hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
History of the East Riding of Yorkshire
The East Riding of Yorkshire is a local government district with unitary authority status, and is a ceremonial county of England. It is named after the historic East Riding of Yorkshire which was one of three ridings alongside the North Riding and West Riding, which were constituent parts of Yorkshire ceremonial and administrative county until 1974. From 1974 to 1996 the area of the modern East Riding of Yorkshire constituted the northern part of Humberside.

Administrative counties of England
Administrative counties were subnational divisions of England used for local government from 1889 to 1974. They were created by the Local Government Act 1888 (51 & 52 Vict. c. 41), which established an elected county council for each area. Some geographically large historic counties were divided into several administrative counties, each with its own county council. The administrative counties operated until 1974, when they were replaced by a system of metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties under the Local Government Act 1972.
Uhlenbeck's singularity theorem
In differential geometry and in particular Yang–Mills theory, Uhlenbeck's singularity theorem is a result allowing the removal of a singularity of a four-dimensional Yang–Mills field with finite energy using gauge. It states as a consequence that Yang–Mills fields with finite energy on flat euclidean space arise from Yang–Mills fields on the curved sphere, its one-point compactification. The theorem is named after Karen Uhlenbeck, who first described it in 1982. In 2019, Uhlenbeck became the first woman to be awarded the Abel Prize, in part for her contributions to partial differential equations and gauge theory. Uhlenbeck's singularity theorem was generalized to higher dimensions by Terence Tao and Gang Tian in 2002.

Tian Gang
Tian Gang (Chinese: 田刚; born November 24, 1958) is a Chinese mathematician. He is a professor of mathematics at Peking University and Higgins Professor Emeritus at Princeton University. He is known for contributions to the mathematical fields of Kähler geometry, Gromov-Witten theory, and geometric analysis.

As of 2020, he is the Vice Chairman of the China Democratic League and the President of the Chinese Mathematical Society. From 2017 to 2019 he served as the Vice President of Peking University.
Plane sailing
Plane sailing (also, colloquially and historically, spelled plain sailing) is an approximate method of navigation over small ranges of latitude and longitude. With the course and distance known, the difference in latitude ΔφAB between A and B can be found, as well as the departure, the distance made good east or west. The difference in longitude ΔλAB is unknown and has to be calculated using meridional parts as in Mercator sailing.

Both spellings ("plane" and "plain") have been in use for several centuries,

Plane sailing is based on the assumption that the meridian through the point of departure, the parallel through the destination, and the course line form a right triangle in a plane, called the "plane sailing triangle".

The expressions "plane sailing" (or more commonly "plain sailing") has, by analogy, taken on a more general meaning of any activity that is relatively straightforward.

Course (navigation)
In navigation, the course of a watercraft or aircraft is the cardinal direction in which the craft is to be steered. The course is to be distinguished from the heading, which is the direction where the watercraft's bow or the aircraft's nose is pointed.
The path that a vessel follows is called a track or, in the case of aircraft, ground track (also known as course made good or course over the ground). The intended track is a route.
2021 FIG Artistic Gymnastics World Cup series
The 2021 FIG World Cup circuit in Artistic Gymnastics is a series of competitions officially organized and promoted by the International Gymnastics Federation (FIG) in 2021. A number of events were originally scheduled to take place in 2020 and serve as opportunities for gymnasts to earn points towards Olympic qualification. However, the organization of many events was heavily affected by the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in either cancelation or postponement of some events to 2021.

One of the Apparatus World Cup series competitions (Doha), as well as the Stuttgart, Birmingham, and Tokyo All-Around World Cups will be counted towards Olympic qualification through the FIG Artistic Gymnastics World Cup series route.

Gymnastics at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Gymnastics at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo was held in three categories: artistic gymnastics, rhythmic gymnastics and trampolining. All gymnastics events were staged at the Olympic Gymnastic Centre, Tokyo in 2021.

The programme for 2020 remained unchanged from 2016, despite an application from the FIG for the admission of a new parkour based event. The application had proved contentious with specialist parkour or freerunning organisations lobbying for the sport not to be included, and to be recognized as an entirely separate sport from gymnastics.

Originally planned as a temporary venue, in 2016, the Tokyo 2020 authorities confirmed the Olympic Gymnastic Centre would become a permanent venue, functioning as a convention centre after the Games. Before its refurbishment, the venue was also expected to host the Boccia event at the 2020 Summer Paralympics.

There was one unbroken tie in artistic gymnastics: bronze in the women's floor final.
Toru Hosokawa
Toru Hosokawa (細川 亨, Hosokawa Tōru; born in Hiranai,  Aomori, Japan) is a Japanese former professional baseball catcher. He played in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Seibu Lions/Saitama Seibu Lions, Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks, Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles, and Chiba Lotte Marines.

Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles
The Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles (東北楽天ゴールデンイーグルス, Tōhoku Rakuten Gōruden Īgurusu), often shortened as the Rakuten Eagles (楽天イーグルス, Rakuten Īgurusu), are a baseball team based in Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. It has played in Nippon Professional Baseball's Pacific League since the team's formation in November 2004. The team is owned by the Internet shopping company Rakuten.
James Street railway station (Liverpool Overhead Railway)
James Street was a railway station on the Liverpool Overhead Railway, located just south of its namesake, within the city centre, close to the still-open Merseyrail James Street station.

It was opened on 6 March 1893 by the Marquess of Salisbury. The station was primarily used by workers travelling to the shipping offices and the Corn Exchange. Passengers could also use it to change for the Merseyrail station of the same name.

The station closed, along with the rest of the line, on 30 December 1956. No evidence of this station remains.

Merseyrail
Merseyrail is a commuter rail network which serves the Liverpool City Region, and the surrounding areas, in the North West of England. Since 2003, the network has been run as a concession, held by Serco and Transport UK Group.

It was established in 1977, when existing railway lines were connected by constructing new tunnels under Liverpool City Centre and Birkenhead. The network has since been expanded, with new stations built, and electrification of existing lines. Today, Merseyrail serves 69 stations, 67 of which it manages, across two lines – the Northern line and the Wirral line. The network uses 750 V DC third rail electrified lines having 76 miles (122 km) of routes, of which 6.5 miles (10.5 km) are underground. The network uses the Class 777 trains based on the Stadler METRO platform. The network carried 28.3 million passengers in 2023/2024.
Mandy (1952 film)
Mandy is a 1952 British drama film about a family's struggle to give their deaf daughter a better life. It was directed by Alexander Mackendrick and is based on the novel The Day Is Ours by Hilda Lewis. It stars Phyllis Calvert, Jack Hawkins and Terence Morgan, and features the first film appearance by Jane Asher. In the US the film was released as The Story of Mandy, and later was sold to television as Crash of Silence.

A high proportion of the film looks at educational methods for deaf people in the 1950s and focuses on oralism, a now controversial approach which relies on teaching the child to speak and lipread and discourages sign language.

Oralism
Oralism, also known as the German method, is the education of deaf students through oral language by using lip reading, speech, and mimicking the mouth shapes and breathing patterns of speech. Oralism and its contrast, manualism, manifest differently in deaf education and are a source of controversy for involved communities. Listening and Spoken Language, a technique for teaching deaf children that emphasizes the child's perception of auditory signals from hearing aids or cochlear implants, is how oralism continues on in the current day.
1993 Copa Interamericana
The 1993 Copa Interamericana was the 15th. edition of the Copa Interamericana. The final was contested by Costa Rican team Deportivo Saprissa (winner of 1993 CONCACAF Champions' Cup) and Chilean club Universidad Católica (runner-up of 1993 Copa Libertadores so current champion São Paulo declined to participate). The final was played under a two-leg format in September–November 1994.

The first leg was held in Estadio Ricardo Saprissa Aymá in San José, where Saprissa defeat U. Católica 3–1. The second leg was played at Estadio San Carlos de Apoquindo in Las Condes, where Universidad Católica beat Saprissa 5–1 in extra time. With one win per side, the Chilean team won their first Interamericana cup by goal difference (6–4).

1993 CONCACAF Champions' Cup
The 1993 CONCACAF Champions' Cup was the 29th edition of the annual international club football competition held in the CONCACAF region (North America, Central America and the Caribbean), the CONCACAF Champions' Cup. It determined that year's club champion of association football in the CONCACAF region and was played from 23 January to 5 December 1993.

The teams were split in two zones (North/Central and Caribbean), being the best three from the North/Central and the best team from Caribbean to qualify to the final tournament. All qualifying matches in the tournament were played under the home/away match system while the final tournament was played in a group system in Guatemala City.

That final stage composed of four teams which played each other in a single round-robin tournament. Costa Rican team Saprissa crowned CONCACAF champion for their first time, after finishing first in the final with a goal difference of +8.
Louis Mayer (lawyer)
Louis Mayer (1868-1941) was a lawyer from Monaco. He was an advisor to Albert I, Prince of Monaco. He was also the executor of his will. He served on the boards of the Oceanographic Institute, which runs the Oceanographic Museum, and the Institute of Human Paleology.

Albert I, Prince of Monaco
Albert I (Albert Honoré Charles Grimaldi; 13 November 1848 – 26 June 1922) was Prince of Monaco from 10 September 1889 until his death in 1922. He devoted much of his life to oceanography, exploration and science. Alongside his expeditions, Albert I's reign oversaw major reforms on political, social, and economic levels, with the Monégasque Revolution leading to the end of absolute monarchy and his promulgation of a constitution in 1911.
Mark Denney
Mark Denney (born 25 January 1975) is a former rugby union footballer who played at centre for Bedford, Bristol, Castres, Wasps and Cambridge University. Whilst at Wasps he helped them win the Tetley Bitter Cup Final in 1999 and 2000; scoring a try in the latter final. He was a member of the Wasps team that won the 2002–03 Premiership Final, the 2003–04 Premiership Final and the 2004 Heineken Cup Final. He was educated at Bedford Modern School, Bristol University and Cambridge University. In 2015 (Aged 40) he spent a season, with his mates, playing for the all conquering Olney Vets RFC in the inaugural East Midlands Vets League Final.

Denney was called up to the senior England squad for the 2000 Six Nations Championship.

2002–03 Premiership Rugby
The 2002-03 Zurich Premiership was the 16th season of the top flight of the English domestic rugby union competitions.

The Zurich Championship which had been competed for in seasons 2000–01 and 2001–02 was dropped from this season.
UN mediation of the Kashmir dispute
The United Nations has played an advisory role in maintaining peace and order in the Kashmir region soon after the independence and partition of British India into the dominions of Pakistan and India in 1947, when a dispute erupted between the two new States on the question of accession over the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. India took this matter to the UN Security Council, which passed resolution 39 (1948) and established the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan (UNCIP) to investigate the issues and mediate between the two new countries. Following the cease-fire of hostilities, it also established the United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) to monitor the cease-fire line.

Indian Independence Act 1947
The Indian Independence Act 1947 (10 & 11 Geo. 6. c. 30) is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that partitioned British India into the two new independent dominions of India and Pakistan. The act received Royal Assent on 18 July 1947 and thus modern-day India and Pakistan, comprising west (modern day Pakistan) and east (modern day Bangladesh) regions, came into being on 15 August.

The legislature representatives of the Indian National Congress, the Muslim League, and the Sikh community came to an agreement with Lord Mountbatten, then Viceroy and Governor-General of India, on what has come to be known as the 3 June Plan or Mountbatten Plan.
Nagłów
Nagłów (German: Noglo) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Biała, within Prudnik County, Opole Voivodeship, south-western Poland. It is situated in the historical region of Prudnik Land.

Following the Second World War, the Polish name Nagłów was introduced by the Commission for the Determination of Place Names on 1 October 1948. The village is also known as Nouglo and Nogło.

Prudnik County
Prudnik County (Polish: powiat prudnicki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Opole Voivodeship, south-western Poland, on the Czech border. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Prudnik, which lies 46 kilometres (29 mi) south-west of the regional capital Opole. The county also contains the towns of Głogówek, lying 21 km (13 mi) east of Prudnik, and Biała, 11 km (7 mi) north-east of Prudnik.

The county covers an area of 571.16 square kilometres (220.5 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 55,325, out of which the population of Prudnik is 21,041, that of Głogówek is 5,592, that of Biała is 2,426, and the rural population is 26,266.
Noble Street Studios
Noble Street Studios is a recording studio located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The studio's clients have included Billy Talent, Three Days Grace, Danko Jones, Kanye West, The Tragically Hip, Barenaked Ladies, The Arkells, Feist, ASAP Rocky, Jarvis Church, Tyga, The Trews, Gavin Brown, Lenny DeRose, Alan Parsons, George Seara, Tori Hathaway, Michael Jack, Eric Ratz, Kenny Luong and The Weeknd.

Arkells
Arkells is a Canadian rock band, formed in Hamilton, Ontario. In 2006, they signed with Dine Alone Records, and have since signed with Universal Music Canada. They have released nine albums: Jackson Square (2008), Michigan Left (2011), High Noon (2014), Morning Report (2016), Rally Cry (2018), Blink Once (2021), Blink Twice (2022), Laundry Pile (2023) and Disco Loadout, Volume 1 (2024). The band has been nominated for over 15 Juno Awards; winning Rock Album of the Year for High Noon and Rally Cry, and  six times for Group of the Year.
2005–06 Wisconsin Badgers men's ice hockey season
The 2005–06 Wisconsin Badgers men's ice hockey season was the 57th season of play for the program and 37th in the WCHA. They represented the University of Wisconsin–Madison in the 2005–06 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey season. They were coached by Mike Eaves, in his 4th season and played their home games at Kohl Center. The team won the 2006 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey tournament, the 6th title in program history.

2006 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey tournament
The 2006 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey tournament involved 16 schools playing in single-elimination play to determine the national champion of men's  NCAA Division I college ice hockey. It began on March 24, 2006, and ended with the championship game on April 8. A total of 15 games were played.

The tournament is largely remembered for a 4-3 overtime win by Holy Cross over Minnesota, which is typically considered one of the biggest upsets in NCAA Division 1 Men’s Ice Hockey tournament history.
John R. Hauser
John Richard Hauser is the Kirin Professor of Marketing and Head of the Marketing Group at the MIT Sloan School of Management. He is one of the founders of the field of Marketing Science and was Editor-in-Chief of the academic journal Marketing Science from 1989 to 1995.

He holds S.B. and S.M. in EECS from MIT, both earned in 1973. He also earned an S.M. in Civil & Environmental Engineering from MIT, in 1973. . Advised by John D.C. Little, he received his Sc.D. from MIT after publishing his dissertation in operations research in 1975.

He was elected to the 2006 class of Fellows of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences.

Computer science and engineering
Computer science and engineering (CSE) is an academic subject comprising approaches of computer science and computer engineering. There is no clear division in computing between science and engineering, just like in the field of materials science and engineering. However, some classes are historically more related to computer science (e.g. data structures and algorithms), and other to computer engineering (e.g. computer architecture). CSE is also a term often used  in Europe to translate the name of technical or engineering informatics academic programs. It is offered in both undergraduate as well postgraduate with specializations.
2020 Seine-Maritime's 5th constituency by-election
A by-election for Seine-Maritime's 5th constituency was held in September 2020. Politically the seat has remained a solid bastion for the Socialist Party. In 2017 the seat was a rare example of them retaining a seat.

The deputy, Christophe Bouillon was elected mayor of Barentin on 28 May 2020 and resigned from the National Assembly on 18 June because of cumulation of mandates. His substitute, Bastien Coriton, was also elected mayor, in Rives-en-Seine, so resigned from the assembly five days after taking office. A by-election was called for 20 and 27 September 2020.

Gérard Leseul of the socialists was elected in the second round.

Rives-en-Seine
Rives-en-Seine (French pronunciation: [ʁiv ɑ̃ sɛn]) is a commune in the department of Seine-Maritime, northern France. The municipality was established on 1 January 2016 by merger of the former communes of Caudebec-en-Caux, Saint-Wandrille-Rançon and Villequier.
Edmund Heines
Edmund Heines (21 July 1897 – 30 June 1934) was a German Nazi politician and Deputy to Ernst Röhm, the Stabschef of the Sturmabteilung (SA). Heines was one of the earliest members of the Nazi Party and a leading member of the SA in Munich, participating in the Beer Hall Putsch and becoming a notorious enforcer of the party. He held several high-ranking positions in the Nazi administration until he was executed during the Night of the Long Knives in June 1934.

Military Merit Order (Bavaria)
The Bavarian Military Merit Order (German: Militär-Verdienstorden) was established on 19 July 1866 by King Ludwig II of Bavaria.  It was the kingdom's main decoration for bravery and military merit for officers and higher-ranking officials. Civilians acting in support of the army were also made eligible for the decoration.  The Military Merit Order ranked below the Military Order of Max Joseph (Militär-Max-Joseph-Orden), which was Bavaria's highest military honor for officers (and conferred a patent of non-hereditary nobility on officers who were not already nobles).
Camille Polonceau
Jean-Barthélémy Camille Polonceau (29 October 1813 – 21 September 1859) was a French railway systems engineer. He was born in Chambery, France, and died in the French commune Viry-Châtillon.

In 1839 he invented the Polonceau truss, a method of roof construction considered "one of the most successful roof designs of the nineteenth century".

Polonceau's name is one of the 72 names on the Eiffel Tower.

Railway engineering
Railway engineering is the discipline of engineering which concerns the design, construction, operation, and maintenance of railways and rail transportation systems. It includes a wide range of engineering disciplines, including (but not limited to) civil engineering, computer engineering, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, industrial engineering and production engineering.
Karawata saxicola
Karawata saxicola is a species of flowering plant in the family Bromeliaceae, native to southeastern Brazil, in the states of Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro. It was first described by Lyman Bradford Smith in 1950 as Aechmea saxicola.

Lyman Bradford Smith
Lyman Bradford Smith (September 11, 1904 – May 4, 1997) was an American botanist.

Smith was born in Winchester, Massachusetts. He studied botany during the 1920s at Harvard University and received his PhD from Harvard in 1930. Between 1928 and 1929, he worked for the first time in Brazil. Most of his life's work came to involve the taxonomy of the flowering plants of South America, in particular the bromeliads (Bromeliaceae). Smith worked on the Bromeliaceae for the North American Flora published by the American botanist Nathaniel Lord Britton, volume 19, no. 2 (1938).  Smith was a world authority on Begoniaceae and also worked with Velloziaceae and numerous other plant families. He was a curator in the Smithsonian Institution's Department of Botany from 1947 until his retirement in 1974, but continued to work in the United States National Herbarium as an emeritus curator almost until his death in Manhattan, Kansas, in 1997.
W. George Cross
Walter George Cross (December 9, 1932 – October 31, 2025) was a Canadian politician. He represented the electoral district of Bonavista North in the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly from 1975 to 1979 and 1982 to 1985. He was a member of the Progressive Conservative Party of Newfoundland and Labrador.

Bonavista North
Bonavista North was a provincial electoral district for the House of Assembly of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. It existed from when Newfoundland joined confederation in 1949 until 2015.

In 2011 the district had 6,956 eligible voters.

When it was abolished in 2015, it contained the communities of: Trinity, Centreville, Wareham, Indian Bay, Greenspond, Valleyfield, Badger's Quay, Pool's Island, Brookfield, Wesleyville, Pound Cove, Templeman, Newtown, Cape Freels, Lumsden, Deadman's Bay, Musgrave Harbour, Ladle Cove, Aspen Cove, Carmanville, Noggin Cove, Frederickton, Davidsville, Main Point, Gander Bay South, Clarke's Head, Victoria Cove, and Wing's Point.

The district's principal industry was fishing. Former Premier Beaton Tulk represented the district until he resigned in 2002.

The district was abolished in 2015 and replaced almost entirely by Fogo Island-Cape Freels and a small piece going to Gander.