hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ohio State Route 372
State Route 372 (SR 372) is a very short, two-lane east–west state highway in the southern part of the U.S. state of Ohio.  The western terminus of this spur route is at a T-intersection with the concurrency of U.S. Route 23 (US 23) and SR 104 about six and a half miles (10.5 km) north of Waverly.  Its eastern terminus is just 0.68 miles (1.09 km) to the east of that point at the boundary of Scioto Trail State Forest.  Continuing east of that point is Stoney Creek Road, which traverses through the state forest in the direction of the Scioto River.  From its inception in the middle of the 1930s, the primary function of SR 372 has been to provide access to the state forest from the state highway system.

Scioto River
The Scioto River (/saɪˈoʊtə/ sy-OH-tə) is a river in central and southern Ohio more than 231 miles (372 km) in length. It rises in Hardin County just north of Roundhead, flows through Columbus, where it collects its largest tributary, the Olentangy River, flows south into Appalachian Ohio, and meets the Ohio River at Portsmouth. Early settlers and Native Americans used the river for shipping, but it is too small for modern commercial craft. The primary economic importance for the river now is for recreation and drinking water. It is the longest river that is entirely within Ohio.

The Scioto River is represented on the Ohio state seal and coat of arms.
Daud Bolad
Daud Yahya Bolad (January 1952 – January 1992) was a Sudanese politician and rebel leader. He came from the Fur people of the Darfur region of the country. In the early 1970s, Bolad was nominated by the Islamist oriented National Islamic Front to be the president of the Khartoum University Students Union (KUSU). He became the first KUSU president who was not from the Arab tribes along the Nile who dominate national politics. The position was seen as placing Bolad on the fast track to national political leadership as part of the 'western strategy' of Hassan al-Turabi to gain the votes of Darfur and Kordofan. Bolad's deputy and bodyguard at this time was Tayeb Ibrahim, nicknamed 'al Sikha' after the rebar with which he attacked student demonstrators. However, Bolad was arrested in 1971 by the police of then-President Gaafar Nimeiry for his high-profile militant activity and severely tortured.

Fur people
The Fur (Fur: fòòrà, Arabic: فور Fūr) are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting Darfur in the western Sudan, where they are the largest ethnic group. They speak the Fur language, which belongs to the Nilo-Saharan family. Muslim cattle herders and farmers, they have been displaced and attacked in ethnic conflicts. Darfur means home of the Fur.
Messy Slick
Messy Slick is a collaboration album between American rappers Messy Marv and Mitchy Slick, released on March 27, 2007. It peaked at #95 on the R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. It includes guest appearances from Yukmouth, Keak da Sneak, Rah2K, Damu, T-Nutty, Tiny Doo, Styles P and Krondon.

Tiny Doo
Brandon Duncan, better known by his stage name Tiny Doo, is an American hip hop artist, rapper and musician.

In 2014, controversy surrounded his album No Safety after San Diego, California authorities charged Duncan with being part of a criminal conspiracy and thus promoting and profiting from Lincoln Park Blood gang activity described in his lyrics.

Tiny Doo is featured in the 2024 documentary Cover Your Ears produced by Prairie Coast Films and directed by Sean Patrick Shaul, discussing music censorship and his conspiracy trial.
Brownwood
Brownwood can refer to:

Brownwood, Morgan County, Georgia

Brownwood, Missouri, an unincorporated community

Brownwood, Texas, a city

Brownwood (North Bloomfield, Ohio), on the National Register of Historic Places

Brownwood, Texas
Brownwood is a city in and the county seat of Brown County, Texas, United States. The population was 18,862 as of  the 2020 census. Brownwood is in the Texas Hill Country and is home to Howard Payne University, which was founded in 1889.
The New Cambridge Modern History
The New Cambridge Modern History replaced the original Cambridge Modern History in an entirely new project with all new editors and contributors. It was published by Cambridge University Press in fourteen volumes between the 1950s and the 1970s. It included a wide range of new scholarship on traditional themes as well as more coverage of science, technology, political ideas, the arts, intellectual history, and the art of warfare.  The Shifting Balance of World Forces 1898–1945 brought the chronology down to 1945.  The chair of the editorial board was Sir George Norman Clark.
The New Cambridge Modern History has been described as "a comprehensive examination of the political, economic, social, and cultural development of the world from 1493 to 1945".

The final volume is a new Historical atlas. Some volumes have appeared in revised editions.

Cultural history
Cultural history records and interprets past events involving human beings through the social, cultural, and political milieu of or relating to the arts and manners that a group favors. Jacob Burckhardt (1818–1897) helped found cultural history as a discipline. Cultural history studies and interprets the record of human societies by denoting the various distinctive ways of living built up by a group of people under consideration. Cultural history involves the aggregate of past cultural activity, such as ceremony, class in practices, and the interaction with locales. It combines the approaches of anthropology and history to examine popular cultural traditions and cultural interpretations of historical experience.
Château de Doué-la-Fontaine
The Château de Doué-la-Fontaine, also known as Motte de la Chapelle and Doué-la-Fontaine Castle, is a motte and bailey castle in Doué-la-Fontaine, France that was built upon the foundations of an older 9th century Carolingian aula (hall). The later castle, built around the year 950, is widely believed to have been the oldest known castle built out of stone. Only the aula survives today, while the castle and most of the motte no longer survive.

Doué-la-Fontaine
Doué-la-Fontaine (French pronunciation: [dwe la fɔ̃tɛn] ⓘ) is a former commune in the Maine-et-Loire department in western France. On 30 December 2016, it was merged into the new commune Doué-en-Anjou. It is located in the heart of Anjou, a few kilometres from the great châteaux of the Loire Valley.
Thomas Cooper (American politician, born 1759)
Thomas Cooper  (October 22, 1759 – May 11, 1839) was an Anglo-American economist, college president and political philosopher. Cooper was described by Thomas Jefferson as "one of the ablest men in America" and by John Adams as "a learned ingenious scientific and talented madcap." Dumas Malone stated that "modern scientific progress would have been impossible without the freedom of the mind which he championed throughout life." His ideas were taken very seriously in his own time: there were substantial reviews of his writings, and some late eighteenth-century critics of materialism directed their arguments against Cooper, rather than against the better-known Joseph Priestley.

Later in life, Cooper became an ardent and outspoken defender of slavery, and personally owned several slaves.

Materialism
In philosophy and metaphysics, materialism is a form of monism holding that matter is the fundamental substance of nature, so that all things, including mind and consciousness, arise from material interactions and depend on physical processes, including those of the human brain and nervous system. It contrasts with monistic idealism, which treats consciousness as fundamental, and is related to naturalism, the view that only natural laws and forces operate in the universe, and to physicalism, the view that all that exists is ultimately physical. Physicalism extends materialism by including forms of physicality beyond ordinary matter (e.g. spacetime, energy, forces, exotic matter), and some use the terms interchangeably.

Alternative philosophies opposed or alternative to materialism or physicalism include idealism, pluralism, dualism, solipsism, panpsychism, and other forms of monism.
Sutthausen
Sutthausen is a district of Osnabrück, Germany, with a population of about 4,500 residents. It is located in the south of the city, close to the Teutoburg Forest; it originally arose from two separate estates, Gut Sutthausen and Gut Wulften. The district has both Protestant and Catholic churches - respectively the Apostelkirche and the Marienkirche.

Teutoburg Forest
The Teutoburg Forest (/ˈtjuːtəbɜːrɡ/ TEW-tə-burg; German: Teutoburger Wald [ˈtɔʏtoˌbʊʁɡɐ ˈvalt] ⓘ) is a range of low, forested hills in the German states of Lower Saxony and North Rhine-Westphalia. Until the 17th century, the official name of the hill ridge was Osning. It was first renamed the Teutoburg Forest in 1616 in commemoration of the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in 9 AD, which most likely took place at Kalkriese instead.
(glutamate—ammonia-ligase) adenylyltransferase
In enzymology, a [glutamate—ammonia-ligase] adenylyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.42) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

ATP + [L-glutamate:ammonia ligase (ADP-forming)]  diphosphate + adenylyl-[L-glutamate:ammonia ligase (ADP-forming)]

Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and L-glutamate:ammonia ligase (ADP-forming), whereas its two products are diphosphate and adenylyl-[L-glutamate:ammonia ligase (ADP-forming)].

This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring phosphorus-containing nucleotide groups (nucleotidyltransferases).  The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP:[L-glutamate:ammonia ligase (ADP-forming)] adenylyltransferase. Other names in common use include glutamine-synthetase adenylyltransferase, ATP:glutamine synthetase adenylyltransferase, and adenosine triphosphate:glutamine synthetase adenylyltransferase.

Glutamine synthetase
Glutamine synthetase (GS) (EC 6.3.1.2) is an enzyme that catalyzes the condensation of glutamate and ammonia to form glutamine:
Glutamate + ATP + NH3 → Glutamine + ADP + phosphate

Glutamine synthetase uses ammonia produced by nitrate reduction, amino acid degradation, and photorespiration. The amide group of glutamate is a nitrogen source for the synthesis of glutamine pathway metabolites.

Other reactions may take place via GS. Competition between ammonium ion and water, their binding affinities, and the concentration of ammonium ion, influences glutamine synthesis and glutamine hydrolysis. Glutamine is formed if an ammonium ion attacks the acyl-phosphate intermediate, while glutamate is remade if water attacks the intermediate.  Ammonium ion binds more strongly than water to GS due to electrostatic forces between a cation and a negatively charged pocket. Another possible reaction is upon NH2OH binding to GS, rather than NH4+, yields γ-glutamylhydroxamate.
Arping
arping is a software utility for discovering hosts on a computer network by sending link layer frames using Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) requests addressed to a host identified by its MAC address. The utility may use ARP to resolve an IP address provided by the user.

The utility is similar to ping which operates at a higher network layer – probing the network at the Internet Layer via the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP).

Two popular variants exist. One is part of Linux iputils suite, and cannot resolve MAC addresses to IP addresses. The other, written by Thomas Habets, can ping hosts by MAC address as well as by IP address, and adds more features.

In networks employing repeaters that implement proxy ARP, the ARP response may originate from such proxy hosts and not directly from the probed target.

Internet layer
The internet layer is a group of internetworking methods, protocols, and specifications in the Internet protocol suite that are used to transport network packets from the originating host across network boundaries; if necessary, to the destination host specified by an IP address. The internet layer derives its name from its function facilitating internetworking, which is the concept of connecting multiple networks with each other through gateways.

The internet layer does not include the protocols that fulfill the purpose of maintaining link states between the local nodes and that usually use protocols that are based on the framing of packets specific to the link types. Such protocols belong to the link layer. Internet-layer protocols use IP-based packets.

A common design aspect in the internet layer is the robustness principle: "Be liberal in what you accept, and conservative in what you send" as a misbehaving host can deny Internet service to many other users.
Social class in Aztec society
Aztec society was traditionally divided into social classes. They became sophisticated once the Mexica people settled and began to build the Aztec Empire. The class structure was so elaborate that it impressed the Spanish almost as much as Aztec architecture.

Mexica
The Mexica (Nahuatl: Mēxihcah [meːˈʃiʔkaḁ] ⓘ; singular Mēxihcātl) are a Nahuatl-speaking people of the Valley of Mexico who were the rulers of the Triple Alliance, more commonly referred to as the Aztec Empire. The Mexica established Tenochtitlan, a settlement on an island in Lake Texcoco, in 1325. A dissident group in Tenochtitlan separated and founded the settlement of Tlatelolco with its own dynastic lineage. In 1521, their empire was overthrown by an alliance of Spanish conquistadors and rival indigenous nations, most prominently the Tlaxcaltecs.

Today, descendants of the Mexica and other Aztec peoples are among the Nahua people of Mexico.

Since 1810, the broader term Aztec is often used to describe the Mexica. When a distinction is made, Mexica are one (dominant) group within the Aztecs.
R v Hancock
R v Hancock [1985] UKHL 9 is an English legal decision of the highest court setting out the relationship between foresight of consequences and intention in cases of murder. It refers to the case of the killing of David Wilkie. The defendants' stated intention had been to frighten a person, but another was killed. The law, as the judgement of the whole court (a per curiam decision) was held to hinge on the relationship between foresight of the range of results of taking a particular action and the result of that action which must include a specific direction or legal mention of considering the probability of death or serious injury resulting, and other directions which explain the difference between the offence of manslaughter and that of murder.

Mens rea
In criminal law, mens rea (/ˈmɛnz ˈreɪə/; Law Latin for "guilty mind") is the mental state of a defendant who is accused of committing a crime. In common law jurisdictions, most crimes require proof both of mens rea and actus reus ("guilty act") before the defendant can be found guilty.
Mount Izla
Mount Izla (Syriac: ܛܘܪ ܐܝܙܠܐ Ṭūr Īzlā' ),  also Mountain of Nisibis or briefly in the 9th century Mount Kashyari, is a low mountain or ridge near Nisibis in what once a part of Assyria, then Sassanid Persian province of Asoristan, but is now southeastern Turkey, along the border with Syria.  The ridge is the location of dozens of ancient monasteries which were built by the Assyrian Church of the East and Syriac Orthodox Church in the early centuries of Eastern Rite Christianity.  In modern times, all of the monasteries are in ruins except for that of Mar Melke reconsecrated in the 1930s, Mor Yakub Monastery, founded in Dibek in 2012–2013, and the Monastery of Mor Augin which was refounded in 2008 after being abandoned in the 70's.

Asoristan
30°53′41″N 47°34′41″E﻿ / ﻿30.89472°N 47.57806°E﻿ / 30.89472; 47.57806

Asoristan (Middle Persian: 𐭠𐭮𐭥𐭥𐭮𐭲𐭭, Asōristān, Āsūristān), also known as Suristan, was the name of the Sasanian province of Assyria and Babylonia from 226 to 637 CE.
Electoral district of Central Murchison
Central Murchison was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Western Australia from 1897 to 1901.

The district was located in the Western Australian outback. It existed for one term of parliament, and was created due to the large temporary population brought to the area by the brief Murchison gold rush. In 1898, it included the towns of Cue, Day Dawn, Cuddingwarra, Austin, and Mainland. Its only member was Frederick Illingworth, a senior Opposition politician. When the district was abolished ahead of the 1901 state election, Illingworth instead won election to the seat of Cue.

Austin, Western Australia
Austin is an abandoned town in the Murchison region of Western Australia. The town is located south of Cue on an island in Lake Austin and for this reason was also known as Lake Austin and The Island Lake Austin.

The lake and the town are both named after surveyor Robert Austin, who was the first European to explore and chart the area. Austin initially named the lake the Great Inland Marsh but the name was later changed to Lake Austin. The townsite was gazetted in 1895.

When Austin travelled through the area he described it as "very indifferent" but also added "the geological features ... indicate rich gold fields".

The town had one ten head stamp mill operating the Austin mine just outside town in 1895.

Transport to and from the town was originally provided by a bi-weekly coach from Yalgoo but by 1898 the railway was extended to the town.

The townsite is still visible from the Great Northern Highway.
Al-Wathiq (name)
Al-Wathiq (Arabic: الواثق) was the ninth Abbasid caliph, ruling from 842 to his death in 847.

The name can also refer to:

al-Wathiq I (died after 1341), Caliph of Mamluk Cairo in 1340–1341

al-Wathiq II (died 1386), Caliph of Mamluk Cairo in 1383–1386

Idris al-Wathiq (died 1269), last Almohad ruler in 1266–1269

Yahya II al-Wathiq (died 1279), Hafsid sultan of Ifriqiya in 1277–1279

al-Wathiq al-Mutahhar  (1303–1379/80), Zaydi imam of Yemen in 1349

Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Wathiq, Marinid sultan of Fez in 1386–1387

Yahya II al-Wathiq
Abu Zakariya Yahya II (Arabic: أبو زكريا يحيى الواثق) known  as Yahyâ II or al-Wathiq, was the son and successor of Abu `Abd Allah Muhammad al-Mustansir. He was the fourth Hafsid Sultan of Tunis who reigned over Ifriqiya from 1277 to 1279.
Hulings
Hulings is an American surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Clark Hulings (1922–2011), American painter

Ryan Hulings (born 1991), American soccer player

Willis James Hulings (1850–1924), American politician

Clark Hulings
Clark Hulings (November 20, 1922 – February 2, 2011) was an American realist painter. He was born in Florida and raised in New Jersey. Clark also lived in Spain, New York, Louisiana, and throughout Europe before settling in Santa Fe, New Mexico, in the early 1970s. The travels did much to influence his keen eye for people in the state of accomplishing daily tasks.

His training as an artist began as a teenager with Sigismund Ivanowsky and George Bridgman, and concluded at the Art Students League of New York with Frank Reilly. Clark came back to the League to give a lecture in 2007.

After early careers in portraiture and illustration, he devoted himself to easel painting. A modern genre painter, he is best known for his elaborate European and Mexican market and street scenes, his still lifes of roses and his depictions of donkeys. For the past forty years Hulings’ art has been eagerly sought after by collectors, museums and corporations.
Alqueva (Portel)
Alqueva is a former civil parish in the municipality of Portel, Portugal. The population in 2011 was 329, in an area of 79.20 km2. On 28 January 2013, the parish merged with Amieira to form the new parish of Amieira e Alqueva.

Portel, Portugal
Portel (Portuguese pronunciation: [puɾˈtɛl] ⓘ), officially the Town of Portel (Portuguese: Vila de Portel), is a municipality in the District of Évora in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 6,428, in an area of 601.01 km2.

The present Mayor is Norberto António Lopes Patinho, elected by the Socialist Party. The municipal holiday is Easter Monday.
Raise!
Raise! is the eleventh studio album by the American band Earth, Wind & Fire, released in October 1981, by ARC/Columbia Records.The album spent 11 weeks atop the Billboard Top R&B albums chart and peaked at No. 5 on the Billboard 200 chart. Raise! has been certified Platinum in the US by the RIAA, Gold in the UK by the BPI and Gold in Canada by Music Canada.

Maurice White
Maurice White (December 19, 1941 – February 4, 2016) was an American musician, best known as the founder, leader, main songwriter and chief producer of the band Earth, Wind & Fire, also serving as the band's co-lead singer with Philip Bailey.

Described as a "visionary" by Vibe and a "mastermind" by Variety, White was nominated for a total of 22 Grammys, of which he won seven. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and the Vocal Group Hall of Fame as a member of Earth, Wind & Fire, and was also inducted individually into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. White also worked with musical acts such as Deniece Williams, Cher, The Emotions, Barbra Streisand, Ramsey Lewis, and Neil Diamond.
State Line Slough (Iowa)
The State Line Slough is a marshy area of the Mississippi River as it flows past Clayton County, Iowa. The state boundary between Iowa and Wisconsin runs down the center of the Mississippi River.

Pikes Peak State Park is nearby. There are popular fish species at this Lake including yellow perch and northern pike.

Clayton County, Iowa
Clayton County is a county located in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 17,043, and was estimated to be 16,931 in 2024. The county seat is Elkader and the largest city is Guttenberg.
2022 Rackley Roofing 200
The 2022 Rackley Roofing 200 was the fourteenth stock car race of the 2022 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series, and the 13th iteration of the event. The race was held on Friday, June 24, 2022, in Gladeville, Tennessee at Nashville Superspeedway, a 1.333 miles (2.145 km) permanent D-shaped racetrack. The race took it's scheduled 150 laps to complete. Ryan Preece, driving for David Gilliland Racing, would start from the pole, lead the most laps, and earn his 2nd career NASCAR Camping World Truck Series win, along with his first of the season. To fill out the podium, Zane Smith, driving for Front Row Motorsports, and Carson Hocevar, driving for Niece Motorsports, would finish 2nd and 3rd, respectively.

Chase Janes
Chase M. Janes  (born March 2, 2001) is an American professional racing driver. He last competed part-time in the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series driving the No. 33 Ford F-150 for Reaume Brothers Racing.
Seán Gibbons
Séan Francis Gibbons (31 May 1883 – 19 April 1952) was an Irish politician who sat as Cumann na nGaedheal Teachta Dála (TD) in the 1920s and as a Fianna Fáil TD in the 1930s. He later became a Senator, and was Cathaoirleach (chairperson) of the Seanad for five years.

Cumann na nGaedheal
Cumann na nGaedheal (Irish pronunciation: [ˈkʊmˠən̪ˠ n̪ˠə ˈŋeːl̪ˠ]; lit. 'Society of the Gaels') was a political party in the Irish Free State, which formed the government from 1923 to 1932. It was named after the original Cumann na nGaedheal organisation which merged with the Dungannon Clubs and the National Council to form Sinn Féin in 1905. In 1933 it merged with smaller groups to form the Fine Gael party.