hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
South African variant
South African variant can refer to several variants of SARS-CoV-2:

SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant (B.1.351), first detected in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa in October 2020

SARS-CoV-2 lineage C.1.2, first identified in May 2021 in South Africa

SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (B.1.1.529), first reported to the WHO from South Africa in November 2021, though later found in older samples from Botswana. Became the dominant SARS-CoV-2 lineage ever since.

BA.2.86 (B.1.1.529.2.86), first reported to the WHO from Israel in July 2023, though most likely originated from South Africa. Became the dominant COVID lineage that winter, after the JN.1 sublineage emerged.

BA.2.87.1 (B.1.1.529.2.87.1), first reported from South Africa in early 2024

BA.3.2 (B.1.1.529.3.2), first identified in South Africa in November 2024

BA.3.2
BA.3.2 is a heavily mutated Omicron subvariant of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. The variant was descended from an ancestral version of Omicron Subvariant BA.3 that had not circulated since early 2022. BA.3.2 is notable for having more than 50 mutations on its spike protein relative to BA.3, and more than 70 spike mutations relative to the original Wuhan wildtype virus. The subvariant, which was first detected in a sample from South Africa on 22 November 2024, was found by researchers to be concerning, due to the sheer number of its mutations. By November 2025, the variant was found to be circulating in multiple countries, including Australia, Germany, and the United States. On 5 December 2025, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared BA.3.2 to be a variant under monitoring (VUM). The variant was nicknamed Cicada by researchers, although the name remains unofficial.
Józef Życiński
Józef Mirosław Życiński (1 September 1948 – 10 February 2011) was a Polish philosopher, publicist, the Roman Catholic metropolitan archbishop of the Archdiocese of Lublin and a professor of the Pontifical Academy of Theology in Rome, Pontifical University of John Paul II in Cracow and Catholic University of Lublin.

Życiński was born in Nowa Wieś. Between 1990 and 1997 he was the bishop of the Diocese of Tarnów. He died in Rome.

Życiński's notable published works include W kręgu nauki i wiary, Dylematy ewolucji, and Bóg Abrahama i Whiteheada.

Pontifical Academy of Theology
The Pontifical Academy of Theology (Italian: Pontificia Accademia di Teologia) is a learned society founded in 1718, and is a Pontifical Academy. It is situated at Via della Conciliazione, Vatican City, Rome.
Categorial grammar
Categorial grammar is a family of formalisms in natural language syntax that share the central assumption that syntactic constituents combine as functions and arguments. Categorial grammar posits a close relationship between the syntax and semantic composition, since it typically treats syntactic categories as corresponding to semantic types. Categorial grammars were developed in the 1930s by Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz and in the 1950s by Yehoshua Bar-Hillel and Joachim Lambek. It saw a surge of interest in the 1970s following the work of Richard Montague, whose Montague grammar assumed a similar view of syntax. It continues to be a major paradigm, particularly within formal semantics.

Constituent (linguistics)
In syntactic analysis, a constituent is a word or a group of words that function as a single unit within a hierarchical structure. The constituent structure of sentences is identified using tests for constituents.  These tests apply to a portion of a sentence, and  the results provide evidence about the constituent structure of the sentence. Many constituents are phrases. A phrase is a sequence of one or more words (in some theories two or more) built around a head lexical item and working as a unit within a sentence. A word sequence is shown to be a phrase/constituent if it exhibits one or more of the behaviors discussed below. The analysis of constituent structure is associated mainly with phrase structure grammars, although dependency grammars also allow sentence structure to be broken down into constituent parts.
William Bourdon
William Bourdon (born 1956) is a French lawyer of the Paris Bar Association who practices criminal law, particularly specializing in white-collar crime, communications law and human rights. He particularly specializes in defending the victims of globalization and crimes against humanity. He has been with Bourdon Simoni Voituriez since 1979. He is widely considered one of the most powerful international lawyers.

Sherpa (association)
Sherpa is an international non-governmental organization, founded in 2001. Sherpa carries out advocacy, strategic litigation, legal research and capacity building activities, in order to strengthen economic actors’ accountability and build up a legal framework that better protects the environment, communities and human rights.

To implement these activities, Sherpa brings together lawyers, legal experts, academics, NGOs, local associations, and many other experts who support its action by putting forward an innovative approach to law. Sherpa has, for example, brought various claims for misleading advertising against the French retailer Auchan and the South Korean conglomerate Samsung.  In both cases, the NGO alleged that the companies did wrongfully claim to be ethical companies.
Mahouš
Mahouš is a municipality and village in Prachatice District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.

Mahouš lies approximately 19 kilometres (12 mi) east of Prachatice, 19 km (12 mi) north-west of České Budějovice, and 117 km (73 mi) south of Prague.

Prachatice
Prachatice (Czech pronunciation: [ˈpraxacɪtsɛ] ⓘ; German: Prachatitz) is a town in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 11,000 inhabitants. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected as an urban monument reservation.
Comparison of Microsoft Windows versions
Microsoft Windows is the name of several families of computer software operating systems created by Microsoft. Microsoft first introduced an operating environment named Windows in November 1985 as an add-on to MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces (GUIs).

All versions of Microsoft Windows are commercial proprietary software.

File Allocation Table
File Allocation Table (FAT) is a file system developed for personal computers and was the default file system for the DOS and Windows 9x operating systems. Originally developed in 1977 for use on floppy disks, it was adapted for use on hard disks and other devices. The increase in disk drive capacity over time drove modifications to the design that resulted in versions: FAT12, FAT16, FAT32, and exFAT.

FAT was replaced with NTFS as the default file system on Microsoft operating systems starting with Windows XP. Nevertheless, FAT continues to be commonly used on relatively small capacity solid-state storage technologies such as USB flash drives, SD cards, MultiMediaCards (MMC) and eMMC because of its compatibility across operating systems and embedded systems, and ease of implementation.
Prymnesin-1
Prymnesin-1 is a chemical with the molecular formula C107H154Cl3NO44. It is a member of the prymnesins, a class of hemolytic phycotoxins made by the alga Prymnesium parvum. It is known to be toxic to fish, causing mass fish deaths around the world, including in Texas and England, or in 2022 in the border region of Germany and Poland (Oder).

Hemolysis
Hemolysis or haemolysis (/hiːˈmɒlɪsɪs/), also known by several other names, is the rupturing (lysis) of red blood cells (erythrocytes) and the release of their contents (cytoplasm) into surrounding fluid (e.g. blood plasma). Hemolysis may occur in vivo or in vitro.

One cause of hemolysis is the action of hemolysins, toxins that are produced by certain pathogenic bacteria or fungi. Another cause is intense physical exercise. Hemolysins damage the red blood cell's cytoplasmic membrane, causing lysis and eventually cell death.
USS SC-34
USS SC-34, until July 1920 known as USS Submarine Chaser No. 34 or USS S.C. 34, was an SC-1-class submarine chaser built for the United States Navy during World War I.

SC-34 was a wooden-hulled 110-foot (34 m) submarine chaser built at the New York Navy Yard at Brooklyn, New York. She was commissioned on 9 January 1918 as USS Submarine Chaser No. 34, abbreviated at the time as USS S.C. 34.

During her service, SC-34 played a crucial role in patrolling the coastal waters of the United States and ensuring the safety of shipping lanes from enemy submarines. Her operational history is marked by several successful patrols and escort missions that contributed significantly to the naval strategy during the war.

When the U.S. Navy adopted its modern hull number system on 17 July 1920, Submarine Chaser No. 34 was classified as SC-34 and her name was shortened to USS SC-34.

On 24 June 1921, the Navy sold SC-34 to Joseph G. Hitner of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Hull classification symbol
The United States Navy, United States Coast Guard, and United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) use a hull classification symbol (sometimes called hull code or hull number) to identify their ships by type and by individual ship within a type. The system is analogous to the pennant number system that the Royal Navy and other European and Commonwealth navies use.
Yechiel Michel of Zlotshov
Rabbi Yechiel Michel of Zloczow (Hebrew: יחיאל מיכל מזלוטשוב) (1725/1726 – 15 September 1781), known as The Maggid of Zloczow, was one of the disciples of the Baal Shem Tov and the Maggid of Mezeritch.

Brody
Brody (Ukrainian: Броди, IPA: [ˈbrɔdɪ] ⓘ; Polish: Brody; German: Brody; Yiddish: בראָד, romanized: Brod) is a city in Zolochiv Raion, Lviv Oblast, western Ukraine. It is located in the valley of the upper Styr River, approximately 90 kilometres (56 miles) northeast of the oblast capital, Lviv. Brody hosts the administration of Brody urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Population: 23,134 (2022 estimate).

Brody is the junction of the Druzhba and Odesa–Brody oil pipelines.
Elections in Montenegro
Montenegro holds national election for the Parliament and the office of President. Montenegro has a multi-party system with numerous parties. The Parliament has 81 members elected by a system of proportional representation using D'Hondt method for a four-year term. To enter the national parliament, parties have to surpass the electoral threshold of 3%, except for minority lists, for which that threshold does not apply. President is elected at large, with a second round runoff between the two first placed candidates, if no candidate receives an absolute majority in the first round.

President of Montenegro
The president of Montenegro is the head of state of Montenegro. The current president is Jakov Milatović since 20 May 2023. The official residence of the president is the Blue Palace in Cetinje.

The president is constitutionally limited to a single five-year term of office. A candidate must be a citizen of Montenegro and have lived there for at least ten of the prior fifteen years.
Stephaton
Stephaton, or Steven, is the name given in medieval Christian traditions to the Roman soldier or bystander, unnamed in the Bible, who offered Jesus a sponge soaked in vinegar wine at the Crucifixion. In later depictions of the Crucifixion, Stephaton is frequently portrayed with Longinus, the soldier who pierced Jesus' side with a spear.

It is not to be confused with a Xylospongium, a sponge that is soaked in vinegar attached to a stick the Romans used after defecating.

Vinegar
Vinegar (from Old French  vyn egre 'sour wine') is an odorous aqueous solution of diluted acetic acid and trace compounds that may include flavorings or naturally occurring organic compounds. Vinegar typically contains from 4% to 18% acetic acid by volume.

Usually, the acetic acid is produced by a double fermentation—converting simple sugars to ethanol using yeast, and then converting ethanol to acetic acid using acetic acid bacteria. Many types of vinegar are made, depending on source materials.

The product is now mainly used in the culinary arts as a flavorful, acidic cooking ingredient, salad dressing, or pickling agent. Various types are used as condiments or garnishes, including balsamic vinegar and malt vinegar.

As an easily manufactured mild acid, it has a wide variety of industrial and domestic uses, including functioning as a household cleaner.
The Pursuit of Happiness (Beat Farmers album)
The Pursuit of Happiness is an album by the American band the Beat Farmers, released in 1987. The band supported the album with a North American tour that included shows with Mojo Nixon and Skid Roper.

The first single, "Dark Light", peaked at No. 27 on Billboard's Album Rock Tracks chart. "Hollywood Hills", for which a video was shot, was also released as a single.

Mojo Nixon
Neill Kirby McMillan Jr. (August 2, 1957 – February 7, 2024), known professionally as Mojo Nixon, was an American musician and actor best known for his novelty song "Elvis Is Everywhere", which was an alternative staple on MTV. Nixon hosted The Loon in the Afternoon radio show on the Outlaw Country channel of Sirius XM.
Ostrovánky
Ostrovánky is a municipality and village in Hodonín District in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.

Ostrovánky lies approximately 22 kilometres (14 mi) north of Hodonín, 39 km (24 mi) south-east of Brno, and 225 km (140 mi) south-east of Prague.

South Moravian Region
The South Moravian Region (Czech: Jihomoravský kraj; German: Südmährische Region, pronounced [zyːtˈmɛːʁɪʃə ʁeˈɡi̯oːn]; Slovak: Juhomoravský kraj), or just South Moravia, is an administrative unit (kraj) of the Czech Republic, located in the south-western part of its historical region of Moravia. The region's capital is Brno, the nation's 2nd largest city. South Moravia is bordered by the South Bohemian Region to the west, Vysočina Region to the north-west, Pardubice Region to the north, Olomouc Region to the north-east, Zlín Region to the east, Trenčín and Trnava Regions, Slovakia to the south-east and Lower Austria, Austria to the south.
Don't Let the Devil In
Don't Let the Devil in is a 2016 American thriller and psychological horror film written and directed by Courtney Fathom Sell. The film became the official Film in Residency at Facets Distribution for the entire month of November in 2016. It stars Marc Slanger, Jordan Lewis, Mark Baker and Conrad Brooks in his last performance. Sell coined the term "Appalachiasploitation" referring to the film's style.

Psychological horror
Psychological horror is a subgenre of horror and psychological fiction with a particular focus on mental, emotional, and psychological states to frighten, disturb, or unsettle its audience. The subgenre frequently overlaps with the related subgenre of psychological thriller, and often uses mystery elements and characters with unstable, unreliable, or disturbed psychological states to enhance the suspense, horror, drama, tension, and paranoia of the setting and plot and to provide an overall creepy, unpleasant, unsettling, or distressing atmosphere.
The Geometry of the Octonions
The Geometry of the Octonions is a mathematics book on the octonions, a system of numbers generalizing the complex numbers and quaternions, presenting its material at a level suitable for undergraduate mathematics students. It was written by Tevian Dray and Corinne Manogue, and published in 2015 by World Scientific. The Basic Library List Committee of the Mathematical Association of America has suggested its inclusion in undergraduate mathematics libraries.

World Scientific
World Scientific Publishing is an academic publisher of scientific, technical, and medical books and journals headquartered in Singapore. The company was founded in 1981. It publishes about 600 books annually, with more than 170 journals in various fields. In 1995, World Scientific co-founded the London-based Imperial College Press together with the Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine.
New Orleans (1947 film)
New Orleans is a 1947 American musical romance film starring Arturo de Córdova and Dorothy Patrick, and directed by Arthur Lubin.  Though it features a rather conventional plot, the film is noteworthy both for casting jazz legends Billie Holiday as a singing maid romantically involved with bandleader Louis Armstrong, and extensive playing of New Orleans-style Dixieland jazz: over twenty songs (or versions of songs) are featured in whole or part.

Armstrong's band contains a virtual Who's Who of classic jazz greats, including trombonist Kid Ory, drummer Zutty Singleton, clarinetist Barney Bigard, guitar player Bud Scott, bassist George "Red" Callender, pianist Charlie Beal, and pianist Meade Lux Lewis. Also performing in the film is cornetist Mutt Carey and bandleader Woody Herman.

New Orleans is Holiday's only feature film appearance.

Dixieland jazz
Dixieland jazz, also referred to as traditional jazz, hot jazz, or simply Dixieland, is a style of jazz based on the music that developed in New Orleans at the start of the 20th century. The 1917 recordings by the Original Dixieland Jass Band fostered awareness of this new style of music.
Hwp1
Hwp1 (Hyphal wall protein 1) is a protein (glycoprotein) located on the surface of an opportunistic diploid fungus called Candida albicans.

This "hyphal" denomination is due to Hwp1 appearing exclusively on the surface of a projection called hyphae that emerges from the surface of this fungus.

Candida Albicans Yeast forms (round-to-oval)

Candida Albicans Hyphal forms (filamentous projections called hyphaes emerging from round-to-oval forms)

Hwp1 is particularly important because it is a substrate of mammalian transglutaminase.

This transglutaminase ability has two implications, one (in fungus pathogenicity) proved, and the other (in food proteins potential pathogenicity) hypothetical.

Abductive reasoning
Abductive reasoning (also called abduction, abductive inference, or retroduction) is a form of logical inference that seeks the simplest and most likely conclusion from a set of observations. It was formulated and advanced by the American philosopher and logician Charles Sanders Peirce beginning in the latter half of the 19th century.

Abductive reasoning, unlike deductive reasoning, yields a plausible conclusion but does not definitively verify it. Abductive conclusions do not eliminate uncertainty or doubt, which is expressed in terms such as "best available" or "most likely". While inductive reasoning draws general conclusions that apply to many situations, abductive conclusions are confined to the particular observations in question.

In the 1990s, as computing power grew, the fields of law, computer science, and artificial intelligence research spurred renewed interest in the subject of abduction.
Diagnostic expert systems frequently employ abduction.
Eldar Azimzade
Eldar Azimzade (Azerbaijani: Eldar Əzimzadə; Russian: Эльдар Азимзаде; 25 May 1934 – 20 January 2003) was a Soviet football referee from Azerbaijan.

Azimzade's biggest refereeing event was the final match of 1980 Olympic tournament between Czechoslovakia and East Germany. The score was:

Czechoslovakia 1 : 0 East Germany

East Germany national football team
The East Germany national football team, recognised as Germany DR by FIFA, represented East Germany in men's international football, playing as one of three post-war German teams, along with Saarland and West Germany.

East Germany qualified for the World Cup once, doing so in 1974, and after German reunification in 1990, the Deutscher Fußball Verband der DDR (DFV, English: German Football Association of the GDR), and with it the East German team, joined the Deutscher Fußball Bund (DFB) and the West Germany national football team that had just won the World Cup.
2015 Norwegian First Division
The 2015 1. divisjon (referred to as the OBOS-ligaen for sponsorship reasons) was a Norwegian second-tier football league season. The league was contested by 16 teams, and the top two teams were promoted to Tippeligaen, while the teams placed from third to sixth place played a promotion-playoff against the 14th-placed team in Tippeligaen to win promotion. The bottom four teams were relegated to the 2. divisjon.

The first round of the season was played on 6 April 2015 and the season ended with the last round on 1 November 2015. The playoff-tournament was played between 7 and 21 November 2015.

An agreement with Oslo's housing cooperative OBOS was signed on 15 January 2015, branding the league as OBOS-ligaen until 2021.

Norwegian Second Division
The Norwegian Second Division, also called 2. divisjon is the third-highest level of the Norwegian football league system.

There are 28 teams divided into two groups, and at the end of the season the winner of each group earns promotion to the second-highest division, 1. divisjon. The teams finishing in second place in their respective group will qualify for the promotion play-offs, where they will face each other. The winner will play against the 14th placed team in 1. divisjon for promotion. The bottom three teams in each group are relegated to 3. divisjon.

2. divisjon is the highest league a reserve team can participate in, and only reserve teams from the Eliteserien clubs (first tier) are allowed to enter. The participation of reserve teams stirs debate from time to time.
Zadié (department)
Zadié is a department of Ogooué-Ivindo Province in northern-eastern Gabon. The capital lies at Mékambo. As of 2013 the department had a population of 15,816 people. The department has a population of Bakoya pygmies, settled here since about 1933 along the main roads from Mékambo to Mazingo and Mékambo to Ekata on the Congolese border. The area received international press for outbreaks of Ebola hemorrhagic fever in 1994 and 1997.

Viral hemorrhagic fever
Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a diverse group of infectious diseases. "Viral" refers to a virus being the etiologic factor (as opposed to, for instance, a parasite or a bacterium), "hemorrhagic" as in "bleeding-associated," and "fever" meaning an unusually high body temperature. Indeed, bleeding and fever are typically the most prevalent and severe symptoms of VHFs.

There are five known families of (RNA) viruses known to cause hemorrhagic fever: Arenaviridae, Filoviridae, Flaviviridae, Hantaviridae, and Rhabdoviridae. Some VHFs are considered mild, such as nephropathia epidemica (caused by a hantavirus), while others tend to be debilitating or even lethal, such as ebola fever (caused by a filovirus). All VHFs have the potential to result in hypotension, high fever, and death.

Both humans and non-human animals can be infected. VHFs are often zoonoses, meaning they can be transmitted from wild animals to human populations; for instance, the Lassa arenavirus is spread by mice.
Adora Mediterranea
Adora Mediterranea is a Spirit-class cruise ship operated by Adora Cruises in the Chinese market. She was built in 2003 in Finland as Costa Mediterranea for Carnival Corporation & plc's Costa Cruises brand, and began operating with Adora Cruises in 2023 as Mediterranea, then as Adora Mediterranea beginning in 2024.

Carnival Corporation & plc
Carnival Corporation & plc is an Anglo-American cruise line operator that owns more than 90 vessels across eight brands.

A dual-listed company, Carnival is composed of the Panama-incorporated, U.S.-headquartered Carnival Corporation, and UK-based Carnival plc, which function as one entity. Carnival Corporation is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and Carnival plc on the London Stock Exchange with an ADR listing on the NYSE. Carnival is listed in the S&P 500 and FTSE 250 indices.

Carnival Corporation's operational headquarters are in Doral, Florida. Carnival plc's headquarters are in Southampton, England.