hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Spin model
A spin model is a mathematical model used in physics primarily to explain magnetism. Spin models may either be classical or quantum mechanical in nature. Spin models have been studied in quantum field theory as examples of integrable models. Spin models are also used in quantum information theory and computability theory in theoretical computer science. The theory of spin models is a far reaching and unifying topic that cuts across many fields.

Mathematical model
A mathematical model is an abstract description of a concrete  system using mathematical concepts and language. The process of developing a mathematical model is termed mathematical modeling. Mathematical models are used in many fields, including applied mathematics, natural sciences, social sciences and engineering. In particular, the field of operations research studies the use of mathematical modelling and related tools to solve problems in business or military operations. A model may help to characterize a system by studying the effects of different components, which may be used to make predictions about behavior or solve specific problems.
Polar Science
Polar Science is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research related to the polar regions of the Earth and other planets. It is published by Elsevier on behalf of the National Institute of Polar Research (Japan). It covers a wide range of fields, including atmospheric science, oceanography, glaciology and environmental science. The editor-in-chief is Takashi Yamanouchi (National Institute of Polar Research and Sōkendai).

The journal is hybrid open access. By paying a fee, authors can choose to make their papers open access at the time of publication. All papers that are over 24 months old are freely available to the community via ScienceDirect.

ScienceDirect
ScienceDirect is a searchable web-based bibliographic database, which provides  access to full texts  of scientific and medical publications of the Dutch publisher Elsevier as well of several small academic publishers. It hosts over 18 million publications from more than 4,000 academic journals and 30,000 e-books. The access to the full-text requires subscription, while the bibliographic metadata are free to read.  ScienceDirect was launched by Elsevier in March 1997.
Shubel Smith House
The Shubel Smith House, also known as Stonecroft, is a historic house at 515 Pumpkin Hill Road in Ledyard, Connecticut.  It was built in 1807 as the estate of Shubel Smith, a sea captain, and is one of Ledyard's finest surviving farmhouses from that period.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.  The listing included three contributing buildings on a 6.5-acre (2.6 ha) area, including the Georgian Colonial house and the "Yellow Barn" as well as a smaller outbuilding. Both of the large buildings have modernized interiors, serving as a bed and breakfast called Stonecroft Country Inn.

Ledyard, Connecticut
Ledyard (/ˈlɛdʒɜːrd/ LEH-jerd) is a town in New London County, Connecticut, United States, located along the Thames River. The town is named after Colonel William Ledyard, a Revolutionary War officer who was killed at the Battle of Groton Heights. The town is part of the Southeastern Connecticut Planning Region. The population was 15,413 at the 2020 census. The Foxwoods Resort Casino, owned and operated by the Mashantucket Pequot Tribe, is located in the northeastern section of Ledyard, on the reservation owned by the tribe.

Ledyard's zip code is 06339. Within the southwestern area of Ledyard is the district known as Gales Ferry, which has the postal code 06335. In the northeast is Mashantucket, with the postal code 06338.
Jean-Claude Casanova
Jean-Claude Casanova (born 11 June 1934) is a French economist, educator and public intellectual with a lifetime involvement in French civic life. He was the chairman of the Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques between 2007 and 2016. A centrist in politics, he cofounded the journal Commentaire with Raymond Aron in 1978, and since then has been its editor and publisher (directeur).

Civic engagement
Civic engagement or civic participation is any individual or group activity addressing issues of public concern. Civic engagement includes communities working together or individuals working alone in both political and non-political actions to protect public values or make a change in a community. The goal of civic engagement is to address public concerns and improve the quality of community life.

Civic engagement is "a process in which people take collective action to address issues of public concern" and is "instrumental to democracy". Underrepresentation in government can lead to the concerns of minority, low-income, and younger populations being overlooked. In turn, issues for higher voting groups are addressed more frequently, causing more bills to be passed to fix these problems.
Millwood, California
Millwood was a lumber boomtown located in present-day Sequoia National Forest near Converse Basin Grove in California. It was established in 1891 by the Kings River Lumber Company and was connected to the Sequoia Railroad, which brought logs to the town to be turned into rough lumber. The lumber was then transported by log flume to Sanger, a journey of 54 miles. At its peak, Millwood had a population of over 2,000 people and featured two hotels, a summer school, and a post office. However, today there are no remaining structures or buildings at the Millwood site.

Log flume
A log flume or lumber flume is a watertight flume constructed to transport lumber and logs down mountainous terrain using flowing water. Flumes replaced horse- or oxen-drawn carriages on dangerous mountain trails in the late 19th century. Logging operations preferred flumes whenever a reliable source of water was available. Flumes were cheaper to build and operate than logging railroads. They could span long distances across chasms with more lightweight trestles.

Flumes remained in widespread use through the early 20th century. The logging truck replaced both the logging railroad and the flume after WWII. Today, log flumes remain in the popular imagination as amusement park rides.
Najla Mohamed-Lamin
Najla Mohamed-Lamin (Arabic: نجلاء محمد الأمين; born 1989) is a Sahrawi human rights activist and teacher who focuses on women's rights and environment issues. She established the Almasar Library Centre, which educates women and children living in Sahrawi refugee camps about climate change.

Sahrawis
The Sahrawis, or Sahrawi people (Arabic: صحراويون, romanized: Ṣaḥrāwīyūn; Spanish: saharauis), are an ethnic group native to the western part of the Sahara desert, which includes the Western Sahara, southern Morocco, much of Mauritania, and along the southwestern border of Algeria. They are of mixed Hassani Arab and Sanhaji Berber descent, as well as West African and other indigenous populations.

As with most peoples living in the Sahara, the Sahrawi culture is a mix of Arab colonial and indigenous African elements. Sahrawis are composed of many tribes and are largely speakers of the Hassaniya dialect of Arabic.
Akhmeteli–Varketili Line
The Akhmeteli–Varketili Line (Georgian: ახმეტელი-ვარკეთილის ხაზი) (formerly known as Didube–Samgori and Gldani–Varketili line; and also alternatively written as Akhmeteli Theatre–Varketili line) is a line of the Tbilisi Metro, which was opened to the public on 11 January 1966 as a first stage of the metro system and currently cuts the city on north-south axis.  The line operates on approximately 19.6 kilometres of route and serves 16 stations.

The line is also colloquially known as the First Line, which is also used as a reference by metro station announcers.

Prague Metro
The Prague Metro (Czech: Pražské metro) is the rapid transit network of Prague, Czech Republic. Founded in 1974, the system consists of three lines (A, B and C) serving 61 stations (predominantly with island platforms), and is 65.2 kilometres (40.5 mi) long. The system served 568 million passengers in 2021 (about 1.55 million daily). The metro is part of Prague Integrated Transport system (Pražská integrovaná doprava, PID) and is operated by the Prague Public Transit Company (Dopravní podnik hlavního města Prahy, DPP).

Two types of rolling stock are used on the Metro: the 81-71M (a completely modernized variant of the original 81-717/714.1), and the Metro M1. All the lines are controlled automatically from the central dispatching, near I.P. Pavlova station.
Olga Shevchenko
Olga Shevchenko is a Russian ski-orienteering competitor and world champion. She won a gold medal in the relay event at the World Ski Orienteering Championships in Moscow in 2007, together with Natalia Tomilova and Tatiana Vlasova. She received a bronze medal in the long distance in Levi in 2005.

She finished third in the overall World Cup in Ski Orienteering in 2007/2008, behind Tatiana Vlasova  Liisa Anttila.

World Ski Orienteering Championships
The World Ski Orienteering Championships (WSOC) is the official event to award the titles of World Champions in ski orienteering. The World Championships is organized every odd year. The programme includes Sprint, Middle and Long Distance competitions, and a Relay for both men and women. The first WSOC was held in 1975.
Bogdanovsky rybopitomnik
Bogdanovsky rybopitomnik (Russian: Богдановский рыбопитомник) is a rural locality (a selo) in Nebylovskoye Rural Settlement, Yuryev-Polsky District, Vladimir Oblast, Russia. The population was 5 as of 2010.

Vladimir Oblast
Vladimir Oblast (Russian: Влади́мирская о́бласть, romanized: Vladimirskaya oblastʹ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Vladimir, which is located 190 kilometers (120 mi) east of Moscow. As of the 2010 Census, the oblast's population was 1,443,693.

The UNESCO World Heritage List includes the 12th-century cathedrals of Vladimir, Suzdal, Bogolyubovo, and Kideksha.
Dorothy Gwajima
Dorothy Onesphoro Gwajima also known Gwajima Dorothy is a Tanzanian CCM politician and a nominated cabinet member since 2020. She was appointed by President John Magufuli into the Magufuli cabinet as the Minister of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elders and Children. She continued in this role following the death of John Magufuli, however, in January 2022 the ministry was split and she became the new Minister of Community Development, Gender, Women and Special Groups.

She became widely known after announcing that Tanzania did not plan to order any COVID-19 vaccines and promoting steam inhalation as a cure against the virus, along with a vegetable smoothie recipe and other cures, in line with President Magufuli's claims.

Magufuli cabinets
The Magufuli Cabinet was formed by President of Tanzania John Magufuli after taking the oath of office on 5 November 2015. Magufuli won the 2015 general election with 58% of the vote in a tightly contested race against ex-CCM Chadema rival Edward Lowassa. After being sworn in on 5 November 2015, Magufuli announced his cabinet almost a month later, on 10 December 2015. He reduced the cabinet to 19 ministers from 30 in the previous cabinet. The Second Cabinet's tenure was cut short on 19 March 2021, following the death of President John Magufuli, and the swearing-in of Samia Suluhu Hassan as the new president.
Curley Court
Curley Court was a dormitory for 98 upper-class students at The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, United States. Constructed in 1998 and named for the university's former chancellor, Cardinal Michael Curley, it was renovated in 2007. Curley Court consisted of 24 occupied mobile homes with one additional trailer serving as a laundry facility.  Curley Court was last occupied by students in the Fall 2014 semester and removed beginning in the Spring 2015. New construction and reconfigured parking will replace Curley Court.

It was deconstructed in 2015.

Michael Joseph Curley
Michael Joseph Curley (October 12, 1879 – May 16, 1947) was an Irish-born American Catholic prelate who served as the first archbishop of Washington in the District of Columbia from 1939 to 1947. He previously served as Archbishop of Baltimore in Maryland (1921–1947) and as bishop of St. Augustine in Florida (1914–1921).

Curley was known for his militancy in protecting the rights of Catholics and of his dioceses against perceived and real attacks from outside forces. As bishop of St. Augustine, he fought anti-Catholic efforts by the State of Florida and the Jesuits to claim what he felt was his rightful authority.

As archbishop of Baltimore and later Washington, he denounced the oppression of Catholic clergy in Mexico and Spain and of Jews in Germany. Curley is also known for his strong program of school construction in the Archdiocese of Baltimore.
Zygmunt A. Piotrowski
Zygmunt A. Piotrowski (1904–1985) was a Polish born American psychologist who worked on the Rorschach test. He received the Bruno Klopfer Award in 1971 and the Award for Distinguished Professional Contributions from the American Psychological Association in 1980.

Bruno Klopfer Award
The Bruno Klopfer Award is an award for lifetime achievement in personality psychology managed by the Society for Personality Assessment. It is the Society's most prestigious award and is named after the Society's founder Bruno Klopfer.

It was first awarded in 1965 as the "Great Man Award", but was renamed in 1970 after it was bestowed on a woman.
Add a Friend
Add a Friend is a German comedy-drama created and written by Sebastian Wehlings and Christian Lyra for TNT Serie. The series follows a group of people and their lives in the social network.

This is the first German production produced exclusively for premium television. A first season consisting of ten episodes were ordered. Add a Friend is set to premiere on September 19, 2012, on Wednesday nights at 8:15 pm.

WarnerTV Serie
WarnerTV Serie (formerly TNT Serie) is a German pay television channel dedicated to broadcast television series. The channel changed its name to WarnerTV Serie on 25 September 2021, after an announcement made on 14 June that year.
Boleyn Ground
The Boleyn Ground, more often referred to as Upton Park, was a football stadium in Upton Park, East London, England. It was the home of West Ham United from 1904 to 2016, and was briefly used by Charlton Athletic in the early 1990s. The seating capacity of the ground at closure was 35,016.

From the 2016–17 season, West Ham United have played their home matches at London Stadium in nearby Stratford. The last first-class match played at the Boleyn Ground was on 10 May 2016, a 3–2 West Ham United win in the Premier League against Manchester United.

The stadium was demolished in 2016 to make way for a new development.

Dr. Martens
Dr. Martens, also known as Doc Martens, Docs, or DMs, is a British footwear and clothing brand. Although most known for its durable footwear, it also makes a range of accessories, including clothing and bags. The footwear is distinguished by its air-cushioned sole, upper shape, welted construction, and yellow stitching. The company's global head office and design studio is located in Camden Town, London.

Dr. Martens manufactures in the UK (at the brand's historic Cobbs lane factory in Wollaston, Northamptonshire), China, Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand. The company is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index. According to the BBC, "the company still makes more than half of its revenues from the original 1460 boot and sister product the 1461 shoe. The numbers refer to the dates they were introduced — 1 April 1960 and 1961."
Aepeomys
Aepeomys is a small genus of rodents in the family Cricetidae. The species in this genus are found in Ecuador (A. lugens) and Venezuela (both species).

It contains the following two species:

Olive montane mouse (Aepeomys lugens)

Reig's montane mouse (Aepeomys reigi)

Cricetidae
The Cricetidae are a family of rodents in the large and complex superfamily Muroidea. It includes true hamsters, voles, lemmings, muskrats, and New World rats and mice. At over 870 species, it is either the largest or second-largest family of mammals, and has members throughout the Americas, Europe and Asia.
Critical point (thermodynamics)
Subcritical ethane, liquid and gas phase coexist.

Critical point (32.17 °C, 48.72 bar), displaying critical opalescence.

Supercritical ethane, fluid.

In thermodynamics, a critical point (or critical state) is the end point of a phase equilibrium curve. One example is the liquid–vapor critical point, the end point of the pressure–temperature curve that designates conditions under which a liquid and its vapor can coexist. At higher temperatures, the gas comes into a supercritical phase, and so cannot be liquefied by pressure alone. At the critical point, defined by a critical temperature Tc and a critical pressure pc, phase boundaries vanish. Other examples include the liquid–liquid critical points in mixtures, and the ferromagnet–paramagnet transition (Curie temperature) in the absence of an external magnetic field.

Fluid
In physics, a fluid is a liquid, gas, or other material that may continuously move and deform (flow) under an applied shear stress, or external force. They have zero shear modulus, or, in simpler terms, are substances which cannot resist any shear force applied to them.
1636: The Saxon Uprising
1636: The Saxon Uprising is an alternate history novel by Eric Flint in the 1632 series, first published in hardcover by Baen Books on March 29, 2011, with a paperback edition following from the same publisher in March 2012. It is a direct continuation of 1635: The Eastern Front. The threads mentioned in this novel are taken up in 1637: The Polish Maelstrom.

Eric Flint
Eric Flint (February 6, 1947 – July 17, 2022) was an American author, editor, and e-publisher. The majority of his works are alternate history science fiction, but he also wrote humorous fantasy adventures. His works have been listed on The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post, and Locus magazine best-seller lists. He was a co-founder and editor of the Baen Free Library.
Walter Lenox
Walter Lenox (August 17, 1817 – July 16, 1874) was mayor of Washington, D.C., from 1850 to 1852. He was the only mayor of Washington City born within the city and one of just two born in the District of Columbia.

Mayor of the District of Columbia
The mayor of the District of Columbia is the head of the executive branch of the government of the District of Columbia. The mayor has the duty to enforce district laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the D.C. Council. In addition, the mayor oversees all district services, public property, police and fire protection, most public agencies, and the district public school system.

The mayor's office oversees an annual district budget of $8.8 billion.
The mayor's executive office is located in the John A. Wilson Building in Downtown. The mayor appoints several officers, including the deputy mayors for Education and Planning & Economic Development, the district administrator, the chancellor of the district's public schools, and the department heads of the district agencies.
Chambray-lès-Tours
Chambray-lès-Tours (French pronunciation: [ʃɑ̃bʁɛ lɛ tuʁ] ⓘ, literally Chambray near Tours) is a commune in the Indre-et-Loire department, central France. It is the birthplace of professional footballers Mikaël Silvestre and Adam Ounas.

Indre-et-Loire
Indre-et-Loire (French pronunciation: [ɛ̃.dʁ‿e.lwaʁ] ⓘ) is a department in west-central France named after the Indre River and Loire River. In 2019, it had a population of 610,079. Sometimes referred to as Touraine, the name of the historic region, it is nowadays part of the Centre-Val de Loire region. Its prefecture is Tours and subprefectures are Chinon and Loches. Indre-et-Loire is a touristic destination for its numerous monuments that are part of the Châteaux of the Loire Valley.
1954 Tour de France, Stage 13 to Stage 23
The 1954 Tour de France was the 41st edition of Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. The Tour began in Amsterdam with a flat stage on 8 July and Stage 13 occurred on 21 July with a flat stage from Luchon. The race finished in Paris on 1 August.

Briançon
Briançon (French: [bʁijɑ̃sɔ̃] ⓘ, Occitan: [bɾjanˈsun]) is the sole subprefecture of the Hautes-Alpes department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in Southeastern France. It is the highest city in France at an altitude of 1,326 metres (4,350 feet), based on the national definition as a community containing more than 2,000 inhabitants. It has about 11,000 inhabitants.

Briançon has been part of the Fortifications of Vauban UNESCO World Heritage Sites since they were established in 2008.
Idro, Lombardy
Idro (Brescian: Ider) is a town and comune in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy. It is situated near the southwestern end of Lake Idro, and at the northeastern end of the Valle Sabbia. Bordering communes are Anfo, Bagolino, Bondone, Capovalle, Lavenone, Treviso Bresciano and Valvestino.

Eastern Lombard dialects
Eastern Lombard is a group of closely related variants of Lombard, a Gallo-Italic language
 spoken in Lombardy, mainly in the provinces of Bergamo, Brescia and Mantua, in the area around Cremona and in parts of Trentino. Its main variants are Bergamasque and Brescian.

In Italian-speaking contexts, Eastern Lombard is often called as dialetti (lit. 'dialects'), understood to mean not a variety of Italian, but a local language that is part of the Romance languages dialect continuum that pre-dates the establishment of Tuscan-based Italian.

Eastern Lombard and Italian have only limited mutual intelligibility, like many other Romance languages spoken in Italy.

Eastern Lombard does not have any official status either in Lombardy or anywhere else: the only official language in Lombardy is Italian.
Geology of Cameroon
The geology of Cameroon is almost universally Precambrian metamorphic and igneous basement rock, formed in the Archean as part of the Congo Craton and the Central African Mobile Zone and covered in laterite, recent sediments and soils. Some parts of the country have sequences of sedimentary rocks from the Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic as well as volcanic rock produced by the 1600 kilometer Cameroon Volcanic Line, which includes the still-active Mount Cameroon. The country is notable for gold, diamonds and some onshore and offshore oil and gas.

Igneous rock
Igneous rock (igneous from Latin  igneus 'fiery'), or magmatic rock, is one of the three main rock types, the others being sedimentary and metamorphic. Igneous rocks are formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava.

The magma can be derived from partial melts of existing rocks in a terrestrial planet's mantle or crust. Typically, the melting is caused by one or more of three processes: an increase in temperature, a decrease in pressure, or a change in composition. Solidification into rock occurs either below the surface as intrusive rocks or on the surface as extrusive rocks. Igneous rock may form with crystallization to form granular, crystalline rocks, or without crystallization to form natural glasses.

Igneous rocks occur in a wide range of geological settings: shields, platforms, orogens, basins, large igneous provinces, extended crust and oceanic crust.