hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Thousand cankers disease
Thousand cankers disease (TCD) is a recently recognized disease of certain walnuts (Juglans spp.). The disease results from the combined activity of the walnut twig beetle (Pityophthorus juglandis) and a canker producing fungus, Geosmithia morbida. Until July 2010 the disease was only known to the western United States where over the past decade it has been involved in several large scale die-offs of walnut, particularly black walnut, Juglans nigra. However, in late July 2010 a well-established outbreak of the disease was found in the Knoxville, Tennessee, area. This new finding is the first locating it within the native range of its susceptible host, black walnut. In 2013, an outbreak was found in the Veneto region of Italy, where the disease has been found on both black walnut and English walnut.

Canker
A plant canker is a small area of dead tissue, which grows slowly, often over years. Some cankers are of only minor consequence, but others are ultimately lethal and therefore can have major economic implications for agriculture and horticulture. Their causes include a wide range of organisms such as fungi, bacteria, mycoplasmas and viruses. The majority of canker-causing organisms are bound to a unique host species or genus, but a few will attack other plants. Weather (via frost or windstorm damage) and animal damage can also cause stress to the plant resulting in cankers. Other causes of cankers is pruning when the bark is wet or using un-sterilized tools.

Although fungicides or bactericides can treat some cankers, often the only available treatment is to destroy the infected plant to contain the disease.
Saif Ahmad Al Ghurair
Saif Ahmad Al Ghurair (Arabic: سيف أحمد الغرير; 1924 – 27 August 2019) was an Emirati billionaire businessman, CEO of the Dubai-based Al-Ghurair Group, a large company in the UAE's real estate and manufacturing sectors. His family owns and leads the different business units of the group.

Billionaire
A billionaire is a person whose net worth is at least one billion units of a given currency, typically USD. It is a sub-category of the concept of the ultra high-net-worth individual. The American business magazine Forbes produces a global list of known U.S. dollar billionaires every year and updates an internet version of this list in real time. The American oil magnate John D. Rockefeller became the world's first confirmed billionaire in 1916.

Nineteen individuals had attained the status of centibillionaires, each with a net worth of at least $100 billion, as of January 2026. As of March 2025, there are 3028 billionaires worldwide, with a combined wealth of over $16.1 trillion, up nearly $2 trillion over 2024.
Rajeswari Kalyanam
Rajeswari Kalyanam (transl. Marriage of Rajeswari) is a 1993 Indian Telugu-language drama film directed by Kranthi Kumar. The film was produced by D. Kishore under the Sri Jayabheri Art Productions banner and presented by Murali Mohan. It stars Akkineni Nageswara Rao, Meena, Vanisri, Suresh and music composed by M. M. Keeravani. The film won seven Nandi Awards.The film core plot line is taken from Hollywood movie, On Golden Pond.

Vanisri
Vanisri (born Rathna Kumari) is an Indian actress known for her works predominantly in Telugu, Tamil, and Kannada films. In a film career spanning 40 years, she has received three Filmfare Awards South, the Nandi Awards and the Tamil Nadu State Film Award.
George III of Georgia
George III (Georgian: გიორგი III, romanized: giorgi III) (died 27 March 1184), of the Bagrationi dynasty, was the 8th King (mepe) of Georgia from 1156 to 1184. He became king when his father, Demetrius I, died in 1156, which was preceded by his brother's revolt against their father in 1154. His reign was part of what would be called the Georgian Golden Age – a historical period in the High Middle Ages, during which the Kingdom of Georgia reached the peak of its military power and development.

Mepe
Mepe (Old Georgian: ႫႴ; Georgian: მეფე [ˈmepʰe]; meh-PEH) is a royal title used to designate the Georgian monarch, whether it is referring to a king or a queen regnant. The title was originally a male ruling title.
Sudhir (powerlifter)
Sudhir (born 27 October 1994) is an Indian Para powerlifter. He won the gold medal at the 2022 Commonwealth Games.

He is a six-time Indian national champion in para powerlifting and was also a bronze medalist at the 2018 Asian Para Games.

Paralympic powerlifting
Paralympic powerlifting, also known as para powerlifting and para-lifting, is an adaptation of the sport of powerlifting for athletes with disabilities. The only discipline in Paralympic powerlifting is the bench press. The sport is governed by the International Paralympic Committee (World Para Powerlifting) and is open to anyone with a minimum level of disability who can extend their arms within 20° of full extension during a lift. Powerlifting has been competed at the Summer Paralympics since 1984.
2004 St. Petersburg Open – Doubles
Julian Knowle and Nenad Zimonjić were the defending champions, but lost in the semifinals this year.

Arnaud Clément and Michaël Llodra won the title, defeating Dominik Hrbatý and Jaroslav Levinský 6–3, 6–2 in the final.

Michaël Llodra
Michaël Llodra (French pronunciation: [mikaɛl jɔdʁa]; born 18 May 1980) is a French former professional tennis player. He was ranked as the world No. 3 in men's doubles by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP), winning 26 career doubles titles, including three majors and an Olympic silver medal. Llodra also had success in singles, winning five career titles and with victories over Novak Djokovic, Juan Martín del Potro, Tomáš Berdych, Robin Söderling, Jo-Wilfried Tsonga, Nikolay Davydenko, Janko Tipsarević and John Isner. Llodra has been called "the best volleyer on tour."
Ötüken
Ötüken or Otuken (Old Turkic: 𐰇𐱅𐰜𐰤:𐰖𐰃𐱁, romanized: Ötüken yïš, lit. 'Ötüken forest' or 𐰵𐱅𐰜𐰤:𐰘𐰼, romanized: Ötüken jer, lit. 'land of Ötüken'; Old Uighur: 𐰵𐱅𐰜𐰤:𐰘𐰃𐱁, romanized: Ötüken yïš; Chinese: 於都斤) was the capital of the First Turkic Khaganate, the Second Turkic Khaganate and the Uyghur Khaganate. It has an important place in Turkic mythology and Tengrism.

Ötüken is located within the borders of the Arkhangai Province and Övörkhangai Province of present-day Mongolia.

Övörkhangai Province
Övörkhangai (Mongolian: Өвөрхангай; lit. "South Khangai") is one of the 21 aimags (provinces) of Mongolia. Its capital is Arvaikheer.

The Shankh Monastery, one of the oldest and most important monasteries, is located in this province, as well as Erdene Zuu monastery and Tövkhön Monastery. Karakorum, the ancient capital of the Mongol Empire, was located adjacent to the Erdene Zuu monastery.
Pertine
The pertines, also known as phenylpiperazinylethylindoles, are a group of antipsychotics of the cyclized tryptamine and phenylpiperazine families that includes the following drugs:

Alpertine (WIN-31665)

Milipertine (WIN-18935)

Oxypertine (WIN-18501)

Solypertine (WIN-18413)

Oxypertine is known to show high affinity for the serotonin 5-HT2 and dopamine D2 receptors (Ki = 8.6 nM and 30 nM, respectively) and to also act as a catecholamine depleting agent. Oxypertine, milipertine, and solypertine  all antagonize the behavioral effects of tryptamine, a serotonin receptor agonist, and apomorphine, a dopamine receptor agonist, in animals.

Some of the pertines, like milipertine and solypertine, are notable in containing an NBOMe-like moiety.

The pertines were developed and initially described in the 1960s and 1970s.

Moiety (chemistry)
In organic chemistry, a moiety (/ˈmɔɪəti/ MOY-ə-tee) is a part of a molecule that is given a name because it is identified as a part of other molecules as well.

Typically, the term is used to describe the larger and characteristic parts of organic molecules, and it should not be used to describe or name smaller functional groups of atoms that chemically react in similar ways in most molecules that contain them. Occasionally, a moiety may contain smaller moieties and functional groups.

A moiety that acts as a branch extending from the backbone of a hydrocarbon molecule is called a substituent or side chain, which typically can be removed from the molecule and substituted with others.

The term is also used in pharmacology, where an active moiety is the part of a molecule responsible for the physiological or pharmacological action of a drug.
Uncinula macrospora
Uncinula macrospora is a plant pathogen that causes a powdery mildew disease of certain North American trees. Its hosts include various elms (Ulmus spp.), hackberries (Celtis spp.), and American hop hornbeam Ostrya virginiana.

Ostrya virginiana
Ostrya virginiana, the American hophornbeam, is a species of Ostrya native to eastern North America, from Nova Scotia west to southern Manitoba and eastern Wyoming, southeast to northern Florida and southwest to eastern Texas. Populations from Mexico and Central America are also regarded as the same species, although some authors prefer to separate them as a distinct species, Ostrya guatemalensis. Other names include eastern hophornbeam, hardhack (in New England), ironwood, and leverwood.
German trawler V 406 Hans Loh
The German trawler V 406 Hans Loh was a steam trawler that became a Vorpostenboot (patrol boat) in the Second World War. She was launched in Germany in 1936 as Hans Loh. In September 1939 she was converted into the Vorpostenboot V-402. That October she was renumbered V-206. A mine sank her in the Gironde estuary in August 1942, killing 18 members of her crew.

Bremerhaven
Bremerhaven (German pronunciation: [ˌbʁeːmɐˈhaːfn̩] ⓘ; Low German: Bremerhoben) is a city on the east bank of the Weser estuary in northern Germany. It forms an exclave of the city-state of Bremen. The River Geeste flows through the city before emptying into the Weser.

Bremerhaven was founded in 1827 as a seaport for Bremen, and it remains one of the busiest ports in the country. It was historically rivalled by Geestemünde [de] on the opposite side of the Geeste, which belonged to Hanover (and later Prussia). Geestemünde united with neighbouring Lehe [de] to form the city of Wesermünde [de] in 1924, and Bremerhaven was itself annexed to Wesermünde in 1939, but the entire conurbation was restored to Bremen in 1947.
Eotypotherium
Eotypotherium is an extinct genus of mammal, belonging to the suborder Typotheria. It lived during the Early Miocene. Its fossilized remains were discovered in the Chucal Formation, in the Chilean altiplano, near the Salar de Surire, in South America.

Salar de Surire Natural Monument
Salar de Surire Natural Monument is a Chilean Natural Monument located in the Andes, in the Arica y Parinacota Region. It consists mainly of a salt flat and a number of small salt lakes, sheltering several Andean species of wildlife and plants. Arintica volcano towers over the salt flat.

The protected area, along with Lauca National Park and Las Vicuñas National Reserve, were designated a World Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO in 1981, which is called Lauca.

Salar de Surire is one of the Ramsar Wetlands of International Importance under the Ramsar Convention signed in 1971.
Diny Nurpeisovoy
Diny Nurpeisovoy (Kazakh: Дина Нұрпейісова, Dina Nūrpeiısova, from Russian: (разъезд) Дины Нурпеисовой, lit. '(siding of) Dina Nurpeisova') is a settlement serving a passing loop in Kurmangazy District, Atyrau Region of western Kazakhstan. It is named after Dina Nurpeisova, a Kazakh composer and dombura player. Population: 500 (2009 census results). In 1999, the settlement did not have steady population.

The settlement has a passing loop on the railway connecting Astrakhan and Atyrau. It is located in the extreme western part of the Region, close to the border with Russia.

Dombra
The dombra, also known as the dombyra (Kazakh: домбыра; Persian: دمبوره), is a long-necked musical string instrument used by the Kazakhs, Hazaras, Uzbeks, Tajiks, Nogais, Bashkirs, and Tatars in their traditional folk music. The dombra shares certain characteristics with the komuz and dutar instruments, such as its long, thin neck and oblong body shape. It is a popular instrument mostly among Turkic communities in Central Asian countries.
Phospho soda
Phospho soda was an over the counter saline laxative produced by the C.B. Fleet Company in Lynchburg, Virginia. Phospho soda consisted mostly of monobasic sodium phosphate monohydrate and dibasic sodium phosphate heptahydrate. Phospho soda is often taken in a double dose (the usual 45ml dose, followed by a second 45ml dose 6 hours later), to prepare for colonoscopy. It is still used outside the US.

An amount of Phospho soda (normally 1.5 fluid ounce or 45 ml) is usually mixed with water or other clear liquids such as ginger ale.  This preparation usually results in a bowel movement anywhere from 30 minutes to 6 hours after it is taken. Phospho soda is also available in various flavors to make it more palatable.

Fluid ounce
A fluid ounce (abbreviated fl oz, fl. oz. or oz. fl., old forms ℥, fl ℥, f℥, ƒ ℥) is a unit of volume (also called capacity) typically used for measuring liquids. The British Imperial, the United States customary, and the United States food labeling fluid ounce are the three that are still in common use, although various definitions have been used throughout history.

An imperial fluid ounce is 1⁄20 of an imperial pint, 1⁄160 of an imperial gallon, or exactly 28.4130625 mL.

A US customary fluid ounce is 1⁄16 of a US liquid pint, 1⁄128 of a US gallon, or exactly 29.5735295625 mL, making it about 4.084% larger than the imperial fluid ounce.

A US food labeling fluid ounce is exactly 30 mL.
Francisco Fattoruso
Francisco Fattoruso (born August 10, 1979, in Las Vegas, Nevada) is a Uruguayan musician and bass player.

He is the son of Hugo Fattoruso and Brazilian María de Fátima Quinhões, both of them musicians.

He has played with several artists such as: Rubén Rada, Illya Kuryaki and the Valderramas,  Abuela Coca, Pepe Guerra, Silicon Fly, Warren Riker, Dante, Emmanuel Horvilleur, Deitrick Hadden, Liliana Herrero, Milton Nascimento, Elefante, NN Opera, La Trampa, Molotov, Oteil Burbridge, Derek Trucks, Blueground Undergrass, Gary Buho Gazaway, David Haynes, Yonrico Scott, Silk, Philipia, Malachi, Lazyeye, Reggie Hines, Ike Stubblefield, Charly García, Right On, Tim McDonald, Elizabeth Baptist Church, Tabernacle Baptist Church, The Soul Factory, Voices Of Faith, Claudio Taddei, Hugo Fattoruso, Anita no Duerme, Jorge Drexler, Daniel Drexler.

Illya Kuryaki and the Valderramas
Illya Kuryaki and the Valderramas (IKV) is an Argentine musical duo from Buenos Aires, formed in 1991 and consisting of Dante Spinetta and Emmanuel Horvilleur. The duo split in 2001 to follow solo careers, but later performed together several times, and officially reunited in 2011. The duo took their name from a fictional character, the Soviet spy Illya Kuryakin in the hit 1960s TV show The Man from U.N.C.L.E., and the Colombian football player Carlos Valderrama. Their musical style is extremely wide-ranging, including hip-hop, rock, funk, and salsa.
2003 invasion of Iraq order of battle
This is the order of battle for the invasion of Iraq during the Iraq War between coalition forces and the Iraqi Armed Forces; Fedayeen Saddam irregulars; and others between March 20 and May 1, 2003.

The United States Army has defined an "order of battle" as the "identification and command structure" of a unit or formation. Operation Iraqi Freedom force organization changed frequently.

In the listings below "BN" refers to a battalion, a military unit. In the United States and United Kingdom, a combat battalion is usually approximately 600-800 personnel strong.

14th Infantry Regiment (United States)
The 14th Infantry Regiment ("Golden Dragons" ) is a United States Army light infantry regiment. It has served in the American Civil War, Boxer Rebellion, World War II, Korean War, Vietnam War, Operation Restore Hope,  Operation Uphold Democracy, Operation Joint Guard, Operation Desert Storm, Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Gothic Serpent, Operation New Dawn, Operation Resolute Support, Operation Iraqi Freedom, Operation Inherent Resolve, and Operation Freedom Sentinel. The 14th Infantry Regiment did not take part in combat during World War I. It has also conducted peacekeeping and humanitarian missions in the Sinai Peninsula, Guantánamo Bay in Cuba, Bosnia, and Kosovo.

Only the 2nd Battalion of the 14th Infantry Regiment is currently active, assigned to 2nd Brigade, 10th Mountain Division at Fort Drum, New York.
Dariuss
Dariuss is a 2023 British experimental film by Guerrilla Metropolitana. It is the director's debut feature film. The film employs techniques from splatter film, silent film, found footage, the French New Wave, and surrealist film.

Dread Central
Dread Central is an American website founded in 2006 that is dedicated to horror fiction news, interviews, and reviews. It covers horror films, comics, novels, and toys. Dread Central has won the Rondo Hatton Classic Horror Award for Best Website four times and was selected as AMC's Site of the Week in 2008.
Canada (Director of Investigation and Research) v Southam Inc
Canada (Director of Investigation and Research) v Southam Inc, [1997] 1 S.C.R. 748 is a leading decision of the Supreme Court of Canada on judicial review. In this case the Court first set out the standard of review of "reasonableness simpliciter", which directs the court to only review decisions that are "not supported by any reasons that can stand up to a somewhat probing examination".

Standard of review
In law, the standard of review is the amount of deference given by one court (or some other appellate tribunal) in reviewing a decision of a lower court or tribunal. A low standard of review means that the decision under review will be varied or overturned if the reviewing court considers there is any error at all in the lower court's decision. A high standard of review means that deference is accorded to the decision under review, so that it will not be disturbed just because the reviewing court might have decided the matter differently; it will be varied only if the higher court considers the decision to have obvious error. The standard of review may be set by statute or precedent (stare decisis). In the United States, "standard of review" also has a separate meaning concerning the level of deference the judiciary gives to Congress when ruling on the constitutionality of legislation.
Wan Ahmad Farid Wan Salleh
Wan Ahmad Farid bin Wan Salleh (Jawi: وان أحمد فريد بن وان صالح; born 13 November 1962) is a Malaysian judge and politician who is serving as the 11th Chief Justice of Malaysia since 28 July 2025. He previously served as the Deputy Minister of Home Affairs I from March 2008 to January 2009 in Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi last cabinet and served as a senator from December 2005 to January 2009.

Terengganu State Legislative Assembly
The Terengganu State Legislative Assembly (Malay: Dewan Undangan Negeri Terengganu) is the unicameral state legislature of the Malaysian state of Terengganu. It consists of 32 members representing single-member constituencies throughout the state. Elections are held no more than five years apart, and are customarily held alongside elections to the federal parliament during a general election.

The State Assembly convenes at the Wisma Darul Iman in the state capital, Kuala Terengganu.

All 32 seats are held by the Perikatan Nasional (PN) ruling coalition after the 2023 state election, effectively making it a one-party state. Within the coalition, the Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) holds 27 seats while the Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU) holds 5 seats. The PN coalition  commands a supermajority in the assembly.
1825 Blida earthquake
The city of Blida in Algeria was struck by a major earthquake on 2 March 1825. It had an estimated magnitude of 7.0 Mw and a maximum felt intensity of X (Extreme) on the Modified Mercalli scale. It caused almost the complete destruction of Blida and led to the deaths of at least 6,000 of the inhabitants.

Seismic magnitude scales
Seismic magnitude scales are used to describe the overall strength or "size" of an earthquake. These are distinguished from seismic intensity scales that categorize the intensity or severity of ground shaking (quaking) caused by an earthquake at a given location. Magnitudes are usually determined from measurements of an earthquake's seismic waves as recorded on a seismogram. Magnitude scales vary based on what aspect of the seismic waves are measured and how they are measured. Different magnitude scales are necessary because of differences in earthquakes, the information available, and the purposes for which the magnitudes are used.
56 Ursae Majoris
56 Ursae Majoris (56 UMa) is a binary star in the constellation Ursa Major. At an apparent magnitude of 5.03, it is a faint star but visible to the naked eye depending on factors such as light pollution and eyesight. Parallax measurements derive a distance of 555 light-years.

It is a single-lined spectroscopic binary with an orbital period of about 45 years. The primary is an evolved giant star with a spectral class G7IIIBa0.3, a Barium star. The companion star is likely a heavy neutron star born by a supernova that exploded around 100,000 years ago.

Naked eye
Naked eye, also called bare eye or unaided eye, is the practice of engaging in visual perception unaided by a magnifying, light-collecting optical instrument, such as a telescope or microscope, or eye protection.

In astronomy, the naked eye may be used to observe celestial events and objects visible without equipment, such as conjunctions, passing comets, meteor showers, and the brightest asteroids, including 4 Vesta. Sky lore and various tests demonstrate an impressive variety of phenomena visible to the unaided eye.
Nowhere Girl
Nowhere Girl is an adult fiction webcomic by Justine Shaw, about a "college student who feels like an outsider in her own life, finding her place in the world and coming to terms with her sexuality". It is named after a song written by British futurist band B-Movie. Since its start in 2001, Nowhere Girl has won several awards. However, the comic has been retired in 2010.

Webcomic
Webcomics (also known as online comics or Internet comics) are comics published on the internet, such as on a website or a mobile app. While many webcomics are published exclusively online, others are also published in magazines, newspapers, or comic books.
Webcomics can be compared to self-published print comics in that anyone with an Internet connection can publish their own webcomic. Readership levels vary widely; many are read only by the creator's immediate friends and family, while some of the most widely read have audiences of well over one million readers. Webcomics range from traditional comic strips and graphic novels to avant garde comics, and cover many genres, styles, and subjects. They sometimes take on the role of a comic blog. The term web cartoonist is sometimes used to refer to someone who creates webcomics. Two examples of webcomic website builders are Comic Fury and Webtoon.
University of the Sacred Heart (Japan)
The University of the Sacred Heart (聖心女子大学, Seishin Joshi Daigaku) is a Japanese private women's university located in Hiroo, Shibuya, Tokyo.

It was established in 1916 as a special school (senmon gakkō) by the Society of the Sacred Heart, a French Roman Catholic religious order for women. It became a university in 1948 and is one of the oldest women's universities in Japan.

Society of the Sacred Heart
The Society of the Sacred Heart of Jesus (French: Religieuses du Sacré-Cœur de Jésus; Latin: Religiosae Sanctissimi Cordis Jesu), abbreviated RSCJ, is a Catholic centralized religious institute of consecrated life of pontifical right for women established in France by Madeleine Sophie Barat in 1800.