hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Latham, New York
Latham is a hamlet and census-designated place in Albany County, New York, United States. It is located along U.S. Route 9 in the town of Colonie, a dense suburb north of Albany. In addition, Interstate 87 and NY Route 7 also run through the town itself. As of the 2020 census, the population was 13,680. Latham was a census-designated place in the 1970, 1980, and 1990 US Censuses, but ceased to be in the 2000 Census, then became a CDP again in 2020.

Mohawk River
The Mohawk River is a 149-mile-long (240 km) river in the U.S. state of New York. It is the largest tributary of the Hudson River, flowing into it in Cohoes, a few miles north of the state capital of Albany. The river is named for the Mohawk Nation of the Iroquois Confederacy. A significant portion of the river's valley served as the path of the Erie Canal, key to developing both New York state and the Great Lakes area.  The Mohawk's largest tributary, the Schoharie Creek, accounts for over one quarter (26.83%) of the river's watershed, with West Canada Creek contributing another 16.33% of total.
1995 Ivorian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Ivory Coast on 26 November 1995. Ten parties and a number of independents contested the election, with the Rally of the Republicans and the Ivorian Popular Front running under the Republican Front banner. The result was a victory for the ruling Democratic Party of Ivory Coast – African Democratic Rally (PDCI-RDA), which won 148 of the 175 seats.

The results in seven constituencies were annulled following the election, and reruns held on 27 December. As a result, the PDCI-RDA increased its number of seats to 150, whilst the opposition were reduced to 25.

Rally of the Republicans
The Rally of the Republicans (French: Rassemblement des Républicains; abbreviated RDR) is a  liberal party in Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire). The party is the country's governing party; the party's leader, Alassane Ouattara, is the current President of Ivory Coast.
Rozhdestvenskoye, Republic of Bashkortostan
Rozhdestvenskoye (Russian: Рождественское) is a rural locality (a village) in Ilyino-Polyansky Selsoviet, Blagoveshchensky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 104 as of 2010. There are 2 streets.

Blagoveshchensky District, Bashkortostan
Blagoveshchensky District (Russian: Благове́щенский райо́н; Bashkir: Благовещен районы, romanized: Blagoveşçen rayonı) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifty-four in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia. It is located in the northern central part of the republic and borders with Karaidelsky District in the north, Nurimanovsky District in the east, Ufimsky District in the south, Kushnarenkovsky District in the southwest, Birsky District in the west, and with Mishkinsky District in the northwest. The area of the district is 2,250 square kilometers (870 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Blagoveshchensk (which is not administratively a part of the district). As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 15,497.
Ortaören, Silifke
Ortaören is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Silifke, Mersin Province, Turkey. Its population is 112 (2022). It is situated to the east of Göksu River valley. It is on the state highway D.715 which connects Silifke to Central Anatolia. Distance to Silifke is 24 kilometres (15 mi) and to Mersin is 109 kilometres (68 mi). The name of the village ("middle ruins") refer to the fact that there are ruins around the village. Main economic activities are animal breeding and farming.  The village produces olive and various fruits like citrus and grapes. Up to now, irrigation was a big problem. However, by the summer of 2012, the problem is solved and it is hoped that it will boost the agricultural production.

State road D.715 (Turkey)
State road D.715 is a north-to-south state road in Turkey. The northern end of the 415-kilometre (258 mi) road merges with State road D.750 at a location popularly known as Kulu makası (Kulu junction) north of Lake Tuz. The southern end of the road merges with State road D.400 in Silifke. D-715 runs through the provinces of Konya, Karaman and Mersin.
MATRI Perlis
Ma’had atTarbiyah al-Islamiyah, commonly known as MATRI is the only private religious school in Perlis. Founded in 1987 by the late Dato' Kaya Bakti Ustaz Dahlan Mohd. Zain, MATRI celebrated its two decades of existence in May 2008 with the visit of over 10,000 visitors from all over Malaysia.

MATRI is located in Tunjung Village, Beseri, Perlis in Malaysia. Situated nearby a rubber plantation, MATRI is surrounded by greenery, with mountains as a background. This 16.2-hectare-school is accessible by road 14 kilometres from Kangar, the capital of Perlis. In 2008 there were 817 students in 34 classes.

Kangar
Kangar (Kedah Malay: Kangaq) is the state capital and the largest town in Perlis, Malaysia. It has a population of 48,898 and an area of 2,619.4 ha. It is located next to the Thailand border, in the northernmost point of Peninsular Malaysia. It is situated by the Perlis River.

The town is also a gathering centre for the paddy rice production of the surrounding district. Its municipal government is unified with that of the neighbouring communities of Arau and Kaki Bukit. The centre of Kangar is Sena Province. The town is the smallest state capital in Malaysia and its inhabitants are mostly farmers and civil servants. Its industries include cement, saw milling, rubber, paper, and processing of sugar and prawns.
Baytown Township Ground Water Plume
The Baytown Township Groundwater Plume is a Superfund site located east of the village of Lake Elmo, Minnesota, United States. The plume extends into Baytown and West Lakeland Townships and continues eastward approximately four miles to the St. Croix River. Baytown Township is a rapidly developing rural/suburban residential area on the eastern edge of the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area. The contaminated groundwater is primarily in the Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer, which is the major source of drinking water for many residents in the area through private and residential wells. The Lake Elmo Airport is located near the western end of the plume and is administered by the Metropolitan Airports Commission (MAC). An estimated 8,000 people live in the area; 80 percent of the residents use private wells for their water supply.

St. Croix River (Wisconsin–Minnesota)
The St. Croix River (/ˈseɪnt ˈkrɔɪ/ saynt KROY; French for 'Holy Cross'), also known in Dakota as Hoġan Wanḳe Kin, is a tributary of the Mississippi River, about 169 mi (272 km)  long, in the U.S. states of Wisconsin and Minnesota. The lower 125 mi (201 km)  of the river form the border between Wisconsin and Minnesota. The river is a National Scenic Riverway under the protection of the National Park Service. A hydroelectric plant at the Saint Croix Falls Dam supplies power to the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area.
Joseph Delboeuf
Joseph Rémi Léopold Delbœuf (30 September 1831, Liège, Belgium – 14 August 1896, Bonn, Germany) was a Belgian experimental psychologist who studied visual illusions including his work on the Delboeuf illusion. He studied and taught philosophy, mathematics, and psychophysics. He published works across a diverse range of subjects including the curative effects of hypnotism.

Experimental psychology
Experimental psychology is the work done by those who apply experimental methods to psychological study and the underlying processes. Experimental psychologists employ human participants and animal subjects to study a great many topics, including (among others) sensation, perception, memory, cognition, learning, motivation, emotion; developmental processes, social psychology, and the neural substrates of all of these.
Abell 262
Abell 262 is a galaxy cluster in the Abell catalogue. It is part of the Perseus–Pisces Supercluster, one of the largest known structures in the universe. Although its central galaxy, NGC 708, is a giant cD galaxy, most of its bright galaxies are spirals, which is unusual for a galaxy cluster. With approximately 200 members it is a comparatively small cluster.

Type-cD galaxy
The type-cD galaxy (also cD-type galaxy, cD galaxy) is a galaxy morphology classification, a subtype of type-D giant elliptical galaxy. Characterized by a large halo of stars, they can be found near the centres of some rich galaxy clusters. They are also known as supergiant ellipticals or central dominant galaxies.
Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission
Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission, 576 U.S. 787 (2015), was a United States Supreme Court case where the Court upheld the right of Arizona voters to remove the authority to draw election districts from the Arizona State Legislature and vest it in an independent redistricting commission. In doing so, the Court expressly rejected a nascent version of the independent state legislature theory.

Arizona State Legislature
33°26′53″N 112°5′47″W﻿ / ﻿33.44806°N 112.09639°W﻿ / 33.44806; -112.09639

The Arizona State Legislature is the state legislature of the U.S. state of Arizona. It is a bicameral legislature that consists of a lower house, the House of Representatives, and an upper house, the Senate. Composed of 90 legislators, the state legislature meets in the Capitol Complex in the state capital of Phoenix. Created by the Arizona Constitution upon statehood in 1912, the Arizona State Legislature met biennially until 1950. Since then they meet annually.

The state is divided into 30 legislative districts, each of which elects one senator and two representatives. Legislators are term-limited to eight consecutive years in office, but can run again after two years, or run for a seat in the other house.

Republicans have narrow majorities in the House and Senate, and all 90 seats of the Legislature are up for re-election on November 3, 2026.
Yuhwang-ori
Yuhwang-ori (Korean: 유황오리) is a traditional Korean dish, made of duck that has been fed sulfur and is then slow-cooked for up to three hours. The duck is cooked with different medicinal herbs and is believed to have originated in the city of Hanam.

Hanam
Hanam (Korean: 하남; Korean pronunciation: [ha.nam]) is a city in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea.  Formerly a part of Gwangju County, it was designated a city in 1989.  The ancient Baekje capital of Hanam Wiryeseong may have been located there.

Lying immediately east of Seoul, Hanam is also bordered by Namyangju, Gwangju, and Seongnam.
Tornel
Tornel or Hulera Tornel is a Mexican enterprise and only surviving Mexican tire manufacturer in Mexico, dedicated to making tires and other automotive industry-related products. Founded in 1933 by Mexican businessman Armando Tornel, who in October 2006 entered the Worldwide Tire Industry Hall of Fame. Hulera Tornel is the top Latin American tire manufacturer, and one of the largest tire manufacturers currently active in the world.

J. K. Organisation
The J. K. Organisation is the common name for a group of Indian industrial companies, which were formerly part of a single conglomerate founded in 1918. The original organisation has since been divided into three main business groups run by different branches of the Singhania family, which rose to prominence in Kanpur, India, under Lala Kamlapat Singhania. The name JK is derived from the initials of Kamlapat and his father Seth Juggilal (1857–1922), who belonged to the family associated with the Marwari firm Sevaram Ramrikhdas of Mirzapur. The JK Group was founded in 1918.
Jocelyn Playfair
Jocelyn Noel Christine Playfair (née Malan; 21 August 1904 – 14 May 1997) was a British novelist.

She was born in Lucknow, British India, the daughter of Lieutenant-Colonel Noel Malan. Both of her parents were of French Huguenot descent. The year she was born (1904), her father accompanied Francis Younghusband on the Younghusband Expedition to Tibet.

She married Ian Playfair in 1930, who was in the Royal Engineers and later was appointed the rank of Major-General. After the birth of their two sons, the couple returned to Britain in the late 1930s. She wrote ten books between 1939 and 1952.

She died in Hounslow, London, on 14 May 1997.

Francis Younghusband
Lieutenant Colonel Sir Francis Edward Younghusband, KCSI KCIE (31 May 1863 – 31 July 1942) was a British Army officer, explorer and spiritual writer. He is remembered for his travels in the Far East and Central Asia; especially the 1904 British expedition to Tibet, led by him, and for his writings on Asia and foreign policy. Younghusband held positions including British commissioner to Tibet and president of the Royal Geographical Society.
Maurice Tabard
Maurice Tabard (July 12, 1897 – February 23, 1984) was a French photographer. Tabard was one of the leading photographers of the Surrealist movement, which he entered under the influence of his friend, American photographer Man Ray. His work was well known for incorporating solarization, superimposition and photomontage.

Photomontage
Photomontage is the process and the result of making a composite photograph by cutting, gluing, rearranging and overlapping two or more photographs into a new image. Sometimes the resulting composite image is photographed so that the final image may appear as a seamless physical print. A similar method, although one that does not use film, is realized today through image-editing software. This latter technique is referred to by professionals as "compositing", and in casual usage is often called "photoshopping" (from the name of the popular software system). A composite of related photographs to extend a view of a single scene or subject would not be labeled as a montage, but instead a stitched image or a digital image mosaic.
Andreas Zimmermann (archaeologist)
Andreas Zimmermann (born June 17, 1951, in Naumburg, Germany), is a German archaeologist. His scholarly focus is the Neolithic, in particular the LBK. Zimmermann studied geology, archaeology, and Egyptology at universities in Cologne and Tübingen. His 1982 dissertation was on the lithic material from the LBK site Langweiler 8. In 1992, he produced his habilitation from Frankfurt University, on the exchange of flint artifacts in central Europe during the Neolithic. Until becoming an emeritus in 2016, he was a professor at the Institut für Ur- und Frühgeschichte at Cologne University starting in 1997.

Zimmermann's primary research interest remains LBK. His other areas of interest are paleodemography, quantitative methods in archaeology, the use of GIS in the field, and archaeological theory.

Egyptology
Egyptology (from Egypt and Greek -λογία, -logia; Arabic: علم المصريات) is the scientific study of ancient Egypt, including historic artifacts and ancient writing. The topics studied include ancient Egyptian history, language, literature, religion, architecture, culture and art from the 5th millennium BC until the end of its native religious practices in the 4th century AD.
Hypoxylon
Hypoxylon is a genus of ascomycetes commonly found on dead wood, and usually one of the earliest species to colonise dead wood. A common European species is Hypoxylon fragiforme which is particularly common on dead trunks of beech.

Based on morphological studies and gene sequence analyses, 27 species formerly assigned to Hypoxylon sect. Annulata were reassigned to a new genus called Annulohypoxylon in 2005.

Research in Iran has shown the potential of some species of Hypoxylon in producing chemicals that are antagonistic against the disease ash dieback.

Hymenoscyphus fraxineus
Hymenoscyphus fraxineus is an ascomycete fungus that causes ash dieback, a chronic fungal disease of ash trees in Europe characterised by leaf loss and crown dieback in infected trees. The fungus was first scientifically described in 2006 under the name Chalara fraxinea. Four years later it was discovered that Chalara fraxinea is the asexual (anamorphic) stage of a fungus that was subsequently named Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus and then renamed as Hymenoscyphus fraxineus.

The first recognised report of this disease was in 1992 after a large number of ash trees had died in Poland. The disease is now widespread in Europe, with up to 85% mortality rates recorded in plantations and 69% in woodlands. It is closely related to a native fungus Hymenoscyphus albidus, which is harmless to European ash trees.
A 2016 report published in the Journal of Ecology posited that a combination of H. fraxineus and emerald ash borer attacks could result in the extinction of European ash trees.
Cary Mazer
Cary M. Mazer is a contemporary American playwright and academic. He is a Professor Emeritus of Theatre Arts and English at the University of Pennsylvania. He was educated at Princeton University (AB 1974) and Columbia University (MA 1976 and PhD 1980). Among his scholarly writings are Double Shakespeares: Emotional-Realist Acting and Contemporary Performance and Shakespeare Refashioned: Elizabethan Plays on Edwardian Stages. Among his plays are Wounds Invisible, Family Trust, Giraffes, and Talkback. At various times he has served as a member of the Editorial Board of the Shakespeare Bulletin and of advisory or governance bodies relating to White Pines Productions, the Mint Theatre, and the Red Heel Theatre.

Editorial board
The editorial board is a group of editors, writers, and other people who are charged with implementing a publication's approach to editorials and other opinion pieces.  The editorials published normally represent the views or goals of the publication's owner or publisher.
Locmaria-Berrien
Locmaria-Berrien (French pronunciation: [lɔkmaʁja bɛʁjɛ̃]; Breton: Lokmaria-Berrien) is a former commune in the Finistère department of Brittany in north-western France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the commune Poullaouen.

Finistère
Finistère (/ˌfɪnɪˈstɛər/; French: [finistɛʁ] ⓘ; Breton: Penn-ar-Bed [ˌpɛnarˈbeːt]) is a department of France in the extreme west of Brittany. Its prefecture is Quimper and its largest city is Brest. In 2019, it had a population of 915,090.
Agnel Lake
Agnel Lake is a lake at Ceresole Reale in the Province of Turin, Piedmont, Italy, near the Nivolet Pass. The reservoir on the Orco river is located at an elevation of 2,300 m (7,500 ft), close to Serrù Lake. A man-made channel which starts from Agnel connects it to Serrù Lake and Ceresole Lake.

Orco
The Orco (Piedmontese: Eva d'òr, that is lit. Water of gold; Latin: Orgus) is an Italian river. It originates in the Piedmontese slopes of Gran Paradiso and after about 90 kilometres (56 mi) reaches the Po river near Chivasso, in the Metropolitan City of Turin. Its drainage basin is home to the most important complex of hydropower in Piedmont, consisting of six major dams (Agnel, Serrù, Ceresole Reale, Teleccio, Piantonetto, Valsoera), many smaller reservoirs and numerous turbines and power stations.

The Orco is known also for its gold-bearing sand, extracted already in antiquity. Even today there is a certain activity, on an amateur level, searching for grains of gold.
Florence Nightingale Receiving the Wounded at Scutari
Florence Nightingale Receiving the Wounded at Scutari is an 1857 history painting by the Irish artist Jerry Barrett.  Also known as The Mission of Mercy, it depicts a scene at Scutari near Constantinople where Florence Nightingale and others established a hospital to treat British Army soldiers wounded in the Crimean War.  Nightingale became known as "The Lady with the Lamp" for her work to improve nursing conditions for British troops. 
Today the painting is in the National Portrait Gallery in London, having been acquired for the collection in 1993.

Barrett had produced another work on a similar theme Queen Victoria's First Visit to her Wounded Soldiers the previous year, also now in the National Portrait Gallery.

Jerry Barrett
Jerry Barrett (1824–21 January 1906) was an English painter of the Victorian era. His most notable work was the Crimean War depiction The Mission of Mercy: Nightingale receiving the wounded at Scutari (1858) which is in the National Portrait Gallery (London), paired with Queen Victoria's First Visit to her Wounded Soldiers.

There is documentation to suggest that Barrett traveled to the Crimea to obtain sketches for his pictures. Queen Victoria's First Visit to Her Wounded Soldiers was exhibited at the Royal Exhibition Gallery in Piccadilly in May, 1856, and engraved by Agnews. It was Thomas Agnew who purchased The Mission of Mercy from the artist in August 1857, and exhibited it at Leggatt and Hayward Gallery in Cornhill in the summer of 1858 at the height of the Indian Mutiny.
Callipolis (Mysia)
Callipolis or Kallipolis (Ancient Greek: Καλλίπολις) was a town of ancient Mysia. In the Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax, it is located between the cities of Mysia that were to the left of the Gulf of İzmit, called Olbianos kolpos (Gulf of Olbia, Latin: Olbianus Sinus), between Olbia and Cius, and it had a port.

It should be distinguished from two other cities called Callipolis that were located in the Hellespont area - both on the European side - one of these (Gallipoli) was north of Sestos and the other was on the Bosphorus. The tribute lists of Athens mention the people of Callipolis of the Hellespont, who were therefore part of the Delian League, but it is not possible to assure to which of the three cities the reference relates.

Its location is unknown.

Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax
The Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax is an ancient Greek periplus (περίπλους períplous, 'circumnavigation') describing the sea route around the Mediterranean and Black Sea. It probably dates from the mid-4th century BC, specifically the 330s, and was probably written at or near Athens. Its author is often included among the ranks of 'minor' Greek geographers. There is only one manuscript available, which postdates the original work by over 1500 years.

The author's name is written Pseudo-Scylax or Pseudo-Skylax, often abbreviated as Ps.-Scylax or Ps.-Skylax.
Ƀ
B with stroke (majuscule: Ƀ, minuscule: ƀ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, formed from ⟨B⟩ with the addition of a bar, which can be through either the ascender or the bowl. It is used as a phonetic symbol to represent to transcribe the sound [β].

⟨Ƀ⟩ is also a letter of the alphabets of the Rade, Jarai and Mnong languages and the SIL alphabet of the Katu language of Vietnam, the Panamanian spelling of the Northern Embera language, and is used in standardized texts in Old Saxon for [v] as well as in reconstructed forms of Proto-Germanic.

Phonetic transcription
Phonetic transcription (also known as phonetic alphabet, phonetic script or phonetic notation) is the visual representation of speech sounds (or phonetics) by means of symbols. The most common type of phonetic transcription uses a phonetic alphabet, such as the International Phonetic Alphabet.
Catherine L. Mann
Catherine L. Mann is an American economist and a member of the Monetary Policy Committee of the Bank of England. Before her appointment, she was the global chief economist at Citi from 2018 until 2021. She was also the chief economist at the OECD.

Chief economist
A chief economist is a single-position job class having primary responsibility for the development, coordination, and production of economic and financial analysis. It is distinguished from the other economist positions by the broader scope of responsibility encompassing the planning, supervision, and coordination of the economic research.
Roy Rogers (guitarist)
Roy Rogers (born July 28, 1950, Redding, California, United States) is an American blues rock slide guitarist and record producer. He was named after the singing cowboy. Rogers plays a variety of guitar styles related to the Delta blues, but is most often recognized for his virtuoso slide work.

Delta blues
Delta blues is one of the earliest-known styles of blues. It originated in the Mississippi Delta and is regarded as a regional variant of country blues. Guitar and harmonica are its dominant instruments; slide guitar is a hallmark of the style. Vocal styles in Delta blues range from introspective and soulful to passionate and fiery.