hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Crack closure
Crack closure is a phenomenon in fatigue loading, where the opposing faces of a crack remain in contact even with an external load acting on the material. As the load is increased, a critical value will be reached at which time the crack becomes open.  Crack closure occurs from the presence of material propping open the crack faces and can arise from many sources including plastic deformation or phase transformation during crack propagation, corrosion of crack surfaces, presence of fluids in the crack, or roughness at cracked surfaces.

Phase transition
In physics, chemistry and biology, a phase transition (or phase change) is the physical process of transition between one state of a medium and another. Commonly the term is used to refer to changes among the basic states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas, and in rare cases, plasma. A phase of a thermodynamic system and the states of matter have uniform physical properties. During a phase transition of a given medium, certain properties of the medium change as a result of the change of external conditions, such as temperature or pressure. This can be a discontinuous change; for example, a liquid may become gas upon heating to its boiling point, resulting in an abrupt change in volume. The identification of the external conditions at which a transformation occurs defines the phase transition point.
RAFTA
The Royal Air Force Theatrical Association is an association and registered charity which links theatre clubs at RAF stations around the world and provides information, training, adjudication and advice. RAFTA undertakes a bi-annual project to put on a large show at a professional theatre using resources from all affiliated clubs. There is an annual One-Act Play Festival (National Drama Festivals Association affiliated), play writing competition and play competition.

National Drama Festivals Association
The National Drama Festivals Association (NDFA) was formed in 1964 to encourage and support amateur theatre,  in particular through the organisation of drama festivals in the United Kingdom.

Since 1974 the NDFA has organised the British All Winners Drama Festival (BAWF) where the best of British amateur theatre take part in a week-long celebration of theatre. The winners of all NDFA member festivals in the previous year, including full-length or one-act member festivals, are eligible for invitation to take part.

The NDFA sponsors two playwriting competitions - the George Taylor Memorial Award and the Nan Nuttall Memorial Awards. The objective of this competition is to promote new writing for the theatre. Adjudication is carried out by a panel of judges, and the winners receive a certificate and a cash prize.

Membership of the NDFA is open to all drama festival organisations, theatre groups and individuals who are interested in supporting drama festivals in the UK.
Estadio Carlos Calderón
Estadio Carlos Calderón is a football-specific stadium located in San Juan Pueblo, Atlántida, Honduras.  The stadium was first used for Liga Nacional matches for the first time in 2017, as C.D.S. Vida decided to temporarily relocate from Estadio Nilmo Edwards looking for larger crowds.  The stadium holds 2,000 people.

Atlántida Department
Atlántida (Spanish pronunciation: [aˈtlan.ti.ða], lit. 'Atlantis') is a department located on the north Caribbean shore of Honduras. The capital is the port city of La Ceiba.

In the past few decades, tourism has become the most important legitimate economic source for the coastal area. In 2005 it had an estimated population of about 372,532 people. The department covers a total surface area of 4,251 km2 (1,641 sq mi).
Rigmor Andersen Eide
Rigmor Andersen Eide (born 26 June 1954) is a Norwegian politician for the Christian Democratic Party.

She was elected to the Parliament of Norway from Møre og Romsdal in 2009. She became a member of the Standing Committee on Business and Industry. Like her entire party group, she also joined Israels Venner på Stortinget. She had previously served as a deputy representative during the terms 2001–2005 and 2005–2009.

Møre og Romsdal
Møre og Romsdal (Urban East Norwegian: [ˈmø̂ːrə ɔ ˈrʊ̀msdɑːɫ] ⓘ; English: Møre and Romsdal) is a county in the northernmost part of Western Norway. It borders the counties of Trøndelag, Innlandet, and Vestland. The county administration is located in the town of Molde, while Ålesund is the largest town. The county is governed by the Møre og Romsdal County Municipality which includes an elected county council and a county mayor. The national government is represented by the county governor.
2019 World Taekwondo Championships – Women's heavyweight
The women's heavyweight is a competition featured at the 2019 World Taekwondo Championships, and was held at the Manchester Arena in Manchester, United Kingdom on 16 and 17 May.

Heavyweights were limited to a minimum of 73 kilograms in body mass.

Bianca Walkden beat Zheng Shuyin in the final to win the gold medal. Zheng was disqualified despite leading 20-11 because Walkden repeatedly forced Zheng out of the ring to accumulate Zheng's penalty points.

Manchester Arena
Manchester Arena (currently known as AO Arena for sponsorship reasons) is an indoor arena in Manchester, England, immediately north of the city centre and partly above Manchester Victoria railway station in air rights space. With a capacity of 21,000 it is the second largest indoor arena in the UK after Co-op Live and fifth largest in Europe.

The arena is one of the world's busiest indoor arenas, hosting music and sporting events such as boxing and swimming. The arena was a key part of Manchester's bids to host the Olympic Games in 1996 and 2000 and was eventually used for the 2002 Commonwealth Games.

On 22 May 2017, the arena's foyer was the scene of a terrorist attack carried out by a suicide bomber, in which 22 people were killed and over 500 others injured following an Ariana Grande concert.
Patrick Machreich
Patrick Machreich (born 29 September 1980) is an Austrian former professional ice hockey goaltender.

Machreich began his career with his hometown team EK Zell am See in 1997.  He played a total of five seasons in the Austrian Hockey League before they were relegated to the Nationalliga in 2002.  He played one season in the league before moving to Finland, playing eleven games for Ahmat Hyvinkää in the Finnish Mestis.

He returned to Austria in 2003, signing for the Graz 99ers where he spent two seasons.  After one season with VSV EC, he signed for EHC Black Wings Linz in 2006. After two seasons with Linz, Macherich opted to return to the Nationalliga with EHC Lustenau. Machreich made a return to the top level EBEL, in signing and playing for three seasons with HC TWK Innsbruck.

Machreich has also represented Austria in the Ice Hockey World Championships in 2005 and 2007.  He also played in the World Junior Championship in 2000.

EC VSV
EC iDM Wärmepumpen VSV are an ice hockey team in the ICE Hockey League. They play their home games at Stadthalle (capacity approximately 4,500 spectators) in Villach, Austria. The team colors are blue and white. Their mascot is an eagle - Villach's coat of arms represents an eagle's claw.
Blümcke Knoll
Blümcke Knoll (66°50′S 68°0′W﻿ / ﻿66.833°S 68.000°W﻿ / -66.833; -68.000) is a small steep-sided feature protruding through the ice of northern Adelaide Island, off the Antarctic Peninsula. It is about 11 nautical miles (20 km) southwest of Mount Velain.

It was mapped from air photos taken by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition (1947–48) and the Falkland Islands and Dependencies Aerial Survey Expedition (1956–57),

It was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee after Adolf Blümcke (1854–1914), a German glaciologist who was a professor in the Oberrealschule at Augsburg.

Mount Velain
Mount Velain (66°42′S 67°44′W﻿ / ﻿66.700°S 67.733°W﻿ / -66.700; -67.733) is a 750 m-tall (2,460 ft) mountain with an isolated, black triangular summit showing through its snow mantle, standing in the northeast part of Adelaide Island. It was first charted by the French Antarctic Expedition 1903–05, under Charcot, and named by him for Charles Velain, a French geologist, geographer, and professor of physical geography at the Sorbonne.
Moniteau Creek (north central Missouri)
Moniteau Creek is a stream in Randolph, Howard and Boone counties in the U.S. state of Missouri. The headwaters of the stream are southwest of Moberly in Randolph County. The stream flows south passing into Howard County in the Rudolph Bennett Conservation Area. The stream flows south-southwest along the eastern part of the county passing under Missouri Route 124 and becomes the boundary between Howard and Boone counties before passing under U. S. Route 40 and entering the Missouri River just south of Rocheport.

The stream source is at 39°21′19″N 92°27′20″W﻿ / ﻿39.35528°N 92.45556°W﻿ / 39.35528; -92.45556 and the confluence is at 38°58′26″N 92°33′59″W﻿ / ﻿38.97389°N 92.56639°W﻿ / 38.97389; -92.56639.

Moniteau Creek derives its name from the Indian term Manitou.

Moberly, Missouri
Moberly is a city in Randolph County, Missouri, United States. The population was 13,783 as of the 2020 census. It is part of the Columbia metropolitan area and the 9-county Columbia–Jefferson City–Moberly combined statistical area that has 415,747 residents.
Footprinting
Footprinting (also known as reconnaissance) is the technique used for gathering information about computer systems and the entities they belong to. To get this information, a hacker might use various tools and technologies. This information is very useful to a hacker who is trying to crack a whole system.

When used in the computer security lexicon, "Footprinting" generally refers to one of the pre-attack phases; tasks performed before executing the actual attack.  Some of the tools used for Footprinting include Sam Spade, nslookup, traceroute, Nmap and neotrace.

Nmap
Nmap (Network Mapper) is a network scanner created by Gordon Lyon (also known by his pseudonym Fyodor Vaskovich). Nmap is used to discover hosts and services on a computer network by sending packets and analyzing the responses.

Nmap provides a number of features for probing computer networks, including host discovery and service and operating system detection. These features are extensible by scripts that provide more advanced service detection, vulnerability detection, and other features. Nmap can adapt to network conditions including latency and congestion during a scan.

Nmap started as a Linux utility and was ported to other systems including Windows, macOS, and BSD. It is most popular on Linux, followed by Windows.
Záhorie
48°33′N 17°05′E﻿ / ﻿48.550°N 17.083°E﻿ / 48.550; 17.083

Záhorie (Hungarian: Erdőhát) is a region in western Slovakia between the Little Carpathians to the east and the Morava River to the west. Although not an administrative region, it is one of the 21 official tourism regions in Slovakia. Záhorie lies in the area of three administrative regions: Bratislava Region (Malacky District plus Záhorská Bystrica in Bratislava), Trnava Region (Senica and Skalica districts) and Trenčín Region (southern part of Myjava District). The region also creates the borders between Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Austria.

A military district of the same name is located around Malacky.

Záhorie (military district)
Záhorie is a military district (formerly formally also considered a municipality) in western Slovakia in the Malacky District in the Bratislava Region.

Since 1 July 2012 it is allowed to the wider public to enter a military district without permit. Military operations are taking place in the district and visitors have to obey rules of the military district and respect temporary or permanent entry restrictions.

Maps of the region, rules of movement in the military district  and time schedules of actions in the military district can be found on the website of the Ministry of Defense, Slovak Republic.
1988 Prize of Moscow News
The 1988 Prize of Moscow News was the 23rd edition of an international figure skating competition organized in Leningrad, Soviet Union. It was held November 2–6, 1988. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating and ice dancing. Soviet skaters swept the men's podium, led by Vladimir Petrenko. American Tonya Harding won the ladies' title ahead of Natalia Lebedeva from the Soviet Union. Soviets Natalia Mishkutenok / Artur Dmitriev, who would medal at the European Championships later in the season, took the pairs' title ahead of their compatriots, Elena Bechke / Denis Petrov, who would end their season with the world bronze medal. Olympic silver medalists Marina Klimova / Sergei Ponomarenko won the ice dancing title for the third consecutive year.

Elena Bechke
Elena Yurievna Bechke (Russian: Елена Юрьевна Бечке; born 7 January 1966) is a Russian former pair skater. She competed for the Soviet Union, the Commonwealth of Independent States, and the Unified Team. With her then-husband Denis Petrov, she is the 1992 Olympic silver medalist, the 1989 World bronze medalist, and the 1991 and 1992 European silver medalist.
Puerto Rico Medical Emergencies Corps
The Bureau of the Puerto Rico Medical Emergency Corps. (Spanish: Cuerpo de Emergencias Médicas de Puerto Rico (CEMPR)), also (Negociado del Cuerpo de Emergencias Médicas) is an agency, assigned to the Puerto Rico Department of Public Safety, that responds to medical emergencies across the U.S. Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. The agency is directed by Commissioner Dr. Jose Colon Grau, MD, FACEP and Executive Director Abner Gomez Cortes, EMT-P, MBA.

Fellow of the American College of Emergency Physicians
Fellow of the American College of Emergency Physicians, or FACEP, is a post-nominal title used to indicate that an emergency physician has passed an evaluation by the American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP).

To become a Fellow of the American College of Emergency Physicians, a physician must be an active, life, honorary, or international member of ACEP for three consecutive years and primarily practice as an emergency physician, exclusive of training. The physician must also be board certified by the American Board of Emergency Medicine or the American Osteopathic Board of Emergency Medicine, or by the American Board of Pediatrics in pediatric emergency medicine. Each of these professional boards are member boards of the American Board of Medical Specialties.
Paignton Windmill
Paignton Windmill, also known as Fernicombe Windmill, is a late 18th-century windmill situated on the outskirts of the town of Paignton, Devon, England. It is a Grade II Listed Building, and lies in a partially ruinous state.

Paignton
Paignton (/ˈpeɪntən/ PAYN-tən) is a seaside town on the coast of Tor Bay in Devon, England. Together with Torquay and Brixham it forms the borough of Torbay which was created in 1968. The Torbay area is a holiday destination known as the English Riviera. Paignton has origins as a Celtic settlement and was first mentioned in 1086. It grew as a small fishing village and a new harbour was built in 1847. A railway line was opened to passengers in 1859 creating links to Torquay and London. As its population increased, it merged with the villages of Goodrington and Preston. Paignton is around 25 miles (40 km) north east of Plymouth and 20 miles (32 km) south of Exeter.
Derek Murray (sports presenter)
Derek "Pluto" Murray (Scottish Gaelic:Derek Moireach), is a Scottish radio and television presenter.

He is the sports presenter on BBC Alba's flagship news programme, An Là. He also provides football commentary on BBC Alba and BBC Radio nan Gàidheal and is an occasional reporter on BBC Radio Scotland's Sportsound. He was also commentator on An Caman, a shinty highlights package broadcast in 2007.

Murray was named as "Radio Personality of the Year" at the 2008 Celtic Media Festival. Murray is from Ness on the Isle of Lewis and was formerly a policeman with Strathclyde Police. He is a fan of Lewis Camanachd.

In the 1990s Murray appeared on the Gaelic soap opera Machair, playing Iain MacIomhair. In 2011 Murray presented Siuthad! Siubhail! (Go! Explore!) with Emma MacInnes. In this series they travelled around Scotland, exploring alternative tourist activities.

He now presents his own show on BBC Radio nan Gàidheal, Siubhal gu Seachd le Pluto. He is a supporter of West Ham United F.C.

Sportsound
Sportsound is BBC Radio Scotland's main radio sports show. It provides coverage to listeners on medium wave, FM, DAB Digital Radio and via the internet. It is best known for its exclusive live commentary of Scottish Premiership football games. It is broadcast seven days a week, and on on-match days has an 1810–2200 slot on 810 MW. On Saturdays, at least two matches are broadcast by MW, and the main FM frequency with the Open All Mics feature broadcast on the BBC Radio nan Gàidheal frequency and the remaining matches online where the other matches are simulcast.
Rationalist humanism
Rationalist humanism, or rational humanism or rationalistic humanism, is one of the strands of Age of Enlightenment. It had its roots in Renaissance humanism, as a response to Middle Age religious integralism and obscurantism. Rationalist humanism tradition includes Tocqueville and Montesquieu, and in the 19th century, Élie Halévy.

Other strands of the Enlightenment included scientific naturalism. In the mid 20th century, rational humanism represented also an alternative for those that did not embrace Sartre's existentialism. In the late 20th century, it has sided against the equiparation of human rights with rights to other animal species.

Metaphysical naturalism
Metaphysical naturalism (also called ontological naturalism, philosophical naturalism, or antisupernaturalism) is a philosophical worldview that holds that there is nothing but natural elements, principles, and relations of the kind studied by the natural sciences. Methodological naturalism is a philosophical basis for science, for which metaphysical naturalism provides only one possible ontological foundation. Broadly, the corresponding theological perspective is religious naturalism or spiritual naturalism. More specifically, metaphysical naturalism rejects the supernatural concepts and explanations that are part of many religions.
Mehmet Yurdadön
Mehmet Yurdadön (born 2 June 1954) is a Turkish long-distance runner. He competed in the marathon at the 1984 Summer Olympics. Yurdadön was the flag bearer for Turkey in the opening ceremony of the 1984 Summer Olympics.

1984 Summer Olympics Parade of Nations
During the parade of nations portion of the 1984 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, athletes from each country participating in the Olympics paraded in the arena, preceded by their flag. The flag was borne by a sportsperson from that country chosen either by the National Olympic Committee or by the athletes themselves to represent their country.
2024 Mmamatlakala bus crash
On 28 March 2024, a passenger bus crashed near Mmamatlakala in Limpopo, the northernmost province of South Africa, killing 45 people and leaving an eight-year-old girl, who sustained serious injuries, as the sole survivor. According to the South African Department of Transport, the incident occurred when the driver lost control. The bus went over a bridge and then caught on fire. The bus was transporting Easter pilgrims from Molepolole, Botswana, to Moria, South Africa.

Roadway departure
A roadway departure (also called roadway excursion or run-off-road collision) is a type of incident that occurs when a vehicle leaves the roadway. Such incidents can lead to a single-vehicle collision.
John Stow
John Stow (also Stowe; 1524/25 – 5 April 1605) was an English historian and antiquarian. He wrote a series of chronicles of English history, published from 1565 onwards under such titles as The Summarie of Englyshe Chronicles, The Chronicles of England, and The Annales of England; and also A Survey of London (1598; second edition 1603). A. L. Rowse has described him as "one of the best historians of that age; indefatigable in the trouble he took, thorough and conscientious, accurate – above all things devoted to truth".

Matthew Parker
Matthew Parker (6 August 1504 – 17 May 1575) was an English bishop. He was the Archbishop of Canterbury in the Church of England from 1559 to his death. He was also an influential theologian and arguably the co-founder (with Thomas Cranmer, a previous Archbishop of Canterbury, and the theologian Richard Hooker) of a distinctive tradition of Anglican theological thought.

Parker was one of the primary architects of the Thirty-nine Articles, the defining statements of Anglican doctrine. The Parker collection of early English manuscripts, including the book of St Augustine Gospels and "Version A" of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, was created as part of his efforts to demonstrate that the English Church was historically independent of Rome and was one of the world's most important collections of ancient manuscripts. Along with the pioneering scholar Lawrence Nowell, Parker's work concerning Old English literature laid the foundation for Anglo-Saxon studies.
Lockwood Aircam
The Lockwood Aircam (also called the Air Cam and AirCam) is a high-wing, twin engine pusher configuration aircraft with conventional landing gear, based on the single engine Lockwood Drifter and sold in kit form by Lockwood Aircraft. The open-cockpit aircraft seats two in tandem. As of 2019, 250 Aircams were licensed and flying. In 2019, a complete kit with Rotax 912ULS engines, less instruments, paint, shipping and crating was priced at US$128,990.

Tandem
Tandem, or in tandem, is an arrangement in which two or more animals, machines, or people are lined up one behind another, all facing in the same direction. Tandem can also be used more generally to refer to any group of persons or objects working together, not necessarily in line.

The English word tandem derives from the Latin adverb tandem, meaning at length or finally. It is a word play, using the Latin phrase (referring to time, not position) for English "at length, lengthwise".
Tm ligands
Tm is an abbreviation for anionic tridentate ligand based on three imidazole-2-thioketone groups bonded to a borohydride center. They are examples of scorpionate ligands. Various ligands in this family are known, differing in what substituents are on the imidazoles. The most common is TmMe, which has a methyl group on the nitrogen. It is easily prepared by the reaction of molten methimazole (1-methylimidazole-2-thione) with sodium borohydride, giving the sodium salt of the ligand. Salts of the TmMe anion are known also for lithium and potassium. Other alkyl- and aryl-group variations are likewise named TmR according to those groups.

Thioketone
In organic chemistry, thioketones (from Ancient Greek  θεῖον (theion) 'sulfur'; also known as thiones or thiocarbonyls) are organosulfur compounds related to conventional ketones in which the oxygen has been replaced by a sulfur. Instead of a structure of R2C=O, thioketones have the structure R2C=S, which is reflected by the prefix "thio-" in the name of the functional group. Thus the simplest thioketone is thioacetone, the sulfur analog of acetone. Unhindered alkylthioketones typically tend to form polymers or rings.
CRW
CRW can be:

Yeager Airport in Charleston, West Virginia (IATA Code: CRW)

Continuous-rod warhead

Raw image format extension for Canon Raw Format

Canard Rotor/Wing, an aircraft configuration used by the Boeing X-50 Dragonfly

Crawley railway station station code

Canopy relative work skydiving discipline

Crawley railway station
Crawley railway station is a railway station serving the town of Crawley in West Sussex, England. It is 30 miles 49 chains (49.3 km) down the line from London Bridge, measured via Redhill. It is operated by Southern. The station is the last stop on the Arun Valley Line before it joins the Brighton Main Line.