hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Galactosamine
Galactosamine is a hexosamine derived from galactose with the molecular formula C6H13NO5.  This amino sugar is a constituent of some glycoprotein hormones such as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).

Precursors such as uridine diphosphate (UDP), UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, or glucosamine are used to synthesize galactosamine in the human body. A derivative of this compound is N-acetyl-D-galactosamine.

Galactosamine is a hepatotoxic, or liver-damaging, agent that is sometimes used in animal models of liver failure.

Uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine
Uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine or UDP-GlcNAc is a nucleotide sugar and a coenzyme in metabolism. It is used by glycosyltransferases to transfer N-acetylglucosamine residues to substrates. UDP-GlcNAc is used for making glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and glycolipids. D-Glucosamine is made naturally in the form of glucosamine-6-phosphate, and is the biochemical precursor of all nitrogen-containing sugars. To be specific, glucosamine-6-phosphate is synthesized from fructose 6-phosphate and glutamine as the first step of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway.  The end-product of this pathway is UDP-GlcNAc. Some enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of UDP-GlcNAc vary between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, serving as potential drug targets for antibiotic development.
Robert Trethewey
Robert Hugh Trethewey (17 October 1902 – 31 May 1989) was an Australian politician.

He was born in Eaglehawk to mining engine driver Robert Hugh Trethewey and Louise Turnbull. He received his education at Eaglehawk State School, at Bendigo High School, and at Bendigo Business College. In 1918 he commenced work for the New Zealand Insurance Company (NZI). On 16 October 1926 he married Isabella Nancarrow, with whom he had two sons. He rose through the ranks of NZI and managed branches in Bendigo (1940–46, 1948–62), Maryborough (1946–48) and Toowoomba (1948). In 1964 he was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly as the Liberal and Country Party member for Bendigo. He served until his retirement in 1973. Trethewey died in Bendigo in 1989.

Eaglehawk, Victoria
Eaglehawk is a suburb within the City of Greater Bendigo and a former gold-mining town in Victoria, Australia.

Eaglehawk is situated to the north-west of Bendigo on the Loddon Valley Highway. The highway is known locally as High Street until the intersection with Sailors Gully Road (Bendigo - Pyramid Road) and as Peg Leg Road to the west. Located on this intersection is Brassey Square which is the location of the town hall. Next to the town hall is the former post office and the Mechanics' Institute. To the north of the intersection on Napier Street is Canterbury Park and Lake Neangar while the Swan Hill railway line and the local railway station are located to the south.
Zasavica (bog)
The Zasavica (Serbian Cyrillic: Засавица) is a bog in the region of Mačva, west central Serbia. It is a major wildlife refuge and one of the last authentically preserved wetlands in Serbia. In the 2000s it became a popular attraction with the successful reintroduction of beavers, which had become extinct on the same land areas 100 years before.

Species reintroduction
Species reintroduction is the deliberate release of a species into the wild, from captivity or other areas where the organism is capable of survival. The goal of species reintroduction is to establish a healthy, genetically diverse, self-sustaining population to an area where it has been extirpated, or to augment an existing population. Species that may be eligible for reintroduction are typically threatened or endangered in the wild. However, reintroduction of a species can also be for pest control; for example, wolves being reintroduced to a wild area to curb an overpopulation of deer. Because reintroduction may involve returning native species to localities where they had been extirpated, some prefer the term "reestablishment".

Humans have been reintroducing species for food and pest control for thousands of years. However, the practice of reintroducing for conservation is much younger, starting in the 20th century.
Crahay
Crahay is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Albert Crahay (1903–1991), Belgian soldier and historian

Charles Crahay (born 1889), Belgian fencer

Jules-François Crahay (1917–1988), Belgian fashion designer

Jules-François Crahay
Jules-François Crahay (1917–1988) was a Belgian fashion designer who worked for the houses of Nina Ricci (1952–1963) and Lanvin as head designer (1963–1983). He won the Neiman Marcus Fashion Award in 1962, and was the only three-time winner of the French fashion award the Dé d'or or Golden Thimble (1977, 1981, 1984).
Ógra Fianna Fáil
Ógra Fianna Fáil(Irish: [ˈoːɡɾˠə ˌfʲiən̪ˠə ˈfˠaːlʲ]; meaning "Youth of Fianna Fáil") is the youth wing of Fianna Fáil.

The organisation was founded in 1975 by party leader Jack Lynch under the guidance of party general secretary, Séamus Brennan. It is active on an all-Ireland basis, with branches in major third level institutes (called cumainn) and parliamentary constituencies (called Comhairle Dáil Cheantair) in the Republic of Ireland. In Northern Ireland it is organised on a Council District basis, along with third level branches at the University of Ulster and Queen's University Belfast. In October 2014 Ógra became an official full member organisation of European Liberal Youth at their annual congress in Berlin.

Dáil constituencies
There are 43 multi-member electoral districts, known as Dáil constituencies, to elect 174 TDs to Dáil Éireann, the house of representatives of the Oireachtas, Ireland's parliament, on the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV), to a maximum term of five years. The configuration of constituencies was amended by the Electoral (Amendment) Act 2023, which were in operation for the 2024 general election.
Hemp (surname)
Hemp is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

David Hemp (born 1970), Bermudian cricketer

Ducky Hemp (1862–1923), American baseball player

Lauren Hemp (born 2000), English association footballer

Meinhard Hemp (born 1942), German footballer

Peyton Hemp (born 2003), American ice hockey player

Tim Hemp (born 1974), Bermudian cricketer

Wilfrid James Hemp (1882–1962), British archaeologist and antiquarian

Tim Hemp
Timothy James Hemp (born 12 April 1974) is a Bermudian former cricketer.  Hemp was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace.  He was born at Hamilton, Bermuda.

Hemp made his debut for Wales Minor Counties in the 1995 Minor Counties Championship against Dorset.  He made twelve further Minor Counties Championship appearances for the team, the last of which came against Cheshire in 1999.  His MCCA Knockout Trophy debut for the team came in 1996 against Cornwall.  He represented the team in a total of five MCCA Knockout Trophy matches, the last of which came against the Warwickshire Cricket Board in 1999.  His only List A appearance for the team came in the 3rd round of the 1999 NatWest Trophy against Somerset, where Hemp scored only a single run before being dismissed by Andy Caddick.

His brother, David, played One Day International and Twenty20 cricket for Bermuda, as well as playing first-class cricket for Warwickshire and Glamorgan.
Genetically modified vaccine
Most vaccines consist of viruses that have been attenuated, disabled, weakened or killed in some way so that their virulent properties are no longer effective. A simple
genetically modified vaccine, based on a thymidine kinase deficient mutant of pseudorabies virus was reportedly available as early as 2001 as a commercial vaccine to control Aujeszky's disease in Europe, North America and Japan.

Kinase
In biochemistry, a kinase (/ˈkaɪneɪs, ˈkɪneɪs, -eɪz/) is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups to substrates. This process is known as phosphorylation.  Typically ATP is the phosphate donor. Kinases are pervasive, the human genome codes for about 500 of these enzymes.

Kinases are part of the larger family of phosphotransferases. Kinases should not be confused with phosphorylases, which catalyze the addition of inorganic phosphate groups to an acceptor, nor with phosphatases, which remove phosphate groups (dephosphorylation). The phosphorylation state of a molecule, whether it be a protein, lipid or carbohydrate, can affect its activity, reactivity and its ability to bind other molecules. Therefore, kinases are critical in metabolism, cell signalling, protein regulation, cellular transport, secretory processes and many other cellular pathways, which makes them very important to physiology.
William Henry Pringle
Lieutenant-General Sir William Henry Pringle GCB (21 August 1772 – 23 December 1840) was a British Army officer who served as a Member of Parliament (MP) for two constituencies in Cornwall.

He was born the eldest son of Maj-Gen. Henry Pringle, of Dublin and educated privately and at Trinity College Dublin.

He joined the British Army as a cornet and progressed to the rank of Colonel of the 64th Foot in 1816. Further promotion to Lieutenant-General followed before he was transferred as Colonel for life in 1837 to the 45th Regiment of Foot. He was made KCB in 1815 and GCB in 1834.

He was MP for St Germans from 1812 to 1818, and then for Liskeard from 1818 to 1832.

He died in 1840. He had married Harriet Hester Eliot on 20 May 1806 (the daughter and heiress of Hon. Edward James Eliot) with whom he had a son and 4 daughters.

Liskeard (UK Parliament constituency)
Liskeard was a parliamentary borough in Cornwall, which elected two Members of Parliament (MPs) to the House of Commons from 1295 until 1832, and then one member from 1832 until 1885. The constituency was abolished by the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885.
Castelbuono, Bevagna
Castelbuono is a castle and a hamlet which stands at an elevation of 354 metres above sea level in the Province of Perugia, Umbria, central Italy. In local government terms it is a frazione of the comune of Bevagna. At the time of the Istat census of 2001 it had 10 inhabitants.

Province of Perugia
The province of Perugia (Italian: provincia di Perugia) is the larger of the two provinces in the Umbria region of Italy, comprising two-thirds of both the area and population of the region. Its capital is the city of Perugia. The province covered all of Umbria until 1927, when the province of Terni was carved out of its southern third. The province of Perugia has an area of 6,337 km2 and a total population of 636,531 as of 2025, covering about two-thirds of Umbria. It has 59 municipalities.

The province has numerous tourist attractions, especially artistic and historical ones, and is home to the Lake Trasimeno, the largest lake of Central Italy. It is historically the ancestral origin of the Umbri, while later it was a Roman province and then part of the Papal States until the late 19th century.
Maryland Route 414
Maryland Route 414 (MD 414) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. The highway runs 5.64 miles (9.08 km) from the beginning of state maintenance in Forest Heights east to MD 5 in Silver Hill. MD 414 connects the inner suburbs of Oxon Hill, Marlow Heights, and Silver Hill and provides access to National Harbor. The highway was constructed through Oxon Hill and Marlow Heights in the early 1930s. MD 414 was extended through Silver Hill along the old alignment of MD 5 when that highway bypassed Silver Hill in the early 1950s. The highway was expanded to a divided highway between Marlow Heights and Silver Hill in the early 1970s, around its interchange with Interstate 95 (I-95) and I-495 in the early 1980s, and around MD 210 in Oxon Hill in the late 1980s. MD 414 was reconstructed around MD 210 again in the mid-2000s with the construction of National Harbor and the new Woodrow Wilson Bridge.

Inner suburb
Inner suburbs (also inner ring suburbs) are the suburban communities which lie closest to the urban centre of a major city. They typically have relatively high urban density and are often the oldest communities outside the city proper. Compared to outer-suburban and exurban areas, they are more integrated with the metropolitan centre; in some cities such as Toronto, they may fall under the same municipality.
Verity Barton
Verity Mary Barton (born 6 August 1985) is an Australian politician. She was the LNP member of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland for Broadwater from 2012 to 2017. She defeated Peta-Kaye Croft at the 2012 state election and was re-elected at the 2015 election, before losing LNP preselection for the 2017 election to the then former MP, and current Premier of Queensland, David Crisafulli.

Barton was educated at All Hallows' School in Brisbane. She went on to further studies in law and politics at Bond University on the Gold Coast and Northwestern University School of Law in Chicago, Illinois. Prior to her election she worked in the retail industry and also served as a media consultant for Senator George Brandis.

Bond University
Bond University is Australia's first private not-for-profit university and is located in Robina on the Gold Coast, Queensland. Since its opening on 15 May 1989, Bond University has primarily been a teaching-focused higher education institution featuring a trimester timetable.

Bond comprises four main university schools and academic faculties, through which it offers a range of accelerated undergraduate and postgraduate degrees and programs, diplomas, and non-award programs.
Stars (Simply Red album)
Stars is the fourth album by British-based pop/soul/jazz band Simply Red, released on 30 September 1991. Five singles were released from the album, including the UK top ten hits "Stars" and "For Your Babies". The album was a worldwide success, particularly in the band's home country where it has been certified twelve times platinum and was the best-selling album of the year in the UK for both 1991 and 1992, the first album to be the best-seller in two consecutive years since Simon & Garfunkel's Bridge over Troubled Water in 1970–1971. As of April 2019 it is the 14th best-selling album of all time in the UK.

The album was on the shortlist of nominees for the 1992 Mercury Prize. In 2000 Q placed Stars at number 80 in its list of "The 100 Greatest British Albums Ever".

In 2000 it was voted number 258 in Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums.

All Time Top 1000 Albums
All Time Top 1000 Albums is a book by Colin Larkin, creator and editor of the Encyclopedia of Popular Music. The book was first published by Guinness Publishing in 1994. The list presented is the result of over 200,000 votes cast by the public in record shops, universities, schools and the French music trade show MIDEM – and ranked in order. Each album's entry is accompanied by an annotation with a 100-word review, details of its creation, and notes about the band or artist who recorded it.

The Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album made the top spot in the first edition, and the same band's Revolver made the top spot in the second, third and pocket editions of the series.
2015 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles qualifying
Players and pairs who neither have high enough rankings nor receive wild cards may participate in a qualifying tournament held one week before the annual Wimbledon Tennis Championships.

In 2015, the qualifiers were: Vincent Millot, Alejandro Falla, Elias Ymer, Hiroki Moriya, Luke Saville, Igor Sijsling, Pierre-Hugues Herbert, Yūichi Sugita, Nikoloz Basilashvili, John-Patrick Smith, Michael Berrer, Dustin Brown, Aleksandr Nedovyesov, Horacio Zeballos, John Millman and Kenny de Schepper.

Luca Vanni received as a Lucky loser as a replacement of David Ferrer, who was originally placed in the main draw before the start of the tournament, but withdrew due to an elbow injury before the tournament began.

Elias Ymer
Elias Ymer (born 10 April 1996) is a Swedish tennis player. Ymer has a career-high ATP singles ranking of World No. 105, achieved on 11 June 2018. He has a career-high ATP doubles ranking of World No. 188, achieved on 16 October 2017. He is the current No. 1 Swedish singles player.
Gilroy Yamato Hot Springs
Gilroy Yamato Hot Springs, a California Historical Landmark and on the list of National Register of Historic Places, is a property near Gilroy, California famed for its mineral hot springs and historic development by early settlers and Japanese immigrants. The earliest extant Italianate–Victorian style structures date from the 1870s, and the earliest bathhouse dates from 1890. Other early structures are a Buddhist shrine from 1939 and a Japanese garden teahouse from that same year. The property is also listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The hot spring's temperature ranges from 99° to 111 °F (37° to 44 °C). These springs are the site of occurrence of certain extremophile micro-organisms, that are capable of surviving in extremely hot environments.

Public bathing
Public baths originated when most people in population centers did not have access to private bathing facilities. Though termed "public", they have often been restricted according to gender, religious affiliation, personal membership, and other criteria.

In addition to their hygienic function, public baths have also been social meeting places. They have included hot-air bathing facilities such as hammams, Victorian Turkish baths, and saunas. Some have also provided complementary services such as shampooing, massages, and other relaxation therapies, often also found in contemporary day spas.

As the percentage of dwellings containing private bathrooms has increased in some societies, the need for public baths has diminished, and they are now almost exclusively used recreationally.
Apta railway station
Apta railway station is a railway station on the Panvel–Roha route of Central Railway in India. The station is situated in Raigad district of Navi Mumbai city in Maharashtra. It is  83.24 km from Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus via Diva Junction. Its station code is APTA. It belongs to the Mumbai Railway Division of Central Railway.

Raigad district
Raigad district (Marathi pronunciation: [ɾaːjɡəɖ]), previously Colaba district, is a district in the Konkan division of Maharashtra, India.
The headquarters of the district is Alibag.Raigad district is located in western part of Maharashtra.Other major cities in the district are Panvel, Karjat, Navi Mumbai, Khopoli, Shrivardhan and Mahad.
1897–98 County Antrim Shield
The 1897–98 County Antrim Shield was the 10th edition of the County Antrim Shield, a cup competition in Irish football.

Cliftonville won the tournament for the 3rd time, defeating Linfield 2–0 in the final.

County Antrim Shield
The County Antrim & District Football Association Senior Shield (more commonly known as the County Antrim Shield) is a football competition in Northern Ireland. The competition is open to senior teams who are members of the North East Ulster Football Association (also known as the County Antrim & District Football Association) (membership of which extends geographically beyond County Antrim itself), often plus intermediate teams who qualify via the Steel & Sons Cup, depending on the numbers required. For the 2010–11 and 2011-12 seasons, only the winners took part.

The current Shield holders are Carrick Rangers, who beat Cliftonville 4-2 on penalties in the 2025–26 final, winning the trophy for the first time since the 1992–93 season.
Michaelson
Michaelson is an English patronymic surname meaning "son of Michael". There are varied English and Scandinavian spellings. It is rare as a given name. Notable people with the surname include:

Ben Michaelson (born 1981), American swimmer

Ingrid Michaelson (born 1979), American singer/songwriter

Isaac Michaelson (1903–1982), Scottish-born Israeli ophthalmologist

M. Alfred Michaelson (1878–1949), American politician

Ron Michaelson, American actor

Scott Michaelson (born 1968), Australian actor

Ben Michaelson
Benjamin Michaelson (born November 13, 1981) is a swimmer hailing from Seymour, Connecticut. He attended Seymour High School, later continuing his education and career at Southern Connecticut State University under head coach Timothy Quill and assistant coach CJ Moran. After college, he continued swimming at the SoNoCo swim club out of SCSU and later Club Wolverine. In 2003, he was ranked 11th in the world for the men's 100 long course meter fly, his time of 52.76 tied him for third on the all-time top times for Americans. In 2004, he placed 3rd in the 100 m fly behind Ian Crocker and Michael Phelps at the US Olympic Trials. He officially retired after in the latter months 2005, citing a need to move on with his life.
Valdosta Tigers
The Valdosta Tigers were a "Class-D" minor league baseball team, based in Valdosta, Georgia, that operated in the Georgia–Florida League, from 1939 to 1958. The club played its home games at Pendleton Park, which was located on the current site of South Georgia Medical Center.

South Georgia Medical Center
South Georgia Medical Center is one of two hospital providers in Valdosta, Georgia and surrounding Lowndes County, Georgia. The facility opened in 1955 as Pineview General Hospital on Alternate Georgia State Route 7 (N Patterson St) north of downtown Valdosta. The hospital has 285 inpatient beds and is locally operated.
2018 Peruvian promotion play-offs
The 2018 Peruvian promotion play-offs or Cuadrangular de Ascenso 2018 was held in December 2018 with all games being played at Estadio Miguel Grau, Callao. The play-offs determined the third and fourth team to be promoted to the Torneo Descentralizado following that tournament's expansion. The teams place 2nd and 3rd in the 2018 Peruvian Segunda División and 2018 Copa Perú took part in the promotion play-offs. The top two placed team in the play-offs gained promotion in the 2019 Torneo Descentralizado and the bottom two qualified to the 2019 Peruvian Segunda División.

Estadio Miguel Grau (Callao)
Estadio Miguel Grau is a multi-use stadium in the Bellavista District of Callao, Peru. The stadium is part of the Sport Village of Callao (Villa Deportiva del Callao) or Yahuar Huaca, which is owned by the Callao Regional Government since 2011. Its use is available to several association football teams in the region, including the clubs Sport Boys Association, Universidad de San Martín and Academia Deportiva Cantolao who play their home matches here for the Torneo Descentralizado. The stadium's seating capacity is 17,000 people and was inaugurated on June 16, 1996 with a match between the Sport Boys and Deportivo Pesquero for the 1996 Torneo Descentralizado. The match was a 3–1 win for the Sport Boys. Floodlight towers were installed in 2003.
Harry Levy-Lawson, 1st Viscount Burnham
Harry Lawson Webster Levy-Lawson, 1st Viscount Burnham, GCMG, CH, TD, JP, DL (18 December 1862 – 20 July 1933), was a British newspaper proprietor. He was originally a Liberal politician before joining the Liberal Unionist Party in the late 1890s. He sat in the House of Commons 1885–1892, 1893–1895, 1905–1906 and 1910–1916 until he inherited the Burnham barony on the death of his father.

Liberal Unionist Party
The Liberal Unionist Party was a British political party that was formed in 1886 by a faction that broke away from the Liberal Party. Led by Lord Hartington (later the Duke of Devonshire) and Joseph Chamberlain, the party established a political alliance with the Conservative Party in opposition to Irish Home Rule. The two parties formed the ten-year-long coalition Unionist Government 1895–1905 but kept separate political funds and their own party organisations until a complete merger between the  Liberal  Unionist  and the  Conservative parties was agreed to  in May 1912.