hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Operation Clipper
During the Second World War, Operation Clipper was an Allied offensive by the British XXX Corps (which included the American 84th Infantry Division) to reduce the Geilenkirchen salient in mid-November 1944. Clipper was the preliminary to a wider Allied operation, Operation Queen, to gain control of the Roer valley and of the Hürtgen Forest.

Geilenkirchen is situated on the Wurm River, some 20 km (12 mi) north of Aachen. The surrounding area is undulating, alternating between woodland, farmland and industrial villages. The area was crossed by a network of passable minor roads, some major roads and a railway line. The Wurm is the major geographic feature.

The salient was a German position on the Siegfried Line (Westwall) at the boundary between the British Second Army and the American 9th Army. It restricted the movement of Allied forces and was a potential threat.

Roer
The Roer (Dutch: [ruːr] ⓘ, Limburgish: [ʀuːʀ˦]) or Rur (German: [ʁuːɐ̯] ⓘ; French: Rour [ʁuʁ]) is a major river that flows through portions of Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands. It is a right (eastern) tributary to the Meuse (Dutch: Maas).  About 90 percent of the river's course is in Germany.

It is not to be confused with the rivers Ruhr and Röhr, which are tributaries of the Rhine in North Rhine-Westphalia.
Carlo Checchinato
Carlo Checchinato (born 30 August 1970 in Adria, Province of Rovigo) is an Italian rugby union former international player, with 83 caps and participated in 4 consecutive Rugby World Cup. He is the current Sales Director for the Italy national team. He also served as CEO of Zebre Parma between 2021 and 2022.

Province of Rovigo
The province of Rovigo (Italian: provincia di Rovigo) is a province in the Veneto region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Rovigo.
It borders on the north with the provinces of Verona, Padua and Venice, on the south with the province of Ferrara, on the west with the province of Mantua, and on the east with the Adriatic Sea.
L-peptidase
L-peptidase (EC 3.4.22.46) is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction

Autocatalytically cleaves itself from the polyprotein of the foot-and-mouth disease virus by hydrolysis of a Lys-Gly bond. Subsequently, it cleaves host cell initiation factor eIF-4G at bonds -Gly-Arg- and -Lys-Arg-

This enzyme is coded bz foot-and-mouth disease virus.

Foot-and-mouth disease virus
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a virus in the genus Aphthovirus that causes foot-and-mouth disease in cattle. As a member of the family Picornaviridae, FMDV is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Like other members of the picornavirus family, FMDV is small and unenveloped, with an icosahedral capsid.

The virus causes foot-and-mouth disease, a highly contagious disease affecting cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, and other cloven-hoofed animals. Foot-and-mouth disease causes fever and the formation of vesicles (blisters) in infected animals, which form in the mouth and on the feet and teats. While the disease is usually nonfatal to adult livestock, survivors are left in a weakened state which impacts both meat and milk production, making outbreaks very costly and disruptive to agricultural production overall.
Federated States of Micronesia at the 2019 Pacific Games
Federated States of Micronesia competed at the 2019 Pacific Games in Apia, Samoa from 7 to 20 July 2019. The country participated in five sports at the 2019 games.

The nation was managed by three managers, Castro Joab, Alik Jackson and Loatis Seneres.

Apia
Apia (Samoan: [a.pi.a]) is the capital and largest city of Samoa. It is located on the central north coast of Upolu, Samoa's second-largest island. Apia falls within the political district (itūmālō) of Tuamasaga.

The Apia Urban Area (generally known as the City of Apia) has a population of 35,974 (2021 census). Its geographic boundaries extend from the east approximately from Letogo village in Vaimauga to the west in the newer, industrialized region of Apia which extends to Vaitele village in Faleata.
Lac de Vallon
Lac de Vallon is a lake at Bellevaux in the Haute-Savoie department of France. The lake formed in 1943 when a landslide blocked the flow of the Brévon river. It is within the Chablais UNESCO Global Geopark.

Haute-Savoie
Haute-Savoie (French pronunciation: [ot savwa] ⓘ; Arpitan: Savouè d'Amont; Italian: Alta Savoia) is a department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of Southeastern France, bordering both Switzerland and Italy. Its prefecture is Annecy. To the north is Lake Geneva; to the south and southeast are Mont Blanc and the Aravis mountain range.

It holds its name from the Savoy historical region, as does the department of Savoie, located south of Haute-Savoie. In 2019, it had a population of 826,094. Its subprefectures are Bonneville, Saint-Julien-en-Genevois and Thonon-les-Bains. The French entrance to the Mont Blanc Tunnel into Italy is in Haute-Savoie. It is noted for winter sports; the first Winter Olympic Games were held at Chamonix in 1924.
Samuel Dewitt
Samuel Dewitt (December 17, 1893 – death unknown) was an American Negro league infielder between 1919 and 1926.

A native of Bristol, Tennessee, Dewitt made his Negro leagues debut in 1919 with the Dayton Marcos. He went on to play for the Indianapolis ABCs, Columbus Buckeyes, Toledo Tigers, and finished his career back in Dayton in 1926.

Indianapolis ABCs
The Indianapolis ABCs were a Negro league baseball team that played both as an independent club and as a charter member of the first Negro National League (NNL).  They claimed the western championship of black baseball in 1915 and 1916, and finished second in the 1922 NNL.  Among their best players were Baseball Hall of Fame members Oscar Charleston, Biz Mackey,  and Ben Taylor.
Mary Gallagher
Mary Gallagher is an American playwright, screenwriter, novelist, actress, director and teacher. For six years, she was artistic director of Gypsy, a theatre company in the Hudson Valley, New York, which collaborated with many artists to create site-specific mask-and-puppet music-theatre with texts and lyrics by Gallagher. These pieces included Premanjali and the 7 Geese Brothers, Ama and The Scottish Play. In 1996-97, she directed the Playwrights Workshop at the University of Iowa, and she taught playwriting and screenwriting at New York University/Tisch School of the Arts from 2001 to 2010.  She is a member of Actors & Writers, a theater company in the Hudson Valley, and the Ensemble Studio Theater in New York City. She is an alumna of New Dramatists, where she developed many of her plays and created and moderated the series, "You Can Make a Life: Conversations with Playwrights" from 1994 to 2001.

Hudson Valley
The Hudson Valley or Hudson River Valley comprises the valley of the Hudson River and its adjacent communities in the U.S. state of New York. The region stretches from the Capital District including Albany and Troy south to Yonkers in Westchester County, bordering New York City.
1997 in Michigan
This article reviews 1997 in Michigan, including the state's office holders, demographics, performance of sports teams, cultural events, a chronology of the state's top news and sports stories, and notable Michigan-related births and deaths.

Colorado Avalanche–Detroit Red Wings brawl
The Avalanche–Red Wings brawl was a large-scale on-ice melee that occurred on March 26, 1997, at Joe Louis Arena in Detroit, between two National Hockey League (NHL) rivals: the Colorado Avalanche and Detroit Red Wings. The brawl, which has been nicknamed Bloody Wednesday, Fight Night at the Joe and the Brawl in Hockeytown, stemmed from a previous on-ice incident between the two teams during the 1996 Western Conference Finals. The game featured 18 fighting major penalties and 144 minutes in penalties.
Maximally informative dimensions
Maximally informative dimensions is a dimensionality reduction technique used in the statistical analyses of neural responses. Specifically, it is a way of projecting a stimulus onto a low-dimensional subspace so that as much information as possible about the stimulus is preserved in the neural response. It is motivated by the fact that natural stimuli are typically confined by their statistics to a lower-dimensional space than that spanned by white noise but correctly identifying this subspace using traditional techniques is complicated by the correlations that exist within natural images.  Within this subspace, stimulus-response functions may be either linear or nonlinear. The idea was originally developed by Tatyana Sharpee, Nicole C. Rust, and William Bialek in 2003.

Tatyana Sharpee
Tatyana Sharpee is an American neuroscientist. She is a  Professor at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, where she spearheads a research group at the Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, with the support from Edwin Hunter Chair in Neurobiology. She is also an Adjunct Professor at the Department of Physics at University of California, San Diego. She was elected a fellow of American Physical Society in 2019.
Voigt–Thomson law
Voigt–Thomson law describes anisotropic magnetoresistance effect in a thin film strip as a relationship between the electric resistivity and the direction of electric current:

where:

is the angle of direction of current in relation to the direction of magnetic field

is the initial resistivity

is the change of resistivity (proportional to MR ratio)

The equation can also be expressed as:

where:

is the parallel component of resistivity

is the perpendicular component

Anisotropy
Anisotropy (/ˌænaɪˈsɒtrəpi, ˌænɪ-/) is the structural property of non-uniformity in different directions, as opposed to isotropy. An anisotropic object or pattern has properties that differ according to direction of measurement. For example, many materials exhibit very different physical or mechanical properties when measured along different axes, e.g. absorbance, refractive index, conductivity, and tensile strength.

An example of anisotropy is light coming through a polarizer. Another is wood, which is easier to split along its grain than across it because of the directional non-uniformity of the grain (the grain is the same in one direction, not all directions).
Wincentynów
Wincentynów [vint͡sɛnˈtɨnuf] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sławno, within Opoczno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 9 km (6 mi) north of Sławno, 12 km (7 mi) north-west of Opoczno, and 61 km (38 mi) south-east of the regional capital Łódź.

Opoczno County
Opoczno County (Polish: powiat opoczyński) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Łódź Voivodeship, south-east Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Opoczno, which lies 72 kilometres (45 mi) south-east of the regional capital Łódź. The only other town in the county is Drzewica, lying 15 km (9 mi) north-east of Opoczno.

The county covers an area of 1,038.77 square kilometres (401.1 sq mi). As of 2009 its total population is 78,467, out of which the population of Opoczno is 21,635 (2016), that of Drzewica is 3,913 (2016), and the rural population is 52,006.
White City, Greater Manchester
White City is an area in Old Trafford, Greater Manchester, England. Part of the site, which is adjacent to Chester Road, is now a retail park. The area was originally the former Manchester Botanic Gardens that occupied the southeast corner of the docks area and Manchester United's ground. The gateway of the Botanic Gardens still stands at the edge of the retail park. In 1857, the Art Treasures Exhibition was held in the gardens.

White City has also been an amusement park and a sports stadium that has featured athletics, greyhound racing and motorsports.

Retail park
A retail park is a type of shopping centre found on the fringes of most large towns and cities in the United Kingdom and other European countries. Retail parks form a key aspect of European retail geographies, alongside indoor shopping centres, standalone stores like hypermarkets and more traditional high streets. They are a similar retail model to the North American power centers, neighborhood shopping centers and strip malls.

Cushman & Wakefield define a retail park as any shopping centre with mostly retail warehouse units, of a size 5,000 square metres (54,000 sq ft) or larger.

Retail parks have a number of retailers in a single location, but as opposed to an indoor centre, there is no roof, and they are therefore not weatherproof.
Thomas I. Emerson
Thomas I. Emerson (1907–1991) was a 20th-century American attorney and professor of law. He is known as a "major architect of civil liberties law," "arguably the foremost First Amendment scholar of his generation," and "pillar of the Bill of Rights."

Sweezy v. New Hampshire
Sweezy v. New Hampshire, 354 U.S. 234 (1957), was a case before the United States Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that jailing an academic when he refused to answer questions about university lectures he had given was a violation of due process. On a larger scale, the decision established constitutional protections for academic freedom and reined in the investigative powers of state legislatures.
Malayan tribe
The Malayans are an Indian tribal community mostly found in Edamalayar of Kuttampuzha panchayat in Idukki district, Kerala. Classified as Scheduled Tribe in the state, the Malayans are adapted to occupations such as bamboo cutting, fishing, manual labour, and forest produce collection. They also lease their farmlands for nominal sums to land lords, and do manual labour in their own lands. Malayans are also found in forest areas from Thundathil to Parambikulam in forest ranges of Thrissur and Ernakulam districts. Malayalam-speaking Malayans exist as two subgroups—Nattumalayans and Kongamalayans. "Malayan" means "man on the hills" or "man who makes a livelihood by the hills". Today, these Malayan tribes have taken active participation in all educational as well as cultural fests.

Thrissur district
Thrissur district (Malayalam: [t̪riʃ(ː)uːr] ⓘ), anglicised as Trichur, is one of the 14 districts in the Indian state of Kerala. It is situated in the central region of the state. Spanning an area of about 3,032 km2 (1,171 sq mi), the district is home to over 9% of Kerala's population.

Thrissur district is bordered by the districts of Palakkad and Malappuram to the north,  the district of Ernakulam to the south and Coimbatore to the east. The Arabian Sea lies to the west and Western Ghats stretches towards the east.  It is part of the historical Malabar Coast, which has been trading internationally since ancient times.  The main language spoken is Malayalam.

Thrissur district was formed on 1 July 1949, with the headquarters at Thrissur city. The district is known for its ancient temples, churches, and mosques.
Lepidochrysops pampolis
Lepidochrysops pampolis is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae first described by Hamilton Herbert Druce in 1905. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Katanga Province), Malawi and northern Zambia.

Adults have been recorded on wing from October to December and in March.

Katanga Province
Katanga was one of the four large provinces created in the Belgian Congo in 1914.
It was one of the eleven provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo between 1966 and 2015, when it was split into the Tanganyika, Haut-Lomami, Lualaba, and Haut-Katanga provinces. Between 1971 and 1997 (during the rule of Mobutu Sese Seko when Congo was known as Zaire), its official name was Shaba Province.

Katanga's area encompassed 497,000 square kilometres (192,000 sq mi). Farming and ranching are carried out on the Katanga Plateau. The eastern part of the province is a rich mining region which supplies cobalt, copper, tin, radium, uranium, and diamonds. The region's former capital, Lubumbashi, is the second-largest city in the Congo.
Valdora, Queensland
Valdora is a rural locality in the Sunshine Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Valdora had a population of 776 people. The name Valdora comes from Val d'Ora, which means Golden Valley.

Sunshine Coast Region
The Sunshine Coast Region is a local government area located in the Sunshine Coast region of South East Queensland, Australia, from which it takes its name.

It was created by the amalgamation in 2008 of the City of Caloundra and the Shires of Maroochy and Noosa. It contains 4,194 kilometres (2,606 mi) of roads, 211 kilometres (131 mi) of coastline and a population of 351,424 in January 2021. The budget for the 2020–2021 financial year totals A$782 million including $243 million for Capital Works.

On 1 January 2014, the Shire of Noosa was re-established independent of the Sunshine Coast Regional Council.

In the 2021 census, the Sunshine Coast Region had a population of 342,541 people.
Abde Ezzalzouli
Abdessamad "Abde" Ezzalzouli (Arabic: عبد الصمد الزلزولي; born 17 December 2001), sometimes known as Ez Abde, is a Moroccan professional footballer who plays as a left winger for La Liga club Real Betis and the Morocco national team.

Ezzalzouli began his professional career with Hércules in 2019 before signing for Barcelona in 2021. Following a loan move to Osasuna, he joined Real Betis in 2023, helping the club to its first ever European final.

Ezzalzouli made his international debut for Morocco in 2022, after previously being capped by the nation's youth teams at under-20 level. He was chosen in the Moroccan squads for the FIFA World Cup in 2022 and the Africa Cup of Nations in 2023 and 2025.

U-23 Africa Cup of Nations
The U-23 Africa Cup of Nations, known for sponsorship purposes as the TotalEnergies U-23 Africa Cup of Nations, or simply U-23 AFCON or U-23 CAN, is the quadrennial African football tournament organized by the Confederation of African Football (CAF) for its nations, consisting of players under 23 years of age, and was first held in 2011. It has been held every four years since its inauguration. Until 2028, the top three countries/nations qualified directly from every edition of this tournament for the football tournament of the Olympic Games; FIFA and the IOC approved a 12‑team men's tournament for 2028 and reduced the number of CAF entries to two.

Egypt, Gabon, Morocco and Nigeria are the most successful teams in this tournament with each winning a single title. Morocco and Egypt are the only country to have played the final twice. Morocco are the tournament's current champions, having beaten Egypt 2-1 in the 2023 final.
Eupithecia nimbicolor
Eupithecia nimbicolor is a moth in the family Geometridae first described by George Duryea Hulst in 1896. It is found in North America from eastern Newfoundland and Labrador to western British Columbia and from Alaska to Arizona.

The wingspan is 17–23 mm. Adults are on wing from mid-May to mid-July in the north.

The larvae feed on the flowers of Achillea and Castilleja species and the foliage of Salix, Rosa, Potentilla fruticosa and Ribes species.

Dasiphora fruticosa
Dasiphora fruticosa is a species of hardy deciduous flowering shrub in the family Rosaceae, native to the cool temperate and subarctic regions of the northern hemisphere, often growing at high altitudes in mountains. Dasiphora fruticosa is still widely referenced in the horticultural literature under its synonym Potentilla fruticosa. Common names include shrubby cinquefoil, golden hardhack, bush cinquefoil, shrubby five-finger, widdy, kuril tea and tundra rose.
Edgewood Regional High School
Edgewood Regional High School is the original name of Winslow Township High School that opened in 1958. Though the mailing address of the school was Atco, the site actually resided in the Tansboro section of Winslow Township, in Camden County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey.  The school's name changed in 2001 due to the breakup of the Lower Camden County Regional School District (L.C.C.R.H.S.) which consisted of Edgewood and Overbrook Regional High School.  The buildings were turned over to the Winslow Township School District and became Winslow Township High School.  Likewise Overbrook dropped the "regional" part of its name and became Overbrook High School (part of the Pine Hill Schools).  At the time of the district dissolution, Edgewood was receiving students from Winslow Township, Waterford Township and Chesilhurst. Waterford Township reached an agreement with Hammonton to send its students to Hammonton High School rather than the newly renamed Winslow Township High School.

Chesilhurst, New Jersey
Chesilhurst is a borough in Camden County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the borough's population was 1,536, a decrease of 98 (−6.0%) from the 2010 census count of 1,634, which in turn reflected an increase of 114 (+7.5%) from the 1,520 counted in the 2000 census.

Chesilhurst was incorporated as a borough by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on November 26, 1887, from portions of Waterford Township and Winslow Township, based on the results of a referendum held on October 18, 1887.

New Jersey Monthly magazine ranked Chesilhurst the worst town in the state in its 2008 rankings of "Best Places to Live" in New Jersey (placing at # 566 of 566).
Pyalitsa
Pyalitsa (Russian: Пялица) is a rural locality (a selo) in Tersky District of Murmansk Oblast, Russia, located on the Kola Peninsula at a height of 1 meter (3 ft 3 in) above sea level. Population: 14 (2010 Census).

Murmansk Oblast
Murmansk Oblast is a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia, located in the northwestern part of the country, with a total land area of 144,900 square kilometres (55,900 sq mi). Its only internal border is the Republic of Karelia to the south, and it is bordered internationally by Finland to the west and Norway to the northwest and the Barents Sea lies to the north and White Sea lies to the south and east. Its administrative center is the city of Murmansk. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 795,409; however, at the 2021 Census, the population had declined to 667,744.
Dou Yuejiao
Dou Yuejiao, ancestral name Mi, clan name Ruo'ao, was a Chu politician and aristocrat during 7th century BCE. He was best known for being the initiator of the Ruo'ao rebellion, a rebellion of Ruo'ao clan against King Zhuang of Chu.

Mi (surname)
Mi is the atonal Wade–Giles and pinyin romanization of various Chinese surnames. Transcribing the character 羋, it was the name of the royal house of the ancient state of Chu. It is also the transcription of the surnames 麋, 米, and 禰, along with a few other less common names.
Senninbari
A senninbari (千人針, 'thousand person stitches') or one thousand stitch is a belt or strip of cloth stitched 1,000 times and given as a Shinto amulet by Japanese women and imperial subjects to soldiers going away to war.

Senninbari were decorated with 1000 knots or stitches, and each stitch was normally made by a different woman. Senninbari were typically 15 centimetres (5.9 in) wide and ranged from 90 centimetres (3.0 ft) to 120 centimetres (3.9 ft) or more in length. Each end of the belt could feature strings, snaps or buttons that allowed it to be fastened around the waist; examples lacking these were often tucked into the waist. Very long types of senninbari, called tasuki, could be worn criss-cross fashion over the chest, shoulders and back. Other variations were never worn, but may have been folded and placed inside helmet liners, pockets or packs.

Tasuki (sash)
A tasuki (襷/たすき) is a fashion accessory used for holding up the long sleeves of the Japanese kimono. It is a sash made from either cloth or cord that loops over each shoulder and crosses over the wearer's back. The bottom of the kimono sleeves can then be tucked into the loop, holding them back for convenience and functionality.