hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Battle of Chelenqo
The Battle of Chelenqo was an engagement fought on 9 January 1887 between the Abyssinian army of Shewa under Negus Menelik and Emir 'Abd Allah II ibn 'Ali 'Abd ash-Shakur of Harar. The Harari forces were routed, and Negus Menelik afterwards occupied and annexed the city of Harar.

Shewa
Shewa (Amharic: ሸዋ; Oromo: Shawaa;  Somali: Shawa; Arabic: شيوا, Italian: Scioà), formerly romanized as Shua, Shoa, Showa, Shuwa, is a historical region of Ethiopia which was formerly an autonomous kingdom within the Ethiopian Empire. The modern Ethiopian capital Addis Ababa is located at its center.

The towns of Debre Berhan, Antsokia, Ankober, Entoto and, after Shewa became a province of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa have all served as the capital of Shewa at various times. Most of northern Shewa, made up of the districts of Menz, Tegulet, Yifat, Menjar and Bulga, is populated by Christian Amharas, while southern Shewa is inhabited by the Gurages and eastern Shewa has large Oromo and Argobba Muslim populations. The monastery of Debre Libanos, founded by Saint Tekle Haymanot, is located in the ancient district of Selale. Modern Shewa includes the historical Endagabatan province.
Dreier (coin)
The Dreipfenniggröschlein, commonly called the Dreier or Dreyer, was a coin initially minted in the Electorate of Saxony from the 16th century. The Saxon coins referred to as Dreiers were initially minted according to the coinage regulations of Duke George the Bearded from 1534 and were thus initially part of Saxon coinage history. Four Dreiers were equivalent to 3 Zinsgroschen. The coins were initially made of silver or the silver/copper alloy, billon.

The coins, which were stamped with the number "3" and were later only made of copper, spread as a means of payment in other states throughout Central and Northern Germany up to the 19th century, including the Kingdom of Prussia and the Duchy of Brunswick where they were known as Dreipfennigstücke (three pfennig pieces). But also in other European countries the Dreier was a common small coin.

Central Germany (geography)
Central Germany (German: Zentraldeutschland) or Middle Germany (Mitteldeutschland [ˈmɪtl̩ˌdɔʏtʃlant] ⓘ), in geography, describes the areas surrounding the geographical centre of Germany.

Hesse, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia are the only landlocked German states without an international border except for the city-states of Berlin and Hamburg.
Declinism
Declinism is the belief that a society or institution is tending towards decline. Particularly, it is the predisposition, caused by cognitive biases such as rosy retrospection, to view the past more favourably and the future more negatively.

"The great summit of declinism" according to Adam Gopnik, "was established in 1918, in the book that gave decline its good name in publishing: the German historian Oswald Spengler's best-selling, thousand-page work The Decline of the West."

Fareed Zakaria
Fareed Rafiq Zakaria (/fəˈriːd zəˈkɑːriə/; born January 20, 1964) is an Indian-born American journalist, political commentator, and author. He is the host of CNN's Fareed Zakaria GPS and writes a weekly paid column for The Washington Post. He has been a columnist for Newsweek, editor of Newsweek International, and an editor at large of Time.
Madison Railroad
The Madison Railroad (reporting mark CMPA), a division of the City of Madison Port Authority, is a 26-mile (42 km) short-line railroad in southeastern Indiana.  The Madison Railroad begins along the Ohio River in the western part of the city of Madison and from there runs generally northwest through Jefferson County, then crosses into Jennings County and terminates near its intersection with the CSX line in North Vernon.

Reporting mark
A reporting mark is a code used to identify owners or lessees of rolling stock and other equipment used on certain rail transport networks.  The code typically reflects the name or identifying number of the owner, lessee, or operator of the equipment, similar to IATA airline designators.

In North America, the mark, which consists of an alphabetic code of two to four letters, is stenciled on each piece of equipment, along with a one- to six-digit number. This information is used to uniquely identify every such rail car or locomotive, thus allowing it to be tracked by the railroad it is traveling over, which shares the information with other railroads and customers.  In multinational registries, a code indicating the home country may also be included.
Nemanja Bojanić
Nemanja Bojanić (Cyrillic: Немања Бојанић, born 4 February 2006) is a Montenegrin footballer who plays as a midfielder for Arsenal Tivat.

He made a professional debut in season 2022-23 wearing Arsenal Tivat jersey. From 2023 to 2025, he played for Spanish youth clubs AD Nervión, UD Tomares where he also made a senior debut and CD Mosquito. At summer of 2025, he returned to Arsenal Tivat.

On international level, he made one cap for Montenegro U17 in 2022.

Montenegro national under-17 football team
The Montenegro national under-17 football team is the national under-17 football team of Montenegro and is controlled by the Football Association of Montenegro.  The team competes in the European Under-17 Football Championship, held every year.
Solar eclipse of August 22, 1998
An annular solar eclipse occurred at the Moon’s ascending node of orbit on Saturday, August 22, 1998,

 with a magnitude of 0.9734. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is smaller than the Sun's, blocking most of the Sun's light and causing the Sun to look like an annulus (ring). An annular eclipse appears as a partial eclipse over a region of the Earth thousands of kilometres wide. Occurring about 5.2 days before apogee (on August 27, 1998, at 7:30 UTC), the Moon's apparent diameter was smaller.

Annularity was visible in Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands (Bellona Island and Rennell Island) and Vanuatu. A partial eclipse was visible for parts of Southeast Asia, East Asia, Australia, and Oceania.

Bellona Island
Bellona Island (indigenous name Mungiki) is an island within Rennell and Bellona Province, in Solomon Islands. Its length is about 10 km (6.2 mi) and its average width 2.5 km (1.6 mi). Its area is about 17 km2 (6.6 sq mi). It is almost entirely surrounded by 30–70 m (100–230 ft) high cliffs, consisting primarily of raised coral limestone.
1968 Southern Conference men's basketball tournament
The 1968 Southern Conference men's basketball tournament took place from February 29 – March 2, 1968, at the original Charlotte Coliseum in Charlotte, North Carolina. The Davidson Wildcats, led by head coach Lefty Driesell, won their second Southern Conference title and received the automatic berth to the 1968 NCAA tournament.

Lefty Driesell
Charles Grice "Lefty" Driesell (December 25, 1931 – February 17, 2024) was an American college basketball coach. He was the first coach to win more than 100 games at four different NCAA Division I schools, Driesell led the programs of Davidson College, the University of Maryland, James Madison University, and Georgia State University.  He earned a reputation as "the greatest program builder in the history of basketball."  At the time of his retirement in 2003, he was the fourth-winningest NCAA Division I men's basketball college coach, with 21 seasons of 20 or more wins, and 21 conference or conference tournament titles.  Driesell played college basketball at Duke University.
Timeline of Italian history
This is a timeline of Italian history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Italy and its predecessor states, including Ancient Rome and Prehistoric Italy. Date of the prehistoric era are approximate. For further background, see history of Italy and list of prime ministers of Italy.

Prehistoric Italy
The prehistory of Italy began in the Paleolithic period, when members of the genus Homo first inhabited what is now modern Italian territory, and ended in the Iron Age, when the first written records appeared in Italy.
Charles F. Smith (politician)
Charles Franklin "Rip" Smith Jr. (July 6, 1912 – August 1, 1962) was an American politician. He was a member of the Arkansas House of Representatives from 1949 to 1956. He was a member of the Democratic party. He drowned in a fishing accident in 1962.

Arkansas House of Representatives
The Arkansas House of Representatives is the lower house of the Arkansas General Assembly, the state legislature of the US state of Arkansas. The House has 100 members elected from an equal number of constituencies across the state. Each district has an average population of 30,137, according to the 2020 federal census. Members are elected to two-year terms and, since the 2014 Amendment to the Arkansas Constitution, limited to sixteen years cumulative in either house.

The Arkansas House of Representatives meets annually, in regular session in odd number years and for a fiscal session in even number years, at the State Capitol in Little Rock.
Empty Streets
Empty Streets is the debut album by the American house group Late Night Alumni, released through Hed Kandi Records. It was released physically in the UK on August 29, 2005.

The lead single from the album of the same name, "Empty Streets", was released in September 2005 and it features remixes by Haji & Emanuel, Kaskade and Aurora. The Haji & Emanuel remix was featured in Tiësto's compilation album In Search of Sunrise 5: Los Angeles (without crediting it as a remix) and, at the time, became one of the series' most downloaded tracks. Kaskade remade the song for his 2010 album Dynasty.

Dynasty (Kaskade album)
Dynasty is the sixth solo album by house DJ Kaskade. It was released on iTunes on April 27, 2010, and physically on May 11, 2010. It debuted at number 1 on the Billboard Heatseekers Albums chart, number 4 on the Billboard Dance/Electronic Albums chart, and number 104 on the Billboard 200.
The songs "Dynasty," "Fire in Your New Shoes" and "Call Out" were released as promo singles on iTunes in April, 2010, preceding the album's release.
Simon Stephens
Simon Stephens (born 6 February 1971) is a British-Irish playwright, musician and Professor of Scriptwriting at Manchester Metropolitan University. Having taught on the Young Writers' Programme at the Royal Court Theatre for many years, he is now an Artistic Associate at the Lyric Hammersmith. He is the inaugural Associate Playwright of Steep Theatre Company, Chicago, where five of his plays, Harper Regan, Motortown, Wastwater, Birdland, and Light Falls had their U.S. premieres. His writing is widely performed throughout Europe and, along with Dennis Kelly and Martin Crimp, he is one of the most performed English-language writers in Germany.

Young Vic
The Young Vic Theatre is a performing-arts venue located on The Cut, near the South Bank, in the London Borough of Lambeth, United Kingdom.

The Young Vic was established by Frank Dunlop in 1970. Nadia Fall has been artistic director since 2025, succeeding Kwame Kwei-Armah, and David Lan before him.
Phil Cummings
Phil Cummings is a South Australian children's fiction author. Born in Port Broughton, his first book, "Goodness Gracious", was published in 1989. Since then he has published over 100 children's books.

Two of Cummings' works have been turned into theatrical productions. Windmill Performing Arts produced a production of "Boom Bah!" in 2008, and John Schumann composed a musical version of "Danny Allen was here" for the 2012 Festival of Music.

Cummings collaborated with Glyn Lehmann to write two musicals suitable for primary schools to perform. The first is Arlie Abbstock and the Incredible Cape which can be part of the performing arts curriculum. The second musical focuses on environmental issues entitled One Drop of Rain. In addition Cummings and Lehmann wrote a song for Children's Book Week entitled A Book Will Take You There.

John Schumann
John Lewis Schumann AM (born 18 May 1953) is an Australian singer-songwriter and guitarist from Adelaide. He is best known as the lead singer for the folk group Redgum, with their chart-topping hit "I Was Only 19 (A Walk in the Light Green)", a song exploring the psychological and medical side-effects of serving in the Australian forces during the Vietnam War. The song's sales assisted Vietnam Veterans during the 1983 Royal Commission into the effects of Agent Orange and other chemical defoliants employed during the war. Schumann was an Australian Democrats candidate in the 1998 federal election, narrowly failing to unseat Australian Foreign Minister Alexander Downer for the Division of Mayo.

Since 2005 he has been performing as part of John Schumann and the Vagabond Crew, including fellow ex-Redgum member Hugh McDonald.
The Lost Art of Forehead Sweat
"The Lost Art of Forehead Sweat" is the fourth episode of the eleventh season of the American science fiction television series The X-Files. The episode was written and directed by Darin Morgan. The episode is a "Monster of the Week" story, unconnected to the series' wider mythology.

The episode focuses on the Mandela Effect and is a self-parody of the show and recurring events.

Science fiction on television
Science fiction (Sci-fi) first appeared in television programming in the late 1930s, during what is called the Golden Age of Science Fiction. Special effects and other production techniques allow creators to present a living visual image of an imaginary world not limited by the constraints of reality.
Life Drawing Live!
Life Drawing Live! is a British television special which first aired on BBC Four on 4 February 2020.

The two-hour programme was broadcast live and featured a life drawing class during which experts guided a group of artists in how to create a life drawing, while viewers at home were also encouraged to participate, by creating their own work. Presented by Josie d'Arby, Life Drawing Live! was aired to coincide with the broadcast of Shock of the Nude, a series presented by Mary Beard on BBC Two. The programme was accompanied by award-winning artists Daphne Todd and Lachlan Goudie, and featured pre-recorded tips from artist Diana Ali. Details of the programme were announced on 24 December 2019.

A second two-hour programme was broadcast on BBC Four on 12 May 2020, presented once again by d'Arby and accompanied by Goudie, Ali, and Nicola Philipps. This included social distancing due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Josie d'Arby
Josephine d'Arby is a Welsh television presenter and actress from Newport, Wales. D'Arby started her television career in children's television co-presenting on SMart progressing to other shows such as Bigger Breakfast and Top of the Pops. She has also acted in Merseybeat and Look Around You.
Warner Bros. Jungle Habitat
Warner Bros. Jungle Habitat, which was in West Milford, in Passaic County, New Jersey, United States, was a Warner Bros.-owned theme park that opened in the summer of 1972, and closed in October 1976. By November 1972, the park had 500,000 paid visitors. The park contained over 1,500 animals, and consisted of a drive-through section and a walk-through section.

Passaic County, New Jersey
Passaic County (/pəˈseɪ.ɪk/ pə-SAY-ik or locally /pəˈseɪk/ pə-SAYK) is a county in the U.S. state of New Jersey that is part of the New York metropolitan area. As of the 2020 United States census, the county was the state's eighth-most-populous county, with a population of 524,118, its highest decennial count ever and an increase of 22,892 (+4.6%) from the 2010 census count of 501,226, which in turn reflected an increase of 12,177 (+2.5%) from the 489,049 counted in the 2000 census. The county is part of the North Jersey region of the state.

The most populous place in Passaic County is Paterson, the county seat, with 159,732 residents at the 2020 Census, more than 30% of the county's population, while West Milford covered 80.32 square miles (208.0 km2), the largest total area of any municipality and more than 40% of the county's area.
Kärla
Kärla (German: Kergel) is a small borough (Estonian: alevik) in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County in western Estonia.

Before 2015, Kärla was the administrative centre of Kärla Parish.

Rally driver Ott Tänak (born 1987), the 2019 World Champion, grew up in Kärla.

Saare County
Saare County (Estonian: Saare maakond or Saaremaa; Latin: Oesel; Danish: Øsel; German: Ösel; Swedish: Ösel) is one of 15 counties of Estonia. It consists of Saaremaa, the largest island of Estonia, and several smaller islands near it, most notably Muhu, Ruhnu, Abruka, and Vilsandi. The county borders Lääne County to the east, Hiiu County to the north, and Latvia to the south. In 2022, Saare County had a population of 31,292, which was 2.4% of the population of Estonia.
Paramilitary
A paramilitary is a force or unit that functions and is organized in a manner analogous to a military force, but does not have professional or legitimate status.  The Oxford English Dictionary traces the use of the term "paramilitary" as far back as 1934. It has been used by many different Political organizations. Paramilitaries have widely been synonymous with violence, political repression, ethnic cleansing,  genocide and crimes against humanity. Paramilitaries may use combat-capable kit/equipment (such as internal security/SWAT vehicles), or even actual military equipment (such as armored personnel carriers; usually military surplus resources) that are compatible with their purpose, often combining them with skills from other relevant fields such as law enforcement, coast guard, or search and rescue. A paramilitary may fall under the command of a military, train alongside them, or have permission to use their resources, despite not actually being part of them.

Political organisation
A political organisation is any organisation whose primary purpose is involving itself in the political process, including political parties, non-governmental organisations, and special interest advocacy groups. Political organisations are those engaged in political activities (e.g., lobbying, community organizing, campaign advertising, etc.) aimed at achieving clearly defined political goals, which typically benefit the interests of their members.

While parties are one type of political organisation that may engage in some or all of those activities, they are distinct in that they typically focus on supporting candidates for public office, winning elections and controlling government.
Schur's lemma
In mathematics, Schur's lemma is an elementary but extremely useful statement in representation theory of groups and algebras. In the group case it says that if M and N are two finite-dimensional irreducible representations  
of a group G and φ is a linear map from M to N that commutes with the action of the group, then either φ is invertible, or φ = 0. An important special case occurs when M = N, i.e. φ is a self-map; in particular, for representations  over an algebraically closed field (e.g. ), any element of the center of a group must act as a scalar operator (a scalar multiple of the identity) on M. The lemma is named after Issai Schur who used it to prove the Schur orthogonality relations and develop the basics of the representation theory of finite groups. Schur's lemma admits generalisations to Lie groups and Lie algebras, the most common of which are due to Jacques Dixmier and Daniel Quillen.

Center (group theory)
In abstract algebra, the center of a group G is the set of elements that commute with every element of G. It is denoted Z(G), from German Zentrum, meaning center. In set-builder notation,

Z(G) = {z ∈ G | ∀g ∈ G, zg = gz}.

The center is a normal subgroup, , and also a characteristic subgroup, but is not necessarily fully characteristic. The quotient group, G / Z(G), is isomorphic to the inner automorphism group, Inn(G).

A group G is abelian if and only if Z(G) = G. At the other extreme, a group is said to be centerless if Z(G) is trivial; i.e., consists only of the identity element.

The elements of the center are central elements.
Martvili Monastery
Martvili Monastery (Georgian: მარტვილის მონასტერი) is a Georgian monastic complex located in the village of Martvili in the Martvili District of the Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti Province (Mkhare) of Georgia.  It sits upon the highest hill in the vicinity and was of strategic importance.

Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti
Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti (Georgian: სამეგრელო-ზემო სვანეთი [s̪äme̞ɡɾe̞ɫo̞z̪e̞mo̞ s̪ʷän̪e̞t̪ʰi]; Megrelian: სამარგალო-ჟიმოლენი შონე [samaɾɡalo-ʒimolenɪ ʃone]; Svan: [zan-lam ʃuan]) is a region (Mkhare) in western Georgia with a population of 308,358 (2021) and a surface of 7,468 km2 (2,883 sq mi). Zugdidi is the region’s administrative center, and Giorgi Guguchia has been the governor of the region since June 2021. Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti is compiled of the historical Georgian provinces of Samegrelo (Mingrelia) and Zemo Svaneti (i.e., Upper Svaneti).
Reformers for Democracy and Development
The Reformers for Democracy and Development (Greek: Μεταρρυθμιστές της Αριστεράς για τη Δημοκρατία και την Ανάπτυξη) was a Greek political movement founded on 21 October 2014 by Spyros Lykoudis, who, at the time was a State Deputy and a member of the Democratic Left (a Greek political party). The movement became independent from the party on 19 September 2014.

The foundation of the movement was announced on 21 October 2014 at an event held at the Benaki Museum. On 29 November 2014, the first nationwide congregation of the movement was held in the auditorium of the radio station "Athens 9.84" in Technopolis of Athens and welcomed, among others, Greek personages such as John Ragkousis, Pantelis Kapsis, Vassilis Oikonomou and Nikos Mouzelis. A Panhellenic Council was also elected on the day.

Benaki Museum
The Benaki Museum, established and endowed in 1930 by Antonis Benakis in memory of his father Emmanuel Benakis, is housed in the Benakis family mansion in Athens, Greece. The museum houses Greek works of art from the prehistorical to the modern times, an extensive collection of Asian art, hosts periodic exhibitions and maintains a state-of-the-art restoration and conservation workshop. Although the museum initially housed a collection that included Islamic art, Chinese porcelain and exhibits on toys, its 2000 re-opening led to the creation of satellite museums that focused on specific collections, allowing the main museum to focus on Greek culture over the span of the country's history. This Museum in Athens houses over 100,000 artifacts from Greek history and showcases the many eras, civilizations and cultures which have influenced the development of Greece. Spread over a number of locations, the museum ranks among Greece’s foremost cultural institutions.
Bev Nicholson (cricketer)
Beverley Nicholson (born 4 June 1975) is an English former cricketer who played as an all-rounder. She was a right-handed batter and right-arm medium bowler. She appeared in six One Day Internationals (ODIs) for England, making her debut against New Zealand in June 1996. She was included in England's 1997 Women's Cricket World Cup squad, playing in two matches. Overall she scored 53 runs at an average of 17.66 in her six ODIs. She played county cricket for Yorkshire.

County cricket
Inter-county cricket matches have been played since the early 18th century, involving teams that are representative of the historic counties of England and Wales.

Two county championship competitions have existed since the late 19th century at different levels: the County Championship, a first-class competition which involves 18 clubs, of which 17 are English and one is from Wales; and the National Counties Championship, with 19 English clubs and one club representing several Welsh counties.

County clubs have also played limited-overs competitions since the 1960s. The first edition of the Gillette Cup in 1963 was the world's first List A cricket tournament. The Sunday League existed from 1969 to 2009, mostly as a 40-overs-per-side league. The 2003 Twenty20 Cup was the world's first Twenty20 tournament. Currently, the main limited-overs county competitions are the One-Day Cup, Women's One-Day Cup, T20 Blast and Women's T20 Blast.