hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Barbara A. Jones
Barbara A. Jones (May 28, 1960 – September 24, 2024) was an American physicist who worked for IBM Research in San Jose, California, in the Quantum Applications group of IBM Quantum. Her research involved the quantum dynamics of magnetic systems.

IBM Research
IBM Research is the research and development division for IBM, an American multinational information technology company. IBM Research is headquartered at the Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, New York, near IBM headquarters in Armonk, New York. It is the largest industrial research organization in the world with operations in over 170 countries and twelve laboratories on six continents.

IBM employees have garnered six Nobel Prizes, six Turing Awards, 20 inductees into the U.S. National Inventors Hall of Fame, 19 National Medals of Technology, five National Medals of Science and three Kavli Prizes. As of 2018, the company had generated more patents than any other business in each of 25 consecutive years.
Parkdale Mall
Parkdale Mall is a regional shopping mall located in Beaumont, Texas, serving the Golden Triangle area. The mall is managed by CBL & Associates Properties, Inc. and is anchored by Dillard's, JCPenney, XXI Forever, Five Below, HomeGoods, and Dick's Sporting Goods.  There are three empty anchors that once housed Macy's, Stage, and Sears.

Foley's
Foley's was a regional chain of department stores owned by Federated Department Stores (1947–1988, 2005–2006), later owned by May Department Stores (1988–2005) and headquartered in Downtown Houston, Texas. On August 30, 2005, the division was dissolved and operation of the stores was assumed by Federated's Macy's West and Macy's South divisions.  Foley's operated stores in Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Oklahoma, Texas and Louisiana.  On September 9, 2006 Foley's and all the regional May Co. stores names were phased out and rebranded as Macy's.
Elyès Jouini
Elyès Jouini (born in Tunis on January 5, 1965) is a French Tunisian economist and Distinguished Professor of Economics at the University of Paris Dauphine. His research is mainly in the area of financial economics, in particular transaction costs, heterogeneous beliefs, aggregation, long-term risk and the maturity structure of interest rates. After early research on general equilibrium theory, he got interested in modeling financial markets by including both economic and financial dimensions as well as dimensions pertaining to psychology or sociology. His research has been acknowledged by the Best Young French Economist Award in 2005 (together with Esther Duflo, 2008's Best Paper Award in Finance by Europlace Institute of Finance, and the 2009 Finance and Sustainability European Research Award, and was named Chevalier de la Legion d'honneur in 2010.

Prix du meilleur jeune économiste de France
The prix du meilleur jeune économiste de France (lit. Best Young French Economist Award) is an annual award given since 2000 by daily newspaper Le Monde and the Cercle des économistes to French economists under the age of 40.
San Jose, Northern Samar
San Jose, officially the Municipality of San Jose (Waray: Bungto han San Jose; Tagalog: Bayan ng San Jose), is a municipality in the province of Northern Samar, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 18,301 people.

It is located at the north central part of the province, about 19 kilometres (12 mi) west of Catarman, the provincial capital, and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) east of Allen, where the ferry terminal is which connects the islands of Luzon, Samar, Leyte, and Mindanao via the Pan-Philippine Highway (formerly the Maharlika Highway). It is approximately 150 kilometres (93 mi) north-north-east of Tacloban City, the Regional Center of the Eastern Visayas.

Politically, the municipality is bounded on the north by the Philippine Sea, on the east by the Municipality of Bobon, on the south by the Municipality of Victoria and on the west by the Municipality of Rosario.

Poblacion
Poblacion (from Spanish población, meaning "population"), sometimes abbreviated as Pob., is a term used in the Philippines to refer to the administrative center, downtown, old town, or commercial area of a city or municipality. It may consist of a single barangay or multiple barangays. Colloquially, the poblacion area is also referred to as the bayan (see also other definitions of bayan), plaza, or centro.
Ait Saghrouchen
Ait Saghrouchen (Berber: Ayt Seɣruccen) is a commune in the Taza Province of the Taza-Al Hoceima-Taounate administrative region of Morocco.

At the time of the 2004 census, the commune had a total population of 16362 people living in 2888 households.

Taza-Al Hoceima-Taounate
Taza-Al Hoceima-Taounate (Arabic: تازة الحسيمة تاونات) was formerly one of the sixteen regions of Morocco from 1997 to 2015. It was situated in northern Morocco. It covered an area of 24,155 km² and had a population of 1,807,036 (2014 census). The capital was Al Hoceima.

In the 2014 national census, it was the only region in the country whose population was less than in the 2004 census, with 77 fewer residents. In 2015, the region was incorporated with the neighbouring Tangier-Tetouan region to form the  Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima region.
GetDataBack
GetDataBack is a data recovery software developed by Runtime Software. It can be used to recover data from external and internal hard disks, flash cards, USB drives, etc. with the FAT, ExFAT, NTFS, Ext, HFS+ and APFS file systems, although different variants of the program are needed for each file system. Registration of the software is required in order to recover data with the software.

Extended file system
The extended file system, or ext, was implemented in April 1992 as the first file system created specifically for the Linux kernel. Although ext is not a specific file system name, it has been succeeded by ext2, ext3, and ext4. It has metadata structure inspired by traditional Unix File System principles, and was designed by Rémy Card to overcome certain limitations of the MINIX file system. It was the first implementation that used the virtual file system (VFS), for which support was added in the Linux kernel in version 0.96c, and it could handle file systems up to 2 gigabytes (GB) in size.

ext was the first in the series of extended file systems. In 1993, it was superseded by both ext2 and Xiafs, which competed for a time, but ext2 won because of its long-term viability: ext2 remedied issues with ext, such as the immutability of inodes and fragmentation.
Serua (Fijian Communal Constituency, Fiji)
Serua Fijian Provincial Communal is a former electoral division of Fiji, one of 23 communal constituencies reserved for indigenous Fijians. Established by the 1997 Constitution, it came into being in 1999 and was used for the parliamentary elections of 1999, 2001, and 2006. (Of the remaining 48 seats, 23 were reserved for other ethnic communities and 25, called Open Constituencies, were elected by universal suffrage). The electorate was coextensive with Serua Province.

The 2013 Constitution promulgated by the Military-backed interim government abolished all constituencies and established a form of proportional representation, with the entire country voting as a single electorate.

Serua Province
Serua is one of Fiji's fourteen provinces. Its 830 square kilometers occupy the southernmost areas of Viti Levu, being one of 8 provinces based on Fiji's largest island.

According to a report by David Wilkinson an interpreter and advisor to Sir Arthur Hamilton-Gordon, 1st Baron Stanmore, 1st, Governor of Fiji, the region was one of the least stable regions of Fiji before cession in 1874. It led to the secession of the western part of the province into the neighbouring province of Nadroga-Navosa in 1916.

Serua is part of the Burebasaga confederacy. The traditional head of the province is titled the Vunivalu of Korolevu and is based on the tiny island of Serua (to which the province is named after) just off the coast of the province.

The province is governed by a Provincial Council, chaired by Taito Nakalevu based in the nearest township of Navua.

Places of interest in the province include the Pacific Novitiate at Lomeri Pacific Harbour and Deuba beach.
Punishment of Offences Act 1837
The Punishment of Offences Act 1837 (7 Will. 4 & 1 Vict. c. 91) was an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that abolished the death penalty for a number of statutory offences and replaced it with transportation for life.

The act was one of the Acts for the Mitigation of the Criminal Law (7 Will. 4 & 1 Vict. cc. 84–91), which reduced the severity of punishments in the criminal justice system and abolished the death penalty for several offences.

Committee of the Whole House (United Kingdom)
In the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the Committee of the whole House is a committee of the whole of one of the two Houses.

In the House of Commons, the Committee of the whole House is used instead of a public bill committee for the committee stage (clause-by-clause debate) of constitutional or ethical importance, or for contentious bills. The Finance Bill is always sent to a Committee of the whole House in the Commons. The sitting is presided over by the Chairman of Ways and Means, rather than the Speaker of the House, sitting in the clerk's chair (at the Table of the House) rather than the Speaker's chair normally occupied by the presiding officer, and is addressed as "Chair" instead of "Deputy speaker".

In the House of Lords, the Committee of the whole House examines the majority of bills.
Catholic Office for Emergency Relief and Refugees
Catholic Office for Emergency Relief and Refugees (COERR) is a private non-profit organization, established by the Catholic Bishops Conference of Thailand (CBCT) in 1978.

The Office's declared mission is to provide relief to people affected by natural disaster, give assistance to the refugees and displaced persons, as well as to the poor and the needy Thai individuals, including the local population affected by the influx of refugees into Thailand. COERR takes part in the operations of Committee for Coordination of Services to Displaced Persons in Thailand (CCSDPT).

In 1986 the organization was awarded Pope John XXIII International Peace Prize by Pope John Paul II.

The President of the Catholic Office for Emergency Relief and Refugees is Michael Cardinal Michai Kitbunchu.

Michael Michai Kitbunchu
Michael Michai Kitbunchu (Thai: ไมเกิ้ล มีชัย กิจบุญชู, pronounced [māj.kɤ̂l mīː.t͡ɕʰāj kìt.būn.t͡ɕʰūː, māj.kɤ̂ɫ-, māj.kɤ̂n-]; born 25 January 1929) is a Thai prelate of the Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Bangkok from 1973 to 2009 and was made a cardinal in 1983. He has been the Protopriest of the College of Cardinals since 14 December 2016. He is the first cardinal from Thailand. He was president of the Thai Episcopal Conference from 1979 to 1982 and from 2000 to 2006. As of 2025, Kitbunchu is the longest serving cardinal.
Jens-Uwe Zöphel
Jens-Uwe Zöphel (born 23 June 1969) is a German former footballer who played as a midfielder. Zöphel joined the youth academy of football club BFC Dynamo in 1983. He made his first appearance with the first team of BFC Dynamo in the 12th matchday of the 1988-89 DDR-Oberliga against FC Carl Zeiss Jena on 19 November 1988. He would then make recurring appearances with the first team during the second half of the season. Zöphel won the FDGB-Pokal with BFC Dynamo in 1989. He then made one appearance for BFC Dynamo in the 1989-90 European Cup Winners' Cup. Zöphel was part of the starting line-up in the return leg of the second round against AS Monaco at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 1 November 1989.

FDGB-Pokal
The FDGB-Pokal (Freier Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund Pokal or Free German Trade Union Federation Cup) was an elimination football tournament held annually in East Germany. It was the second most important national title in East German football after the DDR-Oberliga championship. The founder of the competition was East Germany's major trade union.
HH 212
HH 212 is a Herbig–Haro object (HH) located roughly 1,400 light years from Earth in the constellation of Orion, not far from the Horsehead nebula. The protostar, which is embedded deep into the center of HH 212 is very young, only being a few thousand years old (probably around ~7000 years old). It is emitting prominent jets which show remarkable symmetry. The high speeds of these jets also create bowshocks.

Horsehead Nebula
The Horsehead Nebula (also known as Barnard 33 or B33) is a small dark nebula located about 1,375 light-years (422 pc) from Earth in the constellation of Orion. The nebula is located just to the south of Alnitak, the easternmost star of Orion's Belt, and is part of the much larger Orion molecular cloud complex. It appears within the southern region of the dense dust cloud known as Lynds 1630, along the edge of the much larger, active star-forming H II region called IC 434. It is one of the most identifiable nebulae because of its resemblance to a horse's head.
Behavioral assumption
In behavioral economics, the behavioral assumption is that, under their resource constraints, humans are rational actors – they will attempt to maximize their utilities, thereby generating the greatest profit and outcomes.

The two most important characteristics of the human under the behavioral assumption are rationality and self-interest.

Rational agent
A rational agent or rational being is a person or entity that always aims to perform optimal actions based on given premises and information. A rational agent can be anything that makes decisions, typically a person, firm, machine, or software.

The concept of rational agents can be found in various disciplines such as artificial intelligence, cognitive science, decision theory, economics, ethics, game theory, and the study of practical reason.
Prehistory of China
The earliest human occupation of what is now China dates to the Lower Paleolithic c. 1.7 million years ago—attested by archaeological finds such as the Yuanmou Man. The Erlitou (c. 1900 – c. 1500 BCE) and Erligang cultures (c. 1600 – c. 1400 BCE) inhabiting the Yellow River valley were Bronze Age civilizations predating the historical record—which first emerges c. 1250 BCE at Yinxu, during the Late Shang.

Erlitou culture
34°41′35″N 112°41′20″E﻿ / ﻿34.693°N 112.689°E﻿ / 34.693; 112.689

The Erlitou culture (Chinese: 二里頭; pinyin: Èrlǐtóu) was an early Bronze Age society and archaeological culture. It existed in the Yellow River valley from approximately 1900 to 1500 BC. A 2007 study using radiocarbon dating proposed a narrower date range of 1750–1530 BC. The culture is named after Erlitou, an archaeological site in Yanshi, Henan. It was widely spread throughout Henan and Shanxi and later appeared in Shaanxi and Hubei. Most archaeologists consider Erlitou the first state-level society in China. Chinese archaeologists generally identify the Erlitou culture as the site of the Xia dynasty, but there is no firm evidence, such as surviving written records, to substantiate such a linkage, as the earliest evidence of Chinese writing dates to the Late Shang period.
Arne Solli
Arne Solli (6 April 1938 – 20 September 2017) was a Norwegian Army general who served as Chief of Defence of Norway (Forsvarssjef) from 31 October 1994 until 30 April 1999.

In 1995 he was awarded the title of Commander of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav.

Order of St. Olav
The Royal Norwegian Order of Saint Olav (Norwegian: Den Kongelige Norske Sankt Olavs Orden; or Sanct Olafs Orden, the old Norwegian name) is a Norwegian order of chivalry instituted by King Oscar I on 21 August 1847. It is named after King Olav II, known to posterity as St. Olav.

Just before the union with Sweden was dissolved in 1905, the Order of the Norwegian Lion was instituted in 1904 by King Oscar II, but no appointments were awarded by his successor, King Haakon VII. The Order of St. Olav thus became the kingdom's only order of chivalry for the next 80 years. The Grand Master of the order is the reigning monarch of Norway. It is used to reward individuals for remarkable accomplishments on behalf of the country and humanity. Since 1985, appointments to the order have only been conferred upon Norwegian citizens, though foreign heads of state and royalty may be appointed as a matter of courtesy.
Time in Liberia
Time in Liberia is given by a single time zone, denoted as Greenwich Mean Time (GMT; UTC+00:00). Liberia shares this time zone with several other countries, including fourteen in western Africa where it was formerly known as Western Sahara Standard Time (WSST). Liberia has never observed daylight saving time (DST).

Daylight saving time
Daylight saving time (DST), also referred to as daylight savings time, daylight time (United States and Canada), or summer time (United Kingdom, European Union, and others), is the practice of advancing clocks to make better use of the longer daylight available during summer so that darkness falls at a later clock time. The typical implementation of DST is to adjust clocks ahead of standard time by one hour in spring or late winter, and to set clocks back by one hour in the autumn (or fall in North American English, hence the mnemonic: "spring forward and fall back").

In many countries, the part of the year when DST is observed is much longer than the part aligned to standard time. The practice of DST was first tested in the early 20th century. Many countries, such as Russia and Mexico, have abandoned DST entirely.
Pugio
The pugio (Latin: [ˈpuːɡioː]; plural: pugiones) was a dagger used by Roman soldiers as a sidearm. It seems likely that the pugio was intended as an auxiliary weapon, but its exact purpose for the soldier remains unknown though it seems it could have been used for close quarters fighting. Officials of the empire took to wearing ornate daggers in the performance of their offices, and some would wear concealed daggers for defense in contingencies. The dagger was a common weapon of assassination and suicide; for example, the conspirators who stabbed Julius Caesar used pugiones. The pugio developed from the daggers used by the Cantabrians of the Iberian peninsula.

Sidearm (weapon)
A sidearm is an individual-served weapon that is kept at one's side and can be rapidly accessed if needed. A sidearm may be carried alone or as an ancillary weapon to a more frequently-used primary weapon. The term historically referred to swords, daggers, and similar small weapons kept at one's side in a sheath, and in modern combat dominated by guns, sidearms are often defined as handguns that are similarly kept in a holster.

A sidearm is typically required equipment for military officers and may be carried by law enforcement personnel. Usually, uniformed personnel of these services wear their weapons openly, while plainclothes personnel have their sidearms concealed under their clothes.
Ira B. Lamster
Ira B. Lamster is an American board certified periodontist. He is a professor of health and policy management at Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health.  Formerly, he was the dean and professor of dentistry at the Columbia University College of Dental Medicine until stepping down the end of the 2012 school year.Lamster also received a number of donations from Jeffrey Epstein in 2017.

Board certification
Board certification is the process by which a physician, veterinarian, or other professional demonstrates a mastery of advanced knowledge and skills through written, oral, practical, or simulator-based testing.
Jesse James at Bay
Jesse James at Bay is a 1941 American Western film directed by Joseph Kane and starring Roy Rogers, George "Gabby" Hayes and Sally Payne.  Roy Rogers plays dual roles in this film. It was produced and distributed by Republic Pictures.

Joseph Kane
Jasper Joseph Inman Kane (March 19, 1894, San Diego – August 25, 1975, Santa Monica, California) was an American film director, film producer, film editor and screenwriter. He is best known for his extensive directorship and focus on Western films.
John Proctor House (Peabody, Massachusetts)
The John Proctor House is a historic First Period house in Peabody, Massachusetts, United States. According to local tradition, this wood-frame house was occupied by John Proctor, who was convicted and hanged for witchcraft during the Salem witch trials of 1692.  However, dendrochronology has determined the house was built c. 1727 by Proctor's son Thorndike, who purchased the property from Charles Downing around that time. The house remained in the Proctor family into the mid-19th century.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990. It is not open to the public.

First Period architecture
First Period is an American architectural style that flourished between 1626 and 1725, used primarily by British colonists during the Colonial era, particularly in Massachusetts and Virginia. Essex County, Massachusetts, has the highest number of preserved First Period buildings.
Mary A. and Caleb D. Scott House
The Mary A. and Caleb D. Scott House is a historic building located in Des Moines, Iowa, United States. This 2½-story dwelling features a hipped roof with gablets, various gables, reeded panels along cornice and base, and a shed-roofed porch with brackets, turned columns, and an open grill. The property on which it stands is one of ten plats that were owned by Drake University. The house's significance is attributed to the effect of the University's innovative financing techniques upon the settlement of the area around the campus. Charles H. Atkins and R.T.C. Lord owned the property between 1887 and 1888. Mary A. Scott bought the property in 1888 and the house was built the following year. She lived here in 1889 with Caleb D. Scott, a streetcar conductor, and James L. Scott, who was retired. The Scotts lived here until 1899. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.

Drake University
Drake University is a private university in Des Moines, Iowa, United States. It offers over 140 undergraduate and graduate programs, including professional programs in business, education, law, and pharmacy. Drake University Law School was founded in 1865, which makes it one of the 25 oldest law schools in the United States.
Adebayo Akinde
Most Rev. (Prof) Adebayo Akinde listenⓘis an academic and bishop in Nigeria.

He was born in Kaduna on 25 August 1946. He was educated at Obafemi Awolowo University; University College, London; and the University of Sussex. He was on the staff of Obafemi Awolowo University from 1973 to 2002, specializing in electronic engineering and computing. Akinde was ordained deacon in 1979 and priest in 1981. In 1992, he became a Canon and the following year an Archdeacon. He was Provost of the Cathedral of St. Peter, Abeokuta from  2000 until 2006. He was Bishop of Lagos Mainland and Archbishop of Lagos, retiring in 2016.

He became Archbishop of Lagos Province on 19 January 2013.

He was elected pioneer Bishop of Lagos Mainland during the Episcopal Synod on 28 June 2006, at All Saints Church, Wuse, Abuja.

Kaduna
Kaduna Listenⓘ is the capital city of Kaduna State, and the former political capital of Northern Nigeria. It is located in north-western Nigeria, on the Kaduna River. It is a trade center and a major transportation hub as the gateway to northern states of Nigeria, with its rail and important road network.

The population of Kaduna was put at 760,084 as of the 2006 Nigerian census. Rapid urbanization since 2005 has created an increasingly large population, and as of 2024, the city has an estimated population of 1.2 million people.