hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
CD28 family receptor
CD28 family receptors are a group of regulatory cell surface receptors expressed on immune cells. The CD28 family in turn is a subgroup of the immunoglobulin superfamily.

Two family members, CD28 and ICOS, act as positive regulators of T cell function while another three, BTLA, CTLA-4 and PD-1 act as inhibitors. Ligands for the CD28 receptor family include B7 family proteins.

CD28 receptors play a role in the development and proliferation of T cells. The CD28 receptors enhance signals from the T cell receptors (TCR) in order to stimulate an immune response and an anti-inflammatory response on regulatory T cells. Through the promotion of T cell function, CD28 receptors allow effector T cells to combat regulatory T cell-mediated suppression from adaptive immunity. CD28 receptors also elicit the prevention of spontaneous autoimmunity.

Cell surface receptor
Cell surface receptors (membrane receptors, transmembrane receptors) are receptors that are embedded in the plasma membrane of cells. They act in cell signaling by receiving (binding to) extracellular molecules. They are specialized integral membrane proteins that allow communication between the cell and the extracellular space. The extracellular molecules may be hormones, neurotransmitters, cytokines, growth factors, cell adhesion molecules, or nutrients; they react with the receptor to induce changes in the metabolism and activity of a cell. In the process of signal transduction, ligand binding affects a cascading chemical change through the cell membrane.
Al-Muslimiyah
Al-Muslimiyah (Arabic: المسلمية, also spelled Muslimiyeh, Moslemiye, Msalamiyyah or al-Musalmiya), commonly known as Mouslimié, is a village in northern Syria, administratively part of the Mount Simeon District of the Aleppo Governorate, located 16 kilometers (9.9 mi) north of Aleppo. Nearby localities include Tell Qarah and Fafin to the north, Ratyan to the northwest, Huraytan to the southwest, the Bustan al-Basha and Sheikh Maqsoud neighborhoods of Aleppo to the south and Kafr Saghir to the southeast. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), al-Muslimiyah had a population of 5,916 in the 2004 census.

Tell Qarah
Tell Qarah (Arabic: تلقراح, romanized: Tall Qarāḥ), also spelled Tal Qarah or Tel Qarah, is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria. Administratively part of Nahiya Mare' in A'zaz District, it had a population of 2,477 as per the 2004 census. Nearby localities include Ihras to the northwest, Herbel to the north, Maarat Umm Hawsh to the northeast, and Tell Jabin to the southwest.

On 30 August 2016, the SDF captured the village from ISIL.
Bagalkot railway station
Bagalkot Junction railway station (station code: BGK) is a railway station in the Hubli railway division of South Western Railway in Bagalkote district, Karnataka, India. The station lies on the Gadag–Hotgi railway line, which serves Bagalkote and nearby towns with 3 platforms and was converted from meter gauge to broad gauge in December 2008.  A new line is being constructed between Bagalkote and Kudachi. Railway stations have amenities such as a computerized reservation office, waiting room, retiring room book stall. It is a B category railway station.

Bagalkote
Bagalkote  became a separate district in when it was separated from the  undivided district of Bijapur (Vijaypura)

Bagalkote, is a city in the state of Karnataka, India, which is also the headquarters of Bagalkot district. It is situated on branch of River Ghataprabha, The population of the urban agglomeration was 111,933 according to the provisional results of 2011 national census of India, the city is spread over an area of 49.06 square kilometres (18.94 sq mi) with an average elevation of 532 m (1,745 ft) above MSL.
1902 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles
Laurence Doherty defeated Major Ritchie 8–6, 6–3, 7–5 in the All Comers' Final, and then defeated the reigning champion Arthur Gore  6–4, 6–3, 3–6, 6–0 in the challenge round to win the gentlemen's singles tennis title at the 1902 Wimbledon Championships.

Major Ritchie
Major Josiah George Ritchie (18 October 1870 – 28 February 1955) was a tennis player from Great Britain. Major was his first name, not a military title. He was born in Westminster, educated at Brighton College and died in Ashford, Middlesex.
Seikkyi Kanaungto Township
Seikkyi Kanaungto Township (Burmese: ဆိပ်ကြီးခနောင်တို မြို့နယ် [sʰeɪʔtɕí kʰənàʊɰ̃tò mjo̰nɛ̀]) is located on the southwestern bank of Yangon river across from downtown Yangon, Myanmar. It is the only township fully under the Yangon City Development Committee administration to be south of the Yangon River. The township comprises 9 wards, and is bounded by the Yangon river in the north, the Twante Canal in the east, and Twante Township in the south and west. The township entirely urban, but is mostly relies on agriculture and manual labour, remaining undeveloped lacking easy bridge access across the Yangon river to downtown.

Seikkyi Kanaungto has 16 primary schools, and one high school.

Yangon River
The Yangon River (also known as the Rangoon River or Hlaing River) is formed by the confluence of the Pegu and Myitmaka Rivers in Myanmar. It is a marine estuary that runs from Yangon (also known as Rangoon) to the Gulf of Martaban of the Andaman Sea. The channel is navigable by ocean-going vessels, thus plays a critical role in the economy of Myanmar.

The Twante Canal connects the Yangon River with the Irrawaddy Delta, once known as 'the rice bowl of Asia'. It consists of 1,000 square miles (3,000 km2) of lush teak plantations and mangrove swamps, many of which have now been cleared for rice production.
Eren Albayrak
Eren Albayrak (born 23 April 1991) is a Turkish professional footballer who plays as a left back for TFF First League club Bodrumspor. He has represented Turkey at all youth levels and currently has 92 youth caps.

Bodrum F.K.
Bodrum Futbol Kulübü, known as Sipay Bodrumspor due to sponsorship reasons, is a Turkish professional football club based in the resort town of Bodrum, Muğla Province. Established in 1931, the club spent much of its early existence in amateur leagues before gradually rising through the Turkish football pyramid.

As of the 2024–25 season, Bodrum FK made its debut in Turkey’s top division, the Süper Lig, after winning the promotion play-off final in 2024 to become the first club ever from Muğla Province to reach that level.

The club plays its home matches at the Grey Beton Bodrum İlçe Stadyumu, a modest venue that met licensing requirements following upgrades ahead of its top-flight entry.
Hải Thượng Lãn Ông
Lê Hữu Trác (Chữ Hán: 黎有晫, 1724 in Hưng Yên – 1791 in Hà Tĩnh) or alias Hải Thượng Lãn Ông (海上懶翁), was an 18th-century Vietnamese physician who was the best known and most celebrated doctor in Vietnamese history. Hữu Trác was conscripted into the army in 1740 at the age of sixteen. In 1746 he withdrew from the army after his eldest brother died and lived in Hương Sơn District with his elderly mother. His own son died in a smallpox epidemic in 1758 when he was five years old. He then spent the next fifteen years learning medicine, with a particular focus on curing smallpox. He traveled to Đông Kinh in 1782, by order of lord Trịnh Sâm, to treat the Crown Prince.

Trịnh Sâm
Trịnh Sâm (Vietnamese: 鄭森, 9 February 1739 – 13 September 1782) ruled northern Vietnam from 1767 to 1782 AD. He ruled with the title "Tĩnh Đô Vương" (Vietnamese: 靖都王, lit. 'Viceroy Tinh Do') and was one of the last of the powerful Trịnh lords. Trịnh Sâm defeated the ancient enemy of the northern state, the Nguyễn lords in the south. The Trịnh line was separate from the royal Lê dynasty, and the officially recognized emperor was Lê Hiển Tông (1740–1786), who continued to occupy the royal throne in Thăng Long (modern-day Hanoi), but without real power.
Poritia sumatrae
Poritia sumatrae is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It was described by Cajetan Felder and Rudolf Felder in 1865. It is found in the Indomalayan realm.

In English, the species goes by the common names  Dark Grass Blue or Spotted Grass-blue.

Indomalayan realm
The Indomalayan realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms. It extends across most of South and Southeast Asia and into the southern parts of East Asia.

Also called the Oriental realm by biogeographers, Indomalaya spreads all over the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia to lowland southern China, and through Indonesia as far as Sumatra, Java, Bali, and Borneo, east of which lies the Wallace line, the realm boundary named after Alfred Russel Wallace which separates Indomalaya from Australasia. Indomalaya also includes the Philippines, lowland Taiwan, and Japan's Ryukyu Islands.

Most of Indomalaya was originally covered by forest, and includes tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests, with tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests predominant in much of India and parts of Southeast Asia. The tropical forests of Indomalaya are highly variable and diverse, with economically important trees, especially in the families Dipterocarpaceae, Ficus, and Fabaceae.
An Act to amend Public Law 93-435 with respect to the Northern Mariana Islands
The bill H.R. 573 (H.R. 573) (long title: To amend Public Law 93-435 with respect to the Northern Mariana Islands, providing parity with Guam, the Virgin Islands, and American Samoa) is a bill that was introduced into the United States House of Representatives in the 113th United States Congress.  The bill would extend the geographic boundaries of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands and would allow the United States Military to establish naval defensive sea areas and airspace reservations when necessary for national defense.

113th United States Congress
The 113th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, from January 3, 2013, to January 3, 2015, during the fifth and sixth years of Barack Obama's presidency. It was composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives based on the results of the 2012 Senate elections and the 2012 House elections. The seats in the House were apportioned based on the 2010 United States census. It first met in Washington, D.C., on January 3, 2013, and it ended on January 3, 2015. Senators elected to regular terms in 2008 were in the last two years of those terms during this Congress.

The Senate had a Democratic majority, while the House had a Republican majority; such a split would not be repeated until the 118th Congress. This was the last time Democrats held control of the Senate until the 117th Congress in 2021.
Bechuanaland (House of Assembly of South Africa constituency)
Bechuanaland (Afrikaans: Betsjoeanaland) was a constituency in the Cape Province of South Africa, which existed from 1910 to 1938. It covered a rural area along the border with Botswana, centred on the town of Vryburg, and shared both its name and much of its territory with the former Crown colony of British Bechuanaland. Throughout its existence it elected one member to the House of Assembly and one to the Cape Provincial Council.

British Bechuanaland
British Bechuanaland was a short-lived Crown colony of the United Kingdom that existed in southern Africa from its formation on 30 September 1885 until its annexation to the neighbouring Cape Colony on 16 November 1895. British Bechuanaland had an area of 51,424 square miles (133,190 km2) and a population of 84,210. Today the region forms part of South Africa.
Leucettusa lancifera
Leucettusa lancifera is a species of calcareous sponge in the family Leucaltidae   first described by Arthur Dendy in 1924, and found in New Zealand waters, (with the type specimen found off the Three Kings).

Calcareous sponge
The calcareous sponges or calcereans are sponges that make up the class Calcarea, characterized by spicules made of calcium carbonate in the form of high-magnesium calcite or aragonite. While the spicules in most species are triradiate (with three points in a single plane), some species may possess two- or four-pointed spicules. Unlike the far more common siliceous sponges, calcareans lack microscleres, tiny spicules which reinforce the flesh. In addition, their spicules develop from the outside-in, mineralizing within a hollow organic sheath.
The House on Parchment Street
The House on Parchment Street is a fantasy ghost story novel for juvenile readers by Patricia A. McKillip, first published in hardcover by Atheneum in 1973 and reprinted in trade paperback by the same publisher in March 1978 and April 1991. It bears the distinction, along with The Throme of the Erril of Sherill (also 1973), of being one of McKillip's first published books.

Atheneum Books
Atheneum Books is a New York City publishing house established in 1959 by Alfred A. Knopf Jr., Simon Michael Bessie and Hiram Haydn. Simon & Schuster has owned Atheneum properties since 1994, and it created Atheneum Books for Young Readers as an imprint for children's literature in the 2000s.
Menstrual leave
Menstrual leave is a type of leave where a woman may have the option to take paid or unpaid leave from her employment if she is menstruating and is unable to go to work because of this. Throughout its history, menstrual leave has been associated with controversy and discrimination against men, with very few countries enacting policies. In these countries, menstrual leave is still associated with low uptake. It is seen by some as a criticism of women's work efficiency or as sexism against men. Supporters of menstrual leave policies compare its function to that of maternity leave and view it as a promoter of gender equality.

Discrimination against men
Discrimination against men based on gender has been observed in various areas, for example in the health and education sectors due to stereotypes that men are dangerous to women and children. In the legal system, men on average receive higher rates of incarceration and longer sentences than women for similar crimes. Research on sexism against men has been limited, and the topic is little discussed due to cultural biases.
Ruskin Fernando
Merennage Maurice Ruskin Fernando (12 December 1916 – 1974) was a Ceylonese businessman and politician.

He founded Lanka Weaving Mills and the Velona Group of Companies, one of the largest apparel manufacturers in the island.

He was elected from the Moratuwa electorate from the United National Party to the House of Representatives defeating Meryl Fernando in the 1960 March general elections. He was defeated in the 1960 July general elections by Meryl Fernando and was re-elected in the 1965 general elections defeating Meryl Fernando. He was in tune defeated in the 1970 general elections by Meryl Fernando The Ruskin Island in the Bolgoda lake, which was once owned by Ruskin Fernando is now named after him along with the Ruskin Fernando Mawatha (Road) in Moratuwa.

Moratuwa Electoral District
Moratuwa electoral district was an electoral district of Sri Lanka between August 1947 and February 1989. The district was named after the city of Moratuwa in Colombo District, Western Province. The 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka introduced the proportional representation electoral system for electing members of Parliament. The existing 160 mainly single-member electoral districts were replaced with 22 multi-member electoral districts. Moratuwa electoral district was replaced by the Colombo multi-member electoral district at the 1989 general elections, the first under the PR system, though Moratuwa continues to be a polling division of the multi-member electoral district.
Matthew Darby-Griffith
Matthew Chitty Darby, later Darby-Griffith, (1772 Newtown, Hampshire –1823) was a British soldier and Major-General.

He was a son of Vice-Admiral George Darby and Mary daughter of Sir William St Quintin, 4th Baronet. He took the additional name of Griffith upon inheriting the estate of Padworth in the English county of Berkshire.

Darby's thirty years' service in the Grenadier Guards included much action during the Napoleonic Wars. He lost his leg at the Battle of Corunna in Spain in 1809, and was awarded the War Medal with one clasp for the part he played there.

He died on 7 August 1823 at Padworth House. He had married Lousia, daughter of Thomas Hankey Esq. of Fetcham Park, Surrey, and they became the parents of three sons and one daughter, including Christopher Darby-Griffith, MP and General Henry Darby-Griffith, CB.

Fetcham Park House
Fetcham Park House is a Queen Anne mansion designed by the English architect William Talman with internal murals by the renowned artist Louis Laguerre and grounds originally landscaped by George London. It is located in the parish of Fetcham near Leatherhead in Surrey.

Construction of the present mansion began in 1699, although a reference in the Domesday survey suggests that there was already then a house at Fetcham Park. The house is built of red brick in Flemish bond with dressings of Portland stone, sandstone and terracotta with a slate roof and brick chimneys. The floor plan is rectangular under a 2-span roof with extensions at both ends and an added bay to the east front. The house is constructed in two and a half storeys over cellars, with an original west front of 8 bays, with additions of 1 bay to the left and 2 bays to the right and features a mix of both mansard and gambrel roofing. It is a Grade II* listed building, the second highest ranking.
Sheridan High School
Sheridan High School is a common school name in the United States:

Sheridan High School (Arkansas) — Sheridan, Arkansas

Sheridan High School (Colorado) — Sheridan, Colorado

Sheridan High School (Indiana) — Sheridan, Indiana

Sheridan High School (Montana) — Sheridan, Montana

Sheridan High School (Thornville, Ohio) — Thornville, Ohio

Sheridan High School (Oregon) — Sheridan, Oregon

Sheridan High School (Wyoming) — Sheridan, Wyoming

Sheridan High School (Thornville, Ohio)
Sheridan High School is a public high school in Thornville, Ohio.  The school is located in Northern Perry County.  Sheridan High School's teams are known as the Generals, and the school colors are red and gray.

Three area schools (Glenford, Somerset, and Thornville) were combined in 1960 to form the Northern Local School District.  Sheridan High School became the only high school in the new district.  When the high school opened in 1960, there were 378 students enrolled in the school.
Chongsheng Temple (Fujian)
Chongsheng Temple (simplified Chinese: 崇圣寺; traditional Chinese: 崇聖寺; pinyin: Chóngshèng Sì) is a Buddhist temple located at the foot of Mount Xuefeng in Dahu Township, Minhou County, Fujian, China.

The oldest things in the temple are two 1000-year-old Tamarix chinensis trees, which were supposed planted by founding master Yicun and Wang Shenzhi.

Zen master
Zen master is a somewhat vague English term that arose in the first half of the 20th century, sometimes used to refer to an individual who teaches Zen Buddhist meditation and practices, usually implying longtime study and subsequent authorization to teach and transmit the tradition themselves.
Ksenja Povh
Ksenja Povh is a Slovenian footballer currently playing as a midfielder for Krka Novo Mesto in the 1.SŽNL. She has also played for Vamos Idaliou in the Cypriot First Division.

She was a member of the Slovenian national team in the 2011 World Cup qualifying campaign.

2011 FIFA Women's World Cup
The 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup was the sixth FIFA Women's World Cup competition, the world championship for women's national football teams. It was held from 26 June to 17 July 2011 in Germany, which won the right to host the event in October 2007. Japan won the final against the United States on a penalty shoot-out following a 2–2 draw after extra time and became the first Asian team to win a senior FIFA World Cup.

The matches were played in nine stadiums in nine host cities around the country, with the final played at the Commerzbank Arena in Frankfurt. Sixteen teams were selected for participation via a worldwide qualification tournament that began in 2009. In the first round of the tournament finals, the teams competed in round-robin groups of four teams for points, with the top two teams in each group proceeding. These eight teams advanced to the knockout stage, where two rounds of play decided which teams would participate in the final.
2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election
Elections for the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir were held over seven days in November and December 2008. The previous government led by the Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party (PDP) in coalition with the Indian National Congress (INC) collapsed when the PDP withdrew. Following the election, the Jammu & Kashmir National Conference (NC) agreed on a coalition with Congress and their leader, Omar Abdullah became the state's youngest-ever Chief Minister at 38.

Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party
The Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) is a state political party in Jammu and Kashmir, India. The PDP was headed and founded by Mufti Mohammed Sayeed. His daughter, Mehbooba Mufti, succeeded him as party leader and as chief minister of Jammu and Kashmir following his death in January 2016. The party was a member of the People's Alliance for Gupkar Declaration electoral alliance. The party was also a member of the Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance from its founding on 18 June 2023 till 2024

Currently Mehbooba Mufti remains as the president of the party, with Waheed Para serving as the legislative party leader in the J&K Assembly, Fayaz Ahmad Mir as whip  and Mirza Mehboob Beg as the Chief Spokesperson for the party.
Joshua Harmon (playwright)
Joshua Harmon (born 1983) is a New York City-based playwright, whose works include Bad Jews and Significant Other, both produced Off-Broadway by Roundabout Theatre Company.

Harmon is the recipient of two Drama Desk Awards for Outstanding Play and two Outer Critics Circle Awards for Outstanding Off-Broadway Play. His plays have been produced on Broadway, off-Broadway, on the West End, and internationally in a dozen countries.

Outer Critics Circle Awards
The Outer Critics Circle Awards are presented annually for Broadway and Off-Broadway theatrical achievements. They are presented by the Outer Critics Circle (OCC), the official organization of New York theater writers for out-of-town newspapers, digital and national publications, and other media beyond Broadway. The awards were first presented during the 1949–50 theater season.
PottersWheel
PottersWheel is a MATLAB toolbox for mathematical modeling of time-dependent dynamical systems that can be expressed as chemical reaction networks or ordinary differential equations (ODEs). It allows the automatic calibration of model parameters by fitting the model to experimental measurements. CPU-intensive functions are written or – in case of model dependent functions – dynamically generated in C. Modeling can be done interactively using graphical user interfaces or based on MATLAB scripts using the PottersWheel function library. The software is intended to support the work of a mathematical modeler as a real potter's wheel eases the modeling of pottery.

Ordinary differential equation
In mathematics, an ordinary differential equation (ODE) is a differential equation (DE) dependent on only a single independent variable. As with any other DE, its unknown(s) consists of one (or more) function(s) and involves the derivatives of those functions. The term "ordinary" is used in contrast with partial differential equations (PDEs) which may be with respect to more than one independent variable, and, less commonly, in contrast with stochastic differential equations (SDEs) where the progression is random.