hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Dispute resolution
Dispute resolution or dispute settlement is the process of resolving disputes between parties. The term dispute resolution is conflict resolution through legal means.

Prominent venues for dispute settlement in international law include the International Court of Justice (formerly the Permanent Court of International Justice); the United Nations Human Rights Committee (which operates under the ICCPR) and European Court of Human Rights; the Panels and Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization; and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. Half of all international agreements include a dispute settlement mechanism.

States are also known to form their own arbitration tribunals to settle disputes. Prominent private international courts, which adjudicate disputes between commercial private entities, include the International Court of Arbitration (of the International Chamber of Commerce) and the London Court of International Arbitration.

International Chamber of Commerce
The International Chamber of Commerce (ICC; French: Chambre de commerce internationale) is a global business organization representing companies and associations in over 170 countries. ICC represents a broad range of sectors and business sizes. Its current chair is Philippe Varin and its Secretary General is John W.H. Denton AO.

ICC's main activities are rule setting, dispute resolution, and policy advocacy. Its rules, while voluntary, are widely used in international commercial transactions. National committees in over 90 countries advocate business priorities at national and regional levels, and more than 5,000 experts from member companies contribute to ICC policy positions through specialized commissions.

ICC holds Observer Status at the United Nations General Assembly and consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council. It represents business interests at international forums including the World Trade Organization and G20.
Chanda (fish)
Chanda is a genus of fish in the family Ambassidae, the Asiatic glassfishes. The name is an allusion to the local name for glassfishes in India, though this common name is used across several genera. Before recent expansion, the genus was formerly monotypic including only C. nama, and both species and genus were first described by Francis Buchanan-Hamilton in 1822.

Francis Buchanan-Hamilton
Francis Buchanan FRSE FRS FLS (15 February 1762 – 15 June 1829), later known as Francis Hamilton but often referred to as Francis Buchanan-Hamilton, was a Scottish surgeon, surveyor and botanist who made significant contributions as a geographer and  zoologist while living in India. He did not assume the name of Hamilton until three years after his retirement from India.

The standard botanical author abbreviation Buch.-Ham. is applied to plants and animals he described, though today the form "Hamilton, 1822" is more usually seen in ichthyology and is preferred by Fishbase.
Wir sind des Geyers schwarzer Haufen
Wir sind des Geyers schwarzer Haufen (lit. 'We Are Geyer's Black Bunch') is an interwar-era German marching song. The lyrics of the song are sourced from the poem Ich bin der arme Konrad, written by the Bavarian poet and artillery officer Heinrich von Reder in 1888. The melody of the song was arranged by German songwriter Fritz Sotke in 1919. As a song about the German Peasants' War, its lyrics are noted for their strong anti-clerical and anti-noble themes.

March (music)
A march is a musical composition with a strong regular rhythm which in origin was expressly written for lockstep marching of soldiers. As a musical genre, it is a type of martial music, most frequently performed by a military band during parades.

March music pieces vary widely in mood, ranging from the emotional funeral march in Wagner's Götterdämmerung to the brisk Romantic marches of John Philip Sousa and the militaristic hymns of the late 19th century. Examples of the varied use of the march can be found in Beethoven's Eroica Symphony, in the Marches Militaires of Franz Schubert, in the Marche funèbre in Chopin's Sonata in B flat minor, the "Jäger March" in the Op. 91a by Jean Sibelius, and in the Dead March in Handel's Saul.
Bokuzen Hidari
Bokuzen Hidari (左 卜全, Hidari Bokuzen, 20 February 1894 – 26 May 1971) was a Japanese actor and comedian born in Kotesashi Village (now part of Tokorozawa), Iruma District, Saitama Prefecture, Japan. He appeared in such films as Akira Kurosawa's Seven Samurai, The Lower Depths and Ikiru. Hidari was famous among Japanese audiences for his portrayals of meek, downtrodden men, and although a teetotaller, was renowned for his convincing drunk scenes (see esp. "Ikiru").

Teetotalism
Teetotalism is the practice of voluntarily abstaining from the consumption of alcohol. A person who practises (and possibly advocates) teetotalism is known as a teetotaller (British English) or teetotaler (American English) and is said to be teetotal. Globally, in 2016, 57% of adults did not drink alcohol in the past year, and 44.5% had never consumed alcohol. A number of temperance organisations have been founded to promote teetotalism and provide spaces for nondrinkers to socialise.

Teetotalism is found as an aspect of religious practise in Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, Jainism, Sikhism and in some forms of Christianity. Other common reasons for choosing teetotalism are psychological, health, medical, philosophical, social, political, past alcoholism, or simply preference.
Alexandra Sahlen
Alexandra Elizabeth Sahlen (born September 25, 1982) is an American former professional soccer player and entrepreneur. She played for the Western New York Flash of the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL) and was also the club's president.

USL W-League (1995–2015)
The USL W-League was a North American  amateur women's soccer developmental organization. The league was a semi-professional, open league, giving college players the opportunity to play alongside established international players while maintaining their collegiate eligibility. The league was administered by the United Soccer Leagues system (the USL), which also oversees the men's United Soccer League and Premier Development League. The W-League announced on November 6, 2015, that it would cease operation ahead of 2016 season.

After the popularity of the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup, though, USL began considerations for a new professional women's league; this effort eventually returned to the re-establishing of the league as the USL W League.
Helen Reddel
Helen Reddel or Helen Kathryn Reddel is a respiratory physician, a professor at Macquarie University, and adjunct professor at the University of Sydney, Chair of the Global Initiative for Asthma, who was awarded an Order of Australia in 2024, for services to respiratory medicine.

Pulmonology
Pulmonology (/ˌpʌlməˈnɒlədʒi/, /ˌpʊlməˈnɒlədʒi/, from Latin pulmō, -ōnis "lung" and the Greek suffix -λογία -logía "study of"), pneumology (/nʊˈmɒlədʒi, njʊ-/, built on Greek πνεύμων pneúmōn "lung") or pneumonology (/nʊmənˈɒlədʒi, njʊ-/) is a medical specialty that deals with diseases involving the respiratory tract. It is also known as respirology, respiratory medicine, or chest medicine in some countries and areas.

Pulmonology is considered a branch of internal medicine, and is related to intensive care medicine. Pulmonology often involves managing patients who need life support and mechanical ventilation. Pulmonologists are specially trained in diseases and conditions of the chest, particularly pneumonia, asthma, tuberculosis, emphysema, and complicated chest infections.

Pulmonology/respirology departments work especially closely with certain other specialties: cardiothoracic surgery departments and cardiology departments.
Tokyo Disneyland Electrical Parade Dreamlights ~Christmas~
Tokyo Disneyland Electrical Parade Dreamlights ~Christmas~ is the Christmas version of the Tokyo Disneyland Electrical Parade Dreamlights. It opened in 2007 and runs during the holidays. The parade includes the regular floats and characters dressed up for the holidays. The soundtrack is almost identical to the regular, but has a holiday theme.

For Tokyo Disneyland's 30th anniversary, a show stop was added to the parade, it includes a 2-minute Christmas melody; fireworks from Cinderella Castle are synced during the show stop as well. The showstop is only performed once a year as part of a private event for Disney/JCB Card holders.

Joy to the World
"Joy to the World" is an English hymn and Christmas carol. Written in 1719 by the English minister and hymnist Isaac Watts, the hymn is usually sung to an 1848 arrangement by the American composer Lowell Mason of a tune attributed to George Frideric Handel. The hymn's lyrics are a Christian interpretation of Psalm 98 and Genesis 3.

Since the 20th century, "Joy to the World" has been the most-published Christmas carol in North America. As of December 2009, it was published in 1,387 hymnals in North America, according to the Dictionary of North American Hymnology.
Imperfect High
Imperfect High is a 2021 drama film produced by Lifetime and starring Nia Sioux, Sherri Shepherd, Gabriel Darku and Ali Skovbye. The film premiered on September 18, 2021 on Lifetime. The film is a sequel to the 2015 movie Perfect High, which stars Bella Thorne, Israel Broussard, Daniela Bobadilla and Ross Butler.

Daniela Bobadilla
Daniela Bobadilla (born April 4, 1993) is a Canadian actress. She is best known for playing Sam Goodson in the FX series Anger Management. She has also appeared in other film and television roles, such as Mr. Troop Mom, the NBC drama Awake, the ABC series The Middle, and the Lifetime original movies Lies in Plain Sight, The Cheating Pact and Perfect High.
Bravery Meeting 71 (Australia)
The Bravery Council of Australia Meeting 71 Honours List was announced by the Governor General of Australia on 17 August 2009.

Awards were announced for 
the Star of Courage,
the Bravery Medal,
Commendation for Brave Conduct and
Group Bravery Citation.

† indicates an award made posthumously.

Group Bravery Citation
The Group Bravery Citation is a decoration created in 1990 that is awarded to Australians for a collective act of bravery by a group of people in extraordinary circumstances that are considered worthy of recognition. It is awarded by the governor-general of Australia, with the approval of the sovereign, on the recommendation of the Australian Bravery Decorations Council. The decorations recognise acts of bravery by members of the community who selflessly put themselves in jeopardy to protect the lives or property of others.

It is ranked 5th in the list of Australian bravery decoration in the Australian honours system.
Chandramukhi (TV series)
Chandramukhi is an Indian fantasy television series that premiered on 30 October 2007 on DD National. It stars Piku Sharma in the title role. It also stars Mamik Singh, Sachin Khurana, Natasha Sinha, Vinod Kapoor, Kruttika Desai, Vindu Dara Singh, Shiva Rindani and Anwar Fatehan. It is loosely based on the folk-tale of Gul-e-Bakawali.

DD National
DD National (formerly DD1) is an Indian state-owned entertainment television channel, founded by the Government of India, owned by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. It is the flagship channel of Doordarshan, launched 
on 15 September 1959. India's public service broadcaster, and the oldest and most widely available terrestrial television channel in India.
Nihal Samarasekera
Nihal Samarasekera is a former Sri Lankan cricketer who played first-class cricket for Ceylon from 1967 to 1974.

Samarasekera attended St. Sylvester's College in Kandy. An opening bowler, he made his first-class debut for Ceylon in the Gopalan Trophy match in 1966–67. In the Gopalan Trophy match in 1967–68, opening the bowling with Sarath Wimalaratne, who took five wickets in each innings, Samarasekera took 4 for 44 and 2 for 48 in the victory for the Ceylon Board President's Under-27s XI over Madras.

He toured Pakistan with the Sri Lankan team in 1973–74, playing in four of the eight first-class matches, but other bowlers were preferred for the two matches against Pakistan. He played no further first-class cricket after the tour.

Tamil Nadu cricket team
The Tamil Nadu cricket team is a domestic cricket team run by Tamil Nadu Cricket Association representing the state of Tamil Nadu, India. It has been one of the most dominant teams in white-ball domestic cricket in India. The team plays in Ranji Trophy, the highest tier of the domestic first-class cricket tournament in India and in List A tournaments Vijay Hazare Trophy and Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy. They have won the Ranji Trophy twice and have finished runners-up nine times.

They are the team that has won the Vijay Hazare Trophy  and Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy most often. They were the first team to win the Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy in 2006/07. The team was known as Madras until the 1970–71 season before the Madras state was renamed Tamil Nadu. Tamil Nadu is the only team to win the five different Indian domestic trophies (Ranji Trophy, Irani Trophy, Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy, Vijay Hazare Trophy and Deodhar Trophy).
Stanley Faulder
Joseph Stanley Faulder (October 19, 1937 – June 17, 1999) was the first Canadian citizen to be executed in the United States since 1952.

Stanley Faulder, a Jasper, Alberta native, was convicted of murdering Inez Scarborough Phillips, a 75-year-old woman, in Texas in 1975 during a robbery in her house. He was caught, convicted, and sentenced to death in 1977. Faulder had previously served three years in prison for auto theft in Canada.

Despite diplomatic complaints by the Canadian government, Faulder was executed by lethal injection on June 17, 1999. His last appeal was rejected about an hour before his death. He is buried at Captain Joe Byrd Cemetery.

World Socialist Web Site
The World Socialist Web Site (WSWS) is the website of the International Committee of the Fourth International (ICFI). It describes itself as an "online newspaper of the international Trotskyist movement".
2022 Bulgarian Supercup
The 2022 Bulgarian Supercup was the 19th edition of the Bulgarian Supercup, an annual football match played between the winners of the previous season's First League and the Bulgarian Cup. The game was played between the champions of the 2021–22 First League, Ludogorets Razgrad, and the 2021–22 Bulgarian Cup winners, Levski Sofia.

This was Ludogorets's 10th Supercup appearance and Levski Sofia's 5th. It was also the two teams' first meeting in the Supercup.

Initially supposed to be played on 2 July 2022, the game was rescheduled for a date between 30 August and 1 September 2022. On 12 August 2022, it has been announced that the game has been scheduled for 1 September 2022.

The match finished 2–2, but Ludogorets won 4–3 on penalties for their 6th Supercup title.

Bulgarian Cup
The Bulgarian Cup (Bulgarian: Купа на България, romanized: Kupa na Bŭlgariya) is a Bulgarian annual football competition. It is the country's main cup competition and all officially registered Bulgarian football teams take part in it.

The tournament's format is single-elimination, with all matches being one-legged, except the semi-finals. The competition's winner gets the right to take part in the UEFA Europa League. If the winner has already secured a place through the Bulgarian A Professional Football Group, the team that has come fourth in the championship substitutes it.

The competition has been dominated by Sofia-based clubs. They have won together a total number of 65 titles. The three most successful clubs are Levski Sofia (26 cups), CSKA Sofia (21 cups) and Slavia Sofia (8 cups). The current cup holders are Ludogorets Razgrad, who beat CSKA Sofia 1–0 in the 2025 final.
Knot (unit)
The knot (/nɒt/) is a unit of speed equal to one nautical mile per hour, exactly 1.852 km/h (approximately 1.151 mph or 0.514 m/s). The ISO standard symbol for the knot is kn. The same symbol is preferred by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), while kt is also common, especially in aviation, where it is the form recommended by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The knot is a non-SI unit. The knot is used in meteorology, and in maritime and air navigation. A vessel travelling at 1 knot along a meridian travels approximately one minute of geographic latitude in one hour.

ISO/IEC 80000
ISO/IEC 80000, Quantities and units, is an international standard describing the International System of Quantities (ISQ). It was developed and promulgated jointly by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). It serves as a style guide for using physical quantities and units of measurement, formulas involving them, and their corresponding units, in scientific and educational documents for worldwide use. The ISO/IEC 80000 family of standards was completed with the publication of the first edition of Part 1 in November 2009.
The Ship Song
"The Ship Song" is a song written by Nick Cave (lyrics and music), originally performed by the Australian rock band Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds on their sixth studio album The Good Son (1990). It was released by Mute Records as the first single from the album on 12 March 1990, as a CD single, 7" vinyl and a 12" vinyl release. The song reached #84 on the UK Singles Charts.

The music video for the song was directed by John Hillcoat.

In May 2001 "The Ship Song" was selected by Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) as one of the Top 30 Australian songs of all time.

Mute Records
Mute Records is a British independent record label owned and founded in 1978 by Daniel Miller. It has featured several prominent musical acts on its roster such as Depeche Mode, Erasure, Einstürzende Neubauten, Fad Gadget, Goldfrapp, Grinderman, Arca, Inspiral Carpets, Moby, New Order, Laibach, Nitzer Ebb, Yann Tiersen, Wire, Yeasayer, Fever Ray, Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, Yazoo, and M83.
Butler Parr
Butler Parr (9 November 1810 – 16 March 1872) was an English first-class cricketer active 1835–54 who played for Nottingham and Nottinghamshire. He was born in Marton, Lincolnshire and died in Radcliffe-on-Trent. The father-in-law of Richard Daft, he appeared in 23 first-class matches.

Radcliffe-on-Trent
Radcliffe-on-Trent is a village and civil parish in the Rushcliffe borough of Nottinghamshire, England. The population of the civil parish at the Census 2011 was 8,205, falling slightly at the Census 2021 to 8,144
Illella
"Illella" (Korean: 일낼라; lit. get up; occasionally stylized as "1llella") is a song by South Korean girl group Mamamoo. It was released through RBW and Kakao Entertainment on October 11, 2022, as the lead single from their twelfth extended play Mic On. It was co-written by Moonbyul, Yoo Joo-yi, Kang Ji-won, Kim Do-hoon, and Inner Child, the latter three of whom also handled the song's production. Described as a K-pop and reggaeton track, it was met with positive reviews from critics who praised the group for their vocal harmonies.

Reggaeton
Reggaeton (UK: /ˈrɛɡeɪtoʊn, ˌrɛɡeɪˈtɒn/, US: /ˌrɛɡeɪˈtoʊn, ˌreɪɡ-/) is a style of popular and electronic music that originated in Panama during the late 1980s. It has been popularized and dominated by artists from Puerto Rico since the early 1990s.

It has evolved from dancehall, with elements of hip hop, Latin American, and Caribbean music. Vocals include toasting/rapping and singing, typically in Spanish. Reggaeton is regarded as one of the most popular music genres in the Spanish-speaking Caribbean. By the 2010s, the genre had seen increased popularity across Latin America, as well as acceptance within mainstream Western music.
Mo Chit BTS station
Mo Chit Station (Thai: สถานีหมอชิต, pronounced [sā.tʰǎː.nīː mɔ̌ː t͡ɕʰít]) is a BTS Skytrain station, on the Sukhumvit Line in Chatuchak District, Bangkok, Thailand. The station is located above Phahonyothin Road between Soi Phahon Yothin 18 and Soi Phahon Yothin 20. The station is named after the old Mo Chit Bus Terminal, whose building was repurposed as the BTS depot.  Mo Chit station also served as the northern terminus of the Sukhumvit Line until 9 August 2019 when Ha Yaek Lat Phrao BTS station opened.

Phahonyothin Road
Phahonyothin Road (Thai: ถนนพหลโยธิน, RTGS: Thanon Phahon Yothin, pronounced [tʰā.nǒn pʰā.hǒn jōː.tʰīn]) or Highway 1 is a main road in Bangkok and one of the four primary highways in Thailand, which include Mittraphap Road (Highway 2), Sukhumvit Road (Highway 3), and Phet Kasem Road (Highway 4). It begins at Victory Monument in Bangkok and runs north to the Burmese border, with a total length of 1,005 km (624 mi).
Division of Watson
The Division of Watson is an Australian electoral division in the state of New South Wales.

Watson is an urban electorate in Sydney and since 2025, it extends from the Hume Highway, Canterbury Road to the south, Georges River to the west and Cooks River to the east. It has a large immigrant population, with significant Chinese, Bangladeshi, and Lebanese communities.

Since 2004 its MP has been Tony Burke of the Labor Party, who has served as Minister for Home Affairs, for Immigration and Citizenship and for Cyber Security since 2024 under Prime Minister Anthony Albanese, as well as Leader of the House and Minister for the Arts since 2022.

Lebanese Australians
Lebanese Australians (Arabic: اللبنانيون الأستراليون) refers to citizens or permanent residents of Australia of Lebanese ancestry. The population is diverse, having a large Christian religious base, being mostly Maronite Catholics, while also having a large Muslim group of Sunni and Shia branches.

Lebanon, in both its modern-day form as the Lebanese state (declared 1920; independent 1943), and its historical form as the region of the Lebanon, has been a source of migrants to Australia since the 1870s. 248,430 Australians (about 1% of the total population) claimed some Lebanese ancestry in 2021. The 2021 census reported 87,343 Lebanese-born people in Australia, with nearly 66,000 of those resident in Greater Sydney.
Foix–Chavany–Marie syndrome
Foix–Chavany–Marie syndrome (FCMS), also known as bilateral opercular syndrome, is a neuropathological disorder characterized by paralysis of the facial, tongue, pharynx, and masticatory muscles of the mouth that aid in chewing. The disorder is primarily caused by thrombotic and embolic strokes, which cause a deficiency of oxygen in the brain. As a result, bilateral lesions may form in the junctions between the frontal lobe and temporal lobe, the parietal lobe and cortical lobe, or the subcortical region of the brain. FCMS may also arise from defects existing at birth that may be inherited or nonhereditary. Symptoms of FCMS can be present in a person of any age and it is diagnosed using automatic-voluntary dissociation assessment, psycholinguistic testing, neuropsychological testing, and brain scanning. Treatment for FCMS depends on the onset, as well as on the severity of symptoms, and it involves a multidisciplinary approach.

Pseudobulbar palsy
Pseudobulbar palsy is a medical condition characterized by the inability to control facial movements (such as chewing and speaking) and caused by a variety of neurological disorders. Patients experience difficulty chewing and swallowing, have increased reflexes and spasticity in tongue and the bulbar region, and demonstrate slurred speech (which is often the initial presentation of the disorder), sometimes also demonstrating uncontrolled emotional outbursts.

The condition is usually caused by the bilateral damage to corticobulbar pathways, which are upper motor neuron pathways that course from the cerebral cortex to nuclei of cranial nerves in the brain stem.