hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Daniel E. Bandmann
Daniel Edward Bandmann (November 1, 1837 – November 23, 1905) was an internationally known German-born American Shakespearean actor who after retiring from the stage became a noted Montana rancher and pomologist.

In 1885, Bandmann published An Actor's Tour: or, Seventy Thousand Miles with Shakespeare, chronicling his repertoire company's nearly four-year tour of the Asia-Pacific region over the early 1880s. Bandmann was later credited for introducing McIntosh red apples for cultivation in western Montana.

McIntosh (apple)
The McIntosh ( /ˈmækɪnˌtɒʃ/ MAK-in-tosh), McIntosh Red, or colloquially the Mac, is a cultivated apple variety, designated the national apple of Canada. The fruit has red and green skin, a tart flavor, and tender white flesh, which ripens in late September.  An all-purpose apple, the McIntosh may be eaten raw, cooked, or used to make apple sauce.

John McIntosh discovered the original McIntosh sapling on his Dundela farm in Upper Canada in 1811. He and his wife cultivated it, and the family started grafting the tree and selling the fruit in 1835. In 1870, it entered commercial production, and became common in Ontario, Quebec, New England, and New York after 1900. While still produced in large quantities, the fruit's popularity fell in the early 21st century in the face of competition from varieties such as the Ambrosia, Gala, and Honeycrisp.

Jef Raskin, an employee at Apple Computer, named the Macintosh computer line—later abbreviated to "Mac" in 1999—after the cultivar.
Leon Bar
Leon Bar (Ben Mocha) (Hebrew: לאון בר; 11 April 1970–8 October 2023) was a retired IDF colonel who, on 7 October 2023, saved dozens of civilians from the fighting in Sderot and the massacre at the Nova Festival. The next day, on 8 October, he was killed by a terrorist who ambushed him near the Black Arrow Monument as he and his son Omer were searching for additional survivors of the October 7 massacre.

Sderot
Sderot (Hebrew: שְׂדֵרוֹת, pronounced [sdeˈʁot], lit. 'boulevards'; Arabic: سديروت, sometimes Romanized as "Sederot") is a western Negev city and former development town in the Southern District of Israel. In 2023, it had a population of 35,477.

Sderot is located less than a mile from Gaza (the closest point is 840 m (2,760 ft)), and is notable for having been a major target of Qassam rocket attacks from the Gaza Strip. Between 2001 and 2008, rocket attacks on the city killed 13 people, wounded dozens, caused millions of dollars in damage and profoundly disrupted daily life. Although rocket fire subsided after the Gaza War (2008–09), the city has come under rocket attack on occasion since that time.

In 2024, Sderot was chosen to serve as a model for Israeli cities in the implementation of urban forestry ideas.
40th Army (1941–1945)
The 40th Army was a field army of the Red Army during the Second World War.

The army was formed on August 26, 1941, as part of the Southwestern Front on the basis of the 27th Rifle Corps. Disbanded in May 1946, following the demobilization of the Soviet Union.

Oboyan
Oboyan (Russian: Обоя́нь) is a town and the administrative center of Oboyansky District in Kursk Oblast, Russia, located on the right bank of the Psyol at its confluence with the Oboyanka, 60 kilometers (37 mi) south of Kursk, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 11,844 (2021 census); 13,565 (2010 census); 14,618 (2002 census); 15,360 (1989 Soviet census).
NSS-9
NSS-9 is a communications satellite owned by SES World Skies. It is an all C-band satellite intended as a replacement for NSS-5, and has three beams with 44 active C-band transponders.

NSS-9 was built by Orbital Sciences Corporation and launched February 12, 2009 aboard Ariane 5 flight V-187.

Built on the Orbital STAR-2 satellite bus, NSS-9 has an expected useful lifetime extending through 2024.

Its launch has been featured in National Geographic Channel's programme World's Toughest Fixes Satellite Launch S02E01.

SES World Skies
SES World Skies was a short lived company formed as a result of the merger between the two SES subsidiaries, SES Americom and SES New Skies.  The company was merged into its parent company, SES in 2011.
Waage
Waage is a Norwegian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Anita Waage (born 1971), Norwegian footballer

Benedikt G. Waage (1889–1966), Icelandic athlete and businessman

Dorothy B. Waage (1905–1997), American numismatist

Elsa Waage (born 1959), Icelandic opera singer

Geir Waage (born 1967), Norwegian politician

Hilde Waage (born 1959), Norwegian historian

Hjalmar Waage (1892–1939), Norwegian newspaper editor and writer

Hjelm Waage (1866–1947), Norwegian politician

Inger Waage (1923–1995), Norwegian ceramist

Peter Waage (1833–1900), Norwegian chemist

Roy Waage (born 1963), Norwegian politician

Trond Waage (born 1953), Norwegian activist

Dorothy B. Waage
Dorothy Boylan Waage  (January 8, 1905 - December 11, 1997) was an American numismatist, who published the catalogue of 14,000 Greek, Roman, Byzantine and Crusader coins excavated by Princeton University in the 1930s. This has been described as "the best catalogue of Antiochene coinage".
2021 Palawan division plebiscite
The Palawan division plebiscite was a plebiscite held in the province of Palawan, Philippines on March 13, 2021. As required by Republic Act No. 11259, the plebiscite was conducted to consent the residents of Palawan on the proposal to divide the province into three separate provinces: Palawan del Norte, Palawan del Sur, and Palawan Oriental.

It was originally scheduled to take place on May 11, 2020, but was postponed indefinitely due to quarantine measures implemented in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines. It was eventually held on March 13, 2021. The voters rejected the proposal according to the final tally that was published on March 16.

Coron, Palawan
Coron, officially the Municipality of Coron (Tagalog: Bayan ng Coron),  is a municipality in the province of Palawan, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 69,439 people.

It is home to the Coron Island Natural Biotic Area, which is listed in the natural category of the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List.
Marista Rugby Club
Marista Rugby Club is an Argentine sports club based in Luján de Cuyo, a city in Mendoza Province. The rugby union team is member of the Unión de Rugby de Cuyo and currently plays in Torneo del Oeste, a regional league.

The club also has a field hockey section, which teams compete in tournaments organised by "Asociación Mendocina de Hockey sobre Césped" (Mendoza Field Hockey Association).

Mendoza Province
Mendoza (Spanish pronunciation: [menˈdosa]), officially the Province of Mendoza, is a province of Argentina, in the western central part of the country in the Cuyo region. It borders San Juan to the north, La Pampa and Neuquén to the south, San Luis to the east, and the republic of Chile to the west; the international limit is marked by the Andes mountain range. Its capital city is the homonymous city of Mendoza.

Covering an area of 148,827 km2, it is the seventh biggest province of Argentina with 5.35% of the country's total area. The population for 2022 is 2,014,533 inhabitants, which makes it the fifth most populated region of the country, or 4.38% of the total national population.
Eloise Reyes
Eloise Gómez Reyes (born January 27, 1956) is an American politician who is a member of the California State Senate since 2024, representing the 29th district. A member of the Democratic Party, she formerly served as the Majority Leader of the California State Assembly and represented the 50th Assembly district, encompassing urban parts of southwestern San Bernardino County centered around Downtown San Bernardino, including the cities of Rialto, Colton, and Fontana.  She was first elected to the 47th Assembly district by defeating fellow Democrat Cheryl Brown in 2016, who she said was not progressive enough.

Prior to her election to the assembly, she was an attorney. In 2014, Reyes ran unsuccessfully for the United States House of Representatives in the 31st Congressional District, coming in fourth place in the June primary.

Reyes is a member of the California Legislative Progressive Caucus.

California Legislative Progressive Caucus
The California Legislative Progressive Caucus is a California political organization composed of progressive members of the California State Assembly. It was formed in 2019 and currently has 29 members.

The caucus is chaired by Assembly Member Alex Lee (D-San Jose).

Guiding principles for the caucus include "fighting for economic justice and economic security for all, protecting and preserving civil rights and civil liberties, promoting secure and peaceful communities for all residents, and advancing environmental protection and climate change policies."
Battle of Bessang Pass
The Battle of Bessang Pass (Filipino: Labanan sa Pasong Bessang; Ilocano: Gubat ti Paso Bessang) was a major battle during the Philippines Campaign of World War II. It was fought from 9 January through 15 June 1945, Cervantes, a municipality in the province of Ilocos Sur, located 382 kilometres (237 mi) north of Manila. The area serves as a gateway to the Cordillera mountains and the city of Baguio. Bessang Pass was a stronghold of the Japanese imperial forces under Gen. Tomoyuki Yamashita, known as the “Tiger of Malaya” and conqueror of Singapore.  It was part of the triangular defense of General Yamashita in the north, namely the Balete Pass, Villaverde Trail and Bessang Pass, guarding the Ifugao-Benguet-Vizcaya borders.  Its fall at the hands of the United States Army Forces in the Philippines - Northern Luzon (USAFIP-NL) on June 14, 1945 paved the way for the entrapment of Yamashita’s forces in the Cordillera until the general’s surrender in September 1945.

Cordillera Central (Luzon)
The Cordillera Central or Cordillera Range is a massive mountain range 320 kilometres (200 mi) long north–south and 118 kilometres (73 mi) east-west situated in the north-central part of the island of Luzon, in the Philippines. The mountain range encompasses all provinces of the Cordillera Administrative Region (Abra, Apayao, Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga and Mountain Province), as well as portions of eastern Ilocos Norte, eastern Ilocos Sur, eastern La Union, northeastern Pangasinan, western Nueva Vizcaya, and western Cagayan.

To the north, the mountain range terminates at the northern shores of Luzon along the Babuyan Channel in Ilocos Norte and Cagayan provinces. At its southeastern part, the Central Cordillera is linked to the Sierra Madre Mountains, the longest mountain range in the country, through the Caraballo Mountains in Nueva Vizcaya province. During Spanish colonial period, the whole range was called Nueva Provincia (New Province).
Rhamphorhynchidae
Rhamphorhynchidae is a group of early pterosaurs named after Rhamphorhynchus, that lived in the Late Jurassic. The family Rhamphorhynchidae was named in 1870 by Harry Govier Seeley. Members of the group possess no more than 11 pairs of teeth in the rostrum, a deltopectoral crest that is constricted at the base but expanded at the distal end, and a bent phalange on the fifth toe.

Rhamphorhynchidae traditionally contains two subfamilies: the Rhamphorhynchinae and the Scaphognathinae. While not recovered as distinct clades by all analyses, there do appear to be traits uniting members of each group. Rhamphorhynchines are more common, were lightly built, and had jaws ending in pointed tips that contained more teeth, which are often procumbent (pointed forward). Scaphognathines are comparatively quite rare, were more robust skeletally, and had shorter wing proportions. The broad-tipped skulls of scaphognathines held fewer teeth which were widely spaced and vertically oriented in the jaw.

Late Jurassic
The Late Jurassic is the third epoch of the Jurassic period, and it spans the geologic time from 161.5 ± 1.0 to 143.1 ± 0.6 million years ago (Ma), which is preserved in Upper Jurassic strata.

In European lithostratigraphy, the name "Malm" indicates rocks of Late Jurassic age. In the past, Malm was also used to indicate the unit of geological time, but this usage is now discouraged to make a clear distinction between lithostratigraphic and geochronologic/chronostratigraphic units.
General Hospital Kaltungo
General Hospital Kaltungo is a government established hospital located in Kaltungo local government area of Gombe state, Nigeria. It provides medical and health care services to the community.

Recently, the hospital had undergone renovation and rehabilitation   by the state government so as to make it a Special Referral Centre for people seeking quality medical services, particularly those from the southern part of the state and beyond.

Medical Services Recruitment Board
The Medical Services Recruitment Board (MRB) was constituted by the government of Tamil Nadu in G.O. (Ms) No.1, Health and Family Welfare (C2) Department dated 02.01.2012 with the objective of making appointments to various categories of staff in the Health and Family Welfare Department by way of direct recruitment, in a speedy manner, keeping in view  the nature, importance and essentiality of these posts.
United Friendly Tournament
The United Friendly Tournament was a women's professional golf tournament on the Ladies European Tour. It was played annually between 1981 and 1984 at various courses in England.

A concurrent tournament, the United Friendly Worthing Open, held 1982–1984 at Hill Barn Golf Club in Worthing, West Sussex, had the same title sponsor.

Ladies European Tour
The Ladies European Tour is a professional golf tour for women which was founded in 1978. Most of the players on the tour are European, with members from more than 40 countries internationally. Despite its name, the tour also has tournaments in Africa, Asia, North America and Oceania.

The organization is based at Buckinghamshire Golf Club near London in England. Like many British-based sports organisations it is a company limited by guarantee, a legal structure which enables it to focus on maximising returns to its members through prize money, rather than on making profits for investors. The tour is run by a board of directors and a Players' Council.
Albert Southwick (historian)
Albert Brown Southwick (June 22, 1920 – April 16, 2021) was an American historian, editorial writer, and newspaper columnist best known for his writings on Worcester County, Massachusetts, and local history. He served as the chief editorial writer for the Worcester Telegram & Gazette and continued contributing columns on local history until late in life.

Editorial
An editorial, or leading article (UK) or leader (UK), is an article or any other written document, often unsigned, written by the senior editorial people or publisher of a newspaper or magazine, that expresses the publication's opinion about a particular topic or issue. Australian and major United States newspapers, such as The New York Times and The Boston Globe, often classify editorials under the heading "opinion".
Revenue stamps of the Isle of Man
Revenue stamps of the Isle of Man refer to the adhesive revenue or fiscal stamps which were issued by the British Crown dependency of the Isle of Man between 1889 and 1976. British key type revenue stamps with an appropriate inscription were issued on the island until 1966, when revenue stamps showing various scenes and symbols of the island began to be issued. The last set of stamps was issued in 1976. From around 1920 to the 1970s, hundreds of contribution stamps were issued for National Insurance and related schemes.

Revenue stamp
A revenue stamp, tax stamp, duty stamp or fiscal stamp is a (usually) adhesive label used to designate collected taxes or fees on documents, tobacco, alcoholic drinks, drugs and medicines, playing cards, hunting licenses, firearm registration, and many other things.  Typically, businesses purchase the stamps from the government (thereby paying the tax), and attach them to taxed items as part of putting the items on sale, or in the case of documents, as part of filling out the form.

Revenue stamps often look very similar to postage stamps, and in some countries and time periods it has been possible to use postage stamps for revenue purposes, and vice versa. Some countries also issued dual-purpose postage and revenue stamps.
2025 Elisa data cable incident
On 31 December 2025 at 4:53 EET Finnish telecommuncation company Elisa noticed a disruption in a data cable connecting Finland and Estonia. Finnish police and coastguard approached the location in the Finnish exclusive economic zone and boarded the freighter Fitburg, which was found with its anchor lowered. The ship was traveling under the flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and was, according to marine traffic website, en route from Saint Petersburg, Russia, to Haifa, Israel. The crew was detained and the ship was brought to the Finnish port of Kantvik, where it arrived at 17:00 EET. It was released on 12 January 2026. Four crewmembers had to stay in Finland while investigations continued.

Kantvik
Kantvik is a village in Kirkkonummi municipality in Uusimaa, Finland. It is located about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) south of the municipal center towards Upinniemi. Nearby services include a primary school and a Sale grocery store. There is a bus connection from Kantvik to the center of Kirkkonummi, such as lines 172, 173 and 904.

There is industry in Kantvik, such as the Suomen Sokeri sugar factory, and Mildola, which manufactures vegetable oil products. Kantvik has also two harbour areas, one of which, with an area of about five hectares, the Port of Helsinki manages.
Tamposi
Tamposi is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Ali Tamposi (born 1989), American songwriter

Elizabeth M. Tamposi (born 1955), American politician and diplomat

Samuel A. Tamposi (1924–1995), American real estate developer

Samuel A. Tamposi
Samuel A. Tamposi (August 31, 1924 – May 25, 1995) was an American real estate developer and Republican Party activist from New Hampshire. He is best known for his work in the Nashua, New Hampshire and Citrus Hills, Florida areas, and for his friendship with Ted Williams, and association with the Boston Red Sox.

Tamposi played an integral role in bringing many Fortune 500 companies to New Hampshire, such as Fidelity Investments, Anheuser Busch, Coca-Cola, Raytheon, Sylvania, Sun Chemical, Kollsman Instruments and Honeywell.
A237 highway (Nigeria)
The A237 highway is a highway in Nigeria. It is one of the East-West roads linking the main south-north roads. (It is named from the two highways it links).

It runs from the A2 highway at Kano to the A3 highway at Kari, Borno state north of Darazo, Bauchi State. some important towns along the road are Kari (Borno state), Darazo (Bauchi state), Gwaram, Birnin Kudu (Jigawa state), Takai, Wudil, Ladin makole and Mariri (Kano state).

Gwaram
Gwaram is a local government area of Jigawa State, Nigeria. Its headquarters are in the town of Gwaram.

It has an area of 1,912 km2 (738 sq mi), and had a population of 272,582 at the 2006 census.

The postal code of the area is 721102.
Sokółki, Olecko County
Sokółki [sɔˈkuu̯ki] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kowale Oleckie, within Olecko County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 8 km (5 mi) south-west of Kowale Oleckie, 16 km (10 mi) north-west of Olecko, and 126 km (78 mi) east of the regional capital Olsztyn.

Olecko County
Olecko County (Polish: powiat olecki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, northern Poland. Its administrative seat and only town is Olecko, which lies 135 kilometres (84 mi) east of the regional capital Olsztyn.

When powiats were re-introduced in the Polish local government reforms of 1999, the present Gołdap and Olecko Counties made up a single entity (called powiat olecko-gołdapski or Olecko-Gołdap County). This was divided into two in 2002.

The county covers an area of 873.57 square kilometres (337.3 sq mi). As of 2024 its total population is 31,863, out of which the population of Olecko is 15,617 and the rural population is 16,246.
Long Barn, California
Long Barn is a census-designated place (CDP) in Tuolumne County, California. The 2020 United States census reported Long Barn's population was 162.

Long Barn is located roughly 4 miles northeast of Mi-Wuk Village off State Route 108.

California State Route 108
State Route 108 (SR 108) is a state highway in the U.S. state of California that runs from the Central Valley and across the Sierra Nevada via the Sonora Pass. It generally runs northeast from downtown Modesto near the SR 99/SR 132 interchange, to U.S. Route 395 near the Nevada state line. The route was once recommended to continue south of Modesto to Interstate 5, although today that portion exists as a county road. Parts of SR 108 are closed annually during the winter due to inclement weather along the summit.
Summers v. Tice
Summers v. Tice, 33 Cal. 2d 80, 199 P.2d 1 (1948), is a seminal California Supreme Court tort law decision relating to the issue of liability where a plaintiff cannot identify with specificity which among multiple defendants caused his harm.  The case established the doctrine of alternative liability and has had its greatest influence in the area of product liability in American jurisprudence.

Defendant
In court proceedings, a defendant is a person or object who is the party either accused of committing a crime in criminal prosecution or against whom some type of civil relief is being sought in a civil case.

Terminology varies from one jurisdiction to another. In Scots law, the terms "accused" or "panel" are used instead in criminal proceedings and "defender" in civil proceedings. Another term in use is "respondent".
Otto Puhlman
Otto Puhlman (June 12, 1837 – April 26, 1924) was a German American businessman and Democratic politician.  He was the first mayor of Plymouth, Wisconsin, and served six additional terms as mayor.  He represented much of western Sheboygan County in the Wisconsin State Assembly during the 1873 session.  Earlier, he served as a Union Army officer in the American Civil War.

26th Wisconsin Legislature
The Twenty-Sixth Wisconsin Legislature convened from January 8, 1873, to March 20, 1873, in regular session.

Senators representing odd-numbered districts were newly elected for this session and were serving the first year of a two-year term. Assembly members were elected to a one-year term. Assembly members and odd-numbered senators were elected in the general election of November 5, 1872. Senators representing even-numbered districts were serving the second year of their two-year term, having been elected in the general election held on November 7, 1871.

The governor of Wisconsin during this entire term was Republican Cadwallader C. Washburn, of La Crosse County, serving the second year of a two-year term, having won election in the 1871 Wisconsin gubernatorial election.
Dolph Stanley
Dolph Stanley (January 23, 1905 – July 9, 1990) was an American basketball player and coach.  Nicknamed the ”Silver Fox”, Stanley is best known for holding the "unbreakable" record of guiding five different Illinois High School Association (IHSA) schools into the state tournament. He gained national prominence by coaching Beloit College to a 238–57 basketball record from 1945 to 1957 while guiding them to an NIT berth and a final AP Rank of No. 16 in 1951. Collectively, Stanley coached six high school teams as well as Beloit College, compiling 943 total victories (705 high school, 238 college). He finished his career in 1989 at Keith Country Day School in Rockford.

Keith Country Day School
Keith Country Day School is a private, fully accredited, independent, nonsectarian, college-preparatory school located in Rockford, Illinois, USA. It serves students from the preschool level (referred to as "cottage") to 12th grade.