hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Development of the reproductive system
The development of the reproductive system is the part of embryonic growth that results in the sex organs and contributes to sexual differentiation. Due to its large overlap with development of the urinary system, the two systems are typically described together as the genitourinary system.

The reproductive organs develop from the intermediate mesoderm and are preceded by more primitive structures that are superseded before birth. These embryonic structures are the mesonephric ducts (also known as Wolffian ducts) and the paramesonephric ducts, (also known as Müllerian ducts). The mesonephric duct gives rise to the male seminal vesicles, epididymides and vasa deferentia. The paramesonephric duct gives rise to the female fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and upper part of the vagina.

Sexual differentiation
Sexual differentiation is the process of development of the sex differences between males and females from an undifferentiated zygote. Sex differentiation is usually distinct from sex determination; sex determination is the designation of the development stage towards either male or female, while sex differentiation is the pathway towards the development of the phenotype.

In many species, testicular or ovarian differentiation begins with the appearance of Sertoli cells in males and granulosa cells in females.

As embryos develop into mature adults, sex differences develop at many levels, including chromosomes, gonads, hormones, and anatomy. Beginning with determining sex by genetic and/or environmental factors, humans and other organisms proceed towards different differentiation pathways as they grow and develop.
Dean of Gloucester
The Dean of Gloucester is the head (primus inter pares: first among equals) and chair of the chapter of canons - the ruling body of Gloucester Cathedral - and senior priest of the Diocese of Gloucester. The dean and chapter are based at Gloucester Cathedral. The cathedral is the mother church of the Diocese of Gloucester and seat of the Bishop of Gloucester.

Bishop of Gloucester
The Bishop of Gloucester is the ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Gloucester in the Province of Canterbury.

The diocese covers the County of Gloucestershire and part of the County of Worcestershire. The  see's centre of governance is the City of Gloucester where the bishop's chair (cathedra) is located in the Cathedral Church of the Holy and Indivisible Trinity.

The bishop's residence is Bishopscourt, Gloucester; very near the Cathedral.

The office has been in existence since the foundation of the see in 1541 under King Henry VIII from part of the Diocese of Worcester.

On 5 August 2014, Martyn Snow, the suffragan Bishop of Tewkesbury, became acting bishop of Gloucester. On 15 June 2015 Rachel Treweek became the elected bishop of Gloucester, the first woman to serve as a diocesan bishop in the Church of England.
1958 Australian Grand Prix
The 1958 Australian Grand Prix was a motor race for Formula Libre racing cars, held at the Mount Panorama Circuit, near Bathurst in New South Wales, Australia on 6 October 1958.  The race had 26 starters. It was the first Australian Grand Prix to specifically exclude sports cars from the entry.

The race was the 23rd Australian Grand Prix and the seventh race of the 1958 Australian Drivers' Championship. To Date this was the last time the Australian Grand Prix was held on The Mountain.

The race was won by Lex Davison driving a Ferrari. It was his third Australian Grand Prix win, equalling the record held jointly by Bill Thompson and Doug Whiteford.

Bathurst, New South Wales
Bathurst (/ˈbæθɜːrst/ BATH-erst, locally /ˈbæθəst/ BATH-əst) is a city in the Central Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia. Bathurst is about 200 kilometres (120 mi) west-northwest of Sydney and is the seat of the Bathurst Regional Council. Founded in 1815, Bathurst is the oldest inland settlement in Australia and had a population of 44,621 in 2023.

Bathurst is often referred to as the Gold Country, as the area was the site of Australia's first discovery of payable gold in 1851, and where Australia's first gold rush occurred. Today education, tourism and manufacturing drive the economy. The internationally known racetrack Mount Panorama, also known as Wahluu, is a landmark of the city which brings in a lot of tourism, especially during the week of the Bathurst 1000. Bathurst has a historic city centre with many ornate buildings remaining from the New South Wales gold rush in the mid to late 19th century.
Hujiao bing
Hujiao bing or pepper bun (Chinese: 胡椒餅; pinyin: hújiāo bǐng; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hô͘-chio-piáⁿ; lit. 'black pepper cake or biscuit') is a type of baked bun that originated in city of Fuzhou, the capital of China's Fujian province. It is a street food that has become popular in Taiwan and can be found in night markets or mini food stalls throughout Taiwan. The common ingredients are flour, water, and a leavening agent for the outer dough shell, and a meat protein (usually pork or beef) marinated with sugar, soy sauce, white pepper or black pepper, and scallion for the inside filling.

Night markets in Taiwan
Night markets in Taiwan (Chinese: 夜市; pinyin: yèshì) operate in urban or suburban areas between sunset and sunrise. A few, such as Huaxi Street Tourist Night Market (or Snake Alley), use purpose-built marketplaces, but most occupy either sidewalks or even entire streets that carry vehicle and pedestrian traffic by day. Some night markets in smaller side streets and alleys feature retractable roofs. Most night markets operate daily and feature a mixture of individual stalls selling clothing, consumer goods, xiaochi (similar to snacks or fast food), and specialty drinks. The atmosphere is usually crowded and noisy with hawkers shouting and fast-paced music playing over loudspeakers. Taiwanese night markets have evolved over the years from small, local gatherings to noisy streets lined with vendors, who must adhere to regulations placed on their activities by the Taiwanese government.
Scattering length
The scattering length in quantum mechanics describes low-energy scattering. For potentials that decay faster than  as ,  it is defined as the following low-energy limit:

where  is the scattering length,  is the wave number, and  is the phase shift of the outgoing spherical wave. The elastic cross section, , at low energies is determined solely by the scattering length:

Limit (mathematics)
In mathematics, a limit is the value that a function (or sequence) approaches as the argument (or index) approaches some value. Limits of functions are essential to calculus and mathematical analysis, and are used to define continuity, derivatives, and integrals.
The concept of a limit of a sequence is further generalized to the concept of a limit of a topological net, and is closely related to limit and direct limit in category theory.
The limit inferior and limit superior provide generalizations of the concept of a limit which are particularly relevant when the limit at a point may not exist.
Fengdu County
Fengdu County (Chinese: 丰都县; pinyin: Fēngdū Xiàn; formerly Chinese: 酆都县; pinyin: Fēngdū Xiàn) is a county located in Chongqing Municipality, People's Republic of China. The county was established as Fengdu County (豐都縣) during the Sui dynasty. The name was changed to Fengdu County (酆都縣) during the Ming dynasty. In 1958, the name was changed back to Fengdu County (simplified Chinese: 丰都县; traditional Chinese: 豐都縣).

County (China)
Counties (县) are found in the third level of the administrative hierarchy in provinces and autonomous regions and the second level in municipalities and Hainan, a level that is known as "county level" and also contains autonomous counties, county-level cities, banners, autonomous banners and city districts. There are 1,355 counties in mainland China out of a total of 2,851 county-level divisions.

The term xian is sometimes translated as "district" or "prefecture" when put in the context of Chinese history.
Pookkottur
Pookkottoor is a village in Eranad taluk, and a suburb of Malappuram, Kerala, India. It is on National Highway 966, and there is a state road from the town to Manjeri.

It was the centre of the Malabar Rebellion of 1921 that shook the British administration in the erstwhile Malabar district of Madras Province.

The Malabar Karshikotsavam & Krishi Mela, held from 18 to 30 May 2013, was initiated by the Grama Panchayat president in collaboration with Kerala Agricultural University, Youth Clubs, and Pookkottur Grama Panchayat to transform Pookkottur into a model sustainable green village in Kerala.

Manjeri
Manjeri (IPA: [mɐɲd͡ʑeːɾi]) is a major town and municipality in Malappuram district, Kerala, India. It is the fourth-most populous municipality in the state. It is situated 23 kilometres (14 mi) southeast of Karipur International Airport and 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) northeast of Malappuram, the district headquarters, and forms a part of the Malappuram metropolitan area. It is one of the major commercial towns under the Malappuram urban agglomeration and serves as the headquarters of Eranad Taluk. Manjeri Municipality is a local self-government institution with a jurisdiction of three villages, namely Manjeri, Payyanad, and Narukara.
2004 Japan Football League
The 2004 Japan Football League (Japanese: 第6回日本フットボールリーグ, Hepburn: Dai Rokkai Nihon Futtobōru Rīgu) was the sixth season of the Japan Football League, the third tier of the Japanese football league system.

Tokushima Vortis
Tokushima Vortis (徳島ヴォルティス, Tokushima Vorutisu) is a Japanese professional football club located in Tokushima, capital of Tokushima Prefecture. The club currently playing in the J2 League, the Japanese second tier of professional football league.
John T. McNaughton Bridge
The John T. McNaughton Bridge, also known as the Pekin Bridge, is a steel girder bridge that carries Illinois Route 9 over the Illinois River from downtown Pekin to Peoria County in central Illinois. The John T. McNaughton Bridge was built in 1982 to replace a steel truss with a movable span. The bridge was constructed with a 75 foot clearance in order to allow river navigation, and it has a length of 2,634 feet.

The bridge is named for John T. McNaughton, who was United States Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs and Robert S. McNamara's closest adviser during the Vietnam War. McNaughton was also a Harvard Law School professor. He died in a plane crash at age 45, less than two weeks before he would have become Secretary of the Navy.

Peoria County, Illinois
Peoria County is located in the U.S. state of Illinois. The 2020 United States census listed its population at 181,830. Its county seat is Peoria. Peoria County is part of the Peoria metropolitan area.
Antsotso
Antsotso or Antsoso is a rural municipality in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Betafo, which is a part of Vakinankaratra Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 15,000 in 2001 commune census.

Only primary schooling is available. The majority 92% of the population of the commune are farmers, while an additional 8% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crop is rice, while other important products are maize, potatoes and soya.

Vakinankaratra
Vakinankaratra is a region in central Madagascar. The capital of the region is Antsirabe. It's one of the four regions of the Antananarivo Province. Vakinankaratra covers an area of 16,599 kilometres (10,314 miles), and had a population of 2,074,358 in 2018.
HMS North Star
Three ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS North Star, named after the pole star:

HMS North Star (1810) was a 20-gun sixth rate launched in 1810. She was sold in 1817 and became the mercantile Columbo.

HMS North Star (1824) was a 28-gun sixth rate launched in 1824. She was broken up in 1860.

HMS North Star II, built in 1893 as the steam yacht Venetia, used as an armed yacht 1915–19.

HMS North Star (1916) was an Admiralty M-class destroyer launched in 1916. She was sunk in 1918 by coastal artillery near Zeebrugge.

HMS North Star (1824)
HMS North Star was a 28-gun Atholl-class sixth-rate post ship built to an 1817 design by the Surveyors of the Navy. She was launched in 1824. North Star Bay, a bay in Greenland, was named in honour of this ship.
Robbah District
Robbah is a district in El Oued Province, Algeria. As of the 2008 census, it has a population of 40,719.

Robbah District is situated 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) south of the capital of the wilaya, El Oued. Robbah is a major town in the district. It is surrounded by some small villages such as El Khobna, Nakhla, El Aquila and El Ogla. These villages are widely known for agriculture and animal breeding. Most people in this district are Arabs, coming from the Arab peninsula.

Wilayah
A wilayah (Arabic: وَلاية, romanized: walāya or wilāya, plural wilāyat, wilayat; Urdu, Pashto and Persian: ولایت, romanized: velâyat, welāyat; Turkish: vilayet) is an administrative division, usually translated as "state", "province" or occasionally as "governorate". The word comes from the Arabic root "w-l-y", "to govern": a wāli—"governor"—governs a wālāya (or wilāya), "that which is governed". Under the Caliphate, the term referred to any constituent near-sovereign state.
Pristocera
Pristocera is an Old World genus of chrysidoid wasps in the family Bethylidae. In the subfamily Pristocerinae, they are somewhat distinctive, as they can be recognized by males having a hypopygium split into two separate plates or the petiolar flaps in females.

Old World
The "Old World" (Latin: Mundus vetus) is a term for Afro-Eurasia coined by Europeans after 1493, when they became aware of the existence of the Americas. It is used to contrast the continents of Africa, Europe, and Asia in the Eastern Hemisphere, previously thought of by the Europeans as the entire world, with the "New World", a term for the newly encountered lands of the Western Hemisphere, particularly the Americas.
Baruch Czatzkes
Baruch Czatzkes of Lusk (Hebrew: בָּרוּךְ טשאַצקיס מלויצקאַ) was a 19th-century Volhynian Hebrew poet and translator.

Franz Delitzsch mentions him as one of the Germanizing Hebrew poets of the Bikkure ha-'Ittim school. His poem "Ha-Bitaḥon" in that periodical is translated from the Russian of Mikhail Kheraskov, likely the first instance of a German Slavic Jew translating Slavonic poetry into Hebrew.  Czatzkes also contributed sixteen proverbs to Bikkure ha'Ittim, and was the author of the poem "Kol anot tefilah", which appeared in the first edition of Isaac Baer Levinsohn's Te'udah be-Yisrael.

Isaac Baer Levinsohn
Isaac Baer Levinsohn (Yiddish: יצחק בער לעווינזאהן; October 13, 1788 – February 13, 1860), also known as the Ribal (ריב״ל), was a Jewish scholar of Hebrew, a satirist, a writer and Haskalah leader. He has been called "the  Mendelssohn of Russia." In his Bet Yehudah (1837), he formulated a philosophy and described Jewish contributions to civilization in an effort to improve Jewish-Christian relations.
Allotinus subviolaceus
Allotinus subviolaceus, the blue darkie, is a small butterfly found in South East Asia that belongs to the lycaenids or blues family. The species was first described by Cajetan Felder and Rudolf Felder in 1865.

Rudolf Felder
Rudolf Felder (2 May 1842 in Vienna – 29 March 1871 in Vienna) was an Austrian jurist and entomologist. He was mainly interested in Lepidoptera, amassing, with his father, Cajetan Felder, a huge collection.
Krang (Marvel Comics)
Krang is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Jack Kirby, the character first appeared in Fantastic Four Annual #1 (1963). An Atlantean military leader, Krang has alternated between being an ally and an adversary of Namor. Over the years, he has repeatedly attempted to usurp Namor's throne during the latter's absences, only to be later reinstated in his service. His characterization has gradually evolved, with later appearances presenting him in a more ambiguous, antiheroic light. In some storylines, he has even allied with Namor and joined the superhero team, the Defenders.

First appearance
In comic books and other stories with a long history, first appearance refers to the first issue to feature a fictional character. These issues are often highly valued by collectors due to their rarity and iconic status.
Hassan Khan Mohammad
Hassan Khan Mohammad (born 6 September 2000) is a Hong Kong cricketer. In November 2019, he was named in Hong Kong's squad for the 2019 ACC Emerging Teams Asia Cup in Bangladesh. He made his List A debut for Hong Kong, against India, in the Emerging Teams Cup on 18 November 2019. Later the same month, he was named in Hong Kong's squad for the Cricket World Cup Challenge League B tournament in Oman.

He was a member of Hong Kong's Twenty20 International (T20I) squad for the 2020 Interport T20I Series against Malaysia. He made his T20I debut against Malaysia, on 24 February 2020. He had also previously played for the Hong Kong Under-19 National cricket-team at the 2018 ACC Under-19 Asia Cup and the Asian Cricket Council's Eastern Region tournament in July 2019.

Hong Kong national under-19 cricket team
The Hong Kong national under-19 cricket team represents the Special Administrative Region of China in international under-19 cricket. It has qualified for the Under-19 Cricket World Cup on one occasion, in 2010.
Thermogenics
Thermogenic means tending to produce heat, and the term is commonly applied to drugs which increase heat through metabolic stimulation, or to microorganisms which create heat within organic waste. Approximately all enzymatic reaction in the human body is thermogenic, which gives rise to the basal metabolic rate.

In bodybuilding, athletes wishing to reduce body fat percentage use thermogenics in order to attempt to increase their basal metabolic rate, thereby increasing overall energy expenditure. Caffeine and ephedrine are commonly used for this purpose in the ECA stack. 2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP) is a very strong thermogenic drug used for fat loss which produces a dose-dependent increase in body temperature, to the point where it can induce death by hyperthermia. It works as a mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation uncoupler, disrupting the mitochondrial electron transport chain. This stops the mitochondria from producing adenosine triphosphate, causing energy to be released as heat.

ECA stack
The ECA stack is a drug combination used in weight loss and as a stimulant. ECA is an initialism for ephedrine, caffeine, and aspirin, with variants of it including the EC stack, which removes the aspirin for those who can not tolerate it. Dietary supplements based on or including elements of ECA were popular through the 1990s and early 2000s, but the marketing of ephedra- or ephedrine-containing stimulant combinations for weight loss and bodybuilding is now restricted or illegal in the United States and the Netherlands due to reports of heart attack, stroke, and death associated with these supplements.
Susan Sumner
Susan Casey Sumner (born 1958) is a former American politician who served as a member of the Washington State Senate from 1992 to 1993.  She represented Washington's 28th legislative district as a Republican.  She was appointed on February 12, 1992, to serve the unexpired term of Stanley C. Johnson, serving until the seat was taken over by Shirley Winsley, who won  election to the seat that November.

Washington's 28th legislative district
Washington's 28th legislative district is one of forty-nine districts in Washington state for representation in the state legislature. It is in Pierce County, and contains a bit of Tacoma, and the cities of Fircrest, University Place, Lakewood, Steilacoom, and DuPont. It also contains Ketron Island, Anderson Island, and McNeil Island.

The district's legislators are state senator T'wina Nobles and state representatives Mari Leavitt (position 1) and Dan Bronoske (position 2), all Democrats.
Stevens Lakes (Idaho)
The Stevens Lakes are a chain of small alpine lakes in Custer County, Idaho, United States, located in the Sawtooth Mountains in the Sawtooth National Recreation Area.  There are no trails leading to the lakes.

The Stevens Lakes are in the Fishhook Creek drainage and the Sawtooth Wilderness. A wilderness permit can be obtained at a registration box at trailheads or wilderness boundaries.

Custer County, Idaho
Custer County is a rural mountain county in the center of the U.S. state of Idaho. As of the 2020 census, the population was 4,275, making it the fifth-least populous county in Idaho. The county seat is Challis. Established in 1881, the county was named for the General Custer Mine, where gold was discovered five years earlier. Custer County relies on ranching, mining, and tourism as its main resources.
Diving at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's synchronized 10 metre platform
The men's synchronized 10 metre platform was one of eight diving events included in the Diving at the 2004 Summer Olympics programme.

The competition was held as an outright final:

Final

14 August — Each pair of divers performed five dives freely chosen from the five diving groups, with two dives limited to a 2.0 degree of difficulty and the others without limitation. Divers could perform different dives during the same dive if both presented the same difficulty degree. The final ranking was determined by the score attained by the pair after all five dives had been performed.

Degree of difficulty
Degree of difficulty (DD, sometimes called tariff or grade) is a rating used in several sports and other competitions to indicate the technical difficulty of a skill, performance, or course, often as a factor in scoring. Sports which incorporate a degree of difficulty in scoring include bouldering, cross-country skiing, diving, equestrianism, figure skating, freestyle skiing, gymnastics, rhythmic gymnastics, surfing, synchronized swimming and trampoline. Degree of difficulty is typically intended to be an objective measure, in sports whose scoring may also rely on subjective judgments of performance.
Associated petroleum gas
Associated petroleum gas (APG), or associated gas, is a form of natural gas which is found with deposits of petroleum, either dissolved in the oil or as a free "gas cap" above the oil in the reservoir.  The gas can be utilized in a number of ways after processing: sold and included in the natural-gas distribution networks, used for on-site electricity generation with engines or turbines, reinjected for secondary recovery and used in enhanced oil recovery, converted from gas to liquids producing synthetic fuels, or used as feedstock for the petrochemical industry, but much of it worldwide is flared.

Petrochemical industry
The petrochemical industry is concerned with the production and trade of petrochemicals. A major part is constituted by the plastics (polymer) industry. It directly interfaces with the petroleum industry, especially the downstream sector.
Basil Thompson (boxer)
Basil Clement Thompson (23 November 1934 – 13 March 2011) was an Anglo-Burmese boxer. He competed in the men's flyweight event at the 1952 Summer Olympics. He lost to Al Asuncion of the Philippines in his first match.

Boxing at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Flyweight
The men's flyweight event was part of the boxing programme at the 1952 Summer Olympics.  The weight class was the lightest contested, and allowed boxers of up to 51 kilograms. The competition was held from 28 July to 2 August 1952. 27 boxers from 27 nations competed.