hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Raised bog
Raised bogs, also called ombrotrophic bogs, are acidic, wet habitats that are poor in mineral salts and are home to flora and fauna that can cope with such extreme conditions. Raised bogs, unlike fens, are exclusively fed by precipitation (ombrotrophy) and from mineral salts introduced from the air. They thus represent a special type of bog, hydrologically, ecologically and in terms of their development history, in which the growth of peat mosses over centuries or millennia plays a decisive role. They also differ in character from blanket bogs which are much thinner and occur in wetter, cloudier climatic zones.

Raised bogs are very threatened by peat cutting and pollution by mineral salts from the surrounding land (due to agriculture and industry). The last great raised bog regions are found in western Siberia and Canada.

Altitudinal zonation
Altitudinal zonation (or elevational zonation) in mountainous regions describes the natural layering of ecosystems that occurs at distinct elevations due to varying environmental conditions. Temperature, humidity, soil composition, and solar radiation are important factors in determining altitudinal zones, which consequently support different vegetation and animal species. Altitudinal zonation was first hypothesized by geographer Alexander von Humboldt who noticed that temperature drops with increasing elevation. Zonation also occurs in intertidal and marine environments, as well as on shorelines and in wetlands. Scientist C. Hart Merriam observed that changes in vegetation and animals in altitudinal zones map onto changes expected with increased latitude in his concept of life zones. Today, altitudinal zonation represents a core concept in mountain research.
Singapore at the 2024 Winter Youth Olympics
Singapore is scheduled to compete at the 2024 Winter Youth Olympics in Gangwon, South Korea, from January 19 to February 1, 2024. This will be Singapore's second appearance at the Winter Youth Olympic Games, having competed debuted at the previous edition in 2020.

The Singaporean team consisted of two athletes (one per gender) competing in short track speed skating.  Short track speed skaters Ryo Ong and Amelia Chua were the country's flagbearers during the opening ceremony.

Gangwon Province, South Korea
Gangwon Province (Korean: 강원도; RR: Gangwon-do), officially Gangwon State (강원특별자치도; lit. Gangwon Special Self-Governing Province), is a Special Self-Governing Province of South Korea. It is known as the largest and least densely populated subdivision of South Korea. Gangwon is one of the three provinces in South Korea with special self-governing status, the others being Jeju Province and Jeonbuk State. Gangwon is bordered on the east by the East Sea(Or Sea of Japan), it borders Gyeonggi Province to the west, North Gyeongsang Province and North Chungcheong Province to the south, and the Military Demarcation Line to the north, separating it from North Korea. In the 1945 division of Korea, the historical Gangwon Province was divided in half, and remains so to this day.

Pyeongchang County in Gangwon hosted the 2018 Winter Olympics and 2018 Winter Paralympics. Gangwon also hosted the 2024 Winter Youth Olympics.
Joey Alders
Joey Alders (born 6 August 1999) is a Dutch racing driver from Den Helder. He won the Asian Formula Renault Series championship and the Asian Formula 3 championship. He won both single-seater championships in his debut year and competed in the 2021 European Le Mans Series in the Eurointernational LMP3.

2021 European Le Mans Series
The 2021 European Le Mans Series was the eighteenth season of the Automobile Club de l'Ouest's (ACO) European Le Mans Series. The six-event season began at Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya on 18 April and finished at Algarve International Circuit on 24 October.

The series was open to Le Mans Prototypes, divided into the LMP2 and LMP3 classes, and grand tourer-style racing cars in the LMGTE class.
RAF Oakhanger
RAF Oakhanger was a Royal Air Force station in Hampshire split over three operational sites; with accommodation in nearby Bordon. The main site and operations centre is located near the village of Oakhanger, the two other sites being nearby. The parent station for administrative purposes was RAF Odiham.

Astrium
Astrium was a European aerospace company and subsidiary of the European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company (EADS), headquartered in Paris. It designed, developed and manufactured civil and military space systems and provided related services from 2006 to 2013. In 2012, Astrium had a turnover of €5.8 billion and 18,000 employees in France, Germany, the United Kingdom, Spain and the Netherlands. Astrium was a member of Institute of Space, its Applications and Technologies.

In late 2013 Astrium was merged with Cassidian, the defence division of EADS, as well as Airbus Military to form Airbus Defence and Space. EADS itself was rebranded Airbus Group, with three divisions: Airbus Commercial Aircraft, Airbus Defence and Space, and Airbus Helicopters.
Libethenite
Libethenite is a rare copper phosphate hydroxide mineral. It forms striking, dark green orthorhombic crystals. It was discovered in 1823 in Ľubietová, Slovakia and is named after the German name of that locality (Libethen). Libethenite has also been found in the Miguel Vacas Mine, Conceição, Vila Viçosa, Évora District, Portugal, and in Tier des Carrières, Cahai, Vielsaim, Stavelot Massif, Luxembourg Province, Belgium.

Vila Viçosa
Vila Viçosa (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈvilɐ viˈsɔzɐ] ⓘ) is a town and a municipality in the District of Évora, Alentejo in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 8,319, in an area of 194.86 km².

The municipal holiday is August 16.
Hellebuyck
Hellebuyck is a Dutch or Flemish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Connor Hellebuyck (born 1993), American ice hockey player

David Hellebuyck (born 1979), French footballer

Eddy Hellebuyck (born 1961), American marathon runner

Georges Hellebuyck (1890–1975), Belgian sailor

Georges Hellebuyck
Georges Hellebuyck (21 August 1890 – 20 February 1975) was a Belgian sailor who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. He was a crew member of the Belgian boat Antwerpia V, which won the bronze medal in the 8 metre class (1919 rating).
Cherry Petals Fall Like Teardrops
Cherry Petals Fall Like Teardrops (それは舞い散る桜のように, Sore wa Maichiru Sakura no Yōni) is the third and last game developed by eroge maker BasiL, after their second installment 21-Two One-, before dissolving into what is now Navel. The game was released as a DVD ROM on August 9, 2002. The characters were designed and drawn by Aoi Nishimata. A comic anthology entitled Sore wa Maichiru Sakura no Yōni Anthology Comic, has been published by Enterbrain under their Majikyu Comics imprint, and drawn by multiple artists. The single tankōbon volume was published on December 28, 2002. Three light novels based on the game have been published by Harvest, written by Nikaido Kageyama, and illustrated by Aoi Nishimata, the main artist of the game. The first light novel volume was published on June 1, 2003, and the last was published on August 1, 2003. Other media such as visual fan books, drama CDs, and music CDs have also been produced.

Enterbrain
Enterbrain (エンターブレイン), formerly Enterbrain, Inc. (株式会社エンターブレイン, Kabushiki Gaisha Entāburein), is a Japanese publisher  and division of Kadokawa Future Publishing founded on  January 30, 1987, as ASCII Film Co., Ltd. (アスキー映画株式会社, Asukī Eiga Kabushiki-gaisha). Magazines published by Enterbrain are generally focused on video games and computer entertainment as well as video game and strategy guides. In addition, the company publishes a small selection of anime artbooks. Enterbrain is based in Tokyo, Japan, with a paid-in capital of 410 million yen. Enterbrain's current president is Hirokazu Hamamura.
Scaevola muluensis
Scaevola muluensis is a species of plant in the family Goodeniaceae. It is endemic to Borneo where it is confined to Sarawak.
This plant was first described in 1993 by the botanist Khoon Meng Wong in the journal Sandakania.

Goodeniaceae
Goodeniaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Asterales. It contains about 404 species in twelve genera. The family is distributed mostly in Australia, except for the genus Scaevola, which is pantropical. Its species are found across most of Australia, being especially common in arid and semi-arid climates.
Devet grla
Devet grla (Serbian Cyrillic: Девет грла, meaning Nine throats) is a stone and mortar arch bridge over the Aranca river near Mokrin, Serbia. The State Road 104 (section 10404  Crna Bara – Kikinda) passes over the bridge. The border between the City of Kikinda and the Municipality of Čoka lies on the bridge.

The bridge was built in 1860 by the authorities of the Austrian Empire. It is named "Nine throats" because of its nine arches.

Arch bridge
An arch bridge is a bridge with abutments at each end shaped as a curved arch. Arch bridges work by transferring the weight of the bridge and its loads partially into a horizontal thrust restrained by the abutments at either side, and partially into a vertical load on the arch supports. A viaduct (a long bridge) may be made from a series of arches, although other more economical structures are typically used today.
1993 Virginia Slims of Philadelphia
The 1993 Virginia Slims of Philadelphia was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Philadelphia Civic Center in Philadelphia in the United States that was part of the Tier I category of the 1993 WTA Tour. It was the 11th edition of the tournament and was held from November 9 through November 14, 1993. Second-seeded Conchita Martínez won the singles title and earned $150,000 first-prize money.

Philadelphia Convention Hall and Civic Center
The Philadelphia Convention Hall and Civic Center, commonly known simply as the Philadelphia Civic Center, was a convention center complex located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It developed out of a series of buildings dedicated to expanding trade which began with the National Export Exhibition in 1899. The two most significant buildings in the complex were the original main exhibition hall built in 1899, which later housed the Philadelphia Commercial Museum, and the Municipal Auditorium, later called the Convention Hall, which was built in 1931 to the designs of architect Philip H. Johnson. The site was host to national political conventions in 1900, 1936, 1940 and 1948.
Puccinia oxalidis
Puccinia oxalidis is a fungus species in the genus Puccinia. This species is a causal agent of rust on plants in the genus Oxalis, such as Oxalis articulata. The disease appears as yellow dots on the reverse of the leaves. The aecial stage can also be found on Berberis repens. It was originally found on Oxalis species in Mexico.

Aecium
An aecium (plural aecia) is a specialised reproductive structure found in some plant pathogenic rust fungi that produce aeciospores. Aecia may also be referred to as "cluster cups". The term aecidium (plural aecidia) is used interchangeably but is not preferred.

In some rust fungi such as Phragmidium, aecia lack an outer wall structure (a peridium) but instead produce a diffuse aecium called a caeoma.

In some species of rust fungi with a life cycle including two different host plants, the binucleate spores produced in the aecia cannot infect the current plant host, but must infect a different plant species.
Mobile Life Centre
The Mobile Life Centre at Stockholm University in Kista, Sweden, conducts research in mobile services and ubiquitous computing. The centre focuses on researching consumer-oriented mobile and ubiquitous services, spanning all areas from entertainment and socialisation to work and society. The centre joins forces with local research organisations such as SICS and The Interactive Institute. It has major partners from the IT and telecom industries, including Ericsson Research, TeliaSonera, Sony Ericsson, and Microsoft Research. Partnerships in the public sector include Stockholm Municipality and Kista Science City. The Mobile Life Centre is one of the 19 VINN Excellence Centres selected by Vinnova (the Swedish Government Agency for Innovation Systems).

Telia Company
Telia Company AB is a Swedish multinational telecommunications company and mobile network operator present in Sweden, Finland, Norway, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.

Telia used to own TV4 Media which includes TV4 in Sweden, MTV Oy in Finland, and C More Entertainment after acquiring them in 2019. Telia sold TV4 Media to Schibsted in 2025 for 6.55 Million Krona.

The company is headquartered in Solna and its stock is traded on the Stockholm Stock Exchange and on the Helsinki Stock Exchange.

The company has been linked to corruption scandals in its dealings with the regimes in Uzbekistan and Azerbaijan. Telia's bribery scandal in relation to the Ilham Aliyev regime in Azerbaijan has been described as "possibly the largest bribery in Swedish history."
1918 Birthday Honours (MSM)
This is a list of Meritorious Service Medals (MSM) awarded in the 1918 Birthday Honours.

The 1918 Birthday Honours were appointments by King George V to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of the British Empire. The appointments were made to celebrate the official birthday of The King, and were published in The London Gazette in early June 1918.

The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, etc.) and then divisions (Military, Civil, etc.) as appropriate.

Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom and the British Overseas Territories, personal bravery, achievement, or service are rewarded with honours. The honours system consists of three types of award:

Honours are used to recognise merit in terms of achievement and service;

Decorations tend to be used to recognise specific deeds;

Medals are used to recognise service on a particular operation or in a specific theatre, long or valuable service, and good conduct.

Appointments to the various orders and awards of other honours are usually published in The London Gazette.
Op. 100
In music, Op. 100 stands for Opus number 100. Compositions that are assigned this number include:

Brahms – Violin Sonata No. 2

Dvořák – Violin Sonatina

Prokofiev - Symphony No. 5

Reger – Variations and Fugue on a Theme by Hiller

Schubert – Piano Trio No. 2

Schumann – The Bride of Messina

Sibelius – Suite caractéristique, for small orchestra (1922)

The Bride of Messina
The Bride of Messina (German: Die Braut von Messina, German pronunciation: [diː ˈbʁaʊ̯t fɔn mɛˈsiːna] ⓘ) is a tragedy by Friedrich Schiller; it premiered on 19 March 1803 in Weimar. It is one of the most controversial works by Schiller, due to his use of elements from Greek tragedies (which were considered obsolete at the time it was written).

In the play, Schiller attempts to combine antique and modern theatre. It is set in Sicily, at a time when Paganism and Christianity meet, thus again outlining this theme.

The work was notably adapted in two operas, Nevěsta messinská, by composer Zdeněk Fibich (premiered in 1884), and "La sposa di Messina" by the  Italian composer Nicola Vaccai (premiered in 1839). Robert Schumann wrote an overture to Die Braut von Messina, his Opus 100, as did Carl Borromäus von Miltitz, which was performed in 1838 but never published.
Kaisen Joki
Kaisen Joki (快川紹喜, Kaisen Jōki; c. January 2, 1500 – April 25, 1582) was a Buddhist priest from Mino Province.

It is not known if he is related to the Toki clan. Following the rise to power of Saito Yoshitatsu, Joki fled to Owari Province. From there he went to Kai Province. There, Joki met Takeda Shingen and Shingen was very impressed by him. Shingen afterwards made Joki the head abbot of the Erin-ji in Kofu.

After the Oda–Tokugawa alliance invaded the territory of the Takeda in 1582, the Eirin-ji were accused of sheltering the likes of Rokkaku Yoshisuke (a former enemy of the Oda). This led to all the monks of the temple being burned to death. It is known that Joki was indeed very calm. Before Joki and his men would have died in the blazing fire, Joki is said to have told them to set their minds at ease so that even the fire might be thought of as cool and refreshing (心頭を滅却すれば火もまた涼し, Shintō o Mekkyaku Sureba Hi mo Mata Suzushi).

Owari Province
Owari Province (尾張国, Owari no Kuni, Japanese pronunciation: [oꜜ.wa.ɾʲi (no kɯ.ɲi), o.wa.ɾʲiꜜ-])  was a province of Japan in the area that today forms the western half of Aichi Prefecture, including the modern city of Nagoya.  The province was created in 646. Owari bordered on Mikawa, Mino, and Ise Provinces. Owari and Mino provinces were separated by the Sakai River, which means "border river." The province's abbreviated name was Bishū (尾州).

Owari is classified as one of the provinces of the Tōkaidō. Under the Engishiki classification system, Owari was ranked as a "superior country" (上国) and a "near country" (近国), in relation to its distance from the capital.
Georges Vitaly
Georges Vitaly, real name Vitali Garcouchenko, (15 January 1917 – 2 January 2007), was a 20th-century French actor, theater director and theater manager.

The son of immigrants from the Russian Revolution, he trained as actor from 1934. In 1947, he won the concours des jeunes compagnies with Le Mal court by Jacques Audiberti with Suzanne Flon.
In 1947 he founded the Théâtre de la Huchette which he directed until 1952. Then, from 1954 to 1970, he was director of the Théâtre La Bruyère, in Paris. From 1970 to 1975, he was director of the Maison de la culture in Nantes.

He was married to the comedian Monique Delaroche.

Alexandre Arnoux
Alexandre Arnoux (French pronunciation: [alɛksɑ̃dʁ aʁnu]; 27 February 1884, Digne-les-Bains - 4 January 1973, Boulogne-Billancourt) was a French screenwriter and novelist.

French composer Angèle Ravizé used Arnoux’s text in her composition “Chanson.”
Sun-class cruise ship
The Sun class is a class of cruise ships originally built for and operated by Princess Cruises and currently operated by Star Cruises, Peace Boat, Cheng Zhen Cruises, StarCruises and Seajets (although the Seajets owned ship is not currently in active service). The vessels in the class were designed and constructed by Fincantieri Cantieri Navali Italiani in Italy. The first Sun-class vessel, Sun Princess (now Pacific World), entered service in 1995 and the last, Ocean Princess (now Queen of the Oceans) entered service in 2000. At the time of launch, the Sun class was among the largest cruise ships in the world, although this has since been surpassed.

The four ships are effectively identical, with the only notable exception being the design of the bridge wings; Pacific World and Star Voyager having exterior bridge wings. Dream and Queen of the Oceans having enclosed bridge wings.

Seajets
Seajets is a Greek ferry company founded in 1989 by Marios Iliopoulos and his father Panagiotis. Seajets operates a fleet of passenger and  freight ferry services in the Aegean Sea. Seajets is one of Greece's leading ferry companies.
Paraphonemic sound
In phonology, a paraphonemic sound is one which does not occur in the general lexicon of a language, but is instead limited to mimesis and similar uses. Examples from English include dental and lateral clicks, used to express pity and to spur on horses, respectively; the glottal stop, found in uh-oh! and uh-uh; the linguolabial trill ("blowing a raspberry"); the syllabic nasal hmmm...; the syllabic fricatives shhh! and zzz...; and the velar implosives (the "glug-glug" sound of liquid being poured from a bottle).

Nasal consonant
In phonetics, a nasal, also called a nasal occlusive or nasal stop in contrast with an oral stop or nasalized consonant, is an occlusive consonant produced with a lowered velum, allowing air to escape freely through the nose. The vast majority of consonants are oral consonants. Examples of nasals in English are [n], [ŋ] and [m], in words such as nose, bring and mouth.

Nasal occlusives are nearly universal in human languages. There are also other kinds of nasal consonants in some languages.
Mathieu Rolland
Mathieu Rolland (born 1989) is a Canadian writer from Montreal, Quebec, whose debut novel Souvenir de Night was published in 2020.

Prior to launching his career as a writer, Rolland studied translation at Concordia University, and directed several short films before launching a career in advertising.

His second novel, De grandes personnes, was published in 2023. The book received a Governor General's Award nomination for French-language fiction at the 2024 Governor General's Awards.

Governor General's Awards
The Governor General's Awards are a collection of annual awards presented by the governor general of Canada, recognizing distinction in numerous academic, artistic, and social fields.

The first award was conceived and inaugurated in 1937 by the Lord Tweedsmuir, a prolific writer of fiction and non-fiction; he created the Governor General's Literary Award with two award categories. Successive governors general have followed suit, establishing an award for whichever endeavour they personally found important. Only Adrienne Clarkson created three Governor General's Awards: the Governor General's Award in Visual and Media Arts, the Governor General's Northern Medal, and the Governor General's Medal in Architecture (though this was effectively a continuation of the Massey Medal, first established in 1950).
D41 road (Croatia)
D41 is a state road in the central Croatia connecting Križevci to Koprivnica and Gola border crossing to Hungary. The road is 57.9 km (36.0 mi) long.

This and all other state roads in Croatia are managed and maintained by Hrvatske ceste, a state-owned company.

Križevci
Križevci (Croatian: [krǐːʒeːʋtsi]; Latin: Crisium; Hungarian: Kőrös [ˈkøːrøʃ]; German: Kreutz [kʁɔʏts] ⓘ) is a town in northern Croatia with a total population of 18,949 and with 10,522 in the town itself, It is the oldest town in its county, the Koprivnica-Križevci County.
Charles Humphries
Charles Humphries is an English countertenor, noted for performances of Baroque and Renaissance music. He is the director of Baroque music at the SIMF. He has performed at the Barbican Hall, Queen Elizabeth Hall, Wigmore Hall, Concertgebouw in Amsterdam and Palais des Beaux Arts in Brussels and across Europe.

Concertgebouw, Amsterdam
The Royal Concertgebouw (Dutch: het Koninklijk Concertgebouw, pronounced [ət ˈkoːnɪŋklə kɔnˈsɛrtxəˌbʌu]) is a concert hall in Amsterdam, Netherlands. The Dutch term "concertgebouw" translates into English as "concert building". Its superb acoustics place it among the finest concert halls in the world, along with New York's Carnegie Hall, Boston's Symphony Hall and the Musikverein in Vienna.

In celebration of the building's 125th anniversary, Queen Beatrix bestowed the royal title "Koninklijk" upon the building on 11 April 2013, as she had on the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra upon its 100th in 1988.