hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Temurmalik District
Temurmalik District (Russian: Темурмаликский район; Tajik: Ноҳияи Темурмалик Nohiyai Temurmalik) is a district in the Khatlon Region of Tajikistan, located south of the Vakhsh Range along the middle course of the river Kyzylsu. It had an estimated population of 69,800 as of 2020. Before 1957, it was called Qizil-Mazor District (Tajik: Ноҳияи Қизил Мазор) or Kzyl-Mazar District (Russian: Кзыл-Мазарский район), then renamed Sovetskiy District (Russian: Советский район), and in 2004 given its present name Temurmalik District. The new name honors a medieval military hero, Timur Malik, who in 1220 led the people of Khujand in their struggle against the Mongol occupation.

In 2012, Tajikistan experienced one of the harshest winters in 50 years resulting in major flooding as the snow melted. Kiblay Village in the Temurmalik District was one of the most heavily damaged areas within Tajikistan as a result of the floods.

Districts of Tajikistan
As of 2020, the regions of Tajikistan are subdivided into 47 districts (Tajik: ноҳия, nohiya or Russian: район, rayon), not including 4 districts belonging to the capital city Dushanbe, and 18 cities of regional subordination (including Dushanbe, an extraregional capital city). Before ca. 2017, there were 58 districts. The districts are further subdivided into municipal units: either as urban municipalities called either as cities (Tajik: шаҳр, romanized: şahr, "cities") or towns (Tajik: шаҳрак, romanized: şahrak, "towns"), or as rural municipalities called jamoats (Tajik: ҷамоати деҳот, romanized: jamoati dehot, "village communes"), which in turn are further subdivided into villages (Tajik: деҳа or қишлоқ, romanized: deha or qyshloq, "villages/hamlets").

The numbering of the districts follows the map.
The Incorporated Knight
The Incorporated Knight is a fix-up fantasy novel by American writers L. Sprague de Camp and Catherine Crook de Camp, the first book in their sequence of two Neo-Napolitanian novels. Chapters 1-5 first appeared as L. Sprague de Camp's short stories "Two Yards of Dragon", "The Coronet", "Spider Love" and "Eudoric's Unicorn" in Flashing Swords!, The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction and The Year's Best Fantasy Stories in 1976–1977. The complete novel was first published in hardcover by Phantasia Press in August 1987, and in paperback by Baen Books in September 1988, with a trade paperback edition, also from Baen, following in 1991. An E-book edition was published by Gollancz's SF Gateway imprint on September 29, 2011, as part of a general release of de Camp's works in electronic form.

Baen Books
Baen Books (/ˈbeɪn/) is an American publishing house for science fiction and fantasy. In science fiction, it emphasizes space opera, hard science fiction, and military science fiction. The company was established in 1983 by science fiction publisher and editor Jim Baen. After his death in 2006, he was succeeded as publisher by long-time executive editor Toni Weisskopf.
Kostas Georgakis
Kostas Georgakis (Greek: Κώστας Γεωργάκης; 23 August 1948 – 19 September 1970) was a Greek student studying geology in Italy. On 26 July 1970, while in Italy, he gave an interview denouncing the dictatorial regime of Georgios Papadopoulos. The junta retaliated by attacking him, pressuring his family, and rescinding his military exemption. In a final, fatal, protest in the early hours of 19 September 1970, Georgakis set himself ablaze in Matteotti square in Genoa. He died later that day, and his funeral on 22 September was attended by an estimated 1,500 people, including Greek actress Melina Mercouri. After being briefly interred in Genoa, his remains were transported by ship to Corfu, and on 18 January 1971 he was buried. After the junta collapsed, the Government of Greece erected a monument and plaque in his home town of Corfu, another plaque was placed in Matteotti Square, and multiple poems have been written in his honor.

Government of Greece
The Government of Greece (Greek: Κυβέρνηση της Ελλάδας, romanized: Kyvérnīsī tīs Elládas), officially the Government of the Hellenic Republic (Κυβέρνηση της Ελληνικής Δημοκρατίας, Kyvérnīsī tīs Ellīnikī́s Dīmokratías) is the collective body of the Greek state responsible to define and direct the general policy of the country. It exercises the executive powers alongside the president of the republic and it is constituted by the cabinet (officially: ministerial council) which is composed by the prime minister, the ministers and the deputy ministers.

Other collective government bodies, apart from the Ministerial Council, are the Committee on Institutions, the Government Council for Foreign Affairs and Defence and others, which manage particular government policy issues.
Shin Bum-chul
Shin Bum-chul (Korean: 신범철; born 27 September 1970) is a South Korean former football goalkeeper and current goalkeeping coach. He played at the 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games and 1994 Hiroshima Asian Games as national team player

1994 Asian Games
The 1994 Asian Games (1994年アジア競技大会), also known as the XII Asiad and the 12th Asian Games (第12回アジア競技大会) or simply Hiroshima 1994 (広島1994), were held from October 2 to 16, 1994, in Hiroshima, Japan. It was the first Asian Games in history to be hosted in a non-capital city. The main theme of this edition was to promote peace and harmony among Asian nations. This concept was used due to the historical fact that the city was the site of the first atomic bomb attack 49 years earlier. Due to the 1991 Gulf War, Iraq was suspended from the games. The games debuted the five Asian former republics of the Soviet Union: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.

There were a total number of 6,828 athletes and officials involved, from 42 countries, with a total number of 34 sports. Debut sports at this edition of the Asiad were baseball, karate and modern pentathlon.
John Bowlby
Edward John Mostyn Bowlby (/ˈboʊlbi/; 26 February 1907 – 2 September 1990) was a British psychiatrist and psychoanalyst, notable for his interest in child development and for his pioneering work in attachment theory. Bowlby was inspired by Melanie Klein during his psychoanalytic training. Melanie Klein was his supervisor; however, they had different views about the role of the mother in the treatment of a three-year-old boy. Specifically and importantly, Klein stressed the role of the child's fantasies about his mother, but Bowlby emphasised the actual history of the relationship. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Bowlby as the 49th most cited psychologist of the 20th century.

Strange situation
The strange situation is a procedure devised by Mary Ainsworth in the 1970s to observe attachment in children, that is relationships between a caregiver and child. It applies to children between the ages of 9 and 30 months. Broadly speaking, the attachment styles were (1) secure and (2) insecure (ambivalent and avoidance).  Later, Mary Main and her husband Erik Hesse introduced the 4th category, disorganized. The procedure played an important role in the development of attachment theory.
World Obstacle
World Obstacle, institutional name Fédération Internationale de Sports d'Obstacles (FISO), is the international governing body for obstacle sports and related events. Disciplines include Ninja (similar to Sasuke and American Ninja Warrior) and obstacle course racing (OCR). Headquartered in Lausanne, Switzerland, it sanctions world and continental level events.

Related
Related is an American comedy-drama television series that aired on The WB from October 5, 2005, to March 20, 2006. It revolves around the lives of four close-knit sisters of Italian descent, raised in Brooklyn and living in Manhattan.

The show was created by former Sex and the City writer Liz Tuccillo, and executive produced by Friends co-creator Marta Kauffman. Despite heavy promotion, initial ratings did not warrant the show being picked up for a second season when The WB network was folded into The CW.
Kenilworth (novel)
Kenilworth. A Romance is a historical romance novel by Sir Walter Scott, one of the Waverley novels, first published on 13 January 1821. Set in 1575, it leads up to the elaborate reception of Queen Elizabeth at Kenilworth Castle by the Earl of Leicester, who is complicit in the murder of his wife Amy Robsart at Cumnor.

Historical romance
Historical romance is a broad category of mass-market fiction focusing on romantic relationships in historical periods, which Byron helped popularize in the early 19th century. The genre often takes the form of the novel.
Señorita Colombia 2021
Miss Colombia 2021 was the 68th Miss Colombia pageant, held at the Julio Cesar Turbay Ayala Convention Center in Cartagena de Indias, Colombia on November 14, 2021.

At the end of the event, María Fernanda Aristizábal of Quindío crowned Valentina Espinosa of Bolívar as Señorita Colombia 2021. She represented Colombia at Miss Supranational 2022 and concluded as part of the Top 12.

Miss Supranational 2022
Miss Supranational 2022 was the 13th edition of the Miss Supranational pageant, held on 15 July 2022, at Strzelecki Park Amphitheater in Nowy Sącz, Poland. Chanique Rabe of Namibia crowned Lalela Mswane of South Africa at the end of the event. This edition marked the first back to back win for contestants from Africa, and the first Black woman who won Miss Supranational.
Castrol
Castrol Limited is a British oil company that markets industrial and automotive lubricants, offering a wide range of oil, greases and similar products for most lubrication applications. The company was originally named CC Wakefield; the name Castrol was originally just the brand name for CC Wakefield's motor oils, but the company eventually changed its name to Castrol when the product name became better-known than the original company name.

Lubrication
Lubrication is the process or technique of using a lubricant to reduce friction and wear and tear in a contact between two surfaces. The study of lubrication is a discipline in the field of tribology.

Lubrication mechanisms such as fluid-lubricated systems are designed so that the applied load is partially or completely carried by hydrodynamic or hydrostatic pressure, which reduces solid body interactions (and consequently friction and wear). Depending on the degree of surface separation, different lubrication regimes can be distinguished.

Adequate lubrication allows smooth, continuous operation of machine elements, reduces the rate of wear, and prevents excessive stresses or seizures at bearings. By repelling water and other substances, it also reduces corrosion. When lubrication breaks down, components can rub destructively against each other, causing heat, local welding, destructive damage and failure.
Morley (1811 ship)
Morley was a merchantman launched in 1811 at Deptford as a West Indiaman. In 1813 she was under contract to the Transport Board when she captured an American vessel, which capture gave rise to an interesting court case. In early 1815 an American letter of marque captured, plundered, and released her. She then made six voyages to Australia transporting convicts. On her fifth voyage she introduced whooping-cough to Australia. After her sixth voyage she sailed to China and then brought a cargo back to England for the British East India Company (EIC). She continued to sail to Australia and elsewhere and is last listed in 1855.

Transport Board (Royal Navy)
The Transport Board was a British government organisation responsible periodically (between the late 17th and early 19th centuries) for the overseas transport of troops and horses, arms and ammunition, naval and military supplies, provisions and other items.  It is also referred to as the Board of Transport and the Transport Office.

The Board existed between 1690 and 1724, and again between 1794 and 1817. In both these periods it was constituted and functioned as a subsidiary board of HM Treasury, but at the same time it had a necessarily close working relationship with the Admiralty, being staffed by naval officers and funded through the Naval Estimate.

Latterly the Board took on additional responsibilities: for the transportation of convicts, for the care and custody of prisoners of war and for the care of sick and wounded seamen.
Wang Wenhua (footballer)
Wang Wenhua (Simplified Chinese: 王文华) (born 17 January 1977) is a Chinese professional footballer and coach. As a player, he has spent the majority of his career with Wuhan Hongjinlong before he joined Hubei Greenery where nearing the end of his career he was offered a coaching position with the club before he retired. He has since come out of retirement and is currently playing for Xinjiang Tianshan Leopard.

Xinjiang Tianshan Leopard F.C.
Xinjiang Tianshan Leopard F.C. (Chinese: 新疆天山雪豹; pinyin: Xīnjiāng Tiānshān Xuěbào) is a defunct professional Chinese football club that participated in the China League One division under licence from the Chinese Football Association (CFA). The team was based in Ürümqi, Xinjiang. Their majority shareholder was the Ürümqi Juntai Real Estate Co., Ltd. (Juntai Group)

The club dissolved in February 2023.
Ian Birkby
Ian Birkby (born in September, 1961) is a technology CEO, Ph.D. and former professional rugby league footballer who played as a stand-off in the 1970s and 1980s. Presently, he is the chief executive officer of AZoNetwork.

He played at club level for Castleford, Oldham, York and Doncaster.

York Wasps
The York Wasps (known simply as York from 1868 to 1989, Ryedale-York from 1989 to 1996 and York Wasps from 1996 to 2002) was an English professional rugby league club based in York. At the start of the 2002 season, the club was dissolved. A new club, York City Knights was established to take the Wasps' place for the 2003 season.
Exact algorithm
In computer science and operations research, exact algorithms are algorithms that always solve an optimization problem to optimality.

Unless P = NP, an exact algorithm for an  NP-hard optimization problem cannot run in worst-case polynomial time. There has been extensive research on finding exact algorithms whose running time is exponential with a low base.

NP-hardness
In computational complexity theory, a computational problem H is called NP-hard if, for  every problem L which can be solved in non-deterministic polynomial-time, there is a polynomial-time reduction from L to H. That is, assuming a solution for H takes 1 unit time, H's solution can be used to solve L in polynomial time. As a consequence, finding a polynomial time algorithm to solve a single NP-hard problem would give polynomial time algorithms for all the problems in the complexity class NP. As it is suspected, but unproven, that P≠NP, it is unlikely that any polynomial-time algorithms for NP-hard problems exist.

A simple example of an NP-hard problem is the subset sum problem.

Informally, if H is NP-hard, then it is at least as difficult to solve as the problems in NP. However, the opposite direction is not true: some problems are undecidable, and therefore even more difficult to solve than all problems in NP, but they are provably not NP-hard (unless P=NP).
Re-Pa
The Re-Pa is the Brazilian association football derby between two Belém based teams – Remo and Paysandu, the biggest one in Pará and in Brazil's North Region. Both Remo and Paysandu fans recognise each other as their biggest rivals and the derby is one of the fiercest in Brazilian football. With 779 matches, it is the most played derby in the world.

Paysandu (Curuzu) and Remo (Baenão) stadiums are around 200 meters apart, being the 2nd shortest distance between rivals' stadiums in the world, behind only those of the two teams from Dundee, Scotland.

On 4 May 2016, the derby was declared intangible cultural heritage of the State of Pará, being qualified as a cultural expression of the people of Pará.

North Region, Brazil
The North Region of Brazil (Portuguese: Região Norte do Brasil [ʁeʒiˈɐ̃w ˈnɔʁtʃi du bɾaˈziw]) is the largest region of Brazil, accounting for 45.27% of the national territory. It has the second-lowest population of any region in the country, and accounts for a minor percentage of the national GDP. The region is slightly larger than India and slightly smaller than the whole European Union. It comprises the states of Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima, and Tocantins.

It has the lowest population density out of all the regions of Brazil, with only 4.5 inhabitants per km2. Most of the population is centered in urban areas.

Belém International Airport and Manaus International Airport connect the North Region with many Brazilian cities and also operate some international flights. The region is home to the Federal University of Amazonas and the Federal University of Pará, among others.
Plectrohyla matudai
Plectrohyla matudai (common name: Matuda's spikethumb frog) is a species of frog in the family Hylidae. It is found along the Pacific slopes from southeastern Oaxaca, Mexico, through Chiapas and south-central Guatemala (Las Nubes range); also in the Grijalva Depression in western Guatemala and on Cerro Azul in northwestern Honduras.

Hylidae
Hylidae is a wide-ranging family of frogs commonly referred to as "tree frogs and their allies". However, the hylids include a diversity of frog species, many of which do not live in trees, but are terrestrial or semiaquatic.
Middleburgh School District
The Middleburgh School District is a public school district located in Middleburgh, New York, U.S. It is one of the largest school districts in New York by land area. The district educates about 1,000 students in two schools.

Middleburgh, New York
Middleburgh is a town in Schoharie County, New York, United States.  The population was 3,112 at the 2000 census.

The Town of Middleburgh contains a village called Middleburgh.  The town is on the county's eastern border and is west of Albany.
Kuokkel mining field
Kuokkel mining field (Swedish: Kuokelgruvan) is an abandoned open pit mine in the vicinity of Kopparåsen railway station on the Iron Ore Line in Kiruna municipality, Norrbotten County, Sweden. The mine field was once used to mine Chalcocite (Cu2S), Bornite (Cu5FeS4), and Sphalerite ((Zn, Fe)S).

Sphalerite
Sphalerite is a sulfide mineral with the chemical formula (Zn, Fe)S. It is the most important ore of zinc. Sphalerite is found in a variety of deposit types, but it is primarily in sedimentary exhalative, Mississippi-Valley type, and volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits. It is found in association with galena, chalcopyrite, pyrite (and other sulfides), calcite, dolomite, quartz, rhodochrosite, and fluorite.

German geologist Ernst Friedrich Glocker discovered sphalerite in 1847, naming it based on the Greek word sphaleros, meaning "deceiving", due to the difficulty of identifying the mineral.

In addition to zinc, sphalerite is an ore of cadmium, gallium, germanium, and indium. Miners have been known to refer to sphalerite as zinc blende, black-jack, and ruby blende. Marmatite is an opaque black variety with a high iron content.
Netd.com
netd is a video on demand web site launched in Turkey on 11 January 2013. Netd is owned by Doğan Media Group and offers TV series mostly broadcast on Kanal D, a Doğan Holding channel. As of January 2013, popular TV series like Kuzey Güney, Yalan Dünya, Leyla ile Mecnun, Seksenler, and Öyle Bir Geçer Zaman Ki can be watched online, as well as old popular TV series like Aşk-ı Memnu, Kavak Yelleri and Fatmagül'ün Suçu Ne?. The web site also offers monthly free movies window, Kids Section, TV shows and 6 live broadcasts.

On 24 March 2014, NETD launched its music service with a motto of "Türkçe Müzikte İlk Durak - First Stop For Turkish Music".

All the content is free and ad-supported, there is no paid version. Videos are in up to 720p HD quality, live broadcasting and some content are in SD.

Doğan Holding
Doğan Şirketler Grubu Holding A.Ş. or simply Doğan Holding, is a Turkish holding company based in Istanbul. Founded by Aydın Doğan in 1959, established its first company in the automotive sector in 1961, and was reorganized as a holding company in 1980. Today, Doğan Holding operates across multiple industries, including Electricity generation, energy, iron and steel industry, mining, automotive, finance, investment, real estate, and entertainment sectors.
Edward Parsons House
The Edward Parsons House is a historic house at 56 Cedar Street in Newton, Massachusetts.  Built in 1877, this 1+1⁄2-story wood-frame house is an unusual local small-scale example of Stick style.  Its gables are decorated with applied wood.  The porch is further decorated with chamfered posts, brackets, and rosettes.  Nothing is known of its first owner, Edward Parsons, who was listed as a "gentleman" in the local business directory.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.

Stick style
The Stick style was a late-19th-century American architectural style, transitional between the Carpenter Gothic style of the mid-19th century, and the Queen Anne style that it had evolved into by the 1890s. It is named after its use of linear "stickwork" (overlay board strips) on the outside walls to mimic an exposed half-timbered frame.
Behavioural Processes
Behavioural Processes is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the field of ethology. It was established in 1976 and is published by Elsevier. The editors-in-chief are Johan J. Bolhuis (Utrecht University) and Olga Lazareva (Drake University). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 1.3.

Ethology
Ethology is a branch of zoology that studies the behaviour of non-human animals. It has its scientific roots in the work of Charles Darwin and of American and German ornithologists of the late 19th and early 20th century, including Charles O. Whitman, Oskar Heinroth, and Wallace Craig. The modern discipline of ethology is generally considered to have begun during the 1930s with the work of the Dutch biologist Nikolaas Tinbergen and the Austrian biologists Konrad Lorenz and Karl von Frisch, the three winners of the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Ethology combines laboratory and field science, with a strong relation to neuroanatomy, ecology, and evolutionary biology.
Tobias Abse
Tobias Abse is a historian. He was a lecturer in the subject at Goldsmiths College of the University of London from 1994 to 2016. Abse has written extensively on the rise of the Fascist Right in Italy prior to World War II. He has been a member of the Socialist Alliance National Executive, the Alliance for Green Socialism National Committee, the Socialist History Society committee and the Revolutionary History editorial board and is a regular contributor to UK socialist newspapers and magazines. He was a founder member of Lewisham People Before Profit.

Abse is the son of the Labour MP and social reformer Leo Abse (1917–2008). He was educated at William Ellis School, Highgate, and Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, where he graduated with a double-starred first-class degree in history in 1978.

He now lives with his wife in northern Italy.

Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
Gonville and Caius College, commonly known as Caius (/kiːz/ KEEZ), is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge in Cambridge, England. Founded in 1348 by Edmund Gonville, it is the fourth-oldest of the University of Cambridge's 31 colleges and one of the wealthiest. In 1557, it was refounded by John Caius, an alumnus and English physician.

The college has been attended by many students who have gone on to significant accomplishment, including fifteen Nobel Prize winners, the second-largest number of any Oxbridge college.

Several streets in the city, including Harvey Road, Glisson Road, and Gresham Road, are named after Gonville and Caius alumni. The college and its masters have been influential in the development of the university, including in the founding of other colleges, including Trinity Hall and Darwin College and providing land on Sidgwick Site on which the Faculty of Law was built.