hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Norwich Medical School
Norwich Medical School is a medical school based at the University of East Anglia, in Norwich, England. It is part of the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences at the university. The first intake of students was in 2002. The school has a 5-year MBBS course, with the possibility of intercalation after year 3 or 4. The school is ranked 25th best medical school in the UK. In the most recent Research Excellence Framework assessment, 91% of research at the school was rated as "world leading" or "internationally excellent".

Intercalation (university administration)
Intercalation, also known as intermission or interruption, in the context of university administration, is a period when a student is allowed to officially take time away from studying for an academic degree.

When a university or similar institution allows a student to intercalate, it is usually for one of the following reasons:

on medical or compassionate grounds, so that the student can take a break from his or her studies and return later.

to allow the student to gain work experience in a field related to his or her field of study.

for medical, dental and veterinary students in the UK, to allow the student to pursue a separate but related research degree (normally for one year) and then return to the main medical, dental or veterinary degree.
Volker Gerhardt
Volker Gerhardt (born July 21, 1944) is a German philosopher. He specializes in ethics, political philosophy, aesthetics, metaphysics and theology. His historical studies are centered on Plato, Kant and Nietzsche but have also dealt with Hegel, Marx, Jaspers, Voegelin, Hannah Arendt, Carl Schmitt and others.

Volker Gerhardt studied philosophy, psychology and law in Frankfurt and Münster. He obtained his doctorate at Münster, and received his Habilitation there in 1984.

In 1985 Gerhardt became Professor of Philosophy at Münster. From 1988 to 1992 he led the Institute of Philosophy at the Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln. In 1992 he became Professor for Practical Philosophy at the Humboldt University in Berlin.

Karl Jaspers
Karl Theodor Jaspers (/ˈjɑːspərz/; German: [kaʁl ˈjaspɐs] ⓘ; 23 February 1883 – 26 February 1969) was a German-Swiss psychiatrist and philosopher who had a strong influence on modern theology, psychiatry, and philosophy. His 1913 work General Psychopathology influenced many later diagnostic criteria, and argued for a distinction between "primary" and "secondary" delusions.

After being trained in and practising psychiatry, Jaspers turned to philosophical inquiry and attempted to develop an innovative philosophical system. He was often viewed as a major exponent of existentialism in Germany, though he did not accept the label.
Lada Kaštelan
Lada Kaštelan (born 2 May 1961) is a Croatian dramatist and screenwriter.

Between 1987 and 2007, Kaštelan worked as a dramaturge at the Croatian National Theatre, Zagreb. Since 2007, she has been a professor at the Academy of Dramatic Art, University of Zagreb.

Kaštelan's screenplay for Fragments: Chronicle of a Vanishing, co-written with Zrinko Ogresta, received the Golden Arena for Best Screenplay at the 1992 Pula Film Festival. Her play Giga i njezini received the 1995 Marin Držić Award.

Dramaturge
A dramaturge or dramaturg (from Ancient Greek δραματουργός – dramatourgós) is a literary adviser or editor in a theatre, opera, or film company who researches, selects, adapts, edits, and interprets scripts, libretti, texts, and printed programmes (or helps others with these tasks), consults authors, and does public relations work. Its modern-day function was originated by the innovations of Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, an 18th-century German playwright, philosopher, and theatre theorist.
Ewcin
Ewcin [ˈɛft͡ɕin] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Będków, within Tomaszów Mazowiecki County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) south-east of Będków, 15 km (9 mi) west of Tomaszów Mazowiecki, and 35 km (22 mi) south-east of the regional capital Łódź.

Tomaszów County, Łódź Voivodeship
Tomaszów County (Polish: powiat tomaszowski) is a county in Łódź Voivodeship, central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and only town is Tomaszów Mazowiecki, which lies 49 kilometres (30 mi) south-east of the regional capital Łódź.

The county covers an area of 1,025.7 square kilometres (396.0 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 120,973, out of which the population of Tomaszów Mazowiecki is 66,705 and the rural population is 54,268.
Andor Toth
Andor John Toth (June 16, 1925 – November 28, 2006) was an American classical violinist, conductor and educator with a musical career spanning over six decades. Toth played his violin on the World War II battlefields of Aachen, Germany; performed with the NBC Symphony Orchestra under Arturo Toscanini in 1943 at age 18; and formed several chamber music ensembles, including the Oberlin String Quartet, the New Hungarian Quartet, and the Stanford String Quartet.

For 15 years he was the violinist in the Alma Trio. Toth conducted orchestras in Cleveland, Denver, and Houston. In 1969, he was the founding concertmaster of the Los Angeles Chamber Orchestra under Neville Marriner. Toth taught at five colleges and universities, and recorded for Vox, Decca Records, and Eclectra Records.

Neville Marriner
Sir Neville Marriner, CH, CBE (15 April 1924 – 2 October 2016) was an English conductor and violinist. Described as "one of the world's greatest conductors", Gramophone lists Marriner as one of the 50 greatest conductors and another compilation ranks Marriner #14 of the 18 "Greatest and Most Famous Conductors of All Time". He founded the Academy of St Martin in the Fields, and his partnership with them is the most recorded of any orchestra and conductor.
Still Waters (Run Deep)
"Still Waters (Run Deep)" is a song by the Bee Gees, written by Barry, Robin, and Maurice Gibb. It was the third and final single issued from their 21st studio album, Still Waters (1997), on 27 October 1997. The recording and production of the song were assisted by Hugh Padgham. The song became the album's third top-20 UK single, peaking at No. 18 on the UK Singles Chart. It also reached No. 57 on the US Billboard Hot 100, their most recent appearance on that chart.

Hugh Padgham
Hugh Charles Padgham (/ˌpædʒɛm/; born 15 February 1955) is an English record producer and audio engineer. He has won four Grammy Awards, for Producer of the Year and Album of the Year for 1985, Record of the Year for 1990, and Engineer of the Year for 1993. Padgham's co-productions include hits by Phil Collins, XTC, Genesis, the Human League, Sting, and the Police. He pioneered (with Peter Gabriel and producer Steve Lillywhite) the "gated reverb" drum sound used most famously in Collins' song "In the Air Tonight".
Ringerike District Court
Ringerike District Court (Norwegian: Ringerike tingrett) was a district court in Buskerud county, Norway. The court was based in Hønefoss. The court existed until 2021. It had jurisdiction over Hole Municipality, Jevnaker Municipality, and Ringerike Municipality. Cases from this court could be appealed to Borgarting Court of Appeal.

The court was a court of first instance. Its judicial duties were mainly to settle criminal cases and to resolve civil litigation as well as bankruptcy. The administration and registration tasks of the court included death registration, issuing certain certificates, performing duties of a notary public, and officiating civil wedding ceremonies. Cases from this court were heard by a combination of professional judges and lay judges.

Borgarting Court of Appeal
The Borgarting Court of Appeal (Norwegian: Borgarting lagmannsrett) is one of six intermediate courts of appeal in Norway. The Court is located in the city of Oslo. The court has jurisdiction over the counties of Oslo, Buskerud, and parts of Akershus and Østfold. These areas constitute the Borgarting judicial district (Norwegian: Borgarting lagdømme). This court can rule on both civil and criminal cases that are appealed from one of its subordinate district courts. Court decisions can be, to a limited extent, appealed to the Supreme Court of Norway. The court has 62 judges and 45 administrative staff. The chief judicial officer of the court (Norwegian: førstelagmann) is currently Marianne Vollan. The court is administered by the Norwegian National Courts Administration.
Gokhale Institute of Public Affairs
The Gokhale Institute of Public Affairs (GIPA) was founded by D. V. Gundappa on 15 August 1948. He was inspired by Gopal Krishna Gokhale's idea of public spirituality and established this institute to further public spiritual health. It is in Basavanagudi, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

Today it is famous for arranging talks on various aspects of public life and spirituality by noted philosophers such as Belagere Krishna Shastry, Shatavadhani R.Ganesh, Bannanje Govindacharya, Narayanacharya, Gururaj Karajagi, Ganesh Bhat Hobli, Jayatheerthacharya Malagi, Natesh and others. The institute also provides a large library for those interested in referential studies. It also offers the different talks done in its premises as CDs for sale. It is also associated with people such as Nittoor Srinivasa Rau.

Gopal Krishna Gokhale
Gopal Krishna Gokhale CIE (listenⓘ [ˈɡoːpaːl ˈkrɪʂɳə ˈɡoːkʰleː] 9 May 1866 – 19 February 1915) was an Indian political leader and a social reformer during the Indian independence movement, and political mentor of Indian freedom fighter Mahatma Gandhi.Gokhale was a senior leader of the Indian National Congress and the founder of the Servants of India Society. Through the Society as well as the Congress and other legislative bodies he served in, Gokhale campaigned for Indian self-rule and social reforms. He was the leader of the moderate faction of the Congress that advocated reforms by working with existing government institutions, and a major member of the Poona Association or the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha.
Tukaka Ama
Tukaka "Kaka" George Tamarua Ama is a Cook Islands politician and member of the Cook Islands Parliament.  He is a member of the Cook Islands Party. He is the brother of MP Akaiti Puna.

Ama is from Ngatangiia on Rarotonga. He previously worked as a public servant for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Immigration.

He stood for election at the 2018 Cook Islands general election as a Cook Islands Party candidate, losing to the Democrats' Tamaiva Tuavera. As a candidate he advocated for higher wages and lower interest rates. He stood again at the 2022 Cook Islands general election and was elected.

2022 Cook Islands general election
The 2022 Cook Islands general election was held on 1 August 2022 to determine the composition of the 18th Parliament of the Cook Islands. A referendum on legalising medical cannabis was held on the same day.
Guy Marchand
Guy Marchand (22 May 1937 – 15 December 2023) was a French actor, musician, and singer. He appeared in over 100 films in over 30 years, but was best known for his role as the fictional television private detective Nestor Burma.

Gérard Lauzier
Gérard Lauzier (30 November 1932 – 6 December 2008) was a French comics author and movie director, best known as one of the leading authors in the more adult-oriented French comics scene of the 1970s and 1980s.
Marsenina uchidai
Marsenina uchidai is a species of velutinid, a type of gastropod, and appears outwardly similar to a dorid nudibranch. However, it has an internal shell hidden by the mantle. It inhabits Asian boreal waters off of Japan and Russia.

Doridina
The Doridina, common name dorid nudibranchs, are a taxonomic suborder of sea snails or slugs, marine gastropod molluscs in the order Nudibranchia. Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) rejected the name Anthobranchia on the grounds that it also included Onchidium at the time of original publication. Doridina is equivalent and used in the latest classification.

A morphological phylogenetic study, published in 2000, by Wägele & Willan showed that the subclade Gnathodoridacea (= Bathydoridoidea) and the subclade Doridacea (= Phanerobranchia + Cryptobranchia + Porostomata) each form a monophyletic group.

In a later study, published in 2002, A. Valdés concluded that the superfamilies Doridoidea and Phyllidioidea (called by him Cryptobranchia + Porostomata) formed a clade. He expanded the usage of Cryptobranchia to encompass the whole subclade Doridacea. This move was not followed in the taxonomy of Bouchet and Rocroi.
Anabasis ochrodesma
Anabasis ochrodesma, the cassia webworm, is a species of snout moth. It was described by Philipp Christoph Zeller in 1881. It is found from Florida through Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Cuba, Grenada, Jamaica, Trinidad, Mexico, Guatemala and Panama to Colombia and Venezuela.

Adults are on wing year round in several generations per year.

The larvae feed on Cassia species, including Cassia obtusifolia, Cassia alata, Cassia bahamensis, Cassia fistula, Cassia javanica and Cassia siamea. Young larvae bore in the terminal shoots of the host plant. Later, they bind together several leaflets with silk to form a flat shelter. They feed on the inner epidermis and mesophyll of these leaflets from within their shelter. Several larvae may be found in a single shelter.

Pyralidae
The Pyralidae, commonly called pyralid moths, snout moths or grass moths, are a family of Lepidoptera in the ditrysian superfamily Pyraloidea. In many (particularly older) classifications, the grass moths (Crambidae) are included in the Pyralidae as a subfamily, making the combined group one of the largest families in the Lepidoptera. The latest review by Eugene G. Munroe and Maria Alma Solis retain the Crambidae as a full family of Pyraloidea.

The wingspans for small and medium-sized species are usually between 9 and 37 mm (0.35 and 1.46 in) with variable morphological features.

It is a diverse group, with more than 6,000 species described worldwide, and more than 600 species in America north of Mexico, comprising the third largest moth family in North America. At least 42 species have been recorded from North Dakota in the subfamilies of Pyralidae.
Eugen Alexander Franz, 1st Prince of Thurn and Taxis
Eugen Alexander Franz, 1st Prince of Thurn and Taxis, full German name: Eugen Alexander Franz Fürst von Thurn und Taxis (baptized 11 January 1652 – 21 February 1714) was the first Prince of Thurn and Taxis, Postmaster General of the Kaiserliche Reichspost, and Head of the House of Thurn and Taxis from 13 September 1676 until his death.

Kaiserliche Reichspost
Kaiserliche Reichspost (German: [ˈʁaɪçsˌpɔst], Imperial Mail), originally named Niederländische Postkurs (Low Countries' postal route), was the name of the postal service of the Holy Roman Empire, founded in 1490. Often considered the world's first modern postal service, it initiated a revolution in communication in Europe.
Chris Tibbs
Christopher Tibbs (born April 8, 1977) is a Canadian politician, who was elected to the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly in the 2019 provincial election. He represents the electoral district of Grand Falls-Windsor-Buchans as a member of the Newfoundland and Labrador Progressive Conservative Party. He was re-elected in the 2021 provincial election.

As of September 2022, Tibbs is in the Newfoundland and Labrador shadow cabinet, with responsibilities for Digital Government and Service NL, OCIO, and Fire and Emergency Services NL.

Prior to politics, Tibbs worked as a paramedic. Since the mid-2000s, he has worked in the oil and gas sector.

Tibbs was re-elected in the 2025 Newfoundland and Labrador general election.

On October 29, 2025, Tibbs was appointed Minister of Municipal and Community Affairs, Registrar General, Minister of Community Engagement, Minister of Environment, Conservation, and Climate change, and Minister Responsible for Multi-Material Stewardship Board.

2025 Newfoundland and Labrador general election
The 2025 Newfoundland and Labrador general election was held on October 14, 2025, to elect members to the 51st General Assembly of Newfoundland and Labrador.

In a major upset, Tony Wakeham led the Progressive Conservatives to a majority government for the first time since 2011. With a popular vote share of 44.4%, the PCs won the smallest winning vote share of any majority government in Newfoundland and Labrador's electoral history.
Siamo donne (song)
"Siamo donne" (English: "We Are Women") is a duet by Sabrina and Jo Squillo. The single was released in January 1991 and appeared on the album picture disc edition of Sabrina's third studio album Over the Pop.

Written by Jo Squillo, credited with her real name Giovanna Coletti, the song marked two firsts for Sabrina: her debut duet and her first Italian language single. The duo premiered the song at the 1991 Sanremo Music Festival, where it was not well received by the press, placing only 13th.

On the other hand, the sales results were more successful. "Siamo donne", partly thanks to the duo's many appearances on numerous TV shows,  reached number eleven in the singles chart and became one of the hits of that year.

Sanremo Music Festival 1991
The Sanremo Music Festival 1991 (Italian: Festival di Sanremo 1991), officially the 41st Italian Song Festival (41º Festival della canzone italiana), was the 41st annual Sanremo Music Festival, held at the Teatro Ariston in Sanremo between 27 February and 2 March 1991 and broadcast by Radiotelevisione italiana (RAI). The show was presented by actors Andrea Occhipinti and Edwige Fenech. Adriano Aragozzini served as artistic director.

According to the rules of this edition, each song of the Big Artists section was presented  in a double performance by a non-Italian singer or group, and adapted in their foreign language. The winner of the Big Artists section was Riccardo Cocciante with the song "Se stiamo insieme", while Enzo Jannacci won the critics award with the song "La fotografia". Paolo Vallesi won the "Newcomers" section with the song "Le persone inutili".
Beautycounter
Beautycounter was an American direct to consumer and multi-level marketing company that sold skin care and cosmetic products. As of 2018, the company had 150 products with over 65,000 independent consultants, and with national retailers. In April 2021, Beautycounter was acquired by The Carlyle Group in a deal that valued the company at $1 billion. In March 2024, Carlyle wrote off its investment in the company and the company went into administration in April 2024.

Direct-to-consumer
Direct-to-consumer (DTC or D2C) is a modern variation of the business-to-consumer (B2C) business model. The DTC is a business model of selling products directly to customers and thereby bypassing any third-party retailers, wholesalers, or intermediaries. Direct-to-consumer sales are usually transacted online, but direct-to-consumer brands may also operate physical retail spaces as a complement to their main e-commerce platform in a clicks-and-mortar business model. In the year 2021, direct-to-consumer e-commerce sales in the United States were over $128 billion. Examples of DTC brands currently in business include: Allbirds, Away, Dollar Shave Club, Everlane, Glossier, and Warby Parker.
Plasma modeling
Plasma modeling refers to solving equations of motion that describe the state of a plasma. It is generally coupled with Maxwell's equations for electromagnetic fields or Poisson's equation for electrostatic fields. There are several main types of plasma models: single particle, kinetic, fluid, hybrid kinetic/fluid, gyrokinetic and as system of many particles.

Equations of motion
In physics, equations of motion are equations that describe the behavior of a physical system in terms of its motion as a function of time. More specifically, the equations of motion describe the behavior of a physical system as a set of mathematical functions in terms of dynamic variables. These variables are usually spatial coordinates and time, but may include momentum components. The most general choice are generalized coordinates which can be any convenient variables characteristic of the physical system. The functions are defined in a Euclidean space in classical mechanics, but are replaced by curved spaces in relativity. If the dynamics of a system is known, the equations are the solutions for the differential equations describing the motion of the dynamics.
H're people
The H're people (Vietnamese: người H'rê) are an ethnic group of Vietnam that speak a language in the Mon–Khmer family. Most H're live in Quảng Ngãi, though a minority live in the Bình Định and Kon Tum  provinces of Central Vietnam.

In 2015, the population of H're in Quảng Ngãi province was 132,745 people consists of

Ba Tơ District : 48,852 people

Sơn Hà District : 65,823 people

Minh Long District : 13,478 people

Quảng Ngãi city and other districts : 4.592 people

A third of the population of An Lão District in Bình Định Province were Hre in 1996 (around 5,800 people).

Quảng Ngãi
Quảng Ngãi (listenⓘ) is a city in central Vietnam. It serves as the capital city of Quảng Ngãi Province. Quảng Ngãi City borders Tư Nghĩa District to the South and West, Sơn Tịnh District to the Northwest and Bình Sơn District to the North. It has an area of 160.15 km2 and population of 278,496 inhabitants.
JFE Steel
JFE Steel (Japanese: JFEスチール) is the second largest Japanese steel manufacturer (after Nippon Steel). The company was created in 2002 through the merger of the steel manufacturing business of Kawasaki Steel and NKK (Nihon Kokan). It is owned by JFE Holdings, which is listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange.

Tokyo Stock Exchange
The Tokyo Stock Exchange (東京証券取引所, Tōkyō Shōken Torihikijo), abbreviated as Tosho (東証) or TSE/TYO, is a stock exchange located in Tokyo, Japan.

The exchange is owned by Japan Exchange Group (JPX), a holding company that it also lists (TYO: 8697), and operated by Tokyo Stock Exchange, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of JPX. JPX was formed from the merger of Tokyo Stock Exchange Group, Inc. with Osaka Securities Exchange Co., Ltd. (now Osaka Exchange, Inc.); the merger process began in July 2012, when said merger was approved by the Japan Fair Trade Commission. JPX itself was launched on January 1, 2013.
Henson Robinson Zoo
The Henson Robinson Zoo is a private nonprofit zoo owned and operated by the Springfield Park District.  The zoo was built in 1968–1970 on the eastern shore of Lake Springfield to serve the population of Central Illinois, and opened in 1970.  As of 2018, the zoo housed more than 300 animal specimens representing more than 80 species.  The zoo charges an admission fee.

Springfield Park District
The Springfield Park District, established in 1900, is the public park authority serving the metropolitan area of Springfield, Illinois, United States.  The Springfield park district, which is separate from the municipal government of the city of Springfield, covers approximately 2,500 acres of open space.  The park district has taxing power over about 60 square miles of Sangamon County; it operates 40 facilities that include four public golf courses.  Facilities include:

The park district's flagship open space, Washington Park;

An Illinois State Natural Area and Important Bird Area of Illinois, Carpenter Park; and

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)-compliant Southwind Park.

The park district operates 13 miles of bike trails in five units, designated as the Bunn to Lost Bridge Trail, Interurban Trail, Lost Bridge Trail, Sangamon Valley Trail, and Wabash Trail.

The Springfield Park District also operates an independent police department.