hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Jack Throck Watson
Jack Throck Watson (May 2, 1939 – September 3, 2016) was an American biochemist who was a professor of biochemistry and chemistry at the Michigan State University (MSU), where he was also director of the MSU Mass Spectrometry Facility. While at MIT, Watson developed a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry interface, known as the Watson–Biemann separator, that removes helium from the gas chromatograph column effluent, thereby allowing analysis of less volatile and more polar compounds. Watson later worked on methods for the structure elucidation of peptides and proteins using fast atom bombardment and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry. After retirement in 2006, he continued to work on his introductory mass spectrometry textbook and teach short-courses in mass spectrometry.

Fast atom bombardment
Fast atom bombardment (FAB) is an ionization technique used in mass spectrometry in which a beam of high energy atoms strikes a surface to create ions. It was developed by Michael Barber at the University of Manchester in 1980. When a beam of high energy ions is used instead of atoms (as in secondary ion mass spectrometry), the method is known as liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry (LSIMS). In FAB and LSIMS, the material to be analyzed is mixed with a non-volatile chemical protection environment, called a matrix, and is bombarded under vacuum with a high energy (4000 to 10,000 electron volts) atomic beam. The atoms are typically from an inert gas such as argon or xenon. Common matrices include glycerol, thioglycerol, 3-nitrobenzyl alcohol (3-NBA), 18-crown-6 ether, 2-nitrophenyloctyl ether, sulfolane, diethanolamine, and triethanolamine. This technique is similar to secondary ion mass spectrometry and plasma desorption mass spectrometry.
Gsengetstein
The Gsengetstein (951 m) is one of the smaller mountains in the Bavarian Forest, rising from in a less-frequented mountain ridge between the villages of Rinchnach, Kirchdorf im Wald and Frauenau.

A large summit cross stands on its craggy summit, which has views towards the southwest. Although the Gsengetstein rises immediately above the busy B 85 federal road, it is rarely visited and is thus an idyllic rest area. The mountain may be ascended from Kirchdorf im Wald, Schlag, Ried or Gehmannsberg near the well known church of Frauenbrünnl.

Bundesstraße 85
The Bundesstraße 85 (abbr. B 85) runs southeast through Thuringia and Bavaria, from Kyffhäuser to Passau, near the Austrian border. B85 is approximately 500 kilometers (310 mi) long.

Cities and towns along Biểuchieu:
Berga (Kyffhäuser) – Bad Frankenhausen – Kölleda – Weimar – Rudolstadt – Saalfeld/Saale – Kronach – Kulmbach – Bayreuth – Pegnitz – Auerbach in der Oberpfalz – Sulzbach-Rosenberg – Amberg – Schwandorf – Roding – Cham – Viechtach – Regen – Schönberg (Lower Bavaria) – Passau

B85 is the successor to Reichsstraße R 85, which followed a similar route: Berga (Kyffhäuser) – Bayreuth – Vilseck – Amberg – Passau.
Castorville, Missouri
Castorville is an extinct town in Stoddard County, in the U.S. state of Missouri.

A variant name was "Castor". A post office called Castor was established in 1834, and closed in 1836, the post office reopened as Castorville in 1866, and was discontinued in 1869. The community took its name from the Castor River.

Castor River (Missouri)
The Castor River is divided into the Upper Castor River and the Lower Castor River by the Headwater Diversion Channel.

The Upper Castor rises in the southern corner of Ste. Genevieve County of southeast Missouri about ten miles north-northeast of Fredericktown. The river flows south through eastern Madison County into the eastern edge of Wayne County to Bollinger County where it empties into the Headwater Diversion Channel, which flows into the Mississippi River just south of Cape Girardeau.

The Lower Castor River south of the Diversion Channel flows south where it joins the Little River.

Castor is a name derived from French meaning "beaver". The stream was mentioned by Henry Schoolcraft in his 1818 report on his exploration of southern Missouri.
1869 Virginia gubernatorial election
A gubernatorial election was held in Virginia on July 6, 1869. The Conservative Republican candidate Gilbert C. Walker defeated the Radical Republican candidate Henry H. Wells.

The election took place during the Reconstruction era following the American Civil War. Concurrent elections for the Virginia General Assembly resulted in 21 African Americans elected to the Virginia House of Delegates and six to the Virginia Senate. Some candidates were so-called "carpetbaggers," Union Army officers politicians from the Northern United States who relocated to the former Confederacy following the end of the war. Thomas Bayne was a party leader among the African-American group, although he lost the election when a White Republican ran against him in the same election, splitting the vote and allowing a Democrat to win.

Thomas Bayne (Sam Nixon)
Thomas Bayne (c. 1824 – July 5, 1888) (also known as "Sam Nixon") was an African American Republican politician. Born a slave, he became a dental assistant and Underground Railroad conductor in Norfolk, Virginia, before escaping to New Bedford, Massachusetts, where he changed his name to Thomas Bayne.

Returning to Norfolk after the American Civil War, Bayne worked as a dentist and also preached; he became a leader in the African American community. He was elected a delegate to the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1868 as a Republican, but was never again elected to another office.
BRM Aero Bristell
The BRM Aero Bristell NG 5, now called the Bristell Classic, is a Czech low-wing, two-seat in side-by-side configuration, single engine in tractor configuration, ultralight and light-sport aircraft that was designed by Milan Bristela and is produced by BRM Aero. The aircraft is supplied as a complete ready-to-fly aircraft.

The aircraft was introduced at the AERO Friedrichshafen 2011 show, where the retractable gear version was shown.

Jabiru 3300
The Jabiru 3300 is a lightweight four-stroke, horizontally opposed "flat-six" air-cooled aircraft engine produced by Jabiru Aircraft. The engines are direct drive and  fitted with alternators, silencers, vacuum pump drives and dual ignition systems as standard. The engine is used to power homebuilt and ultralight aircraft.
Tubravić
Tubravić is a village in the municipality of Valjevo, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 418 people.

Tubravic - Church

Tubravic - panorama

Tubravic - panorama

Tubravic - panorama

Tubravic - panorama

Tubravic - panorama

Tubravic - panorama

Тубравић - панорама

Municipalities and cities of Serbia
The municipalities and cities (Serbian: општине и градови / opštine i gradovi) are the first-level administrative division and the basic level of local government of Serbia. The country is divided into 145 municipalities and 29 cities.

Municipalities and cities form 29 administrative districts, except the City of Belgrade which is not part of any district.
George Frederick Clucas
Sir George Frederick Clucas, CBE, JP (11 January 1870 – 11 November 1937) was a Manx politician and Speaker of the House of Keys from 1919 to 1937.

He was born in London in 1870, the son of George Pettmann Clucas (born George Pettman Clarke), an assistant master at Repton School. He was educated at Repton School and Christ's College, Cambridge. He was called to the English Bar in 1894, and to the Manx Bar in 1895.  From 1915 to 1918, he served as a deputy director at the Ministry of Munitions.  He was elected MHK for Middle in 1908 and was Speaker from 1919 until his death in 1937.  He was created CBE in 1927, and received a knighthood in the 1937 Coronation Honours.

On 24 January 1911, he married Louisa Elizabeth Wynn Hughes-Games, the widow of Arthur William Moore SHK. Upon hearing of the death of Sir Frederick in 1937 she also died.

Middle (sheading)
Middle (Manx: Medall) is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man.

It is located on the east of the island (part of the traditional South Side division) and consists of the four historic parishes of Braddan, Marown, Onchan and Santon. Historically, from 1796 until 1986 Marown was in the sheading of Glenfaba, and before 1796 Onchan was in the sheading of Garff.

In addition to the current districts listed above, the sheading of Middle also includes the borough of Douglas, the capital and only city in the Isle of Man.

Other settlements in the sheading include Port Soderick, Strang, Tromode and Union Mills (all in the parish of Braddan), Braaid, Crosby and Glen Vine (all in the parish of Marown), and Newtown in the parish of Santon.

In 2021 the sheading of Middle (including Douglas) had a verified population of 40,089.
Petrovskoye, Ishimbaysky District, Republic of Bashkortostan
Petrovskoye (Russian: Петро́вское) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative centre of Petrovsky Selsoviet, Ishimbaysky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 2,580 as of 2010. There are 21 streets.

Ishimbaysky District
Ishimbaysky District (Russian: Ишимба́йский райо́н; Bashkir: Ишембай районы, romanized: İşembay rayonı) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifty-four in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia. It is located in the southern central part of the republic and borders with Gafuriysky District in the north, Beloretsky District in the northeast, Burzyansky District in the east and southeast, Meleuzovsky District in the south, and with Sterlitamaksky District in the west. The area of the district is 4,006 square kilometers (1,547 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Ishimbay (which is not administratively a part of the district). As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 25,042.
WCMN (AM)
WCMN (1280 kHz, "Noti Uno Norte") is an AM radio station broadcasting a news radio format. Licensed to Arecibo, Puerto Rico.  The station is currently owned by Caribbean Broadcasting Corporation. The station is shared with translator station W221ER 92.1 FM also located in Arecibo.

All-news radio
All-news radio is a radio format devoted entirely to the discussion and broadcast of news.

All-news radio is available in both local and syndicated forms, and is carried on both major US satellite radio networks. All-news stations can run the gamut from simulcasting an all-news television station like CNN, to a "rip and read" headline service, to stations that include live coverage of news events and long-form public affairs programming.

Many stations brand themselves Newsradio but only run news during the morning and afternoon drive times, or in some cases, broadcast talk radio shows with frequent news updates. These stations are properly labeled as "news/talk" stations. Also, some National Public Radio stations identify themselves as News and Information stations, which means that in addition to running the NPR news magazines such as Morning Edition and All Things Considered, they run other information and public affairs programs.
Missouri Route 180
Route 180 is a highway in the St. Louis, Missouri area. Its western terminus is at Interstate 270 (I-270) in Bridgeton, running east into the western neighborhoods of St. Louis to its eastern terminus at Kingshighway Boulevard, the border of the St. Louis neighborhoods of Kingsway West and Kingsway East.

Kingsway West, St. Louis
Kingsway West is a neighborhood of St. Louis, Missouri.  The Kingsway West neighborhood is defined by Union Boulevard to its north-west and Dr. Martin Luther King Drive to its south-west. Natural Bridge Avenue forms its north-east boundary and North Kingshighway is its southeast boundary.
1976 NAIA Division I football season
The 1976 NAIA Division I football season was the 21st season of college football sponsored by the NAIA, was the seventh season of play of the NAIA's top division for football.

The season was played from August to November 1976 and culminated in the 1976 NAIA Division I Champion Bowl, played on December 11, 1976 at Javelina Stadium on the campus of Texas A&I University in Kingsville, Texas. Texas A&I defeated Central Arkansas in the Champion Bowl, 26–0, to win their fifth, and third consecutive, NAIA national title.

Nebraska College Conference
The Nebraska College Conference (NCC), known as the Nebraska Intercollegiate Conference from 1916 to 1926 and later as the Nebraska College Athletic Conference (NCAC), was an intercollegiate athletic conference that existed from 1916 to 1976. The league had members, as its name suggests, in the state of Nebraska. The public colleges in the conference departed for the separate Nebraska Intercollegiate Athletic Association (NIAA) in 1928 but re-joined after 1942.

In November 1959, the Nebraska College Conference accepted the withdrawal of Concordia College (now known as Concordia University Nebraska), Dana College, and Midland College (now known as Midland University). Those three schools joined the Tri-State Conference at its formation in 1960. Nebraska Wesleyan University left in 1969 to join the newly formed Nebraska Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (NIAC) (now called the Great Plains Athletic Conference (GPAC)).
Karlha Magliocco
Karlha Francesca Magliocco is a Venezuelan amateur boxer. She was born in Ciudad Bolívar, Venezuela

She represented Venezuela in the 2012 Summer Olympics in the Flyweight division. She lost in the quarter-finals to Marlen Esparza of USA 16-24.

Ciudad Bolívar
Ciudad Bolívar (Spanish pronunciation: [sjuˈðað βoˈliβaɾ]; Spanish for "Bolivar City"), formerly known as Angostura and St. Thomas de Guyana, is the capital of Venezuela's southeastern Bolívar State. It lies at the spot where the Orinoco River narrows to about 1 mile (1.6 km) in width, is the site of the first bridge across the river, and is a major riverport for the eastern regions of Venezuela.

Historic Angostura gave its name to the Congress of Angostura, to the Angostura tree, to the House of Angostura, and to Angostura bitters. Modern Ciudad Bolívar has a well-preserved historic center; a cathedral and other original colonial buildings surround the Plaza Bolívar.
RepRap
RepRap (a contraction of replicating rapid prototyper) is a project to develop low-cost 3D printers that can print most of their own components. As open designs, all of the designs produced by the project are released under a free software license, the GNU General Public License.

Due to the ability of these machines to make some of their own parts, authors envisioned the possibility of cheap RepRap units, enabling the manufacture of complex products without the need for extensive industrial infrastructure. They intended for the RepRap to demonstrate evolution in this process as well as for it to increase in number exponentially. A preliminary study claimed that using RepRaps to print common products results in economic savings.

The RepRap project started in England in 2005 as a University of Bath initiative, but it is now made up of hundreds of collaborators worldwide.

Free-software license
A free-software license is a notice that grants the recipient of a piece of software extensive rights to modify and redistribute that software.  These actions are usually prohibited by copyright law, but the rights-holder (usually the author) of a piece of software can remove these restrictions by accompanying the software with a software license which grants the recipient these rights.  Software using such a license is free software (or free and open-source software) as conferred by the copyright holder. Free-software licenses are applied to software in source code and also binary object-code form, as the copyright law recognizes both forms.
Bilal Akgül
Bilal Akgül (born 13 October 1982) is a Turkish professional road cyclist and mountain biker riding for team Brisaspor. He is the first ever Turkish Olympian cyclist participating at the 2008 Summer Olympics.

He became 2005 Turkish mountain biking champion in cross-country at Ankara. The next year, he won the national champion title in marathon mountain bike race at Çanakkale and the road race. In the 2007 season, Akgül became national mountain biking champion in cross-country and in marathon. He took part at the cross-country event of 2008 Summer Olympics without having finished.

Cycling at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's cross-country
The men's cross-country mountain biking at the 2008 Summer Olympics took place at the Laoshan Mountain Bike Course on August 23, 2008.

France's Julien Absalon pulled away from a pack of mountain bikers at the start to defend his Olympic title in the event with a gold-medal time in 1:55:59. Absalon also enjoyed his teammate Jean-Christophe Péraud taking home the silver in 1:57:06, as the Frenchmen climbed on top of the podium with a spectacular 1–2 finish. Meanwhile, Switzerland's Nino Schurter delivered an exciting sprint challenge for the bronze in 1:57:52, edging out his teammate, three-time Olympian and reigning world champion Christoph Sauser by two seconds. Among the 50 mountain bikers who competed in the cross-country race, only twenty-eight of them managed to complete the full distance.
The Dig (podcast)
The Dig is an American podcast by Daniel Denvir featuring scientific and political analyses of politics, history, and economics from the perspective of the American Left. The Dig is published by Jacobin magazine and affiliated with Verso Books. The episodes are available free of charge, and the podcast is primarily funded by voluntary contributions from listeners on the Patreon platform. The podcast features interviews, mostly conducted by Daniel Denvir, with scholars, theorists, and political organizers, which enable an in-depth examination of individual topics from a socialist, unorthodox Marxist perspective and serve as political education for left-wing movements.

Jacobin (magazine)
Jacobin is an American socialist magazine based in New York City, founded in 2010 by Bhaskar Sunkara. As of 2023, the magazine reported a paid print circulation of 75,000 and over 3 million monthly online visitors.
Old Armenian Town, Fresno, California
Old Armenian Town in Fresno, California, is a former enclave of Armenian immigrants.  Community gathering places include the Armenian Community Center on Ventura Street and the Holy Trinity Armenian Apostolic Church. There are also restaurants and delis that specialize in Armenian cuisine.

As of 2020, there were plans to redevelop the area. The new project, also dubbed "Old Armenian Town" is to contain a courthouse for California's Fifth Appellate District Court of Appeals, a major multi-story commercial office building, and an Armenian Museum.

There have been renewed efforts for the historic preservation of the neighborhood.

California Courts of Appeal
The California Courts of Appeal are the state intermediate appellate court system of the U.S. state of California. The state is geographically divided along county lines into six appellate districts. The California Courts of Appeal review appeals from the Superior Courts of California, and any further appeal is to the Supreme Court of California.

The California Courts of Appeal form the largest state-level intermediate appellate court system in the United States, with 106 justices.
Second Ivorian Civil War
The Second Ivorian Civil War broke out in March 2011 when the crisis in Ivory Coast escalated into full-scale military conflict between forces loyal to Laurent Gbagbo, the President of Ivory Coast since 2000, and supporters of the internationally recognised president-elect Alassane Ouattara.

After months of unsuccessful negotiations and sporadic violence between supporters of the two sides, the crisis entered a critical stage as Ouattara's forces seized control of most of the country with the help of the UN, with Gbagbo entrenched in Abidjan, the country's largest city. International organizations have reported numerous instances of human rights violations by both sides, in particular in the city of Duékoué where Ouattara's forces killed hundreds of people. Around 3,000 people were killed in the conflict. UN and French forces took military action, with the stated objective to protect their forces and civilians. France's forces arrested Gbagbo at his residence on 11 April 2011.

Alassane Ouattara
Alassane Dramane Ouattara (USⓘ; French pronunciation: [alasan wataʁa]; born 1 January 1942) is an Ivorian politician and economist who has been President of Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) since 2010. An economist by profession, he worked for the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the Central Bank of West African States (French: Banque Centrale des Etats de l'Afrique de l'Ouest, BCEAO), and was the Prime Minister of Côte d'Ivoire from November 1990 to December 1993, appointed to that post by then-President Félix Houphouët-Boigny. Ouattara became the president of the Rally of the Republicans (RDR), an Ivorian political party, in 1999.
October 2032 lunar eclipse
A total lunar eclipse will occur at the Moon’s descending node of orbit on Monday, October 18, 2032, with an umbral magnitude of 1.1039. A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon moves into the Earth's shadow, causing the Moon to be darkened. A total lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon's near side entirely passes into the Earth's umbral shadow. Unlike a solar eclipse, which can only be viewed from a relatively small area of the world, a lunar eclipse may be viewed from anywhere on the night side of Earth. A total lunar eclipse can last up to nearly two hours, while a total solar eclipse lasts only a few minutes at any given place, because the Moon's shadow is smaller. Occurring about 2.1 days after perigee (on October 16, 2032, at 17:25 UTC), the Moon's apparent diameter will be larger.

This lunar eclipse is the second of a tetrad, with four total lunar eclipses in series, the others being on April 25, 2032; April 14, 2033; and October 8, 2033.

Magnitude of eclipse
The magnitude of eclipse is the fraction of the angular diameter of a celestial body being eclipsed. This applies to all celestial eclipses. The magnitude of a partial or annular solar eclipse is always between 0.0 and 1.0, while the magnitude of a total solar eclipse is always greater than or equal to 1.0, and has a theoretically maximum value of around 1.12.

This measure is strictly a ratio of diameters and should not be confused with the covered fraction of the apparent area (disk) of the eclipsed body. Neither should it be confused with the astronomical magnitude scale of apparent brightness.
1861 United States Senate election in New York
The 1861 United States Senate election in New York was held on February 5, 1861, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator (Class 3) to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate.

William M. Evarts
William Maxwell Evarts (February 6, 1818 – February 28, 1901) was an American lawyer and statesman from New York who served as U.S. Secretary of State, U.S. Attorney General and U.S. Senator from New York.  He was renowned for his skills as a litigator and was involved in three of the most important causes of American political jurisprudence in his day: the impeachment of a president, the Geneva arbitration and the contests before the electoral commission to settle the presidential election of 1876.

During the presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes, the reform-minded Evarts was an active member among the "Half-Breed" faction of the Republican Party, which emphasized support for civil service reform, bolstering opposition towards conservative "Stalwarts" who defended the spoils system and advocated on behalf of Southern blacks.