hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Quanta Computer, Inc. v. LG Electronics, Inc.
Quanta Computer, Inc. v. LG Electronics, Inc., 553 U.S. 617 (2008), is a case decided by the United States Supreme Court in which the Court reaffirmed the validity of the patent exhaustion doctrine. The decision made uncertain the continuing precedential value of a line of decisions in the Federal Circuit that had sought to limit Supreme Court exhaustion doctrine decisions to their facts and to require a so-called "rule of reason" analysis of all post-sale restrictions other than tie-ins and price fixes. In the course of restating the patent exhaustion doctrine, the Court held that it is triggered by, among other things, an authorized sale of a component when the only reasonable and intended use of the component is to engage the patent and the component substantially embodies the patented invention by embodying its essential features. The Court also overturned, in passing, that the exhaustion doctrine was limited to product claims and did not apply to method claims.

Rule of reason
The rule of reason is a legal doctrine used to interpret the Sherman Antitrust Act, one of the cornerstones of United States antitrust law. While some actions like price-fixing are considered illegal per se, other actions, such as possession of a monopoly, must be analyzed under the rule of reason and are only considered illegal when their effect is to unreasonably restrain trade. William Howard Taft, then Chief Judge of the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals, first developed the doctrine in a ruling on Addyston Pipe and Steel Co. v. United States, which was affirmed in 1899 by the Supreme Court. The doctrine also played a major role in the 1911 Supreme Court case Standard Oil Company of New Jersey v. United States.
Animali notturni
"Animali notturni" ("Nocturnal Animals") is a song co-written and recorded by Italian singer Malika Ayane, released on 25 February 2026.

The song was presented in competition during the Sanremo Music Festival 2026.

Sanremo Music Festival 2026
The Sanremo Music Festival 2026 (Italian: Festival di Sanremo 2026), officially the 76th Italian Song Festival (76º Festival della canzone italiana), was the 76th edition of the annual Sanremo Music Festival, a television song contest held in the Teatro Ariston of Sanremo, organised and broadcast by Radiotelevisione italiana (RAI). It was held between 24 and 28 February 2026, and was presented by Carlo Conti – who also served as the artistic director for the competition – and singer Laura Pausini.

As has been the case since 2015, the winner of the festival will earn the right of first refusal to represent Italy in the Eurovision Song Contest 2026.
Ichikawamama Station
Ichikawamama Station (市川真間駅, Ichikawamama-eki) is a passenger railway station on the Keisei Main Line in the city of Ichikawa, Chiba Japan, operated by the private railway operator Keisei Electric Railway.

Keisei Electric Railway
The Keisei Electric Railway Company, Ltd. (stylized as K'SEI since 2001) is a major private railway in Chiba Prefecture and Tokyo, Japan. The name Keisei is the combination of the kanji 京 from Tokyo (東京) and 成 from Narita (成田), which the railway's main line connects; the combination uses different readings than the ones used in the city names. The railway's main line runs from Tokyo to Narita and the eastern suburb cities of Funabashi, Narashino, Yachiyo, and Sakura. Keisei runs an airport limited express train called the Skyliner from Ueno and Nippori to Narita International Airport.

In addition to its railway business, the Keisei Electric Railway Company owns large bus and taxi services and some real estate holdings. It owns a controlling share of the Oriental Land Company which owns and manages the Tokyo Disney Resort. Keisei is listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the Nikkei 225 index.
Kentucky Oaks
The Kentucky Oaks is a Grade I stakes race for three-year-old Thoroughbred fillies staged annually in Louisville, Kentucky, United States. The race currently covers 1+1⁄8 miles (1,800 m) at Churchill Downs; the horses carry 121 pounds (55 kg). The Kentucky Oaks is held on the Friday before the Kentucky Derby each year. The winner gets $846,300 of the $1,500,000 purse, and a large garland blanket of lilies, resulting in the nickname "Lilies for the Fillies." A silver Kentucky Oaks Trophy is presented to the winner.

Lilium
Lilium (/ˈlɪliəm/ LIL-ee-əm) is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants growing from bulbs, all with large and often prominent flowers. Lilies are a group of flowering plants which are important in culture and literature in much of the world. Most species are native to the Northern Hemisphere and their range is temperate climates and extends into the subtropics. Many other plants have "lily" in their common names, but do not belong to the same genus and are therefore not true lilies. True lilies are known to be highly toxic to cats.
Toivo Alavirta
Toivo Villiam Alavirta (27 June 1890 - 23 June 1940; original surname Ahlström; name as Soviet citizen Тойво Казимирович Алавирта) was a Finnish journalist and politician. He was a member of the Parliament of Finland from 1916 to 1918. He died in prison after being convicted of political crimes during the Great Purge.

Communist Party of Finland
The Communist Party of Finland (Finnish: Suomen Kommunistinen Puolue, SKP; Swedish: Finlands Kommunistiska Parti) was a communist political party in Finland. The SKP was a section of Comintern and illegal in Finland until 1944.

The SKP was banned by the state from its founding and did not participate in any elections with its own name. Instead, front organisations were used. In the 1920s, the communists took part in the Socialist Workers' Party of Finland (1920–1923) and the Socialist Electoral Organisation of Workers and Smallholders (1924–1930). Both of them were also banned. In 1944, a new front, the Finnish People's Democratic League was formed. The SKP controlled these fronts but they always had a prominent minority of non-communist socialists.
Nirmala Purandare
Nirmala Balwant Purandare (née Mazgaonkar; 5 January 1933 – 20 July 2019) was an Indian social activist whose work focused on the education of children and advancement of women from rural Pune, in Maharashtra state. She authored the book Snehayatra. She was the wife of the playwright Babasaheb Purandare. She was the recipient of the Punyabhushan in 2012.

Punyabhushan
The Punyabhushan award (translation: Jewel of Pune) is awarded every year to an eminent personality from the field of art, music, culture, science, industry, social service, or sports in a special public function in the city of Pune, Maharashtra, India.

The award is announced every year by the Punyabhushan Foundation on 23 March with a view to commemorate the memory of Indian revolutionary martyrs Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, and Rajguru.
Gymnapogon
Gymnapogon is a genus of fish in the family Apogonidae. They are native to the Indo-West Pacific and central Pacific Oceans, where they occur in reefs and nearby habitat types. These species are usually no more than 5 centimeters long and have semitransparent bodies without scales. The genus name is a compound noun formed by combining the Greek gymnos meaning "naked", referring to the lack of scales in the type species, Gymnapogon japonicus, and Apogon, the type genus of the Apogonidae. One species, the B-spot cardinalfish (Gymnapogon urospilotus), is notable for its larvae being rather large, conspicuous and fast-swimming.

English compound
A compound is a word composed of more than one free morpheme.  The English language, like many others, uses compounds frequently. English compounds may be classified in several ways, such as the word classes or the semantic relationship of their components.
Sunnyside (Greenwood, South Carolina)
Sunnyside is a historic home located at Greenwood, Greenwood County, South Carolina. It was built in 1851, and is a 1 1/2-half story house modeled after Sunnyside, the home of Washington Irving.  It has flush board siding covering the front façade, and weatherboard siding covering the remainder of the house. It is basically Gothic Revival in style, featuring a gabled roof and dormers with scalloped bargeboard. It features a Greek Revival style portico.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

Sunnyside (Tarrytown, New York)
Sunnyside  is a historic house built in 1835 on 10 acres (4 ha) along the Hudson River, in Tarrytown, New York. It was the home of the American author Washington Irving, best known for his short stories, such as "Rip Van Winkle" (1819) and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" (1820).

This cottage-like estate, designated a National Historic Landmark in 1962, reflects Dutch Colonial Revival, Scottish Gothic, and Tudor Revival influences, with its wisteria-covered entrance and jagged crow-stepped gable.
N2-citryl-N6-acetyl-N6-hydroxylysine synthase
N2-citryl-N6-acetyl-N6-hydroxylysine synthase (EC 6.3.2.38, N(alpha)-citryl-N(epsilon)-acetyl-N(epsilon)-hydroxylysine synthase, iucA (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name citrate:N6-acetyl-N6-hydroxy-L-lysine ligase (ADP-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction

2 ATP + citrate + N6-acetyl-N6-hydroxy-L-lysine + H2O  2 ADP + 2 phosphate + N2-citryl-N6-acetyl-N6-hydroxy-L-lysine

This enzyme requires Mg2+.

Citric acid
Citric acid is an organic compound with the formula C6H8O7. It is a colorless weak organic acid. It occurs naturally in citrus fruits. In biochemistry, it is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle, which occurs in the metabolism of all aerobic organisms.

More than two million tons of citric acid are manufactured every year. It is used widely as acidifier, flavoring, preservative, and chelating agent.

A citrate is a derivative of citric acid; that is, the salts, esters, and the polyatomic anion found in solutions and salts of citric acid. An example of the former, a salt is trisodium citrate; an ester is triethyl citrate. When citrate trianion is part of a salt, the formula of the citrate trianion is written as C6H5O3−7 or C3H5O(COO)3−3.
Dan Bowling
Dan Carr Bowling, II (November 16, 1946 - July 19, 2023) was an American politician of the Democratic Party. He is a former member of the Virginia House of Delegates. He represented the 3rd district in the southwest part of the state, including Buchanan County and parts of Russell and Tazewell Counties. He was defeated by Will Morefield in his bid for reelection on November 3, 2009.

Buchanan County, Virginia
Buchanan County (/bə.kæn.ən/) is a United States county in far western Virginia, the only county in the state to border both West Virginia and Kentucky. The county is part of the Southwest Virginia region and lies in the rugged Appalachian Plateau portion of the Appalachian Mountains. Its county seat is Grundy. Buchanan County was established in 1858 from parts of Russell and Tazewell counties, and it was named in honor of then-President James Buchanan. Local pronunciation differs from that of the 15th president's surname; here the county is pronounced as 
"Búh-can-nin". In 1880, part of Buchanan County was taken to form Dickenson County.

As of the 2020 census, the county population was 20,355. Its population has decreased by double digits in each census over the last forty years. As of 2012, Buchanan was the fifth-poorest county in Virginia, when ranked by median household income; it has consistently been in the bottom 5% over the past decade.
Haska Shyyan
Haska Shyyan (Ukrainian: Гаська Шиян; born 1980) is a Ukrainian writer and translator. She was born and raised in the western city of Lviv and studied classical philology at Lviv University. Her debut novel Hunt, Doctor, Hunt! was published in 2014. Much of the book was written on her mobile phone when Shyyan was ill. Her next novel Behind the Back won the EU Prize for Literature.

Shyyan lives in Kyiv.

University of Lviv
The Ivan Franko National University of Lviv (named after Ivan Franko, Ukrainian: Львівський національний університет імені Івана Франка, romanized: Lvivskyi natsionalnyi universytet imeni Ivana Franka) is a state-sponsored university in Lviv, Ukraine. Since 1940 the university is named after Ukrainian poet Ivan Franko.

The university is the oldest institution of higher learning in continuous operation in present-day Ukraine, dating from 1661 when John II Casimir, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, granted it its first royal charter. Over the centuries, it has undergone various transformations, suspensions, and name changes that have reflected the geopolitical complexities of this part of Europe. The present institution can be dated to 1940.
The Planetworkshops
The Planetworkshops are a think tank with the goal of promoting sustainable development and "initiating transformations of society models." The Planetworkshops were created in 2006 by Eric Bazin (founder of Satelight and George J. Gendelman (former Director of the New York Times and of the International Herald Tribune).

International Herald Tribune
The International Herald Tribune (IHT) was a daily English-language newspaper published in Paris, France, for international English-speaking readers. It published under the name International Herald Tribune starting in 1967, but its origins as an international newspaper trace back to 1887. Sold in over 160 countries, the International Herald Tribune produced a large amount of content until it became the second incarnation of The International New York Times in 2013, 10 years after The New York Times Company became its sole owner.
Ramones Mania 2
Ramones Mania 2 is a greatest hits album by American punk band Ramones that serves as a sequel to the band's first compilation album, Ramones Mania. It includes 25 Ramones songs, from the band's last three studio albums—Mondo Bizarro, Acid Eaters and ¡Adios Amigos!—and from the band's third live album, Greatest Hits Live, all of which were released on Radioactive Records. Although this compilation was released a decade after 1989's Brain Drain, it does not feature any songs from that album, as the band was with Sire Records at that time. It was released in 1999 as a Japanese-only release on EMI Japan. Unlike the first album, all the songs here are presented in chronological order. It is currently out of print.

Out of print
An out-of-print (OOP) or out-of-commerce item or work is something that is no longer being published. The term applies to all types of printed matter, visual media,  sound recordings, and video recordings. An out-of-print book is a book that is no longer being published. The term can apply to specific editions of more popular works, which may then go in and out of print repeatedly, or to the sole printed edition of a work, which is not picked up again by any future publishers for reprint.
Ramesha Bandisiddegowda
A. B. Ramesha Bandisiddegowda (born 1975) is an Indian politician from Karnataka. He is a three time member of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly from Shrirangapattana Assembly constituency in Mandya district. He represented Indian National Congress Party and won the 2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election.

Mandya district
Mandya district is an administrative district of Karnataka, India. The district Mandya was carved out of larger Mysore district in the year 1939.

Mandya is the main town in Mandya district. As of 2011, the district population was 1,808,680 (of which 16.03% was urban).
Vagiz Khidiyatullin
Vagiz Nazirovich Khidiyatullin (Russian: Вагиз Назирович Хидиятуллин; Tatar: Вагыйзь Назир улы Һидиятуллин; born 3 March 1959 in Gubakha, Perm Oblast, Russian SFSR) is a former footballer who played as central defender.

He earned 58 caps and scored 6 goals for the Soviet Union national football team, and played for them in the 1980 Summer Olympics, 1988 UEFA European Championship and the 1990 FIFA World Cup (also included in the 1982 FIFA World Cup squad, but did not play). He was the founder and President of Russian Professional Players Trade Union and is of Tatar origin.

Gubakha
Gubakha (Russian: Губа́ха) is a town in Perm Krai, Russia, located on the Kosva River (Kama's tributary) 400 kilometers (250 mi) northeast of Perm. Population:  28,111 (2010 census); 31,687 (2002 census); 36,858 (1989 Soviet census).
Uppena (TV series)
Uppena is an Indian Telugu language soap opera premiered on 4 April 2022 airing on Gemini TV every Monday to Saturday and ended on 22 June 2024. It is available for worldwide streaming on Sun NXT. The show stars Soniya Suresh, Sheela Singh, Swetha and Vijaya Kotla in leading roles. The serial is the official remake of Tamil critically acclaimed television series Ethirneechal which was aired on Sun TV.

Gemini TV
Gemini TV is an Indian Telugu language general entertainment pay television channel owned by Sun TV Network. It is the first satellite TV channel in Telugu. It was launched on 9 February 1995 by the Gemini Group of Hyderabad (run by Akkineni Manohar Prasad, grandson of L. V. Prasad), in association with Sun TV Network. In 1996–97, Sun TV Network acquired a controlling interest in the channel. The channel's programming consists of serials, films, film-based programs and game shows alongside some reality shows. Gemini TV HD was launched on 11 December 2011.
Józef Puzyna
Józef Puzyna (April 18, 1856-1919) was a Polish mathematician, recognized as a precursor of the Lwów School of Mathematics.

Puzyna was born in Nowy Martynów, near Rohatyn. He studied at Lvov University under Wawrzyniec Żmurko and at the University of Berlin under Karl Weierstrass, earning his doctorate in 1883. He headed the Department of Mathematics at Lvov University from 1889 until his death in 1919.

His doctoral students included Wladimir Lewicki, who defended his degree in 1901.

Karl Weierstrass
Karl Theodor Wilhelm Weierstrass (/ˈvaɪərˌstrɑːs, -ˌʃtrɑːs/; German: Weierstraß [ˈvaɪɐʃtʁaːs]; 31 October 1815 – 19 February 1897) was a German mathematician often cited as the "father of modern analysis". Despite leaving university without a degree, he studied mathematics and trained as a school teacher, eventually teaching mathematics, physics, botany and gymnastics. He later received an honorary doctorate and became professor of mathematics in Berlin.

Among many other contributions, Weierstrass  formalized the definition of the continuity of a function and complex analysis, proved the intermediate value theorem and the Bolzano–Weierstrass theorem, and used the latter to study the properties of continuous functions on closed bounded intervals.
CobbTV
CobbTV is a Government-access television channel (GATV) cable TV channel in Cobb County, Georgia, seen on Comcast TV channel 23, and in ATSC clear QAM on digital cable channel 81.23.  TV23 presents a variety of TV programming for the interest of Cobb County residents, including county commission and other local government meetings, educational and informational programming on various issues and services, and Cobb Traffic Watch LIVE, which features views from Cobb DOT and Georgia DOT traffic cameras in Cobb during weekday rush hours.  Overnight, it now carries the Pentagon Channel, after previously carrying old educational TV programs.

Cobb County School District school board meetings are carried on Cobb edTV, channel 24.

DoD News Channel
DoD News Channel was a television channel broadcasting military news and information for the 2.6 million members of the U.S. Armed Forces. It was widely available in the United States as a standalone television channel, or as part of programming on local PEG cable television channels. It could be viewed FTA in most Central and Western European countries (from Eurobird 9A at 9.0° East), Africa, the Americas and most of Asia via satellite, and globally via the Internet. DoD News Channel was free, in the public domain, and accessible 24/7 to all U.S. cable and satellite providers.

The channel was founded in 2004 as The Pentagon Channel. On July 8, 2014, The Pentagon Channel was rebranded as the DoD News Channel. The channel ceased operations on April 17, 2015. However, content will still be produced for the American Forces Network and the website Defense.gov.
Star Search Croatia
Star Search Croatia (Croatian: Hrvatska traži zvijezdu, abbreviated as HTZ)  was a Croatian singing reality competition television series that served as the second Croatian version of Pop Idol. It ran on RTL Televizija for three seasons from 2009 to 2011.

In an elimination-style format, the series employs a panel of judges who look for a person with the best singing talent. Contestants selected during auditions progress onto live shows, where the winner is decided by televote. The first season was won by Bojan  Jambrošić, followed by Kim Verson and Goran Kos winning the second and the third seasons, respectively.

In 2023, RTL rebooted the series under the title Superstar.

Televoting
Televoting (also telephone voting, phone voting, and call-in voting) is a method of decision making and opinion polling conducted by telephone. Televoting can also extend to voting by SMS text message via a mobile cell phone.
CKUG-FM
CKUG-FM is a radio station that broadcasts at 88.7 FM in Kugluktuk, Nunavut, Canada. The station has aired a community radio format branded as Buzz FM.

The station was launched in 1999 by the Kugluktuk Radio Society, following the demise of an earlier community radio organization in 1995. The station's programming was produced entirely by community volunteers, including music and talk programming in both English and Inuinnaqtun; in 2014, the station created a 45-hour training course in community radio operation, in conjunction with Nunavut Arctic College.

The Kugluktuk Radio Society owned and operated the station until it was acquired by the municipal government in 2018.

Nunavut Arctic College
Nunavut Arctic College (Inuktitut: ᓄᓇᕗᒻᒥᓯᓚᑦᑐᖅᓴᕐᕕᒃ, French: Collège de l’Arctique du Nunavut, Inuinnaqtun: Nunavunmi Inirnirit Iliharviat) is a public community college in the territory of Nunavut, Canada. The college has several campuses throughout the territory and operates as a public agency (Crown corporation) funded by the territorial government.
Morzapena
Morzapena was an inland town of ancient Bithynia inhabited during Roman times. Its name does not occur in ancient authors, but is inferred from epigraphic and other evidence.

Its site is located near Kandıra in Asiatic Turkey.

Kandıra
Kandıra is a municipality and district of Kocaeli Province, Turkey. Its area is 840 km2, and its population is 52,874 (2022). Its neighbours are Kaynarca to the east, Adapazarı to the southeast, İzmit to the south and Şile to the west.
Commonwealth (song)
"Commonwealth" is an unreleased improvised song by the English rock band the Beatles. It was performed on 9 January 1969 during the early Get Back rehearsals at Twickenham Film Studios and was documented by the continuously running Nagra audio recorders taping system used throughout the month.

Nagra
Nagra is a Swiss brand of portable audio recorders first introduced in 1951. In 1997, the company expanded into new markets by launching a range of high-end equipment designed for the audiophile community.

Originally a product of the Kudelski Group, Nagra recorders are now developed, produced and sold by independently owned company Audio Technology Switzerland S.A., based in Romanel-sur-Lausanne.