hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
John D. Ludden
John Dwight "J.D." Ludden (April 5, 1819 – October 14, 1907) was an American politician from the Minnesota Territory and a former member of the Minnesota Territory House of Representatives, representing Marine, Minnesota. Ludden served as Speaker of the Minnesota Territory House of Representatives in 1852.

Minnesota Territory
The Territory of Minnesota was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from March 3, 1849, until May 11, 1858, when the eastern portion of the territory was admitted to the Union as the state of Minnesota and the western portion became unorganized territory and shortly after was reorganized as part of the Dakota Territory.
Kennedy Catholic High School (Hermitage, Pennsylvania)
Kennedy Catholic High School is a private, Roman Catholic high school in Hermitage, Pennsylvania.  It is affiliates with the Roman Catholic Diocese of Erie. It is the only high school in the Shenango Valley Catholic School System. Their Nickname is the Golden Eagles, and they compete in the PIAA District 10 as a member of the Pennsylvania Interscholastic Athletic Association.

PIAA District 10
District 10 of the Pennsylvania Interscholastic Athletic Association (PIAA) is an interscholastic athletic association in Northwest Pennsylvania. District 10 is one of the PIAA's 12 athletic conferences and comprises high schools in Erie, Pennsylvania and surrounding counties to the south and east. Member schools are classified by enrollment into four categories based on the number of students: A, AA, AAA, AAAA. District 10 is commonly referred to as "D-10" and is sometimes notated with the Roman Numeral "X".
JumpStart Adventures 3rd Grade: Mystery Mountain
JumpStart Adventures 3rd Grade: Mystery Mountain is a personal computer game in Knowledge Adventure's JumpStart series of educational software. As the title suggests, the game is intended to teach a third grade curriculum. This is the only version of this game created and, unusually for Knowledge Adventure, was still being sold over fifteen years after its initial release on December 2, 1996. In June 2003, it was included as the "Fundamentals" disc of JumpStart Advanced 3rd Grade.

Educational software
Educational software is a term used for any computer software that is made for an educational purpose. It encompasses different ranges from language learning software to classroom management software to reference software. The purpose of all this software is to make some part of education more effective and efficient.
Vestrup, North Denmark Region
Vestrup is  a village in Vesthimmerland Municipality, North Denmark Region, Denmark. It is one of two villages of the name in Denmark; the other Vestrup is in Central Jutland. The village has a school, Vestrup School, along with a kindergarten, a day care facility and two burial mounds.

Vesthimmerland Municipality
Vesthimmerland Municipality (Danish: Vesthimmerlands Kommune) is a kommune in the North Jutland Region of Denmark. It covers an area of 768.08 km2 (2013) and has a total population of 35,818 (2025). The Municipality borders Jammerbugt Municipality to the north and to the east it borders Rebild and Aalborg Municipality and to the south it borders Viborg Municipality and to the south-east it borders Mariagerfjord Municipality.

On 1 January 2007, Vesthimmerland municipality was created as the result of Kommunalreformen ("The Municipal Reform" of 2007), consisting of the former municipalities of Aalestrup, Farsø, Løgstør, and Aars.

The municipal seat is the city of Aars, which also was the seat in the former Aars Municipality.
Otram River
The Otram River, formerly known as the Port Maria River or the Port Maria Western River, is a river in Saint Mary Parish, Jamaica. It reaches the sea in the parish capital of Port Maria and contributes to flooding in that town.

It is joined at Trinity by the Negro River, where an aqueduct, completed in 1797, and over a mile's length once drew water from the Otram river to supply the Trinity sugar plantation.

Aqueduct (water supply)
An aqueduct is a watercourse constructed to carry water from a source to a distribution point far away. In modern engineering, the term aqueduct is used for any system of pipes, ditches, canals, tunnels, and other structures used for this purpose. The term aqueduct also often refers specifically to a bridge carrying an artificial watercourse.

Aqueducts were used in ancient Greece, the ancient Near East, ancient Rome, ancient Aztec, and ancient Inca. The simplest aqueducts are small ditches cut into the earth. Much larger channels may be used in modern aqueducts. Aqueducts sometimes run for some or all of their path through tunnels constructed underground. Modern aqueducts may also use pipelines. Historically, agricultural societies have constructed aqueducts to irrigate crops and supply large cities with drinking water.
Charles G. Finney
Charles Grandison Finney (December 1, 1905 – April 16, 1984) was an American news editor and fantasy novelist, the great-grandson of evangelist Charles Grandison Finney. His first novel and most famous work, The Circus of Dr. Lao, won one of the inaugural National Book Awards: the Most Original Book of 1935.

Fantasy literature
Fantasy literature is literature set in an imaginary universe, often but not always without any locations, events, or people from the real world. Magic, the supernatural and magical creatures are common in many of these imaginary worlds. Fantasy literature may be directed at both children and adults.

Fantasy is considered a genre of speculative fiction and is distinguished from the genres of science fiction and horror by the absence of scientific or macabre themes, respectively, though these may overlap. Historically, most works of fantasy were in written form, but since the 1960s, a growing segment of the genre has taken the form of fantasy films, fantasy television programs, graphic novels, video games, music and art.

Many fantasy novels originally written for children and adolescents also attract an adult audience. Examples include Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, the Harry Potter series, The Chronicles of Narnia, and The Hobbit.
Kiptum
Kiptum, sometimes Kitum, is a surname of Kenyan origin meaning "someone born during a ceremony." Among the Nandi community, "Tum" is defined as a ceremony, therefore 'Kiptum' is a male name for someone born during a ceremony while 'Cheptum' is a female name for the same.

People with this name, 'Kiptum', 'Kitum', 'Cheptum', include:

Kelvin Kiptum (1999–2024), Kenyan marathon runner and world record holder

Fred Kiprop Kiptum (born 1974), Kenyan marathon runner and 1999 Amsterdam Marathon winner

Jeruto Kiptum (born 1981), Kenyan steeplechase runner and 2005 World Championships medallist

Julius Kiptum Rop (born 1977), Kenyan marathon runner

Timothy Kitum (born 1994), Kenyan middle-distance runner and 2012 Olympic medallist

Timothy Kitum
Timothy Kitum (born 20 November 1994) is a Kenyan middle distance runner.

He won a silver medal in the 800 m at the 2012 World Junior Championships in Athletics in Barcelona, finishing second to Nijel Amos, before going on to win the bronze medal in the men's 800m race at the 2012 Summer Olympics. Kitum also won the 800m at the Commonwealth Youth Games with a Games Record of 1:49.32.
Joseph Hunt (priest)
Joseph Hunt D.D. (b Kingsclere 16 March 1681 - d Astrop 15 March 1726) was Master of Balliol College, Oxford from 1722 until his death.

Davey graduated B.A. from Balliol in 1700; M.A. in 1703; and B.D. in 1718. He was ordained into the Church of England in 1705; and held Livings at Nether Stowey and Fillingham.

Bachelor of Divinity
In Western universities, a Bachelor of Divinity or Baccalaureate in Divinity (BD, DB, or BDiv; Latin: Baccalaureus Divinitatis) is an academic degree awarded for a course taken in the study of divinity or related disciplines, such as theology or, rarely, religious studies.

At the University of Cambridge, the Bachelor of Divinity degree is considered senior to the university's PhD degree.

In the Catholic universities the Bachelor of Sacred Theology (STB) is often called the Baccalaureate in Divinity (BD) and is treated as a postgraduate qualification.

In America, the BD was largely replaced by the Master of Divinity.
Heptamethine dyes
Heptamethine dyes are a subclass of chemical compounds within the cyanine dye family and have many uses as fluorescent dyes, particularly in biomedical imaging, the development of theranostics, the individualized treatment of cancerous patients with the aid of PDT, co-administration with other drugs, and irradiation.

The characteristics of heptamethine dyes can be understood by comparing research data on different dyes within the family.  For example, the IR-780 dye exhibits a peak spectral absorption of around 780 nm.

Theranostics
Theranostics, or theragnostics, refers to the combination of diagnosis and therapy (treatment) of disease in a single medical intervention or technique.  For example, a combination of radioactive isotopes may be administered to simultaneously identify and attack cancerous lesions. Typically theranostic approaches involve a medical imaging component, such as radiotracers, contrast agents, positron emission tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging.

The term "theranostic" is a portmanteau of two words, therapeutic and diagnostic. The first known use of the term is attributed to John Funkhouser, a consultant for the company Cardiovascular Diagnostic, who used it in a press release in August 1998.
Mongmasansŏng
Mongmasansŏng (Korean: 목마산성; Hanja: 牧馬山城; RR: Mongmasanseong) was a Gaya–era ancient Korean fortress in what is now Changnyeong County, South Gyeongsang Province, South Korea. On January 21, 1963, its former site was made Historic Site of South Korea No. 65.

It is not known when exactly the fortress was constructed, although it was likely sometime during the Gaya confederacy's existence (42–562). Many Gaya-era tombs are located around the fortress. During the 1592–1598 Imjin War, the Korean general Kwak Chaeu renovated the fortress. The fortress wall is around 1.9 km (1.2 mi) in length. It is comparatively still intact. Its name refers to raising horses, which was possibly done in the area in the past.

Korean fortress
Korean fortresses are fortifications constructed by Koreans since the Three Kingdoms of Korea period. Koreans developed a unique and distinct fortress tradition. Korea, beginning with Goguryeo, has been called "a country of fortresses"; almost 2,400 mountain fortress sites have been found in Korea.

There are numerous types of Korean fortresses, including sanseong (mountain fortress), eupseong (city fortress), pyeongjiseong, gwanseong, jangseong, chaekseong, and more.
Dean Callaway
Dean James Callaway (born 10 December 1970) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1990s and 2000s.  Callaway's position of choice was as a hooker.  He played for Illawarra in Australia and London Broncos in the Super League.

Wollongong Showground
Wollongong Showground, also known as WIN Stadium for sponsorship reasons, is a multi-purpose stadium located in Wollongong, Australia. The stadium was officially opened in 1911. From 1982 until 1998 it played host to every home match for the Illawarra Steelers NRL team, and is still the team's home ground in the lower grade competitions. It is now used as the home of the St. George Illawarra Dragons Rugby league team and the Wollongong Wolves of the National Premier Leagues NSW.
Farmers Undertake Environmental Land Stewardship Act
The Farmers Undertake Environmental Land Stewardship Act (H.R. 311) is a bill that would require the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to modify the Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure (SPCC) rule, which regulates oil discharges into navigable waters and adjoining shorelines. The rule requires certain farmers to develop an oil spill prevention plan that is certified by a professional engineer and may require them to make infrastructure changes. According to supporters, this bill would "ease the burden placed on farmers and ranchers" by making it easier for smaller farms to self-certify and raising the level of storage capacity under which farms are exempted. These rules apply to any storage units that contain oil, whether petroleum products or animal fats.

The bill was introduced into the United States House of Representatives during the 113th United States Congress.

113th United States Congress
The 113th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, from January 3, 2013, to January 3, 2015, during the fifth and sixth years of Barack Obama's presidency. It was composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives based on the results of the 2012 Senate elections and the 2012 House elections. The seats in the House were apportioned based on the 2010 United States census. It first met in Washington, D.C., on January 3, 2013, and it ended on January 3, 2015. Senators elected to regular terms in 2008 were in the last two years of those terms during this Congress.

The Senate had a Democratic majority, while the House had a Republican majority; such a split would not be repeated until the 118th Congress. This was the last time Democrats held control of the Senate until the 117th Congress in 2021.
Aphelia unitana
Aphelia unitana is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found from Ireland and Great Britain, east Fennoscandia and central and south-eastern Europe to the Russian Far East and the Near East.

The wingspan is 17–24 mm.  The body is dark, the forewing is silky grey, often with darker outer margin. All wings have white fringes. The hindwings are grey, slightly darkened behind the wing tip. It is very similar to Aphelia paleana.

Adults are on wing from June to July.

The larvae feed on various low-growing plants, including Heracleum and Rubus species. They feed between spun leaves.

Fennoscandia
Fennoscandia (Finnish, Swedish and Norwegian: Fennoskandia; Russian: Фенноскандия, romanized: Fennoskandiya), Fenno-Scandinavia, or the Fennoscandian Peninsula, is a peninsula in Europe which includes the Scandinavian and Kola peninsulas, mainland Finland, and Karelia. Administratively, this roughly encompasses the mainlands of Finland, Norway and Sweden, as well as Murmansk Oblast, the Republic of Karelia, and parts of northern Leningrad Oblast in Russia.
Jim Newton (journalist)
Jim Newton is an American journalist, author, and educator. He is known for his contributions to journalism, political biography, and public policy discourse. Newton held several editorial roles at the Los Angeles Times. He covered significant events such as the 1992 Los Angeles riots and the 1994 Northridge earthquake, both of which were awarded Pulitzer Prizes for the paper's staff. He also served as a professor at the University of California, Los Angeles.

1994 Northridge earthquake
The 1994 Northridge earthquake affected Greater Los Angeles, California, United States, on January 17, 1994, at 04:30:55 PST. The epicenter of the moment magnitude 6.7 (Mw) blind thrust earthquake was beneath the San Fernando Valley. The shock lasted approximately 8 seconds and achieved a peak ground acceleration of over 1.7 g. It is the largest recorded earthquake in the area's history, slightly surpassing the  Mw 6.6 1971 San Fernando earthquake. Shaking was felt as far away as San Diego, California; Turlock, California; Las Vegas, Nevada; Richfield, Utah; Phoenix, Arizona; and Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico. Fifty-seven people died and more than 9,000 were injured. In addition, property damage was estimated to be $13–50 billion, making it among the costliest natural disasters in U.S. history.
Votive painting from Šopka
The votive painting from Šopka is the work of an anonymous disciple of Lucas Cranach the Elder, who worked in north-west Bohemia and is referred to by the initials with which he signed his paintings as the Master IW. The painting was discovered at the end of the 19th century in the parish church, formerly the Augustinian Monastery Church of St. Laurence in Šopka (now Pšovka near Mělník), and is exhibited in the Gallery and Museum of the Litoměřice Diocese.

Mělník
Mělník (Czech pronunciation: [ˈmɲɛlɲiːk] ⓘ; German: Melnik) is a town in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 20,000 inhabitants. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected as an urban monument zone.

Mělník lies in one of the most important agricultural areas of the country. The town is known for its production of wine.
Theuley
Theuley (French pronunciation: [tœlɛ]) is a commune in the Haute-Saône department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

A hometown of Jules Rimet, Theuley dedicated a monument to him in 1998. It was inaugurated by the French Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports, Marie-George Buffet.

Minister of Sports (France)
The Minister of Sports (French: Ministre des Sports) is a cabinet member in the Government of France.

The position has changed names a number of times since its creation, having occasionally been discontinued or regrouped with the Minister of National Education. Since 2022 Amélie Oudéa-Castéra has served Minister for Sport and the Olympic & Paralympic Games.
Uw Oykangand
The Uw Oykangand, otherwise known as the Kwantari, are an Aboriginal Australian people living on the southwestern part of the Cape York Peninsula, in the state of Queensland in Australia. Their neighbours to the northwest are the Yir-Yoront people. Their traditional lands are around the Alice River and the Crosbie River, and further west around the Mitchell River and into Gulf Country.

Mitchell River (Queensland)
The Mitchell River is a river in Far North Queensland, Australia. The river rises on the Atherton Tableland about 50 kilometres (31 mi) northwest of Cairns and flows about 750 kilometres (470 mi) northwest across Cape York Peninsula from Mareeba to the Gulf of Carpentaria.

The river's watershed covers an area of 71,757 km2 (27,706 sq mi). The Mitchell has the state's largest discharge, at 11.3 million megalitres (2.5×10^12 imp gal; 3.0×10^12 US gal) annually, but is intermittent and may be dry for part of the year. Lake Mitchell is the main water storage facility on the river.

It was named by Ludwig Leichhardt on 16 June 1845 after Sir Thomas Mitchell while he was on his overland expedition from Moreton Bay to Port Essington.  It may have been previously named the Vereenighde River in 1623 by Dutch merchant and navigator Jan Carstensz.
Bubalus Period
Bubalus, Bubaline, or Large Wild Fauna rock art is the earliest form of Central Saharan rock art, created in an engraved style, which have been dated between 12,000 BCE and 8000 BCE. The Bubaline Period is followed by the Kel Essuf Period. As the animal world is particularly emphasized in Bubaline rock art, animal depictions are usually shown in larger scale than human depictions. Bubaline rock art portrays a few geometric designs and naturalistic outlined depictions of animals, such as antelope, aurochs, buffalos (Bubalus antiquus/Syncerus complexus), donkeys, elephants, fish (e.g., catfish, Nile perch), giraffes, hippopotamuses, ostriches, and rhinoceroses.

Petroglyph
A petroglyph is an image created by removing part of a rock surface by incising, picking, carving, or abrading, as a form of rock art. The term generally refers to rock engravings of ancient origin, often associated with prehistoric peoples. The oldest petroglyphs in the world are deemed to be those at Murujuga in Western Australia, which are 40,000–50,000 years old. Some petroglyphs are classified as protected monuments and some have been added to the list of UNESCO's World Heritage Sites, or such status has been applied for.
Paul Davies shadow cabinet
Paul Davies became the Leader of the Opposition in Wales after being elected as Leader of the Welsh Conservatives on 27 June 2018 and named his Shadow Cabinet in July.

Between May 2016 and December 2018 the senior tier of ministers were referred to as Cabinet Secretaries and the junior tier as Ministers, from the formation of the first Drakeford government they reverted to their previous titles of Cabinet Ministers and Deputy Ministers respectively and the same applied to Conservative shadow ministers.

The Davies Shadow Cabinet was dissolved upon Paul Davies's resignation on 23 January 2021. The Third Shadow Cabinet of Andrew RT Davies was formed the next day.

Suzy Davies
Suzy Davies (born 3 January) is a Welsh Conservative Party politician, who served as a Member of the Senedd (MS) for South Wales West from 2011 to 2021. She was elected first on the Welsh Conservatives party list for the region in the 2011 election.
Club Paradise (nightclub)
The Club Paradise was a nightclub at 645 E. Georgia Avenue in Memphis, Tennessee. It was a stop on the "Chitlin' Circuit," a selection of venues considered safe and acceptable for African-American entertainers in the era of racial segregation in the United States.

The Club Paradise was owned and operated by Sunbeam Mitchell from 1965 until 1985. In 1985, Mitchell retired and the nightclub opened under new ownership as the New Club Paradise. The New Club Paradise closed in 1999.

LeMoyne–Owen College
LeMoyne–Owen College (LOC or "LeMoyne-Owen") is a private historically black college affiliated with the United Church of Christ and located in Memphis, Tennessee. It resulted from the 1968 merger of historically black colleges and other schools established by northern Protestant missions during and after the American Civil War.
Dennis Hollinger
Dennis P. Hollinger (born November 1948), is the President Emeritus and the Distinguished Senior Professor of Christian Ethics of Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, as of 2019. He served as President and Colman M. Mockler Distinguished Professor of Christian Ethics from 2008-2019. He also serves as a Distinguished Fellow with The Center for Bioethics & Human Dignity. Hollinger attended Elizabethtown College for his B.A., Trinity Evangelical Divinity School for his M.Div., Drew University for Ph.D., and has conducted post-doctoral studies at Oxford University.

Hollinger previously held academic appointments at Evangelical Theological Seminary in Myerstown, Pennsylvania, Messiah College in Grantham, Pennsylvania, Associated Mennonite Biblical Seminary in Elkhart, Indiana, and Alliance Theological Seminary in Nyack, New York.

Trinity Evangelical Divinity School
Trinity Evangelical Divinity School (TEDS) was the divinity school of Trinity International University, an evangelical Christian university headquartered in Bannockburn, Illinois. The divinity school was founded in 1897.

In April 2025, Trinity Evangelical Divinity School announced that it would merge with Trinity Western University in British Columbia, Canada, and would cease operations at the Chicagoland campus.