hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Croatian linguistic purism
One of the defining features of modern Croatian is according to some a preference for word coinage from native Slavic morphemes, as opposed to adopting loanwords or replacing them altogether. This particularly relates to other Serbo-Croatian standards of Bosnian, Montenegrin and Serbian which liberally draw on Turkish, Latin, Greek, Russian and English loanwords.

Loanword
A loanword is a word at least partly assimilated from one language (the donor language) into another language (the recipient or target language), through the process of borrowing. Borrowing is a metaphorical term that is well established in the linguistic field despite its acknowledged descriptive flaws: nothing is taken away from the donor language and there is no expectation of returning anything (i.e., the loanword).

Loanwords may be contrasted with calques, in which a word is borrowed into the recipient language by being directly translated from the donor language rather than being adopted in (an approximation of) its original form. They must also be distinguished from cognates, which are words in two or more related languages that are similar because they share an etymological origin in the ancestral language, rather than because one borrowed the word from the other.
Lvov (surname)
Lvov is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Lvov princely family
Alexei Lvov (1799–1870), Russian composer
Georgy Lvov (1861–1925), Russian politician and minister-chairman of the Russian Provisional Government (1917)
Lidia Lwow-Eberle (1920–2021), Polish WWII partisan of Armia Krajowa

Lvov dvoryan families

Valery Lvov (1953–2025), Soviet-Russian boxer

Aaron Moses Lwow (fl. 18th century), Polish grammarian, scribe, and dayyan

André Michel Lwoff (1902–1994), French microbiologist of Russian-Polish origin

Maria Lvova-Belova (born 1984), Russian politician

Maria Lvova-Sinetskaya (1795–1875), Russian stage actress

Alexei Lvov
Alexei Fyodorovich Lvov (Russian: Алексей Фёдорович Львов; 5 June [O.S. 25 May] 1798 – 28 December [O.S. 16 December] 1870) was a Russian composer, best known for the composition of the imperial-era Russian national anthem,  God Save the Tsar.
2018 Virginia elections
During the 2018 election year in Virginia several local, state, and federal elections were held. On May 1, several of Virginia's cities and towns held mayoral, city council, and school board elections. Primary elections for Congress were held on June 12.

The general election was on November 6, 2018, for all 11 of Virginia's House of Representatives seats, as well as the Class 1 Senate seat. 2018 Virginia's 8th House of Delegates district special election was also held that day. The seat, being vacated by Greg Habeeb, was sought by Republican Roanoke County Supervisor Joe McNamara and Radford University associate director Democrat Carter Turner.

Special elections were held on January 16 for Chilhowie town council, on February 6 for Leesburg town council, and on July 24 for Isle of Wight County sheriff.

Chilhowie, Virginia
Chilhowie /tʃɪlˈhaʊi/ is a town in Smyth County, Virginia, United States, on the Middle Fork of the Holston River. As of the 2020 census, Chilhowie had a population of 1,654. The name Chilhowie is said to come from a Cherokee word meaning "valley of many deer". It is also notable for having only one traffic light in the entire city. I-81 runs through Chilhowie. It is located at exit 35.
NA-203 Khairpur-II
NA-203 Khairpur-II (این اے-203، خيرپُور-2) is a parliamentary constituency for the National Assembly of Pakistan located in the Khairpur District of Sindh. It encompasses the Thari Mirwah, Faiz Ganj, Nara Tehsil, and Sobho Dero Tehsil, including the town of Ranipur. The constituency is currently represented by Fazal Ali Shah of the Pakistan People's Party, who won the seat in the 2024 general elections with 128,830 votes, marking a significant victory with a majority of 30,594 votes.

The constituency's electorate comprises 426,030 registered voters. Over the years, it has seen representation from various political parties, with the Pakistan People's Party holding the seat in the latest election, reflecting its ongoing influence in the region.

Pir Sadaruddin Shah
Pir Syed Sadaruddin Shah Rashidi (Urdu: پیر سید صدرالدین شاہ راشدی; born 21 October 1960) is a Pakistani politician who served as Minister for Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development, in Abbasi cabinet from August 2017 to May 2018. He previously served as the Minister for Overseas Pakistanis.
Mohoho
Mohoho is a folk festival celebrated in the lower Assam region of India, especially in the districts of Kamrup, Goalpara, Barpeta, Nalbari, and Darrang. The festival is held in the month of  Agrahayana or Aghun, which is November–December as per modern day Georgian Calendar, during the full moon night.

Kamrup district
Kamrup district (Pron: ˈkæmˌrəp or ˈkæmˌru:p), is an administrative district in the state of Assam in India formed by dividing the old Kamrup district into two in the year 2003; other being Kamrup Metropolitan district, named after the region it constitutes. This district, along with Nalbari, Barpeta, Kamrup Metropolitan, Bajali and Baksa districts has been created from the Undivided Kamrup district. Rangiya is the Sub-District of Kamrup. The present Kamrup district has its headquarters at Amingaon.
Minolta XE
The Minolta XE, known as the XE-1 in Europe and the XE-7 in North America, is a manual focus, 35 mm single-lens reflex camera produced by Minolta of Japan between 1974 and 1977. It was developed in collaboration with Leica Camera and has many similarities to the Leica R3.

The XE uses a Leitz-Copal electronic, vertically traveling, metal blade focal plane shutter supporting exposure times of 1/1000 of a second to four seconds, plus bulb setting.  In aperture priority auto-exposure mode, the shutter speed is varied steplessly; in manual mode, the shutter speeds are selected in whole stop increments. The camera has a very short shutter lag of about 38ms, among the best for an SLR regardless of manufacturer.

Detail

XE-7 with covers removed, exposing the electronics

Focal-plane shutter
In camera design, a focal-plane shutter (FPS) is a type of photographic shutter that is positioned immediately in front of the focal plane of the camera, that is, right in front of the photographic film or image sensor.
Amylostereum chailletii
Amylostereum chailletii (powdered duster) is a species of crust fungus. It was originally described in 1822 as Thelephora chailletii by Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1822, and given its current name when it was moved into Amylostereum by Jacques Boidin in 1958. It causes a white rot, especially in spruce and fir species.

Fir
Firs are evergreen coniferous trees belonging to the genus Abies (Latin: [ˈabieːs]) in the family Pinaceae. There are approximately 48–65 extant species, found on mountains throughout much of North and Central America, Eurasia, and North Africa. The genus is most closely related to Keteleeria, a small genus confined to eastern Asia.

They are tall trees that can be distinguished from other members of the pine family by the way in which their needle-like leaves are attached singly to the branches with a circular base, and by their cones, which, like those of cedars, stand upright on the branches like candles and disintegrate at maturity.

The wood of firs is used for pulp to make paper, for plywood, and for indoor construction. Some species serve as Christmas trees, while others are used as decorative trees with their brightly coloured cones. In art, Lucas Cranach the Elder painted Madonna under the fir tree for Wrocław Cathedral in 1510.
Steve Madison
Stephen Philip Favata (born April 9, 1983) is an American professional wrestler, known by his ringname "Modern Miracle" Steve Madison, who competes in Southeastern independent promotions including AWA World-1 South, Full Impact Pro, Future of Wrestling, NWA Florida and Dusty Rhodes' Turnbuckle Championship Wrestling. While in NWA Florida, he was part of the heel stable 911 Incorporated with Ron Niemi, Rod Steel, Eric Loy and The Shane Twins. He was also a member of The Young, Rich & Ready with Chasyn Rance and Kenny King.

Madison has also made appearances in Ring of Honor, Total Nonstop Action Wrestling and WWE, including its developmental territories Deep South Wrestling and Florida Championship Wrestling, as well Japanese promotions Big Mouth Loud, Fighting World of Japan Pro Wrestling and New Japan Pro-Wrestling. He formed successful tag teams with Erick Stevens and Lex Lovett while touring Japan.

Full Impact Pro
Full Impact Pro (FIP) is an American professional wrestling promotion. It is currently part of the World Wrestling Network (WWN) along with Shine Wrestling. Sal Hamaoui founded the company and serves as the president, while Trevin Adams is the vice president of FIP.

FIP was founded in 2003 and has run the majority of their shows in Florida. The promotion was inactive from late 2011 until early 2013. They currently promote the FIP World Heavyweight Championship, FIP Tag Team Championship, and the FIP Florida Heritage Championship.
The Voice Thailand season 8
The eighth season of the Thai reality television show, The Voice Thailand premiered on September 16, 2019, on PPTV and LINE TV. Kong Saharat, Jennifer Kim, Joey Boy and Pop Pongkool returning as coaches from the previous season. The show hosted by Songsit Rungnopphakhunsi.

Joey Boy
Apisit Opasaimlikit (Thai: อภิสิทธิ์ โอภาสเอี่ยมลิขิต, RTGS: Aphisit Ophat-iamlikhit; born 1974), known by his stage name Joey Boy (Thai: โจอี้ บอย), is a Thai rapper, singer, songwriter, and television personality, known as the Godfather of Thai Hip Hop.
Boulikessi and Mondoro attacks
On January 24, 2021, jihadists from Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin (JNIM) launched simultaneous attacks on Malian troops stationed in the towns of Boulikessi and Mondoro, Mali. The Malian forces, combined with French weapons from Operation Barkhane, repulsed the JNIM attacks from both towns.

Mondoro
Mondoro (Mɔ̀ndɔ́:rɔ́) is a village and rural commune in the Cercle of Douentza in the Mopti Region of Mali, near the border of Burkina Faso. The commune contains 22 villages and had a population of 42,631 in the 2009 census. The commune is the largest by area and population in the Douentza Cercle.

Mondoro village has tanners (Morba clan), dyers, and blacksmiths. Most villagers have the surnames Ongoiba and Morba. A few are also surnamed Goro and Sanga. Jamsay Dogon is spoken in the village. There is a weekly Monday market.

On March 4, 2022, rebels entered the village and attacked an army base with car bombs, killing 27 soldiers and injuring over 33 others. The government declared a three-day national day of mourning in response.
Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality
Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality: Gay People in Western Europe from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Fourteenth Century is a 1980 book about the history of Christianity and homosexuality by the historian John Boswell.

History of Christianity and homosexuality
Christian leaders have written about male homosexual activities since the first decades of Christianity; female homosexual behavior was almost entirely ignored. Throughout the majority of Christian history, most Christian theologians and denominations have considered homosexual behavior as immoral or sinful.

However, since the second half of the 20th century some prominent Christian theologians and religious groups have espoused a wide variety of beliefs and practices towards homosexuals, including the establishment of various "open and accepting" Christian churches and denominations that actively support LGBT members.
Foundry Bridge
The Foundry Bridge is a historic Warren pony truss bridge, carrying Foundry Road across the First Branch White River in Tunbridge, Vermont.  Built in 1889, it is one of the state's oldest wrought iron bridges, and the only surviving example in the state of work by the Vermont Construction Company, its only local manufacturer of such bridges.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.

Tunbridge, Vermont
Tunbridge is a town in Orange County, Vermont, United States. As of the 2020 United States Census the town population was 1,337. The town consists of three village centers, all situated on Vermont Route 110 in the valley of the first branch of the White River. The three settlements are named North Tunbridge (also known locally as "Blood Village"), Tunbridge Village ("Market") and South Tunbridge ("Jigger").
Geoff Raby
Geoffrey William "Geoff" Raby AO (born September 1953 in Melbourne) is an Australian economist and diplomat. He served as the Australian Ambassador to the People's Republic of China from February 2007 until August 2011. He is now the chairman and CEO of Geoff Raby and Associates, a Beijing-based business advisory firm. Raby currently sits on the board of an Australian subsidiary of Chinese state-run Yanzhou Coal Mining Company.

Raby was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) in the 2019 Queen's Birthday Honours for "distinguished service to Australia-China relations through senior diplomatic roles, and to multilateral trade policy development".

Yankuang Energy Group
Yankuang Energy Group Company Limited (simplified Chinese: 兖矿能源集团股份有限公司; traditional Chinese: 兗礦能源集團股份有限公司), formerly known as Yanzhou Coal Mining Company Limited (simplified Chinese: 兖州煤业股份有限公司; traditional Chinese: 兗州煤業股份有限公司), is a Chinese energy company engaged in coal and potash mining, chemical production, power generation, and logistics. It is majority-owned by Shandong Energy Group.
Kaylor, Pennsylvania
Kaylor is an unincorporated community in northern Cambria County, Pennsylvania, United States. It lies between Johnstown and Altoona, approximately 80 miles east of Pittsburgh. It is part of Munster Township, Pennsylvania.

Johnstown, Pennsylvania
Johnstown is the largest city in Cambria County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 18,411 as of the 2020 census. Located 57 miles (92 km) east of Pittsburgh, it is the principal city of the Johnstown metropolitan area, which had 133,472 residents in 2020. It is also part of the Johnstown–Somerset combined statistical area, which includes both Cambria and Somerset counties. Once a bustling industrial center, like many cities in the Rust Belt, Johnstown was severely affected by the loss of jobs in the steel industry due to globalization and the movement of American manufacturing to overseas markets.
Turrini
Turrini is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Diego Turrini, an Italian astrophysicist and planetologist for whom the minor planet 11803 Turrini is named

Federico Turrini, Italian swimmer

Francesco Turrini (born 1965), Italian footballer and manager

Giordano Turrini (born 1942), Italian cyclist

Peter Turrini (born 1944), Austrian playwright

Federico Turrini
Federico Turrini (born 21 July 1987) is an Italian swimmer who competes in the Men's 400m individual medley. At the 2012 Summer Olympics he finished joint 19th overall in the heats in the Men's 400 metre individual medley and failed to reach the final. At the 2013 Mediterranean Games held in Mersin, Turkey he won the gold medal in 200 individual medley by 1:59:35.
Mustafa Hadzhi
Mustafa Alish Hadzhi (born 31 March 1962) is an Islamic scholar, author, and the current Grand Mufti of Bulgaria. He was listed in The 500 Most Influential Muslims, compiled by the Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre.

Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre
The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre is  a research centre affiliated with the Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought.

Its publications include:

A Common Word Between Us and You

The Amman Message

Forty Hadith on Divine Mercy

Jihad and the Islamic Law of War

Warfare in The Qur’an

Body Count

The Holy Qur'an and the Environment

Address to H.H. Pope Benedict XVI at the King Hussein Mosque, Amman, Jordan by H.R.H. Prince Ghazi bin Muhammad bin Talal

Keys to Jerusalem

The 500 Most Influential Muslims
Gathang language
The Gathang language, also spelt Gadjang, Kattang, Kutthung, Gadhang, Gadang and previously known as Worimi (also spelt Warrimay), is an Australian Aboriginal language or group of dialects. The three known dialects are Birrbay, Guringay, and Warrimay, which are used by the Worimi, Guringay, and Birrbay peoples. It went extinct during the latter half of the 20th century, but has been revived in the 21st century.

Guringay
Gringai otherwise known as Guringay, is the name for one of the Australian Aboriginal people who were recorded as inhabiting an area of the Hunter Valley in eastern New South Wales, north of Sydney. They were united by a common language, strong ties of kinship and survived as skilled hunter–fisher–gatherers in family groups as a clan of the Worimi people.
Xtreme Couture Mixed Martial Arts
Xtreme Couture Mixed Martial Arts is an American mixed martial arts training organization headed by former UFC Champion and former co-founder of Team Quest, Randy Couture.  Xtreme Couture was founded with the flagship gym in Las Vegas.  Since then, the franchise has spread to other cities in the United States and Canada. Xtreme Couture Las Vegas is one of the largest gyms (over 24,000 square feet (2,200 m2)) and most recognized brands and MMA gyms in the world, where many past and current top MMA fighters train.

Strikeforce (mixed martial arts)
Strikeforce was an American mixed martial arts and kickboxing organization based in San Jose, California, that operated from 1985 to 2013. It was headed by CEO Scott Coker.

Its live events and competitions have been shown on CBS, debuting on November 7, 2009, and Showtime in the United States. Internationally, Strikeforce events have been broadcast Super Channel in Canada, Primetime in the United Kingdom, SKY PerfecTV! in Japan, HBO Plus in Brazil, Space in Latin America and the Caribbean, and on the American Forces Network.

In early 2011, Strikeforce was purchased by American Ultimate Fighting Championship owner Zuffa LLC, which eventually closed the promotion and brought the remaining fighter contracts into the UFC roster.
Boat Box Hot Spring
Boat Box Hot Spring, also known as Elkhorn Hot Spring, is a hot spring located along the Salmon River in the Sawtooth National Forest on Idaho State Highway 75, about 3 miles away from the town of Stanley, Idaho. The hot spring is composed of a single metal tub that is fed through a plastic tube built into the riverbank. The spring is named for the historical wooden tub that was used before it was destroyed by annual spring flooding. The average temperature of Boat Box Hot Spring is usually around 110°F (43.33°C). The water is usually not clear, as algae inhabit its waters.

Idaho State Highway 75
State Highway 75 is a two-lane highway in the western United States that travels through the Sawtooth Valley of central Idaho. The highway's southern terminus is in Shoshone, and its northern is near Challis.  It is designated as one of Idaho's scenic byways and provides access to Sawtooth National Recreation Area and primarily follows the Big Wood River in the south and the main Salmon River in the north, divided by Galena Summit.
Siti (king)
Siti (Old Nubian: ⲥⲓⲧⲓ) was king of the Nubian kingdom of Makuria from about 1331 to at least December 1333. Contrary to many of his predecessors in the late 13th and early 14th century he is only known from Old Nubian sources, which are: two documents found at Edfu and Qasr Ibrim respectively, four inscriptions from Banganarti, a graffito in Gebel Abu Negila in northern Kordofan and a dipinto from Sonqi Tino. It seems that he wrestled control from the Muslim Kanz ad-Dawla Muhammad, who ruled at least until 1328. Siti thus restored Makuria as a Christian kingdom.

Banganarti
Banganarti (Arabic: بنقنارتي Nobiin: 
Bángànarti (Island of the Locust) is a small village in Sudan, about halfway between the third and fourth cataract of the Nile. It is situated 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from Old Dongola, the capital of Makuria. Banganarti was an important Christian pilgrim center; the remains of a substantial medieval church are near the village (18.166736,30.784785).
Cottonwood, Utah
Cottonwood, Utah, has historically referred to a vaguely defined area between and around Big Cottonwood Creek and Little Cottonwood Creek in the Salt Lake Valley:

Holladay, Utah, a city that was called Holladay-Cottonwood at the time of its incorporation as a temporary compromise between the names Holladay and Cottonwood

Cottonwood Mall (Utah), the repeatedly delayed redevelopment of which has sometimes been promoted as intending to create a definitive center for Cottonwood

Cottonwood Heights, Utah, a city that includes the southeastern part of the area to which the name applies and the only incorporated place named for Cottonwood

Cottonwood West, Utah, a former census-designated place within Cottonwood that ceased to exist due to annexation by Murray

Murray, Utah, a city that includes the western part of the area to which the name applies

Cottonwood Heights, Utah
Cottonwood Heights is a city located in Salt Lake County, Utah, United States, along the east bench of the Salt Lake Valley. It lies south of the cities of Holladay and Murray, east of Midvale, and north of Sandy within the Salt Lake City, Utah Metropolitan Statistical Area. Originally a census-designated place (CDP), following a successful referendum in May 2004, the city was incorporated on January 14, 2005. The population, as of the 2020 census, was 33,617.

The corporate offices of Instructure, Dyno Nobel, the defunct Fusion-io, Extra Space Storage, Breeze Airways, and JetBlue are located in the city.
Cotabato's 3rd congressional district
Cotabato's 3rd congressional district is one of the three congressional districts of the Philippines in the province of Cotabato. It has been represented in the House of Representatives since 2013. The district covers central and southern Cotabato bordering Maguindanao to the west and Lanao del Sur to the north. It consists of the municipalities of Banisilan, Carmen, Kabacan, M'lang, Matalam and Tulunan. The district contains several exclaves of the Bangsamoro autonomous region. It is currently represented in the 20th Congress by Samantha Santos of the Lakas-CMD.

M'lang
M'lang, officially the Municipality of M'lang (Hiligaynon: Banwa sang M'lang; Maguindanaon: Inged nu Melang, Jawi: ايڠايد نو ملڠ), is a municipality in the province of Cotabato, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 98,195 people.
Achalgarh Fort
Achalgarh is a fort situated about 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) north of Mount Abu, a hill station in Rajasthan, India.  The fort was originally built by the Paramara dynasty rulers and later reconstructed, renovated and named as Achalgarh by Maharana Kumbha in 1452 CE, one of the 32 forts built during his reign.

The fort is in a dilapidated condition now. The first gate of the fort is known as Hanumanpol, which served as the entrance to the lower fort. It comprises two towers built of large blocks of grey granite. After some ascent, stands Champapol, the second gate of the fort, which served as the entrance to the inner fort.

There are some features of historical and religious importance in and around the fort. Achaleshwar Mahadev Temple is just outside the fort; the toe of Shiva is worshipped there and a brass Nandi is also located there. Near the temple there are three stone buffaloes standing around a pond. There are Jain temples in the fort. These were built in 1513.

Hill station
A hill station is a type of hill town, mostly in colonial Asia, but also in colonial Africa (albeit rarely), founded by European colonialists as a refuge from the summer heat. As historian Dane Kennedy observes about the Indian context, "the hill station (...) was seen as an exclusive British preserve: here it was possible to render the Indian into an outsider". The term is still used in present day, particularly in India, which has the largest number of hill stations; most are situated at an altitude of approximately 1,000 to 2,500 metres (3,300 to 8,200 ft).