hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Putonghua Proficiency Test
The Putonghua Proficiency Test or Putonghua Shuiping Ceshi (PSC) is an official test of spoken fluency in Standard Chinese (Mandarin) intended for native speakers of Chinese languages. The test was developed in October 1994 by the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, the Institute of Applied Linguistics at Beijing Language and Culture University and the State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television. Specified standards of achievement in the test are required for many jobs in broadcasting, education and government.

Ministry of Education (China)
The Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China is a constituent department of the State Council, responsible for basic education, vocational education, higher education, and other educational affairs throughout the country. The Ministry of Education acts as the predominant funder of national universities and colleges in China. The ministry also accredits tertiary institutions, degree curriculum, and school teachers of the country.

The Ministry of Education currently has 19 internal departments and bureaus. As of 2022, there were 75 colleges and universities affiliated with the Ministry of Education.
Diesel Loco Shed, Sabarmati
Diesel Loco Shed, Sabarmati is a locomotive maintenance shed located in Sabarmati, Ahmedabad, Gujarat in India. It is located east of Sabarmati falling under Ahmedabad railway division. The shed caters to the needs of freight as well as passenger
trains.

It is one of three diesel loco sheds in the Western Railway zone, the others are Ratlam and Vatva . One of the last remaining major MG loco sheds.

Sabarmati River
The Sabarmati River (Gujarati: [sabəɾmət̪iː]) is one of the major west-flowing rivers in India. It originates in the Aravalli Range of the Udaipur District of Rajasthan and meets the Gulf of Khambhat of the Arabian Sea after travelling 371 km (231 mi) in a south-westerly direction across Rajasthan and Gujarat. 48 km (30 mi) of the river length is in Rajasthan, while 323 km (201 mi) is in Gujarat.
Carbacanthographis pseudorustica
Carbacanthographis pseudorustica is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) lichen in the family Graphidaceae. Found in insular Malaysia, it was formally described as a new species in 2022 by Shirley Cunha Feuerstein and Robert Lücking. The type specimen was collected in 1965 by American lichenologist Mason Hale from a virgin peat dipterocarp forest in the Sungai Assan logging area (Sarawak). It is similar to Carbacanthographis halei, but has larger ascospores. The specific epithet pseudorustica recalls Allographa rustica, the name of a lookalike species that Hale had originally applied to his collections of this lichen.

The lichen has a whitish to pale beige thallus lacking both a cortex and a prothallus. It has hyaline ascospores that measure 45–65 by 10–12 μm; these spores have between 11 and 15 transverse septa. Carbacanthographis pseudorustica contains stictic acid and constictic acid, which are lichen products that can be detected using thin-layer chromatography.

Cortex (botany)
In botany, a cortex is an outer layer of a stem or root in a vascular plant, lying below the epidermis but outside of the vascular bundles. The cortex is composed mostly of large thin-walled parenchyma cells of the ground tissue system and shows little to no structural differentiation. The outer cortical cells often acquire irregularly thickened cell walls, and are called collenchyma cells.
Waffle (game show)
Waffle is a British game show that aired on ITV from 24 March to 24 June 1998. It was hosted by Nick Weir and was Weir's first nationally broadcast game show.

The guests in the first episode were Lisa Riley, then-host of fellow Granada-produced show You've Been Framed!, and Jonathan Kerrigan from Casualty. Other contestants over the run of the series included Claudia Winkleman, Michael Willson (A.K.A. Cobra) from Gladiators and actor Kevin Lloyd from The Bill who died in 1998 whilst both shows were still running. He was a contestant in several episodes. Cheryl Andrews, comedian John Martin and television presenter Lionel Blair also appeared as contestants.

Lisa Riley
Lisa Jane Riley (born 13 July 1976) is an English actress, comedian and television presenter. She is best known for portraying the role of Mandy Dingle in the long-running ITV soap opera Emmerdale between 1995 and 2001, and from 2019 onwards. She replaced Jeremy Beadle as the presenter of You've Been Framed! between 1998 and 2002. She also appeared as a contestant on the tenth series of Strictly Come Dancing in 2012 and the twenty-fifth series of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!, finishing in fifth place on both. Riley has appeared sporadically as a panelist on the ITV daytime series Loose Women.
Mowinckelkysten
Mowinckelkysten is a coastal area at the southeastern side of the island of Bouvetøya. It is named after Johan Ludwig Mowinckel, the Norwegian Prime Minister at the time when Norwegian sovereignty over the island was established.  It extends from Kapp Fie to Kapp Lollo. The coast includes Kapp Meteor, the easternmost point of the island. South of Kapp Meteor is the black sandy beach Svartstranda.

Cape Lollo
Cape Lollo (Norwegian: Kapp Lollo), located at 54°25′S 3°29′E﻿ / ﻿54.417°S 3.483°E﻿ / -54.417; 3.483, is a cape which forms the northeastern extremity of Bouvetøya in Norway. It was first charted in 1898 by a German expedition under Carl Chun, and was recharted and named in December 1927 by a Norwegian expedition under Captain Harald Horntvedt.
Care for Friends
Care for Friends is a non-profit organization in Chicago, Illinois, that provides services to people experiencing homelessness and food insecurity. The organization operates meal programs, health clinics, and other support services from their locations in the Lincoln Park, Edgewater, and South Loop neighborhoods.

Founded as a church outreach program in 1968, it was formally incorporated as a distinct 501(c)(3) organization in 2013. In 2024, the organization began construction on a $9.2 million community center and headquarters in Lincoln Park, a project that received significant local media coverage and a $3 million grant from the State of Illinois.

South Loop
South Loop is a Chicago neighborhood south of the Loop. The  South Branch of the Chicago River flows through it.  Chinatown is adjacent to the southwest, and Museum Campus is to its east. University Village and Pilsen are to the west.
South Loop is part of the Near South Side community area of Chicago.
Raukaua laetevirens
Raukaua laetevirens, known as traumen and sauco del diablo (devil's elder), is a species of plant in the family Araliaceae native to Chile and adjacent parts of Argentina.  It occurs from Maule (35°50'S) to Punta Arenas (53°S). It grows in rainforests and near water courses.

Araliaceae
The Araliaceae are a family of flowering plants composed of about 43 genera and around 1500 species consisting of primarily woody plants and some herbaceous plants commonly called the ivy or ginseng family. The morphology of Araliaceae varies widely, but it is predominantly distinguishable based on its woody habit, tropical distribution, and the presence of simple umbels.

There are numerous plants of economic importance. Some genera, such as Hedera (the ivies), Fatsia (Japanese aralias) and Heptapleurum (formerly Schefflera, the umbrella trees), are used as ornamental foliage plants. The family also includes Panax ginseng, the root of which is ginseng, used in traditional Chinese medicine.
Astroblepus festae
Astroblepus festae is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish belonging to the family Astroblepidae, the climbing catfishes. This catfish is found in the upper basins of the Río Marañon and Rio Napo in Ecuador, and in tributaries of the Magdalena-Cauca river drainages in Colombia.

The specific name honours the Italian naturalist Enrico Festa, who collected the type specimen.

Magdalena River
The Magdalena River (Spanish: Río Magdalena, Spanish pronunciation: [ˈri.o maɣðaˈlena]; less commonly Rio Grande de la Magdalena) is the main river of Colombia, flowing northward about 1,528 kilometres (949 mi) through the western half of the country. It takes its name from the biblical figure Mary Magdalene. It is navigable through much of its lower reaches, in spite of the shifting sand bars at the mouth of its delta, as far as Honda, at the downstream base of its rapids. It flows through the Magdalena River Valley.

Its drainage basin covers a surface of 273,000 square kilometres (105,000 sq mi), which is 24% of the country's area and where 66% of its population lives.
William D. Winston (Texas politician)
William Darracott Winston II (July 25, 1932 – January 29, 2007) was an American politician. He served as a member of the Texas House of Representatives of the Democratic party for Angelina and Trinity counties from the 18th district. He worked as an attorney in Lufkin, Texas, which was his home city when he was in office.

He attended the University of Texas and the University of Texas School of Law. He attained the rank of specialist III in the United States Army.

Winston died on January 29, 2007, at the age of 74.

University of Texas School of Law
The University of Texas School of Law (Texas Law or UT Law) is the law school of the University of Texas at Austin, a public research university in Austin, Texas.  According to Texas Law’s ABA disclosures, 93.0% of the Class of 2024 obtained full-time, long-term bar passage required employment (i.e. as attorneys) nine months after graduation.
1975 ACC men's basketball tournament
The 1975 Atlantic Coast Conference men's basketball tournament was held in Greensboro, North Carolina, at the Greensboro Coliseum from March 6–8. North Carolina defeated NC State, 70–66 to win the championship. Phil Ford of North Carolina was named the tournament MVP.

First Horizon Coliseum
First Horizon Coliseum (formerly Greensboro Coliseum) is an arena in Greensboro, North Carolina. Opened in 1959 as the first building of the Greensboro Complex, the 22,000-seat arena is the home arena of the UNC Greensboro Spartans basketball team and the Greensboro Gargoyles of the ECHL.

It has a history in hosting college basketball games, having been a recurring host of the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) basketball tournaments, and early-round games in the NCAA tournament. As it was the largest arena in the state for a period, the Coliseum previously hosted a number of neutral site games involving North Carolina's teams; Wake Forest regularly played marquee and ACC games at the Coliseum from 1959 to 1989.
Simon Khomari
Simon Khomari (born 10 October 1991) is a South African cricketer. He was included in the Boland cricket team squad for the 2015 Africa T20 Cup. In June 2018, he was named in the squad for the Cape Cobras team for the 2018–19 season. In September 2019, he was named in Boland's squad for the 2019–20 CSA Provincial T20 Cup.

2015 Africa T20 Cup
The 2015 Africa T20 Cup was a Twenty20 cricket tournament held in South Africa from 4 September to 4 October 2015, as a curtain-raiser to the 2015–16 South African domestic season. Organized by Cricket South Africa, it featured thirteen South African provincial teams, as well as a Zimbabwean development XI and the national sides of Kenya and Namibia.

The sixteen participating teams were split into four pools of four, with the teams from each pool playing all of their matches at one ground across a single weekend. Benoni, Potchefstroom, Kimberley, and Bloemfontein hosted matches, as other venues were unavailable at that point in the season. Northerns defeated KwaZulu-Natal Inland in the final, which was held at Bloemfontein's Mangaung Oval. The tournament's leading runscorer was KZN Inland's Vaughn van Jaarsveld, while four players shared the leading wicket taker title.
Stipa
Stipa is a genus of about 140 species of large perennial hermaphroditic grasses collectively known as feather grass, needle grass, and  spear grass. They are placed in the subfamily Pooideae and the tribe Stipeae, which also contains many species formerly assigned to Stipa, which have since been reclassified into new genera.

Many species are important forage crops. Several species such as Stipa brachytricha, S. arundinacea, S. splendens, S. gigantea and S. pulchra are used as ornamental plants. One former species, esparto grass (Macrochloa tenacissima), is used for crafts and extensively in paper making.

It is a coarse grass with inrolled leaves and a panicle patterned inflorescence.

Paper
Paper is a thin sheet of matted cellulose fibers. Largely derived from lignocellulose, paper is created from a pulp dissolved into a slurry that is drained and dried into sheets. Different types of paper are defined by constituent fiber, paper pulp, sizing, coating, paper size, paper density and grammage.

The papermaking process developed in East Asia at least as early as 105 CE by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although archaeological evidence exists of 2nd century BCE paper-like material in China. Before the industrialization of paper production, the most common paper was rag paper, made from discarded natural fiber textiles collected by ragpickers. The 1843 invention of wood pulp, coupled with the Second Industrial Revolution, made pulpwood paper the dominant variety to this day.
Scientists and Engineers for America
Scientists and Engineers for America (SEA) was an organization focused on promoting sound science in American government, and supporting candidates who understand science and its applications. SEA was formed on September 27, 2006, and describes itself as non-partisan.

SEA is organized as a 501(c)(3) organization, and represents a reorganization of Scientists and Engineers for Change, an organization founded in 2004 to support the election of John Kerry. Its current executive director is Tom Price.  SEA operates a wiki site called the Science, Health And Related Policies (SHARP) Network, which allows members to track and contribute information on Congressional representatives, candidates, and science policy issues. SEA is associated with a 501(c)(4) organization known as the SEA Action Fund, whose president is geneticist Michael Stebbins.

501(c) organization
A 501(c) organization is a nonprofit organization in the federal law of the United States according to Internal Revenue Code (26 U.S.C. § 501(c)). Such organizations are exempt from some federal income taxes. Sections 503 through 505 set out the requirements for obtaining such exemptions. Many states refer to Section 501(c) for definitions of organizations exempt from state taxation as well. 501(c) organizations can receive unlimited contributions from individuals, corporations, and unions.

For example, a nonprofit organization may be tax-exempt under section 501(c)(3) if its primary activities are charitable, religious, educational, scientific, literary, testing for public safety, fostering amateur sports competition, or preventing cruelty to children or animals.
Honey Creek (Beaver Creek tributary)
Honey Creek is a stream in Douglas County in the Ozarks of southern Missouri. It is a tributary of Beaver Creek.

The headwaters of the stream are in northwest Douglas County just to the west of Missouri Route K and about one-half mile south of the Douglas - Webster County line. The stream flows south to south-southwest parallel to County Road 14-531. It flows under Missouri Route 14 to its confluence with Beaver Creek five miles northwest of Ava.

The stream was named for the abundant honey bearing bee trees along its banks.

Missouri Route 14
Route 14 is a state highway traveling through the southern part of the U.S. state of Missouri. Its western terminus is at U.S. Route 60 (US 60) in Marionville, and its eastern terminus is at US 63 on the northern edge of West Plains. Route 14 is a two-lane highway for its entire length, however, there are plans to widen Route 14 in some spots.

Formerly this road's western terminus was at US 71 in Joplin, and its eastern terminus was at US 67 southwest of Poplar Bluff. These sections are now US 160, Route 174, and Interstate 44 (I-44). The section between Mount Vernon and the southeast corner of Douglas County was Route 40 from 1922 to 1926.
JSON Patch
JSON Patch is a web standard format for describing changes in a JSON document. It is meant to be used together with HTTP PATCH which allows for the modification of existing HTTP resources. The JSON Patch media type is application/json-patch+json.

Web standards
Web standards are the formal, non-proprietary standards and other technical specifications that define and describe aspects of the World Wide Web. In recent years, the term has been more frequently associated with the trend of endorsing a set of standardized best practices for building web sites, and a philosophy of web design and development that includes those methods.
2009 in arthropod paleontology
This list of fossil arthropods described in 2009 is a list of new taxa of trilobites, fossil insects, crustaceans, arachnids and other fossil arthropods that were described during the year 2009, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to arthropod paleontology that occurred that year.

Arachnid
Arachnids are arthropods in the class Arachnida (/əˈræknɪdə/) of the subphylum Chelicerata. Arachnida includes, among others, spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, pseudoscorpions, harvestmen, camel spiders, whip spiders and vinegaroons.

Adult arachnids have eight legs attached to the  cephalothorax. In some species the frontmost pair of legs has converted to a sensory function, while in others, different appendages can grow large enough to take on the appearance of extra pairs of legs.

Almost all extant arachnids are terrestrial, living mainly on land. However, some inhabit freshwater environments and, with the exception of the pelagic zone, marine environments as well. They comprise over 110,000 named species, of which 51,000 are species of spiders.

The term is derived from the Greek word ἀράχνη (aráchnē, 'spider'), from the myth of the hubristic human weaver Arachne, who was turned into a spider.
Mike Garnham
Michael Anthony Garnham (born 20 August 1960) is a former English cricketer who played for Essex, Leicestershire and Gloucestershire as a wicket-keeper/batsman between 1979 and 1995.

While attending North Devon College in Barnstaple, Garnham was selected to tour India with an English Schools team in 1977-78. He also toured Australia with England Young Cricketers in 1978-79.

In 1985 Garnham helped Leicestershire win the Benson and Hedges Cup, joining Peter Willey in an unbroken match-clinching partnership of 80 in the final. He also played in the Essex sides which won the County Championship in 1991 and 1992. He made his highest first-class score of 123 in Essex's victory over Leicestershire in September 1991, when he and Nasser Hussain added 316 for the fifth wicket.

Garnham now lives in Halstead, Essex. He works in planning in rural north Essex.

Essex County Cricket Club
Essex County Cricket Club is one of eighteen first-class county clubs within the domestic cricket structure of England and Wales. It represents the historic county of Essex.

Founded in 1876, the club had minor county status until 1894 when it was promoted to first-class status pending its entry into the County Championship in 1895. Since then, the team has played in every top-level domestic cricket competition in England.

Essex currently play all their home games at the County Cricket Ground, Chelmsford. The club has formerly used other venues throughout the county including Lower Castle Park in Colchester, Valentines Park in Ilford, Leyton Cricket Ground, the Gidea Park Sports Ground in Romford, and Garon Park and Southchurch Park, both in Southend.

The limited overs team has previously been known as the Essex Eagles but now play simply as Essex.
César Augusto Santiago
César Augusto Santiago Ramírez (born 27 May 1942) is a Mexican politician from the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI).

Santiago Ramírez has been elected to the Chamber of Deputies on five occasions:

In the 1979 mid-term election, for the ninth district of Chiapas (serving 1979–1982, during the 51st Congress)

In the 1985 mid-terms, for the second district of Chiapas (serving 1985–1988, during the 53rd Congress)

In the 1991 mid-terms, as a proportional representation deputy for the third region (serving 1991–1994, during the 55th Congress)

In the 2000 general election, as a proportional representation deputy for the third region (serving 2000–2003, during the 58th Congress)

In the 2009 mid-terms, as a proportional representation deputy for the third region (serving 2009–2012, during the 61st Congress)

1979 Mexican legislative election
Legislative elections were held in Mexico on 1 July 1979. The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) won 296 of the 400 seats in the Chamber of Deputies. Voter turnout was 49%.

They were the first national elections held after the approval of the political reforms of 1977, which allowed the Mexican Communist Party, Mexican Democratic Party and the Workers' Socialist Party to obtain legal registration and compete in elections for the first time, as well as increasing the size of the Chamber of Deputies from 237 seats to 400.

The elected deputies served during the 51st session of Congress (1979–1982).
Nikoleta Eleftheriadou
Nikoleta "Nikol" Eleftheriadou (Greek: Νικολέτα "Νικόλ" Ελευθεριάδου, born 17 January 1998) is a Greek female former water polo player, who last played for Olympiacos and the Greece women's national team. As a player of Olympiacos, she won the 2015 Women's LEN Super Cup. She was part of the Greece women's national water polo team that won the silver medal at the 2018 European Championship in Barcelona and the bronze medal at the 2015 European Games in Baku.
She has won gold, silver and bronze medals in World and European competitions with the Greece national junior water polo squads.

2018 Women's European Water Polo Championship
The 2018 Women's European Water Polo Championship was held from 14 to 27 July 2018 in Barcelona, Spain.

The Netherlands won their fifth title by defeating Greece 6-4 in the final. Spain captured the bronze medal after a 12-6 win over Hungary.
Self-bondage
Self-bondage refers to the use of restraints on oneself for erotic pleasure. It is a form of erotic bondage which can be practiced alone.

Self-bondage is characterized by experimentation and ingenuity, and can be riskier than conventional bondage. Self-bondage requires use of techniques for self-binding as movement becomes increasingly restricted as more restraints are applied, and also requires a reliable release mechanism. Many types of bondage equipment can be applied before the one that restrains the hands. For example, leg irons can be applied, as well as gags, blindfolds, etc.

For many of its practitioners, the added challenges and dangers are a part of the appeal of self-bondage, who often devise elaborate self-bondage schemes and release mechanisms, both in practice and in erotic fiction.

Erotic literature
The term erotic literature refers to fictional or factual stories and accounts of eros (passionate, romantic, or sexual relationships) intended to sexually arouse readers. This may overlap yet also contrast with erotica, which focuses more specifically on sexual feelings. Other common elements are satire and social criticism. Much erotic literature features erotic art to illustrate the text.

Although cultural disapproval of erotic literature has always existed, its circulation was not seen as a major problem before the invention of printing, as the costs of producing individual manuscripts limited distribution to a very small group of wealthy and literate readers. The invention of printing, in the 15th century, brought with it both a greater market and increasing restrictions, including censorship and legal restraints on publication on the grounds of obscenity. Because of this, much of the production of this type of material became clandestine.