hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Acousto-optic modulator
An acousto-optic modulator (AOM), also called a Bragg cell or an acousto-optic deflector (AOD), uses the acousto-optic effect to diffract and shift the frequency of light using sound waves (usually at radio-frequency).  They are used in lasers for Q-switching, telecommunications for signal modulation, and in spectroscopy for frequency control.  A piezoelectric transducer is attached to a material such as glass. An oscillating electric signal drives the transducer to vibrate, which creates sound waves in the material.  These can be thought of as moving periodic planes of expansion and compression that change the index of refraction.  Incoming light scatters (see Brillouin scattering) off the resulting periodic index modulation and interference occurs similar to Bragg diffraction.  The interaction can be thought of as a three-wave mixing process resulting in sum-frequency generation or difference-frequency generation between phonons and photons.

Four-wave mixing
Four-wave mixing (FWM) is an intermodulation phenomenon in nonlinear optics, whereby interactions between two or three wavelengths produce two or one new wavelengths. It is similar to the third-order intercept point in electrical systems. Four-wave mixing can be compared to the intermodulation distortion in standard electrical systems. It is a parametric nonlinear process, in that the energy of the incoming photons is conserved. FWM is a phase-sensitive process, in that the efficiency of the process is strongly affected by phase matching conditions.
Vandino and Ugolino Vivaldi
Vandino (sometimes Vadino or Guido) and Ugolino Vivaldi (sometimes Ugolino de Vivaldo) (fl. 1291) were two brothers and Genoese explorers and merchants who are best known for their attempted voyage from Europe to India via Africa. They set sail west from the Mediterranean into the Atlantic and were never heard from again.

Gihon
Gihon is the name of the second river mentioned in the second chapter of the biblical Book of Genesis. The Gihon is mentioned as one of four rivers (along with the Tigris, Euphrates, and Pishon) issuing out of Eden, branching from a single river that split after watering the Garden of Eden (Genesis 2:10–14).
Tennessee's 9th congressional district
Tennessee's 9th congressional district is a congressional district in West Tennessee, covering most of Memphis and its inner suburbs. It has been represented by Democrat Steve Cohen since 2007.

The district was re-created as a result of the redistricting cycle after the 1980 census. The district is almost exclusively urban, due to its mostly cohabitant nature with Memphis.

Memphis is recognized worldwide for being the hub for FedEx. Largely due to FedEx's presence, Memphis International Airport handles more cargo than any other airport in the country. Memphis is also known for blues music, Beale Street, and barbecue.

It is the only majority minority congressional district in Tennessee. With a Cook Partisan Voting Index rating of D+23, it is the only Democratic district in Tennessee. Since 1875, the area has sent mostly Democrats to Congress with the exception of a brief period from 1967 to 1975 when it was represented by Republican Dan Kuykendall.

Beale Street
Beale Street is a street in Downtown Memphis, Tennessee, which runs from the Mississippi River to East Street, a distance of approximately 1.8 miles (2.9 km). It is a significant location in the city's history, as well as in the history of blues music. Today, the blues clubs and restaurants that line Beale Street are major tourist attractions in Memphis. Festivals and outdoor concerts frequently bring large crowds to the street and its surrounding areas.
1952 Wimbledon Championships – Women's singles
Maureen Connolly defeated Louise Brough in the final, 7–5, 6–3 to win the ladies' singles tennis title at the 1952 Wimbledon Championships. Doris Hart was the defending champion, but lost in the quarterfinals to Pat Todd.

Doris Hart
Doris Hart (June 20, 1925 – May 29, 2015) was an American tennis player who was active in the 1940s and first half of the 1950s. She was ranked world No. 1 in 1951. She was the fourth player, and second woman, to win a Career Grand Slam in singles. She was the first of only three players (all women) to complete the career "Boxed Set" of Grand Slam titles, which is winning at least one title in singles, doubles, and mixed doubles at all four Grand Slam events. Only she and Margaret Court achieved this during the amateur era of the sport.

Hart played collegiate tennis for the Miami Hurricanes at the University of Miami in Coral Gables, Florida.
Hans Christian Holte
Hans Christian Holte (born 11 March 1965) is a Norwegian civil servant. He most recently served as the Labour and Welfare Director from 2020 until his firing in 2025.

Having graduated as cand.polit. in political science from the University of Oslo in 1992, he became head of department in the Norwegian Directorate for Health and Social Affairs in 2002 and deputy under-secretary of state in the Ministry of Education and Research. He also served as assisting permanent under-secretary of state. From 2008 to 2013 he was the director of the Agency for Public Management and eGovernment. From 2013 until 2020, he was the Director of the  Norwegian Tax Administration and was succeeded by Nina Schanke Funnemark. That same year he was nominated as Labour and Welfare Director and assumed office on 1 August.

Following his firing as Labour and Welfare Director in November 2025, Holte joined the Norwegian Digitalisation Agrncy as an advisor.

Ministry of Education and Research (Norway)
The Royal Ministry of Education and Research (Norwegian: Kunnskapsdepartementet, KD; full name: Det kongelige kunnskapsdepartement) is a Norwegian government ministry responsible for education, research and kindergartens. The ministry was established in 1814 as the Royal Ministry of Church and Education Affairs.

The current Minister of Education is Kari Nessa Nordtun and the current Minister of Research and Higher Education is Sigrun Gjerløw Aasland, both of whom are of the Labour Party The department reports to the legislature (Stortinget).
Stan Lay
Stanley Arthur Lay MBE (27 July 1906 – 12 May 2003) was a New Zealand javelin thrower who competed at the 1928 Summer Olympics, 1930 British Empire Games, 1938 British Empire Games, and 1950 British Empire Games.

1950 British Empire Games
The 1950 British Empire Games (Maori: 1950 Nga Keemu Emepaea o Ingarangi)  were the fourth staging of what is now called the Commonwealth Games. It was held in Auckland, New Zealand, between 4 and 11 February 1950, after a 12-year gap from the third edition of the games due to World War II. The fourth games were originally awarded to Montreal, Canada and were to be held in 1942 but were cancelled due to the War.

The Games were declared open by Sir Bernard Freyberg. The opening ceremony was held at Eden Park and was sold out with 40,000 people attending. Eden Park also served as the main venue, while the closing ceremonies were held at Western Springs Stadium. Other venues included the Auckland Town Hall and the Newmarket Olympic Pool.

Total attendances were 246,694; higher than the following three Games, 1954 (159,636), 1958 (178,621) and 1962 (224,987).

A 1950 British Empire Games documentary film of the games was made by the New Zealand National Film Unit.
Douglas B. Leeds
Douglas B. Leeds (March 15, 1947 – May 9, 2011) was an advertising/media executive who was the founder and Chairman/CEO of Storeboard Media LLC.  Leeds was also known for producing two Broadway shows and serving as President of The American Theatre Wing, which founded, manages and presents The Tony Awards annually on CBS Television.

Leeds was a 1965 graduate of Worcester Academy and matriculated to Babson College.  He served as a trustee for both.

WPP plc
WPP plc is a British multinational communications, advertising, public relations, technology, and commerce holding company headquartered in London, England. It is the world's largest advertising company, as of 2023. WPP plc owns many companies, which include advertising, public relations, media, and market research networks such as AKQA, Burson, Hogarth, Landor, Ogilvy, VML, and WPP Media (EssenceMediacom, Mindshare, Wavemaker, choreograph and more). It is one of the "Big Three" agency companies, alongside Publicis and Omnicom. WPP has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange, and is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index.
Mapai, Mozambique
Mapai is a small town in southern Mozambique. It is a semi-arid region, with a dry climate and vegetation dominated by mopane (Colophospermum mopane) and galleries of ironwood (Androstachys johnsonii).

Banhine National Park
Banhine National Park is a protected area in northern Gaza Province, Mozambique. The park was established on 26 June 1973. In 2013 the limits of park were updated to better reflect the realities on the ground, particularly the human presence in the area.
Artt Frank
Artt Frank (March 9, 1933 – November 27, 2024) was an American jazz drummer specializing in the bebop, hard bop, and cool jazz styles. He is best known for having toured with trumpet player Chet Baker during much of his career.

Chet Baker
Chesney Henry "Chet" Baker Jr. (December 23, 1929 – May 13, 1988) was an American jazz trumpeter and vocalist. He is known for major innovations in cool jazz that led him to be nicknamed the "Prince of Cool".

Baker earned much attention and critical praise through the 1950s, particularly for albums featuring his vocals: Chet Baker Sings (1954) and It Could Happen to You (1958). Jazz historian Dave Gelly described the promise of Baker's early career as "James Dean, Sinatra, and Bix, rolled into one". His well-publicized drug habit also drove his notoriety and fame. Baker was in and out of jail frequently before enjoying a career resurgence in the late 1970s and 1980s.
Habrodais grunus
Habrodais grunus, the golden hairstreak, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in North America in southern Arizona, Oregon, California and Mexico. The habitat consists of oak woodland, canyons and mountain ridges.

The wingspan is 25–32 mm. Adults are on wing from June to September in one generation per year. They feed on moisture from various sources and possibly also feed on aphid honeydew or other exudates.

The larvae feed on the young leaves of Chrysolepis chrysophylla, Quercus chrysolepis, Quercus vaccinifolia and Lithocarpus densiflorus.

Exudate
An exudate is a fluid released by an organism through pores or a wound, a process known as exuding or exudation.
Exudate is derived from exude 'to ooze' from Latin exsūdāre 'to (ooze out) sweat' (ex- 'out' and sūdāre 'to sweat').
Central Library (Milwaukee, Wisconsin)
The Central Library is the headquarters for the Milwaukee Public Library System as well as for the Milwaukee County Federated Library System.  Designated a Milwaukee Landmark in 1969, the building remains one of Milwaukee's most monumental public structures.

Today, the Central Library occupies almost the entire building with 3 exceptions: the headquarters for the Milwaukee County Federated Library System; the Wisconsin Talking Book and Braille Library; and Audio & Braille Literacy Enhancement.

Milwaukee Public Library
Milwaukee Public Library (MPL) is the public library system in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States, consisting of a central library and 13 branches, all part of the Milwaukee County Federated Library System. MPL is the largest  public library system in Wisconsin.
Yakub Khan (politician)
Yakub Khan (born 24 November 1962) is a Malaysian politician who had served as the Sabah State Minister of Science, Technology and Innovation from 2020 until 2023. He had served as Senator in the Malaysian Parliament from June 2020 until his appointment in Chief Minister Hajiji's cabinet and Member of the Sabah State Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Karambunai since September 2020. He is a member and the Division Chief of Sepanggar of the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), a component party of the Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition.

Parliament of Malaysia
The Parliament of Malaysia (Malay: Parlimen Malaysia; Jawi: ‏ڤرليمن مليسيا‎) is the national legislature of Malaysia, based on the Westminster system. The bicameral parliament consists of the Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives, lit. "People's Assembly") and the Dewan Negara (Senate, lit. "State Assembly"). The Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King), as the head of state, is the third component of Parliament.

The Parliament assembles in the Malaysian Houses of Parliament, located in the national capital city of Kuala Lumpur.

The term "Member of Parliament (MP)" usually refers to a member of the Dewan Rakyat, the lower house of the Parliament. The term "Senator" usually refers to a member of the Dewan Negara, the upper house of the Parliament.
Bulawayo (Zulu empire)
Kwa-Bulawayo (prefixed according to context with 'gu-' or 'kwa-') was the royal kraal of Shaka Zulu, and as such was the capital of the early Zulu Empire. It was founded after Shaka's conquest of the Ndwandwe kingdom, in around 1820. During the conflict, Shaka made a stand outside Kwa-Bulawayo, facing two thousand Ndwande who returned from cattle rustling, in addition to five hundred more who survived the battle at Gqokli.

At Kwa-Bulawayo, Shaka first met European traders, who had come from Port Natal. An account of Shaka's interaction with the whites also cited that the location hosted figures such as John Cane and Charles Rawden Maclean, who asked for the ruler's help and blessing. 
The kraal is not to be confused with the city in Zimbabwe. It was founded and possibly named after it in the 19th century by Matabele king Lobengula, son of Shaka's former lieutenant Mzilikazi.

Lobengula
Lobengula Khumalo (c. 1835 – c. 1894) was the second and last official king of Mthwakazi (historically called Matabeleland in English). Both names in the Ndebele language mean "the men of the long shields", a reference to the Ndebele warriors' use of the Nguni shield.
Hainei shizhou ji
Hainei shizhou ji (traditional Chinese: 海內十洲記; simplified Chinese: 海内十洲记), also known by its shortened name Shizhou ji (traditional Chinese: 十洲記; simplified Chinese: 十洲记), also translated into English as Records of the Ten Continents, Record of Ten Continents within the Seas, and Notes on the Ten Regions on This Side of the Sea, is an ancient Chinese collection of fantastic stories from the Han dynasty.  The work is traditionally attributed to the Western Han dynasty scholar Dongfang Shuo (160-93 BCE).  Alongside the Shenyijing and Bowuzhi, it is a prominent example of early Chinese fantasy.

Based on mentioning from other texts, the Hainei shizhou ji was already in circulation during the early part of Eastern Han dynasty (25-220).

Bowuzhi
Bowuzhi (Chinese: 博物志; trans. "Records of Diverse Matters") by Zhang Hua (c. 290 CE) was a compendium of Chinese stories about natural wonders and marvelous phenomena. It quotes from many early Chinese classics, and diversely includes subject matter from Chinese mythology, history, geography, and folklore. The Bowuzhi, which is one of the first works in the literary genre of zhiguai "tales of anomalies; supernatural stories", records the earliest versions of several myths, such as the white yenü 野女 "wild women" living south of China in a society without men. Scholars have described the Bowuzhi as "a miscellany of scientific interest" and "an important minor classic".
Jibrin (surname)
Jibrin is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Abdulmumin Jibrin (born 1976), Nigerian politician, businessman and academic

Augustine Jibrin (born 1988), Nigerian football player

Barau I Jibrin (born 1959), Nigerian politician

Bello Jibrin Gada (born 1954), Nigerian politician

Usman Oyibe Jibrin (born 1959), Nigerian naval officer

Usman Jibrin (1942–2011), Nigerian politician

Abdulmumin Jibrin
Abdulmumin Jibrinpronunciationⓘ (born 9 September 1976) is a Nigerian politician, businessman, academic, and member of the Nigerian House of Representatives representing Kiru/Bebeji federal constituency of Kano State He was recently re-elected on the platform of the New Nigerian People Party. He served as the Federal Housing Authority's Executive Director of Research and Innovation Development from October 2021 until May 2022, under President Muhammadu Buhari's administration.
Betty Heidler
Betty Heidler (born 14 October 1983) is a retired German track and field athlete who competed in the hammer throw. She held the world record from 2011 until 2014 with her personal best throw of 79.42 m (260 ft 6 in). She is the 2012 Olympic silver medallist, the 2007 World champion and the 2009 and 2011 World Championship silver medallist. She also finished fourth in the Olympic finals in 2004 and 2016.

Women's hammer throw world record progression
The first World Record in the hammer throw for women (athletics) was recognised by the International Association of Athletics Federations in 1994.

Up to today, the IAAF has ratified 25 world records in the event.
Gaius Sentius Saturninus (consul 4)
Gaius Sentius Saturninus was a Roman senator, and consul ordinarius for AD 4 as the colleague of Sextus Aelius Catus. He was the middle son of Gaius Sentius Saturninus, consul in 19 BC. During his consulate the Lex Aelia Sentia, concerning the manumission of slaves, was published.

Saturninus, with his brothers Gnaeus Sentius Saturninus, suffect consul in AD 4, and Lucius Sentius Saturninus, accompanied their father when he assumed the governorship of Syria in the years 9 through 7 BC, serving as his legati or assistants.

Legate (ancient Rome)
A legate (Latin: legatus, Classical Latin: [ɫeːˈɡaːtʊs]) was a high-ranking military officer in the Roman army, equivalent to a modern-era general officer. Initially used to delegate power, the term became formalised under Augustus as the officer in command of a Roman legion.

From the times of the Roman Republic, legates received large shares of the military's rewards at the end of a successful campaign. This made the position a lucrative one, so it could often attract even distinguished consuls or other high-ranking political figures within Roman politics (e.g., the consul Lucius Julius Caesar volunteered late in the Gallic Wars as a legate under his first cousin, Gaius Julius Caesar).

Diplomats and envoys sent by Rome were also given the title of legate.
2010 Greater Wellington Regional Council election
The 2010 Wellington Region local elections were part of the 2010 New Zealand local elections, to elect members to sub-national councils and boards. These elections covered the Wellington Region council (known as the Greater Wellington Regional Council), eight territorial authority (city and district) councils, three district health boards, and various community boards and licensing trusts.

As per the Local Electoral Act 2001, all the elections occurred on Saturday 9 October 2010. Voting was carried out by postal ballot, using one of two voting systems: Single Transferable Vote for the district health boards and three of the territorial authority councils, and First Past The Post for the remaining territorial authority councils, the regional council, and all the local boards and trusts.

Community boards in New Zealand
In New Zealand, community boards are sub-district, unincorporated local government bodies that may be established for any
continuous area in a territorial authority district. They are intended to represent and advocate for specific communities within a council catchment area. As of 2025, there are around 110 community boards across New Zealand.
Víctor Crisólogo
Víctor Walberto Crisólogo Espejo (12 July 1952 – 17 January 2021) was a Peruvian politician who served as a Congressman representing Ancash between 2011 and 2016. He died on 17 January 2021, of COVID-19 during the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru.

COVID-19 pandemic in Peru
The COVID-19 pandemic in Peru has resulted in 4,533,436 confirmed cases of COVID-19 and 221,067 deaths. The virus spread to Peru on 6 March 2020, when a 25-year-old man who had travelled to Spain, France, and the Czech Republic tested positive. On 15 March 2020, President Martín Vizcarra announced a country-wide lockdown, closing borders, restricting domestic flights, and forbidding nonessential business operations, excluding health facilities, grocery stores, pharmacies, and banks. As of May 2023, Peru has the highest COVID-19 death rate in the world, with over 6,400 deaths per one million citizens.
Municipal Borough of Dunstable
51°53′10″N 0°31′19″W﻿ / ﻿51.886°N 0.522°W﻿ / 51.886; -0.522

The town of Dunstable in Bedfordshire, England was governed as an ancient borough between the twelfth century and the sixteenth century. The town’s borough status was effectively lost after 1541, following the English Reformation. Urban local government returned to the town in 1863 with the establishment of a local board. The following year borough status was restored to the town when it was made a municipal borough.

Dunstable Borough was abolished in 1974, merging with other districts to become South Bedfordshire.

Ancient borough
An ancient borough was a historic unit of lower-tier local government in England and Wales. The ancient boroughs covered only important towns and were established by charters granted at different times by the monarchy. Their history is largely concerned with the origin of such towns and how they gained the right of self-government. Ancient boroughs were reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, which introduced directly elected corporations and allowed the incorporation of new industrial towns. Municipal boroughs ceased to be used for the purposes of local government in 1974, with borough status retained as an honorific title granted to some post-1974 local government districts by the Crown.
Drexel Dragons men's lacrosse
The Drexel Dragons men's lacrosse team represents Drexel University in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I men's lacrosse. Drexel currently competes as a member of the Colonial Athletic Association (CAA) and plays its home games at Vidas Field in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Drexel made its first NCAA tournament appearance in 2014, and a second NCAA tournament appearance in 2021.

Drexel University
Drexel University is a private research university with its main campus in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Drexel's undergraduate school was founded in 1891 by Anthony J. Drexel, a financier and philanthropist. Founded as Drexel Institute of Art, Science and Industry, it was renamed Drexel Institute of Technology in 1936, before assuming its current name in 1970. As of 2020, more than 24,000 students were enrolled in over 70 undergraduate programs and more than 100 master's, doctoral, and professional programs at the university. Drexel's cooperative education program (co-op) is a unique aspect of the school's degree programs, offering students the opportunity to gain up to 18 months of paid, full-time work experience in a field relevant to their undergraduate major or graduate degree program prior to graduation.