hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gauss's lemma (Riemannian geometry)
In Riemannian geometry, Gauss's lemma asserts that any sufficiently small sphere centered at a point in a Riemannian manifold is perpendicular to every geodesic through the point.  More formally, let M be a Riemannian manifold, equipped with its Levi-Civita connection, and p a point of M.  The exponential map is a mapping from the tangent space at p to M:

which is a diffeomorphism in a neighborhood of zero.  Gauss' lemma asserts that the image of a sphere of sufficiently small radius in TpM under the exponential map is perpendicular to all geodesics originating at p. The lemma allows the exponential map to be understood as a radial isometry, and is of fundamental importance in the study of geodesic convexity and normal coordinates.

Diffeomorphism
In mathematics, a diffeomorphism is an isomorphism of differentiable manifolds. It is an invertible function that maps one differentiable manifold to another such that both the function and its inverse are continuously differentiable.
Lawrance A-3
The Lawrance A-3 or Lawrance Model A was an American twin-cylinder aircraft piston engine. Designed by Charles Lawrance in the mid-1910s the engine was produced by the Lawrance Aero Engine Company and under license by Excelsior. Weighing 200 lb (90 kg) the engine produced 28 horsepower (21 kW). A feature of this engine was the shared use of a single crankpin for both cylinders, this caused vibration as the pistons moved in the same direction.

Crankpin
A crankpin or crank pin, also known as a rod bearing journal, is a mechanical device in an engine which connects the crankshaft to the connecting rod for each cylinder. It has a cylindrical surface, to allow the crankpin to rotate relative to the "big end" of the connecting rod.

The most common configuration is for a crankpin to serve one cylinder. However, many V engines have each crankpin shared by each pair of cylinders.
Manik Gupta
Manik Gupta (born 16 December 1990) is an Indian first-class cricketer who plays for Jammu and Kashmir. He made his Twenty20 debut for Jammu and Kashmir in the 2016–17 Inter State Twenty-20 Tournament on 29 January 2017.

Jammu and Kashmir cricket team
The Jammu and Kashmir cricket team is a cricket team based in the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, run by JKCA. It is in the Elite Group C of the Ranji Trophy. Its main home ground is the Sher-i-Kashmir Stadium in Srinagar, and it also plays at Gandhi Memorial Science College Ground in Jammu.
Nebyloye
Nebyloye (Russian: Небылое) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Nebylovskoye Rural Settlement, Yuryev-Polsky District, Vladimir Oblast, Russia. The population was 1,528 as of 2010. There are 12 streets.

Vladimir Oblast
Vladimir Oblast (Russian: Влади́мирская о́бласть, romanized: Vladimirskaya oblastʹ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Vladimir, which is located 190 kilometers (120 mi) east of Moscow. As of the 2010 Census, the oblast's population was 1,443,693.

The UNESCO World Heritage List includes the 12th-century cathedrals of Vladimir, Suzdal, Bogolyubovo, and Kideksha.
Waslala
Waslala is a town and a municipality in the North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region of Nicaragua. It is located 71 miles from Matagalpa and 161 miles from Managua.

The Nicaraguan Revolution affected Waslala tremendously - it was the location of many guerrilla fights.  The city has electricity, television and cable service, and cell phone service.  Few of the 95 outlying communities have electricity or running water although some business owners have generators for limited power supplies.

Many organizations are working in Waslala to help the community build the local economy and improve the health of the people that live there including Water for Waslala  and Pigs for Kids.

Matagalpa
Matagalpa (Spanish pronunciation: [mataˈɣalpa]) is a city in Nicaragua which is the capital of the department of Matagalpa. The city has a population of 112,697 (2022 estimate), while the population of the department is 606,643. Matagalpa is Nicaragua's seventh largest city, the largest in the country's interior, and one of the most commercially active outside of Managua. Matagalpa is known as the "Pearl of the North" and "Land of Eternal Spring."
Bodrumkale
Bodrumkale is a castle ruin in Osmaniye Province, Turkey. It is situated on a hill, about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) away from Osmaniye. The castle is to the northeast of the ancient city of Castabala. In medieval times it controlled the road from Central Anatolia to the Mediterranean coast. In 1973 an archaeological assessment and accurate plan were published.  The castle is divided into two baileys or wards and has six towers.  Most of its masonry was cut directly from the limestone outcrop and not plundered from the ancient city below.  The lower level of the south tower functioned as a cistern. The survey was conducted under the auspices of the University of California at Berkeley.

It is dated to 13th century during the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. When the castle was captured by the Ramadanids in the 14th century, it was already abandoned.

Central Anatolia region
The Central Anatolia region (Turkish: İç Anadolu Bölgesi) is a geographical region of Turkey. The largest city in the region is Ankara, the capital of Turkey. Other large cities are Konya, Kayseri, Eskişehir, Sivas, Aksaray and Kırşehir.

Located in Central Turkey, it is bordered by the Aegean region to the west, the Black Sea region to the north, the Eastern Anatolia region to the east, and the Mediterranean region to the south. It also shares a very slight border with the Marmara region in Bilecik Province.
Vögelinsegg railway station
Vögelinsegg station is a railway station in the municipality of Speicher, in the canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Switzerland. It is located along St. Gallerstrasse on the 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) Appenzell–St. Gallen–Trogen line of Appenzell Railways (Appenzeller Bahnen, AB), and is served by local light rail trains only.

The station is close to the ski lift Vögelinsegg.

Appenzell Railways
Appenzell Railways (German: Appenzeller Bahnen, AB) is a Swiss railway company with headquarters in Herisau. It operates a network of railways and a bus line in the cantons of Appenzell Innerrhoden, Appenzell Ausserrhoden, St. Gallen and Thurgau.

It was founded in 2006 through the merger of the former Appenzeller Bahnen (founded in 1988) with the Rorschach–Heiden railway, Rheineck–Walzenhausen mountain railway and Trogenerbahn. In 2021, AB acquired the Frauenfeld-Wil railway.
Amblypomacentrus vietnamicus
Amblypomacentrus vietnamicus is a species of ray-finned fish from the family Pomacentridae, the damselfishes and clownfishes. It was described in 2004 from the South China Sea off Vietnam, It differs from its congeners in lacking the dark bars seen in Amblypomacentrus breviceps and A. clarus.

Damselfish
Damselfish are fish within the subfamilies Abudefdufinae, Chrominae, Lepidozyginae, Pomacentrinae, and Stegastinae within the family Pomacentridae.

Most species within this group are relatively small, although the four largest species (Hypsypops rubicundus, Microspathodon bairdii, M. dorsalis and Nexilosus latifrons) can reach 30cm (12 in) in length. Most damselfish species exist only in marine environments, but a few inhabit brackish or fresh water. These fish are found globally in tropical, subtropical, and temperate waters.
Liz Whitney Tippett
Mary Elizabeth Whitney Person Lunn Tippett (born Mary Elizabeth Altemus; June 18, 1906 – October 30, 1988) was a wealthy American socialite and philanthropist who was a champion horsewoman and for more than fifty years, a prominent owner/breeder of Thoroughbred racehorses.

San Juan Capistrano Stakes
The San Juan Capistrano Stakes is  a Grade III American  thoroughbred horse race for horses age three and older over a distance of 1 mile 1,232 yd (2.736 km) run on the turf track held at Santa Anita Park in Arcadia, California in June. The event currently offers a purse of $100,000. It is one of the longest graded grass races in the United States.
Aliran Kepercayaan
Aliran Kepercayaan (lit. 'the branches/flows of beliefs') is an official cover term for groups of followers of various religious movements. It also includes various, partly syncretic forms of mysticism of new religious movements in Indonesia, such as kebatinan, kejiwaan and kerohanian. In the Indonesian language, it is also used for new religious movements in other parts of the world. Based on data collected by the Indonesian Conference on Religion and Peace (ICRP), there are about 245 indigenous religions in Indonesia.

Religious syncretism
Religious syncretism is the blending of religious belief systems into a new system, or the incorporation of other beliefs into an existing religious tradition.

This can occur for many reasons, where religious traditions exist in proximity to each other, or when a culture is conquered and the conquerors bring their religious beliefs with them, but do not succeed in eradicating older beliefs and practices.

Many religions have syncretic elements, but adherents often frown upon the application of the label, especially those who belong to "revealed" religions, such as Abrahamic religions, or any system with an exclusivist approach, seeing syncretism as corrupting the original religion. Non-exclusivist systems of belief on the other hand feel more free to incorporate  other traditions into their own.
History of the Russian Revolution
History of the Russian Revolution is a three-volume book by Leon Trotsky on the Russian Revolution of 1917. The first volume is dedicated to the political history of the February Revolution and the October Revolution, to explain the relations between these two events. The book was initially published in Germany in 1930. It was originally published in Russian, but it was translated into English by Max Eastman in 1932. The English translation of the second volume, originally consisting of two parts, is split into two volumes. The book was considered anti-Stalinist in the Soviet Union and was not published in Russia until 1997.

Political history
Political history is the narrative and survey of political events, ideas, movements, organs of government, voters, parties and leaders. It is closely related to other fields of history, including diplomatic history, constitutional history, social history, people's history, and public history. Political history studies the organization and operation of power in large societies.

From approximately the 1960s onwards, the rise of competing subdisciplines, particularly social history and cultural history, led to a decline in the prominence of "traditional" political history, which tended to focus on the activities of political elites. In the two decades from 1975 to 1995, the proportion of professors of history in American universities identifying with social history rose from 31% to 41%, and the proportion of political historians fell from 40% to 30%.
Jessica Wesson
Jessica Wesson is an American former child actress. She is best known for her recurring role as Jennifer Sudarsky, Brad's (Zachery Ty Bryan) first girlfriend on the sitcom Home Improvement, and having supporting roles in the Universal films Casper and Flipper in the 1990s.

In 1993 and 1997, Wesson was nominated for a Young Artist Award for Home Improvement and Flipper. She also co-starred in the film Milk Money (1994).

Wesson guest starred in the television series Baywatch, Boy Meets World and Odd Man Out. In 2001, she had a recurring role as Katie Albright on Judging Amy. Her last acting credit was a role in the 2001 film Longshot.

Odd Man Out (American TV series)
Odd Man Out is an American sitcom that aired on the ABC television network as a part of the TGIF lineup. It aired from September 24, 1999, to January 7, 2000. This show was created by Ed Decter and John J. Strauss.
Program 81/82
Program 81, later Program 82 was a new wave band from Bergen, Norway.
After a self-titled mini LP and the LP Try to reach ... both of which came in 1981, the singer «Pjusken» replaced by Kate Augestad. At the end they changed their name to Program 82. At the same time they started to perform their music with English lyrics and released the album Pictures. At the next turn of the year, however, they chose to keep the name, and they returned to sing Norwegian texts. Slippe fri (1983) was the last album by Program 82.

Although the band released four albums on the Åge Aleksandersen label "Norsk Plateselskap", they never became any rock stars other than in Bergen. Hovland, Kalvenes and Augestad has contributed in a number of different bands and projects in Bergen. Hovlan also regular with guitarist  Mads Eriksen, and touring with  Terje Rypdal and  Chris Thompson.

Åge Aleksandersen
Åge Aleksandersen (born 21 March 1949) is a Norwegian singer, songwriter and guitarist. He is one of his country's best known musicians.
Some of his most well known songs are "Lys og varme" ("Light and Warmth"), "Fire pils og en pizza" ("Four Beers and a Pizza"), Levva Livet (Living Life) and "Rosalita".

Together with Sambandet, he participated in Melodi Grand Prix 1980 with the song "Bjørnen sover" ("The Bear Is Sleeping"), ultimately coming second. He also wrote and performed "Snørosa" ("The Snowrose"), the official song of the 1997 Nordic skiing World Championship (held in Trondheim) together with two other musicians from the region, Ulf Risnes and Bjarne Brøndbo and the Nidaros Cathedral Boys' Choir.

Aleksandersen has sold almost 1.5 million copies of his many albums in Norway alone.
2017 Dubai Tennis Championships – Women's doubles
Chuang Chia-jung and Darija Jurak were the defending champions, but chose not to participate together. Chuang played alongside Zheng Saisai, but lost in the first round to Gabriela Dabrowski and Jeļena Ostapenko. Jurak teamed up with Anastasia Rodionova, but lost in the second round to Dabrowski and Ostapenko.

Ekaterina Makarova and Elena Vesnina won the title, defeating Andrea Hlaváčková and Peng Shuai in the final, 6–2, 4–6, [10–7].

Zheng Saisai
Zheng Saisai or Zheng Sai-Sai (Chinese: 郑赛赛; born 5 February 1994) is a Chinese tennis player. She has a best singles ranking of 34, achieved March 2020, and a career-high doubles ranking of No. world 15, achieved on 11 July 2016. In her career, she has won one singles title in 2019 (at the Premier event in Silicon Valley), and six doubles titles on the WTA Tour. She also reached the final of the 2019 French Open in doubles with compatriot Duan Yingying.

In addition, she won three singles and three doubles titles at WTA 125 tournaments, as well as twelve singles and nine doubles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit.

Playing for China Fed Cup team, Zheng has a win–loss record of 11–7 as of September 2024.
Oreosaurus mcdiarmidi
Oreosaurus mcdiarmidi is a species of lizard in the family Gymnophthalmidae. It is endemic to Chimantá Massif in Venezuela. It is named for Roy W. McDiarmid, American herpetologist, "for his contribution to the knowledge of the Pantepui herpetofauna".

Gymnophthalmidae
Gymnophthalmidae is a family of lizards with at least 250 species, sometimes known commonly as spectacled lizards or microteiids. They are called "spectacled" because of their transparent lower eyelids, which allow them to still see with closed eyes. As in most lizards, except geckos, these eyelids are movable. The Alopoglossidae have been recently moved from this family.
Brevik Bridge
Brevik Bridge (Norwegian: Breviksbrua) is one of two bridges that span the mouth of the Frierfjord. It connects the municipalities of Bamble and Porsgrunn in Telemark county. On the west side, in Bamble, lies the town of Stathelle, while on the east side lies the town of Brevik in Porsgrunn.

When the bridge opened in May 1962, it was part of the European route E18 highway. In 1996, the nearby Grenland Bridge (Grenlandsbrua) opened, taking over this role. Today, it is part of national road 354.

Porsgrunn
Porsgrunnⓘ is a municipality in Telemark county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Grenland. The administrative centre of the municipality is the city of Porsgrunn. Some other notable settlements in Porsgrunn include the town of Brevik and the villages of Langangen and Heistad.

The 164-square-kilometre (63 sq mi) municipality is the 315th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Porsgrunn is the 29th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 37,056. The municipality's population density is 230.5 inhabitants per square kilometre (597/sq mi) and its population has increased by 4.7% over the previous 10-year period. The conurbation of the cities of Porsgrunn and Skien is called Porsgrunn/Skien by Statistics Norway and it is considered to be the seventh-largest urban area in Norway.
Lake Meran
Lake Meran is a locality in north central Victoria, Australia. The locality is shared between the Shire of Gannawarra and the Shire of Loddon, 285 kilometres (177 mi) north west of the state capital, Melbourne.

At the 2016 census, Lake Meran had a population of 23. This had reduced to 22 at the 2021 census.

Shire of Gannawarra
The Shire of Gannawarra is a local government area in Victoria, Australia, located in the northern part of the state. It covers an area of 3,735 square kilometres (1,442 sq mi) and, in August 2021 had a population of 10,683. It includes the towns of Cohuna, Kerang, Koondrook, Leitchville and Quambatook.

The Shire is governed and administered by the Gannawarra Shire Council; its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the council headquarters in Kerang, it also has a service centre located in Cohuna.

The Shire is named after the locality of Gannawarra, roughly equidistant from the two main towns, which is in turn named for a 19th-century pastoral run. The underlying meaning of the name is variously given as "running water" or "geese".
Jean Laussucq
Jean Laussucq (French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃ losyk]; born 4 February 1990) is a French politician who was elected the deputy in the National Assembly for Paris's 2nd constituency in 2024. A former member of The Republicans (LR), he was the candidate of the Ensemble coalition, which did not renominate its outgoing deputy Gilles Le Gendre. He has also served as a Councillor of Paris for the 7th arrondissement since 2020. In July 2025, he was obliged to resigned from his deputy seat due to 21% irregular transactions during his campaign.

Ensemble (political coalition)
Ensemble (lit. 'Together', stylised in all caps), known in full as Ensemble pour la République (Together for the Republic), is a liberal political coalition in France created by Emmanuel Macron. Formed in November 2021 as Ensemble Citoyens, it makes up the presidential majority and includes Renaissance (RE, formerly known as En Marche and La République En Marche!), Democratic Movement (MoDem), Horizons, En Commun, and the Progressive Federation. The coalition included the parties Agir and Territories of Progress (TDP) until they were merged into the rebranded Renaissance. Ensemble has mainly been described as being centrist and sometimes as centre-right on the political spectrum.

After the 2022 French legislative election, the coalition won a plurality of seats but lost its majority in the National Assembly. In 2024, they were reduced further into third place in terms of votes but second in seats.
Earth Escape Explorer
Earth Escape Explorer (CU-E3) is a nanosatellite of the 6U CubeSat format that will demonstrate long-distance communications while in heliocentric orbit.

The Earth Escape Explorer spacecraft is a student-driven effort at University of Colorado Boulder to design and build the spacecraft as part of the NASA CubeQuest Challenge. It was planned to be one of thirteen CubeSats carried with the Artemis 1 mission into a heliocentric orbit in cislunar space on the maiden flight of the Space Launch System (SLS) and the Orion spacecraft, scheduled to launch in 2022. Delays caused the spacecraft to miss its integration window to be included on Artemis 1; a new launch provider has not yet been chosen.

Small satellite
A small satellite, miniaturized satellite, or smallsat is a satellite of low mass and size, usually under 1,200 kg (2,600 lb). While all such satellites can be referred to as "small", different classifications are used to categorize them based on mass. Satellites can be built small to reduce the large economic cost of launch vehicles and the costs associated with construction.  Miniature satellites, especially in large numbers, may be more useful than fewer, larger ones for some purposes – for example, gathering of scientific data and radio relay.  Technical challenges in the construction of small satellites may include the lack of sufficient power storage or of room for a propulsion system.
Chinese Taipei at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Taiwan competed as Chinese Taipei at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, where it sent 80 competitors in a record 15 sports. Since 1984, athletes from Taiwan have competed at the Olympics as "Chinese Taipei", not as the "Republic of China (ROC)", due to opposition from the People's Republic of China.

According to the Taipei Times,

For the Beijing Olympics, Taiwan has asked the International Olympic Committee to guarantee that there will be no political interference and no discrimination against Taiwanese athletes. China has promised that it will treat Taiwanese players fairly and in line with the Olympic Charter.

As in previous editions of the Summer Olympics, the flag of the Republic of China was not displayed. Instead, the Chinese Taipei Olympic flag was waved by fans, and displayed when the team won a medal. The National Banner Song, not the National Anthem of the Republic of China, was played at the gold medal ceremony.

Taipei Times
The Taipei Times is an English-language print newspaper in Taiwan published by the Liberty Times Group. It was founded as Taiwan's third English-language newspaper on 15 June 1999, and as of 2018 it was the last remaining English-language paper there to still have a print edition.
C. Hoare & Co
C. Hoare & Co., also known as Hoares, is a British private bank, founded in 1672 by Sir Richard Hoare. A twelfth-generation family business, it is owned by eight of Sir Richard's direct descendants. It is the oldest privately owned bank in the United Kingdom and reputedly the fourth-oldest in continuous operation globally. It is also the second oldest family owned bank in the world after the Berenberg Bank.

C. Hoare & Co. provides private banking services that include loans, mortgages and savings accounts. Over the years, its clients have included Samuel Pepys, John Dryden, Jane Austen and numerous members of the aristocracy; today, they are primarily high-net-worth individuals and families. The bank has two branches in London, 37 Fleet Street and 32 Lowndes Street.

John Dryden
John Dryden (/ˈdraɪdən/; 19 August [O.S. 9 August] 1631 – 12 May [O.S. 1 May] 1700) was an English poet, literary critic, translator, and playwright who in 1668 was appointed England's first Poet Laureate.

He is seen as dominating the literary life of Restoration England to such a point that the period came to be known in literary circles as the Age of Dryden. Romantic writer Sir Walter Scott called him "Glorious John".