hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Wuzhong, Ningxia
Wuzhong (simplified Chinese: 吴忠; traditional Chinese: 吳忠; pinyin: Wúzhōng; Xiao'erjing: وُجْو شِ) is a prefecture-level city in the Ningxia autonomous region of the People's Republic of China. It was known as Yinnan Prefecture (银南地区; 銀南地區; Yínnán Dìqū; Xiao'erjing: ءٍنًا دِٿِيُوِ) before it was upgraded to a prefecture-level city in 1998. Wuzhong is located in the Northwest of China, with the Yellow River flowing through the center of the city.In 2019, Wuzhong had a population of 1.4 million. By the end of 2024, the resident population of the city was 1,415,300, an increase of 12,600 over the end of the previous year, including 833,100 residents in urban areas.

Autonomous regions of China
The autonomous regions (Chinese: 自治区; pinyin: Zìzhìqū; lit. 'self-governing area') are one of the four types of province-level divisions in the People's Republic of China. Like provinces, an autonomous region has its own local government, but under the law of the People's Republic of China, an autonomous region has more legislative rights, such as the right to "formulate self-government regulations and other separate regulations." An autonomous region is the highest level of minority autonomous entity in China, which has a comparably higher population of a particular minority ethnic group.

There are five autonomous regions in China: Guangxi, Inner Mongolia (Nei Menggu), Ningxia, Tibet (Xizang), and Xinjiang.
Singapore at the 2008 Summer Paralympics
Singapore sent a delegation to compete at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing, represented by six athletes competing in four sports: swimming, sailing, equestrian and athletics. The country's flagbearer at the Games' opening ceremony was supposed to be Desiree Lim, a sailor. However, as the sailing events were held in Qingdao, it was Theresa Goh (swimming) who was the flagbearer on that day. The 2008 Summer Paralympics marked the first time Singapore had won a Paralympic medal of any kind.

Yip Pin Xiu won two medals for swimming; gold in the women's 50 meter backstroke S3 and silver in the women's 50 meter freestyle S3. Laurentia Tan won two bronze medals in equestrian. Due to the efforts by the medal winners, Yip was awarded the Meritorious Service Medal and Tan awarded the Public Service Medal.

Pingat Bakti Masyarakat
The Pingat Bakti Masyarakat (English: Public Service Medal) is a Singaporean national honour. It was instituted in 1973. The medal may be awarded to any person who has rendered commendable public service in Singapore or for their achievement in the field of arts and letters, sports, the sciences, business, the professions and the labour movement.

Recipients are entitled to use the post-nominal letters PBM.
Athletics at the 2017 Central American Games
Athletics competitions at the 2017 Central American Games were held at the Estadio Olímpico del IND Managua in Managua, Nicaragua, between December 9–12, 2017. The two marathon events were held on December 17, 2017.

Managua
Managua (Spanish pronunciation: [maˈnaɣwa]) is the capital and largest city of Nicaragua, and one of the largest cities in Central America. Located on the shores of Lake Managua, the city had an estimated population of 1,055,247 as of 2020, and a population of 1,401,687 in its metropolitan area. The city also serves as the seat of Managua Department.

Founded in 1819, Managua became the national capital in 1852. The city underwent a rapid expansion and urbanization between 1842 and 1930, leading it to become one of the most developed cities in Central America. Several earthquakes have affected the city's growth, especially the 1931 earthquake and the 1972 earthquake, but the city has been rebuilt several times. Today, the city is a major economic hub for both the country and Central America.
O3Spaces
O3Spaces is a document management system developed by O3Spaces B.V.. It is built by a team of software engineers based in the Netherlands using OpenOffice.org, StarOffice, and ODF-centric applications as enterprise office and collaboration services. The product is written in Java, and based on the Tomcat server with a PostgreSQL backend (other databases are also supported).   O3Spaces works by providing users a single web-based team environment, with built-in search capabilities and an optional Desktop Assistant. Its search functionality is said to work across PDF, ODF, and Microsoft Office document formats. Currently Firefox, Internet Explorer and Safari are supported.

Apache Tomcat
Apache Tomcat (called "Tomcat" for short) is a free and open-source implementation of the Jakarta EE Servlet, Pages, Expression Language, WebSocket, Annotations and Authentication technologies. It provides a "pure Java" HTTP web server environment in which Java code can also run. Thus it is a Java web application server, although not a full Jakarta EE application server.

Tomcat is developed and maintained by an open community of developers under the auspices of the Apache Software Foundation, released under the Apache License 2.0 license.
Edition Lilac
Edition Lilac is an American independent record label formed in 2004. It specializes in early music and historically informed performances. The label has issued performances by New Trinity Baroque, Furor Musicus, Minstrel, Canso, London Symphony Orchestra, Predrag Gosta, Evelyn Tubb, Michael Fields, Antoinette Lohmann, Darko Karajic, Edicole Grevi and Brad Hughley.  It has featured music by composers such as Handel, J. S. Bach, Charpentier, Carissimi, Buxtehude, as well as Andreas Makris.

Early music
Early music generally comprises Medieval music (500–1400) and Renaissance music (1400–1600), but can also include Baroque music (1600–1750) or Ancient music (before 500 AD). Originating in Europe, early music is a broad musical era for the beginning of Western classical music.
Liceu Velho
Liceu Velho is a building in the eastern part of the city centre of Mindelo, Cape Verde. It is situated on Praça Dr. Duarte Silva, between Avenida Fernando Ferreira Fortes and Rua Franz Fanon, east of the Palácio do Povo. Since 2008, it houses the art school M_EIA (Mindelo Escola Internacional de Arte), officially Instituto Universitário de Arte, Tecnologia e Cultura. It is also one of the locations of the School of Business and Governance (ENG) of the University of Cape Verde.

University of Cape Verde
The University of Cape Verde (Portuguese: Universidade de Cabo Verde, abbreviated "Uni-CV") is the only public university of Cape Verde. The main campus is in Palmarejo, Praia, but there are also institutes in Mindelo, Assomada and São Jorge dos Órgãos. It has over 5000 students. A new campus for Uni-CV is under construction in Palmarejo, financed by the Chinese government. It should be completed by July 2020. It will have capacity for 4,890 students and 476 professors, with a library, dorms, cafeterias and sports facilities. It will have 61 class rooms, five auditoriums with a capacity of 150 seats, eight computer rooms, eight reading rooms and 34 laboratories.
Hamad Town
Madinat Hamad or Hamad Town (Arabic: مدينة حمد, romanized: Madīnat Ḥamad) is a primarily commuter city within northern Bahrain. It was a municipality of Bahrain in the central part of the country. Split from the municipality of Ar Rifa' wa al Mintaqah al Janubiyah in 1991, its territory is now in the Northern Governorate. Its name refers to the current king of Bahrain, Hamad Bin Isa Al Khalifa. The city is culturally diverse, housing a proportionally mixed Shia-Sunni population of varying socio-economic backgrounds, with no single ethnic or religious group making up the majority of inhabitants.

Sakhir
Sakhir (Arabic: الصخير, romanized: Aṣ-Ṣaḫīr) is a desert area located in the Southern Governorate of Bahrain, near Zallaq. It contains the Al-Sakhir Palace, built in either 1870 or 1901 depending on different sources. It also is the current location of the Bahrain Grand Prix in Formula One, the Bahrain International Circuit

Camping in Sakhir during the winter months is a popular activity in the country.
Bill Knapp's
Bill Knapp's was an American family restaurant chain. It was founded by
Clinton B. Knapp (March 13, 1907 – October 15, 1974), in Battle Creek, Michigan, in 1948. The chain operated in Michigan, Ohio, Florida, Illinois and Indiana, with more than 60 locations at its peak.

Types of restaurant
Restaurants fall into several industry classifications, based upon menu style, preparation methods and pricing, as well as the means by which the food is served to the customer. This article mainly describes the situation in the US, while categorisation differs widely around the world.
Boddington gold mine
The Boddington gold mine is a gold and copper mine located 13 km (8.1 mi) northwest of Boddington, Western Australia. The mine is within the Saddleback Greenstone Belt, an Archaean structure in the southwestern Yilgarn craton.

Officially reopened on 3 February 2010, the mine is Australia's biggest producing gold mine by 2022. eclipsing the Super Pit. In the 2018 financial year, Boddington gold mine produced 709 thousand troy ounces (22.1 tonnes) of gold and 77 million pounds (35 thousand tonnes) of copper.: 43  Reserves at 31 December 2018 were reported as 12.4 million troy ounces (390 tonnes) of gold and 1,250 million pounds (570 thousand tonnes) of copper.: 43  At 2018 production rates, this equates to reserves for 17.5 years of gold production and 16.2 years of copper production. That is, until 27 June 2036 and 26 March 2035 respectively. The mine buys 15 years of power from the 222 MW Collgar Wind Farm.

Yilgarn Craton
The Yilgarn Craton is a large craton that constitutes a major part of the Western Australian land mass. It is bounded by a mixture of sedimentary basins and Proterozoic fold and thrust belts. Zircon grains in the Jack Hills, Narryer terrane have been dated at ~4.27 Ga, with one detrital zircon dated as old as 4.4 Ga.

The Murchison Province of the craton contains the over 2 billion year old Yarrabubba impact structure, previously regarded as the oldest dated meteorite impact crater, until the discovery of evidence such as shatter cones confirming the existence of the  3.47 billion year old North Pole Crater near Marble Bar in the Pilbara.
Symphony No. 7 (Haydn)
The Symphony No. 7 in C major, Hoboken I/7, is a symphony by Joseph Haydn, sometimes called Le midi, meaning "The Noon."

The symphony was composed in May or June 1761, paired together with the other two of the Day Trilogy, Nos. 6 and 8, and under the patronage of Prince Paul II Anton Esterházy.

Paul II Anton, Prince Esterházy
Prince Paul II Anton Esterházy de Galántha (Hungarian: galánthai Esterházy II. Anton Pál herceg; 22 April 1711 – 18 March 1762) was a Hungarian prince, soldier and patron of music from the Esterházy family.
2015 Katowice Open – Doubles
Yuliya Beygelzimer and Olga Savchuk were the defending champions, but Savchuk chose to compete in Charleston instead. Beygelzimer played alongside Eva Hrdinová, but they lost in the first round to Ysaline Bonaventure and Demi Schuurs.

Bonaventure and Schuurs went on to win the title, defeating Gioia Barbieri and Karin Knapp in the final, 7-5, 4-6, [10-6].

Eva Hrdinová
Eva Hrdinová (born 15 June 1984) is a Czech former tennis player.

In her career, Hrdinová won three singles titles and 19 doubles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit. On 14 April 2008, she reached her best singles ranking of world No. 168. On 18 August 2008, she peaked at No. 55 in the WTA doubles rankings.
Darren Stevens
Darren Ian Stevens (born 30 April 1976) is an English former professional cricketer who played for Leicestershire and Kent County Cricket Clubs between 1997 and 2022. An all-rounder, he played as right-handed batsman and bowled right-arm medium-pace deliveries. He scored over 16,000 first-class runs and after the age of 35 took more than 500 wickets and more than 30 five-wicket hauls. Stevens was named as one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year in the 2021 edition of the almanack.

Stevens retired at the end of the 2022 season at the age of 46. As well as Leicestershire, with whom he started his professional career, and Kent, where he played for 18 seasons, Stevens featured for the England Lions team, played in Zimbabwe for Mid West Rhinos and in New Zealand for Otago and won the Bangladesh Premier League with both Dhaka Gladiators and Comilla Victorians.

England Lions cricket team
The England Lions (formerly England A) cricket team is England and Wales' "second-tier" team, below the full England cricket team. It is largely intended as a way for promising young cricketers to gain experience in international cricket.
Karsten Stahl
Karsten Stahl (born 11 March 1969 in Munich) is a German mechanical engineer. He is a Professor in the TUM School of Engineering and Design at the Technical University of Munich (TUM) and is considered a specialist in machine elements, transmissions and drivetrain technologies.

Transmission (mechanical device)
A transmission (also called a gearbox) is a mechanical device invented by Louis Renault (who founded Renault) which uses a gear set—two or more gears working together—to change the speed, direction of rotation, or torque multiplication or reduction, in a machine.

A transmission can have a single, or fixed, gear ratio or it can have variable ratios; a variable-ratio transmission can have multiple discrete gear ratios or be continuously variable. Variable-ratio transmissions are used in many kinds of machinery, especially vehicles.
Siegbert
Siegbert is the given name of:

Siegbert Alber (1936–2021), German politician

Siegbert Droese (born 1969), German politician

Siegbert Einstein (1889–1968), German-Jewish politician, factory worker, civil servant, lawyer and Holocaust survivor

Siegbert Horn (1950–2016), East German slalom canoeist

Siegbert Hummel (1908−2001), German Tibetologist and cultural historian

Siegbert Salomon Prawer (1925–2012), professor of German language and literature

Siegbert Rippe (born 1936), Uruguayan lawyer and jurist

Siegbert Schmeisser (born 1957), East German cyclist

Siegbert Tarrasch (1862−1934), German chess player

Siggi B. Wilzig (1926−2003), American businessman and Holocaust survivor

Siegbert Wirth (1929–1999), American soccer player

Siegbert Wirth
Siegbert M. Wirth (October 26, 1929 – October 12, 1999) was a U.S. soccer player who was a member of the U.S. soccer team at the 1956 Summer Olympics.  He played his college soccer at Syracuse University in 1950 and then again from 1952 to 1955.  Following his graduation from Syracuse, he entered the U.S. military.  While he was a member of the Olympic soccer team, he did not enter a game during the tournament. In 1990, he took over as head coach of the Mynderse Academy Varsity Boys Soccer Team where he took a team that won 2 games the previous season to the league championship. He coached Mynderse for the next 6 years.
Mark Hirsch
Mark Hirsch is an American photographer and publisher based in Platteville Wisconsin. Mark is known for publishing the book, "That Tree", a journal and photo history of the life of an ancient bur oak tree in a farm field in southwest Wisconsin.  Every photograph in the book was taken with an iPhone 4s. Mark's work has been featured on multiple national and international news sources including NPR and CBS Sunday Morning.

Platteville, Wisconsin
Platteville is the largest city in Grant County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 11,836 at the 2020 census. It is located atop the greater Platte River valley in the southern Driftless Region of Wisconsin, an area known for its karst topography and rolling hills. It is home to the University of Wisconsin–Platteville. It is the principal city of the Platteville micropolitan statistical area, which has an estimated population of 51,938.
USS Sutton (DE-771)
USS Sutton (DE-771) was a Cannon-class destroyer escort in service with the United States Navy from 1943 to 1948. In 1956, she was transferred to South Korea, where she served as Kang Won (F-72) until 1977. The ship was then cannibalized for spare parts in the Philippines.

Structure of the United States Navy
The structure of the United States Navy consists of four main bodies: the Office of the Secretary of the Navy, the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, the operating forces (described below), and the Shore Establishment.
Presburger Award
The Presburger Award, started in 2010, is awarded each year by the European Association for Theoretical Computer Science (EATCS) to "a young scientist for outstanding contributions in theoretical computer science, documented by a published paper or a series of published papers." The award is named after Mojżesz Presburger, who accomplished his path-breaking work on decidability of the theory of addition (which today is called Presburger arithmetic) as a student in 1929.

Past recipients of the award are:

Mikołaj Bojańczyk (2010)

Patricia Bouyer-Decitre (2011)

Venkatesan Guruswami and Mihai Pătraşcu (2012)

Erik Demaine (2013)

David Woodruff (2014)

Xi Chen (2015)

Mark Braverman (2016)

Alexandra Silva (2017)

Aleksander Mądry (2018)

Karl Bringmann and Kasper Green Larsen (2019)

Dmitriy Zhuk (2020)

Shayan Oveis Gharan (2021)

Dor Minzer (2022)

Aaron Bernstein and Thatchaphol Saranurak (2023)

Justin Hsu and Pravesh Kothari (2024)

Tomasz Kociumaka and Sepehr Assadi (2025)

Decidability (logic)
In logic, a true/false decision problem is decidable if there exists an effective method for deriving the correct answer. Logical systems are decidable if membership in their set of logically valid formulas (or theorems) can be effectively determined. Zeroth-order logic (propositional logic) is decidable, whereas first-order and higher-order logic are not. A theory (set of sentences closed under logical consequence) in a fixed logical system is decidable if there is an effective method for determining whether arbitrary formulas are included in the theory. Many important problems are undecidable, that is, it has been proven that no effective method for determining membership (returning a correct answer after finite, though possibly very long, time in all cases) can exist for them.
Muscadine darter
The muscadine darter (Percina smithvanizi) is a small freshwater species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. It is found in streams above the Fall Line in the Tallapoosa River system in eastern Alabama and western Georgia. It prefers gravel runs and riffles of small to medium-sized rivers. The  specific name honors the American ichthyologist William F. Smith-Vaniz for his contributions to ichthyology and for the writing the first book on the Freshwater Fishes of Alabama.

Perch
Perch is a common name for freshwater fish from the genus Perca, which belongs to the family Percidae of the large order Perciformes. The name comes from Greek: πέρκη, romanized: perke, meaning the type species of this genus, the European perch (P. fluviatilis).

Many species of freshwater game fish more or less resemble perch, but belong to different genera. In fact, the exclusively saltwater-dwelling red drum (which belongs to a different order Acanthuriformes) is often referred to as a "red perch", though by definition perch are freshwater species. Though many fish are referred to as perch as a common name, to be considered a true perch, the fish must be of the family Percidae.

The earliest fossil remains of Perca are known from the Middle Miocene of Ukraine.
Hiram Norton
Hiram Norton (c. 1799 – 1875) was a merchant and political figure in Upper Canada.

He was born in Vermont around 1799 and settled in Prescott, Ontario. In 1833, he became a justice of the peace in the Johnstown District. He represented Grenville in the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada from 1831 to 1838 as a Reformer. During the 1830s, he operated a stage coach between Montreal and Toronto with Barnabas Dickinson, the father of Moss Kent Dickinson. At the time of the Upper Canada Rebellion, he left Upper Canada and settled in Lockport, Illinois. Norton became an important industrialist, operating a water-powered flour mill drawing power from the Illinois and Michigan Canal. He died in Lockport in 1875.

Illinois and Michigan Canal
The Illinois and Michigan Canal connected the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River. In Illinois, it ran 96 miles (154 km) from the Chicago River in Bridgeport, Chicago to the Illinois River at LaSalle-Peru. The canal crossed the Chicago Portage, and helped establish Chicago as the transportation hub of the United States, before the railroad era. It was opened in 1848.  Its function was partially replaced by the wider and deeper Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal in 1900, and it ceased transportation operations with the completion of the Illinois Waterway in 1933.

Illinois and Michigan Canal Locks and Towpath, a collection of eight engineering structures and segments of the canal between Lockport and LaSalle-Peru, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964.

Portions of the canal have been filled in.  Much of the former canal, near the Heritage Corridor transit line, has been preserved as part of the Illinois and Michigan Canal National Heritage Corridor.
Kreimists
The Kreimists, known formally as the Congregation of the Maronite Lebanese Missionaries (Arabic: جمعية المرسلين اللبنانيين الموارنة; abbreviated LM), is a religious institute of the Maronite Church founded at the monastery of Kreim – Ghosta (Mountain of Lebanon) in 1865 by Youhanna Habib, who would later become Archbishop of Nazareth.

Religious institute
In the Catholic Church, a religious institute is "a society in which members, according to proper law, pronounce public vows, either perpetual or temporary which are to be renewed, however, when the period of time has elapsed, and lead a life of brothers or sisters in common."

A religious institute is one of the two types of institutes of consecrated life; the other is the secular institute, where its members are "living in the world". Religious institutes come under the jurisdiction of the Dicastery for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life.
Appomattoc
The Appomattoc (also spelled Appamatuck, Apamatic, and numerous other variants) were a historic tribe of Virginia Indians speaking an Algonquian language, and residing along the lower Appomattox River, in the area of what is now Petersburg, Colonial Heights, Chesterfield and Dinwiddie Counties in present-day southeast Virginia.

The Appomattoc were affiliated with the estimated 30 tribes of the Powhatan Confederacy, who controlled the area then known as Tenakomakah, present-day Tidewater Virginia. According to William Strachey, the Appomattoc were one of four subtribes within the original inheritance of Chief Powhatan, before he incorporated the other tribes into his Confederacy, and were said to be closely connected with the Powhatan royal line.

William Strachey
William Strachey (4 April 1572 – buried 16 August 1621) was an English writer whose works are among the primary sources for the early history of the English colonisation of North America. He is best remembered today as the eye-witness reporter of the 1609 shipwreck on the uninhabited island of Bermuda of the colonial ship Sea Venture, which was caught in a hurricane while sailing to Virginia. The survivors eventually reached Virginia after building two small ships during the ten months they spent on the island. His account of the incident and of the Virginia colony is thought by most Shakespearean scholars to have been a source for Shakespeare's play The Tempest.