hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Jens Gran Gleditsch
Jens Gran Gleditsch (1860–1931) was a Norwegian bishop and theologian. He was a brother of Kristen Gran Gleditsch.

Gleditsch was born on 6 December 1860 in Voss Municipality, Søndre Bergenhus county, Norway. He received his cand.theol. degree in 1883 from the University of Oslo. He was a chaplain in Lista Municipality from 1887 until 1891. He then moved to Antwerp, Belgium to serve as pastor of the Norwegian Seaman's Church there. In 1912, Gleditsch became the parish priest in Arendal. From 1917 until 1923, he held various positions in churches in Oslo. In 1918, he received an honorary Doctorate of Theology from the University of Uppsala. He was bishop at the Diocese of Nidaros from 1923 until 1928.  His appointment as a bishop was very controversial at the time due to his liberal theology. He retired after only five years as bishop due to health problems, and he died three years later in Oslo on 27 October 1931.

Hordaland
Hordaland (Urban East Norwegian: [ˈhɔ̂rdɑlɑn] ⓘ) was a county in Norway, bordering Sogn og Fjordane, Buskerud, Telemark, and Rogaland counties. Hordaland was the third largest county, after Akershus and Oslo, by population. The county government was the Hordaland County Municipality, which is located in Bergen. Before 1972, the city of Bergen was its own separate county, apart from Hordaland. On 1 January 2020, the county was merged with neighbouring Sogn og Fjordane county, to form the new Vestland county.
Pumacancha
Pumacancha (possibly from Quechua puma cougar, puma, kancha enclosure, enclosed place, yard, a frame, or wall that encloses) is a mountain in the Cusco Region in Peru, about 4,547.9 metres (14,921 ft) high. It is situated in the Paucartambo Province, Caicay District.

Department of Cusco
Cusco,  also spelled Cuzco (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈkusko]; Aymara and Quechua: Qusqu [ˈqɔsqɔ]), is a department of Peru. It is the fourth-largest in the country, after Madre de Dios, Ucayali, and Loreto, and borders the departments of Ucayali on the north; Madre de Dios and Puno on the east; Arequipa on the south; and Apurímac, Ayacucho and Junín on the west. It is administered by a regional government. Its capital is Cusco, the historical capital of the Inca Empire.
Binary entropy function
In information theory, the binary entropy function, denoted  or , is defined as the entropy of a Bernoulli process (i.i.d. binary variable)  with probability  of one of two values, and is given by the formula:

The base of the logarithm corresponds to the choice of units of information; base e (natural logarithm) corresponds to nats and is mathematically convenient, while base 2 (binary logarithm) corresponds to shannons and is conventional (as shown in the graph); explicitly:

Note that the values at 0 and 1 are given by the limit  (by L'Hôpital's rule); and that "binary" refers to two possible values for the variable, not the units of information.

When , the binary entropy function attains its maximum value of 1 shannon (1 binary unit of information); this is the case of an unbiased coin flip. When  or , the binary entropy is 0 (regardless of the unit), corresponding to no information, since there is no uncertainty in the variable.

Independent and identically distributed random variables
In probability theory and statistics, a collection of random variables is independent and identically distributed (i.i.d., iid, or IID) if each random variable has the same probability distribution as the others and all are mutually independent. IID was first defined in statistics and finds application in many fields, such as data mining and signal processing.
Tillniidu Nature Reserve
Tillniidu Nature Reserve is a nature reserve which is located in Rapla County, Estonia.

The area of the nature reserve is 38 ha.

The protected area was founded in 2001 to protect primeval forest and threatened species (black stork) in Koogiste village (in former Kehtna Parish).

Kehtna Parish
Kehtna Parish (Estonian: Kehtna vald) is a rural municipality in central Estonia. It is a part of Rapla County. The municipality has a population of 5,182 (as of 1 January 2004) and covers an area of 507.3 km2. The population density is 10.2 inhabitants per km2.
Bobsleigh at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics – Two-boys
The Two-boys competition of the bobsleigh events at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria, was held on January 22, at the Olympic Sliding Centre Innsbruck. 20 athletes from 10 countries took part in this event.

Olympic Sliding Centre Innsbruck
The Olympic Sliding Centre Innsbruck is a venue for bobsleigh, luge and skeleton located in Igls, Austria (southeast of Innsbruck). The most recent version of the track was completed in 1975 and is the first permanent, combination artificially refrigerated bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track, serving as a model for other tracks of its kind worldwide. It hosted the bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton competitions for the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics.
Gift Leotlela
Tlotliso Gift Leotlela (born 12 May 1998) is a South African sprinter. He competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in the men's 200 metres race; his time of 20.59 seconds in the heats did not qualify him for the semifinals.

He competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics in the men's 100 metres event.

Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metres
The men's 100 metres event at the 2020 Summer Olympics took place on 31 July and 1 August 2021 at the Olympic Stadium. 84 athletes were expected to compete; 27 nations used universality places to enter athletes in addition to the 56 qualifying through standard time or ranking (23 universality places were used in 2016). 78 athletes from 59 nations competed. Marcell Jacobs won the gold medal, establishing twice, semifinal and final, the new European record, as well as collecting Italy's first medal in the men's 100 metres. The United States extended its podium streak in the event to six Games with Fred Kerley's silver - after he placed only third at the U.S. trials. Canadian Andre De Grasse won his second consecutive bronze medal in the 100 metres, while running a personal best. With Usain Bolt retired, Jamaica's three Games gold medal streak ended.
Estonian Internal Security Service
The Estonian Internal Security Service (Estonian: Kaitsepolitsei, officially Estonian: Kaitsepolitseiamet, abbreviated KAPO) is the central national security agency of the Republic of Estonia. Its primary responsibilities include protecting the constitutional order, conducting counterintelligence, and investigating specific criminal offenses. These include crimes committed by state officials, acts of terrorism, incitement to hatred, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the illegal handling or trafficking of firearms, explosives, radioactive substances, and other strategic materials. The agency also protects state secrets and performs other internal security functions.

The Estonian Internal Security Service operates under the authority of the Estonian Ministry of Internal Affairs. While many of its activities remain classified, the agency publishes an annual overview of the national security situation, titled the Kaitsepolitsei aastaraamat.

Counterintelligence
Counterintelligence (counter-intelligence) and its primary subfield, counterespionage (counter-espionage), are activities aimed at protecting an agency's intelligence program from an opposition's intelligence service. It includes gathering information and conducting activities to prevent espionage, sabotage, assassinations or other intelligence activities conducted  by, for, or on behalf of foreign powers, organizations or persons.

Many countries will have multiple organizations focusing on a different aspect of counterintelligence, such as domestic, international, and counter-terrorism. Some states will formalize it as part of the police structure, such as the United States' Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Others will establish independent bodies, such as the United Kingdom's MI5, others have both intelligence and counterintelligence grouped under the same agency, like the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS).
Peak Range
The Peak Range is a small subrange of the Swannell Ranges of the Omineca Mountains, located on the northwest side of the junction of Toodoggone River and Finlay River in northern British Columbia, Canada.

There is also a Peak Range in Central Queensland.

Toodoggone River
The Toodoggone River is a tributary of the Finlay River in the Northern Interior of British Columbia, Canada, flowing east into the upper reaches of the Finlay just south of the Fishing Lakes.  At the head of the Toodoggone is Metsantan Pass, which is at the divide with the Stikine River basin and also on the spine of the Continental Divide.
Arnold Bernstein
Arnold Bernstein (23 January 1888, in Breslau, Silesia, German Empire – March 1971 in Ocean Ridge, Florida, U.S.) was a German-American shipowner and pioneer of transatlantic car transport, which he revolutionised since he was transporting cars without boxing them up in wooden crates as was usual before and was thus able to reduce freight rates. When the 1929 Great Depression made the use of 'swimming garages' impractical, Bernstein then turned his cargo ships into passenger ships, with just one travel class, which he called tourist class, rather than two or three that were more usual. One of the first Jewish 'merchant princes', he was one of the victims of the Nazi appropriation policies.

Travel class
A travel class is a quality of accommodation on public transport. The accommodation could be a seat or a cabin for example. Higher travel classes are designed to be more comfortable and are typically more expensive.
Channel Rock (Hong Kong)
Channel Rock (Chinese: 海峽石) was a big rock in the midst of Kowloon Bay, in the east Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong, opposite Kwun Tong Ferry Pier. It was incorporated into the extension of the runway of Kai Tak Airport. A navigation light was built on the rock in 1921, but was demolished with the extension of the Kai Tak runway.

A 1977 survey of molluscs identified at Channel Rock included Siphonaria corallina, Patelloida toloensis, and Collisella cellanica.

Siphonaria
Siphonaria is a genus of air-breathing sea snails in the family Siphonariidae (false limpets). They are globally distributed living in temperate to tropical benthic intertidal zones making up a significant component of invertebrate fauna in those regions. There are many species (over ~100) within this genus although the exact amount is unknown due to their large variety in shell morphology.
Loewenstein and Sons Hardware Building
Loewenstein and Sons Hardware Building, also known as the Loewenstein Building or Rite Aid Building, is a historic commercial structure located at Charleston, West Virginia. It was designed by the Columbus, Ohio architectural firm of Yost & Packard.

The building is 35,000 square feet (3,300 m2) in a five-story pressed brick structure that features eclectic late Victorian and classical details. The 48-foot (15 m) by 120-foot (37 m) building is distinguished by a central bay of oriel windows on its Capitol Street facade. Palladian windows are located on both sides of this central bay on the fifth floor. S.S. Kresge operated a variety store in the building from 1927 to 1971.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

Yost & Packard
Yost & Packard was an architectural firm based in Columbus, Ohio, United States. The firm included partners Joseph W. Yost and Frank Packard. It was founded in 1892 and continued until Yost moved to New York City in 1899, after which Packard took up practice in his own name.

The firm was known for many public buildings, and the prolific use of masonry, especially Berea sandstone, along with tile roofs with flared eaves, polygonal turrets, and intricate ornamentation. Their works resemble elements of Richardsonian Romanesque architecture blended with the creative Victorian works of Frank Furness.
Affiliated New Thought Network
The Affiliated New Thought Network, or ANTN, based in La Mesa, California, is an organization of New Thought centers and individuals across the United States and internationally that was founded in 1992. Recognized as a cooperative fellowship, it is an intrafaith organization. Originally for independent Religious Science ministers, today it includes all forms of New Thought organizations and individuals who want to be affiliated.

La Mesa, California
La Mesa (lit. 'The Table') is a city in San Diego County, California, United States, located nine miles (14 kilometers) east of downtown San Diego in Southern California. The population was 61,121 at the 2020 census, up from 57,065 at the 2010 census. Its civic motto is "the Jewel of the Hills."
The Language Conservancy
The Language Conservancy is a nonprofit organization that with an interest in the Lakota language, Assiniboine language, Crow language and the Hidatsa language.

The Language Conservancy is currently focused largely on Indigenous languages in the United States.

One of its board members, Jan Ullrich, has been banned from Indigenous territories after monetizing the language resources he collected from within the community.

Assiniboine language
Assiniboine (/əˈsɪnəbɔɪn/; also known as Assiniboin, Hohe, or Nakota, Nakoda, Nakon or Nakona, or Stoney) is a Nakotan Siouan language of the Northern Plains. The name Assiniboine comes from the term Asiniibwaan, from Ojibwe, meaning 'Stone Siouans'. The reason they were called this was that Assiniboine people used heated stone to boil their food. In Canada, Assiniboine people are known as Stoney Indians, while they called themselves Nakota or Nakoda, meaning 'allies'.
Polytrichum
Polytrichum is a genus of mosses — commonly called haircap moss or hair moss — which contains approximately 70 species that have a cosmopolitan distribution.
The genus Polytrichum has a number of closely related sporophytic characters. The scientific name is derived from the Ancient Greek words polys, meaning "many", and thrix, meaning "hair". This name was used in ancient times to refer to plants with fine, hairlike parts, including mosses, but this application specifically refers to the hairy calyptras found on young sporophytes. A similar naming related to hair appears in Old Norse, haddr silfjar, "hair of Sif", goddess from Norse Mythology, wife of the god Thor. There are two major sections of Polytrichum species. The first — section Polytrichum — has narrow, toothed, and relatively erect leaf margins. The other — section Juniperifolia — has broad, entire,  and sharply inflexed leaf margins that enclose the lamellae on the upper leaf surface.

Sif
In Norse mythology, Sif is a golden-haired goddess associated with earth. Sif is attested in the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and the Prose Edda, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson, and in the poetry of skalds. In both the Poetic Edda and the Prose Edda, she is known for her golden hair and is married to the thunder god Thor.

The Prose Edda recounts that Sif once had her hair shorn by Loki, and that Thor forced Loki to have a golden headpiece made for Sif, resulting in not only Sif's golden tresses but also five other objects for other gods. Sif is also named in the Prose Edda as the mother of Þrúðr (by Thor) and Ullr.

Scholars have proposed that Sif's hair may represent fields of golden wheat, that she may be associated with fertility, family, wedlock and/or that she is connected to rowan, and that there may be an allusion to her role or possibly her name in the Old English poem Beowulf.
J. R. S. Phillips
John Roland Seymour Phillips (born 1940) is a British historian and academic. He did a Doctor of Philosophy degree at the University of London in 1967, on the subject of the 14th-century Earl of Pembroke, Aymer de Valence. Later he published a book on the same subject. Phillips was head of the department of medieval history, at the University College Dublin. Today he is professor emeritus at that university. In 2010, Phillips contributed a volume on King Edward II to the Yale English Monarchs series.

Yale English Monarchs series
The Yale English Monarchs series is a series of biographies on English and British kings and queens, published by Yale University Press. The books are written by some of the leading experts within their respective fields, incorporating the latest historical research. Several books in the English Monarchs series have previously also been published by the University of California Press and Methuen London under the editorship of Professor J. J. Scarisbrick, though the series is today in the hands of Yale University Press.

The following table shows books published or forthcoming. Unless otherwise stated, the given regnal name also makes up the book title. The date given is the original publishing date of each book. Titles published by the University of California Press are in italics. Included in the list are also intervening monarchs on whom no books have been published yet.
Porch House, Nantwich
The Porch House, formerly sometimes the Porche House, is a large Georgian house, dating from the late 18th century, in Nantwich, Cheshire, England. It is listed at grade II. Located at numbers 64A and 64B on the north side of Welsh Row (at SJ6471452454), it is entered via its former stable entrance, The Gateway. Currently divided into two houses, the Porch House has previously served as a day and boarding school, and as a house for Belgian refugees. The existing building stands on the site of a 15th-century mansion of the same name.

Nikolaus Pevsner considers Welsh Row to be "the best street of Nantwich". The street has many listed buildings and is known for its mixture of architectural styles, including timber-framed black-and-white cottages such as the Wilbraham's and Widows' Almshouses, Georgian town houses such as Townwell House and number 83, and Victorian buildings such as the former Grammar School, Savings Bank and Primitive Methodist Chapel.

Primitive Methodist Chapel, Nantwich
The Primitive Methodist Chapel is a former Primitive Methodist church on Welsh Row in Nantwich, Cheshire, England (at SJ6460252372). Built in 1840, it is listed at grade II. The chapel closed in 2001, and the building has been partially converted to residential use.
Professor of Ecclesiastical History (Glasgow)
The Chair of Ecclesiastical History of the University of Glasgow is the oldest chair of ecclesiastical history in the United Kingdom.

It was founded in 1716 by King George I of Great Britain. The Crown granted 100 pounds per year for this purpose. This was, thus, a Regius Chair until 1935, when constitutional arrangements in the Church of Scotland resulted in patronage being transferred to the University Court acting on a Board of Nomination consisting of representatives of the University Court and the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland.

General Assembly of the Church of Scotland
The General Assembly of the Church of Scotland is the sovereign and highest court of the Church of Scotland, and is thus the Church's governing body. It generally meets each year and is chaired by a Moderator elected at the start of the Assembly.
Westerburg-Leiningen-Leiningen
Leiningen-Westerburg was an historic state of the Holy Roman Empire, located in the vicinity of Leiningen and Westerburg in what is now the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate.

Westerburg-Leiningen-Leiningen was formed in 1547 when, upon the death of Kuno II, Count of Leiningen-Westerburg, Leiningen-Westerburg was divided into Westerburg-Leiningen-Leiningen and Westerburg-Leiningen-Westerburg.

This state was ruled by a branch of the House of Leiningen.  It lasted until 1705, when it was absorbed by Leiningen-Schaumberg.

Leiningen, Germany
Leiningen (German pronunciation: [ˈlaɪnɪŋən]) is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis (district) in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde Hunsrück-Mittelrhein, whose seat is in Emmelshausen.
Fastpitch United
Fastpitch United is a professional women's fastpitch softball league in the United States consisting of independent teams in collaboration to create a platform for competition at the highest level. The new league began its promotional campaign in 2024 and launched its first official season in June 2025 and streamed on Pluto TV.

The league is unrelated to the defunct league that used the names National Pro Fastpitch (NPF), Women's Pro Softball League (WPSL) along with Women's Professional Fastpitch, or the Association of Fastpitch Professionals. Not to be confused with a new competing league AUSL

Association of Fastpitch Professionals
Association of Fastpitch Professionals (AFP) is a professional women's fastpitch softball league in the United States consisting of independent teams in collaboration to create a platform for competition at the highest level. The new league began its promotional campaign in 2023 and launched its first and only official season to begin June 19, 2024. The league disbanded and was folded into Connect Softball, with some teams leaving for competing leagues.
North Assam division
North Assam division is an administrative division of Assam under the jurisdiction of a Commissioner, who is officially stationed at Tezpur. It consists of the following districts: Udalguri, Darrang, Sonitpur and Biswanath. Shri Rakesh Kumar, IAS is the current Commissioner of this division.

Biswanath district
Biswanath district (IPA: ˌbɪswəˈnɑːθ ˈtʃɑːrɪˌælɪ) is an administrative district in the state of Assam in India. It is one of the newly created districts in 2015, declared by Assam Chief Minister Tarun Gogoi on 15 August 2015.

The district is created amalgamating Gohpur and most part of Biswanath Sub division on earlier Sonitpur district. The district is bounded by Arunachal Pradesh on north, Golaghat, Brahmaputra River on the south, Lakhimpur district on the east and Sonitpur district on the west. The administrative headquarter is located at Biswanath Chariali.

On 31 December 2022, the district remerged with existing Sonitpur district ahead of delimitation process by ECI in the state.

However, on August 25, 2023, the Assam cabinet announced the restoration of Biswanath's district status.
Make the Connection
Make the Connection is an American game show, sponsored by Borden, that ran on Thursday nights from July 7 to September 29, 1955, on NBC from 8:30 to 9 p.m. Eastern Time.

Original host Jim McKay was replaced after the first four episodes by Gene Rayburn, who debuted as a game show host on August 4, 1955.

The series was a Mark Goodson-Bill Todman Production, and as such it had many things in common with the other panel shows developed by the company. Like What's My Line? and I've Got a Secret, there were four celebrity panelists who were each given a timed period in which to ask questions. Each panelist that was stumped earned the contestants money.

Betty White made one of her earliest game show appearances as a panelist on the series (her first on national television was a few weeks earlier on "What's My Line?"). The regular panelists were White, Gene Klavan, Gloria DeHaven, and Eddie Bracken.

Eddie Bracken
Edward Vincent Bracken (February 7, 1915 – November 14, 2002) was an American actor. Bracken came to Hollywood prominence for his comedic lead performances in the films Hail the Conquering Hero and The Miracle of Morgan's Creek both from 1944, both of which have been preserved by the National Film Registry. During this era, he also had success on Broadway, with performances in plays like Too Many Girls (1940).

Bracken's later movie roles include National Lampoon's Vacation (1983), Oscar (1991), Home Alone 2: Lost in New York (1992), Rookie of the Year (1993), and Baby's Day Out (1994).