hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Arylakh, Mirninsky District, Sakha Republic
Arylakh (Russian: Арылах; Yakut: Арыылаах, Arıılaax) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Chuoninsky Rural Okrug of Mirninsky District in the Sakha Republic, Russia, located 31 kilometers (19 mi) from Mirny, the administrative center of the district. Its population as of the 2010 Census was 1,570; down from 1,666 recorded during the 2002 Census.

Yakut language
The Yakut language (/jəˈkuːt/ yə-KOOT), also known as the Sakha language (/səˈxɑː/ sə-KHAH) or Yakutian, is a Siberian Turkic language spoken by around 450,000 native speakers—primarily by ethnic Yakuts. It is one of the official languages of the Sakha Republic, a republic in the Russian Federation.

The Yakut language has a large number of loanwords of Mongolic origin, a layer of vocabulary of unclear origin, as well as numerous recent borrowings from Russian. Like other Turkic languages, Yakut is an agglutinative language and features vowel harmony.
Lemvig
Lemvig is a market town on the Limfjord River in North Jutland, Denmark. The town has a population of 6,741 (2025), and is the seat of Lemvig Municipality in the North Jutland Region.

Lemvig lies between the Limfjord and Lemvig Lake (Danish: Lemvig Sø), and is nestled between hills to the east and west. The local topography was shaped during the last ice age. It was settled during the Middle Ages and saw significant expansion during the 19th century as a result of trade.

Agger Tange
Agger Tange ("tange" is Danish for "isthmus" or "panhandle") is a peninsula located between the Limfjord and the North Sea. Agger Tange protrudes from the North Jutlandic Island, immediately south of the village Agger in Thy.

As the name implies, Agger Tange was originally an isthmus, but North Sea storms breached the tombolo in the 1800s, creating two peninsulas, north and south. The north peninsula retained the name Agger Tange, although it was no longer an isthmus. The south peninsula became known as Harboøre Tange. The two peninsulas are separated by the Thyborøn Channel, facilitating ship traffic through the Limfjord canal.
Jimmy Smith (footballer, born 1901)
James McQueen Anderson Smith (28 November 1901 – 9 April 1964) was a Scottish professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper for Rosyth Juniors, Rosyth Recreation, East Fife, Tottenham Hotspur, St Johnstone, Norwich City and Ayr United.

East Fife F.C.
East Fife Football Club is a semi-professional football club established in 1903 in Methil, Fife, Scotland. They are members of the Scottish Professional Football League and compete in Scottish League One, the third tier of the Scottish football league system.

The club were the first to win the Scottish League Cup three times and the first of only two sides from the second tier of the Scottish league system to win the Scottish Cup. This makes them the most successful club in Fife in terms of major honours won.

East Fife are one of four SPFL clubs based in Fife, but are the only one to bear the name of the area. The three others are Dunfermline Athletic, Kelty Hearts and the Kirkcaldy-based Raith Rovers (Cowdenbeath play in the Lowland Football League), all of whom have historically shared rivalries with East Fife.
Eta invariant
In mathematics, the eta invariant of a self-adjoint elliptic differential operator on a compact manifold is formally the number of positive eigenvalues minus the number of negative eigenvalues. In practice both numbers are often infinite so are defined using zeta function regularization. It was introduced by Atiyah,  Patodi, and  Singer (1973, 1975) who used it to extend the Hirzebruch signature theorem to manifolds with boundary. The name comes from the fact that it is a generalization of the Dirichlet eta function.

They also later used the eta invariant of a self-adjoint operator to define the eta invariant of a compact odd-dimensional smooth manifold.

Michael Francis Atiyah, H. Donnelly, and I. M. Singer (1983)
defined the signature defect of the boundary of a manifold as the eta invariant, and used this to show that Hirzebruch's signature defect of a cusp of a Hilbert modular surface can be expressed in terms of the value at s=0 or 1 of a Shimizu L-function.

Hirzebruch signature theorem
In differential topology, an area of mathematics, the Hirzebruch signature theorem (sometimes called the Hirzebruch index theorem)
is Friedrich Hirzebruch's 1954 result expressing the signature
of a smooth closed oriented manifold by a linear combination of Pontryagin numbers called the
L-genus.
It was used in the proof of the Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem.
National Federation of Construction Workers' Unions
The National Federation of Construction Workers' Unions (Japanese: 全国建設労働組合総連合, Zenkensoren) is a trade union representing workers in the building industry in Japan.

The union was founded in 1960, with the merger of the General Federation of National Construction Workers' Unions, the National Federation of Construction Industry Workers' Unions, and another union.   It affiliated to the Federation of Independent Unions (Churitsuroren), and had a membership of 219,558 by 1970, which grew to 351,816 in 1985.  In 1987, Churitsuroren merged into the Japanese Confederation of Labour, but Zenkensoren instead opted to become independent.  By 1997, its membership was over 750,000. In March 2020, membership had risen to 1,042,988.

Japanese Confederation of Labour
The Japanese Confederation of Labour (Dōmei; Japanese: 全日本労働総同盟) was a national trade union federation in Japan.

The federation was founded in 1964, with the merger of the All-Japan Trade Union Congress, the National Council of Government and Public Workers' Unions, and the Japanese Federation of Labour. By 1967, it had 23 affiliates, and was the largest trade union federation in the country, just ahead of General Council of Trade Unions of Japan. Like its rival, it sponsored candidates for the National Diet, closely linked to the Democratic Socialist Party.

In 1987, the federation merged with the Federation of Independent Unions, and the National Federation Of Industrial Organisations, to form the Japanese Trade Union Confederation.
Margarite
Margarite is a calcium rich member of the mica group of the phyllosilicates with formula: CaAl2(Al2Si2)O10(OH)2. It forms white to pinkish or yellowish gray masses or thin laminae. It crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system. It typically has a specific gravity of around 3 and a Mohs hardness of 4. It is translucent with perfect 010 cleavage and exhibits crystal twinning.

It occurs commonly as an alteration product of corundum, andalusite and other aluminous minerals. It has been reported as forming alteration pseudomorphs of chiastolite along with muscovite and paragonite. The margarite in this occurrence forms preferentially along the dark graphite rich inclusions with the chiastolite crystals.

Margarite is found in the emery deposits of Turkey and the Aegean islands, and with corundum
at several localities in the United States.

Crystal system
In crystallography, a crystal system is a set of point groups (a group of geometric symmetries with at least one fixed point). A lattice system is a set of Bravais lattices (an infinite array of discrete points). Space groups (symmetry groups of a configuration in space) are classified into crystal systems according to their point groups, and into lattice systems according to their Bravais lattices. Crystal systems that have space groups assigned to a common lattice system are combined into a crystal family.

The seven crystal systems are triclinic, monoclinic, orthorhombic, tetragonal, trigonal, hexagonal, and cubic. Informally, two crystals are in the same crystal system if they have similar symmetries (though there are many exceptions).
Robert Savage (cricketer)
Robert Rodney Savage (born 20 December 1960) is a former English cricketer.  Savage was a right-handed batsman.  He was born at Southampton, Hampshire.

Savage made his Minor Counties Championship debut for Wiltshire in 1986 against Dorset. From 1986 to 1995, he represented the county in 44 Minor Counties Championship matches, the last of which came against Wales Minor Counties. Savage also represented Wiltshire in the MCCA Knockout Trophy.  His debut in that competition came against Cornwall in 1988.  From 1988 to 1994, he represented the county in 11 Trophy matches, the last of which came against Devon.

Savage also represented Wiltshire in 2 List A matches.  His 2 List A matches came against Essex in the 1988 NatWest Trophy and Durham in the 1993 NatWest Trophy. In his 2 List A matches, he scored 58 runs at a batting average of 29.00, with a high score of 32.  In the field he took 2 catches.

1988 NatWest Trophy
The 1988 NatWest Trophy was the 8th NatWest Trophy.  It was an English limited overs county cricket tournament which was held between 22 June and 3 September 1988. The tournament was won by Middlesex who defeated Worcestershire by 3 wickets in the final at Lord's.
Mohammed Stuart
Mohammed "Dino" Stuart (1945/1946 – 26 February 2023) was a Namibian politician who served as a member of the National Assembly of Namibia with the opposition Democratic Turnhalle Alliance.

Stuart died on 26 February 2023, at the age of 77.

Popular Democratic Movement
The Popular Democratic Movement (PDM), formerly Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA), is an amalgamation of political parties in Namibia, registered as one singular party for representation purposes. In coalition with the United Democratic Front, it formed the official opposition in Parliament until the parliamentary elections in 2009. The party currently holds five seats in the Namibian National Assembly and one seat in the Namibian National Council. Further, the PDM has lost its status as the official opposition party, taking the fourth place. McHenry Venaani is the President of the PDM.

The PDM is an associate member of the International Democracy Union, a transnational grouping of national political parties generally identified with political conservatism, and a member of the Democracy Union of Africa, which was re-launched in Accra, Ghana in February 2019. The President of the party, McHenry Venaani, is the current chairperson of the Democrat Union of Africa.
Maxdata Software
Maxdata Software is a Portugal-based company that develops healthcare software. Maxdata is one of the developers of Clinidata software, which is used in Portuguese hospitals and laboratories, and responsibility terms management.

Maxdata Software began operating under the ISO/IEC 20000 international standard in 2011.

Medical software
Medical software is any software item or system used within a medical context. This can include:

Standalone software used for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.

Software used by health care providers to reduce paperwork and offer digital services to patients, e.g., a patient portal.

Software embedded in a medical device (often referred to as "medical device software").

Software that drives a medical device or determines how it is used.

Software that acts as an accessory to a medical device.

Software used in the design, production, and testing of a medical device (or)

Software that provides quality control management of a medical device.
Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII
Persecutions against the Catholic Church took place during the papacy of Pope Pius XII (1939–1958). Pius' reign coincided with World War II (1939–1945), followed by the commencement of the Cold War and the accelerating European decolonisation. During his papacy, the Catholic Church faced persecution under Fascist and Communist governments.

The Nazi persecution of the church was at its most extreme in Occupied Poland. The defeat of Fascism at the end of World War II ended one set of persecutions, but strengthened the position of Communism throughout the world, intensifying a further set of persecutions – notably in Eastern Europe, the USSR, and, later, the People's Republic of China. The Catholic Church was under attack in all Communist governed countries and lost most of its existence in Albania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Romania, Communist China and the Soviet Union (including Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania).

Religious institute
In the Catholic Church, a religious institute is "a society in which members, according to proper law, pronounce public vows, either perpetual or temporary which are to be renewed, however, when the period of time has elapsed, and lead a life of brothers or sisters in common."

A religious institute is one of the two types of institutes of consecrated life; the other is the secular institute, where its members are "living in the world". Religious institutes come under the jurisdiction of the Dicastery for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life.
Ulmus 'Myrtifolia'
The elm cultivar Ulmus 'Myrtifolia', the Myrtle-leaved Elm, first appeared in nursery and horticultural lists in the 1830s, as Ulmus myrtifolia and Ulmus campestris myrtifolia, the name Ulmus myrtifolia Volxem being used at Kew Gardens from 1880. Lawson's nursery of Edinburgh appears to have been the earliest to list the tree. 'Myrtifolia' was listed by Nicholson in Kew Hand-List Trees & Shrubs (1896), but without description. It was later listed as a cultivar and described by Rehder in 1939 and by Krüssmann in 1962.

The specimen under this name in the Herb. Nicholson at Kew was considered by Melville to be a probable U. minor × Ulmus minor 'Plotii' hybrid.

The cultivar 'Myrtifolia Purpurea', which has larger leaves, is not related to 'Myrtifolia'.

George Nicholson (horticulturist)
George Nicholson (7 December 1847 Sharow - 20 September 1908), was an English botanist and horticulturist, and one of the 60 recipients of the Victoria Medal of Honour by the Royal Horticultural Society in 1897 for their contributions to horticulture.

He is noted for having edited "The Illustrated Dictionary of Gardening", produced as an eight-part alphabetical series between 1884 and 1888 with a supplement, and published by L. Upcott Gill of London. It was also published in New York in 1889 by The American Agriculturist in 4 Volumes.
Taki Unquy
Taki Unquy (Quechua, Hispanicized and alternative spellings Taqui Ongoy, Taki Oncoy, Taqui Honcoy, Taqui Onccoy, Taki Onqoy) was a millenarian Indigenous movement of political, religious and cultural dimensions which arose in the Peruvian Andes during the 16th century (c. 1564 - c. 1572) in opposition to the recent Spanish arrival.

Millenarianism
Millenarianism or millenarism (from Latin  millenarius 'containing a thousand' and  -ism) is the belief held by a religious, social, or political group or movement in a coming fundamental transformation of society, after which "all things will be changed". Millenarianism exists in various cultures and religions worldwide, with various interpretations of what constitutes a transformation.

These movements believe in radical changes to society after a major cataclysm or transformative event.

Millenarianist movements can be secular (not espousing a particular religion) or religious in nature, and are therefore not necessarily linked to millennialist movements in Christianity.

Traditional Christian millenarianism has roots in "Jewish apocalyptic belief, Zoroastrianism, and Babylonian astrology",
mediated through the Biblical canon.
Kweneng' Ruins
Kweneng’ ruins are the remains of a pre-colonial Tswana capital occupied from the 14th to the 19th century AD in South Africa. The site is located 30km south of the modern-day city of Johannesburg. Settlement at the site likely began around the 1300s and saw its peak in the 14th century. The Kweneng' ruins are similar to those built by other early civilizations found in the southern Africa region during this period, including the Luba–Lunda kingdom, Kingdom of Mutapa, Bokoni, and many others, as these groups share ancestry. Kweneng' was the largest of several sizable settlements inhabited by Tswana speakers prior to European arrival. Several circular stone walled family compounds are spread out over an area 10km long and 2km wide. It is likely that Kweneng' was abandoned in the 1820s during the period of colonial expansion-related civil wars known as the Mfecane or Difaqane, leading to the dispersal of its inhabitants.

Lunda Empire
The Lunda Empire or Lunda Commonwealth was a confederation or commonwealth of states in what is now the Democratic Republic of Congo, north-eastern Angola, and north-western Zambia. Its central state was in Katanga.
Nick Cater
Nicholas Charles Cater  is a British-born Australian journalist and author who writes on culture and politics. He is known for his 2013 work of non-fiction, The Lucky Culture and the Rise of an Australian Ruling Class. He is a columnist for The Australian newspaper.

Columnist
A columnist is a person who writes for publication in a series, creating an article that usually offers commentary and opinions. Columns appear in newspapers, magazines and other publications, including blogs. They take the form of a short essay by a specific writer who offers a personal point of view. Columns are sometimes written by a composite or a team, appearing under a pseudonym, or (in effect) a brand name. Columnists typically write daily or weekly columns. Some columns are later collected and reprinted in book form.
Chris Isham (journalist)
Christopher Isham is an American journalist. Isham spent nineteen years with ABC News, beginning as an associate producer in 1978, and eventually serving as ABC's Chief of Investigative Projects. He was the Chief of CBS News' Washington Bureau from 2007 to 2020. In addition to his roles with ABC and CBS, he helped build the website The Blotter with investigative reporter Brian Ross.

Brian Ross (journalist)
Brian Elliot Ross (born October 23, 1948) is an American investigative journalist who served as the Chief Investigative Correspondent  for ABC News until 2018. He reported for ABC World News Tonight with David Muir, Nightline, Good Morning America, 20/20 and ABC News Radio. Ross joined ABC News in July 1994 and was fired in 2018. His investigative reports have often covered government corruption. From 1974 until 1994, Ross was a correspondent for NBC News.

Ross's tenure at ABC was beset by several controversies involving incorrect reporting.
Joe Chetti
Joseph Salvatore Chetti is an American former professional football player who was a running back for one season with the Buffalo Bills of the National Football League (NFL) in 1987. He played college football for the C. W. Post Pioneers. He was a replacement player for the Bills.

Replacement player
In professional sports, a replacement player is an athlete who is not a member of the league's players association and plays during a labor dispute such as a strike or lockout, serving as a strikebreaker.

Replacements related to strikes are mostly a North American phenomenon, since players in many other countries do not have league-wide collective salary bargaining (instead bargaining only with the club they are contracted to, and most commonly on an individual basis). A strike did however happen in the 2011–12 La Liga season in Spain, but no replacement teams were set up.

Elsewhere, replacement teams can occasionally happen through, among other things, illness breakouts (especially COVID-19) and aviation accidents.
Louis Georges Gouy
Louis Georges Gouy (February 19, 1854 – January 27, 1926) was a French physicist. He is the namesake of the Gouy balance, the Gouy–Chapman electric double layer model (which is a relatively successful albeit limited model that describes the electrical double-layer which finds applications in vast areas of studies from physical chemistry to biophysics) and the Gouy phase.

Gouy was born at Vals-les-Bains, Ardèche in 1854. He became a correspondent of the Académie des sciences in 1901, and a member in 1913.

Ardèche
Ardèche (French pronunciation: [aʁdɛʃ] ⓘ; Occitan: Ardecha, pronounced [aɾˈdet͡ʃɔ]; Arpitan: Ardecha) is a department in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Southeastern France. It is named after the river Ardèche and had a population of 328,278 as of 2019. Its prefecture is in Privas, but its largest city is Annonay.
Garnet K.-L. Chan
Garnet Kin-Lic Chan is a theoretical chemist and the Bren Professor of Chemistry at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). His research focuses on quantum mechanics, specifically the development of numerical methods to simulate quantum many-body systems in chemistry and physics, including density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) theory and tensor network algorithms.

Density matrix renormalization group
The density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) is a numerical variational technique devised to obtain the low-energy physics of quantum many-body systems with high accuracy. The DMRG algorithm attempts to find the lowest-energy matrix product state wavefunction of a Hamiltonian. It was invented in 1992 by Steven R. White and it is nowadays the most efficient method for 1-dimensional systems.
PARL
Presenilins-associated rhomboid-like protein, mitochondrial (PSARL), also known as PINK1/PGAM5-associated rhomboid-like protease (PARL), is an inner mitochondrial membrane protein that in humans is encoded by the PARL gene on chromosome 3. It is a member of the rhomboid family of intramembrane serine proteases. This protein is involved in signal transduction and apoptosis, as well as neurodegenerative diseases and type 2 diabetes.

Serine protease
Serine proteases (or serine endopeptidases) are enzymes that cleave peptide bonds in proteins.  Serine serves as the nucleophilic amino acid at the (enzyme's) active site. 
They are found ubiquitously in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Serine proteases fall into two broad categories based on their structure: chymotrypsin-like (trypsin-like) or subtilisin-like.
Parties in the European Council during 2004
On 1 May 2004, the European Council was substantially altered by the accession of 10 new member states.

See instead:

Parties in the European Council between January and April 2004

Parties in the European Council between May and December 2004

Parties in the European Council between January and April 2004
Prior to 1 May 2004 the European Union had fifteen members. On that date ten new member states were admitted. This article describes the party affiliations of the leaders of each member-state represented in the European Council from the beginning of 2004 until 1 May. The list below gives the political party that each head of government, or head of state, belonged to at the national level, as well as the European political alliance to which that national party belonged. The states are listed from most to least populous. More populous states have greater influence in the council, in accordance with the system of Qualified Majority Voting.

During the period in question only two changes of government occurred: in Greece and Spain, and taken together these left the overall balance of party affiliations in the Council unchanged.
Makin (surname)
Makin is a Spanish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Andrey Makin, birth name of Andreï Makine, French writer

Bathsua Makin, English proto-feminist

Callum Makin (born 2003), English boxer

Chris Makin, British footballer

Joel Makin (born 1994), Welsh squash player

John and Sarah Makin, Australian baby farmers

Kelly Makin, Canadian director

Norman Makin, Australian politician

Rex Makin (1925–2017), English solicitor and philanthropist

Titus Makin Jr. (born 1989), American actor, singer, and dancer

Rex Makin
Elkan Rex Makin (20 August 1925 – 26 June 2017) was a solicitor and philanthropist who practised in Liverpool, England, for over sixty years. He was most noted for his involvement with the Beatles' early career and subsequently high-profile cases such as the Hillsborough and Heysel Stadium disasters, the Walton sextuplets and the re-opening of the Cameo Murder case. A freeman of the City of Liverpool, he also supported the arts and held an honorary professorship at Liverpool John Moores University. He also wrote a weekly column in the Liverpool Echo.