hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Posterior carpometacarpal ligament
The posterior carpometacarpal ligament consists of a series of bands on the posterior surface of the carpometacarpal joints. They connect the carpal bones to the bases of the second to fifth metacarpals. The second metacarpal bone is connected to the trapezium, trapezoid, and capitate. The third metacarpal is connected to the capitate. The fourth metacarpal is connected to the capitate and hamate, and the fifth metacarpal is connected to the hamate.

Hamate bone
The hamate bone (from Latin hamatus, "hooked"), or unciform bone (from Latin uncus, "hook"), Latin os hamatum and occasionally abbreviated as just hamatum, is a bone in the human wrist readily distinguishable by its wedge shape and a hook-like process ("hamulus") projecting from its palmar surface.
Russ Wyatt
Russ Wyatt (born 1970) is a Canadian politician in Winnipeg, Manitoba.  He represented Transcona on the Winnipeg City Council from 2002 to 2018, and is the incumbent. And at times he served as a member of the city's executive policy committee.  His father, Reg Wyatt, was a councillor from 1983 to 1986.

Winnipeg City Council
The Winnipeg City Council (French: Conseil municipal de Winnipeg) is the governing body of the city of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. The Council is seated in the Council Building of Winnipeg City Hall.

The composition of the Council consists of fifteen city councillors and a mayor. Each councillor represents an individual ward throughout the city. The mayor is elected every four years by a vote of the entire city.
Salamabad Union
Salamabad Union (Bengali: সালামাবাদ ইউনিয়ন) is a union parishad under Kalia Upazila of Narail District in Khulna Division, Bangladesh. It has an area of 59.23 km2 (22.87 sq mi) and a population of 12,468 (2011).

Kalia Upazila
Kalia (Bengali: কালিয়া) is an upazila of Narail District in the Division of Khulna, Bangladesh. Kalia Thana was established in 1866 and was converted into an upazila in 1984. It is named after its administrative center, the town of Kalia.
CFRE
The call sign CFRE may represent:

CFRE-DT channel 11, a television station in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada

CKC455 91.9 FM, a radio station in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada that unofficially uses "CFRE" as its branding

The post-nominal letters may represent a Certified Fund Raising Executive referring to a nonprofit development officer.

Post-nominal letters
Post-nominal letters, also called post-nominal initials, post-nominal titles, designatory letters, or simply post-nominals, are letters placed after a person's name to indicate that the individual holds a position, an academic degree, accreditation, an office, a military decoration, or honour, or is a member of a religious institute or fraternity. An individual may use several different sets of post-nominal letters, but in some contexts it may be customary to limit the number of sets to one or just a few. The order in which post-nominals are listed after a name is based on rules of precedence and what is appropriate for a given situation. Post-nominal letters are one of the main types of name suffix. In contrast, pre-nominal letters precede the name rather than follow it, such as addressing a physician or professor as "Dr. Smith".
Tilgate Lake
Tilgate Lake  is the biggest of three lakes at Tilgate Park, and remains a popular water activity centre and tourist attraction in Crawley, West Sussex.Tilgate Lake has a wide variety of outdoor activities open to the general public, such as archery,  canoeing, fishing, kayaking, mountain biking, raft building, rowing, running, sailing, standup paddleboarding, Open water swimming, team building, navigational challenges, tree climbing  and zip trekking.

Canoeing
Canoeing is an activity which involves paddling a canoe with a single-bladed paddle. In some parts of Europe, canoeing refers to both canoeing and kayaking, with a canoe being called an 'open canoe' or 'Canadian'.

A few of the recreational forms of canoeing are canoe camping and canoe racing.  Other forms include a wide range of canoeing on lakes, rivers, oceans, ponds and streams.
Chris Kolker
Christopher Edward Kolker (born on March 15, 1972) is an American politician and a Democratic member of the Colorado Senate who represents District 16. In the 2022 reapportionment process, his residence moved from senate district 27 to senate district 16, so he began to represent the 16th district in 2023. The district includes all or parts of Centennial, Littleton, Ken Caryl, Columbine and Columbine Valley in Arapahoe and Jefferson counties.

He was first elected to the Colorado State Senate in 2020 to District 27. Kolker was re-elected in 2024. During his tenure, Kolker has focused on behavioral healthcare, economic and tax policies, and public education.

Ken Caryl, Colorado
Ken Caryl, commonly known as Ken Caryl Ranch, is an unincorporated community and a census-designated place (CDP) located in and governed by Jefferson County, Colorado, United States. The CDP is a part of the Denver–Aurora–Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population of the Ken Caryl CDP was 33,811 at the 2020 census. The Ken Caryl Ranch Metropolitan District and the Ken Caryl Ranch Water District provide services. The Littleton post office (Zip code 80127) serves the area.
Soldiers of the King (film)
Soldiers of the King is a 1933 British historical comedy film directed by Maurice Elvey and starring Cicely Courtneidge, Edward Everett Horton and Anthony Bushell. It was Courtneidge's fourth film, and the first she appeared in without her husband Jack Hulbert. Courtneidge plays the matriarch of a music hall family, in a plot that switches between the Victorian era and the 1930s present.

Filming began in August 1932. It was shot at Islington, Beaconsfield and Welwyn Studios. The film's art direction is by Alex Vetchinsky. It was popular enough to be re-issued in 1939.

Maurice Elvey
Maurice Elvey (11 November 1887 – 28 August 1967) was one of the most prolific film directors in British history. He directed nearly 200 films between 1913 and 1957. During the silent film era he directed as many as twenty films per year. He also produced more than fifty films – his own as well as films directed by others.
Ferrioxalate
Ferrioxalate or trisoxalatoferrate(III) is a trivalent anion with formula [Fe(C2O4)3]3−.  It is a transition metal complex consisting of an iron atom in the +3 oxidation state and three bidentate oxalate ions C2O2−4 anions acting as ligands.

The ferrioxalate anion gives a lime green color to salts, and in solution it is fluorescent.  The anion is sensitive to light and higher-energy electromagnetic radiation, which causes the decomposition of one oxalate to carbon dioxide (CO2) and reduction of the iron(III) atom to iron(II).  This property is exploited for actinometry.

The most common and most-studied salt is potassium ferrioxalate, but the sodium, ammonium, and lithium salts have also received some attention.

Valence (chemistry)
In chemistry, the valence (US spelling) or valency (British spelling) of an atom is a measure of its combining capacity with other atoms when it forms chemical compounds or molecules. Valence is generally understood to be the number of chemical bonds that each atom of a given chemical element typically forms. Double bonds are considered to be two bonds, triple bonds to be three, quadruple bonds to be four, quintuple bonds to be five and sextuple bonds to be six. In most compounds, the valence of hydrogen is 1, of oxygen is 2, of nitrogen is 3, and of carbon is 4. Valence is not to be confused with the related concepts of the coordination number, the oxidation state, or the number of valence electrons for a given atom.
Fokker D.VIII
The Fokker E.V was a German parasol-monoplane fighter aircraft designed by Reinhold Platz and built by Fokker-Flugzeugwerke. The E.V was the last Fokker design to become operational with the Luftstreitkräfte entering service in the last months of World War I. After several fatal accidents due to wing failures, the aircraft was modified and renamed Fokker D.VIII. Dubbed the Flying Razor by post-war pulp-fiction writers, the D.VIII had the distinction of scoring the last aerial victory of the war.

Polish Air Force
The Polish Air Force (Polish: Siły Powietrzne, lit. 'Air Forces') is the aerial warfare branch of the Polish Armed Forces. Until July 2004 it was officially known as Wojska Lotnicze i Obrony Powietrznej (lit. 'Aerial and Air Defense Forces'). In 2014 it consisted of roughly 26,000 military personnel and about 475 aircraft, distributed among ten bases throughout Poland.

The Polish Air Force can trace its origins to the second half of 1917 and was officially established in the months following the end of World War I in 1918. During the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany in 1939, 70% of its aircraft were destroyed. Most pilots, after the Soviet invasion of Poland on 17 September, escaped via Romania and Hungary to continue fighting throughout World War II in allied air forces, first in France, then in Britain, and later also the Soviet Union.
Geum (Korean name)
Geum (Korean: 금), also spelled Keum or Kum, is a rare Korean family name and an element in Korean given names. Its meaning differs based on the hanja used to write it. Most people bearing this surname belong to the Bonghwa Geum clan.

Bonghwa Geum clan
The Bonghwa Geum clan (Korean: 봉화 금씨; Hanja: 奉化 琴氏) is a Korean clan. Their bon-gwan is in Bonghwa County, North Gyeongsang Province. According to the research held in 2015, the number of Geum clan of Bonghwa was 23301. Geum clan began when Geum Eung (Hanja: 琴應) founded Gija Joseon with Gija after Gija conquered Korea. Their founder was Geum Yong sik who worked as High Merit Minister (Hanja: 壁上功臣) in Goryeo.
József Fabchich
József Fabchich (March 13, 1753 – December 23, 1809) was a Hungarian writer, sacrificial priest and translator, known mainly for his translations of Ancient Greek poetry (namely Sappho, Alcman, Alcaeus, Anacreon, Stesichorus, Pindar and others) into the Hungarian language.

Fabchich was born in Kőszeg. Most of his translations were published in Győr in 1804. He also compiled the first Hungarian etymological dictionary in 1789–1794. He died in Győr, aged 56.

Alcaeus
Alcaeus of Mytilene (/ælˈsiːəs/; Ancient Greek: Ἀλκαῖος ὁ Μυτιληναῖος, Alkaios ho Mutilēnaios; c. 625/620 – c. 580 BC) was a lyric poet from the Greek island of Lesbos who is credited with inventing the Alcaic stanza. He was included in the canonical list of nine lyric poets by the scholars of Hellenistic Alexandria. He was a contemporary of Sappho, with whom he may have exchanged poems. He was born into the aristocratic governing class of Mytilene, the main city of Lesbos, where he was involved in political disputes and feuds.
Ishimaru
Ishimaru (written: 石丸 lit. "stone circle") is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Akira Ishimaru (アキラ 石丸; 1928–2025), Japanese-American electrical engineer and academic

Hajime Ishimaru (1890–1990), Japanese painter

Hiroya Ishimaru (石丸 博也; born 1941), Japanese voice actor

Jiro Ishimaru (石丸 次郎; born 1962), Japanese journalist

Kanji Ishimaru (石丸 幹二; born 1965), Japanese actor and singer

Kazunari Ishimaru, Japanese engineer

Kenjirō Ishimaru (石丸 謙二郎; born 1953), Japanese actor

Kiyotaka Ishimaru (石丸 清隆; born 1973), Japanese footballer

Toshihito Ishimaru (石丸 利人; 1931–2000), Japanese boxer

Kenjirō Ishimaru
Kenjirō Ishimaru (石丸 謙二郎, Ishimaru Kenjirō; born 1 November 1953) is a Japanese actor and TV narrator. He is best known for his role in Kamen Rider series Kamen Rider Den-O as the owner of the DenLiner. He has also appeared in multiple competitions of Sasuke as a competitor and during that time has become one of only two people to fall off the Rolling Log obstacle in the First Stage and take the log with them. Ishimaru is the narrator in the anime series Toriko. He also narrates TV Asahi's series See the World by Train, which has run since June 1987.
San Jorge Gulf
The San Jorge Gulf (Golfo San Jorge; Spanish for Gulf of St. George) is a bay in southern Patagonia, Argentina. It is an ocean basin opening to the Atlantic. Its shoreline spans Chubut and Santa Cruz province. The gulf measures approximately 142 miles (229 km) at its mouth and covers approximately 39 square kilometres (15 sq mi). It is located between Cape Dos Bahías and Cape Tres Puntas.

Due to its geography, more than 70% of the gulf's basin is between 70 metres (230 ft) and 100 metres (328 ft) deep. To the south it is about 50 metres (164 ft) 60 metres (197 ft) deep and in the north 90 metres (295 ft). The seabed was formed by bivalves and cirripedial remains, and it consists of mud, sand, gravel, and sand with carbonate.

The mean water temperature varies between 5.09 °C (41 °F) and 13.41 °C (56 °F); salinity is around 33000 ppm.

Oceanic basin
In hydrology, an oceanic basin (or ocean basin) is anywhere on Earth that is covered by seawater. Geologically, most of the ocean basins are large geologic basins that are below sea level.

Most commonly the ocean is divided into basins following the continents distribution: the North and South Atlantic (together approximately 75 million km2/ 29 million mi2), North and South Pacific (together approximately 155 million km2/ 59 million mi2), Indian Ocean (68 million km2/ 26 million mi2) and Arctic Ocean (14 million km2/ 5.4 million mi2). Also recognized is the Southern Ocean (20 million km2/ 7 million mi2). All ocean basins collectively cover 67% of the Earth's surface, and together they contain almost 97% of all water on the planet. They have an average depth of almost 4 km (about 2.5 miles).
PEN/Jacqueline Bograd Weld Award
The PEN/Jacqueline Bograd Weld Award is awarded by the PEN America (formerly PEN American Center) to honor a "distinguished biography possessing notable literary merit which has been published in the United States during the previous calendar year." The award carries a $5,000 prize.

The award was established by Rodman L. Drake. Previous judges include Brad Gooch, Benjamin Taylor, and Amanda Vaill.

The award is one of many PEN awards sponsored by International PEN affiliates in over 145 PEN centers around the world. The PEN American Center awards have been characterized as being among the "major" American literary prizes.

Amanda Vaill
Amanda Vaill is an American screenwriter, writer, and editor, noted for her non-fiction. She was shortlisted for the National Book Critics’ Circle Award. She was a fellow of the Guggenheim Foundation, Center for Ballet and the Arts at NYU, and the Cullman Center for Scholars and Writers.
Lori Levin
Lorraine Susan (Lori) Levin is an American computer scientist and computational linguist specializing in natural language processing, particularly involving syntax, morphosyntax, and languages with small corpora. She is a research professor in the Language Technologies Institute of the Carnegie Mellon University School of Computer Science, and one of the founders of the North American Computational Linguistics Open Competition.

Syntax
In linguistics, syntax (/ˈsɪntæks/ SIN-taks) is the study of how words and morphemes well-formed combine to form larger units such as phrases and sentences. Central concerns with syntax include word order, grammatical relations, hierarchical sentence structure (constituency), agreement, the nature of crosslinguistic variation, and the relationship between form and meaning (semantics). Diverse approaches, such as generative grammar and functional grammar, offer unique perspectives on syntax, reflecting its complexity and centrality to understanding human language.
Higinbotham Province
Higinbotham Province was an electorate of the Victorian Legislative Council. It existed as a two-member electorate from 1937 to 2006, with members serving alternating eight-year terms. It was considered a safe seat for the Liberal throughout its history, though it was won by Labor candidate Noel Pullen in Labor's landslide victory at the 2002 state election. It was abolished from the 2006 state election in the wake of the Bracks Labor government's reform of the Legislative Council.

It was located in the south-east of Melbourne. In 2002, when it was last contested, it covered an area of 108 km2 and included the suburbs of Bentleigh, Black Rock, Brighton, Cheltenham, Mentone, Moorabbin, Mordialloc and Sandringham.

Cheltenham, Victoria
Cheltenham is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 18 km south-east of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the Cities of Bayside and Kingston local government areas. Cheltenham recorded a population of 23,992 at the 2021 census.

The eastern side of the area's metropolitan railway line and Charman Road north is located within the City of Kingston, while the suburb's western region towards extensive golf links, parks and Port Phillip Bay falls within the City of Bayside.
A significant feature in Cheltenham is Westfield Southland, a major shopping centre which opened in 1968.

Cheltenham is currently undergoing significant gentrification and urban development.
Sun Xiang
Sun Xiang (Chinese: 孙祥; pinyin: Sūn Xiáng; Mandarin pronunciation: [swə́n ɕjǎŋ]; born 15 January 1982) is a Chinese former professional footballer who played as a left-back. He played for Shanghai Shenhua, Guangzhou Evergrande, Shanghai SIPG in his native country and spent time on loan at Dutch club PSV Eindhoven and Austrian club Austria Wien, he is the first Chinese player to play in the UEFA Champions League. At international level, he made 69 appearances for the China national team scoring 5 goals.

2013 AFC Champions League
The 2013 AFC Champions League was the 32nd edition of the top-level Asian club football tournament organized by the Asian Football Confederation (AFC), and the 11th under the current AFC Champions League title. The defending champions, Ulsan Hyundai, failed to qualify for the tournament.

In the final, Chinese team Guangzhou Evergrande defeated South Korean team FC Seoul on away goals to win their first title, becoming the first Chinese team to win the AFC Champions League (and the second Chinese team to be crowned Asian club champions after Liaoning FC and Third Final of a Chinese team after Dalian Shide lost to Pohang Steelers in the final of the 1997–98 Asian Club Championship), and qualified for the 2013 FIFA Club World Cup.
Czech Republic First!
Czech Republic First! (Czech: Česká republika na 1. místě!) was a mass public demonstration on 3 September 2022 in Wenceslas Square in Prague, expressing dissatisfaction with the government of Petr Fiala and the government's approach to the ongoing energy crisis, inflation, and the Russian invasion of Ukraine. According to police, about 70,000 people took part in the demonstration. A number of politicians and activists participated in the protest or expressed their support for the protesters.

Wenceslas Square
Wenceslas Square (Czech: Václavské náměstí, pronounced [ˈvaːtslafskɛː ˈnaːmɲɛstiː] ⓘ, colloquially Václavák, pronounced [ˈvaːtslavaːk]; German: Wenzelsplatz) is one of the main city squares and the centre of the business and cultural communities in the New Town of Prague, Czech Republic. Many historical events occurred there, and it is a traditional setting for demonstrations, celebrations, and other public gatherings. It is also the place with the busiest pedestrian traffic in the whole country. The square is named after Saint Wenceslas, the patron saint of Bohemia. It is part of the historic centre of Prague, a World Heritage Site.

Formerly known as Koňský trh or Rossmarkt (Horse Market), for its periodic accommodation of horse markets during the Middle Ages, it was renamed Svatováclavské náměstí (English: Saint Wenceslas square) in 1848 on the proposal of Karel Havlíček Borovský.
Khakassia Nature Reserve
Khakasski Nature Reserve (Russian: Хакасский заповедник) (also Khakassky) is a Russian 'zapovednik' (strict nature reserve) covering two large mountain areas (alpine and mountain-steppe), and a cluster of seven steppe sites located within the left bank of the Minusinsk depression.  The reserve is situated in the Tashtypsky District of Khakassia.  It was originally created to preserve steppe ecosystems, wetlands and waterfowl nesting sites, and a historical complex of monuments and cemeteries from the 4-11 centuries BC.  The reserve is particularly noted for its variety of large lakes on the Yenisei River migration route for birds.  The current configuration of protected sectors was established in 1999, and covers a total area of 2,675.58 km2 (1,033.05 sq mi).

Tashtypsky District
Tashtypsky District (Russian: Ташты́пский райо́н; Khakas: Тастып аймағы, Tastıp aymağı) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the eight in the Republic of Khakassia, Russia.  Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Tashtyp. Population:  16,582 (2010 census); 34,686 (2002 census); 36,240 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Tashtyp accounts for 38.7% of the district's total population.
History of Freiburg
The History of Freiburg im Breisgau can be traced back 900 years because of the lord William. Around 100 years after Freiburg was founded in 1120 by the Zähringer, until their family died out. The unloved Counts of Freiburg followed as the town lords, who then sold it onto the Habsburgers. At the start of the 19th century, the (catholic) Austrian ownership of the town ended, when Napoleon, after having invaded the town, decreed the town and Breisgau to be a part of the Grand Duchy of Baden in 1806. Until 1918, Freiburg belonged to the Grand Duchy, until 1933 to the Weimar Republic and Gau Baden in Nazi Germany. After the Second World War, the town was the state capital of (South) Baden from 1949 until 1952. Today, Freiburg is the fourth-largest city in Baden-Württemberg.

Breisach
Breisach am Rhein (German pronunciation: [ˈbʁaɪzax ʔam ˈʁaɪn], lit. 'Breisach on the Rhine'; formerly Alt-Breisach, lit. 'Old Breisach', in contrast to "New Breisach"; Low Alemannic: Alt-Brisach), commonly known as Breisach, is a town with approximately 16,500 inhabitants, situated along the Rhine in the Rhine Valley, in the district Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald, Baden-Württemberg, Germany, about halfway between Freiburg and Colmar — 20 kilometres away from each —  and about 60 kilometres north of Basel near the Kaiserstuhl. A bridge leads over the Rhine to Neuf-Brisach, Alsace.

Its name is Celtic and means breakwater. The root Breis can also be found in the French word briser meaning to break. The hill on which Breisach came into existence was — at least when there was a flood — in the middle of the Rhine, until the Rhine was straightened by the engineer Johann Gottfried Tulla in the 19th century, thus breaking its surge.
Nikolaus Grigorieff
Nikolaus Grigorieff is a structural biologist and biophysicist and professor at the University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, where he is a member of the RNA Therapeutics Institute. He is also an investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) and a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences. His research focuses on determining the three-dimensional structures of proteins and macromolecular assemblies using high-resolution cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM), as well as the development of computational methods for cryo-EM image processing.

Cryogenic electron microscopy
Cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is a transmission electron microscopy technique applied to samples cooled to cryogenic temperatures. Developed in the 1970s, advances in detector technology and software allow biomolecular structures to be imaged at near-atomic resolution. The approach has become a popular alternative to X-ray crystallography or NMR spectroscopy in structural biology.

When scanning biological specimens, sample structure is preserved by embedding in vitreous ice. An aqueous sample solution is applied to a grid-mesh and plunge-frozen in liquid ethane or a mixture of liquid ethane and propane.

The 2017 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank, and Richard Henderson "for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution." Nature Methods also named cryo-EM as the "Method of the Year" in 2015.