hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ma Guoliang
Ma Guoliang (simplified Chinese: 马国良; traditional Chinese: 馬國良; pinyin: Mǎ Guóliáng; Wade–Giles: Ma Kuo-liang,  Xiao'erjing: مَا قُوَلِیَانْ) was a Chinese Muslim military officer in the Qing dynasty, the son of General Ma Zhanao and younger brother of General Ma Anliang and older brother of Ma Suiliang (Ma Sui-liang) 馬遂良. He helped crush rebel Muslims in the Dungan revolt (1895–1896) along with his brother Ma Anliang, holding them off at Jishi pass. His sons were Ma Tingbin (Ma T'ing-pin) 馬廷斌 aka Ma Quanqin 馬全欽, and Ma Jieqin 馬介欽.

In 1917 Ma Anliang ordered Ma Guoliang to suppress a rebellion of Tibetans in Xunhua who rebelled because of heavy taxes Ma Anliang imposed on them. Ma Anliang did not report it to the central government in Beijing and was reprimanded for it, and Ma Qi was sent by the government to investigate the case and suppress the rebellion.

Ma Guoliang's son Ma Quanqin later defected to the Communists in 1949 and became a member of the Communist party.

Xiao'erjing
Xiao'erjing, Xiaorjing, Xiaojing or Benjing, is a Perso-Arabic script used to write Sinitic languages, including Lanyin Mandarin, Zhongyuan Mandarin, Northeastern Mandarin, and Dungan. It is used on occasion by many ethnic minorities who adhere to Islam in China—mostly the Hui, but also the Dongxiang and the Salar—and formerly by their Dungan descendants in Central Asia. Orthographic reforms introduced the Latin script and later the Cyrillic script to the Dungan language, which continue to be used today.

Xiao'erjing is written from right to left, like other Perso-Arabic writing systems.

Xiao'erjing is unusual among Arabic script-based writing systems in that all vowels, long and short, are explicitly notated with diacritics, making it an abugida. Some other Arabic-based writing systems in China, such as the Uyghur Arabic alphabet, use letters and not diacritics to mark short vowels.
Victor Ai
Victor Ai (Chinese: 艾渝; born 1983), also known as Ai Yu, is a Chinese businessman and investor. He is the founder and CEO of Terminus Group. He launched the AI City project, named Cloud Valley, which is controlled by artificial intelligence.

Prior to founding Terminus, Ai was head of Everbright's New Economy Fund, where he served as its partner. He worked for more than 10 years in the field of new economy investments. He led investments into start-ups including NetEase Cloud Music, SenseTime, Meituan-Dianping, Xpeng, NIO, iQiyi, and Nreal.

Earlier in his career, Ai worked in the mergers and acquisitions department of global investment banking at JPMorgan Chase, where he was an investment banker.

IQIYI
iQIYI (Chinese: 爱奇艺; pinyin: Àiqíyì, pronounced in English as eye-CHEE-yee), formerly Qiyi (奇艺; Qíyì), is a Chinese subscription video on-demand over-the-top streaming service owned by Baidu. Headquartered in Beijing, iQIYI primarily produces and distributes films and television series.

iQIYI is currently one of the largest online video sites in the world, with nearly 6 billion hours spent on its service each month and over 500 million monthly active users. On March 29, 2018, the company issued its initial public offering in the United States and raised $2.25 billion.
Maramjhiri railway station
Maramjhiri railway station is a railway station of Bhopal–Nagpur section under Nagpur CR railway division of West Central Railway zone of Indian Railways. The station is situated at Maramjhiri in Betul district of Indian state of Madhya Pradesh.

West Central Railway zone
The West Central Railway (abbreviated WCR), one of the 19 zones of the Indian Railways, came into existence on 1 April 2003. It is headquartered at Jabalpur. It was created by taking away two divisions namely Bhopal division and Jabalpur division from central railways and one division namely Kota division from Western Railway zone. The WCR zone provides rail route coverage to the west central region of India. Most of its route is in the states of Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan with a very little portion in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
Grahame Bulfield
Grahame Bulfield, CBE, FRSE, Hon FRASE (born 1941) is an English geneticist, vice-principal and Emeritus Professor of Genetics at the University of Edinburgh. He was the director and chief executive of the Roslin Institute, Edinburgh, when in 1996 the research group led by Ian Wilmut first cloned a mammal from an adult somatic cell, a Finnish Dorset lamb named Dolly.

Finn Dorset
The Finn-Dorset or Finn Dorset is a British and Irish sheep, a cross-breed of the Finnsheep with the Dorset Horn.: 801 : 291  Finn Dorsets and related cross-breeds have been bred for the properties of the Finnsheep's prolificacy and the Dorset's meat conformation.

Dolly the sheep, first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell, was a Finn Dorset.
Makary, Cameroon
Makary is a town in Logone-et-Chari, Far North Region, Cameroon, West Africa. The town is located on the right (east) bank of a distributary of the Chari River in the delta just before it enters Lake Chad. The people are known as Kotoko, and the local language is Mpade; Fulani (Fulfulde) is the trade language. The primary economic activity was and is fishing.

Chari River
The Chari River, or Shari River, is a 1,400 kilometres (870 mi) long river, flowing in Central Africa. It is the main source of water of Lake Chad, which is located at the junction of four countries: Nigeria, Niger, Chad, and Cameroon.
2003 Speedway Grand Prix of Scandinavia
The 2003 Speedway Grand Prix of Scandinavia was the sixth round of the 2003 Speedway Grand Prix season (the world championship). It took place on 30 August 2003 at the Ullevi in Gothenburg, Sweden.

It was the second time that the Speedway Grand Prix of Scandinavia had been held.

The Grand Prix was by the Australian rider Ryan Sullivan (his 4th career Grand Prix win).

Ullevi
Ullevi, sometimes known as Nya Ullevi (Swedish: [(ˈnŷːa) ˈɵ̂lːɛˌviː], New Ullevi), is a multi-purpose stadium in Gothenburg, Sweden. It was built for the 1958 FIFA World Cup, but since then has also hosted the World Allround Speed Skating Championships six times; the 1995 World Championships in Athletics and the 2006 European Athletics Championships; the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup finals in 1983 and 1990; the UEFA Euro 1992 final, the UEFA Cup final in 2004; and annually hosted the opening ceremony of the Gothia Cup, the world's largest football tournament in terms of the number of participants. IFK Göteborg has also played two UEFA Cup finals at the stadium, in 1982 and 1987, but then as "home game" in a home and away final. The stadium has hosted several events, including football, ice hockey, boxing, racing, athletics and concerts.

The stadium is one of the biggest in the Nordic countries, with a seating capacity of 43,000 and a total capacity of 75,000 for concerts.
Death in High Heels (novel)
Death in High Heels is a 1941 crime novel by the British author Christianna Brand. Her debut novel, it featured Inspector Charlesworth, a young detective with Scotland Yard, who is called in when a young woman is murdered at an upmarket dress shop in London's Bond Street.

The same year Brand published Heads You Lose, the first novel featuring her best-known detective Inspector Cockrill, and she did not return to a solo sequel featuring Charlesworth until The Rose in Darkness in 1979. However, Charlesworth did make appearances in the Cockrill novels Death of Jezebel (1948) and London Particular (1952); additionally, the Mr Cecil character reappeared in the Cockrill novel Tour de Force (1955)

Detective
A detective is an investigator, usually a member of a law enforcement agency. They often collect information to solve crimes by talking to witnesses and informants, collecting physical evidence, or searching records in databases. This leads them to arrest criminals and enable them to be convicted in court. A detective may work for the police or privately.
Kırcasalih
Kırcasalih (Greek: Μέγα Ζαλούφι, Bulgarian: Залъф) is a town (belde) in the Uzunköprü District, Edirne Province, Turkey. Its population is 2,503 (2022). It is situated in the eastern Trakya (Thrace) plains. The distance to Uzunköprü is 18 kilometres (11 mi). The village was founded in the 14th century just after the early Turkish settlement in Trakya began. The earliest name of the town was Karacasalih. However, in the 18th century the government settled Greeks and Christian Albanians in the town after an attempted rebellion. Most Turks left the town, and the town was renamed Zalof. The newcomers excelled in viticulture. But during the compulsory population exchange between Greece and Turkey (Turkish: mübadele) in 1920s, the Greek population was replaced with Pomaks and Turks from Greece and North Macedonia.

Edirne Province
Edirne Province (Turkish: Edirne ili) is a Turkish province located in East Thrace. Part of European Turkey, it is one of only three provinces located entirely within continental Europe. Its area is 6,145 km2, and its population is 414,714 (2022). Edirne Province is bordered by Tekirdağ Province and Kırklareli Province to the east, and the Gallipoli peninsula of Çanakkale Province to the south-east. It shares international borders with Bulgaria (Haskovo and Yambol Provinces) to the north and Greece (Eastern Macedonia and Thrace) to the west. Edirne is the capital of the province, and the largest city. It is the only province of Turkey that borders Greece.
Monte Alegre (ship)
Monte Alegre is a container ship owned by A.P. Moller Singapore Pte. Ltd. and operated by Maersk Line AS. The 272-metre (892 ft) long ship was built at Daewoo Mangalia Heavy Industries in Mangalia, Romania in 2007/2008.  Originally owned by Monte Alegre GmbH & Co KG, a subsidiary of Hamburg Süd, she has had two owners and been registered under two flags.

The vessel is one of ten ships of the Monte class built for Hamburg Süd by Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering and Daewoo Mangalia Heavy Industries between 2004 and 2009.

Mangalia
Mangalia (Romanian pronunciation: [maŋˈɡali.a] ⓘ, Turkish: Mankalya), ancient Callatis (Greek: Κάλλατις/Καλλατίς; other historical names: Pangalia, Panglicara, Tomisovara), is a city and a port on the coast of the Black Sea in the south-east of Constanța County, Northern Dobruja, Romania.

The municipality of Mangalia also administers several summertime seaside resorts: Cap Aurora, Jupiter, Neptun, Olimp, Saturn, and Venus.
Bug–Narew offensive
The Bug–Narew offensive from July 13 to August 27, 1915 was a major German victory during World War I on the Eastern Front. The Imperial German Army broke through 4 heavily fortified positions, inflicted defeats on superior enemy forces and pushed the Russian Army 300 km to the east, capturing 215,000 prisoners. But the German army also suffered relatively heavy casualties, about 30,000 killed and missing.

9th Army (German Empire)
The 9th Army (German: 9. Armee / Armeeoberkommando 9 / A.O.K. 9) was an army level command of the German Army in World War I.  It was formed in September 1914 in Breslau to command troops on the southern sector of the Eastern Front.  The army was dissolved on 30 July 1916, but reformed in Transylvania on 6 September 1916 for the Romanian Campaign.  It was transferred to the Western Front on 19 June 1918 where it was finally dissolved on 18 September 1918.
Kuramae Station
Kuramae Station (蔵前駅, Kuramae-eki) is a subway station located in the Kuramae and Kotobuki neighborhoods of Taitō, Tokyo, Japan. It serves the Toei Asakusa Line and Toei Oedo Line, both of which are operated by the Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation (Toei). The station is identified as A-17 on the Asakusa Line and E-11 on the Ōedo Line. While there is no underground connection between the two lines, passengers can transfer between them at ground level.

Taitō
Taitō (台東区, Taitō-ku) is a special ward in the Tokyo Metropolis in Japan. In English, it is known as Taitō City.

As of May 1, 2015, the ward has an estimated population of 186,276, and a population density of 18,420 persons per km2. The total area is 10.11 square kilometres (3.90 sq mi). This makes Taito ward the smallest of Tokyo's wards in area, and third-smallest in population.
Precedent book
A precedent book is a document recording procedural, legal or constitutional precedents.

Such a book may have significant constitutional effects, such as the UK's Precedent Book (or Rule book), written by the Cabinet Office since 1977. Its archive files are subject to 30-year closure, unless otherwise stated.

Cabinet Office
The Cabinet Office is a ministerial department of the Government of the United Kingdom. It is responsible for supporting the prime minister and Cabinet. It is composed of various units that support Cabinet committees and coordinate the delivery of government objectives via other departments. As of December 2021, it had more than 10,200 staff, mostly civil servants, some of whom work in Whitehall. Staff working in the Prime Minister's Office are part of the Cabinet Office.
Siro the Epicurean
Siro (also Syro, Siron, or Syron; fl. c. 50 BC) was an Epicurean philosopher who lived in Naples.

He was a teacher of Virgil, and taught at his school in Naples. There are two poems attributed to Virgil in the Appendix Vergiliana, which mention Siro, and where the author speaks of seeking peace in the company of Siro:

I am setting sail for the havens of the blest to seek the wise sayings of great Siro, and will redeem my life from all care.

Cicero also mentions Siro several times and speaks of Siro along with Philodemus as being "excellent citizens and most learned men." The 5th-century commentator  Servius claimed that Siro was commemorated in Virgil's sixth Eclogue as the character Silenus.

Silenus
In Greek mythology, Silenus (/saɪˈliːnəs/; Ancient Greek: Σιληνός Sīlēnós [siːlɛːnós] or Σειληνός Seilēnós [seːlɛːnós]) was a companion and tutor to the wine god Dionysus. He is typically older than the satyrs of the Dionysian retinue (thiasos), and sometimes considerably older, in which case he may be referred to as a Papposilenus. Silen  and its plural sileni refer to the mythological figure as a type that is sometimes thought to be differentiated from a satyr by having the attributes of a horse rather than a goat, though usage of the two words is not consistent enough to permit a sharp distinction.

Silenus presides over other daimons and is related to musical creativity, prophetic ecstasy, drunken joy, drunken dances and gestures.

In the decorative arts, a "silene" is a Silenus-like figure, often a "mask" (face) alone.
Picea glauca
Picea glauca, the white spruce, is a species of spruce native to the northern temperate and boreal forests in Canada and United States, North America.

Picea glauca is native from central Alaska all through the east, across western and southern/central Canada to the Avalon Peninsula in Newfoundland, Quebec, Ontario and south to Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Upstate New York and Vermont, along with the mountainous and immediate coastal portions of New Hampshire and Maine, where temperatures are just barely cool and moist enough to support it. There is also an isolated population in the Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming. It is also known as Canadian spruce, skunk spruce, cat spruce, Black Hills spruce, western white spruce, Alberta white spruce, and Porsild spruce.

Hylocomium splendens
Hylocomium splendens, commonly known as glittering woodmoss, splendid feather moss, stairstep moss, and mountain fern moss, is a perennial clonal moss with a widespread distribution in Northern Hemisphere boreal forests. It is commonly found in Europe, Russia, Alaska and Canada, where it is often the most abundant moss species. It also grows in the Arctic tundra and further south at higher elevations in, for example, northern California, western Sichuan, East Africa, Australia, New Zealand and the West Indies. In Scotland  it is a characteristic species of the Caledonian Forest. Under the UK's national vegetation classification system, pinewood community W18 is named as "Pinus sylvestris-Hylocomium splendens woodland",  indicating its significance in this ecosystem.
Pierre Charles (boxer)
Pierre Charles (20 March 1903 – 8 August 1966) was a Belgian boxer who was the heavyweight champion of Belgium and Europe. He held the Belgian title between 1926 and 1927, and again between 1935 and 1936, and the International Boxing Union (IBU) European title for three periods, from 1929 to 1931, 1932 to 1933, and 1935 to 1936.

Belgians
Belgians (Dutch: Belgen [ˈbɛlɣə(n)] ⓘ; French: Belges [bɛlʒ] ⓘ; German: Belgier [ˈbɛlɡi̯ɐ] ⓘ) are people identified with the Kingdom of Belgium, a federal state in Western Europe. As Belgium is a multinational state, this connection may be residential, legal, historical, or cultural rather than ethnic. The majority of Belgians, however, belong to two distinct linguistic groups or communities (Dutch: gemeenschap; French: communauté) native to the country, i.e. its historical regions: Flemings in Flanders, who speak Dutch, West Flemish and Limburgish; and Walloons in Wallonia, who speak French or Walloon. There is also a substantial Belgian diaspora, which has settled primarily in the United States, Canada, France, and the Netherlands.
Thomas Bellew (Louth politician)
Thomas Bellew (11 April 1943 – 28 October 1995) was an Irish politician. He was elected to Dáil Éireann as a Fianna Fáil Teachta Dála (TD) at the February 1982 general election for the Louth constituency. He lost his seat at the November 1982 general election. He unsuccessfully contested the 1987 and 1992 general elections as an independent candidate. Tom Bellew Avenue in Dundalk is named after him.

November 1982 Irish general election
The November 1982 Irish general election to the 24th Dáil was held on Wednesday, 24 November, three weeks after the dissolution of the 23rd Dáil on 4 November by President Patrick Hillery, on the request of Taoiseach Charles Haughey following a defeat of the government in a motion of confidence. The general election took place in 41 Dáil constituencies throughout Ireland for 166 seats in Dáil Éireann, the house of representatives of the Oireachtas.

The 24th Dáil met at Leinster House on 14 December to nominate the Taoiseach for appointment by the president and to approve the appointment of a new government of Ireland. Garret FitzGerald was appointed Taoiseach, forming the 19th government of Ireland, a coalition government of Fine Gael and the Labour Party.
Patriotic Order Sons of America
The Patriotic Order Sons of America is an American patriotic fraternal organization that traces its origins to the anti-alien riots of the 1840s. Founded in 1847 in Philadelphia, the P.O.S. of A. once had "camps" (chapters) in well over 20 states.  At its peak, there were more than 800 Camps in Pennsylvania alone. Today, the society maintains a presence only in Pennsylvania, where it has 14 camps. The national headquarters are in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania.

Valley Forge, Pennsylvania
The village of Valley Forge is an unincorporated settlement. It is located on the west side of Valley Forge National Historical Park at the confluence of Valley Creek and the Schuylkill River in Pennsylvania. The remaining village is in Schuylkill Township of Chester County. It once spanned Valley Creek into Montgomery County.

The name Valley Forge is often used to refer to anywhere in the general vicinity of the park. Many places will use the name even though they are actually in King of Prussia, Trooper, Oaks, and other nearby communities. This leads to some ambiguity on the actual location of the modern village. There is a partial re-creation of the historic village from the time of the American Revolution that is located just within the outskirts of the park.
Wawrowo
Wawrowo [vaˈvrɔvɔ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lidzbark, within Działdowo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 15 km (9 mi) south-east of Lidzbark, 14 km (9 mi) south-west of Działdowo, and 75 km (47 mi) south-west of the regional capital Olsztyn.

Działdowo County
Działdowo County (Polish: powiat działdowski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, northern Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Działdowo, which lies 65 kilometres (40 mi) south of the regional capital Olsztyn. The only other town in the county is Lidzbark, lying 25 km (16 mi) west of Działdowo. (This should not be confused with Lidzbark Warmiński, another town in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, which is the seat of Lidzbark County.)

The county covers an area of 953.18 square kilometres (368.0 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 65,288, out of which the population of Działdowo is 21,279, that of Lidzbark is 7,794, and the rural population is 36,215.
Canticles (Britten)
The Canticles constitute a series of five musical works by composer Benjamin Britten. The pieces were written at various points in his career, with three of them written as memorials. Instrumentation differs on each piece, and several are based on non-sacred texts. A review in Opera Today notes, "Britten didn't draw upon the Scriptures for the texts of his canticles, which resemble cantatas more than church hymns in scale and structure, but an intense religious spirit pervades them all." Musicologist Peter Evans notes the works contain a "mood of spiritual elevation intense enough to demand realization in an ambitious musical structure".

Canticle
In the context of Christian liturgy, a canticle (/ˈkæntɪkəl/; from the Latin canticulum, a diminutive of canticum, "song") is a psalm-like song with biblical lyrics taken from elsewhere than the Book of Psalms, but included in psalters and books such as the breviary. Of special importance to the Divine Office are three New Testament Canticles that are the climaxes of the Offices of Lauds, Vespers and Compline; these are respectively Benedictus (Luke 1:68-79), Magnificat (Luke 1:46-55) and Nunc dimittis (Luke  2:29-32). There are also a number of Canticles taken from the Old Testament.
Nigger Head
Nigger Head is the former name of a small island in the northern part of Shelburne Bay in far north Queensland, Australia about 30 km north of Cape Grenville, Cape York Peninsula in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Queensland, Australia. It was named so because it is an isolated coral outcrop; such outcrops were known as niggerheads by British sailors.

In 2017, the Department of Natural Resources and Mines which is responsible for naming places in Queensland, said that the name "Nigger Head" would no longer be used. The Queensland government said that a new name would be chosen for the island, although a new name was never selected and the island remains officially unnamed.

Cape York Peninsula
The Cape York Peninsula is located in Far North Queensland, Australia. It is the largest wilderness in northern Australia. The land is mostly flat and about half of the area is used for grazing cattle. The relatively undisturbed eucalyptus-wooded savannahs, tropical rainforests and other types of habitat are now recognised and preserved for their global environmental significance. Although much of the peninsula remains pristine, with a diverse repertoire of endemic flora and fauna, some of its wildlife may be threatened by industry and overgrazing as well as introduced species and weeds.

The northernmost point of the peninsula is Cape York.
The land has been occupied by a number of Aboriginal Australian peoples for tens of thousands of years. In 1606, Dutch sailor Willem Janszoon on board the Duyfken was the first European to land in Australia, reaching the Cape York Peninsula.