hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Anvil Crag
Anvil Crag (62°12′S 58°29′W﻿ / ﻿62.200°S 58.483°W﻿ / -62.200; -58.483) is a rock crag rising to 300 metres (980 ft) 1 nautical mile (2 km) west-southwest of Sphinx Hill, King George Island. The vertical crag is at the head of a medial moraine. It was descriptively named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1977; with its three rock faces and flat top, it has the appearance of an anvil.

Moraine
A moraine is any accumulation of unconsolidated debris (regolith and rock), sometimes referred to as glacial till, that occurs in both currently and formerly glaciated regions, and that has been previously carried along by a glacier or ice sheet. It may consist of partly rounded particles ranging in size from boulders (in which case it is often referred to as boulder clay) down to gravel and sand, in a groundmass of finely divided clayey material sometimes called glacial flour. Lateral moraines are those formed at the side of the ice flow, and terminal moraines are those formed at the foot, marking the maximum advance of the glacier. Other types of moraine include ground moraines (till-covered areas forming sheets on flat or irregular topography) and medial moraines (moraines formed where two glaciers meet).
GPT-3
Generative Pre-trained Transformer 3 (GPT-3) is a large language model released by OpenAI in 2020.

Like its predecessor, GPT-2, it is a decoder-only transformer model of deep neural network, which supersedes recurrence and convolution-based architectures with a technique known as "attention". This attention mechanism allows the model to focus selectively on segments of input text it predicts to be most relevant. GPT-3 has 175 billion parameters, each with 16-bit precision, requiring 350GB of storage since each parameter occupies 2 bytes. It has a context window size of 2,048 tokens,: 43  and has demonstrated strong "zero-shot" and "few-shot" learning abilities on many tasks.

On September 22, 2020, Microsoft announced that it had licensed GPT-3 exclusively. Others can still receive output from its public API, but only Microsoft has access to the underlying model.

Zero-shot learning
Zero-shot learning (ZSL) is a problem setup in deep learning where, at test time, a learner observes samples from classes which were not observed during training, and needs to predict the class that they belong to. The name is a play on words based on the earlier concept of one-shot learning, in which classification can be learned from only one, or a few, examples.

Zero-shot methods generally work by associating observed and non-observed classes through some form of auxiliary information, which encodes observable distinguishing properties of objects. For example, given a set of images of animals to be classified, along with auxiliary textual descriptions of what animals look like, an artificial intelligence model which has been trained to recognize horses, but has never been given a zebra, can still recognize a zebra when it also knows that zebras look like striped horses. This problem is widely studied in computer vision, natural language processing, and machine perception.
Michinoku Folklore Village
Michinoku Folklore Village (みちのく民俗村, Michinoku Minzoku Mura) is an open-air museum folk museum that opened in Kitakami, Iwate Prefecture, Japan in 1992. The twenty-eight buildings include ten thatched minka, among them the Former Kanno Family Residence, an Important Cultural Property.

Folk museum
A folk museum is a museum that deals with folk culture and heritage. Such museums cover local life in rural communities. A folk museum typically displays historical objects that were used as part of the people's everyday lives. Examples of such objects include  clothes and tools. Many folk museums are also open-air museums and some cover rural history.
Gilbert Elliot (priest)
Christianity portal

Gilbert Elliot (17 March 1800  – 11 August 1891)  was  Dean of Bristol from 1850 until his death.

The son of diplomat Hugh Elliot, he was born in Dresden and educated at Norwich School. After a time at Edinburgh University, he matriculated at St John's College, Cambridge in 1818, graduating B.A. 1823, M.A. 1828 (having migrated to Trinity Hall, Cambridge). He additionally received a Lambeth D.D. in 1850.

He was ordained in 1824 and held incumbencies in Newington Butts, Barming, Kirkby Thore and Marylebone. He was Chaplain to the Archbishop of Canterbury from 1848 to 1850. He died in  Bristol.

Marylebone
Marylebone (usually /ˈmɑːrlɪbən/ MAR-lib-ən, also /ˈmærɪ(lə)bən/ MARR-il-ə-bən, MARR-ib-ən) is an area in London, England, and is located in the City of Westminster. It is in Central London and part of the West End. Oxford Street forms its southern boundary.

An ancient parish and latterly a metropolitan borough, it merged with the boroughs of Westminster and Paddington to form the new City of Westminster in 1965.

Marylebone station lies two miles north-west of Charing Cross.

The area is also served by numerous tube stations: Baker Street, Bond Street, Edgware Road (Bakerloo line), Edgware Road (Circle, District and Hammersmith & City lines), Great Portland Street, Marble Arch, Marylebone, Oxford Circus, and Regent's Park.
Basem
Basem (Arabic: باسم) is an Arabic male given name. Notable people with this name include:

Basem Al-Montashari (born 1990), Saudi Arabian football player

Basem Al-Sherif (born 1984), Saudi football player

Basem Ali (born 1988), Egyptian football player

Basem Atallah (born 1989), Saudi Arabian football player

Basem Darwisch (born 1966), Egyptian–German composer, producer and oud virtuoso

Basem Eid (born 1990), Egyptian football player

Basem Eltahhan (born 1982), Egyptian snooker player

Basem Fathi (born 1982), Jordanian football player

Basem Khandakji (born 1983), Palestinian journalist and prisoner

Basem Morsy (born 1992), Egyptian football player

Basem Naim (born 1963), Palestinian politician

Basem Naim
Basem Naim (Arabic: باسم نعيم, romanized: Bāsim Naʿīm; born 24 January 1963) is a Palestinian physician, politician, and Hamas official. Naim served as Minister of Health in the First Haniyeh Government; then, as Minister of Youth and Sports in the Palestinian National Unity Government of March 2007. He resides in Istanbul, Turkey.
The Coal Question
The Coal Question; An Inquiry Concerning the Progress of the Nation, and the Probable Exhaustion of Our Coal Mines is a book that economist William Stanley Jevons wrote in 1865 to explore the implications of Britain's reliance on coal. Given that coal was a finite, non-renewable energy resource, Jevons raised the question of sustainability. "Are we wise," he asked rhetorically, "in allowing the commerce of this country to rise beyond the point at which we can long maintain it?" His central thesis was that the supremacy of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland over global affairs was transitory, given the finite nature of its primary energy resource. In propounding this thesis, Jevons covered a range of issues central to sustainability, including limits to growth, overpopulation, overshoot, energy return on energy input (EROEI), taxation of energy resources, renewable energy alternatives, and resource peaking.

Energy return on investment
In energy economics and ecological energetics, energy return on investment (EROI), also sometimes called energy returned on energy invested (ERoEI), is the ratio of the amount of usable energy (the exergy) delivered from a particular energy resource to the amount of exergy used to obtain that energy resource.

Arithmetically, the EROI can be defined as:

.

When the EROI of a source of energy is less than or equal to one, that energy source becomes a net "energy sink" and can no longer be used as a source of energy. A related measure, called energy stored on energy invested (ESOEI), is used to analyse storage systems.

To be considered viable as a prominent fuel or energy source, a fuel or energy must have an EROI ratio of at least 3:1.
Drew Darby
William Drew Darby, known as Drew Darby (born February 22, 1947), is a Republican member of the Texas House of Representatives from his native San Angelo, Texas. He represents District 72, which comprises the West Texas counties of Coke, Concho, Glasscock, Howard, Irion, Reagan, Runnels, Sterling, and Tom Green.

Coke County, Texas
Coke County is a county located on the Edwards Plateau in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 3,285. Its county seat is Robert Lee. The county was founded in 1889 and is named for Richard Coke, the 15th governor of Texas and later a U.S. senator. Coke County was one of 46 prohibition, or entirely dry, counties in Texas, but passed a law allowing the sale of beer and wine in 2005.
2024 in paleoichthyology
This list of fossil fish research presented in 2024 is a list of new fossil taxa of jawless vertebrates, placoderms, cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, and other fishes that were described during the year, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to paleoichthyology that occurred in 2024.

Kimmeridge Clay
The Kimmeridge Clay is a sedimentary deposit of fossiliferous marine clay which is of Late Jurassic to lowermost Cretaceous age and occurs in southern and eastern England and in the North Sea. This rock formation is the major source rock for North Sea oil. The fossil fauna of the Kimmeridge Clay includes turtles, crocodiles, sauropods, plesiosaurs, pliosaurs and ichthyosaurs, as well as a number of invertebrate species.
1868 Ecuador earthquakes
The 1868 Ecuador earthquakes occurred at 19:30 UTC on August 15 and 06:30 UTC on 16 August 1868. They caused severe damage in the northeastern part of Ecuador and in southwestern Colombia. They had an estimated magnitude of 6.3 and 6.7 and together caused up to 70,000 casualties.  The earthquake of 15 August occurred near El Ángel, Carchi Province, close to the border with Colombia, while that of August 16 occurred near Ibarra in Imbabura Province. Reports of these earthquakes are often confused with the effects of the earthquake of 13 August at Arica.

Carchi Province
Carchi (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈkaɾtʃi]) is a province in Ecuador. The capital is Tulcán. The Carchi River rises on the slopes of Chiles volcano and forms the boundary between Colombia and Ecuador near Tulcan.  Rumichaca Bridge is the most important land route between Colombia and Ecuador.
1989 New South Wales Open
The 1989 New South Wales Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the White City Stadium in Sydney in Australia that was part of the 1989 Nabisco Grand Prix and of Tier IV of the 1989 WTA Tour. It was the 97th edition of the tournament (the 21st in the Open Era) and was held from 9 through 15 January 1989.

1989 Grand Prix (tennis)
The 1989 Nabisco Grand Prix was the only tennis circuit for male players held that year. It incorporated the four Grand Slam tournaments, one World Championship Tennis tournament and the Grand Prix tournaments.
Entre Rios de Minas
Entre Rios de Minas is a Brazilian municipality located in the state of Minas Gerais. The city belongs to the mesoregion Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte and to the microregion of Conselheiro Lafaiete.

The Campolina horse breed originated in the Entre Rios de Minas. Cassiano Campolina of the Fazenda Tanque farm developed the Campolina in 1870 from a mare named "Medéia" and a stallion belonging to Mariano Procópio, who received the stallion from Dom Pedro II.

Mesoregions of Brazil
A mesoregion (Portuguese: Mesorregião) was a subdivision of the Brazilian states, grouping together various municipalities in proximity and with common characteristics. They were abolished in 2017 and replaced by intermediate and immediate geographic regions. The mesoregions were created by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics for statistical purposes and did not, therefore, constitute political or administrative areas. They were further divided into microregions.
Mycena guldeniana
Mycena guldeniana is a species of agaric fungus in the family Mycenaceae. Described as new to science in 2011, it occurs in Norway. The specific epithet guldeniana honors Norwegian mycologist Gro Gulden. The whitish caps of the fruit bodies are hemispherical before flattening out, and measure 1–2 mm in diameter. They appear solitarily or in small groups on the fallen leaves (occasionally on twigs) of Salix species.  The spores are broadly ellipsoid to pip-shaped, smooth, amyloid, and measure 7.5–8.7–10 by 4.8–5.5–6.5 μm.

Agaric
An agaric (/ˈæɡərɪk, əˈɡærɪk/) is a type of fungal fruiting body characterized by the presence of a pileus (cap) that is clearly differentiated from the stipe (stalk), with lamellae (gills) on the underside of the pileus. It is a type of mushroom (or toadstool), the diverse group of agarics being lumped together as gilled mushrooms. "Agaric" can also refer more generally to any basidiomycete species characterized by an agaric-type fruiting body.
Pristimantis ixalus
Pristimantis ixalus is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae. It is endemic to Colombia where it is known from its type locality in the northern Cordillera Oriental (Betulia in the Santander Department). Its natural habitat are streams in very humid forest.
It is potentially threatened by habitat loss.

Strabomantidae
The Strabomantidae, sometimes called cloud forest landfrogs, are a family of frogs native to South America. These frogs lack a free-living larval stage and hatch directly into miniature "froglets". This family includes Pristimantis, the most speciose genus of any vertebrate. Based on molecular dating, the Holoadeninae in particular appears to have originated in the Eocene. The Oligocene-Miocene transition was also found to be important to their biogeographical history. However, the lack of Holoadeninae fossils and limited nucleotide data ambiguates the results, by the authors' admission.
Lawrence Childers
Lawrence "Doyle" Childers (born November 1944) is a former American Republican politician and attorney who has served in the Missouri General Assembly in the Missouri Senate and the Missouri House of Representatives.

Born near Ironton, Missouri, Childers attended Arcadia Valley High School and graduated from the College of the Ozarks with graduate from Southwest Missouri State University.  He served in the Peace Corps in Central America and has worked as former chemistry and physics teacher and in the home construction field.  Childers has lived near Reeds Spring, Missouri.

Missouri Senate
The Missouri Senate is the upper chamber of the Missouri General Assembly, the lower chamber being the Missouri House of Representatives. It has 34 members, representing districts with an average population of 181,000. Its members serve four-year terms, with half the seats being up for election every two years. The Senate chooses a President Pro Tempore to serve in the absence of the lieutenant governor or when he shall have to exercise the office of governor of Missouri if there is a vacancy in that office due to death, resignation, impeachment, or incapacitation.

Members of the Missouri General Assembly are prohibited from serving more than eight years in either the state house of representatives or state senate, or a total of sixteen years, due to statutory term limits.
Eusemius
Eusemius is an extinct genus of prehistoric marine ray-finned fish, previously described as a macrosemiid, that lived during the Late Jurassic. It contains a single species, E. beatae, from the Tithonian-aged Eichstätt Formation of Germany. It is known from a single very small specimen, likely a juvenile, that is likely now lost. It closely resembles the co-occurring Ophiopsis and Ophiopsiella (which are now classified in the Ionoscopiformes), only differing in the non-bifurcated dorsal fin rays.

Macrosemiidae
Macrosemiidae is an extinct family of ginglymodian fish. The family first appeared during the Middle Triassic and disappeared during the Late Cretaceous. The group has been found in rock formations in Africa, Australia, Eurasia and North America. As ginglymodians, their closest living relatives are gars, with them being typically placed as nested within the Semionotiformes. Many members of the family have elongated dorsal fins, often associated with adjacent area of skin which was free of scales. These fins were likely undulated for use in precision swimming. Their body morphology suggests that they were slow swimmers that were capable of maneuvering around complex topography, such as reef environments.
Liliana Kostova
Liliana Ivanova Kostova (Bulgarian: Лиляна Костова Иванова, born 15 March 1988) is a Bulgarian former footballer who played as a midfielder. She played for Apollon Limassol in Cyprus' First Division, Super Sport Sofia, with whom she first played the UEFA Women's Cup, and FK Khimki and Nadezhda Noginsk of Russia's Championship, and for Fiorentina in the Italian Serie A.

She was a member of the Bulgarian national team.

Bulgaria women's national football team
The Bulgaria women's national football team (Bulgarian: Български женски национален отбор по футбол) represents Bulgaria in international women's football, and is controlled by the Bulgarian Football Union. The team's major success came in 2008 when they won the Balkan Championship and the Albena Cup in the same year. These major tournament victories brought them up to their all-time highest FIFA world ranking of 33rd.
Bay of Angra
Bay of Angra (Portuguese: Baía de Angra) is a natural bay within the coastal extent of the municipality of Angra do Heroísmo, on the Portuguese island of Terceira in the archipelago of the Azores. Within an average depth of 40 metres (130 ft), the bay has been of historical importance to the island; since the 15th century, it was a port-of-call for returning merchant shipping from the East Indies and Brazil, laden with gold, silver, porcelain, spices, rare woods, and other goods. These ships would anchor in the Bay of Angra until supported by armed escorts, which would accompany the ships on the rest of their voyage to Portugal. The Bay at Angra provided shelter from northern and northwestern winds; only storms originating to the south or southeast, posed a threat. Nonetheless, the Bay is the final resting-place of several ships affected by the adverse winds: local archives and a rich oral tradition support the foundering of many ships against the leeward shore.

Concelho
Concelho (Portuguese: [kõˈseʎu]) is the Portuguese-language term for municipality, referring to the territorial subdivision in local government. In comparison, the word município ([muniˈsipiu]) refers to the organs of State. This differentiation is still in use in Portugal and some of its former overseas provinces, but is no longer in use in Brazil following the abolition of these organs, in favour of the French prefecture system. It is similar to borough and council.
Winona City Hall
Winona City Hall is the seat of municipal government for Winona, Minnesota, United States.  It was built with federal funding from the Public Works Administration in 1939.

The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999 for having local significance in the themes of architecture and politics/government.  It was nominated as a local example of the massive federal relief efforts of the New Deal and for its exceptional Classical Moderne architecture.

The building was designed by the local firm of Boyum, Schubert and Sorensen in 1938.  It is partially faced in local travertine stone. Winona City Hall originally included a police station with police garage and jail cells, which were removed when the interior of the building was remodeled in the early 1980s.

Travertine
Travertine (/ˈtrævərtiːn/ ⓘ TRAV-ər-teen) is a form of fresh water limestone deposited around mineral springs, especially hot springs. It often has a fibrous or concentric appearance and exists in white, tan, cream-colored, and rusty varieties. It is formed by a process of rapid precipitation of calcium carbonate, often at the mouth of a hot spring or in a limestone cave. In the latter, it can form stalactites, stalagmites, and other speleothems.

Travertine is frequently used in Italy and elsewhere as a building material. Similar, but softer and extremely porous deposits formed from ambient-temperature water are known as tufa.
Blitch
Blitch is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Iris Faircloth Blitch (1912–1993), American politician

J. S. Blitch, appointed warden of Florida State Prison in 1919

Newton Amos Blitch (1844–1921), American politician

Peg Blitch (1934–2021), American politician

Union Correctional Institution
The Union Correctional Institution, formerly referred to as Florida State Prison, and also commonly known as Raiford Prison, is a Florida Department of Corrections state prison located in unincorporated Union County, Florida, near Raiford.

Since it first opened in 1913, the prison has been expanded and restructured many times. The State Prison Farm was one of the last prisons in the United States to abolish the practice of convict leasing in 1923.  In 1955, the first buildings of the East Unit were established, across the Bradford County line to the south.  In July 1972, the East Unit became the new Florida State Prison, and the old prison was redesignated as the Union Correctional Institution.

As of 2016, Union remains one of the largest prisons in the Florida system.  It houses a maximum capacity of 2,172 adult male prisoners at a range of security levels (Maximum, Close, Medium, Minimum, and Community).
Jimmie Guthrie
James Guthrie (23 May 1897 – 8 August 1937) was a Scottish motorcycle racer.

A motorcycle garage proprietor and professional motorcycle racer from Hawick Roxburghshire, Jimmie Guthrie was known as the “Flying Scotsman,” with a hard-charging motor-cycle racing style winning 14 European Continental Grand Prix in a three-year period 1934–1937 out of a total of 19 European Grand Prix victories .

While racing with the works Norton motorcycle team, Jimmie Guthrie won the 500cc FICM 500cc European motor-cycle championship for three consecutive years 1934–1937 and the 350cc category in 1937. During the 1930s, Jimmie Guthrie won the North West 200 races on three occasions and a further six wins at the Isle of Man TT races.

While leading on the last lap of the 1937  German Motorcycle Grand Prix, Jimmie Guthrie crashed for reasons that are still not entirely clear, speculated to be an incident with another competitor, or a mechanical issue. He later died later in hospital from the injuries.

Roxburghshire
Roxburghshire or the County of Roxburgh is a historic county and registration county in the Southern Uplands of Scotland. It borders Dumfriesshire to the west, Selkirkshire and Midlothian to the northwest, and Berwickshire to the north. To the southwest it borders Cumberland and to the southeast Northumberland, both in England.

It was named after the Royal Burgh of Roxburgh, a town which declined markedly in the 15th century and is no longer in existence. Latterly, the county town of Roxburghshire was Jedburgh.

The county has much the same area as Teviotdale, the basin drained by the River Teviot and tributaries, together with the adjacent stretch of the Tweed into which it flows. The term is often treated as synonymous with Roxburghshire, but may omit Liddesdale as Liddel Water drains to the west coast.