hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
History of model organisms
Model organisms are specific organisms studied to gain knowledge of other organisms, to generalize both within and between species. Model organisms offer standards for comparison of other organisms. Model organism strains are standardized by inbreeding and cloning, to limit genetic variation and create a precise basis for comparison.
Some organisms
are experimentally convenient
and/or important for their history
and research community.

The idea of the model organism first took root in the middle of the 19th century with the work of scientists like Charles Darwin and Gregor Mendel and their respective work on natural selection and the genetics of heredity.  Beginning in the early 1900s, laboratory experimentation on Drosophila was expanded to use tobacco mosaic virus, E. coli, C57BL/6 (lab mice), etc.  These organisms have led to many advances in the past century.

Heredity
Heredity, also called inheritance or biological inheritance, is the passing on of traits from parents to their offspring; either through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction, the offspring cells or organisms acquire the genetic information of their parents. Through heredity, variations between individuals can accumulate and cause species to evolve by natural selection. The study of heredity in biology is genetics.
2021 Ladies Open Lausanne – Doubles
Anastasia Potapova and Yana Sizikova were the defending champions, but they decided not to participate this year.

Susan Bandecchi and Simona Waltert won the title, defeating Ulrikke Eikeri and Valentini Grammatikopoulou in the final, 6–3, 6–7(3–7), [10–5]. This was this first WTA Tour doubles title won by both Bandecchi and Waltert.

Anastasia Potapova
Anastasia Sergeyevna Potapova (born 30 March 2001) is a Russian-born Austrian professional tennis player. She has a career-high singles ranking of No. 21 by the WTA, achieved on 19 June 2023, and a doubles ranking of world No. 40, reached on 5 December 2022. Potapova has won three WTA Tour singles titles along with three doubles titles. She is a former junior world No. 1, and she was the 2016 Wimbledon girls' singles champion.
Mae Sot
Mae Sot (Northern Thai: ᨾᩯ᩵ᩈᩬᨯ; Thai: แม่สอด, pronounced [mɛ̂ː sɔ̀ːt]; Burmese: မဲဆောက်, [mɛ́ sʰaʊʔ]; Shan: မႄႈသွတ်ႇ, [mɛ sʰɔt̚]) is a city in western Thailand that shares a border with Myanmar to the west. It is notable as a trade hub and for its substantial population of Burmese migrants and refugees. The city is part of Tak Province, 87 km from the city of Tak and 492 km from Bangkok. It is home to the district headquarters of Mae Sot District, and is the main gateway between Thailand and Burma. As a result, it has gained notoriety for its trade in gems and teak, as well as black market services such as human trafficking and illicit drugs.

Shan language
Shan is the native language of the Shan people and is mostly spoken in Shan State, Myanmar. It is also spoken in pockets in other parts of Myanmar, in Northern Thailand, in Yunnan, in Laos, in Cambodia, in Vietnam and decreasingly in Assam and Meghalaya. Shan is a member of the Kra–Dai language family and is related to Thai. It has five tones, which do not correspond exactly to Thai tones, plus a sixth tone used for emphasis. The term Shan is also used for related Northwestern Tai languages, and it is called Tai Yai or Tai Long in other Tai languages. Standard Shan, which is also known as Tachileik Shan, is based on the dialect of the city of Tachileik.

In 2019, Ethnologue estimated there were 3.3 million Shan speakers, including 3.2 million in Myanmar. The Mahidol University Institute for Language and Culture estimates there are gave the number of Shan speakers in Thailand as 95,000 in 2006. Many Shan speak local dialects as well as the language of their trading partners.
Communauté d'agglomération Nîmes Métropole
Communauté d'agglomération Nîmes Métropole is the communauté d'agglomération, an intercommunal structure, centred on the city of Nîmes. It is located in the Gard department, in the Occitanie region, southern France. It was created in January 2002. Its area is 790.9 km2. Its population was 257,987 in 2014, of which 149,633 in Nîmes proper.

Occitania (administrative region)
Occitania (French: Occitanie [ɔksitani] ⓘ; Occitan: Occitània [utsiˈtanjɔ]; Catalan: Occitània [uksiˈtaniə]) is the southernmost administrative region of metropolitan France excluding Corsica, located in the south of the country, created on 1 January 2016 from the former regions of Languedoc-Roussillon and Midi-Pyrénées. The Council of State approved Occitania as the new name of the region on 28 September 2016, coming into effect on 30 September 2016.

The modern administrative region is named after the larger cultural and historical region of Occitania, which corresponds with the southern third of France. The region of Occitania as it is today covers a territory similar to that ruled by the Counts of Toulouse in the 12th and 13th centuries. The banner of arms of the Counts of Toulouse, known colloquially as the Occitan cross, is used by the modern region and is also a popular cultural symbol. In 2022, Occitania had a population of 6,080,731.
Jean-François Plante
Jean-François "Jeff" Plante is a Canadian conservative politician and pundit. He's also a radio talk show host, and stood for leadership of the Action démocratique du Québec (ADQ), after Mario Dumont's resignation in 2008. He served as the president of the Conservative Party of Quebec.

Mario Dumont
Mario Dumont (born May 19, 1970) is a Canadian television personality and former politician in Quebec, Canada. He was a Member of the National Assembly of Quebec (MNA), and the leader of the Action démocratique du Québec (ADQ), from 1994 to 2009. After the 2007 Quebec election, Dumont obtained the post of Leader of the Opposition in the National Assembly.

Following his party's poor showing in the 2008 Quebec election, he announced his resignation as ADQ leader, and subsequently joined the television network V to host a daily news and talk show, Dumont, which began in 2009. He left that network in 2012 to join the all-news channel LCN.
He Loves Me... He Loves Me Not (film)
He Loves Me... He Loves Me Not (French: À la folie... pas du tout) is a 2002 French psychological drama film directed by Laetitia Colombani. The film focuses on a fine arts student, played by Audrey Tautou, and a married cardiologist, played by Samuel Le Bihan, with whom she is dangerously obsessed. The film studies the condition of erotomania and is both an example of the nonlinear and "unreliable narrator" forms of storytelling.

The title refers to the last two lines of the French game of Effeuiller la Marguerite (Fr., "to pluck the daisy") of pulling petals off a flower, in which one seeks to determine whether the object of their affection returns that affection and to what extent: un peu ("a little"), beaucoup ("a lot"); passionnément ("passionately"): à la folie ("to madness"); pas du tout ("not at all").

Nonlinear narrative
Nonlinear narrative, disjointed narrative, or disrupted narrative is a narrative technique where events are portrayed, for example, out of chronological order or in other ways where the narrative does not follow the direct causality pattern of the events featured, such as parallel distinctive plot lines, dream immersions or narrating another story inside the main plot-line. The technique is common in electronic literature, and particularly in hypertext fiction, and is also well-established in print and other sequential media.
Pyemmairre language
Northeastern Tasmanian, or Pyemmairre, is an Aboriginal language of Tasmania.

It is identified in the reconstruction of Claire Bowern. It was spoken in the northeastern corner of the island.

Northeastern Tasmanian is attested from three word lists of Charles Robinson and George Augustus Robinson: From Cape Portland (366 words), Ben Lomond (195 words), and Pipers River (126 words). Bowern also includes the language of the Port Dalrymple vocabulary (125 words) collected by J.-P. Gaimard in the Tamar River region of the North Midlands; however, it is divergent, and Dixon & Crowley consider it to be a distinct language.

The name Pyemmairre may not include the highland people of Ben Lomond, for which Plangermaireener ("Plangamerina") has been used.

Claire Bowern
Claire Louise Bowern (/ˈboʊərn/ BOH-ərn) is a linguist who works with Australian Indigenous languages. She is currently a professor of linguistics at Yale University, and has a secondary appointment in the department of anthropology at Yale.
Cissus (Mygdonia)
Cissus or Kissos (Ancient Greek: Κισσός) was a town of Amphaxitis, Macedon, not far from Rhaecelus, which appears to have been the name of the promontory where Aeneas legendarily founded his city. Cissus, along with Aeneia and Chalastra, contributed to the aggrandizement of Thessalonica (315 BC). Cissus was the birthplace of Cisseus, a Thracian chief mentioned by Homer.

There was also a mountain of the same name nearby, now called Mount Chortiatis, on which were found the lion, ounce, lynx, panther, and bear.

Aeneas
In Greco-Roman mythology, Aeneas (/ɪˈniːəs/ in-EE-əs; Classical Latin: [ae̯ˈneːaːs]; from Ancient Greek: Αἰνείας, romanized: Aineías) was a Trojan hero, the son of the Trojan prince Anchises and the Greek goddess Aphrodite (equivalent to the Roman Venus). His father was a first cousin of King Priam of Troy (both being grandsons of Ilus, founder of Troy), making Aeneas a second cousin to Priam's children (such as Hector and Paris). He is a minor character in Greek mythology and is mentioned in Homer's Iliad. Aeneas receives full treatment in Roman mythology, most extensively in Virgil's Aeneid, where he is cast as an ancestor of Romulus and Remus. He became the first true hero of Rome. Snorri Sturluson identifies him with the Norse god Víðarr of the Æsir.
Belknap-class cruiser
The Belknap-class cruiser was a class of single-ended guided-missile cruisers (their missile armament was installed only forward, unlike "double-ended" missile cruisers with missile armament installed both forward and aft) built for the United States Navy during the 1960s. They were originally designated as DLG frigates (destroyer leaders; the USN use of the term frigate from 1950 to 1975 was intended to evoke the power of the sailing frigates of old), but in the 1975 fleet realignment, they were reclassified as guided missile cruisers (CG).

Destroyer leader
Destroyer leader (DL) was the United States Navy designation for large destroyers from 9 February 1951 through the early years of the Cold War. United States ships with hull classification symbol DL were officially frigates from 1 January 1955 until 1975. The smaller destroyer leaders were reclassified as destroyers and the larger as cruisers by the United States Navy 1975 ship reclassification so destroyer escorts could be reclassified as frigates (FF) in conformance with international usage of the term.
WKEX
WKEX (1430 AM) is a sports formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Blacksburg, Virginia, serving Blacksburg and Montgomery County, Virginia.  WKEX is owned and operated by Baker Family Stations. The Station's flagship local sports program is "The Drive", hosted by veteran radio personality Paul Van Wagoner, alongside Virginia Tech alumni Andrew Alix and producer Nathan Brennan. It also serves as the radio home of Carolina Panthers football and Blacksburg High School athletics.

Montgomery County, Virginia
Montgomery County is a county located in the Valley and Ridge area of the U.S. state of Virginia. As population in the area increased, Montgomery County was formed in 1777 from Fincastle County, which in turn had been taken from Botetourt County. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 99,721. Its county seat is Christiansburg, and Blacksburg is the largest town. Montgomery County is part of the Blacksburg-Christiansburg metropolitan area. It is dominated economically by the presence of Virginia Tech, Virginia's third largest public university, which is the county's largest employer.
John William Greene
John William Greene (3 September 1876, in Cardiff, Wales – 7 October 1959, in Brisbane, Australia) was the Lord Mayor of Brisbane from 1931 to 1934.

He was the last Mayor of Wynnum before the 1925 amalgamation, and was the only one who was popularly elected. His brother Sam, was the first Mayor of Wynnum in 1913.

Wynnum, Queensland
Wynnum is a coastal suburb in the City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The suburb is a popular destination in Brisbane due to its coastline, jetty and tidal wading pool. In the 2021 census, Wynnum had a population of 14,036 people. Wynnum and the adjoining suburb Manly were once known as twin towns.
Kokuraminami-ku, Kitakyūshū
Kokuraminami-ku (小倉南区) is a ward of Kitakyūshū, Fukuoka, Japan. It is the southern part of what used to be Kokura City, which was merged into Kitakyūshū city when the latter was created out of the merger of five cities in 1963. At this time Kokura was divided into North and South wards.

Kokuraminami ward is mainly rural and undeveloped, and includes the Hiraodai karst plateau and Sugao no taki (waterfall). However, it also includes the present airport and the airport buildings of the new Kitakyūshū Airport, and Shimosone shopping mall.

Population (2000 national census): 213,741
Area: 170.25 km2 (includes northern part of the new airport island)

Wards of Japan
A ward (区, ku) is a subdivision of the cities of Japan that are large enough to have been designated by government ordinance.  Wards are used to subdivide each city designated by government ordinance ("designated city"). The 23 special wards of Tokyo Metropolis have a municipal status, and are not the same as other entities referred to as ku, although their predecessors were.

Wards are local entities directly controlled by the municipal government.  They handle administrative functions such as koseki registration, health insurance, and property taxation. Many wards have affiliated residents' organizations for a number of tasks, although these do not have any legal authority.
Van's Aircraft RV-3
The Van's RV-3 is a single-seat, single-engine, low-wing kit aircraft sold by Van's Aircraft. Unlike many other aircraft in the RV line, the RV-3 is only available as a tail-wheel equipped aircraft, although it is possible that some may have been completed by builders as nose-wheel versions. The RV-3 is the genesis design for the rest of the RV series, all which strongly resemble the RV-3. The RV-4 was originally developed as a two-seat RV-3.

Conventional landing gear
Conventional landing gear, also known as tailwheel-type landing gear or taildragger, is a type of aircraft undercarriage (landing gear) consisting of two wheeled main gears forward of the center of gravity and a small wheel or skid at the rear end under the tail boom.

Taildraggers are the default undercarriage arrangements of almost all early aircraft up to the first half of the 20th century and the term "conventional" persists for this historical reason, but all modern jet aircraft and most modern propeller fixed-wing aircraft use tricycle landing gears instead, which have a single front gear (nose gear) and two aft main gears.
Inka Wasi (Bolivia)
Inka Wasi (Quechua inka Inca, wasi house, "Inca house", also spelled Inca Huasi) is a 3,146-metre-high (10,322 ft) mountain in the Bolivian Andes. It is located in the Chuquisaca Department, Azurduy Province, Tarvita Municipality. Inka Wasi lies southwest of Muyu Urqu and north of Pukara. The Laqha Mayu ("dark river") originates north of the mountain. Its waters flow to the Pillku Mayu (Quechua for "red river").

Chuquisaca Department
Chuquisaca (Spanish pronunciation: [tʃukiˈsaka]; Guarani: Chuquisaca; Quechua: Chuqichaka; Aymara: Chuqisaka) is a department of Bolivia located in the center south. It borders on the departments of Cochabamba, Tarija, Potosí, and Santa Cruz. The departmental capital is Sucre, which is also the constitutional capital of Bolivia.
Lüshun Port
Lüshun Port (Chinese: 旅顺港; pinyin: Lǚshùn gǎng), formerly Port Arthur (Russian: Порт-Артур, romanized: Port-Artur), in Lüshunkou District, Dalian, Liaoning province, China can refer to the original Lüshun Naval Port (Chinese: 旅顺军港) for military use or the New Lüshun Port (Chinese: 旅顺新港) for commercial use.

It is now home to the People's Liberation Army Navy's (PLAN) Liaonan Shipyard, in operation since 1883.

The control of Lüshun Naval Base changed several times in the first half of the 20th Century: from China to the Russian Empire from 1895 to 1904, then after the Russo-Japanese War to the Empire of Japan from 1905 to 1945, then following the Soviet invasion of Manchuria in the closing days of World War II in China to the occupying Soviet Union from 1945 to 1956, and then finally back to China in 1956.

Li Hongzhang
Li Hongzhang, Marquess Suyi (Chinese: 李鴻章; also Li Hung-chang; February 15, 1823 – November 7, 1901) was a Chinese statesman of the late Qing dynasty. He held important positions in the Qing government, including the Viceroy of Zhili, Huguang and Liangguang. He was the founder and commander of the Huai Army and the Beiyang Fleet, and a leader of the Self-Strengthening Movement.

One of the best-known Chinese figures of his time internationally, Li was the face of the Qing court in foreign affairs and was often compared to the "Oriental Bismarck." He antagonized the British by supporting Russia as a counterweight to Japanese expansion in Manchuria, and later fell out of favor domestically following China's defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War. His legacy in China remains controversial, particularly over his role in suppressing several uprisings, his diplomatic record amid Western powers, and the mixed outcomes of his industrial and military modernization efforts.
Peridroma cinctipennis
Peridroma cinctipennis is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It was first described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1881. It is endemic to the Hawaiian islands of Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui and Hawaii.

The larvae feed on Aleurites moluccanus, Cheirodendron, various grasses, Lythrum, mango, Metrosideros, Pittosporum, Sonchus and Wikstroemia species.

Arthur Gardiner Butler
Arthur Gardiner Butler F.L.S., F.Z.S. (27 June 1844 – 28 May 1925) was an English entomologist, arachnologist and ornithologist. He worked at the British Museum on the taxonomy of birds, insects, and spiders.
Mayne Mannish
Jarrod Clarence Heston (born June 23, 1986) by his stage name Mayne Mannish, is an American rapper.
Mayne Mannish got his start with his group, The Team. They are associated with West Coast hip hop music, and have a unique sound that showcases the diversity of hyphy music. The Team regained popularity in late 2005 after dropping the singles "Just Go" and "Bottles Up" to promote their new album, World Premiere, which peaked at number 95 on the Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, and number 50 on the Billboard Top Independent Albums. Mannish is also known for being featured in the song "Slow Down", which was featured in the 2013 video game Grand Theft Auto V. Mayne Mannish has since broken out as a solo artist. He has come out with many singles including "Slow Down", "Right Back", "Burn Rubber", and "Foy", and has featured in songs with artists such as E-40, John Hart, Eric Bellinger, Husalah, and Omega Crosby.

Jonn Hart
Di'Jonn Gary Grizzell (born August 28, 1985), better known by his stage name Jonn Hart, is an American singer from Oakland, California. He is best known for his 2012 single "Who Booty" (featuring Iamsu!), which peaked at number 66 on the Billboard Hot 100. Upon its re-release by Epic Records in December of that year, the song was remixed with French Montana. Prior, he was a member of the band Tha Outfit.
James Snedker
James Edward Phipps Snedker (March 11, 1911 – March 31, 1981) was an English-born farmer, business owner and political figure in Saskatchewan, Canada. He represented Saltcoats in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan from 1960 to 1971 as a Liberal.

He came to Saskatchewan with his family at a young age but returned to England for his education. In the late 1920s, he returned to Saskatchewan and settled on a farm near Saltcoats. Snedker also owned the Saltcoats Seed Company. He was a member of the local school board and of hospital boards in the area. Snedker was also a judge for the Canadian Trotting Association. He served as speaker for the Saskatchewan assembly from 1965 to 1971. Snedker was defeated when he ran for reelection in 1971.

Saltcoats (provincial electoral district)
Saltcoats was a provincial electoral district for the Legislative Assembly of the province of Saskatchewan, Canada, centred on the town of Saltcoats. One of 25 districts created before the 1st Saskatchewan general election in 1905, it was abolished before the 8th Saskatchewan general election in 1934.

The district was reconstituted before the 1938 election and abolished in 2003 into Canora-Pelly and Melville-Saltcoats. It is now part of the constituency of Melville-Saltcoats.
Tyurya
Tyurya, sometimes known as murtsovka, is a traditional bread soup in the Russian cuisine, sometimes considered a variant of okroshka. It consists of chunks of bread, often stale or semi-stale, or dried/baked  into sukhari biscuits/hardtack, soaked in a flavorful liquid or, alternatively, plain water, with some vegetables (chiefly onion, garlic or sauerkraut) and vegetable oil added and flavored with salt and pepper. The base liquid could be anything that can be consumed cold, because unlike most other bread soups, tyurya was prepared and consumed without heat. Kvass was historically the most popular base for tyurya, due to it being cheap, plentiful and flavorful enough. A dairy base, like plain or sour milk, whey or kefir was considered fancy and was generally prepared for children, the elderly or the infirm. It is, along with pokhlyobka, a traditional Lenten soup.

Made with black bread, it was a staple food of the Russian Red Army during World War II.

Kefir
Kefir (/kəˈfɪər/ kə-FEER; alternative spellings: kephir or kefier) is a fermented milk drink similar to a thin yogurt or ayran that is made from kefir grains, a specific type of mesophilic symbiotic culture. It is prepared by inoculating the milk of cows, goats, or sheep with kefir grains.

Kefir is a common breakfast, lunch or dinner drink consumed in countries of West Asia and Eastern Europe. Kefir is consumed at any time of the day, alongside European pastries like zelnik (zeljanica), burek and banitsa/gibanica, and is an ingredient in cold soups.
Simon Hemans
Sir Simon Nicholas Peter Hemans CMG (1992), CVO (1983) (19 September 1940 – 17 December 2021) is a former British diplomat.

From 1966 to 1967, he was second secretary at the British Embassy in Moscow. He returned to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) in 1968. In 1969, he served as the deputy to the  High Commissioner in Anguilla, and in 1982 that in Nairobi, Kenya. From 1989 to 1992, he led the Soviet Union desk at the FCO. At the end of his career, he served as Ambassador in Kyiv, Ukraine from 1992 to 1995, and from 1995 bis 1997 as High Commissioner in Nairobi, Kenya.

Embassy of the United Kingdom, Moscow
The Embassy of the United Kingdom in Moscow is the chief diplomatic mission of the United Kingdom in the Russian Federation. It is located in the Arbat District of Moscow, on Smolenskaya Embankment of the river Moskva. The current ambassador is Nigel Casey.