hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Civilian casualties of strategic bombing
Strategic bombing is the use of airpower to destroy industrial and economic infrastructure—such as factories, oil refineries, railroads, or power stations—rather than just directly targeting military bases, supply depots, or enemy combatants. Strategic bombing may also include the intent to dehouse, demoralize, or inflict civilian casualties, and thus hinders them from supporting the enemy's war effort. The bombing can be utilized by strategic bombers or missiles, and may use general-purpose bombs, guided bombs, incendiary devices, chemical weapons, biological weapons, or nuclear weapons.

This article is currently not comprehensive, but lists strategic bombing of cities and towns, and human death tolls starting from before World War II.

Incendiary device
Incendiary weapons, incendiary devices, incendiary munitions, or incendiary bombs are weapons designed to start fires. They may destroy structures or sensitive equipment using fire, and sometimes operate as anti-personnel weaponry. Incendiaries utilize materials such as napalm, thermite, magnesium powder, chlorine trifluoride, or white phosphorus. Though colloquially often called "bombs", they are not explosives but in fact operate to slow the process of chemical reactions and use ignition rather than detonation to start or maintain the reaction. Napalm, for example, is petroleum especially thickened with certain chemicals into a gel to slow, but not stop, combustion, releasing energy over a longer time than an explosive device. In the case of napalm, the gel adheres to surfaces and resists suppression.
St. Petersburg paradox
The St. Petersburg paradox or St. Petersburg lottery is a paradox involving the game of flipping a coin where the expected payoff of the lottery game is infinite but nevertheless seems to be worth only a very small amount to the participants. The St. Petersburg paradox is a situation where a naïve decision criterion that takes only the expected value into account predicts a course of action that presumably no actual person would be willing to take. Several resolutions to the paradox have been proposed, including the impossible amount of money a casino would need to continue the game indefinitely.

The problem was invented by Nicolas Bernoulli, who stated it in a letter to Pierre Raymond de Montmort on September 9, 1713. However, the paradox takes its name from its analysis by Nicolas' cousin Daniel Bernoulli, one-time resident of Saint Petersburg, who in 1738 published his thoughts about the problem in the Commentaries of the Imperial Academy of Science of Saint Petersburg.

Cumulative prospect theory
In behavioral economics, cumulative prospect theory (CPT) is a model for descriptive decisions under risk and uncertainty which was introduced by Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman in 1992 (Tversky, Kahneman, 1992). It is a further development and variant of prospect theory. The  difference between this version and the original version of prospect theory is that weighting is applied to the cumulative probability distribution function, as in rank-dependent expected utility theory but not applied to the probabilities of individual outcomes. In 2002, Daniel Kahneman received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his contributions to behavioral economics, in particular the development of CPT.
Serenity (comics)
Serenity is a line of comic books published by Dark Horse Comics from 2005 to 2017. It is a canonical continuation of Joss Whedon's Firefly television series and the 2005 film Serenity, which are all part of the Firefly media franchise. It was not an ongoing series; rather, it consisted of a number of miniseries and one-shots, released sporadically.

Starting in 2018, Boom! Studios began publishing its own line of Firefly comics.

Boom! Studios
Boom! Studios (stylized as BOOM! Studios), is an American comic book and graphic novel publisher. They are headquartered in Los Angeles, California, United States. As of September 2024, the company is a subsidiary division of Penguin Random House.
Pune Club Ground
The Pune Club Ground or Poona Club Ground is a cricket ground in Pune, Maharashtra.  It has been used for first-class cricket since 1935, most recently for a Ranji Trophy match between Maharashtra and Railways in 2001.

One of only ten first-class quadruple centuries was scored at the ground by B. B. Nimbalkar in December 1948.  He reached 443* playing for Maharashtra in a Ranji Trophy match against Kathiawar. It is the only first-class score of 400 or more by a cricketer who was never selected to play Test cricket.

In 1970, Bombay versus Rest of India cricket team Irani Cup match was held on this ground. In it the earlier defeated the latter.

The opposing captain, the Thakore Saheb of Rajkot, conceded the match when Nimbalkar was nine short of Don Bradman's then world-record score of 452*.

Irani Trophy
The Irani Trophy, also known as the Z R Irani Trophy, is an annual one-off First-Class cricket match organised by the BCCI and contested each season by the reigning Ranji Trophy champions and a multi-state RoI team composed of players from the other state teams. The inaugural edition was played in March 1960 as a special event to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the Ranji Trophy. It was intended to be a one-off match but, in 1962, BCCI decided to institute it as annual fixture and it has been played in most seasons since 1962–63. BCCI named the Irani Trophy after Zal R. Irani, their long-serving president and treasurer, who was a significant figure in the organisation from its inception in 1928, till his death in 1970.
Mount Palmer (Northern Territory)
Mount Palmer is a mountain with an elevation of 1,117 metres (3,665 ft) AHD in the southern part of the Northern Territory of Australia. It is part of the Central Desert Region and was named by the explorer Ernest Giles.

Mount Palmer is part of the Central Harts Range, and is known for being the site of mica mining in the past. Nearby settlements include Hart Range.

Australian Height Datum
The Australian Height Datum was introduced in 1971 as the official vertical datum for Australia, and thereby serves as the benchmark to which all height measurements are referred. The Australian Height Datum is an amalgamation of decades of spirit levelling work conducted by numerous state and territory authorities across the country, and was corrected to align with the mean sea level observations of thirty tide gauges positioned around the entire coastline. While it remains the published vertical datum for all surveying and engineering operations performed throughout Australia, newer technologies have uncovered numerous deficiencies, offsets and distortions within the Australian Height Datum, leading to discussions about defining a new Australian vertical datum.
Tornagaleones River
Tornagaleones River (Spanish: Río Tornagaleones) is a river and eastuarine channel in Los Ríos Region, Chile. Together with Valdivia and Futa River it encloses the fluvial island of Isla del Rey. The fresh waters of Tornagaleones comes from Futa, Naguilán and Valdivia River. During high tide brackish waters from Corral Bay enters the channel.

Tornagaleones means literally "turn around galleons". The name of the river derives from its utility in navigation as it allowed ships to turn around and position their bow towards the Pacific Ocean.

In August 1643, during the Dutch expedition to Valdivia one of Herckmans's ships ran aground a rocky shallow in Tornagaleones River forcing to Dutch to dismantle it.

Los Ríos Region
The Los Ríos Region  (Spanish: Región de Los Ríos, pronounced [los ˈri.os], lit. Region of the Rivers) is one of Chile's 16 regions, the country's first-order administrative divisions. Its capital is Valdivia. It began to operate as a region on October 2, 2007, having been created by subdividing the Los Lagos Region in southern Chile. It consists of two provinces: Valdivia and the newly created Ranco Province, which was formerly part of Valdivia Province.
Basilica of Notre-Dame-de-Bon-Secours, Guingamp
The Basilica of Notre-Dame de Bon Secours (French: Basilique Notre-Dame-de-Bon-Secours de Guingamp) is located in the town of Guingamp, in Brittany, France. Originally a castle chapel and then a parish church, built not later than the early 12th century, it became a Marian pilgrimage destination dedicated to Our Lady of Good Help which gained prominence in the 17th century. It was raised to the status of a minor basilica in 1899.

Battle of Auray
The Battle of Auray (29 September 1364) at the Breton-French town of Auray was the decisive confrontation of the Breton War of Succession, a part of the Hundred Years' War.

In the battle, which began as a siege, a Breton army, led by Duke John de Montfort, assisted by English forces commanded by John Chandos, opposed a Breton army led by his rival Charles of Blois and assisted by French forces led by Bertrand du Guesclin.
Immaculate Heart of Mary Seminary (Winona, Minnesota)
Immaculate Heart of Mary (IHM) Seminary is a Roman Catholic college seminary for men in Winona, Minnesota, in the United States that is sponsored by the Diocese of Winona-Rochester.

Located adjacent to Saint Mary's University of Minnesota, IHM has provided college-level seminary training since 1948.  Seminarians come primary from dioceses in the Midwestern United States to live at IHM and take classes from Saint Mary's. As of 2024, Bishop Robert E. Barron is the president of the IHM advisory board.

On completion of their course work, seminarians at IHM receive a Bachelor of Arts degree in philosophy.

Robert Barron
Robert Emmet Patrick Barron (born November 19, 1959) is an American theologian who has served as bishop of the Diocese of Winona–Rochester since 2022. He served as rector at Mundelein Seminary from 2012 to 2015 and as auxiliary bishop for the Archdiocese of Los Angeles from 2015 to 2022. He has published on theology and spirituality, and is the founder of Word on Fire.

Barron was the host of Catholicism, a documentary TV series that aired on PBS. His social media following has earned him the monikers "bishop of Catholic social media" and the "bishop of the Internet". His 2016 film series, Catholicism: The Pivotal Players, was syndicated for national television in the United States.

Barron is a religion correspondent for NBC, and a pundit on Fox News since 2024.
KIGL
KIGL (93.3 FM), known as "93.3 The Eagle", is a classic rock radio station licensed to Seligman, Missouri but based in Fayetteville, Arkansas. KIGL is owned by iHeartMedia, Inc. KIGL serves the Northwest Arkansas, extreme Southwest Missouri, and extreme Northeast Oklahoma region with an ERP of 100,000 watts.

Cities in KIGL's primary coverage include: Fayetteville, Springdale, Bentonville, Rogers, and Siloam Springs, in Arkansas; Neosho, Monett, and Pineville in Missouri; and Grove, Oklahoma. KIGL's signal can be heard as far south as Alma, Arkansas, as far west as Pryor, Oklahoma, as far east as Harrison, Arkansas, and just north of Carthage, Missouri, due to interference from KMXV (93.3 FM) in Kansas City.

Neosho, Missouri
Neosho (/niːˈoʊʃoʊ/; originally Siouan pronunciation: [niˈoʒo] or Siouan pronunciation: [niˈoʒu]) is the most populous city in and the county seat of Newton County, Missouri, United States. With a population of 12,590 as of the 2020 census, the city is a part of the Joplin metropolitan area, a region with an estimated 176,849 residents, as of 2011. Neosho lies on the western edge of the Ozarks, in the far southwest of the state.
The Law of Life (film)
The Law of Life (Russian: Закон жизни) is a 1940 Soviet drama film directed by Boris Ivanov and Aleksandr Stolper and starring Daniil Sagal, Aleksandr Lukyanov and Oswald Glazunov. Despite its strong endorsement of communist ideology, the film was fiercely attacked in Pravda and withdrawn from release.

Aleksandr Lukyanov
Aleksandr Viktorovich Lukyanov (Russian: Александр Викторович Лукьянов, born 19 August 1949) is a Russian coxswain who competed for the Soviet Union in the 1976 Summer Olympics, in the 1980 Summer Olympics, and in the 1988 Summer Olympics and for Russia in the 1996 Summer Olympics and in the 2000 Summer Olympics.

He was born in Moscow.

In 1976 he was the coxswain of the Soviet boat which won the gold medal in the coxed four event.

Four years later he won the silver medal as cox of the Soviet boat in the coxed pair competition.

At the 1988 Games he won his second silver medal when he coxed the Soviet eight.

In Atlanta at the 1996 Olympics he represented Russia and won the bronze medal as part of the Russian boat in the eight contest.

His final Olympic appearance was at the Sydney Games where he finished ninth with the Russian boat in the 2000 eight event.
David Medina (footballer)
David Medina Díaz de López (born 25 July 1982) is a Spanish former professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder. He is most notable for playing for Gimnàstic in the Spanish Segunda División.

Gimnàstic de Tarragona
Club Gimnàstic de Tarragona, commonly known as Gimnàstic Tarragona or sometimes just Nàstic, is a Spanish sports club based in Tarragona, in the autonomous community of Catalonia. Its football team plays in Primera Federación – Group 2.

The club was founded in 1886 and is one of the oldest football clubs in Spain. It has teams competing in athletics, basketball, tennis, gymnastics, table tennis and futsal, but a football team was not formed until 1914. The team enjoyed a three-year La Liga spell in its beginnings (1947–50).

Since 1972, the team has played home games at Nou Estadi Costa Daurada, which seats 14,591 spectators.
Mount Independence
In the United States Mount Independence can refer to:

Mount Independence (Idaho), a mountain in Idaho

Mount Independence (Massachusetts), a summit in Massachusetts

Mount Independence (New York), a summit in Otsego County, New York

Mount Independence (Pennsylvania), a populated place in Pennsylvania

Mount Independence (Vermont), a hill and historic site in Vermont

Mount Independence (Vermont)
Mount Independence on Lake Champlain in Orwell, Vermont, was the site of extensive fortifications built during the American Revolutionary War by the American army to stop a British invasion. Construction began in July 1776, following the American defeat in Canada, and continued through the winter and spring of 1777. After the American retreat on July 5 and 6, 1777, British and Hessian troops occupied Mount Independence until November 1777.

After the American Revolution, Mount Independence was farm land, used for grazing sheep and cattle.  It is now a state historic site, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1972 for its historical significance.
Streets of Rage
Streets of Rage (titled Bare Knuckle in Japan) is a series of side-scrolling beat 'em up video games. It centers on the efforts of several ex-police vigilantes trying to rid the fictional American metropolis of Wood Oak City of a crime syndicate that has corrupted its local government. The first three games in the franchise were developed and released by Sega for the Sega Genesis in the early 1990s and have since been ported and re-released on various platforms. A fourth entry was also released in 2020.

The games were well received and have been re-released many times, both on compilations and as stand-alone games. The electronic dance music soundtracks of the games, scored primarily by Yuzo Koshiro and Motohiro Kawashima, have also received much praise.

Side-scrolling video game
A side-scrolling video game (alternatively side-scroller) is a video game viewed from a side-view camera angle where the screen follows the player as they move left or right. The jump from single-screen or flip-screen graphics to scrolling graphics during the golden age of arcade games was a pivotal leap in game design, comparable to the move to 3D graphics during the fifth generation.

Hardware support of smooth scrolling backgrounds is built into many arcade video games, some game consoles, and home computers. Examples include 8-bit systems like the Atari 8-bit computers and Nintendo Entertainment System, and 16-bit consoles, such as the Super Nintendo Entertainment System and Sega Genesis. These 16-bit consoles added multiple layers, which can be scrolled independently for a parallax scrolling effect.
2025 Zavarovalnica Sava Ljubljana – Doubles
Nuria Brancaccio and Leyre Romero Gormaz were the reigning champions, but Romero Gormaz did not participate this year. Brancaccio partnered Tamara Zidanšek, but lost in the first round to Jule Niemeier and İpek Öz.

Miriam Škoch and Simona Waltert won the title, after defeating Dalila Jakupović and Nika Radišić 6–2, 6–2 in the final.

Simona Waltert
Simona Waltert (born 13 December 2000) is a Swiss professional tennis player. She has a career-high WTA singles ranking of world No. 88, achieved on 20 October 2025, and a doubles ranking of No. 88, achieved on 27 October 2025. To date, she has won one doubles title on the WTA Tour, one singles and five WTA 125 doubles titles.
Victor Carton
Victor Patrick Carton (6 January 1902 – 11 April 1970) was an Irish Fine Gael politician. He was a member of Seanad Éireann from 1954 to 1969. He was first elected to the 8th Seanad in 1954 by the Labour Panel, and was re-elected at the 1957, 1961 and 1965 elections. He did not contest the 1969 Seanad election.

He stood for election to Dáil Éireann on four occasions but was not elected.

Seanad Éireann
53°20′26″N 6°15′14″W﻿ / ﻿53.34055°N 6.254021°W﻿ / 53.34055; -6.254021
Seanad Éireann (/ˈʃænəd ˈɛərən, ˈʃænəð/ ⓘ SHAN-əd(h) AIR-ən; Irish: [ˈʃan̪ˠəd̪ˠ ˈeːɾʲən̪ˠ]; "Senate of Ireland") is the upper house of the Oireachtas (the Irish legislature), which also comprises the President of Ireland and Dáil Éireann (the lower house).

It is commonly called the Seanad or Senate and its members are known as senators (Irish: seanadóirí, singular: seanadóir). Unlike Dáil Éireann, it is not directly elected but consists of a mixture of members chosen by various methods. Its powers are much weaker than those of the Dáil and it can only delay laws with which it disagrees, rather than veto them outright. It can introduce new legislation. Since its establishment, it has been located in Leinster House.
Steel Harbinger
Steel Harbinger is a video game for the PlayStation, released on October 30, 1996. It is a multidirectional shooter, viewed from a 3/4 perspective, with live action full motion videos used to advance the storyline. Players take on the role of Miranda Bowen, a young woman mutated into a human/alien hybrid, who is humanity's last hope of repelling an alien invasion.

Live action
Live action is a form of cinematography or videography that uses photography instead of animation. Some works combine live action with animation to create a live-action animated feature film. Live action is used to define film, video games or similar visual media.

Photorealistic animation, particularly modern computer animation, is sometimes erroneously described as "live action", as in the case of some media reports about Disney's The Lion King (2019 remake). According to the Cambridge English Dictionary, live action involves "real people or animals, not models, or images that are drawn, or produced by computer".
Grzegorz Krawców
Grzegorz Krawców (born 25 July 1962) is a Polish sprint canoer who competed in the late 1980s and early 1990s. He won three medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with two silvers (K-4 500 m: 1987, K-4 1000 m: 1989) and a bronze (K-4 1000 m: 1986).

Krawców also competed in two Summer Olympics, earning his best finish of fifth in the K-4 1000 m event at Seoul in 1988.

1989 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships
The 1989 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships were held in Plovdiv, Bulgaria.

The men's competition consisted of eight Canadian (single paddle, open boat) and nine kayak events. Five events were held for the women, all in kayak. Men's C-4 500 m and C-4 1000 m were added along with women's K-1 5000 m and K-2 5000 m.

This was the 22nd championships in canoe sprint.
Hagoita
Hagoita (羽子板 ｢はごいた｣) are the wooden paddles used to hit shuttlecocks (羽子 pronounced hago ｢はご｣ or hane ｢はね｣), traditionally made of soapberry seeds and bird feathers, that are used to play the traditional Japanese pastime called hanetsuki during the New Year. The paddles are decorated with various images, sometimes executed in relief, of women in kimono, kabuki actors, and so on. Japanese people think playing hanetsuki is a way to drive away evil spirits because the movement of the hagoita is similar to the harau action (a Japanese expression meaning "to drive away"). Thus playing hanetsuki with hagoita is often used as a charm against evil.

Sapindus
Sapindus is a genus of about thirteen species of shrubs and small trees in the lychee family, Sapindaceae and tribe Sapindeae. It is native to warm temperate to tropical regions of the world. The genus includes both deciduous and evergreen species. Members of the genus are commonly known as soapberries or soapnuts because the pulp of the fruit is used to make soap and shampoo. The generic name is derived from the Latin words sapo, meaning "soap", and indicus, meaning "of India".

The leaves are alternate, 15–40 cm (5.9–15.7 in) long, pinnate (except in S. oahuensis, which has simple leaves), with 14–30 leaflets, the terminal leaflet often absent. The flowers form in large panicles, each flower small, creamy white. The fruit is a small leathery-skinned drupe 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) in diameter, yellow ripening blackish, containing one seed. Fossils date back to the Cretaceous.
2007 Formula Nippon Championship
The 2007 Formula Nippon Championship was the thirty-fifth season of premier Japanese single-seater racing, and the twelfth under the Formula Nippon moniker. 12 different teams and 22 different drivers competed.

It was contested over nine rounds at five venues, with Okayama International Circuit hosting a Formula Nippon event for the first time, replacing Autopolis on the calendar.

Team Impul driver Tsugio Matsuda won the series championship for the first time despite failing to win a race. Takashi Kogure lost the championship after being disqualified from the final race at Suzuka Circuit.

Impul
Hoshino Impul Co., Ltd., commonly known as Impul, is a Japanese automotive aftermarket company and racing team based in Setagaya-ku, Tokyo. Founded by Nissan's factory driver, Kazuyoshi Hoshino, the company exclusively produces aftermarket parts for Nissans, such as bodykits, engine components as well as wheels.
Herman Roth
Herman Jacob Roth (March 6, 1896 – April 8, 1988), nicknamed "Bobby", was an American Negro league catcher in the 1920s.

A native of New Orleans, Louisiana, Roth made his Negro leagues debut in 1923 with the Milwaukee Bears and Chicago American Giants. He went on to play for the Detroit Stars and Birmingham Black Barons in the following two seasons. Roth died in New Orleans in 1988 at age 92.

Birmingham Black Barons
The Birmingham Black Barons were a Negro league baseball team that played from 1920 until 1960, including 18 seasons recognized as Major League by Major League Baseball. They shared their home field of Rickwood Field in Birmingham, Alabama, with the white Birmingham Barons, usually drawing larger crowds and equal press.
Andrej Nestrašil
Andrej Nestrašil (born 22 February 1991) is a Czech professional ice hockey player, who is currently playing under contract to HC Oceláři Třinec in the Czech Extraliga (ELH). Nestrašil was drafted 75th overall by the Detroit Red Wings in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft.

HC Oceláři Třinec
HC Oceláři Třinec (Třinec Steelers) is a Czech ice hockey team from Třinec who play in the Czech Extraliga, the top tier of Czech ice hockey. Their home arena is the Werk Arena. The team's main sponsors are the local Třinec Iron and Steel Works

The team has won the Czech Extraliga six times, most recently in the 2023–24 season. The last five title wins came in consecutive years, winning 16 straight playoff series in the process.