hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Birkhoff polytope
The Birkhoff polytope  is the convex polytope in  whose points are the doubly stochastic matrices, that is, the  matrices whose entries are non-negative real numbers and whose rows and columns each add up to 1. It is named after Garrett Birkhoff, and also called the assignment polytope, the polytope of doubly stochastic matrices, or the perfect matching polytope of the complete bipartite graph .

Convex polytope
A convex polytope is a special case of a polytope, having the additional property that it is also a convex set contained in the -dimensional Euclidean space .
Convex polytopes play an important role both in various branches of mathematics and in applied areas, most notably in linear programming.
DeLill Nasser
DeLill S. Nasser (1929–2000) was an American geneticist who was referred to by R. Scott Hawley as the "patron saint of real genetics". A Hoosier, she obtained undergraduate and graduate degrees in bacteriology before becoming a professor at the University of Florida. She accepted a position at the National Science Foundation years later and eventually became program director for the eukaryotic division of the genetics program, from which she promoted genetics as its own science. Her promotion of genetics research was highly influential in the creation of the Arabidopsis thaliana genome project and its use as a model organism. Given multiple awards for her director work, she had an official scholarship named after her by the Genetics Society of America.

Geneticist
A geneticist is a biologist or physician who studies genetics, the science of genes, heredity, and variation of organisms. A geneticist can be employed as a scientist or a lecturer. Geneticists may perform general research on genetic processes or develop genetic technologies to aid in the pharmaceutical or and agriculture industries. Some geneticists perform experiments in model organisms such as Drosophila, C. elegans, zebrafish, rodents or humans and analyze data to interpret the inheritance of biological traits. A basic science geneticist is a scientist who usually has earned a PhD in genetics and undertakes research and/or lectures in the field. A medical geneticist is a physician who has been trained in medical genetics as a specialization and evaluates, diagnoses, and manages patients with hereditary conditions or congenital malformations; and provides genetic risk calculations and mutation analysis.
Malone Creek
Malone Creek is a stream in southern  Bollinger County in the U.S. state of Missouri. The stream is a tributary of the Castor River within the Castor River Diversion Channel.

The stream headwaters arise approximately one mile west of Leopold and the stream flows generally to the southeast. The stream passes between the communities of Glennon and Drum as it enters the flat land along the Castor River.

Malone Creek bears the name of a local family.

Headwater Diversion Channel
The Headwater Diversion Channel is a canal in southeast Missouri. Flowing west to east, it diverts the headwaters of the Castor and Whitewater rivers and Crooked Creek directly into the Mississippi River south of Cape Girardeau. It was built between 1910 and 1916 by the Little River Drainage District. The streams diverted by the Headwater Diversion Channel formerly flowed into the Little River, and their portions that are downstream of the Diversion Channel still do so.

The channel is roughly 34 miles (55 km) long and serves as a flood control structure; it is not considered navigable, although small boats such as canoes can be used on it. The Headwater Diversion Channel played an important part in the drainage of Missouri's Bootheel region, converting it into rich agricultural land.

The channel's confluence with the Mississippi River is located at .
Organoruthenium chemistry
Organoruthenium chemistry is the chemistry of organometallic compounds containing a carbon to ruthenium chemical bond. Several organoruthenium catalysts are of commercial interest and organoruthenium compounds have been considered for cancer therapy.
The chemistry has some stoichiometric similarities with organoiron chemistry, as iron is directly above ruthenium in group 8 of the periodic table. The most important reagents for the introduction of ruthenium are ruthenium(III) chloride and triruthenium dodecacarbonyl.

In its organometallic compounds, ruthenium is known to adopt oxidation states from −2 ([Ru(CO)4]2−) to +6 ([RuN(Me)4]−).  Most common are those in the +2 oxidation state, as illustrated below.

1st generation Grubbs catalyst

Shvo catalyst

(cymene)ruthenium dichloride dimer

triruthenium dodecacarbonyl.

chloro(cyclopentadienyl)bis(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium

pentamethylcyclopentadienyl ruthenium dichloride dimer

Ruthenium(III) chloride
Ruthenium(III) chloride is the chemical compound with the formula RuCl3. "Ruthenium(III) chloride" more commonly refers to the hydrate RuCl3·xH2O. Both the anhydrous and hydrated species are dark brown or black solids. The hydrate, with a varying proportion of water of crystallization, often approximating to a trihydrate, is a commonly used starting material in ruthenium chemistry.
David Kirsh
David Kirsh (born 1950) is a Canadian cognitive scientist. He is a professor of cognitive science at the  University of California, San Diego (UCSD), where he heads the Interactive Cognition Lab, and the Extended Reality Lab.From 2020-22, 2022-23 he was the President of the Academy of Neuroscience for Architecture (ANFA), where he remains on the Board of Directors.

Cognitive science
Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary, scientific study of the mind and its processes. It examines the nature, the tasks, and the functions of cognition (in a broad sense). Mental faculties of concern to cognitive scientists include perception, memory, attention, reasoning, language, and emotion. To understand these faculties, cognitive scientists borrow from fields such as psychology, philosophy, artificial intelligence, neuroscience, linguistics, and anthropology. The typical analysis of cognitive science spans many levels of organization, from learning and decision-making to logic and planning; from neural circuitry to modular brain organization. One of the fundamental concepts of cognitive science is that "thinking can best be understood in terms of representational structures in the mind and computational procedures that operate on those structures."
Ramesh Lekhak
Ramesh Lekhak (Nepali: रमेश लेखक) is a Nepalese murderer and politician and the former Minister of Home Affairs of Nepal. Lekhak, a member of the Nepali Congress party was elected to the Pratinidhi Sabha in the 1999 election, 2008 election and 2013 election. Now Ex-Home Minister Lekhak is accused of ordering to open fire with live ammunition against a peaceful protest held by students and other young people on September 8.

He has previously served as appointed Minister of Physical Infrastructure & Transport of Nepal. In the 2022 Nepalese general election, he was elected as a member of the 2nd Federal Parliament of Nepal from Kanchanpur 3 (constituency).

Lekhak resigned from the Home Minister's post on 8 September 2025, taking moral responsibility for the violence in which 76 protesters were killed and over 300 injured after police and security forces opened fire in  protests against a corruption and social media ban.

2008 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election
Constituent Assembly elections were held in Nepal on 10 April 2008, having been postponed from earlier dates of 7 June 2007 and 22 November 2007. The Constituent Assembly was planned to draft a new constitution and therefore decide, amongst other things, on the issue of federalism. The number of eligible voters was around 17.5 million. The Constituent Assembly was originally set to have a term of two years.

The Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) (CPN (M)), placed first in the election with 220 out of 575 elected seats, and became the largest party in the Constituent Assembly. It was followed by the Nepali Congress with 110 seats and the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist) with 103 seats. After months of power-sharing discussions and deliberations, CPN (M) Chairman Prachanda was elected as Prime Minister in August 2008. Due to its failure in drafting a new constitution, the CA was dissolved on 28 May 2012 after its original and extended total tenure of 4 years.
Rybníček (Havlíčkův Brod District)
Rybníček is a municipality and village in Havlíčkův Brod District in the Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 80 inhabitants.

Rybníček lies approximately 19 kilometres (12 mi) north of Havlíčkův Brod, 42 km (26 mi) north of Jihlava, and 86 km (53 mi) south-east of Prague.

Vysočina Region
The Vysočina Region (IPA: [ˈvɪsotʃɪna]; Czech: Kraj Vysočina) is an administrative unit (Czech: kraj) of the Czech Republic. Its capital is Jihlava.

The region is located in the central part of the country. It is one of just three in the country (the others being Prague and the Central Bohemian Region) which does not have a border with a foreign country.

The Vysočina Region is home to three UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the most in any region in the Czech Republic.
Kingdom of Global View
Kingdom of Global View (Chinese: 冠德遠見; pinyin: Guān dé yuǎnjiàn) is a 27-story, 109 m (358 ft) tall twin residential skyscraper complex located in Xinyi Special District, Taipei, Taiwan. Designed by the Taiwanese architect Chu-Yuan Lee, the residential complex was completed in 2008 and provides 122 units of luxury apartments. Famous residents include Taiwanese actress Barbie Hsu and her family.

Xinyi Planning District
25°02′10″N 121°34′15″E﻿ / ﻿25.03611°N 121.57083°E﻿ / 25.03611; 121.57083

Xinyi Planning District (Chinese: 信義計畫區), also known as the Xinyi Planning Area, is located in Xinyi District, Taipei, Taiwan. The total area of the Xinyi Planning District is 153 hectares. It was designed in the 1970s and developed from the 1980s onward. Xinyi Planning District is the prime central business district of Taipei. Important infrastructure, such as Taipei 101, Taipei City Hall, Taipei International Convention Center and Taipei World Trade Center, is located within this area.
Alta Córdoba railway station
Alta Córdoba is a railway station located in the Alta Córdoba neighborhood of Córdoba in the province of the same name, Argentina. The station is terminus of the Tren de las Sierras service operated by state-owned Trenes Argentinos. Likewise, another state company, Trenes Argentinos Cargas y Logística, operates freight services there.

Trenes Argentinos Cargas
Belgrano Cargas y Logística S.A., trading as Trenes Argentinos Cargas (abbreviated as TACyL), is an Argentine state-owned company which operates a 15,305 km (9,510 mi) freight rail network that includes Belgrano, Urquiza and San Martín railways. It is a division of Ferrocarriles Argentinos S.E.

It is often erroneously called Belgrano Cargas by the Argentine government and press, despite the freight network encompassing numerous other Argentine railways, of which the General Belgrano Railway is only one.
2007–08 Coppa Titano
The 2007–08 Coppa Titano was the 53rd edition of the Sammarinese football tournament. It started on September 14, 2007 and ended with the final on May 2, 2008. The final saw Murata defeat Juvenes/Dogana by a score of one to zero.

The winner of the tournament would receive a spot in the 2008–09 UEFA Cup tournament. Because Murata also won the Campionato Sammarinese, they received a spot in the Champions League, awarding the UEFA Cup qualification to Juvenes/Dogana.

SS Murata
S.S. Murata is a Sanmarinese football club, based in Murata, a civil parish of the city of San Marino. The club was founded in 1966. Murata currently plays in Girone B of Campionato Sammarinese di Calcio. The team's colours are black and white.
Primien Manirafasha
Primien Manirafasha (born 4 November 1989) is a Rwandan long-distance runner.

In 2017, he competed in the senior men's race at the 2017 IAAF World Cross Country Championships held in Kampala, Uganda. He finished in 58th place.

2017 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
The 2017 IAAF World Cross Country Championships was hosted in the city of Kampala, Uganda's capital. This 42nd edition was held on 26 March 2017. The venue was Kampala Airport, commonly known as Kololo airstrip, or officially, the Kololo Ceremonial Grounds. A few modifications were made to make the track challenging.
Çerkezköy
Çerkezköy is a municipality and district of Tekirdağ Province, Turkey. Its area is 86 km2, and its population is 206,829 (2022). Çerkezköy is located in inland Thrace just to the west of the outlying Istanbul districts of Çatalca and Silivri. Çerkezköy is an industrial area. It is 56 km (35 mi) from Tekirdağ and 110 km (68 mi) from Istanbul but in many ways has closer links to the bigger city. The mayor is Vahap Akay (CHP).

Tekirdağ
Tekirdağ (pronounced [teˈciɾdaː]) is a city in northwestern Turkey. It is located on the north coast of the Sea of Marmara, in the region of East Thrace. The city forms the urban part of the Süleymanpaşa district, with a population of 186,421 in 2022.

Tekirdağ is a commercial centre with a harbour for agricultural products (the harbour is being expanded to accommodate a new rail link to the main freight line through Thrace). It is also home to Martas and the BOTAŞ Terminal, both of them important for trade activities in the Marmara Region. The town's best known product remains Tekirdağ rakı although it is also known for its cherries, celebrated with a festival every June.

The proximity of the Greek and Bulgarian borders means that there are honorary consulates for both countries in Tekirdağ.

Ferries from Tekirdağ sail to the nearby Marmara Islands during the summer.

The nearest airport is Tekirdağ Çorlu Airport (TEQ) although there are many more flights to Istanbul Airport (IST).
Young Girl with a Flower Basket
Young Girl with a Flower Basket (French: Fillette à la corbeille fleurie or Jeune fille nue avec panier de fleurs or Fillette nue au panier de fleurs or Le panier fleuri) is a 1905 oil on canvas painting by Pablo Picasso from his Rose Period. The painting depicts a Parisian street girl, named "Linda", whose fate is unknown. It was painted at a key phase in Picasso's life, as he made the transition from an impoverished bohemian at the start of 1905 to a successful artist by the end of 1906. The painting is listed as one of the most expensive paintings, after achieving a price of $115 million when it was sold at Christie's to the Nahmad Collection on 8 May 2018. It is currently the fourth highest-selling painting by Picasso.

Leo Stein
Leo Stein (May 11, 1872 – July 29, 1947) was an American art collector and critic. He was born in Allegheny City (now in Pittsburgh), the older brother of Gertrude Stein. He became an influential promoter of 20th-century paintings.
Kösetarla, Batman
Kösetarla (Kurdish: Krediye; Syriac: Al-Krīdiyyah) is a village in the Batman District of Batman Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Sinikan tribe and had a population of 670 in 2021.

The hamlet of Kumtepe is attached to the village.

Kurdish tribes
Kurdish tribes are tribes of Kurdish people, an Iranian ethnic group from the geo-cultural region of Kurdistan in Western Asia.

The tribes are socio-political and generally also a territorial unit based on descent and kinship, real or putative, with a characteristic internal structure. They are naturally divided into a number of sub-tribes, and each of these sub-tribes again are divided into smaller units: clans, lineages and households.
Sohrab Khan Gorji (Iranian treasurer)
Sohrab Khan Gorji (c.1783, 1862), also known by his nickname Naqdi, was a courtier, treasurer, and chief of customs in 19th-century Qajar Iran during the reign of Fath-Ali Shah, Mohammad Shah, and Naser-ed-din Shah. Sohrab was a Georgian Tavadi noble.

Courtier
A courtier (/ˈkɔːrtiər/) is a person who attends the royal court of a monarch or other royalty. The earliest historical examples of courtiers were part of the retinues of rulers. Historically, the court was the centre of government as well as the official residence of the monarch, and the social and political life were often completely mixed together.
Articular tubercle
The articular tubercle (eminentia articularis) is a bony eminence on the temporal bone in the skull. It is a rounded eminence of the anterior root of the posterior end of the outer surface of the squama temporalis. This tubercle forms the front boundary of the mandibular fossa, and in the fresh state is covered with cartilage.

The mandibular condyle normally moves over the articular tubercle during physiologic maximal opening of the jaw. The articular tubercle is the site of attachment of the lateral ligament of the temporomandibular joint.

Temporal bone
The temporal bone is a paired bone situated at the sides and base of the skull, lateral to the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex.

The temporal bones are overlaid by the sides of the head known as the temples where four of the cranial bones fuse. Each temple is covered by a temporal muscle. The temporal bones house the structures of the ears. The lower seven cranial nerves and the major vessels to and from the brain traverse the temporal bone.
John Souther
John Souther (March 1, 1816 – September 12, 1911) was the founder of Globe Locomotive Works, an American steam locomotive manufacturing company.  In his obituary published in the Newton, Massachusetts, Town Crier, he is credited with designing the pattern for the fence around Boston Common.  In 1852 he built the first Tunnel Boring machine using Charles Wilson's Patented design (Nos. 14,483 and 17,650).  The machine was tried at the Hoosac Tunnel work but after only 12 feet the steel was not up to the test of grinding rock.

In 1854 Souther would build two 4-4-0 locomotives for the Fitchburg Railroad, the Hoosac and the Champion.  He also built two 25-horsepower steam shovel for Norman Carmine Munson to use in filling the Boston Back Bay.

On his death in 1911, he was survived by a son and a daughter. Souther attended the funeral on May 4, 1870 of Zerah Colburn, the well-known locomotive engineer and journalist, who for a time (circa 1853) was employed by Souther.

Newton, Massachusetts
Newton is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. It is located roughly 8 miles (13 km) west of Downtown Boston, and comprises a patchwork of thirteen villages. The city borders Boston to the northeast and southeast (via the neighborhoods of Brighton and West Roxbury), Brookline to the east, Watertown and Waltham to the north, and Weston, Wellesley, and Needham to the west. At the 2020 U.S. census, the population of Newton was 88,923.

Newton is home to the Charles River, Crystal Lake, and Heartbreak Hill, among other landmarks. It is served by several streets and highways (including Route 9, Hammond Pond Parkway, and the Mass Pike), as well as the Green Line D branch run by the MBTA.

Historically, the area that is now Newton was settled in 1639, and was originally first part of Cambridge (then called "the newe towne"). It split from Cambridge in 1681, and became known by its present name of Newton in 1766. It then became a city in 1874.
Hoya meliflua
Hoya meliflua is a species of vine in the Apocynaceae family. It is endemic to the Philippines. The vine is common to Apayao, La Union, Rizal, Bataan, Laguna, Mindoro, Palawan, Negros, Panay, and Leyte.

Apayao
Apayao, officially the Province of Apayao (Ilocano: Probinsia ti Apayao; Itawit: Provinsiya ya Apayao; Isnag: Provinsia nga Apayao; Tagalog: Lalawigan ng Apayao), is a landlocked province in the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon.  Kabugao serves as its capital. The provincial capitol and its associated offices are located at the New Government Center in Luna.

The province borders Cagayan to the north and east, Abra and Ilocos Norte to the west, and Kalinga to the south. Prior to 1995, Kalinga and Apayao comprised a single province named Kalinga-Apayao, which was partitioned to better service the needs of individual ethnic groups.

With a population of 124,366 (as of the 2020 census) covering an area of 4,413.35 square kilometres (1,704.00 sq mi), Apayao is the least densely-populated province in the Philippines, the least developed province in Luzon and one of the poorest.
1971 Cardiff City Council election
The 1971 Cardiff City Council election was held on Thursday 13 May 1971 to elect councillors to Cardiff City Council in Cardiff, Glamorgan, Wales. It took place on the same day as several other county borough elections in Wales and England.

The previous elections to this one were in May 1970 and the next elections would be in May 1972. The 1971 election would be the penultimate all-Cardiff election before the dissolution of the unitary authority and the creation of the new second-tier district authority of Cardiff City Council in 1974.

The election saw the Labour Party taking a significant number of seats back from the Conservatives.

Cardiff County Borough Council
Cardiff County Borough Council, known as Cardiff City Council after Cardiff achieved city status in 1905, was the elected local authority that administered the town (later city) and county borough of Cardiff, Glamorgan, Wales between 1889 and 1974. The county borough council was replaced in 1974 by a district council, covering part of South Glamorgan and also known as Cardiff City Council.
Hemant Karkare
Hemant Kamlakar Karkare, AC (pronunciationⓘ) (12 December 1954 – 26 November 2008) was the chief of the Mumbai Anti-Terrorism Squad (ATS). He was killed in action during the 2008 Mumbai attacks. In 2009, he was posthumously given the Ashoka Chakra, India's highest peacetime gallantry decoration.

Karkare succeeded K. P. Raghuvanshi as the Chief of ATS in January 2008 and was eventually succeeded by Raghuvanshi after he was shot dead on 26 November 2008. He was credited with solving the serial bombing cases in Thane, Vashi and Panvel, and led the investigation of the 2008 Malegaon blasts.

Thane
Thane (Marathi: [ˈʈʰaːɳeː]; known as Thana until 1996) is a city in western India, in the state of Maharashtra. It neighbours Mumbai and is part of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region. It is situated in the north-east of Salsette Island.

Thane serves as the headquarters of the Thane district and is located inside Thane taluka. It is the 15th most populous city in India, with a population of 1,890,000 according to the 2011 census.
Gujar Khan
Gujar Khan (Punjabi: گُجر خاں [ɡʊˈd͡ʒəɾ ˈxãː]; Urdu: گوجر خان [ˈɡoːdʒəɾ ˈxaːn]) is a city in Rawalpindi District, Punjab, Pakistan. It is also the headquarters of Gujar Khan Tehsil, the largest tehsil of Punjab by land area.

Gujar Khan is located approximately 57 km (35 mi)  southeast of Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan, and 220 km (140 mi) to the northwest of Lahore, the capital of Punjab. It is bounded on the north by Rawalpindi, Islamabad, and Attock, on the south by Jhelum, Lahore, and Gujrat, on the east by Azad Kashmir, and Kahuta and on the west by Chakwal and Khushab.

Situated in the heart of the Pothohar Plateau in northern Punjab, the city and surrounding region is renowned for their martial culture and is sometimes referred to as the 'Land of Martyrs', having produced two recipients of the Nishan-i-Haider. The main district hospital is in the center of the city, along with many other private and public healthcare services.

Attock
Attock (Punjabi, Urdu: اٹک), formerly known as Campbellpur (Punjabi, Urdu: کیمبل پور), is a city in Punjab, Pakistan, not far from the national capital Islamabad. The headquarters of the Attock District, it is the 36th largest city in the Punjab and the 61st largest city in the country, by population. The city was founded in 1908 several miles southeast of the historical city of Attock Khurd, which had been established by the Mughal Emperor Akbar in the 16th century, and was initially named in honour of Sir Colin Campbell.