hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ronald Stade
Ronald Stade (born Berlin, Germany, 1953) is a Swedish anthropologist. He is best known for his writings on cosmopolitanism and moral issues. His fieldwork in Guam resulted in a book-length ethnography called Pacific Passages: World Culture and Local Politics in Guam (1998). His fieldwork in the Middle East is ongoing.

Ronald Stade is professor emeritus of peace and conflict studies with specialization in anthropology at Malmö University. He has been affiliated to Stockholm University, the Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study, and Hitotsubashi University in Tokyo.

Cosmopolitanism
Cosmopolitanism is the idea that all human beings are members of a single community. Its adherents are known as cosmopolitan or cosmopolite. Cosmopolitanism is both prescriptive and aspirational, believing humans can and should be "world citizens" in a "universal community". The idea encompasses different dimensions and avenues of community, such as promoting universal moral standards, establishing global political structures, or developing a platform for mutual cultural expression and tolerance.

For example, Kwame Anthony Appiah articulates a cosmopolitan community where individuals from varying locations (physical, economic, etc.) enter relationships of mutual respect despite their differing beliefs (religious, political, etc.). In a looser but related sense, "cosmopolitan" is also used to describe places where people of various ethnic, cultural and/or religious backgrounds live together and interact with each other.
Morgan O'Neill
Morgan O'Neill (born 19 April 1973 in Sydney, Australia) is an Australian showrunner, executive producer, writer, director and professional musician. Having earned a degree in literature from the University of Sydney, he graduated from the National Institute of Dramatic Art (NIDA) with a BA in performing arts (acting) in 1998. Since then, he has worked in the entertainment industry, both in Australia and the United States, with television roles including Home and Away, All Saints, Water Rats and Sea Patrol. O'Neill also appeared in Crocodile Dundee in Los Angeles, Joanne Lees: Murder in the Outback, Supernova, Little Oberon and the 2012 Netflix movie, The Factory, which he also directed. He directed the ABC TV Show Les Norton. O'Neill worked as a producer on Nine Network's The Block. He is now showrunning NCIS: Sydney.

Joanne Lees: Murder in the Outback
Joanne Lees: Murder in the Outback (also known as Murder in the Outback) is a television film produced by Channel Ten and ITV Productions, which first aired in Australia on Channel Ten on 18 March 2007 and in the UK on ITV on Sunday 8 April, where it was titled Murder in the Outback. It is based on the real life disappearance of Peter Falconio.
Decoding Reality
Decoding Reality: The Universe as Quantum Information is a popular science book by Vlatko Vedral published by Oxford University Press in 2010. Vedral examines information theory and proposes information as the most fundamental building block of reality. He argues what a useful framework this is for viewing all natural and physical phenomena. In building out this framework the books touches upon the origin of information, the idea of entropy, the roots of this thinking in thermodynamics, the replication of DNA, development of social networks, quantum behaviour at the micro and macro level, and the very role of indeterminism in the universe. The book finishes by considering the answer to the ultimate question: where did all of the information in the Universe come from? The ideas address concepts related to the nature of particles, time, determinism, and of reality itself.

Particle
In the physical sciences, a particle (or corpuscle in older texts) is a small localized object which can be described by several physical or chemical properties, such as volume, density, or mass. They vary greatly in size or quantity, from subatomic particles like the electron, to microscopic particles like atoms and molecules, to macroscopic particles like powders and other granular materials. Particles can also be used to create scientific models of even larger objects depending on their density, such as humans moving in a crowd or celestial bodies in motion.

The term particle is rather general in meaning, and is refined as needed by various scientific fields. Anything that is composed of particles may be referred to as being particulate. However, the noun particulate is most frequently used to refer to pollutants in the Earth's atmosphere, which are a suspension of unconnected particles, rather than a connected particle aggregation.
Brigadier general
Brigadier general or brigade general is a military rank used in many countries. The rank is usually above a colonel, and below a major general or divisional general. When appointed to a field command, a brigadier general is typically in command of a brigade consisting of around 4,000 troops (two regiments or four battalions).

Philippine Army
The Philippine Army (PA) (Filipino: Hukbong Katihan ng Pilipinas) is the main, oldest and largest branch of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP), responsible for ground warfare. As of 2025, it had an estimated strength of 110,000 personnel. The service branch was established on December 21, 1935, as the Army of the Philippines.

The Philippine Army has been engaged in numerous combat operations, including the ongoing Communist rebellion in the Philippines, the Moro conflict and, alongside other national military forces, in conflicts of international scope and on United Nations peacekeeping missions in various parts of the globe.

The Commanding General of the Philippine Army is its professional and overall head. Its main headquarters (Headquarters Philippine Army or HPA) is located at Fort Andres Bonifacio, Taguig City.
Aleksander Loit
Aleksander Loit (11 June 1925 – 16 January 2021) was an Estonian-born Swedish historian whose research focused on Estonia and Sweden, especially the early modern Baltic provinces during Swedish rule in Swedish Estonia and Swedish Livonia within the Swedish Empire.

He taught at Uppsala University and later became professor of Baltic history at Stockholm University, where he also led the university’s Baltic Studies environment and helped build scholarly networks across the Baltic Sea region. A festschrift in his honour was published in 2000 by Stockholm University.

Stockholm University
Stockholm University (SU) (Swedish: Stockholms universitet) is a public research university in Stockholm, Sweden, founded as a college in 1878, with university status since 1960. With over 33,000 students at four different faculties: law, humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences, it is one of the largest universities in Scandinavia.

Stockholm University was granted university status in 1960, making it the fourth oldest Swedish university. As with other public universities in Sweden, Stockholm University's mission includes teaching and research anchored in society at large.
Green Lake (Fulton County, New York)
Green Lake is located east of Canada Lake, New York. Fish species present in the lake are pickerel, black bullhead, rock bass, yellow perch, and pumpkinseed sunfish. There is access by trail off Green Lake Road along the west shore. It is also accessible by a channel from Canada Lake on the southwest corner.

American pickerel
The American pickerel (Esox americanus) is a medium-sized species of North American freshwater predatory fish belonging to the pike family. The genus Esox is placed in the family Esocidae (in the order Esociformes).

Two subspecies are sometimes recognised:

Redfin pickerel, sometimes called the brook pickerel, E. americanus americanus Gmelin, 1789;

Grass pickerel, E. americanus vermiculatus Lesueur, 1846.

Lesueur originally classified the grass pickerel as E. vermiculatus, but it is now considered a subspecies of E. americanus.

There is no widely accepted English common collective name for the two E. americanus subspecies; "American pickerel" is a translation of the French systematic name brochet d'Amérique.
Vincent Hayward
Vincent Hayward (* January 5, 1955 in Paris; † May 10, 2023) was a scientist and engineer. His research focus was on touch and haptics. He was a professor at Sorbonne University, Institute of Intelligent Systems and Robotics (ISIR), where since 2008 he led a team dedicated to the study of tactile perception and the development of haptic devices. In 2020, he was elected to the French Academy of sciences.

Haptic perception
Haptic perception (Greek: haptόs "palpable", haptikόs "suitable for touch") means literally the ability "to grasp something", and is also known as stereognosis. Perception in this case is achieved through the active exploration of surfaces and objects by a moving subject, as opposed to passive contact by a static subject during tactile perception. Haptic perception involves the cutaneous receptors of touch, and proprioceptors that sense movement and body position. The inability for haptic perception is known as astereognosis.
Aspidoscelis maslini
Aspidoscelis maslini, also known commonly as Maslin's whiptail, Maslin's racerunner, and el huico de Maslin in New World Spanish, is a species of lizard in the family Teiidae. The species is endemic to the Yucatán Peninsula.

Teiidae
Teiidae is a family of lacertoidean lizards native to the Americas. Members of this family are generally known as whiptails or racerunners; however, tegus also belong to this family. Teiidae is sister to the Gymnopthalmidae, and both families comprise the Teiioidea. The Teiidae includes several parthenogenic species – a mode of clonal reproduction. Presently, the Teiidae consists of approximately 150 species in eighteen genera.
Freddy and the Song of the South Pacific
Freddy and the Song of the South Pacific (German: Freddy und das Lied der Südsee) is a 1962 West German adventure film directed by Werner Jacobs and starring Freddy Quinn, Jacqueline Sassard and Gunnar Möller.

Werner Jacobs
Werner Jacobs (1909–1999) was a German film director and editor. He was born in Berlin on the 24 April 1909. He is best known for his contributions to Modebummel (1951), Der Stern von Santa Clara (1958) and André und Ursula (1955).
Roepera billardierei
Roepera billardierei, synonym Zygophyllum billardierei, commonly known as coast twin-leaf, is a species of plant in the family Zygophyllaceae found in temperate regions of Australia.  In Tasmania, where it has only been recorded from the Furneaux Group in Bass Strait, it is listed as Rare under the state's Threatened Species Protection Act 1995.

Zygophyllaceae
Zygophyllaceae is a family of flowering plants that contains the bean-caper and caltrop. The family includes around 285 species in 22 genera.

Plants in the family Zygophyllaceae may be trees, shrubs, or herbs. They are often found in dry habitats. The leaves are usually opposite, often with stipules and spines. Some are cultivated as ornamental plants, such as species of the Guaiacum, Zygophyllum, Tribulus, and Larrea genera. King Clone, a creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) in California, is among the world's oldest living organisms.

The distribution of plants in the Zygophyllaceae family can be found worldwide in warm tropics and cool-temperate subtropics with a concentration in hot, arid regions with alkaline soils. Regions with different species from this family include Africa, south Asia, India, Australia and parts of the United States.
Yamba Drive
Yamba Drive is a major arterial road in the southern suburbs of Canberra, the capital city of Australia. It is named after 'Yamba', a pastoral property established by the Eddison family in 1920 as part of the soldier settlement scheme which occupied the area prior to suburban development in the Woden Valley. The road forms part a major link between the Tuggeranong and Woden Valley districts, bypassing the Woden Town Centre and is an important access corridor for Canberra Hospital. Yamba Drive begins at a large roundabout north of the Woden Town Centre (the southern terminus of Yarra Glen). It continues south-east past the Woden Cemetery and Canberra Hospital to a major junction with Hindmarsh Drive, before passing between the residential suburbs of O'Malley, Mawson, Issacs and Farrer before terminating between the Issacs and Farrer ridges in the Canberra Nature Park. Beyond this point, the route continues as Erindale Drive into the suburbs of the Tuggeranong District.

Isaacs, Australian Capital Territory
Isaacs (/aɪzæks/ EYE-zaks) is a suburb in the district of Woden in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory.

The suburb was gazetted as a Division Name on 12 May 1966 but residential housing was not built until the late 1980s. Isaacs is next to the suburbs of O'Malley, Mawson and Farrer. It is bounded by Yamba Drive and Ngunawal Drive. Located in the suburb is the Canberra Nature Park of Isaacs Ridge and the Long Gully pine plantation.

The suburb is named after Sir Isaac Isaacs (1855–1948), politician, Chief Justice and the first Australian-born Governor-General of Australia (1931–1936).
Lucky Gabela
Lucky Sifiso Gabela (born 31 May 1968) is a South African politician from KwaZulu-Natal. He represented the African National Congress (ANC) in the National Assembly from 2004 to 2006 before defecting to the Congress of the People (COPE) ahead of the 2009 general election. Although he represented COPE in the KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Legislature from 2009 to 2014, he returned to the ANC in 2014.

2009 South African general election
General elections were held in South Africa on 22 April 2009 to elect members of the National Assembly and provincial legislatures. These were the fourth general elections held since the end of the apartheid era.

The North Gauteng High Court ruled on 9 February 2009 that South African citizens living abroad should be allowed to vote in elections. The judgment was confirmed by the Constitutional Court on 12 March 2009, when it decided that overseas voters who were already registered would be allowed to vote. Registered voters who found themselves outside their registered voting districts on election day were also permitted to vote for the national ballot at any voting station in South Africa.

The result was a victory for the ruling African National Congress (ANC), which won 264 of the 400 seats in the National Assembly, a fifteen seat reduction compared to the 2004 elections and losing its two-thirds supermajority. ANC leader Jacob Zuma became president.
Kopelman Quartet
The Kopelman Quartet is a Russian string quartet founded in 2002 by Mikhail Kopelman (violin), Boris Kuschnir (violin), Igor Sulyga (viola) and Mikhail Milman (cello). They studied at the Moscow Conservatory in the 1970s, but pursued individual careers for twenty-five years before founding the quartet.

The quartet has played at many major international venues, including the Musikverein, Vienna, and the Dom Muzyki, Moscow, and appears regularly at venues such as the Concertgebouw, Amsterdam and the Wigmore Hall, London. Chamber music partners have included Elisabeth Leonskaja, Mischa Maisky and Julian Rachlin.

Festival appearances have included the Edinburgh International Festival, the Valladolid Festival, the Zürich Festival, the Colmar Festival, Prague Spring Festival, the Wimbledon Music Festival and the Ravinia Festival in the United States.

Wigmore Hall
The Wigmore Hall is a concert hall at 36 Wigmore Street, in west London. It was designed by Thomas Edward Collcutt and opened in 1901 as the Bechstein Hall; it is considered to have particularly good acoustics. It specialises in performances of chamber music, early music, vocal music and song recitals, and hosts over five hundred concerts each year, as well as a weekly concert broadcast on BBC Radio 3. It has been a Grade II listed building since 1966.
Zhongcun, Yanling
Zhongcun (simplified Chinese: 中村乡; traditional Chinese: 中村鄉; pinyin: Zhōngcūn Xiāng) is a Yao ethnic township located in the south of Yanling County, Hunan, China. The township covers an area of 281 km2 (108 sq mi). As of the end of 2015, it had a population of 13,400. Its administrative centre is at the village of Zhongcun (中村).

Ethnic townships, towns, and sums
Ethnic townships (officially translated as nationality townships), ethnic towns, and ethnic sums are fourth-level administrative units designated for ethnic minorities of political divisions in the People's Republic of China. They are not considered to be autonomous and do not enjoy the laws pertaining to the larger ethnic autonomous areas such as autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures, autonomous counties, and autonomous banners. However, what defines an ethnic township is that the law requires that its head of government be a member of the titular ethnic minority.

The only ethnic sum is the Evenk Ethnic Sum in Old Barag Banner, Inner Mongolia.
Indika Dissanayake
Indika Chathuranga D. Dissanayake Mudiyanselage (Sinhala: ඉන්ඩිකා සි. ධි. දිස්සානායක මුදියන්සේලාගේ, born 6 August 1989), also known as Indika Dissanayake, is a Sri Lankan male weightlifter. He competed in the 69 kg division at the Asian Games (in 2010 and 2018), South Asian Games (in 2016) and at the Commonwealth Games (in 2010, 2014 and 2018), and won silver medals at the 2016 South Asian Games and 2018 Commonwealth Games.

International Weightlifting Federation
The International Weightlifting Federation, aka IWF, is the international governing body for the sport of Weightlifting. Headquartered in Lausanne, Switzerland, it has 193 affiliated national federations. Mohammed Hasan Jalood has been its president since June 2022.

The IWF organizes the World Weightlifting Championships, as well as world championship events for Youth and Juniors. It also cooperates with the International Olympic Committee in the organization of Weightlifting events at the Olympic Games; however, weightlifting's inclusion in the 2028 Olympics is uncertain, due to doping issues within the sport, and governance issues within IWF, and weightlifting's inclusion is expected to be decided by an IOC meeting in 2023. Weightlifting was scheduled as a sport in the 2024 Olympics but with reduced numbers of athletes and events.

IWF traces its history to the formation of the "Amateur-Athleten-Weltunion" (Amateur Athletes World Union) in 1905.
Kudma
The Kudma (Russian: Кудьма, Kud'ma) is a river in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast of Russia, a right tributary of the Volga. It is 144 kilometres (89 mi) long, and has a drainage basin of 3,220 square kilometres (1,240 sq mi).

The Kudma rises in the south of Bogorodsk District, and flows first northward, then eastward, through Bogorodsk and Kstovo Districts, finally falling into the Volga near Leninskaya Sloboda and Kadnitsy. In Kstovo District, the Kudma forms the southern border of the Zelyony Gorod natural area, and then flows in the valley between the city of Kstovo (to the north) and Kstovo's industrial area to the south. Upstream of Kstovo, the river's waters are quite clean and transparent, and its shores attract many swimmers and sunbathers in the summertime.

Bogorodsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Bogorodsky District (Russian: Богоро́дский райо́н) is an administrative district (raion), one of the forty in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia. Municipally, it is incorporated as Bogorodsky Municipal District. It is located in the west of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,459 square kilometers (563 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Bogorodsk. Population: 65,677 (2010 Census);  30,864 (2002 Census); 33,693 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Bogorodsk accounts for 54.1% of the district's total population.
Renault Cléon-Alu engine
The Cléon-Alu engine, also known under the code "A engine" or "A-Type" (A for aluminium) is an automotive gasoline internal combustion engine, developed and produced by Renault in 1960. A four-stroke inline four-cylinder design with aluminium-alloy block and cylinder head, it was water cooled, with a five main bearing crankshaft and a side-mounted chain-driven camshaft operating eight overhead valves via pushrods and rockers. It made its debut appearance on the Renault 16.

Cylinder head
In a piston engine, the cylinder head sits above the cylinders, forming the roof of the combustion chamber. In sidevalve engines the head is a simple plate of metal containing the spark plugs and possibly heat dissipation fins. In more modern overhead valve and overhead camshaft engines, the head is a more complicated metal block that also contains the inlet and exhaust passages, and often coolant passages, valvetrain components, and  fuel injectors.
Kentaro Minagawa
Kentaro Minagawa (皆川 賢太郎, Minagawa Kentarō; born May 17, 1977) is a Japanese alpine skier.
His first international successes were at the 1996 Junior World Championships in Schwyz, with a 5th rank in Slalom, and a 9th rank in Giant slalom.

Since the 1997 Alpine Skiing World Cup he has been participating regularly in World Cup races, nine times ranking in the top ten.
Shortly before the 2006 Winter Olympics he ranked 4th in Wengen, Switzerland. At the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy he also ranked 4th, the best result of a Japanese skier since Chiharu Igaya's silver medal at the 1956 Winter Olympics.

In June 2009, he married Japanese popular freestyle skier, Aiko Uemura.

1996–97 FIS Alpine Ski World Cup
The 31st World Cup season began in October 1996 in Sölden, Austria, and concluded in March 1997 in the United States at the World Cup finals at Vail, Colorado.  The overall winners were Luc Alphand of France and Pernilla Wiberg of Sweden, the only championship for each.

Alphand, who won by just 34 points, became the first male French overall winner in 29 years, since Jean-Claude Killy in 1968.  After his overall victory, as well as discipline titles in both downhill (his third straight) and super-G (the only two events in which Alphand competed during the season), Alphand retired from international competition.  Five-time overall World Cup champion Marc Girardelli of Luxembourg also retired during the season after suffering another knee injury during a race in December 1996.

A break in the schedule was for the World Championships, held 3–15 February in Sestriere, northwestern Italy.
Aghadoe Cathedral
Aghadoe Cathedral was a church that may have been the seat of a bishop at Aghadoe, Ireland (later joined with the Bishopric of Ardfert).  The now ruined cathedral overlooks the Lakes of Killarney from Aghadoe, a few miles from Killarney. Aghadoe may have been the site of a church as early as the seventh century, but extant remains are of a stone structure built in the eleventh and twelfth centuries.

Scottish journalist Charles Mackay visited Famine Ireland in the summer of 1849 and traveled to Killarney. He comments extensively on the grounds around Aghadoe Cathedral and how they were being used as a burial site for famine victims from the local workhouse. Mackay notes that within the one-acre church grounds surrounding the cathedral, only a small corner was used for workhouse burials. He estimates that over the past three years, from 1846 to 1849, approximately 2,000 workhouse famine victims were buried here. Forty Years Recollections Charles Mackay, p. 2:89–93.

Bishop of Ardfert and Aghadoe
Christianity portal

The Bishop of Ardfert and Aghadoe (usually simply referred to as the Bishop of Ardfert) was an episcopal title which took its name after the village of Ardfert and townland of Aghadoe, both in County Kerry,  Ireland.