hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Encoding (semiotics)
In semiotics, encoding is the process of creating a message for transmission by an addresser to an addressee. The complementary process – interpreting a message received from an addresser – is called decoding.

Message
A message is a unit of communication that conveys information from a sender to a receiver. It can be transmitted through various forms, such as spoken or written words, signals, or electronic data, and can range from simple instructions to complex information.

The consumption of the message relies on how the recipient interprets the message, there are times where the recipient contradicts the intention of the message which results in a boomerang effect. Message fatigue is another outcome recipients can obtain if a message is conveyed too much by the source.

One example of a message is a press release, which may vary from a brief report or statement released by a public agency to commercial publicity material. Another example of a message is how they are portrayed to a consumer via an advertisement.
Advisory Council on Youth
The Advisory Council on Youth (AC; French: Conseil consultatif sur la jeunesse, CCJ; German: Beirat zu Jugendfragen) is a non-governmental youth constituency of the Council of Europe. It is a crucial part of the unique co-management structure, a living example of participatory democracy, where young Europeans together with the European Steering Committee for Youth (CDEJ), the body of the representatives of Youth ministries from the 50 States Parties to the European Cultural Convention, equally decide on the standards and work priorities of the Council of Europe's youth sector in the Joint Council on Youth (CMJ).

Participatory democracy
Participatory democracy, participant democracy, participative democracy, or semi-direct democracy is a form of government in which citizens participate individually and directly in political decisions and policies that affect their lives, rather than through elected representatives. Elements of direct and representative democracy are combined in this model.
William Herbert Elliott
William Herbert Elliott (July 20, 1872 – ?? ) was a businessman and political figure in Ontario. He represented Rainy River in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1929 to 1934 as an Independent-Conservative member.

He was born in Peterborough County, the son of Robert H. Elliott and Sarah Ann Findlay. He was educated in Caledonia. In 1896, he married Elizabeth Borland. Elliott was a director of the Fort Frances Publishing Company and the Big Turtle Mining Company.

Caledonia, Ontario
Caledonia is a community located on the Grand River in Haldimand County, Ontario, Canada. It had a population of 12,179 as of the 2021 Canadian Census. Caledonia is within Ward 3 of Haldimand County. The Councillor elected for Ward 3 is Dan Lawrence. As of 2021, there were 4,310 private dwellings in Caledonia.

Caledonia is located at the intersection of Highway 6 and Haldimand Highway 54 (within the town, these streets are called Argyle Street and Caithness Street respectively) on the Grand River.
Douwe de Vries
Douwe de Vries (born 14 June 1982) is a Dutch former professional marathon speed skater and long track speed skater. He resides in Heerenveen, Friesland. Douwe de Vries, who was a member of the commercial team of LottoNL-Jumbo, is the current holder (with Sven Kramer and Marcel Bosker) of the team pursuit world record.

Long-track speed skating
Long-track speed skating, usually simply referred to as speed skating, is the Olympic discipline of speed skating where competitors are timed while crossing a set distance. It is also a sport for leisure. Sports such as ice skating marathon, short-track speedskating, inline speedskating, and quad speed skating are also called speed skating.

Long-track speed skating enjoys large popularity in the Netherlands and has also had champion athletes from Austria, Canada, China, Finland, Germany, Japan, Italy, Norway, Poland, South Korea, Russia, Sweden, the Czech Republic and the United States. Speed skaters attain maximum speeds of 60 km/h (37 mph).
Harry Fannin
Henry Albert Fannin (25 September 1870 – 20 January 1959) was a cricketer who played 11 matches of first-class cricket for Hawke's Bay between 1892 and 1899.

A fast bowler, Fannin had an outstanding season in 1897-98 when he took 22 wickets in two matches. Against Taranaki in December 1897 he took 8 for 49 (including a hat-trick) and 3 for 42 in an innings victory for Hawke's Bay. Nine of his victims were bowled. In Hawke's Bay's next match the following March, getting movement each way off the pitch, he took 8 for 19 (all bowled) and 3 for 35 against Auckland in a drawn match.

Fannin married Margaret Leithead in Woodville in June 1899. In July 1900 Fannin's employers, the New Zealand Loan and Mercantile Agency Company, transferred him from Napier to Feilding. In a tribute, the Hastings Standard called him "one of the most good-natured and unselfish fellows who ever slogged a boundary or knocked a stump out of the ground".

Glossary of cricket terms
This is a general glossary of the terminology used in the sport of cricket. Where words in a sentence are also defined elsewhere in this article, they appear in italics. Certain aspects of cricket terminology are explained in more detail in cricket statistics and the naming of fielding positions is explained at fielding (cricket).

Cricket is known for its rich terminology. Some terms are often thought to be arcane and humorous by those not familiar with the game.
Politics of French Polynesia
Politics of French Polynesia takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic French overseas collectivity, whereby the President of French Polynesia is the head of government, and of a  multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the  Assembly of French Polynesia.

Between 1946 and 2003, French Polynesia had the status of an overseas territory (French: territoire d'outre-mer, or TOM). In 2003 it became an overseas collectivity (collectivité d'outre-mer, or COM). Its statutory law of 27 February 2004 gives it the particular designation of "overseas country" to underline the large autonomy of the territory.

Leeward Islands (Society Islands)
The Leeward Islands (French: îles Sous-le-Vent, pronounced [il suləvɑ̃], lit. 'Under-the-Wind Islands'; Tahitian: Fenua Raro Mata’i) are the western part of the Society Islands in French Polynesia, an overseas collectivity of France, in the South Pacific Ocean. They lie south of the Line Islands (part of Kiribati), east of the Cooks and north of the Austral Islands (also part of French Polynesia). Their area is around 404 km2 (156 sq mi) and their population is over 36,000.
Nuhu Bature
Nuhu Bature Achi (19?? – December 18, 2021) was the first paramount ruler of Kajju (also Bajju) Chiefdom, a Nigerian traditional state in southern Kaduna State, Nigeria. He was also known by the title, "A̠gwam Ba̠jju 1".

Bature became the first  monarch of the Bajju Chiefdom after its creation in 1995, following the Zangon Kataf crises of 1992 in which a resolution was reached and the creation of the long-agitated independent Chiefdom for the Atyap and Bajju from the British-imposed Zazzau Emirate was arrived at. In 2012, HRH Agwam Bature decreed that 17 years after the creation of the chiefdom, Ka̠jju (the land of the Bajju people) was yet to have a palace.

Bajju people
The Bajju people (Jju: Ba̱jju; exonyms: Tyap: A̱jhyuo; Hausa: Kajje, Kaje), are an ethnic group found in the Middle Belt (central) area of Nigeria. The word Bajju stems from Ba̠nyet Jju, literally "people who speak Jju". The Jju language is spoken in Ka̠jju, the homeland of the Bajju people. They are primarily found in the southern part of Kaduna State, chiefly in Kachia, Zangon Kataf, Jema'a and in Kaduna South Local Government Areas. Bajju people are also commonly known as "Kaje" which is a pejorative name used to refer to both the Bajju people and their language, Jju, by the larger Hausa people who mispronounced "Kajju" (meaning the land of the Bajju people). The people are predominantly farmers, hunters, blacksmiths and petty traders.
Övraby
Övraby was a village that was left after the town Halmstad in Halland moved five kilometers to the south in 1320.

The town Halmstad is believed to have been moved because the ships were growing too big to be able to travel up the river Nissan, one of the four rivers that flows through the county of Halland. The city would also be easier to defend with its new coastal position.

On 2–3 November 1563, the Swedish forces led by King Erik XIV and Danish forces led by Fredrik II clashed in Övraby. The Danish forces won the battle, and afterwards torched and plundered the village. The village was never rebuilt.

The only building still standing from Övraby today is the ruin of the stone church, known today as Övraby Kyrkoruin. The church's roof is the oldest surviving example of an ornate ridge purlin in Sweden, dating back to the 12th century. In 1911 a Roman burial site was excavated from Övraby, deposited in a cist made of thin limestone slabs.

Nissan (river)
The Nissan (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈnɪ̂sːan]) is a 200 km long river in southwest Sweden. It ends in the Kattegat bay of the North Sea in Halmstad. The straight middle and upper course of Nissan follows a branch of the Protogine Zone – a zone of crustal weakness in western Sweden. Nissan drains the western part of the South Småland peneplain.
Network Rail Route 6 (North London Line and Thameside)
Strategic Route 6 - North London Line and Thameside was the designation Network Rail gave to a grouping of railway lines in Greater London and the East of England region that encompassed the London, Tilbury and Southend Line and overground commuter lines within London. The route provided key services to Southend and London suburban areas as well as supporting various freight routes within London.

In 2010, Network Rail restructured its route categorisation. Route 6 was split into Strategic Route E: North London Line, and Strategic Route F: Thameside.

East of England
The East of England is one of nine official regions of England at the first level of ITL for statistical purposes.  It consists of the ceremonial counties of Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Essex, Hertfordshire, Norfolk and Suffolk. The northern part of the region, consisting of Norfolk, Suffolk and Cambridgeshire, is known as East Anglia. The latter region has been considered an informal region in its own right due to its differing cultural identity.

The population of the East of England in 2024 was 6,576,306. Bedford, Luton, Basildon, Peterborough, Southend-on-Sea, Norwich, Ipswich, Colchester, Chelmsford and Cambridge are the most populous settlements. Peterborough is the largest city in the East of England at 215,000. The southern part of the region lies in the London commuter belt.
Kapitein Rob en het Geheim van Professor Lupardi
Kapitein Rob en het Geheim van Professor Lupardi 
(English: Captain Rob and the Secret of Professor Lupardi)  is a 2007 Dutch adventure film directed by Hans Pos, based on Evert Werkman and Pieter J. Kuhn's eponymous newspaper comic Kapitein Rob. De Waal and Hans Pos wrote the script in collaboration with their production companies Screenpartners B.V. and Shooting Star Filmcompany.

The film was released in the Netherlands on November 28. It received a Gouden Film award in 2007 and a MovieSquad Junior Award in 2008, but was otherwise neither a critical nor a commercial success. Critic Jan Pieter Ekker of De Volkskrant felt the story was comparable to "cardboard" and that its low budget showed too much.

De Volkskrant
De Volkskrant (Dutch pronunciation: [də ˈvɔl(ə)kskrɑnt]; lit. 'The People's Paper'), stylized as de Volkskrant, is a Dutch daily morning newspaper. Founded in 1919, it has a nationwide circulation of about 250,000.

Formerly a leading centre-left Catholic broadsheet, de Volkskrant today is a medium-sized centrist compact. Pieter Klok is the current editor-in-chief.
Esquerra de Menorca
Esquerra de Menorca (English: Left of Menorca), also referred to as Esquerra de Menorca–Esquerra Unida (English: Left of Menorca–United Left), is the Menorca federation of United Left of the Balearic Islands.

United Left in Menorca and the Socialist Party of Menorca (PSM) maintained a stable agreement between 1987 and 1994, called Entesa de l'Esquerra de Menorca (English: Agreement of the Left of Menorca), which obtained two representatives in the Balearic Parliament and the Insular Council of Menorca in the elections of 1987 and 1991, both of the PSM. After the break up of the agreement, they ran alone under the Esquerra de Menorca label in the 1995 election, obtaining a deputy in the Balearic Parliament and in the Council of Menorca. In the following election (1999) they ran in coalition with The Greens of Menorca. This alliance was broken in 2002. Since then, they have contested in autonomous and island elections on their own, without winning any seats.

Menorca
Menorca or Minorca (from Latin: Insula Minor, lit. 'smaller island', later Minorica) is one of the Balearic Islands located in the Mediterranean Sea belonging to Spain. Its name derives from its size, contrasting it with nearby Mallorca (Majorca). Its capital is Maó, situated on the island's eastern end, although Menorca is not a province and forms a political union with the other islands in the archipelago. Ciutadella de Menorca and Maó are the main ports and largest towns.

Per the Census of 1 January 2025, Menorca had a population of 102,477. Its highest point, a hill in the middle of the island named El Toro (from Catalan "turó" meaning hill), is 358 metres (1,175 feet) above sea level.
Helir-Valdor Seeder
Helir-Valdor Seeder (born 7 September 1964) is an Estonian politician. He is a member of the parliament, former chairman of the Isamaa and served as Minister of Agriculture from 2007 to 2014. Seeder has a master's degree in economics from the Estonian University of Life Sciences.

On 13 May 2017 Seeder was elected the chairman of the Pro Patria and Res Publica Union (later renamed Isamaa).

Riigikogu
The Riigikogu (Estonian: [ˈriːkiˈkoku], from Estonian riigi-, "of the state", and kogu, "assembly") is the unicameral parliament of Estonia. In addition to approving legislation, the Parliament appoints high officials, including the prime minister and chief justice of the Supreme Court, and elects (either alone or, if necessary, together with representatives of local government within a broader electoral college) the president. Among its other tasks, the Riigikogu also ratifies significant foreign treaties that impose military and proprietary obligations and bring about changes in law, as well as approves the budget presented by the government as law, and monitors the executive power.
Western Junction, Tasmania
Western Junction is a semi-rural locality and town in the local government area of Northern Midlands in the Central region of Tasmania. It is located about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) north-east of the town of Longford. The 2016 census determined a population of 125 for the state suburb of Western Junction.

Northern Midlands Council
Northern Midlands Council is a local government body in Tasmania, extending south of Launceston into the northern region of the Tasmanian central midlands. Northern Midlands is classified as a rural local government area and has a population of 13,300, the major population centres and localities of the region include Campbell Town, Evandale, Longford, and Perth.
NUN buffer
NUN buffer is a solution that makes it possible to purify proteins located in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Although other procedures are available they result in loss of albumin D-box binding protein (DBP) which is unwanted if nuclear signal pathways are to be investigated. Therefore, a new extraction procedure was developed in 1993 to increase recovery of nonhistone proteins using a (NUN) solution containing 0.3 M NaCl, 1 M urea, and 1% nonionic detergent Nonidet P-40, which destabilize salt bridges, hydrogen bonds, and hydrophobic interactions, respectively; resulting in a disruption of interaction between proteins and DNA. By incubating nuclei in NUN buffer and centrifuging the solution, the supernatant will therefore contain nuclear proteins.

NUN buffer contains: HEPES [pH 7.6], Urea, NaCl, DDT, PIC 1 & 2, 1.1% NP-40, Sodium orthovanadate, β-glycerol phosphate and water.

Sodium orthovanadate
Sodium orthovanadate is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula Na3VO4. It forms a dihydrate Na3VO4·2H2O. Sodium orthovanadate is a salt of the VO3−4 oxyanion. It is a colorless, water-soluble solid.
Tambourine (song)
"Tambourine" is a hip hop song by American rapper Eve, released as a single in 2007 and becoming Eve's first charting single as a lead performer in over four years. Written by herself, Sean Garrett, and Swizz Beatz, and produced by the latter, the song samples the 1974 song, "Blow Your Whistle" by The Soul Searchers. In the week of April 19, 2007, the song debuted at number 73 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, where it continued to gain momentum.

In the United Kingdom, "Tambourine" debuted at number 38, two weeks before the song's physical release. The song peaked at number 18 in the country and was her fifth consecutive top twenty solo hit in the UK. The B-side to "Tambourine" is "Dancefloor" featuring Mashonda. The song features uncredited vocals by the song's producer Swizz Beatz (he is not credited as a featured performer). The song was number 68 on Rolling Stone's list of the 100 Best Songs of 2007, and was also #70 on MTV Asia's list of Top 100 Hits of 2007.

Chuck Brown
Charles Louis Brown (August 22, 1936 – May 16, 2012) was an American guitarist, bandleader, and singer known as "The Godfather of Go-Go". Go-go is a subgenre of funk music developed around the Washington, D.C., area in the mid-1970s. While its musical classification, influences, and origins are debated, Brown is regarded as the fundamental force behind the creation of go-go music.

At the time of his death, he was still performing music and was well known in the Washington, D.C., area. The song "Ashley's Roachclip" from the 1974 album Salt of the Earth by Brown's band The Soul Searchers contains a drum break, sampled countless times in various other tracks. Brown's R&B hits include "Bustin' Loose"(1979) and "We Need Some Money"(1984).
Fork Particle
Fork Particle is a computer graphics visual effects modeling and software development kit (SDK) developed and sold by Fork Particle, Inc. Fork Particle uses its real time particle system technology to simulate visual effects or particle effects such as CGI explosions, fire, rain, smoke, dust, etc. Fork Particle is used in video games and visual simulation software such as a flight simulator. It has been licensed to game developers for Windows, macOS, Linux, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360 and Xbox One.

Notable Fork Particle licensees include Ubisoft, Trickstar Games, Firaxis Games, ZeniMax Online Studios, Electronic Arts, Microsoft, LEGO, and Sony. Video games that have utilized Fork Particle’s technology include The Elder Scrolls Online, Sid Meier's Civilization: Beyond Earth, Rocksmith 2014 Edition, Empire Earth III, LEGO Universe, Splosion Man, Sid Meier's Civilization V and Sid Meier's Civilization VI.

ZeniMax Online Studios
ZeniMax Online Studios LLC is an American video game developer and a subsidiary of ZeniMax Media, specializing in massively multiplayer online games. The company developed The Elder Scrolls Online and its downloadable content. In 2025, it had over 300 employees before undergoing a round of layoffs. Its main studio is located in Hunt Valley, Maryland, and it also operates a satellite studio in Budapest, Hungary. Additionally, ZeniMax Online Studios has locations in Austin, San Diego, Seattle, and Wisconsin.
Melati Daeva Oktavianti
Melati Daeva Oktavianti (born 26 October 1994) is an Indonesian doubles specialist badminton player affiliated with Djarum club since 2008. She was the 2019 SEA Games gold medalist in the mixed doubles with Praveen Jordan, and 2012 World Junior mixed doubles champion partnered with Edi Subaktiar. Oktavianti and Subaktiar partnership were also a former world junior number 1.

Oktavianti and her partner, Jordan, won the historical All England Open in 2020. The duo reached a career high of world number 4 in March 2020. Oktavianti competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics.

Badminton at the 2019 SEA Games
The badminton competitions at the 2019 SEA Games in the Philippines were held at Muntinlupa Sports Complex in Muntinlupa, Metro Manila. The 2019 Games featured competitions in seven tournaments (3 men tournaments, 3 women tournaments, and 1 mixed tournament).
1957–58 Oberliga
The 1957–58 Oberliga  was the thirteenth season of the Oberliga, the first tier of the football league system in West Germany. The league operated in five regional divisions, Berlin, North, South, Southwest and West. The five league champions and the runners-up from the west, south, southwest and north then entered the 1959 German football championship which was won by FC Schalke 04. It was Schalke's seventh and last national championship and its first since 1942.

A similar-named league, the DDR-Oberliga, existed in East Germany, set at the first tier of the East German football league system. The 1958 DDR-Oberliga was won by ASK Vorwärts Berlin.

Oberliga West (1947–1963)
The Oberliga West (English: Premier League West) was the highest level of the German football league system in the west of Germany from 1947 until the formation of the Bundesliga in 1963. It covered the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, the most populous state of Germany.
Qiemo County
Qiemo County (Chinese: 且末县) as the official romanized name, also transliterated from Uyghur as Qarqan County (Uyghur: چەرچەن ناھىيىسى; Chinese: 恰尔羌县), is a county under the administration of the Bayin'gholin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China, bordering the Tibet Autonomous Region to the south. Its area is 138,645 square kilometers (53,531 sq mi) and, according to the 2002 census, it has a population of 60,000. The county seat is at Qiemo Town.

SASM/GNC romanization
The former State Administration of Surveying and Mapping, Geographical Names Committee and former Script Reform Committee of the People's Republic of China have adopted several romanizations for Chinese, Mongolian, Tibetan and Uyghur, officially known as pinyin, Regulation of Phonetic Transcription in Hanyu Pinyin Letters of Place Names in Minority Nationality Languages and Orthography of Chinese Personal Name in Hanyu Pinyin Letters. These systems may be referred to as SASM/GNC/SRC transcriptions or SASM/GNC romanizations.

These romanization systems have been used for foreign translations of Chinese personal names and toponyms since 1978.

All schemes except pinyin have a strict form and a broad form, where the broad form is used in general. In the case of pinyin, tone marks are omitted in practice.
S-class destroyer (1917)
The S class (initially known as the Modified Trenchant class) was a class of 67 destroyers ordered for the Royal Navy in 1917 under the 11th and 12th Emergency War Programmes. They saw active service in the last months of the First World War and in the Russian and Irish Civil Wars during the early 1920s.  Most were relegated to the reserve by the mid-1920s and subsequently scrapped under the terms of the London Naval Treaty. Eleven survivors saw much action during the Second World War.

Grand Fleet
The Grand Fleet was the main battlefleet of the Royal Navy during the First World War. It was established in August 1914 and disbanded in April 1919. Its main base was Scapa Flow in the Orkney Islands.