hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Lippmann diagram
A Lippmann diagram is a graphical plot showing the solidus/solutus equilibrium states for a given binary solid solution (e.g., (Ba1-xSrx)SO4, barite/celestite) in equilibrium with an aqueous solution containing the two substituting ions: Ba2+ and Sr2+ (solid solution – aqueous solution system, or SS-AS). It was proposed in the 1970s by F. Lippmann to determine excess Gibbs functions. This diagram summarizes the thermodynamic basis of solid-solution aqueous-solution systems (SS-AS) equilibria and helps to predict the nucleation kinetics for solid solutions crystallizing from an aqueous solution.

In the diagram, the abscissa (horizontal axis) represents two variables with different scales to represent both the solid phase mole fraction and the aqueous activity fraction. The ordinate (vertical axis) represents the solid phase.

There are two variants of Lippmann diagrams:

Ion-activity Lippmann diagram

Total-scale Lippmann diagram

Chemical kinetics
Chemical kinetics, also known as reaction kinetics, is the branch of physical chemistry that is concerned with understanding the rates of chemical reactions. It is different from chemical thermodynamics, which deals with the direction in which a reaction occurs but in itself tells nothing about its rate. Chemical kinetics includes investigations of how experimental conditions influence the speed of a chemical reaction and yield information about the reaction's mechanism and transition states, as well as the construction of mathematical models that also can describe the characteristics of a chemical reaction.
Imre Thurzó
Count Imre Thurzó de Bethlenfalva (11 September 1598 – 19 October 1621) was a Hungarian aristocrat, son of Palatine György Thurzó, who served as Perpetual Ispán (Count; comes) of Árva County between 1616 and 1621. Count Imre also functioned as Rector of the University of Wittenberg from 1616 to 1621. He was the last male member of the prestigious Thurzó family.

Árva County
Árva County (Hungarian: Árva vármegye, Latin: Comitatus Arvensis, Slovak: Oravská stolica/župa, German: Komitat Arwa, Polish: Komitat Orawa) was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary since the 14th century until 1920. Its territory is now in northern Slovakia and southern Poland. Today, the Slovak name is only used as an informal designation of the corresponding territory (see Orava region).
Félix I
Félix I (officially "F-360-BD") was a Brazilian Army Technical School (today's Military Institute of Engineering) project led by Lieutenant Colonel Manoel dos Santos Lage which aimed, in 1959, to launch the Flamengo cat into space. But the project was canceled due to pressure from animal advocacy groups, and the launch never took place.

Carlos Chagas Filho
Carlos Chagas Filho (September 10, 1910 – February 16, 2000) was a Brazilian physician, biologist and scientist active in the field of neuroscience. He was internationally renowned for his investigations on the neural mechanisms underlying the phenomenon of electrogenesis by the electroplaques of electric fishes. He was also an important scientific leader, being one of the founders of the Biophysics Institute of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro and was also a president for 16 years of the Vatican's Pontifical Academy of Sciences, and president of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences (1965–1967).
Pablo Helguera
Pablo Helguera (born April 25, 1971, Mexico City) is an artist, performer, author, and educator. From 2007 to 2020 he was director of adult and academic programs at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. He currently is an assistant professor at The New School College of Performing Arts.

The New School College of Performing Arts
The College of Performing Arts, is part of The New School, New York City, NY. It was established in the fall of 2015 as part of major rebranding of the three performance arts colleges of The New School. The measure combined the Mannes School of Music, the School of Jazz and Contemporary Music, and School of Drama into a new institution called the College of Performing Arts. The college is mostly located within The New School's Arnhold Hall at 55 West 13th street, with the School of Drama located at 151 Bank street.
Doris Magee
Doris Irene Magee AM, MBE (née Lee, 21 February 1907 – 4 July 2002) was an Australian sprinter and sports administrator.

Magee campaigned for gender equality in athletics by advocating for the inclusion of women in Australia's Olympic and British Empire teams.

Sport management
Sport management, also referred to as sport administration, is the field of business dealing with sports and recreation. Sports management involves any combination of skills that correspond with planning, organizing, directing, controlling, budgeting, leading, or evaluating of any organization or business within the sports field. The field of sport management has its origins in physical education departments. The discipline has evolved to incorporate history and sociology. Development of sport management has also extended to esport management growing to a $4.5 billion dollar industry as of 2018. The opportunities in sport management have expanded to include sports marketing, sports media analytics, sports sponsorships and sports facilities management.
Void Linux
Void Linux is an independent Linux distribution that uses the X Binary Package System (XBPS) package manager, which was designed and implemented from scratch, and the runit init system. Excluding binary kernel blobs, a base install is composed entirely of free software (but users can access an official non-free repository to install proprietary software as well).

Glibc
The GNU C Library, commonly known as glibc, is the GNU Project implementation of the C standard library. It provides a wrapper around the system calls of the Linux kernel and other kernels for application use. Despite its name, it now also directly supports C++ (and, indirectly, other programming languages). It was started in the 1980s by the Free Software Foundation (FSF) for the GNU operating system.

glibc is free software released under the GNU Lesser General Public License. The GNU C Library project provides the core libraries for the GNU system, as well as many systems that use Linux as the kernel. These libraries provide critical APIs including ISO C11, POSIX.1-2008, BSD, OS-specific APIs and more. These APIs include such foundational facilities as open, read, write, malloc, printf, getaddrinfo, dlopen, pthread_create, crypt, login, exit and more.
2023 Monte Carlo Formula 3 round
The 2023 Monte Carlo FIA Formula 3 round was a motor racing event held between 25 and 28 May 2023 at the Circuit de Monaco. It was the third round of the 2023 FIA Formula 3 Championship and was held in support of the 2023 Monaco Grand Prix.

Nikola Tsolov
Nikola Dimitrov Tsolov (Bulgarian: Никола Димитров Цолов, pronounced [ni'kɔɫa dimiˈtrɔf ˈt͡sɔɫɔf]; born 21 December 2006) is a Bulgarian racing driver who competes in the FIA Formula 2 Championship for Campos Racing as part of the Red Bull Junior Team.

Born and raised in Sofia, Tsolov began competitive kart racing aged nine, winning several national and continental titles before graduating to junior formulae in 2022. He won the F4 Spanish Championship in his rookie season. Nicknamed "the Bulgarian Lion", he broke the record for most wins (5) in FIA Formula 3 from 2023 to 2025, finishing runner-up to Rafael Câmara in the latter.

A member of the Alpine Academy from 2022 to 2024 and the Red Bull Junior Team since 2025, Tsolov completed his first Formula One showrun in June 2025, driving the Red Bull RB7 in Sofia.
Scott Barr
Harvey Scott Barr, Jr. (August 21, 1916 – October 22, 2015) is a former American farmer and politician from Washington, U.S.

Barr was born in Spokane. He served the 7th district in the Washington House of Representatives from 1977 to 1983, and the same district from 1983 to 1993 in the Washington State Senate. The district encompassed Lincoln, Pend Oreille, Stevens, Ferry and parts of Okanogan and Spokane counties. His term ended with his resignation in December 1993. He was a Republican.

He was married to Dollie Mae and was active in farming, cattlemen, and wheat grower organizations. He was a cattle, grain and timber farmer, residing on a farm near Colville, Washington. He died in Colville, Washington on October 22, 2015.

Washington State Senate
The Washington State Senate is the upper house of the Washington State Legislature. The body consists of 49 members, each representing a district with a population of approximately 160,000. The state senate meets at the Legislative Building in Olympia.

As with the lower House of Representatives, state senators serve without term limits, and senators serve four-year terms. Senators are elected from the same legislative districts as House members, with each district electing one senator and two representatives. Terms are staggered so that half the Senate is up for reelection every two years.

Like other upper houses of state and territorial legislatures and the federal U.S. Senate, the state senate can confirm or reject gubernatorial appointments to the state cabinet, commissions, and boards.
Elvira: The Arcade Game
Elvira: The Arcade Game is a side-scrolling platform game released in 1991 for the Amiga, Atari ST, Commodore 64, and MS-DOS by Flair Software. The game is loosely based upon the film Elvira: Mistress of the Dark, released in 1988, and she features as the playable character.

Side-scrolling video game
A side-scrolling video game (alternatively side-scroller) is a video game viewed from a side-view camera angle where the screen follows the player as they move left or right. The jump from single-screen or flip-screen graphics to scrolling graphics during the golden age of arcade games was a pivotal leap in game design, comparable to the move to 3D graphics during the fifth generation.

Hardware support of smooth scrolling backgrounds is built into many arcade video games, some game consoles, and home computers. Examples include 8-bit systems like the Atari 8-bit computers and Nintendo Entertainment System, and 16-bit consoles, such as the Super Nintendo Entertainment System and Sega Genesis. These 16-bit consoles added multiple layers, which can be scrolled independently for a parallax scrolling effect.
Gene Dahlquist
Eugene M. Dahlquist (born December 31, 1942) is an American gridiron  football coach and former player. Dahlquist was the head coach for the Scottish Claymores of NFL Europe from 2001 to 2003, compiling a record of 15–15. Prior to his professional career, he worked 31 years in the collegiate ranks. Dahlquist served as the offensive coordinator at five different schools: Oregon, Boise State, Iowa State, Illinois, and Texas. He returned to coaching in 2019 with the Pioneros de Querétaro in Mexico, but he left the team after two games citing personal reasons.

Originally from Mount Prospect, Illinois, Dahlquist played quarterback at Arizona and later for the Norfolk Neptunes in the Continental Football League.

Norfolk Neptunes
The Norfolk Neptunes were an American football franchise based in Norfolk, Virginia that played in the Continental Football League from 1965 until 1969 and the Atlantic Coast Football League from 1970 to 1971. The team played at Foreman Field at Old Dominion University in Norfolk.

Throughout their existence the team drew 574,481 fans in 47 home games (12,223 per contest), at the time, the highest number (on average) in the history of minor league football.
Sergeants' Coup (Sierra Leone)
The Sergeants' Coup was a military coup d'état in Sierra Leone that occurred on 18 April 1968 against Chairman of the National Reformation Council (NRC) and acting Governor-General of Sierra Leone Brigadier Andrew Juxon-Smith, who declared himself the interim leader the year prior. The coup was led by Brigadier John Amadu Bangura who briefly ruled as head of state before handing power over to Siaka Stevens, who had won the 1967 general election. Despite Bangura's desire to restore democracy by upholding the results of the election, the coup opened the way for the autocratic rule of Stevens, including the 23-year-long period from 1978-1991 where the All People's Congress was the only legal party in Sierra Leone following the 1978 Sierra Leonean constitutional referendum, a sham election where 97% of the population voted in favor of one-party rule. Despite returning Stevens to power, Bangura was later executed for treason.

1978 Sierra Leonean constitutional referendum
A constitutional referendum was held in Sierra Leone on 12 July 1978. The constitutional amendments were aimed at turning the country into a presidential one-party state, with the All People's Congress as the sole legal party. The new constitution had been adopted by Parliament in May, and was put to public approval in the referendum. With more than 97% of voters voting in favour according to official results, the referendum has been described as "heavily rigged".

APC leader and President Siaka Stevens had pushed for the adoption of one-party rule, contending that it was more "African" than Western-style democracy.
Tolethorpe Road Verges
Tolethorpe Road Verges is a one hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest along the verges of Ryall Road between Great Casterton and Ryhall in Rutland.

These grass road verges on Jurassic limestone have several regionally uncommon plants. They are dominated by tor-grass and upright brome, and there are calcareous grassland herbs such as  spiny restharrow and  stemless thistle.

Calcareous
Calcareous (/kælˈkɛəriəs/) is an adjective meaning "mostly or partly composed of calcium carbonate", in other words, containing lime or being chalky. The term is  used in a wide variety of scientific disciplines.
Taurodontism
Taurodontism is defined as the enlargement of pulp chambers with the furcation area being displaced toward the apex of the root of a tooth. It cannot be diagnosed clinically and requires radiographic visualization since the crown of a taurodontic tooth appears normal and its distinguishing features are present below the alveolar margin. Taurodontism can present in deciduous or permanent dentition, unilaterally or bilaterally, but is most common in the permanent molar teeth of humans. The underlying mechanism of taurodontism is the failure or late invagination of Hertwig's epithelial root sheath, which leads an apical shift of the root furcation.

Crown (tooth)
In dentistry, the crown is the visible part of the tooth above the gingival margin and is an essential component of dental anatomy. Covered by enamel, the crown plays a crucial role in cutting, tearing, and grinding food. Its shape and structure vary depending on the type and function of the tooth (incisors, canines, premolars, or molars), and differ between primary dentition and permanent dentition. The crown also contributes to facial aesthetics, speech, and oral health.
Cherna Niva
Cherna Niva (Bulgarian: Черна нива) is a village in Chernoochene Municipality, in Kardzhali Province, in southern-central Bulgaria.  It is located 189.165 kilometres (117.542 mi) southeast of Sofia. It covers an area of 4.437 square kilometres and as of 2007 it had a population of 130 people.

Kardzhali Province
41°39′N 25°22′E﻿ / ﻿41.650°N 25.367°E﻿ / 41.650; 25.367

Kardzhali Province  (Bulgarian: Област Кърджали, romanized: Oblast Kărdžali) is a province of southern Bulgaria, neighbouring Greece with the Greek regional units of Xanthi, Rhodope, and Evros to the south and east. It is 3,209.1 km2 in area. Its main city is Kardzhali. It is Bulgaria's southernmost province.
Top Authority Uncut (The New Yea)
Top Authority Uncut (The New Yea) is the third studio album by American hip hop group Top Authority from Flint, Michigan. It was released on October 21, 1997, through Top Flight Records and Wrap Records with distribution by Ichiban Records. Recording sessions took place at Silver Sun Recording Studio and Pierrenandos in Flint, Michigan, and at Sandcastle in Gary, Indiana. It featured guest appearances from Big Whup, Tuck, Yusef Boswell and Madame Dane. The album peaked at #192 on the Billboard 200 albums chart and at #21 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart in the United States. It spawned two singles: "Playaz"/"Dope Game" and "World War III" (the latter peaked at #37 on the Billboard Hot Rap Songs chart). AllMusic gave the album 4.5 of 5 stars.

Hot Rap Songs
Hot Rap Songs (formerly known as Hot Rap Tracks and Hot Rap Singles) is a chart released weekly by Billboard in the United States. It lists the 25 most popular hip-hop/rap songs, calculated weekly by airplay on rhythmic and urban radio stations and sales in hip hop-focused or exclusive markets. Streaming data, digital downloads and All-Format radio stations were added to the methodology of determining chart rankings in 2012. From 1989 through 2001, it was based on how much the single sold in that given week.
Glandford (Hurdle Lane)
Glandford (Hurdle Lane) is a 9.4-hectare (23-acre) geological Site of Special Scientific Interest  west of Sheringham in Norfolk, England. It is a Geological Conservation Review site and it is in the Norfolk Coast Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.

This is a working quarry in the valley of the River Glaven. It has a complex sequence of deposits formed by Pleistocene glaciers, with till, lacustrine calcareous silts, sands and coarse gravels, which throw light on the glacial history of the area.

The site is private land with no public access.

Sheringham
Sheringham (/ˈʃɛrɪŋəm/; population 7,367) is a seaside town and civil parish in the county of Norfolk, England. The motto of the town, granted in 1953 to the Sheringham Urban District Council, is Mare Ditat Pinusque Decorat, Latin for "The sea enriches and the pine adorns".
Frederick Arthur Rodway
Frederick Arthur Rodway (25 March 1880, Hobart, Tasmania – 1 April 1956, Nowra, New South Wales) was an Australian physician, botanist, and plant collector. He collected spermatophytes in New South Wales and Western Australia.

Seed plant
A seed plant or spermatophyte (from Ancient Greek  σπέρμα (spérma) 'seed' and  φυτόν (phutón) 'plant'; lit. 'seed plant'), also called a phanerogam (taxon Phanerogamae) or a phaenogam (taxon Phaenogamae), is any plant that produces seeds. It is a category of embryophyte (i.e. land plant) that includes most of the familiar land plants, including the flowering plants and the gymnosperms, but not ferns, mosses, or algae.

The term phanerogam or phanerogamae is derived from  Ancient Greek φανερός (phanerós), meaning "visible", in contrast to the term "cryptogam" or "cryptogamae" (from Ancient Greek  κρυπτός (kruptós) 'hidden', and γαμέω (gaméō), 'to marry'). These terms distinguish those plants with hidden sexual organs (cryptogamae) from those with visible ones (phanerogamae).
Moraitis
Moraitis (Greek: Μωραΐτης) is a surname of Greek origin, denoting origin from the Morea. The genitive case form Moraiti (Μωραΐτη) is used for female name-bearers. Notable people with this surname include:

Antonia Moraiti (born 1977), Greek water polo player and Olympic silver medalist

Chris Moraitis (born 1962), senior Australian public servant

Dimitrios Moraitis (born 1999), Greek basketball player

George Moraitis (born 1970), American politician

Nikolaos Moraitis (born 1957), Greek politician

Panagiotis Moraitis (born 1997), Greek footballer

George Moraitis
George R. Moraitis Jr. (born October 29, 1970) is a Republican politician and a former member of the Florida House of Representatives, representing the 93rd District, which stretches from Boca Raton to Hollywood in eastern Broward County, from 2012 to 2018. Moraitis previously represented the 91st District from 2010 to 2012.

In March 2025, Moraitis announced his candidacy for Florida's 23rd congressional district in the 2026 election.
Gaius Trebonius
Gaius Trebonius (c. 92 BC – January 43 BC) was a military commander and politician of the late Roman Republic, who became suffect consul in 45 BC. He was an associate of Julius Caesar, having served as his legate and having fought on his side during the civil war, and was among the conspirators of his assassination.

Praetor
Praetor (/ˈpriːtər/ PREE-tər, Classical Latin: [ˈprae̯tɔr]), also pretor, was the title granted by the government of ancient Rome to a man acting in one of two official capacities: (i) the commander of an army, and (ii) as an elected magistratus (magistrate), assigned to discharge various duties. The functions of the magistracy, the praetura (praetorship), are described by the adjective itself: the praetoria potestas (praetorian power), the praetorium imperium (praetorian authority), and the praetorium ius (praetorian law), the legal precedents established by the praetores (praetors). Praetorium, as a substantive, denoted the location from which the praetor exercised his authority, either the headquarters of his castra, the courthouse (tribunal) of his judiciary, or the city hall of his provincial governorship. The minimum age for holding the praetorship was 39 during the Roman Republic, but it was later changed to 30 in the early Empire.
Jacksonia grevilleoides
Jacksonia grevilleoides is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to the south west of Western Australia. It is a prostrate or erect shrub with variably-shaped phylloclades, yellow-orange flowers and woody, densely hairy pods.

Phylloclade
Phylloclades and cladodes are flattened, photosynthetic shoots, which are usually considered to be modified branches. The two terms are used either differently or interchangeably by different authors. Phyllocladus, a genus of conifer, is named after these structures.  Phylloclades/cladodes have been identified in fossils dating from as early as the Permian.
Miss Polski
The Miss Polski is a national beauty pageant in Poland to select the official ambassador of Poland at the Miss Supranational, Miss Cosmo, The Miss Globe, Miss Tourism International and Reina Internacional del Café pageants. This pageant is a famous Polish national pageant after Miss Polonia. This pageant is unrelated to the Miss Polonia pageant.

Miss Tourism International
Miss Tourism International is an annual international beauty pageant run and owned by Malaysia–based D’Touch International Sdn. Bhd. Foundation.

The current Miss Tourism International is Zuzanna Balonek from Poland. She was crowned on October 18, 2025, at the Resorts World Genting, Genting Highlands, Bentong, Pahang, Malaysia.
Considered purchase
A considered purchase is a complex buying decision with a high degree of financial and/or emotional risk and reward.  This process requires meaningful investigation and comparison by key decision makers and influencers prior to a transaction.  All purchase decisions fall along a spectrum of complexity and consequence depending on the variables and relevant information involved. Unlike an impulse purchase, a considered purchase typically has a long purchase cycle and significant consequences.  Considered purchase decisions exist in both the consumer and commercial realms involving both products and services.

Financial transaction
A financial transaction is an agreement, or communication, between a buyer and seller to exchange goods, services, or assets for payment. Any transaction involves a change in the status of the finances of two or more businesses or individuals. A financial transaction always involves one or more financial asset, most commonly money or another valuable item such as gold or silver.

There are many types of financial transactions. The most common type, purchases, occur when a good, service, or other commodity is sold to a consumer in exchange for money. Most purchases are made with cash payments, including physical currency, debit cards, or cheques. The other main form of payment is credit, which gives immediate access to funds in exchange for repayment at a later date.