hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Savolax and Karelia County
Savolax and Karelia County (Swedish: Savolax och Karelens län, Finnish: Savonlinnan ja Karjalan lääni) was a county of Sweden 1775–1809 and province of Grand Duchy of Finland 1809–1831. It was formed in 1775 when Savolax and Kymmenegård County was divided into Savolax and Karelia County and Kymmenegård County. Residence city was Kuopio.

By the Treaty of Fredrikshamn in 1809 Sweden ceded all its territories in Finland, east of the Torne River, to Russia. Savolax and Karelia Province was succeeded in 1831 by the Kuopio Province in the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland. Minor parts of province were merged to Mikkeli Province.

Torne (Finnish and Swedish river)
The Torne, also known as the Tornio (Finnish: Tornionjoki, Swedish: Torne älv, Torneälven, Northern Sami: Duortneseatnu, Meänkieli: Väylä), is a river in northern Sweden and Finland. For approximately half of its length, it defines the border between these two countries. In the upper parts, the river is situated in Sweden before it meets the Muonio River where it adjoins the Finland–Sweden border. It rises at the lake Torneträsk near the border with Norway and flows generally southeast for a distance of 522 kilometres (324 mi) into the Gulf of Bothnia. It is the largest river in Norrbotten County both by length and by watershed area.

At its source, the Torne is located close to the North Atlantic and Narvik on the other side of the watershed, with several thousands of kilometres between the locations via waterways.
Isothermal coordinates
In mathematics, specifically in differential geometry, isothermal coordinates on a Riemannian manifold are local coordinates where the metric is conformal to the Euclidean metric. This means that in isothermal coordinates, the Riemannian metric locally has the form

where  is a positive smooth function.  (If the Riemannian manifold is oriented, some authors insist that a coordinate system must agree with that orientation to be isothermal.)

Isothermal coordinates on surfaces were first introduced by Gauss. Korn and Lichtenstein proved that isothermal coordinates exist around any point on a two dimensional Riemannian manifold.

By contrast, most higher-dimensional manifolds do not admit isothermal coordinates anywhere; that is, they are not usually locally conformally flat. In dimension 3,  a Riemannian metric is locally conformally flat if and only if its Cotton tensor vanishes. In dimensions greater than 3, a metric is locally conformally flat if and only if its Weyl tensor vanishes.

Conformally flat manifold
A (pseudo-)Riemannian manifold is conformally flat if each point has a neighborhood that can be mapped to flat space by a conformal transformation.

In practice, the metric tensor  of the manifold  has to be conformal to the flat metric tensor , i.e., the geodesics maintain in all points of  the angles by moving from one to the other, as well as keeping the null geodesics unchanged, that means there exists a function  such that , where  is known as the conformal factor and  is a point on the manifold.

More formally, let  be a pseudo-Riemannian manifold. Then  is conformally flat if for each point  in , there exists a neighborhood  of  and a smooth function  defined on  such that  is flat (i.e. the curvature of  vanishes on ). The function  need not be defined on all of .

Some authors use the definition of locally conformally flat when referred to just some point  on  and reserve the definition of conformally flat for the case in which the relation is valid for all  on .
Holwell (surname)
Holwell is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

John Holwell (1649–1686?) English astrologer and mathematician

John Zephaniah Holwell (1711–1798), employee of the English East India Company and writer on the East Indies

Norman Holwell (1928–2020), British speed skater

Richard J. Holwell (born 1946), District Judge, United States District Court for the Southern District of New York

William Holwell (1726–1798), English cleric

John Zephaniah Holwell
John Zephaniah Holwell FRS (17 September 1711 – 5 November 1798) was a surgeon, an employee of the British East India Company, and a temporary Governor of Bengal (1760). He was also one of the first Europeans to study Indian antiquities and was an early advocate of animal rights and vegetarianism.
Matese Legion
The Matese Legion (Italian: Legione del Matese [maˈteːze]) was a group of 240 Italian volunteers that joined Giuseppe Garibaldi in the war for Italian unification in 1861. It was formed in Piedimonte D'Alife, now called Piedimonte Matese, in June 1860, and was officially established on 25 August of the same year. Membership in the legion gradually declined, and it broke apart on 3 March 1861.

Caiazzo
Caiazzo is a city and comune in the province of Caserta (Campania) in Italy. It is located on the right bank of the Volturnus, some 20 kilometres (12 mi) northeast of Capua.

Caiazzo is a member of Cittaslow.
Convoy SC 107
Convoy SC 107 was the 107th of the numbered series of World War II Slow Convoys of merchant ships from Sydney, Cape Breton Island to Liverpool. The ships departed New York City on 24 October 1942 and were found and engaged by a wolfpack of U-boats which sank fifteen ships. It was the heaviest loss of ships from any trans-Atlantic convoy through the winter of 1942–43.  The attack included one of the largest non-nuclear man-made explosions in history, when U-132 torpedoed ammunition ships SS Hobbema and SS Hatimura - both were sunk, one exploded, with the German submarine also being destroyed in the explosion.

Wolfpack (naval tactic)
The wolfpack (Rudeltaktik) was a convoy attack tactic employed in the Second World War. It was used principally by the U-boats of the Kriegsmarine during the Battle of the Atlantic, and by the submarines of the United States Navy in the Pacific War. The idea of a co-ordinated submarine attack on convoys had been proposed during the First World War but had had no success. In the Atlantic during the Second World War, the Germans had considerable successes with their wolfpack attacks but were ultimately defeated by the Allies of World War II. In the Pacific, the American submarine force was able to devastate the Japanese merchant marine, though this was not solely due to the wolfpack tactic. Wolfpacks fell out of use during the Cold War as the role of the submarine changed.
Luna Pearl Woolf
Luna Pearl Woolf is a Canadian-American composer, producer, and dramaturg. Her oeuvre includes opera, chamber music, orchestra, and choral compositions including works for dramatic chamber music, silent film scores, and musical story-telling. Her works have been commissioned Carnegie Hall, Washington National Opera, Tapestry Opera, Minnesota Sinfonia, Salle Bourgie, ECM+, Perelman Performing Arts Center, Concours Musical International de Montréal, among others, with collaborations with artists including Jeremy Irons, Cornelia Funke, Joyce DiDonato, Frederica von Stade, Royce Vavrek, David Van Taylor, Matt Haimovitz, and Dame Evelyn Glennie amongst many others.

In 2014 she was an inaugural recipient of Opera America's first grant for female composers.

Frederica von Stade
Frederica von Stade (born 1 June 1945) is a former American classical singer. Best known for her work in opera, she was also a recitalist and concert artist, and she recorded more than a hundred albums and videos. She is especially associated with operas by Mozart and Rossini, and also with music by French and American composers, most notably Jake Heggie. A Chevalier of France's Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, twice the winner of a Grand Prix du Disque and nominated nine times for a Grammy award, she is widely regarded as the pre-eminent lyric mezzo-soprano of her generation.
St John the Baptist's Church, Pilling
St John the Baptist's Church is in the village of Pilling, Lancashire, England. It is an active Anglican parish church in the deanery of Garstang, the archdeaconry of Lancaster and the diocese of Blackburn. The church is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building. Its benefice is combined with those of St James, Stalmine, and St Mark, Eagland Hill. It is described as "a fine example of the late Gothic Revival church with much originality in detail".

Pilling
Pilling is a village and civil parish within the Wyre borough of Lancashire, England. It is 6.5 miles (10.5 km) north-northeast of Poulton-le-Fylde, 9.4 miles (15.1 km) south-southwest of Lancaster and 14.5 miles (23.3 km) northwest of Preston, in a part of the Fylde known as Over Wyre.

The civil parish of Pilling, which includes the localities of Stake Pool, Scronkey and Eagland Hill, had a total resident population of 1,739 in 2001, increasing to 2,020 at the 2011 Census. Populations in the 19th century ranged from 1,281 in 1851 to 1,572 in 1871.
Punjab Engineering College
Punjab Engineering College (Deemed to be University) (abbreviated PEC or PEC Chandigarh) is a public research & technical institution in Chandigarh. It was founded in 1921 in Lahore, established in Chandigarh in 1953, and focuses on the field of applied sciences, particularly engineering and technology. It is well-known for its undergraduate and graduate programmes in engineering, to which the entry is through the Joint Entrance Examination – Mains and Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering. It offers degrees such as Bachelor of Technology, Master of Technology and MBA. It also has a comprehensive graduate program offering doctoral degrees in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics.

Computer science and engineering
Computer science and engineering (CSE) is an academic subject comprising approaches of computer science and computer engineering. There is no clear division in computing between science and engineering, just like in the field of materials science and engineering. However, some classes are historically more related to computer science (e.g. data structures and algorithms), and other to computer engineering (e.g. computer architecture). CSE is also a term often used  in Europe to translate the name of technical or engineering informatics academic programs. It is offered in both undergraduate as well postgraduate with specializations.
Sampson Tubb
Sampson Tubb (11 October 1840 — 27 January 1891) was an English first-class cricketer.

Tubb was born in October 1840 at Broughton, Hampshire. He made his debut in first-class cricket for Hampshire County Cricket Club in its inaugural first-class match against Sussex at Southampton in 1864. He played first-class cricket for Hampshire until 1867, making ten appearances. In these matches, Tubb scored 170 runs at an average of 12.14, with a highest score of 24 not out. With his right-arm roundarm fast bowling, he took 37 wickets at a bowling average of 20.16;he took two five wicket hauls, with best figures of 7 for 32 against Surrey in 1865. In later life, Tubb spent his time living between Salisbury and Southsea, and was employed as a bookmaker. He died at the West End Hotel in Salisbury in January 1891. His name at death was registered as Samson Tubb.

Five-wicket haul
In cricket, a five-wicket haul (also known as a "five–for" or "fifer") occurs when a bowler takes five or more wickets in a single innings, commonly abbreviated as 5wI. Taking five wickets is regarded as a notable achievement, equivalent to a century by a batter. In 2001, Glenn McGrath invented the tradition of a bowler raising the ball to the crowd at the completion of a five-wicket haul.

Taking a five-wicket haul at Lord's earns the bowler a place on the Lord's honours boards.
Livia (novel)
Livia, or Buried Alive (1978), is the second volume in British author Lawrence Durrell's The Avignon Quintet, published from 1974 to 1985. Durrell has described the novels as "roped together like climbers on a rockface, but all independent . . . a series of books through which the same characters move for all the world as if to illustrate the notion of reincarnation." The description of this form for the quintet actually appears in Livia. The first novel of the quincunx (the 'figurative shape' of five used on a die or playing card), Monsieur, received the James Tait Black Memorial Prize in 1974.

James Tait Black Memorial Prize
The James Tait Black Memorial Prizes are literary prizes awarded for literature written in the English language. They, along with the Hawthornden Prize, are Britain's oldest literary awards. Based at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland, United Kingdom, the prizes were founded in 1919 by Janet Coats Black in memory of her late husband, James Tait Black, a partner in the publishing house of A & C Black Ltd. Prizes are awarded in two categories: Fiction and Biography. A Drama prize was awarded from 2013-2019.
Shinji Nagashima
Shin'ichi Nagashima (永島 眞一, Nagashima Shin'ichi; July 8, 1937 – June 10, 2005), better known by the pen name Shinji Nagashima (永島 慎二, Nagashima Shinji), was a Japanese manga artist born in Tokyo, Japan. His pseudonym came about due to a publisher's error when printing his name, and he continued using the pseudonym after that.

His oldest son is classical guitarist Shiki Nagashima.

Garo (magazine)
Garo (ガロ) was a monthly manga anthology magazine in Japan, founded by Katsuichi Nagai and published by Seirindō from 1964 until 2002. It was fundamental for the emergence and development of alternative and avant-garde manga.
Siebler
Siebler is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Dwight Siebler (1937–2021), American baseball player

Engelbert Siebler (1937–2018), German Roman Catholic bishop

Michael Siebler (born 1956), German journalist and classical archaeologist

Engelbert Siebler
Engelbert Siebler (29 May 1937 – 11 October 2018) was a German Roman Catholic bishop.

Siebler was born in Germany and was ordained to the priesthood in 1963. He served as titular bishop of Tela and as auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Munich and Freising, Germany, from 1986 until 2012.
Reijola
Reijola (Swedish: Grejus) is a district located on Western major district of Helsinki, Finland. It consists of three subareas: Laakso, Ruskeasuo and Meilahti.

As of 2005, Reijola has 15,090 inhabitants living in an area of 4.34 km2.

Ruskeasuo
Ruskeasuo (Brunakärr in Swedish, verbatim "Brown swamp") is a neighbourhood of  Helsinki (Helsingfors in Swedish), about 3 kilometres north of the city center.

With a population of 2670 (year 2005), Ruskeasuo is a rather quiet residential area. Buildings by Mannerheimintie are typically 6-8 floors high from 1950s. Between Mannerheimintie and Central Park, low-rise buildings are dominant.

The equestrian dressage and eventing competitions for the 1952 Summer Olympics took place at their sports hall.
Belize–United States relations
Relations between Belize and the United States have traditionally been close and cordial.  The United States is Belize's principal trading partner and major source of investment funds.  It is also home to the largest Belizean community outside Belize, estimated to be 70,000 strong.  Because Belize's economic growth and accompanying democratic political stability are important U.S. objectives, Belize benefits from the U.S. Caribbean Basin Initiative. Belize hasn't received a direct visit from an American president, the country's leadership has met with various American presidents during meetings along with the Caribbean Community such as the 1997 summit with Bill Clinton in Barbados.

Foreign direct investment
Foreign direct investment (FDI) is an ownership stake in a company, made by a foreign investor, company, or government from another country. More specifically, it describes a controlling ownership of an asset in one country by an entity based in another country. The magnitude and extent of control, therefore, distinguishes it from a foreign portfolio investment or foreign indirect investment. Foreign direct investment includes expanding operations or purchasing a company in the target country.
Team Robredo–Pangilinan
Team Robredo–Pangilinan (TRoPa), also known as Tropang Angat, was an electoral alliance that supported Philippine vice president Leni Robredo's presidential campaign and Senator Francis Pangilinan's vice presidential campaign in the 2022 Philippine general election. Its senatorial slate included members of the Liberal Party, Akbayan, Katipunan ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino, and Ang Kapatiran. Guest candidates in the TRoPa slate are members of Bagumbayan–VNP, Nationalist People's Coalition, and United Nationalist Alliance.

United Nationalist Alliance
The United Nationalist Alliance (UNA [ʊna]) is a political party in the Philippines. It was created as a multi-party electoral alliance  replacing the former United Opposition (UNO) coalition for the 2013 midterm elections, before it was launched as a single political party on July 1, 2015, by Jejomar Binay for his candidacy in the 2016 presidential election.

The acronym "UNA" spells out the Filipino-Spanish word for "first".
Lionel Chee
Lionel Chee (born 4 August 1931) is a Singaporean water polo player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1956 Summer Olympics.

He was given the honour of carrying the national flag of Singapore at the opening ceremony of the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, becoming the eighth water polo player to be a flag bearer at the opening and closing ceremonies of the Olympics.

Standard-bearer
A standard-bearer, also known as a colour-bearer or flag-bearer, is a person who bears an emblem known as a standard or military colours, i.e. either a type of flag or an inflexible but mobile image, which is used (and often honoured) as a formal, visual symbol of a state, prince, military unit, etc. This can either be an occasional duty, often seen as an honour (especially on parade), or a permanent charge (also on the battlefield); the second type has even led in certain cases to this task being reflected in official rank titles such as Chorąży, Ensign, Cornet, Fähnrich and Alferes/Alférez.
Charles T. Bernard
Charles Taylor Bernard Sr. (September 10, 1927 – June 27, 2015) was an American businessman and politician originally from Earle, Arkansas. He is best known as the 1968 Republican nominee for the United States Senate seat held by long-time Democrat J. William Fulbright of Fayetteville.

Candidate
A candidate, or nominee, is a prospective recipient of an award or honor, or a person seeking or being considered for some kind of position. For example, one can be a candidate for membership in a group or election to an office, in which case a candidate selection occurs.

"Nomination" is part of the process of selecting a candidate for either election to an office by a political party, or the bestowing of an honor or award. This person is called a "nominee", though "nominee" is often used interchangeably with "candidate". A presumptive nominee is a person or organization whose nomination is considered inevitable or highly likely. The phenomenon of being a candidate in a race for either a party nomination or for electoral office is called "candidacy". The term "presumptive candidate" may be used to describe someone who is predicted to be a formal candidate.
Cooperative Baptist Fellowship
The Cooperative Baptist Fellowship (CBF) is a Baptist Christian denomination in United States, established after the conservative resurgence within the Southern Baptist Convention. It is affiliated with the Baptist World Alliance, and headquartered in Decatur, Georgia. According to a census published in 2023, the CBF claimed 1,800 churches and 750,000 members.

Decatur, Georgia
Decatur (/dəˈkeɪtər/) is a city in and the county seat of DeKalb County, Georgia, United States, part of the Atlanta metropolitan area. With a population of 24,928 in the 2020 census, the municipality is sometimes assumed to be larger since multiple ZIP Codes in unincorporated DeKalb County bear Decatur as the address.

The city is served by three MARTA rail stations (Decatur, East Lake, and Avondale). The city is located approximately five miles (eight kilometers) northeast of Downtown Atlanta and shares its western border with both the city of Atlanta (the Kirkwood and Lake Claire neighborhoods) and unincorporated DeKalb County. The Druid Hills neighborhood is to the northwest of Decatur.
Burg-Süderhastedt
Kirchspielslandgemeinde Burg-Süderhastedt was an Amt ("collective municipality") in the district of Dithmarschen, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It was situated near the Kiel Canal, approx. 25 km southeast of Heide, and 20 km northwest of Itzehoe. Its seat was in Burg. In January 2008, it was merged with the Amt Kirchspielslandgemeinde Eddelak-Sankt Michaelisdonn to form the Amt Burg-Sankt Michaelisdonn.

The Amt Kirchspielslandgemeinde Burg-Süderhastedt consisted of the following municipalities (with population in 2005):

Brickeln (212)

Buchholz (1,115)

Burg Dith. (4,364)

Eggstedt (836)

Frestedt (401)

Großenrade (529)

Hochdonn (1,249)

Kuden (664)

Quickborn (199)

Süderhastedt (874)

Kiel Canal
The Kiel Canal (German: Nord-Ostsee-Kanal, formerly Kaiser-Wilhelm-Kanal) is a 98-kilometer-long (61 mi) freshwater canal that links the North Sea to the Baltic Sea. It runs through the German state of Schleswig-Holstein, from Brunsbüttel, at the mouth of the Elbe, to Holtenau, on the Kiel Fjord. It was constructed between 1887 and 1895 and widened between 1907 and 1914. In addition to the two sea entrances, the canal is linked at Oldenbüttel to the navigable River Eider by the short Gieselau Canal.

The canal reduces the journey between the North and Baltic Seas by 460 km (290 mi) by allowing ships to bypass the Jutland peninsula and the Danish straits. It is one of the world's most frequented artificial waterways, with an annual average of 32,000 ships (90 daily), transporting approximately 100 million tonnes of goods.
Fair Salinia
Fair Salinia (18 March 1975 – 31 March 2004) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare best known for winning the classic Oaks Stakes in 1978. In a racing career which lasted from September 1977 until September 1978 she won four of her eight races. As a two-year-old in 1977 she won on her debut before finishing second in the Cheveley Park Stakes. As a three-year-old she finished second in the 1000 Guineas before being moved up in distance and winning the Oaks, Irish Oaks and Yorkshire Oaks. She was retired to stud at the end of the season and had some influence as a broodmare. She died in 2004 at the age of twenty-nine.

Yorkshire Oaks
The Yorkshire Oaks is a Group 1 flat horse race in Great Britain open to fillies and mares aged three years or older. It is run at York over a distance of 1 mile 3 furlongs and 188 yards (2,385 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in August.
Heavy Weather (song)
"Heavy Weather" is a song by Australian alternative rock group The Rubens. The song was released on 21 April 2020. The song was released as the second single from the group's fourth studio album, 0202 (2021).

The Rubens
The Rubens are an Australian alternative rock band from Menangle, New South Wales. The band comprises the three Margin brothers, Izaac, Sam and Elliott, Scott Baldwin and William Zeglis. Their debut self-titled album The Rubens gained them domestic success with it reaching number 3 on the ARIA Charts and being nominated for a J Award for Album of the Year.
Leel Kalan
Leel Kalan is a village in Batala in Gurdaspur district of Punjab State, India. It is located 18 kilometres (11 mi) from sub district headquarter, 36 kilometres (22 mi) from district headquarter and 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) from Sri Hargobindpur. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village.

Sri Hargobindpur
Sri Hargobindpur is a town and a municipal council in Gurdaspur district in the Indian state of Punjab. Situated on the banks of the Beas River
Sixth Guru of Sikhs Shri Guru Hargobind Sahib ji established this city on the land bought by his father and fifth guru, Shri Guru Arjan Dev Sahib ji, the city is also the erstwhile capital of the Ramgarhia Misl.

The Gurudwara Dhamdama Sahib stands at the site of the battle of Hargobindpur fought between Sikh forces led by Guru Hargobind and Mughal forces in 1630.