hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Afrasianist phonetic notation
Comparative work of the Afroasiatic languages uses a semi-conventionalized set of symbols that are somewhat different than the International Phonetic Alphabet and other phonetic notations. The more salient differences include the letters ⟨c, ʒ⟩ for IPA [ts, dz], the circumflex diacritic ⟨◌̂⟩ for lateral obstruents, and the sub-dot ⟨◌̣⟩ for emphatic consonants, which depending on the language may be ejective, implosive or pharyngealized.

Implosive consonant
Implosive consonants are a group of stop consonants (and possibly also some affricates) with a mixed glottalic ingressive and pulmonic egressive airstream mechanism. That is, the airstream is controlled by moving the glottis downward in addition to expelling air from the lungs. Therefore, unlike the purely glottalic ejective consonants, implosives can be modified by phonation. Contrastive implosives are found in approximately 13% of the world's languages.

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, implosives are indicated by modifying the top of a letter (voiced stop) with a rightward-facing hook: bilabial ⟨ɓ⟩, alveolar ⟨ɗ ⟩, retroflex ⟨ᶑ ⟩ (this letter is 'implicit' in the IPA), palatal ⟨ ʄ ⟩, velar ⟨ɠ ⟩ and uvular ⟨ʛ ⟩.
Plague, Poverty and Prayer: A Horrid History with Terry Deary
Plague, Poverty and Prayer: A Horrid History with Terry Deary is an exhibition about health issues in medieval Europe. It was developed by the Horrible Histories franchise. The exhibition explores everyday life for the citizens of York from the Norman invasion of England to Tudor times, including the examination of archaeological evidence from the period.

Tudor period
In England and Wales, the Tudor period occurred between 1485 and 1603, including the Elizabethan era. The Tudor period coincides with the reign of the House of Tudor, which began with the accession of Henry VII and ended with the death of Elizabeth I.  Under the Tudor dynasty, art, architecture, trade, exploration, and commerce flourished. Historian John Guy (1988) argued that "England was economically healthier, more expensive, and more optimistic under the Tudors" than at any time since the ancient Roman occupation.
Thymic nurse cell
Thymic nurse cells (TNCs) are large epithelial cells found in the cortex of the thymus and also in cortico-medullary junction. They have their own nucleus and are known to internalize thymocytes through extensions of plasma membrane. The cell surfaces of TNCs and their cytoplasmic vacuoles express MHC Class I and MHC Class II antigens. The interaction of these antigens with the developing thymocytes determines whether the thymocytes undergo positive or negative selection.

MHC class I
MHC class I molecules are one of two primary classes of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules (the other being MHC class II) and are found on the cell surface of all nucleated cells in the bodies of vertebrates. They also occur on platelets, but not on red blood cells. Their function is to display peptide fragments of proteins from within the cell to cytotoxic T cells; this will trigger an immediate response from the immune system against a particular non-self antigen displayed with the help of an MHC class I protein. Because MHC class I molecules present peptides derived from cytosolic proteins, the pathway of MHC class I presentation is often called cytosolic or endogenous pathway.

In humans, the HLAs corresponding to MHC class I are HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C.
2013 Allan Cup
The 2013 Allan Cup was the Canadian championship of senior ice hockey.  This was the 105th year the Allan Cup was awarded.  The 2013 Allan Cup was contended in Red Deer, Alberta, hosted by the Bentley Generals of Hockey Alberta from April 15 to April 20, 2013.

Senior ice hockey
Senior hockey refers to amateur or semi-professional ice hockey competition. There are no age restrictions for Senior players, who typically consist of those whose Junior eligibility has expired.

Most senior hockey leagues operate under the jurisdiction of Hockey Canada or USA Hockey. They are not affiliated in any way with professional hockey leagues. Many former professional players play Senior hockey after their pro careers are over. The top Senior teams in Canada (Senior AAA) compete annually for the Allan Cup.
Listed buildings in Uttoxeter Rural
Uttoxeter Rural is a civil parish in the district of East Staffordshire, Staffordshire, England.  It contains 25 buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England.  Of these, one is at Grade II*, the middle grade, and the others are at Grade II, the lowest grade.  The parish contains the countryside around the market town of Uttoxeter  It includes the villages of Bramshall and Stramshall and smaller settlements, and is otherwise rural.  Most of the listed buildings are houses and farmhouses,  The other listed buildings include churches, a country house and associated structures, watermills and mill houses, bridges, and mileposts.

For the listed buildings in the town of Uttoxeter, see Listed buildings in Uttoxeter.

East Staffordshire
East Staffordshire is a local government district with borough status in Staffordshire, England. The council is based in Burton upon Trent. The borough also contains the town of Uttoxeter and numerous villages and surrounding rural areas.

The neighbouring districts are Lichfield, Stafford, Staffordshire Moorlands, Derbyshire Dales and South Derbyshire.
Malo Tuitama
Malo Tuitama (Japanese: マロ・ツイタマ; born 23 March 1996) is a professional rugby union player currently playing with the Shizuoka Blue Revs in the Japan Rugby League One (JRLO) and the Japan national team. His main playing position is left wing, however he has been deployed as a centre and a fullback. Born in Samoa, Tuitama represents Japan at senior international level and represented New Zealand at youth international level.

2023–24 Japan Rugby League One – Division 1
The 2023–24 Japan Rugby League One – Division 1 season is the thirteenth top flight league season played from December 2023 through to May 2024, in the newly rebranded Japan Rugby League One. The competition consisted of twelve teams, including one promoted team from Division 2, the Mie Heat.
Junkung
Junkung, also spelled jungkung or jungkong, is a small wooden sail to motorized boat used by Tausug, Sama-Bajau, and Yakan people of the Philippines. It is a fast cargo ship and is commonly used as a smuggling vessel in the maritime borders of the Philippines, Sabah, Malaysia and Eastern Indonesia. They are also sometimes used by pirates and Abu Sayyaf terrorists in and around the Sulu Sea.

The junkung is smaller than the tempel and can accommodate around 25 to 30 people. Unlike the similarly named junkun and jukung, it does not have outriggers. It is also a much larger ship than the jongkong, which is a dugout canoe.

Dugout canoe
A dugout canoe or simply dugout is a boat made from a hollowed-out tree. Other names for this type of boat are logboat and monoxylon. Monoxylon (μονόξυλον) (pl: monoxyla) is Greek – mono- (single) + ξύλον xylon (tree) – and is mostly used in classic Greek texts. In German, they are called Einbaum ("one tree" in English). Some pirogues are also constructed in this manner.

Dugouts are the oldest boat type archaeologists have found, dating back about 8,000 years to the Neolithic Stone Age. This is probably because they are made of massive pieces of wood, which tend to preserve better than others, such as bark canoes.
Saiful Rijal
Saiful Rijal (died c. 1581) was the sultan of Brunei from 1530 until 1581, the year he is alleged to have died. He was succeeded by his eldest son Shah Brunei.

Its as during his reign, when the Castilian War occurred between the empires of the Brunei and Spain. In addition to the Philippines, he was also renowned for spreading Islamic teachings throughout Borneo. According to folk tales about his palace being located on King's Island (Pulau Raja) in Jerudong. The sultan was also known as Sultan Lixar, and Sultan Nula Alan by the Spaniards.

Kampong Jerudong
Kampong Jerudong is a village in Mukim Sengkurong, Brunei–Muara District, Brunei, about 21 kilometres (13 mi) from the capital Bandar Seri Begawan. The population was 3,856 in 2016. It is one of the settlements within Mukim Sengkurong. It is of historical interest as it is considered the starting point for the Kedayan community and where they first introduced rice cultivation. There are various stories about the origins of the Kedayan people, with some suggesting they came from Java. According to one account, Sultan Bolkiah brought the Kedayan to teach rice cultivation to his people, and they first settled in Kampong Pasir, Jerudong.
Werner Wolff (musician)
Werner Wolff (October 7, 1883 – November 25, 1961) was a German-born conductor and musicologist who was conductor of the Hamburg Opera and founded the Chattanooga Opera Association in Chattanooga, Tennessee.

Hamburg State Opera
The Hamburg State Opera (in German: Staatsoper Hamburg) is a German opera company based in Hamburg. Its theatre is near the square of Gänsemarkt. Since the 2025/26 season, the Intendant of the company is Tobias Kratzer, and the Generalmusikdirektor is Omer Meir Wellber.
Akrotiri, Santorini
Akrotiri (Greek: Ακρωτήρι) is a village and a community on the island of Santorini in Greece. It is located 15 kilometers south of the capital Fira, built on the slopes of a hill offering staggering views of the caldera cliffs. On top of this hill, there are remains of a Venetian castle (Goulas). 
Akrotiri is part of the Thira region and had 515 permanent inhabitants according to the Greek census of 2021.

Approximately 2 km southeast, the Minoan Bronze Age Akrotiri archaeological site is located. This is one of the most important of its kind in the Aegean.

West of Akrotiri and on Santorini's westmost tip, there is a lighthouse dating from 1892. Much of the town is built around the ruins of a 13th-century fortress, the Castle of Akrotiri.

Stato da Màr
The Stato da Màr or Domini da Mar (lit. 'State of the Sea'  or 'Domains of the Sea'), sometimes described as a maritime empire or overseas empire, comprised the maritime and overseas territories controlled by the Republic of Venice from approximately 1000 until 1797. At various points, these territories included parts of present-day Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Montenegro, Albania, and Greece—notably Istria, Dalmatia, the Ionian Islands, the Peloponnese, Crete, the Cyclades, Euboea, and Cyprus.

It was one of the three subdivisions of the Republic of Venice's possessions, the other two being the Dogado, i.e. Venice proper, and the Domini di Terraferma in northern Italy.

The overseas possessions, particularly islands such as Corfu, Crete, and Cyprus, played a critical role in Venice's commercial and military leadership. In his landmark study on the Mediterranean world in the 16th century, historian Fernand Braudel described these islands as "Venice's motionless fleet".
1948 in Afghanistan
The following lists events that happened during 1948 in Afghanistan.

Relations between Afghanistan and Pakistan are peaceful and formally correct. The unsettled relations between Pakistan and India, however, interfere with the Afghan foreign trade which for decades had gone mostly by the Khyber Pass. Another reason for the unfavourable balance of trade is the falling price of Karakul lambskins, the most valuable of the country's exports. Three new motor roads were under construction in 1948: Kabul to Mazar, Kabul to Khyber Pass, and the Badakhshan road from Kabul toward Sinkiang province, China.

Badakhshan
Badakhshan is a historical region comprising the Wakhan Corridor in northeast Afghanistan, eastern Tajikistan, and Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County in China. Badakhshan Province is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan. Much of historic Badakhshan lies within Tajikistan's Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region in the southeastern part of the country. The music of Badakhshan is an important part of the region's cultural heritage.
Pointe-Gatineau District
Pointe-Gatineau District (District 12) is a municipal electoral division in the city of Gatineau, Quebec. It is represented on Gatineau City Council by Marc Carrière. The district was known as Promenades District from 2002 to 2009; the name change was announced in 2011.

The district is located in the city's Gatineau sector. From 2001 to 2009 it included the neighbourhoods of Place Lucerne, Parc Maisonneuve, Val d'Oise and Le Barron.

During the 2009 election cycle, it gained La Baie while losing Val d'Oise and Le Barron.

During the 2013 election cycle, it gained the District des Riverains neighbourhood while losing all the territory north of Highway 148.

Gatineau
Gatineau (/ˈɡætɪnoʊ/ GAT-in-oh; French: [ɡatino] ⓘ) is a city in southwestern Quebec, Canada. It is located on the northern bank of the Ottawa River, directly across from Ottawa, Ontario. Gatineau is the largest city in the Outaouais administrative region of Quebec and is also part of Canada's National Capital Region. As of 2021, Gatineau is the fourth-largest city in Quebec with a population of 291,041. Gatineau is also part of the Ottawa-Gatineau census metropolitan area with a population of 1,488,307, making it the fourth largest in Canada.

Gatineau is coextensive with a territory equivalent to a regional county municipality (TE) and census division (CD) of the same name, whose geographical code is 81. It is the seat of the judicial district of Hull.

It is also the most bilingual (French-English) city in Canada.
I'll Be Glad When You're Dead You Rascal You
I'll Be Glad When You're Dead You Rascal You is a 1932 American pre-Code Fleischer Studios animated short film starring Betty Boop, and featuring Koko the Clown and Bimbo. The cartoon features music by and a special guest appearance from jazz trumpeter Louis Armstrong and his Orchestra playing "You Rascal You". The title of the film comes from the song, written by Sam Theard in 1931.

Bimbo (Fleischer Studios)
Bimbo (known as Bimbo The Pup) is a fat, black and white cartoon pup created by Fleischer Studios. He is most well known for his role in the Betty Boop cartoon series, where he featured as Betty's main love interest. A precursor design of Bimbo, originally named Fitz, first appeared in the Out of the Inkwell series, Bimbo from the Fleischer Studios' Betty Boop cartoons is described as a generic dog, or a mix of Pug, Boston Terrier, and Bulldog, and was not based on a specific breed. While the early versions of Bimbo varied, the most recognizable appearance is that of a short, round, black dog.
Rancho Sanjon de Santa Rita
Rancho Sanjon de Santa Rita was a 48,824-acre (197.58 km2) Mexican land grant mostly in present-day Merced County, California and also a small part in Fresno County, California given in 1841 by Governor Juan Alvarado to Francisco Maria Soberanes.  Sanjon is an alternate spelling of zanja, Spanish for ditch or deep slough. The grant was west of the San Joaquin River and encompassed present-day Santa Rita Park and Dos Palos Y.

Santa Rita Park, California
Santa Rita Park (Santa Rita, Spanish for "Saint Rita") is an unincorporated community in Merced County, California. It is located 2.25 miles (4 km) east of Dos Palos Y, at an elevation of 118 feet (36 m).

The Santa Rita Park post office opened in 1940. In 1966 it moved west to Dos Palos Y.
Oude Compagnie
The Old Company (Dutch: Oude Compagnie) was a pre-company of the Dutch Republic and originated from the Company of Verre and the New Company (or Second Company), from Amsterdam, in 1598. The directors were Dirck van Os, Jan Hermansz, Jan Janss Carel (Kaerel) and Geraerdt (Gerrit) Bicker. Directors with a smaller share of the investment were: Vincent van Bronckhorst, Symon Jansz Fortuyn, Geurt Dircxz, Cornelis van Campen, Jacob Thomasz Van den Dael, Elbert Simonsz Jonckheyn, Petrus Plancius, Syvert Sern, Jan Poppe, Geurt Dirckss and Pieter Hasselaer. The Old Company and the (New) Brabant Company would merge in 1601 and become the United Amsterdam Company.

Dirck van Os
Dirck van Os (March 1556 – May 1615) was an Amsterdam merchant, insurer, financier and shipping magnate. He is among the founders of the Compagnie van Verre, the United East India Company (VOC), and the Amsterdam Exchange Bank.
Tim Bond
Tim Bond is a New Zealand rugby union footballer who plays as a lock.

Bond has played for both Suntory Sungoliath in the Japanese Top League and the Bay of Plenty Steamers in his home country.   He was also named in the first ever Sunwolves squad which will compete in Super Rugby from the 2016 season.

Sunwolves
The Sunwolves (Japanese: サンウルブズ) – previously known as the HITO-Communications Sunwolves for sponsorship reasons – were a professional rugby union team and Japan's representative team in SANZAAR's international Super Rugby competition. The team was based in Tokyo, Japan, but also played some home matches in Singapore. They made their debut in Super Rugby in 2016. In March 2019, it was announced that 2020 would be the final season for the Sunwolves, after failing to negotiate a contract due to financial considerations.

With the suspension of the 2020 season due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and the Sunwolves being declined entry into the replacement Super Rugby AU competition in Australia due to various factors, the team officially dissolved on 1 June 2020.
1981 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship
The 1981 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship was the 95th staging of the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, the Gaelic Athletic Association's premier inter-county Gaelic football tournament. The championship began on 10 May 1981 and ended on 20 September 1981.

Kerry entered the championship as the defending champions and were hoping to win a record-equalling fourth successive championship title.

On 20 September 1981, Kerry won the championship following a 1–12 to 0–8 defeat of Offaly in the All-Ireland final. This was their 27th All-Ireland title and their fourth championship in succession.

Offaly's Matt Connor was the championship's top scorer with 1–31. Kerry's Jack O'Shea was the choice for Texaco Footballer of the Year.

Matt Connor
Matt Connor (born 9 July 1959 in Walsh Island, County Offaly) is an Irish former Gaelic footballer who played for his local club Walsh Island and at senior level for the Offaly county team from 1978 until 1984, when he was seriously injured in a car crash.

Connor's display for Offaly in the 1980 All-Ireland SFC semi-final against Kerry, scoring 2–9, was his signature performance, and is considered one of the best personal performances in the history of Gaelic football.

He was interviewed for the documentary Players of the Faithful.

In May 2020, the Irish Independent named Connor at number six in its "Top 20 footballers in Ireland over the past 50 years".

Armagh captain and BBC GAA commentator Jimmy Smyth considers Connor the finest player he ever saw.
Jazz Semiconductor
Jazz Semiconductor is a semiconductor wafer foundry that is a wholly owned United States subsidiary of Israel-based Tower Semiconductor. Its customers include developers of wireless, optical networking, power management, storage, and aerospace/defense applications. Headquartered in Newport Beach, California, Jazz passed through a number of acquisitions including the short-lived company Acquicor Technology, which renamed itself Jazz Technologies and then sold it two years later.

Aerospace
Aerospace refers to the technology and industry involved with the atmosphere and outer space collectively. Aerospace activity is very diverse, with a multitude of commercial, industrial, and military applications. Aerospace engineering consists of aeronautics and astronautics. Aerospace organizations research, design, manufacture, operate, maintain, and repair both aircraft and spacecraft.

The border between space and the atmosphere has been proposed as 100 kilometres (62.1 mi) above the ground according to the physical explanation that the air density is too low for a lifting body to generate meaningful lift force without exceeding orbital velocity. This border has been called the Kármán line.
Alessandro Fancellu
Alessandro Fancellu (born 24 April 2000) is an Italian cyclist who currently rides for UCI continental team JCL Team Ukyo. Fancellu previously rode for Kometa Xstra Cycling Team, where he was promoted to the senior team in 2020 after a year with their under-23 development side.

In the junior men's road race at the 2018 UCI Road World Championships, Fancellu finished over a minute and a half behind runaway winner Remco Evenepoel but managed to outsprint Alexandre Balmer to take the bronze medal. In 2020, from 1 August until the end of the year, Fancellu joined UCI WorldTeam Trek–Segafredo as a stagiaire.

Alexandre Balmer
Alexandre Balmer (born 4 May 2000) is a Swiss cross-country and road racing cyclist, who currently rides for UCI ProTeam Solution Tech NIPPO Rali. He participated at the 2018 UCI Mountain Bike World Championships, winning a gold medal in the team relay.
NGC 1868
NGC 1868 is a globular cluster in the Large Magellanic Cloud in the constellation Dorado. It was discovered by John Herschel in 1834. The cluster is fairly metal-poor and as a result appears relatively blue. It maintains an abundant population of mature giant branch stars which have been used to fit its age to roughly 700 million years old. The cluster is located in a relatively sparse region of the Large Magellanic Cloud which has allowed it to be studied relatively free of crowding from background stars.

Giant star
A giant star has a substantially larger radius and luminosity than a main-sequence (or dwarf) star of the same surface temperature. They lie above the main sequence (luminosity class V in the Yerkes spectral classification) on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram and correspond to luminosity classes II and III. The terms giant and dwarf were coined for stars of quite different luminosity despite similar temperature or spectral type (namely K and M) by Ejnar Hertzsprung in 1905 or 1906.

Giant stars have radii up to a few hundred times the Sun and luminosities over 10  times that of the Sun. Stars still more luminous than giants are referred to as supergiants and hypergiants.

A hot, luminous main-sequence star may also be referred to as a giant, but any main-sequence star is properly called a dwarf, regardless of how large and luminous it is.
BITNET Relay
BITNET Relay, also known as the Inter Chat Relay Network, was a chat network setup over BITNET nodes. It predated Internet Relay Chat and other online chat systems. The program that made the network possible was called "Relay" and was developed by Jeff Kell of the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga in 1985 using the REXX programming language.

This system drew its name from "relay race" which shares a comparable behavior, where messages travel hop-by-hop along the network of Relay servers until they reached their destination. Messages sent within the United States would take a few seconds to reach their destinations, but communication times varied in other countries or internationally. If one or more network links were down, BITNET would store and forward the messages when the network links recovered, minutes or even hours later.

Store and forward
Store and forward is a telecommunications technique in which information is sent to an intermediate station where it is kept and sent at a later time to the final destination or to another intermediate station. The intermediate station, or node in a networking context, verifies the integrity of the message before forwarding it. In general, this technique is used in networks with intermittent connectivity, especially in the wilderness or environments requiring high mobility. It may also be preferable in situations when there are long delays in transmission and error rates are variable and high, or if a direct, end-to-end connection is not available.