazio, Italy.

The collection focuses on native orchid species. It began in 1984 with a donation of 10 Sardinian species from the Orto Botanico dell'Università di Cagliari, and currently contains about 350 specimens representing some 60 species from the genera Ophrys and Orchis, including Orchis palustris, Ophrys apulica, Ophrys lunulata, and Ophrys ciliata, as well as Asphodeline lutea, Dactylorhiza romana, Inula candida, Iris pseudopumila, and Spiranthes aestivalis.

Spiranthes aestivalis
Spiranthes aestivalis, commonly called the summer lady's-tresses, is a species of orchid found in western Europe, Turkey, Russia, and North Africa. The specific epithet, aestivalis, is derived from Latin and means "pertaining to the summer".

It has become locally extinct in the British Isles.
Israeli government response to the October 7 attacks
The Israeli government's response to the October 7 attacks has multiple aspects, including a military response leading to the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip. In October, the Knesset approved a war cabinet in Israel, adding National Unity ministers and altering the government; Benjamin Netanyahu and Benny Gantz froze non-war legislation, establishing a war cabinet with military authority.

The IDF's subsequent large-scale bombing and invasion of Gaza led to a humanitarian crisis, mass detentions, and famine. Israel's response was criticized as resulting in war crimes, and it was charged with genocide by South Africa in the International Court of Justice. Settler expansions and officials' controversial remarks heightened unrest, leading to protests in Israel. The Knesset's law criminalizing "terrorist materials" consumption drew criticism. The Israeli government's response prompted international protests, arrests, and harassment.

Gaza war protests in Israel
As a result of the Gaza war, nationwide protests have occurred across Israel, including rallies, demonstrations, campaigns, and vigils. These demonstrations occurred as part of broader war-related protests occurring worldwide. Israelis domestically and abroad have primarily called for the return of hostages held by Hamas.

The biggest protest movement in Israel, named "Bring Them Home Now", has demonstrated weekly in Tel Aviv near the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) headquarters. Jewish Israeli anti-war activists have been targeted by far-right groups, while Arab citizens of Israel have experienced a crackdown on free speech, with individuals arrested for social media posts and likes. By 22 December 2023, 67% of Israelis supported a ceasefire in exchange for the return of hostages held by Hamas.
Capric acid
Capric acid, also known as decanoic acid or decylic acid, is a saturated fatty acid, medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA), and carboxylic acid. Its formula is CH3(CH2)8COOH. Salts and esters of decanoic acid are called caprates or decanoates.  The term capric acid is derived from the Latin "caper / capra" (goat) because the sweaty, unpleasant smell of the compound is reminiscent of goats.

Carboxylate
In organic chemistry, a carboxylate is the conjugate base of a carboxylic acid, RCOO− (or RCO−2). It is an  anion, an ion with negative charge.

Carboxylate salts are salts that have the general formula M(RCOO)n, where M is a metal and n is 1, 2,.... Carboxylate esters have the general formula RCOOR′ (also written as RCO2R′), where R and R′ are organic groups.
Training Dike Recreation Area
Training Dike Recreation Area, also called Training Dike Day-Use Area is a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers public recreation area located immediately downstream of Gavins Point Dam and Lewis and Clark Lake on the north bank of the Missouri River. The area is about 4.5 miles (7.2 km) west of Yankton. The area is located mostly in Cedar County, Nebraska, with a small portion located in Yankton County, South Dakota.

Recreation area
A recreational area, alternatively called a recreation area, is a type of protected area (possibly by municipal zoning in some jurisdictions), that is designated solely for recreational activities.

Such leisure areas could be parkland, forested areas, beaches, hiking or walking trails, and the like.