hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Krzysztof Gawedzki
Krzysztof Gawędzki (Polish pronunciation: [ˈkʂɨʂtɔf ɡavɛnt͡ski]; born 2 July 1947 – died 21 January 2022) was a Polish mathematical physicist, a graduate of the University of Warsaw and professor at the École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon). He was primarily known for his research on quantum field theory and statistical physics. In 2022, he shared the Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics with Antti Kupiainen.

Mathematical physics
Mathematical physics is the development of mathematical methods for application to problems in physics. The Journal of Mathematical Physics defines the field as "the application of mathematics to problems in physics and the development of mathematical methods suitable for such applications and for the formulation of physical theories". An alternative definition would also include those mathematics that are inspired by physics, known as physical mathematics.
Albert Schatz (law)
Albert Schatz (1879–1940) was a law professor at the University of Dijon and historian of 19th century individualism and Jean-Baptiste Say.

His 1907 work L'individualisme économique et social (Individualism - Economic and Social) first outlines a basis for the classical liberal doctrine, in France to be traced back to the Physiocrats. Then he talks about the diverse aspect of individualism in the 19th century: from Charles Dunoyer to Mill, and to Bastiat. He also talks about individualism in relation to politics (liberal democracy), its relationship to religion, and finally to Spencer's sociology, and anarchism.

Jean-Baptiste Say
Jean-Baptiste Say (French: [ʒɑ̃batist sɛ]; 5 January 1767 – 15 November 1832) was a liberal French economist and businessman who argued in favor of competition, free trade, and lifting restraints on business. He is best known for Say's law—also known as the law of markets—which he popularized, although scholars disagree as to whether it was Say who first articulated the theory. Moreover, he was one of the first economists to study entrepreneurship and conceptualized entrepreneurs as organizers and leaders of the economy. He was also closely involved in the development of the École spéciale de commerce et d'industrie (ESCP), historically the first business school to be established.
Bezměrov
Bezměrov is a municipality and village in Kroměříž District in the Zlín Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants.

Bezměrov lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) north-west of Kroměříž, 27 km (17 mi) north-west of Zlín, and 227 km (141 mi) east of Prague.

Kroměříž
Kroměříž (Czech pronunciation: [ˈkromɲɛr̝iːʃ] ⓘ; German: Kremsier) is a town in the Zlín Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 28,000 inhabitants. It is known for Kroměříž Castle with its castle gardens, which are a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The historic town centre with the castle complex is well preserved and is protected as an urban monument reservation.
Châteauguay—Les Jardins-de-Napierville
Châteauguay—Les Jardins-de-Napierville (formerly Châteauguay—Lacolle) (French pronunciation: [ʃatoɡɛ lakɔl]) is a federal electoral district in Quebec. It encompasses a portion of Quebec formerly included in the electoral districts of Beauharnois—Salaberry and Châteauguay—Saint-Constant.

Châteauguay—Lacolle was created by the 2012 federal electoral boundaries redistribution and was legally defined in the 2013 representation order. It came into effect upon the call of the 2015 Canadian federal election.

Following the 2022 federal electoral redistribution the riding was renamed Châteauguay—Les Jardins-de-Napierville. It gained both the Village and Township of Hemmingford, and the municipalities of Très-Saint-Sacrement, Howick, Saint-Chrysostome, Havelock, and Franklin from Salaberry—Suroît and lost a small piece of territory north of Autoroute 30 in Saint-Isidore and a small piece of territory near Ch. St-Bernard in Châteauguay to La Prairie—Atateken.

Saint-Isidore, Montérégie, Quebec
Saint-Isidore (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃t‿izidɔʁ]) is a parish municipality in Roussillon Regional County Municipality in the Montérégie administrative region of Quebec, Canada. The population as of the Canada 2021 Census was 2,769. It is the hometown of mixed martial arts champion Georges St-Pierre and Kevin Bedard.
Show of Strength Theatre Company
Show of Strength Theatre Company is a Bristol-based theatre company which has produced new and forgotten works since 1986 in a range of venues in Bristol and the South West. The company is funded by Arts Council England and Bristol City Council but also relies on individual and corporate sponsorship. They have produced over 60 plays and established several new performance venues including the Showboat pub (Horfield), the Hen and Chicken pub (Bedminster), Quakers Friars (Broadmead), the Tobacco Factory (Southville) and Paintworks (Arnos Vale). The company has received many awards for its work, including the London Weekend Television Plays on Stage award and the Guinness/Royal National Theatre Pub Theatre Award.  As well as plays Show of Strength have produced numerous play readings and writing workshops. Although based in Bristol the work of the company has received regular attention from the UK national press.

Bedminster, Bristol
Bedminster, colloquially known as Bemmy or Bedmo, is a district of Bristol, England, on the south side of the city. It is also the name of a council ward which includes the central part of the district.

The eastern part of Bedminster is known as Windmill Hill. To the south is Bedminster Down. Southville ward is also part of Bedminster.
Adile Sultan Pavilion
Adile Sultan Pavilion is in Üsküdar, Istanbul, in the Validebağ Grove. It was commissioned as a summer house by Sultan Abdulaziz for his sister Adile Sultan in 1853. This rectangular building's entrance is reached by an imperial staircase. There are big halls inside the pavilion's first and second floors. The doors to both floors lead to the stairhead. It is currently used as a teachers' lodge. The popular Turkish film series Hababam Sınıfı was filmed here, and one of the rooms is used as a Hababam Sınıfı Museum. Its architect was Nigogayos Balyan, who graduated from Collège Sainte-Barbe in Paris.

Balyan family
The Balyan family (Armenian: Պալեաններ; Turkish: Balyan ailesi) was a prominent Armenian family in the Ottoman Empire of court architects in the service of Ottoman sultans and other members of the Ottoman dynasty during the 18th and 19th centuries. For five generations, they designed and constructed numerous major buildings in the Ottoman Empire, including palaces, mansions, konaks, kiosks, yalis, mosques, churches, and various public buildings, mostly in Constantinople (present-day Istanbul).
Oregon Treaty
The Oregon Treaty was a treaty between the United Kingdom and the United States that was signed on June 15, 1846, in Washington, D.C. The treaty brought an end to the Oregon boundary dispute by settling competing American and British claims to the Oregon Country through partition.  The area had been jointly occupied by both Britain and the U.S. since the Treaty of 1818.

Condominium (international law)
A condominium (plural either condominia, as in Latin, or condominiums) in international law is a territory (such as a border area or a state) in or over which multiple sovereign powers formally agree to share equal dominium (in the sense of sovereignty) and exercise their rights jointly, without dividing it into "national" zones.

Although a condominium has always been recognized as a theoretical possibility, condominia have been rare in practice. A major problem, and the reason so few have existed, is the difficulty of ensuring co-operation between the sovereign powers; once the understanding fails, the status is likely to become untenable.
Sparenberg
Sparenberg is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Dave Sparenberg (born 1959), American football player

Ray Sparenberg, American horror host

René Sparenberg (1918–2013), Dutch field hockey player

René Sparenberg
René Sparenberg (3 December 1918 – 1 July 2013) was a Dutch field hockey player who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics. Born in Semarang, Dutch East Indies, he was a member of the Dutch field hockey team, which won the bronze medal. He played all five matches as forward.
Chewiness
Chewiness is the mouthfeel sensation of labored chewing due to sustained, elastic resistance from the food.  Foods typically considered chewy include caramel, rare steak, and chewing gum.  Other foods where this is an important part of the experience of eating include springy cheeses and apples.

Chewiness is empirically measured by the metrics of chew count and chew rate.

Doneness
Doneness is a gauge of how thoroughly cooked a cut of meat is based on its color, juiciness, and internal temperature. The gradations are most often used in reference to beef (especially steaks and roasts) but are also applicable to other types of meat.

Gradations, their descriptions, and their associated temperatures vary regionally, with different cuisines using different cooking procedures and terminology. For steaks, common gradations include rare, medium rare, medium, medium well, and well done.
Mission: 2110
Mission: 2110 is a UK sci-fi themed TV game show for children, starring Stuart Goldsmith and Lindsay Duncan. The first series aired on CBBC during summer 2010 with the second series running October–December of the same year. The show is set in the year 2110, where mankind is all but extinct and earth has been taken over by an armada of robots known as the Roboidz. Caleb (Stuart Goldsmith), the last human alive, enlists the help of children from 100 years ago to help fight back against the Roboidz. The recruits compete in various physical and mental challenges and the winner is declared the Ultimate Recruit.

CBBC
CBBC (short for Children's BBC) is a British free-to-air public broadcast children's television channel owned and operated by the BBC. It is also the brand used for all BBC content for children aged from 6 to 12. Its sister channel, CBeebies, is aimed at children aged 6 and under. It broadcasts every day from 7:00 am to 7:00 pm, timesharing with BBC Three.
De Vargas Street House
The De Vargas Street House, often referred to as the Oldest House, is a historic building in Santa Fe, New Mexico, which is often said to be one of the oldest buildings in United States. The original date of construction is unknown but the majority of the building is believed to date to the Spanish colonial period (post-1610). One archaeological study also concluded that some sections of the walls are characteristic of Pueblo architecture and may be pre-Spanish in origin. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and New Mexico State Register of Cultural Properties in 1968 as a contributing property in the Barrio De Analco Historic District.

Adobe
Adobe (/əˈdoʊbi/ ⓘ ə-DOH-bee; Spanish: [aˈðoβe]; via Spanish, from Arabic  الطّوب (at-tūb)) is a building material made from loam and organic materials. Adobe is Spanish for mudbrick. In some English-speaking regions of Spanish heritage, such as the Southwestern United States, the term is used to refer to any kind of earthen construction, or various architectural styles like Pueblo Revival or Territorial Revival. Most adobe buildings are similar in appearance to cob and rammed earth buildings. Adobe is among the earliest building materials, and is used throughout the world.

Adobe architecture has been dated to before 5,100 BP.
Beyond War
Beyond War (distinct from World Beyond War) is a movement founded in 1984. It seeks to end war, on the premise that, in the broad view, the continued practice of war will ultimately lead to a global catastrophe.

Global catastrophic risk
A global catastrophic risk or a doomsday scenario is a hypothetical event that could damage human well-being on a global scale, endangering or even destroying modern civilization. Existential risk is a related term limited to events that could cause full-blown human extinction or permanently and drastically curtail humanity's existence or potential.

In the 21st century, a number of academic and non-profit organizations have been established to research global catastrophic and existential risks, formulate potential mitigation measures, and either advocate for or implement these measures.
Pericalymma ellipticum
Pericalymma ellipticum, commonly known as a swamp teatree, is a plant species of the family Myrtaceae endemic to Western Australia.

The erect shrub typically grows to a height of 3 metres (9.8 ft). It blooms between October and January producing white-pink flowers.

It is found on elevated areas in swamps and on seasonally wet flats in the Peel, South West and Great Southern regions of Western Australia where it grows in leached sands to clay soils over laterite.

Peel (Western Australia)
The Peel region is one of the nine regional regions of Western Australia, as defined by the Regional Development Commissions Act 1993. It is located on the west coast of Western Australia, about 75 kilometres (47 mi) south of the state capital, Perth. It consists of the City of Mandurah, and the Shires of Boddington, Murray, Serpentine-Jarrahdale and Waroona.

The total area of the region is 6,648 square kilometres (2,567 sq mi). In 2017, Peel had a population of 136,854, of which over sixty percent lived in Mandurah. In June 2019 the total population for the constituent Local Government Areas (LGAs) was 142,960, within an area of 5,516.3 square kilometres (2,129.9 sq mi).
BC150
BC150 is the name given by the government of the Province of British Columbia, Canada, to a programme of events and celebrations that were held in 2008.  The motive for the commemoration, as cited by the provincial government, is the founding of the British Crown Colony of British Columbia 150 years earlier, in 1858.

A government hosted website — www.BC150.ca — was launched on January 31, 2008, but discontinued about April 2009.

Colony of Vancouver Island
The Colony of Vancouver Island, officially known as the Island of Vancouver and its Dependencies, was a Crown colony of British North America from 1849 to 1866, after which it was united with the mainland to form the Colony of British Columbia. The united colony joined Canadian Confederation, thus becoming part of Canada, in 1871. The colony comprised Vancouver Island and the Gulf Islands of the Strait of Georgia.
Megalobulimus cardosoi
Megalobulimus cardosoi is an extinct species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial gastropod mollusk in the family Strophocheilidae. This species was endemic to Brazil.
It was first described by Frederico Lange de Morretes

Strophocheilidae
Strophocheilidae is a taxonomic family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Acavoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Linda Lizotte-MacPherson
Linda Lizotte-MacPherson; Canadian public servant. She was the president of the Canada Border Services Agency from July 6, 2015, to December 2, 2016.

Lizotte-MacPherson is a graduate of Carleton University, where she earned a Bachelor of Commerce (honours) degree, and from Queen's University's Digital's Executive Development Program and finished the Board of Directors Program through the Institute of Corporate Directors. She was president of the Canada School of Public Service from October 2012 to July 2015. From October 2009 to October 2012, she was commissioner and chief executive officer of the Canada Revenue Agency. She was senior associate deputy minister of Human Resources and Skills Development Canada and chief operating officer for Service Canada. She was associate secretary of the Treasury Board from 2005 to 2008. She was also the first chief executive officer of the Canada Health Infoway Inc and chief information officer for the federal government from 1998 to 2000.

Institute of Corporate Directors
The Institute of Corporate Directors (ICD) is primarily an institute of, for and by corporate directors established in the Philippines. It is made up mainly of individuals and reputational agents committed to the professional practice of corporate directorship in line with global principles of modern corporate governance.
Stoma (medicine)
In anatomy, a stoma (pl.: stomata /ˈstoʊ.mə.tə/ or stomas) is any opening in the body. For example, a mouth, a nose, and an anus are natural stomata. Any hollow organ can be manipulated into an artificial stoma as necessary.  This includes the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, ileum, colon, pleural cavity, ureters, urinary bladder, and renal pelvis. Such a stoma may be permanent or temporary.

Surgical procedures that involve the creation of an artificial stoma have names that typically end with the suffix "-ostomy", and the same names are also often used to refer to the stoma thus created. For example, the word "colostomy" often refers either to an artificial anus or the procedure that creates one. Accordingly, it is not unusual for a stoma to be called an ostomy (plural ostomies), as is the norm in wound, ostomy, and continence nursing.

Bladder
The bladder (from Old English  blædre 'bladder, blister, pimple') is a hollow organ in humans and other vertebrates that stores urine from the kidneys. In placental mammals, urine enters the bladder via the ureters and exits via the urethra during urination. In humans, the bladder is a distensible organ that sits on the pelvic floor. The typical adult human bladder will hold between 300 and 500 ml (10 and 17 fl oz) before the urge to empty occurs, but can hold considerably more.

The Latin phrase for "urinary bladder" is vesica urinaria, and the term vesical or prefix vesico- appear in connection with associated structures such as vesical veins. The modern Latin word for "bladder" – cystis – appears in associated terms such as cystitis (inflammation of the bladder).
Scarlet Gruber
Scarlet Gruber (née Fernández, born on February 10, 1989)  in Caracas, Venezuela, is a Venezuelan actress and dancer best known for her performances in telenovelas. She is the daughter of former actress Astrid Gruber and singer Gabriel Fernández.

Venezuelans
Venezuelans (Spanish: venezolanos) are the citizens identified with the country of Venezuela. This connection may be through citizenship, descent or cultural. For most Venezuelans, many or all of these connections exist and are the source of their Venezuelan citizenship or their bond to Venezuela.

Venezuela is a diverse and multilingual country, home to a melting pot of people of distinct origins. As a result, many Venezuelans do not regard their nationality with ethnicity, but with citizenship or allegiance. From the 1820s to 1930s Venezuela received 2.1 million European immigrants, the third most in Latin America, behind Argentina and Brazil.
Corps of Firefighters of the Vatican City State
The Corps of Firefighters of the Vatican City State (Italian: Corpo dei vigili del fuoco dello Stato della Città del Vaticano; Latin: Corpora Ignis Pompierum Civitatis Vaticanae) is the fire brigade of the Vatican City State. It was founded in its present form by Pope Pius XII in 1941, although its origins are much older.

The patron saints of the Corps are Pope Leo IV, to whom tradition attributes the miraculous extinction of a fire in the Borgo district (event represented by Raphael's fresco of the Fire in the Borgo) and Saint Barbara, also the patron saint of firefighters in Italy. The anniversary of the celebration of the Corps is on 4 December.

Pope Leo IV
Pope Leo IV (died 17 July 855) was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 10 April 847 to his death in 855. He is remembered for repairing Roman churches that had been damaged during the Arab raid against Rome, and for building the Leonine Wall around Vatican Hill to protect the city. Pope Leo organized a league of Italian cities who fought and won the sea Battle of Ostia against the Saracens.
Schelling
Schelling is a surname. Notable persons with that name include:

Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (1775–1854), German philosopher

Caroline Schelling (1763–1809), German intellectual and wife of Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling

Felix Emanuel Schelling (1858–1945), American educator

Ernest Schelling (1876–1939), American composer

Erich Schelling (1904–1986), German architect

Thomas Schelling (1921–2016), American economist

Andrew Schelling (born 1953), American poet and translator

Hans Jörg Schelling (born 1953) Austrian entrepreneur

Hans Schelling (1954–2008), Dutch sailor

Florence Schelling (born 1989), Swiss ice hockey goaltender

Patrick Schelling (born 1990), Swiss cyclist

Florence Schelling
Florence Isabelle Schelling (born 9 March 1989) is a Swiss former professional ice hockey goaltender. She briefly served as general manager of SC Bern from 2020 to 2021. She was the first woman to be named GM of a professional men's team in the world. She was inducted into the IIHF Hall of Fame in 2026.

During her playing career, Schelling competed internationally with the Swiss women's national ice hockey team at the 2006 Winter Olympics, 2010 Winter Olympics and 2014 Winter Olympics. In the 2012 CWHL Draft, Schelling was selected by the Montreal Stars, but opted to play the 2012–13 season with the Brampton Thunder instead. She played with EHC Bülach of the Swiss men's National League B in the 2013–14 and 2014–15 seasons, the first and only woman to ever play in the league.
Oxyporus
Oxyporus is a genus of polypore fungi in the family Schizoporaceae. An individual family Oxyporaceae was described for the genus. A number of species in this genus are plant pathogens, causing a white rot. The genus is widely distributed.

Plant disease
Plant diseases are diseases in plants caused by pathogens (infectious organisms) and environmental conditions (physiological factors). Organisms that cause infectious disease include fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses, viroids, virus-like organisms, phytoplasmas, protozoa, nematodes and parasitic plants. Not included are ectoparasites like insects, mites, vertebrates, or other pests that affect plant health by eating plant tissues and causing injury that may admit plant pathogens. The study of plant disease is called plant pathology.
Philipp Nicodemus Frischlin
Philipp Nicodemus Frischlin (also spelled Nikodemus) (22 September 1547 – 29 November 1590) was a German philologist, poet, playwright, mathematician, and astronomer, born at Erzingen, today part of Balingen in Württemberg, where his father was parish minister.

Württemberg
Württemberg (/ˈwɜːrtəmbɜːrɡ, ˈvɜːrt-/ WURT-əm-burg, VURT-; German: [ˈvʏʁtəmbɛʁk] ⓘ) is a historical German territory roughly corresponding to the cultural and linguistic region of Swabia. The main town of the region is Stuttgart.

Together with Baden and Hohenzollern, two other historical territories, Württemberg now forms the Federal State of Baden-Württemberg. Württemberg was formerly also spelled Würtemberg and Wirtemberg.
Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy
The Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy (French title: Revue canadienne d'ergothérapie) is a peer-reviewed academic journal that covers the field of occupational therapy. The editor-in-chief is Catherine Vallée (Université Laval). It was established in 1933 and is published by SAGE Publications.

Université Laval
Université Laval is a public research university in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. The university traces its roots to the Séminaire de Québec, founded by François de Montmorency-Laval in 1663, making it the oldest institution of higher education in Canada and the first North American institution to offer higher education in French. The university, which was founded in Old Québec, moved to a new campus in the 1950s in the suburban borough of Sainte-Foy–Sillery–Cap-Rouge. It is ranked among the top 10 Canadian universities in research funding and holds four Canada Excellence Research Chairs.