hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Richard Collard
Group Captain Richard Charles Marler Collard DSO DFC (25 August 1911 – 9 August 1962) was a British Royal Air Force officer and politician. His sudden death at the age of 50 occurred less than three years after he was first elected to the House of Commons.

Group captain
Group captain (Gp Capt or G/C) is a senior officer rank used by some air forces, with origins from the Royal Air Force. The rank is used by air forces of many countries that have historical British influence.

Group captain is immediately senior to wing commander and immediately below air commodore. It is equivalent to the rank of captain in the navy and of colonel in other services.

The equivalent rank in the Women's Auxiliary Air Force, Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force, Women's Royal Air Force (until 1968) and Princess Mary's Royal Air Force Nursing Service (until 1980) was "group officer".
Wiseton
Wiseton is a small village, country estate and civil parish, Nottinghamshire, England, situated between the villages of Gringley-on-the-Hill and Everton, approximately 5.6 miles (9.0 km) southeast of Bawtry and 7.7 miles (12.4 km) west of Gainsborough. There is also a nearby hamlet called New Wiseton. The Chesterfield Canal flows nearby, and there are several bridges in the vicinity. 109 residents were recorded for the 2021 census.

Bawtry
Bawtry (/ˈbɔtrɪ/) is a market town and civil parish in the City of Doncaster in South Yorkshire, England. It lies 8 miles (13 km) south-east of Doncaster, 10 miles (16 km) west of Gainsborough and 8 miles (13 km) north-west of Retford, on the border with Nottinghamshire and close to Lincolnshire. The town was historically divided between the West Riding of Yorkshire and Nottinghamshire. Its population of 3,204 in the 2001 UK census increased to 3,573 in 2011, and was put at 3,519 in 2019. Nearby settlements include Austerfield, Everton, Scrooby, Blyth, Bircotes and Tickhill.
Urdoma, Lensky District, Arkhangelsk Oblast
Urdoma (Russian: Урдома) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) in Lensky District of Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia, located on the Verkhnyaya Lupya River, a tributary of the Vychegda. Municipally, it is the administrative center of Urdomskoye Urban Settlement, the only urban settlement in the district. Population:  4,577 (2010 Census); 4,637 (2002 Census); 4,998 (1989 Soviet census)..

Vorkuta
Vorkuta (Russian: Воркута́; Komi: Вӧркута, romanized: Vörkuta) is a coal-mining town in the Komi Republic of Russia, situated just north of the Arctic Circle in the Pechora coal basin, at the river Vorkuta. Population: 56,985 (2021 census); 70,548 (2010 census); 84,917 (2002 census); 115,646 (1989 Soviet census).

Vorkuta is among the top five cities north of the Arctic Circle and the easternmost town in Europe. It has the coldest recorded temperature of any European city, at −52 °C (−61 °F).

Vorkuta's population has dropped steadily since the fall of the Soviet Union, when mines were privatized and many people began moving farther south. Many of the mines have been abandoned, and by September 2020, the city's estimated population was only about 50,000.
Earl of Guilford
Earl of Guilford is a title that has been created three times in history. The title was created for the first time in the Peerage of England in 1660 (as Countess of Guilford) for Elizabeth Boyle. She was a daughter of William Feilding, 1st Earl of Denbigh, and the widow of Lewis Boyle, 1st Viscount Boyle of Kinalmeaky. The title was for life only and became extinct on her death in 1667. The title was created for a second time in the Peerage of England in 1674 for John Maitland, 1st Duke of Lauderdale. For more information on this creation, see the article on him as well as the Earl of Lauderdale.

Banbury (UK Parliament constituency)
Banbury is a constituency in Oxfordshire created in 1553 and represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament. Its current MP is Sean Woodcock of the Labour Party, who gained the seat at the 2024 general election.
Capture of Tranquebar (1801)
The Capture of Tranquebar (Danish: Overtagelsen af Trankebar) or the Surrender of Tranquebar (Danish: Overgivelsen af Trankebar) was a British takeover of the capital of Danish India, Tranquebar. The capture was quick and successful, with the Dano-Norwegian governor, Peter Anker, surrendering with the arrival of the British.

Dano-Norwegian
Dano-Norwegian (Danish and Norwegian: dansk-norsk) was a koiné/mixed language that evolved among the urban elite in Norwegian cities during the later years of the union between the Kingdoms of Denmark and Norway (1536/1537–1814). It is from this koiné that the unofficial written standard Riksmål and the official written standard Bokmål developed. Bokmål is now the most widely used written standard of contemporary Norwegian.
Langogne
Langogne (French pronunciation: [lɑ̃ɡɔɲ]; Occitan: Lengònha) is a commune in the Lozère department in southern France.

Located on the antique Regordane way, the Paris–Nimes railway line and the road RN 88 (Lyon–Toulouse), the city has long been a commercial crossroad between the Auvergne, the Cévennes and the Languedoc. It is one of the gateways of the historic county of Gévaudan and of the Occitanie region.

Langogne is situated in the valley of the Allier, in a mountainous area. It is crossed by the Langouyrou stream that joins the Allier in the north of the commune. The city is overlooked by hills: Margeride, Mount Milan (Beauregard), Bonjour Volcano.

Occitania (administrative region)
Occitania (French: Occitanie [ɔksitani] ⓘ; Occitan: Occitània [utsiˈtanjɔ]; Catalan: Occitània [uksiˈtaniə]) is the southernmost administrative region of metropolitan France excluding Corsica, located in the south of the country, created on 1 January 2016 from the former regions of Languedoc-Roussillon and Midi-Pyrénées. The Council of State approved Occitania as the new name of the region on 28 September 2016, coming into effect on 30 September 2016.

The modern administrative region is named after the larger cultural and historical region of Occitania, which corresponds with the southern third of France. The region of Occitania as it is today covers a territory similar to that ruled by the Counts of Toulouse in the 12th and 13th centuries. The banner of arms of the Counts of Toulouse, known colloquially as the Occitan cross, is used by the modern region and is also a popular cultural symbol. In 2022, Occitania had a population of 6,080,731.
Laos women's national rugby union team
The Laos women's national rugby union team is a national sporting side that represents Thailand in women's rugby union. It first played international sevens rugby in 2007 at the South East Asia sevens, where it finished third. It then played a ten-a-side international against Cambodia in 2009, and in 2010 it won a non-test match developmental tournament involving Thailand and the Philippines. Its first full test was against Thailand in 2011.

Rugby tens
Rugby tens, also known as ten-a-side and Xs, is a variant of rugby union in which teams are made up of ten players, typically five forwards and five backs.  Matches are much shorter, usually played as two ten-minute halves.

Unlike the other two major rugby union variants - sevens and beach rugby - which were invented in major rugby nations, rugby tens was developed in Malaysia, a nation that has never qualified for the Rugby World Cup.

The rules (law variations) are similar to rugby sevens and are published on the World Rugby website.
Live sand
Live sand, a term used in aquarism, is natural reef coral sand populated with large quantities of beneficial bacteria and organisms which aid in the dissolving of organic wastes like ammonia, nitrites and nitrates produced by larger organisms in saltwater aquariums. Live sand can be purchased from aquarium stores, but many hobbyists make their own by seeding dead sand with live sand from other aquarium systems.

Coral sand
Coral sand is a form of aragonite sand particles originating in tropical and sub-tropical marine environments primarily from bioerosion of limestone skeletal material of marine organisms. Often, this is due to corallivores, such as parrotfish, which excrete sand after digestion. However, the term "coral" in coral sand is used loosely in this sense to mean limestone of recent biological origin; corals are not the dominant contributors of sand particles to most such deposits. Rather, coral sand is a mix of coral and/or remnant skeletal fragments of foraminifera, calcareous algae, molluscs, and crustaceans . Because it is composed of limestone, coral sand is acid-soluble.
Pedro da Fonseca (cardinal)
For the portuguese philosopher of the same name, see Pedro da Fonseca (philosopher)

Pedro da Fonseca (14th century – 22 August 1422) was a Portuguese Cardinal who served as Bishop of Astorga,  1414–1418, and Bishop of Sigüenza, 1419–1422.

Catholic-Hierarchy.org
Catholic-Hierarchy.org is an online database of bishops and dioceses of the Latin Church and the 23 Eastern Catholic Churches that are in full communion with Rome. The website, not officially sanctioned by the Church, is run as a private project by David M. Cheney in Kansas City.
Thienodiazepine
A thienodiazepine is a heterocyclic compound containing a diazepine ring fused to a thiophene ring.

If R1 and R2 are part of a triazole ring, the substance is called a "thienotriazolodiazepine."

The thienodiazepine structure forms the central core of some pharmaceutical and recreational drugs, including etizolam, bentazepam, clotiazepam, and tofisopam.

Since thienodiazepines interact with the benzodiazepine receptor site, they typically have similar effects as benzodiazepines.

Heterocyclic compound
A heterocyclic compound or ring structure is a hydrocarbon-based cyclic compound that contains at least one heteroatom as member(s) of its ring(s). Heterocyclic organic chemistry is the branch of organic chemistry dealing with the synthesis, properties, and applications of organic heterocycles.

Examples of heterocyclic compounds include all of the nucleic acids, the majority of drugs, most biomass (cellulose and related materials), and many natural and synthetic dyes.  More than half of known compounds are heterocycles.  59% of US FDA-approved drugs contain nitrogen heterocycles.
Milo Clarke
Milo Clarke (born 31 March 1997) is an English actor. Following stage roles including 27 Wagons Full of Cotton, 24 Italian Songs and Arias, The Alchemist and The Play That Goes Wrong, Clarke was cast in the BBC medical drama series Casualty as Theodore "Teddy" Gowan in 2021.

Academy of Live and Recorded Arts
The Academy of Live and Recorded Arts (ALRA) was a British drama school. It had two sites: ALRA South on Wandsworth Common in south London and ALRA North in Wigan, Greater Manchester. It was founded in 1979 by director and actors Sorrel Carson and Caryll Ziegler who then directed the school as its principal until 2001.

ALRA was a member of Federation of Drama Schools an iteration of the formerly known as Drama UK, and before that the Conference of Drama Schools, and National Council for Drama Training, both organizations since dissolved, and received funding from the Young People's Learning Agency.

The school closed in April 2022.
Armies in the American Civil War
This article is designed to give background into the organization and tactics of Civil War armies. This brief survey is by no means exhaustive, but it should give enough material for a better understanding of the capabilities of the forces that fought the American Civil War. Understanding these capabilities should give insight into the reasoning behind the decisions made by commanders on both sides.

William A. Hammond
William Alexander Hammond (28 August 1828 – 5 January 1900) was an American military physician and neurologist. During the American Civil War he was the eleventh Surgeon General of the United States Army (1862–1864) and the founder of the Army Medical Museum (now the National Museum of Health and Medicine).

He was the first American physician to devote himself entirely to neurology, the author of the first American treatise about neurology, and one of the founders of the American Neurological Association.
Kfar Silwan
Kfar Silwan (Arabic: كفر سلوان, also spelled Kfar Selouane, Kfarselwan or Kfar Silwen) is a municipality in the Baabda District of Mount Lebanon Governorate, Lebanon. It is 49 kilometres (30 mi) north of Beirut. Kfar Silwan has an average elevation of 1,380 metres (4,530 ft) above sea level and a total land area of 1,471 hectares. It had 2,736 registered voters in 2010. Its inhabitants are predominantly Maronites and Druze.

Mount Lebanon Governorate
Mount Lebanon Governorate (Arabic: محافظة جبل لبنان) is one of the nine governorates of Lebanon, of which it is the most populous. Its capital is Baabda. Other notable towns and cities include Aley, Bikfaya, and Beit Mery.

This governorate is named after the mountainous region of Mount Lebanon and, except for the small Beirut Governorate which it surrounds, spans the stretch of the Mediterranean coast between Keserwan-Jbeil Governorate and South Governorate.
Engadine High School
Engadine High School (abbreviated as EHS) is a school located in Engadine, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, on Porter Road. It is a co-educational high school operated by the New South Wales Department of Education, with students from years 7 to 12. The school was established in 1969 as a result of the growing population in the Engadine area.

Department of Education (New South Wales)
The New South Wales Department of Education, a department of the Government of New South Wales, is responsible for the delivery and co-ordination of early childhood, primary school, secondary school, vocational education, adult, migrant and higher education in the state of New South Wales, Australia.

The department was preceded by the Board of National Education and Council of Education, and has been formerly known by a number of names, including Department of Public Instruction, the Department of Education and Training (DET) between December 1997 and April 2011, and the Department of Education and Communities (DEC) between April 2011 and July 2015.

The department's powers are principally drawn from the Education Act, 1990  (NSW).
Ygnacio del Valle
Ygnacio Ramón de Jesus del Valle (July 1, 1808 – 1880) was a Californio ranchero and politician. He owned much of the Santa Clarita Valley and served briefly as Mayor of Los Angeles and as a California State Assemblyman.

Mayor of Los Angeles
The mayor of Los Angeles is the head of the executive branch of the government of Los Angeles and the chief executive of Los Angeles. The office is officially nonpartisan, a change made in the 1909 charter; previously, both the elections and the office were partisan.

Forty-two men and one woman have been mayor since 1850, when California became a state following the American conquest of California. Between 1781 and the conquest, Californios, or native-born residents of the Mexican territory, served as alcalde, equivalent to mayor.  The current mayor is Karen Bass, who was elected on November 17, 2022, and took office on December 12, 2022.
Nalacetus
Nalacetus is an extinct pakicetid early whale, fossils of which have been found in Lutetian red beds in Punjab, Pakistan (33°36′N 72°12′E﻿ / ﻿33.6°N 72.2°E﻿ / 33.6; 72.2, paleocoordinates 14°18′N 68°18′E﻿ / ﻿14.3°N 68.3°E﻿ / 14.3; 68.3). Nalacetus lived in a fresh water environment, was amphibious, and carnivorous. It was considered monophyletic by Cooper, Thewissen & Hussain 2009.
It was said to be wolf-sized and one of the earliest forms of the order Cetacea.

Nalacetus is known mostly from dental remains from the Lutetian of the Kala Chitta Hill, Punjab, Pakistan:

H-GSP 96055, right palatal fragment with P4 and M1−2.

H-GSP 30306, right maxillary fragment with P2 and partial P3−4; a fragmentary mandible with fragmented teeth together with some isolated lower teeth.

In the cheek teeth of Pakicetus, the protocone lobe increases from the first molar to the third. In Nalacetus, in contrast, the protocone lobe is larger in the first molar than in the second.

Red beds
Red beds (or redbeds) are sedimentary rocks, typically consisting of sandstone, siltstone, and shale, that are predominantly red in color due to the presence of ferric oxides. Frequently, these red-colored sedimentary strata locally contain thin beds of conglomerate, marl, limestone, or some combination of these sedimentary rocks. The ferric oxides, which are responsible for the red color of red beds, typically occur as a coating on the grains of sediments comprising red beds. Classic examples of red beds are the Permian and Triassic strata of the western United States and the Devonian Old Red Sandstone facies of Europe.
Ford Capri EV
The Ford Capri EV is a battery electric compact crossover SUV (C-segment) produced by Ford through its European operations. Produced in the Cologne Body & Assembly in Germany and marketed mainly in Europe, the vehicle is based on the Volkswagen Group MEB platform and uses Volkswagen-supplied batteries. The vehicle shares its name with the original Ford Capri.

C-segment
The C-segment is the 3rd category of the European segments for passenger cars and is described as "medium cars". It is equivalent to the Euro NCAP "small family car" size class, and the compact car category in the United States.

In 2024, the C-segment had a European market share of 13.9%.
Love at the Fountain of Life
Love at the Fountain of Life or The Lovers at the Fountain of Life is an 1896 oil on canvas painting by Giovanni Segantini, commissioned by prince Yusupov of Saint Petersburg during the artist's mature period and one of the most famous works of his Symbolist period, which had begun in 1891 with The Bad Mothers. It is signed in red at bottom left "G. Segantini - Maloja 1896". It is now in the Galleria d'Arte Moderna, in Milan, to which it was bequeathed in 1955.

House of Yusupov
The House of Yusupov (Russian: Юсу́повы, romanized: Yusupovy) was a Russian princely family descended from the monarchs of the Nogai Horde, renowned for their immense wealth, philanthropy and art collections in the 18th and 19th centuries. Most notably, Prince Felix Yusupov was famous for his involvement in the murder of Grigori Rasputin.
The Lady Who Lied
The Lady Who Lied is a 1925 American silent melodrama film produced and distributed by First National Pictures and based on a novel by Robert Hichens. Edwin Carewe directed, and Lewis Stone, Virginia Valli, and Nita Naldi star. The film has the distinction of being the feature attraction of the gala opening of the Uptown Theatre in Chicago, Illinois, on August 18, 1925.

First National Pictures
First National Pictures was an American motion picture production and distribution company. It was founded in 1917 as First National Exhibitors' Circuit, Inc., an association of independent theatre owners in the United States, and became the country's largest theater chain. Expanding from exhibiting movies to distributing them, the company reincorporated in 1919 as Associated First National Theatres, Inc., and Associated First National Pictures, Inc. In 1924 it expanded to become a motion picture production company as First National Pictures, Inc., and became an important studio in the film industry. In September 1928, control of First National passed to Warner Bros., into which it was completely absorbed on November 4, 1929. A number of Warner Bros. films were thereafter branded First National Pictures until July 1936, when First National Pictures, Inc., was dissolved.
Gagasi 99.5 FM
Gagasi FM (previously P4 99.5 FM or P4 Radio Durban) is a radio station broadcasting in Durban and surrounding areas in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa, specialising in R&B, Afro pop, hip hop, house and kwaito. As of May 2007 it had a listenership of approximately 10 million. The station launched on 13 March 2006. It claims to be the only English and Zulu radio station in the country.

The station had 1 million listeners during its first year of operation.

Kwaito
Kwaito is a music genre that emerged in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa, between the late 1980s and 1990s. It is a sound that features the use of South African sounds and samples. Kwaito songs occur at a slower tempo range than other styles of house music and often contain catchy melodic and percussive loop samples, deep bass lines and vocals. They are also very similar tempos to early 1990s NYC house tracks.
Luke Jager
Luke Jager (born January 17, 2000) is an American cross-country skier. He competed in the sprint and skied the first leg of the Men’s 4 × 10 km relay at the 2022 Winter Olympics. He attended West Anchorage High School in Anchorage, Alaska. Luke skis collegiately for the University of Utah and is studying Economics in the class of 2023.

Cross-country skiing at the 2022 Winter Olympics – Men's sprint
The men’s sprint competition in cross-country skiing at the 2022 Winter Olympics was held on 8 February, at the Kuyangshu Nordic Center and Biathlon Center in Zhangjiakou. The event was won by Johannes Høsflot Klæbo of Norway, who defended his 2018 title. The 2018 silver medalist, Federico Pellegrino, won the silver medal again. Alexander Terentyev, representing the Russian Olympic Committee, won the bronze medal. This was his first Olympic medal.
Andaman cuckooshrike
The Andaman cuckooshrike (Coracina dobsoni) is a species of bird in the family Campephagidae. It is endemic to the Andaman Islands. It was formerly considered a subspecies of the bar-bellied cuckooshrike.

Cuckooshrike
The cuckooshrikes and allies in the family Campephagidae are small to medium-sized passerine bird species found in the subtropical and tropical Africa, Asia and Australasia. The 107 species are divided into 11 genera. The woodshrikes (Tephrodornis) were often considered to be in this family but are now placed in their own family, Vangidae, along with the philentomas and the flycatcher-shrikes. Another genus, Chlamydochaera, which has one species, the black-breasted fruithunter, was often placed in this family but has now been shown to be a thrush (Turdidae).
Maine Huts and Trails
Maine Huts & Trails is a United States non-profit public service organization that maintains 80 miles of trails in Maine.

It aims to create a 180-mile network of non-motorized, multi-use trails stretching between the Mahoosuc Range in western Maine to Moosehead Lake, the state's largest water body. Much of the land for this project—including Poplar Hut site—is leased from the Penobscot Indian Nation, the original inhabitants of the region.

Moosehead Lake
Moosehead Lake is a deep, coldwater lake located in Piscataquis County in Northwestern Maine. It is the largest lake in Maine and the largest lake wholly within New England, the second-largest lake in New England after Lake Champlain, and the largest mountain lake in the eastern United States. Situated in the mostly undeveloped Longfellow Mountains, the lake is the source of the Kennebec River. Several rural townships border the lake. Greenville is by far the largest town on the lake, with a small downtown area that has banks, shops, and restaurants. There are over 80 islands in the lake, the largest being Sugar Island and Deer Island to the west being the second largest.
Bắc Ninh station
Bắc Ninh station is a mainline station of the North–South railway, an important centre of the railways of Vietnam. It serves the city of Bắc Ninh, in Bắc Ninh Province.

The Bắc Ninh railway station, first encountered at the age of seven, is a recurring scene in the autobiography of Marcel Van.

Marcel Nguyễn Tân Văn
Marcel Van (March 15, 1928 – July 10, 1959), or Marcel Nguyễn Tân Văn,  was a Vietnamese Redemptorist  brother.  During his life, he reported receiving locutions and visions from Thérèse of Lisieux, Jesus Christ, and the Blessed Virgin Mary. He is called "The Apostle of Love", continuing the teachings of Therese of Lisieux's "Little Way." He died in a North Vietnam internment camp, and his cause for beatification was opened in 1997 by archbishop Nguyễn Văn Thuận. Van called himself "Little brother of the Christ Child".