hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
University of North Dakota Historic District
The University of North Dakota Historic District is a 127-acre (51 ha) area in Grand Forks, North Dakota that was listed as a historic district in the National Register of Historic Places  on January 13, 2010.

The district is located on the University of North Dakota campus and neighboring streets. It includes 56 contributing properties. The area also includes 17 non-contributing buildings and three non-contributing structures.

While it is considered to retain a cohesive design, the district demonstrates changes in education from the 1880s, when the campus was first built, through the years after World War II. The district has dates of significance in 1883, 1922, and 1949. Some work within the area was designed by architect Joseph Bell DeRemer.  The district includes Late 19th and 20th Century Revivals architecture.

Campus
A campus traditionally refers to the land and buildings of a college or university. This will often include libraries, lecture halls, student centers and, for residential universities, residence halls and dining halls.

By extension, a corporate campus is a collection of buildings and grounds that belong to a company, particularly in the technology sector. Examples include Bell Labs, the Googleplex and Apple Park.
57th United States Colored Infantry Regiment
The 57th United States Colored Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The regiment was composed of African American enlisted men commanded by white officers and was authorized by the Bureau of Colored Troops which was created by the United States War Department on May 22, 1863.

Bureau of Colored Troops
The Bureau of Colored Troops was created by the United States War Department on May 22, 1863, under General Order No. 143, during the Civil War, to handle "all matters relating to the organization of colored troops." Major Charles Warren Foster was chief of the Bureau, which reported to Adjutant General Lorenzo Thomas. The designation United States Colored Troops replaced the varied state titles that had been given to the African-American soldiers.
The Romanovs: An Imperial Family
The Romanovs: An Imperial Family (Russian: Романовы. Венценосная семья, Romanovy: Ventsenosnaya semya) is a 2000 Russian historical drama film about the last days of Tsar Nicholas II and his family. The Russian title implies both the Imperial Crown of Russia and the crown of thorns associated with martyrs. The film premiered at the 22nd annual Moscow Film Festival. The film was selected as the Russian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 76th Academy Awards, but it didn't make the final shortlist.

Ipatiev House
Ipatiev House (Russian: Дóм Ипáтьева) was a merchant's house in Yekaterinburg (then Sverdlovsk from 1924 to 1991) where the abdicated Nicholas II (1868–1918, reigned 1894–1917), all his immediate family, and other house members were executed in July 1918 following the October Revolution.

By chance, from 1908 the house's name was identical with that of the Ipatiev Monastery in Kostroma, where the Romanov dynasty had come to the throne. In 1977, on the 60th anniversary of the Russian Revolution, the Ipatiev house was demolished by order of the Politburo to the local Soviet government, almost 59 years after the Romanov family murder and 14 years before the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
Leather punch
A leather punch is a hole punch specifically for making holes in leather. The working tip of the punch is a hollow steel cylinder with a sharp circular knife-like edge. The leather piece is placed on a hard surface, which may be a part of the tool set, and the punch is forced through it, cutting out a small circular piece which is discarded. The punch may be a simple metal tool struck with a hammer; or several such punches may be mounted on a rotary turret on a pliers-like tool with an anvil, with the desired size selected by rotating the turret. Hole diameters typically range from about 1mm to 6mm. They are typically used for making holes for buckles, eyelets, and rivets in shoes, belts, bridles, etc.

Rivet
A rivet is a permanent mechanical fastener. Before being installed, a rivet consists of a smooth cylindrical shaft with a head on one end. The end opposite the head is called the tail. On installation, the deformed end is called the shop head or buck-tail.

Because there is effectively a head on each end of an installed rivet, it can support tension loads.  However, it is much more capable of supporting shear loads (loads perpendicular to the axis of the shaft).

Fastenings used in traditional wooden boat building, such as copper nails and clinch bolts, work on the same principle as the rivet but were in use long before the term rivet was introduced and, where they are remembered, are usually classified among nails and bolts respectively.
Henry E. Hardtner
Henry Ernest Hardtner (September 10, 1870 – August 7, 1935) was a Louisiana businessman and conservationist regarded as "the father of forestry in the South." He founded and named the town of Urania in La Salle Parish and served single terms as a Democrat in both houses of the Louisiana State Legislature. In 1900 he was the Republican candidate for Louisiana's 5th congressional district, losing to future U.S. Senator Joseph E. Ransdell of Lake Providence in East Carroll Parish.

Lake Providence, Louisiana
Lake Providence is a town in, and the parish seat of, East Carroll Parish in northeastern Louisiana. As of the 2020 census, Lake Providence had a population of 3,587. The town's poverty rate is approximately 55 percent; the average median household income is $16,500, and the average age is 31.

The town shares its name with the oxbow lake of the Mississippi River, also called Lake Providence. This area was historically developed as cotton plantations before and after the Civil War, and remains largely rural. The Union Army developed a supply depot near the lake during the Civil War, and its camp was crowded with refugee slaves seeking their freedom. The town grew larger at this site.
Desloge family
The Desloge family, (/dəˈloʊʒ/)  centered mostly in Missouri and especially at St. Louis, rose to wealth through international commerce, sugar refining, oil drilling, fur trading, mineral mining, saw milling, manufacturing, railroads, real estate, and riverboats. The family has funded hospitals and donated large tracts of land for public parks and conservation.

Fur trade
The fur trade is a worldwide industry dealing in the acquisition and sale of animal fur. Since the establishment of a world fur market in the early modern period, furs of boreal, polar and cold temperate mammalian animals have been the most valued. Historically the trade stimulated the exploration and colonization of Siberia, northern North America, and the South Shetland and South Sandwich Islands.

Today the importance of the fur trade has diminished; it is based on pelts produced at fur farms and regulated fur-bearer trapping, but has become controversial. Animal rights organizations oppose the fur trade, citing that animals are brutally killed and sometimes skinned alive. Fur has been replaced in some clothing by synthetic imitations, for example, as in ruffs on hoods of parkas.
Vedat Erincin
Vedat Erincin (born 1957, Istanbul) is a German actor of Turkish origin. The co-founder of the Wuppertal-based Wupper-Theater and former head of the Arkadaş Theater, he is dedicated to intercultural theatrical work. His former wife is fellow actress Lilay Huser.

Alarm for Cobra 11 – The Highway Police
Alarm für Cobra 11 – Die Autobahnpolizei (German pronunciation: [aˈlaʁm fyːɐ̯ ˌkoːbʁaː ˈʔɛlf diː ˈʔaʊtobaːnpoliˌtsaɪ]; Alarm for Cobra 11 – The Highway Police) is a long-running, popular German television series about a two-man team of highway police (Autobahnpolizei), originally set in Berlin and since 1999 in the area of Cologne. The series is internationally distributed by Fremantle and has been broadcast in 120 countries worldwide.

The last regular episode "Das Team" aired on 12 August 2021. In an interview, main star Erdoğan Atalay blamed the stoppage on the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2022, the series returned in the form of 90-minute TV movies.
Peter Nahlin
Jan Erik Peter Nahlin (born 1 May 1968 in Eskilstuna) is a Swedish former Motorcycle speedway rider who became the 1988 World Under-21 Champion. He earned 32 caps for the Sweden national speedway team.

Team Speedway Polish Championship
The Team Speedway Polish Championship (Polish: Drużynowe Mistrzostwa Polski, DMP) is an annual speedway event held each year in different Polish clubs organized by the Polish Motor Union (PZM) since 1948. In 2000, the First Division was renamed Ekstraliga, and the number of teams was reduced.

The team winning the league is awarded a gold medal and declared Polish Team Champions. Teams finishing second and third are awarded silver and bronze medals respectively.
Hailu Shawul
Hailu Shawul (also spelled Shawel or Shawil; Ge'ez: ሃይሉ ሻዉል; 1936 – 6 October 2016) was an Ethiopian politician and civil engineer who was the leader of the Coalition for Unity and Democracy (CUD) during the 2005 Ethiopian general election. He was also the leader of All Ethiopian Unity Party from 1996 to 2013. He died on 6 October 2016, while receiving treatment at a hospital in Bangkok, Thailand.

Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front
The Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF; Amharic: የኢትዮጵያ ሕዝቦች አብዮታዊ ዲሞክራሲያዊ ግንባር, romanized: Ye’Ītiyop’iya Ḥizibochi Ābiyotawī Dīmokirasīyawī Ginibari) was an ethnic federalist political coalition in Ethiopia that existed from 1988 to 2019. It consisted of four political parties: Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF), Amhara Democratic Party (ADP), Oromo Democratic Party (ODP) and Southern Ethiopian People's Democratic Movement (SEPDM). After leading the overthrow of the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, it dominated Ethiopian politics from 1991 to 2019. In November 2019, the EPRDF was dissolved, and Prime Minister and EPDRF chairman Abiy Ahmed merged three of the constituent parties (not including the TPLF) into his new Prosperity Party, which was officially founded on 1 December 2019.
Triste Verano
"Triste Verano" (transl. "Sad Summer") is a song by American rapper Eladio Carrión and Puerto Rican rapper Anuel AA, which was released on April 14, 2023 through Rimas Entertainment. A 15-second snippet of the song was accidentally leaked prior to its release by the former when he shared it on Instagram as a story.

Rimas Entertainment
Rimas Entertainment, commonly known as Rimas, is a Puerto Rican independent record label based in San Juan, Puerto Rico, with offices in Miami, Florida, Caracas, Venezuela and Medellín, Colombia. It mainly focuses on reggaeton and Latin trap. It represents artists such as Bad Bunny, Karol G (through Habibi Management), RaiNao, Mora, Arcángel, Tempo, Eladio Carrión, Pailita, Cris MJ, Amenazzy, Corina Smith, Neutro Shorty, Gigolo & La Exce, Jowell & Randy, Big Soto, Vico C (through Nain Music), Nino Neil, Quevedo and Sech among several others. Music is distributed through The Orchard.
Szkucin
Szkucin [ˈʂkut͡ɕin] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ruda Maleniecka, within Końskie County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 7 km (4 mi) south-west of Ruda Maleniecka, 22 km (14 mi) south-west of Końskie, and 42 km (26 mi) north-west of the regional capital Kielce.

Końskie
Końskie [ˈkɔɲskʲɛ] ⓘ (Yiddish: Kinsk, קינצק / קינסק) is a town in south-central Poland, with 20,328 inhabitants (2008), situated in the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship. Historically, Końskie belongs to the province of Lesser Poland, and since its foundation, until 1795 (see Partitions of Poland), it was part of Lesser Poland's Sandomierz Voivodeship.
William Sellers (colonial officer)
William Sellers was a British colonial health official who introduced experimental instructional methods and propaganda to Nigerian cinema. Sellers was the first director of the Colonial Film Unit, a unit initially developed to explain World War II to the African audience and build war support in the colonies but later became a medium for backing colonial development and the British way of life. Sellers' films had its share of critics, his filming technique was simple repetitive shots and plots with strict literal interpretations that a few other colonial era filmmakers like Julian Huxley felt was boring to the audience.

A lot of recent scholarship about Sellers' works has been focused on his regressive assumptions about the cognitive abilities of uneducated African moviegoers.

Colonial Film Unit
The Colonial Film Unit (C.F.U) was a propaganda and educational film production organization of the British government. It produced films for various British colonies including British Guiana and Nigeria. The Jamaica Film Unit was a division for films produced in Jamaica. The Colonial Film Unit was established in 1939 and produced 200 films before being shut down in 1955. It was part of Britain's Ministry of Information. It produced a magazine titled Colonial Cinema. Training filmmakers was also an important part of the unit's activities.

Originally established to produce British war propaganda, the C.F.U. transitioned to making instructional films after World War II.

Tom Rice is a British film historian and educator who has focused his work on studying the Colonial Film Unit, and the American Ku Klux Klan films; as well as the depiction of the far-right in media.
Louis Lambert (politician)
Louis Lambert (December 14, 1940 – September 27, 2025) was an American politician, lawyer and teacher from Prairieville, Louisiana. He is best known for his campaign for the 1979 Louisiana gubernatorial election, which he lost to David Treen in one of the closest elections in recent memory. By losing this election, Lambert became the first Democrat to lose a general election campaign for governor in Louisiana since Reconstruction.

Prairieville, Louisiana
Prairieville is a census-designated place in Ascension Parish, Louisiana, United States. It is south of Baton Rouge and north of Gonzales.

Prairieville is an expanding bedroom suburb of Baton Rouge. Its name is derived from the once plentiful pastures and prairies that were visible from Highway 73 (Jefferson Hwy.) and Airline Highway, which is now covered with development. Prairieville started off as a quiet community with few people.

In recent decades, Prairieville has experienced growth from migration out of Baton Rouge, with new residents particularly drawn to the area by its high-performing public schools and low crime rate. Prairieville had a 2020 census population of 33,197 inhabitants. If it were incorporated, it would be the largest city in Ascension Parish. Prairieville is in one of the fastest-growing areas in Louisiana. Prairieville's population is bigger than the parish's two largest incorporated cities, Donaldsonville (6,695) and Gonzales (12,231) combined.
Svínfellingar
The Svínfellings (or Svínfellingar) were a family clan in the medieval Icelandic Commonwealth.  They ruled the Eastern Region of Iceland.  Their forefather was Flosi, one of the Burners of Njal.  Their name is derived from the clan's Svínafell homestead in Öræfi.

Öræfasveit
Öræfi [ˈœːrˌaiːvɪ] (previously called Litlahérað [ˈlɪhtlaˌçɛːraθ], "little district") is a western region in Austur-Skaftafellssýsla, Iceland. It lies between Breiðamerkursandur and the river Skeiðará, east of the village of Kirkjubæjarklaustur and South, West and East of the Öræfajökull volcano. It has been a part of the municipality of Hornafjörður since 1998. In the Middle Ages, this region was called Hérað or Litlahérað, but was deserted in the wake of the 1362 eruption of Öræfajökull and the subsequent flooding of the region. After these events, the region was simply called Öræfi ("wilderness/desolation").

Historically, the region was very isolated since two large rivers hindered access from both the east and west. This isolation continued until the Jökulsá á Breiðamerkursandi river was traversed by the Route 1 Ring Road and the Skeiðará bridge in 1974.

Skaftafell National Park was established in Öræfi in 1967. It merged into the much larger Vatnajökull National Park in 2008.
BRS/Search
BRS/Search is a full-text database and information retrieval system. BRS/Search uses a fully inverted indexing system to store, locate, and retrieve unstructured data. It was the search engine that in 1977 powered Bibliographic Retrieval Services (BRS) commercial operations with 20 databases (including the first national commercial availability of MEDLINE); it has changed ownership several times during its development and is currently sold as Livelink ECM Discovery Server by Open Text Corporation.

Information retrieval
Information retrieval (IR) in computing and information science is the task of identifying and retrieving information system resources that are relevant to an information need. The information need can be specified in the form of a search query. In the case of document retrieval, queries can be based on full-text or other content-based indexing. Information retrieval is the science of searching for information in a document, searching for documents themselves, and also searching for the metadata that describes data, and for databases of texts, images, or sounds. Cross-modal retrieval implies retrieval across modalities.

Automated information retrieval systems are used to reduce what has been called information overload. An IR system is a software system that provides access to books, journals, and other documents, as well as storing and managing those documents. Web search engines are the most visible IR applications.
Fiorenzo
Fiorenzo is a masculine Italian given name. The feminine derivative is Fiorenza.

Notable people with the name include:

Fiorenzo (African saint), 5th-century North African bishop and saint

Fiorenzo Aliverti (born 1957), Italian cyclist

Fiorenzo Angelini (1916–2014), Italian cardinal

Fiorenzo Bava Beccaris (1831–1924), Italian general

Fiorenzo Carpi (1918–1997), Italian composer and pianist

Fiorenzo Chatrer (born 1987), Dutch footballer

Fiorenzo Di Giovanni (born 1967), French rower

Fiorenzo di Lorenzo (c. 1440 – 1522), Italian painter

Fiorenzo Fiorentini (1920–2003), Italian actor, writer, composer, screenwriter and radio personality

Fiorenzo Magni (1920–2012), Italian cyclist

Fiorenzo Marini (1914–1991), Italian fencer

Fiorenzo Maschera (1540–1584), Italian composer

Fiorenzo Serra (1921–2005), Italian film director

Fiorenzo Stolfi (born 1956), Sammarinese politician

Fiorenzo Tomea (1910–1960), Italian painter

Fiorenzo Serra
Fiorenzo Serra (3 May 1921 in Porto Torres – 28 September 2005 in Sassari) was an Italian film director and documentarist.

He produced 66 movies and documentaries, mainly based on Sardinia's ethnographic, social and cultural themes.

He  won the Agis Prize for the documentary L'Ultimo Pugno di Terra in 1966, realised together the novelist Giuseppe Dessì and the future Italian minister Giuseppe Pisanu, with the supervision of the screenwriter Cesare Zavattini.
Alexandre Cyr
Alexandre Cyr (12 November 1922 – 17 August 2006) was a Liberal party member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was born in Chandler, Quebec and his career included several positions including businessman, executive, accountant, public servant, secretary and secretary-treasurer.

Cyr was first elected at the Gaspé electoral district in the 1963 federal election. He was defeated there in the 1965 election, but regained the seat in the following election in 1968. He was re-elected for successive terms in 1972, 1974, 1979 and 1980.

In the 1984 federal election, Cyr was defeated by Charles-Eugène Marin of the Progressive Conservative party.

1974 Canadian federal election
The 1974 Canadian federal election was held on July 8, 1974, to elect members  of the House of Commons of Canada of the 30th Parliament of Canada.  The governing Liberal Party was reelected, going from a minority to a majority government, and gave Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau his third term. The Progressive Conservatives, led by Robert Stanfield, did well in the Atlantic provinces, and in the West, but Liberal support in Ontario and Quebec ensured a majority Liberal government.
Stade Banfora
Stade Banfora is a multi-use stadium in Banfora, Burkina Faso.  It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Union Sportive de la Comoé.  The stadium holds 6,000 people.

10°39′7″N 4°44′45″W﻿ / ﻿10.65194°N 4.74583°W﻿ / 10.65194; -4.74583

Banfora
Banfora is a city in southwestern Burkina Faso, with a population of 117,452 (2019 census) making it the sixth most populous city in Burkina Faso. It is the capital of the Comoe province. The city lies 85 kilometres (53 mi) south-west of Bobo-Dioulasso, on the Abidjan – Ouagadougou Railway. The Cascades de Karfiguéla are a series of waterfalls close to Banfora.
Fetal rights
Fetal rights or foetal rights (alternatively prenatal rights) are the moral rights or legal rights of the human embryo or fetus under natural and civil law. The term fetal rights came into wide usage after Roe v. Wade, the 1973 landmark case that legalized abortion in the United States and was essentially overturned in 2022. The concept of fetal rights has evolved to include the issues of maternal substance use disorders, including alcohol use disorder and opioid use disorder. Most international human rights charters "clearly reject claims that human rights should attach from conception or any time before birth." While most international human rights instruments lack a universal inclusion of the fetus as a person for the purposes of human rights, the fetus is granted various rights in the constitutions and civil codes of some countries.

Fetus
A fetus or foetus (/ˈfiːtəs/; pl.: fetuses, foetuses, rarely feti or foeti) is the unborn offspring of a viviparous animal that develops from an embryo. Following the embryonic stage, the fetal stage of development takes place. Prenatal development is a continuum, with no clear defining feature distinguishing an embryo from a fetus. However, in general a fetus is characterized by the presence of all the major body organs, though they will not yet be fully developed and functional, and some may not yet be situated in their final anatomical location.

In human prenatal development, fetal development begins from the ninth week after fertilization (which is the eleventh week of gestational age) and continues until the birth of a newborn.
Mount Le Conte (California)
Mount Le Conte (or LeConte) is a mountain located in the Sierra Nevada of California. The boundary between Inyo and Tulare counties runs along the crest of the Sierra, across Mount Le Conte. The mountain was named in 1895 for Joseph Le Conte (1823–1901), the first professor of geology and natural history at the University of California.

Inyo County, California
Inyo County (/ˈɪnjoʊ/ ⓘ) is a county in the eastern central part of the U.S. state of California, located between the Sierra Nevada and the state of Nevada. In the 2020 census, the population was 19,016. The county seat is Independence. Inyo County is on the east side of the Sierra Nevada and southeast of Yosemite National Park in Central California. It contains the Owens River Valley; it is flanked to the west by the Sierra Nevada and to the east by the White Mountains and the Inyo Mountains. Mono County is to the north. With an area of 10,192 square miles (26,400 km2), Inyo is the second-largest county by area in California, after San Bernardino County which is directly south of Inyo County. Almost half of Inyo County's area is within Death Valley National Park. However, with a population density of 1.8 people per square mile, it also has the second-lowest population density in California, after Alpine County.