hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Apache Scouts
The Apache Scouts were part of the United States Army Indian Scouts. Most of their service was during the Apache Wars, between 1849 and 1886, though the last scout retired in 1947. The Apache scouts were the eyes and ears of the United States military and sometimes the cultural translators for the various Apache bands and the Americans. Apache scouts also served in the Navajo War, the Yavapai War, the Mexican Border War and they saw stateside duty during World War II. There has been a great deal written about Apache scouts, both as part of United States Army reports from the field and more colorful accounts written after the events by non-Apaches in newspapers and books. Men such as Al Sieber and Tom Horn were sometimes the commanding officers of small groups of Apache Scouts. As was the custom in the United States military, scouts were generally enlisted with Anglo nicknames or single names. Many Apache Scouts received citations for bravery.

Navajo
The Navajo are an Indigenous People of the Southwestern United States. Their language is Navajo (Navajo: Diné bizaad), a Southern Athabascan language.

The states with the largest Diné populations are Arizona (140,263) and New Mexico (108,305). More than three-quarters of the Diné population resides in these two states.

The overwhelming majority of Diné are enrolled in the Navajo Nation. Some Diné are enrolled in the Colorado River Indian Tribes, another federally recognized tribe.

With more than 399,494 enrolled tribal citizens as of 2021, the Navajo Nation is the second largest federally recognized tribe in the United States. The Navajo Nation has the largest reservation in the country. The reservation straddles the Four Corners region and covers more than 27,325 square miles (70,770 square kilometers) of land in Arizona, Utah, and New Mexico. The Navajo Reservation is slightly larger than the state of West Virginia.
Margaret Bakkes
Margaret Bakkes (14 December 1931 – 29 June 2016) was a South African writer.

She was married to historian Cas Bakkes, and was the mother of four children: C. Johan Bakkes, Marius, Matilde, and Christiaan Bakkes, two of whom—Johannes and Christiaan—also became writers.

Bakkes wrote more than thirty books and short stories in Afrikaans

Bakkes died on 29 June 2016 at the age of 84.

Demographics of South Africa
According to the 2022 census, the population of South Africa is about 62 million people of diverse origins, cultures, languages, and religions, with a majority being Black Africans. The South African National Census of 2022 was the most recent census held; the next will be in 2032.

In 2011, Statistics South Africa counted 2.1 million foreigners in total. Reports suggest that is an underestimation. The real figure may be as high as five million, including some three million Zimbabweans.
Andrew Hudson (cricketer)
Andrew Charles Hudson (born 17 March 1965) is a former South African Test and ODI cricketer. The right-handed batsman played 35 Tests and 89 One Day Internationals for South Africa in the 1990s.

His career spanned 16 consecutive seasons, playing for both his country and his province KwaZulu-Natal / Dolphins.

Andrew Hudson finished his career with 2,007 Test runs and 2,559 ODI runs.

KwaZulu-Natal cricket team
KwaZulu-Natal (formerly Natal) is the first-class cricket team that represents the province of KwaZulu-Natal (formerly Natal) in South Africa in the CSA 4-Day Domestic Series (previously the Currie Cup). KwaZulu-Natal is the only team that did not merge with another during the 2004 restructuring, but were rebranded as the Dolphins. However, the KwaZulu-Natal Inland cricket team was granted first-class status in 2006, and began competing in the CSA Provincial Competitions in 2006-2007, and were also represented by the Dolphins franchise. The team was originally called Natal and began playing in December 1889 at the start of first-class cricket in South Africa. The team joined the Currie Cup in 1893–94. The name changed in April 1998.
Abdul Rasyid Kacong
Abdul Rasyid Kacong (born 28 October 1965) is a rear admiral in the Indonesian Navy who served as a senior officer (Indonesian: Perwira Tinggi) to the Asrena Kasal. The last position of this three-star general was commander of the Fleet Command I.

Indonesian Navy
The Indonesian Navy (Indonesian: Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Laut, lit. 'Indonesian National Military-Sea Force', TNI-AL) is the naval branch of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. It was founded on 10 September 1945 and has a role to patrol Indonesia's lengthy coastline, to enforce and patrol the territorial waters and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of Indonesia, to protect Indonesia's maritime strategic interests, to protect the islands surrounding Indonesia, and to defend against seaborne threats.

The Navy is headed by the Chief of Staff of the Navy (Kepala Staf Angkatan Laut – KSAL or KASAL). The Indonesian Navy consists of three major fleets known as "Armada", which are Komando Armada I (1st Fleet Command) located in Tanjung Uban, Komando Armada II (2nd Fleet Command) located in Surabaya, Komando Armada III (3rd Fleet Command) located in Sorong, and one Komando Lintas Laut Militer (Military Sealift Command). The Navy also heads the Marine Corps.
Nanobagrus immaculatus
Nanobagrus immaculatus is a species of bagrid catfish endemic to Indonesia where it is found in the Kahayan River drainage of southern Borneo.  It grows to a length of 2.9 cm and has a uniformly dark body with no markings.

Kahayan River
The Kahayan River, or Great Dayak River, is the second largest river after the Barito River in Central Kalimantan, a province of Indonesia in Kalimantan – the Indonesian part of the island of Borneo. With a total length of 658 km (409 mi) and with a drainage basin of 15,500 km2 (6,000 sq mi) in South Kalimantan, Indonesia.  Mean annual discharge 1,178 m3/s (41,600 cu ft/s). The provincial capital Palangkaraya lies on the river. The main inhabitants are Dayaks, who practice slash-and-burn rice cultivation and pan for gold on the upper reaches. The lower Kayahan flows through a rich and unusual environment of peat swamp forests, which has been severely degraded by an unsuccessful program to convert a large part of the area into rice paddies, compounded by legal and illegal forestry.
Seelawathie Gopallawa
Seelawathie Rambukwella Gopallawa (died October 4, 1977) was a Sri Lankan public figure, First Lady of Sri Lanka from 1972 to 1977, and wife of then-President William Gopallawa when she died. Gopallawa served as the country's inaugural first lady following her husband's assumption of the presidency in 1972.

Matale
Matale (Sinhala: මාතලේ, IPA: [maːt̪əleː], Tamil: மாத்தளை, romanized: Māttaḷai, IPA: [maːt̪ɐɭɛi̯]) is a major city in Central Province, Sri Lanka. It is the administrative capital and largest urbanised city of Matale District. Matale is also the second largest urbanised and populated city in Central Province. It is located at the heart of the Central Highlands of the island and lies in a broad, green fertile valley at an elevation of 364 m (1,194 ft) above sea level. Surrounding the city are the Knuckles Mountain Range, the foothills were called Wiltshire by the British. They have also called this place as Matelle.
Gleaning (birds)
Gleaning is a feeding strategy by birds and bats in which they catch invertebrate prey, mainly arthropods, by plucking them from foliage or the ground, from crevices such as rock faces and under the eaves of houses, or even, as in the case of ticks and lice, from living animals. This behavior is contrasted with hawking insects from the air or chasing after moving insects such as ants. Gleaning, in birds, does not refer to foraging for seeds or fruit.

Gleaning is a common feeding strategy for some groups of birds, including nuthatches, tits (including chickadees), wrens, woodcreepers, treecreepers, Old World flycatchers, Tyrant flycatchers, babblers, Old World warblers, New World warblers, vireos and some hummingbirds and cuckoos. Many birds make use of multiple feeding strategies, depending on the availability of different sources of food and opportunities of the moment.

Old World warbler
The Old World warblers are a large group of birds formerly grouped together in the bird family Sylviidae. They are not closely related to the New World warblers. The family held over 400 species in over 70 genera, and were the source of much taxonomic confusion. Two families were split out initially, the cisticolas into Cisticolidae and the kinglets into Regulidae. In the past 20–30 years they have been the subject of much research and many species are now placed into other families, including the Acrocephalidae, Cettiidae, Phylloscopidae, and Megaluridae. In addition some species have been moved into existing families or have not yet had their placement fully resolved. Only a small number of warblers, in just two genera, are now retained in the family Sylviidae.
Vasudev Devnani
Vasudev Devnani is an Indian politician from Rajasthan serving as the 18th speaker of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly since December 2024. He is also an MLA from Ajmer North. He is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party. Vasudev Devnani is the first Sindhi to become speaker in Rajasthan assembly.

Rajasthan Legislative Assembly
The Rajasthan Legislative Assembly (ISO: Rājāsthān Vidhān Sabhā), is the unicameral legislature of the state of Rajasthan. It is a vital part of the state government, responsible for making and implementing laws.

The assembly meets at Vidhan Bhavan situated in Jaipur, the capital of Rajasthan.
Symmoriiformes
Symmoriiformes is an extinct order of cartilaginous fish. Originally named Symmoriida by Zangerl (1981), the name has since been corrected to Symmoriiformes to avoid confusion with a family. The symmoriiform fossils record begins during the late Devonian, and most had become extinct by the start of the Permian, with the genus Dwykaselachus from the Artinskian-Kungurian of South Africa being the latest known uncontroversial occurrence. Teeth described from the Valanginian of France and Austria indicate that members of the family Falcatidae might have survived until the Early Cretaceous; however, it has since been proposed that these teeth more likely belonged to neoselachian sharks.

Artinskian
In the geologic timescale, the Artinskian is an age or stage of the Permian. It is a subdivision of the Cisuralian Epoch or Series. The Artinskian likely lasted between 290.1 and 283.3 million years ago (Ma) according to the most recent revision of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) in 2024. It was preceded by the Sakmarian and followed by the Kungurian.
I-mutation
I-mutation (also known as umlaut, front mutation, i-umlaut, i/j-mutation or i/j-umlaut) is a type of sound change in which a back vowel is fronted or a front vowel is raised if the following syllable contains /i/, /iː/ or /j/ (a voiced palatal approximant, sometimes called yod, the sound of English ⟨y⟩ in yes). It is a category of regressive metaphony, or vowel harmony.

The term is usually used by scholars of the Germanic languages: it is particularly important in the history of the Germanic languages because inflectional suffixes with an /i/ or /j/ led to many vowel alternations that are still important in the morphology of the languages.

Front vowel
Front vowels are a class of vowel sounds used in spoken languages that are produced when the tongue is positioned toward the front of the mouth. Front vowels appear in most of the world's languages, with [i] and [e] being present in 92% and 61% of languages according to PHOIBLE.

Front vowels can be rounded, but are typically unrounded, meaning that the lips are relaxed while speakers are producing them. This is because languages want to maximize the degree of contrast between vowels. Rounding has the effect of bringing a vowel further back in the mouth, so across the world's languages, it's more common for front vowels to be unrounded than rounded, and for back vowels to be rounded rather than unrounded. This is reflected in the position of rounded front vowels on the IPA vowel chart. They are written to the right of the unrounded front vowels to note that they are typically centralized.
Wolverine
The wolverine (/ˈwʊlvəriːn/ WUUL-və-reen, US also /ˌwʊlvəˈriːn/ WUUL-və-REEN; Gulo gulo), also called the carcajou or quickhatch (from East Cree, kwiihkwahaacheew), is the largest land-dwelling member of the family Mustelidae. It is a muscular carnivore and a solitary animal. The wolverine has a reputation for ferocity and strength out of proportion to its size, with the documented ability to kill prey many times larger than itself.

The wolverine is found primarily in remote reaches of the northern boreal forests and subarctic and alpine tundra of the Northern Hemisphere, with the greatest numbers in Northern Canada, the U.S. state of Alaska, the mainland Nordic countries of Europe, and throughout western Russia and Siberia. Its population has steadily declined since the 19th century owing to trapping, range reduction and habitat fragmentation. The wolverine has become essentially absent from the southern end of its range in both Europe and North America.

Subarctic
The subarctic zone is a region in the Northern Hemisphere immediately south of the true Arctic, north of hemiboreal regions and covering much of Alaska, Canada, Iceland, the north of Fennoscandia, Northwestern Russia, Siberia, and the Cairngorms. Generally, subarctic regions fall between 50°N and 70°N latitude, depending on local climates. Precipitation is usually low, and vegetation is characteristic of the taiga.

Daylight at these latitudes is quite extreme between summer and winter due to its high latitude. Near the summer solstice for instance, subarctic regions can experience an all-night period of either civil, nautical, or astronomical twilight (or in the northern reaches full daylight), since the sun never dips more than 18 degrees below the horizon. Noctilucent clouds are best observed within this range of latitude.
2016 European Pairs Speedway Championship
The 2016 European Pairs Speedway Championship was the 13th edition of the European Pairs Speedway Championship. The final was held at the Riga Speedway Stadium in Riga, Latvia on 13 August.

The title was won by Italy for the first time.

Riga Speedway Stadium
The Riga Speedway Stadium or the Biķernieki Speedway Stadium is a multi-use stadium in the eastern part of Riga, Latvia.  The stadium is the venue for the World Championship round known as the Speedway Grand Prix of Latvia and the Team Speedway Under-21 World Championship.

The speedway track which is adjacent to the Biķernieki Complex Sports Base was first constructed in 1976 and held several editions of the Soviet Union Speedway Championship before falling into disrepair. However, in 2014 the track was renovated and has even hosted a drift race car meeting that normally tales place on the larger adjacent circuit.

In 2023, the venue hosted both the Speedway Grand Prix of Latvia and the 2023 Speedway of Nations 2. It has since continued to host the world championship round in 2024 and 2025.
Diocese of Ambatondrazaka
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Ambatondrazaka (Latin: Ambatondrazakaën(sis)) is a diocese located in the city of Ambatondrazaka, Madagascar, in the ecclesiastical province of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Toamasina (in Toamasina, Madagascar).

Toamasina
Toamasina (Malagasy pronunciation: [toˈmasinə̥]), meaning "like salt" or "salty", unofficially and in French Tamatave or in the past as Port aux prunes, is the capital of the Atsinanana region on the east coast of Madagascar on the Indian Ocean. The city is the chief seaport of the country, situated 215 km (134 mi) northeast of its capital and largest city Antananarivo. In 2018 Toamasina had a population of 325,857.
Daryl C. McNeill
Daryl C. "Brick" McNeill Sr. (c. 1960 – October 19, 2013) was an American football player and coach. He served as the head football coach at Johnson C. Smith University from 1995 to 1998 and again from 2005 to 2009. He also served as the head football coach at Savannah State University from 1997 to 1998 and Clark Atlanta University from 2010 to 2012

Johnson C. Smith University
Johnson C. Smith University (JCSU) is a private historically black university in Charlotte, North Carolina, United States. It is affiliated with the Presbyterian Church (USA) and accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS).
The Mechanics' Institute Review
The Mechanics' Institute Review (also known by the abbreviation MIR) is an annual literary anthology published by Birkbeck, University of London, as part of its MA Creative Writing course. The MIR Project Director is Julia Bell.

Jean McNeil
Jean McNeil, born 1968, is a Canadian fiction and travel author. She is a Reader in Creative Writing and co-convenor of the MA in Creative Writing (Prose Fiction) at the University of East Anglia.

She grew up on Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia. She presently lives in London, England.
The Secret Life of Nora
The Secret Life of Nora is a Malaysian musical produced by Enfiniti (M) Sdn Bhd, with Tiara Jacquelina as Executive Producer, story by Raymond Miranda, directed by Steven Dexter and choreographed by Pat Ibrahim. The show is an adaptation of the 1965 Shaw Brothers film Nora Zain - Agen Wanita 001.

Aznil Nawawi
Aznil bin Nawawi (born 6 November 1962), better known as Aznil Nawawi (sometimes he credited as Aznil Haji Nawawi, Aznil or Pak Nil), is a Malaysian TV host, singer and actor.

He won the Best Talk Show Award at the Asian Television Awards 2005 in Singapore. In 2011, he marked 30 years of being involved in the local entertainment scene such as Akademi Fantasia.
Truce of Ratisbon
The Truce of Ratisbon, or Truce of Regensburg, concluded the War of the Reunions, fought by France against Spain and the Holy Roman Empire. The Truce was signed on 15 August 1684 at the Dominican convent in Ratisbon (now in Bavaria) between Louis XIV, the Holy Roman Emperor, Leopold I, and the Spanish King, Charles II. The Spanish crown was involved because of its sovereignty over the Spanish Netherlands, once part of the Holy Roman Empire. The final agreements allowed Louis to retain Strasbourg, Luxembourg, and most other Reunion gains, but he had to hand back Courtrai and Dixmude. Luxembourg, Courtrai, and Dixmude were in the Spanish Netherlands, whereas Strasbourg had been a free imperial city. The truce was supposed to last twenty years, but Louis terminated it after four years by declaring war on the Dutch Republic on 16 November and by invading Philippsburg on 27 September 1688, thereby starting the Nine Years' War.

Free imperial city
In the Holy Roman Empire, the collective term free and imperial cities (German: Freie und Reichsstädte), briefly worded free imperial city (Freie Reichsstadt, Latin: urbs imperialis libera), was used from the 15th century to denote a self-ruling city that had a certain amount of autonomy and was represented in the Imperial Diet.

An imperial city held the status of imperial immediacy, and was subordinate only to the Holy Roman Emperor, as opposed to a territorial city or town (Landstadt), which was subordinate to a territorial prince – be it an ecclesiastical lord (prince-bishop, prince-abbot), or a secular prince (duke (Herzog), margrave, count (Graf), etc.).
Inter IKEA Foundation
Inter IKEA Foundation is a foundation registered in Liechtenstein as a Unternehmensstiftung (German: [ʊntɐˈneːmənsˌʃtɪftʊŋ], literally in English: "enterprise foundation"). Its office is located in Vaduz, Liechtenstein. It owns Inter IKEA Holding B.V., registered in the Netherlands, which through its subsidiary Inter IKEA Systems controls the intellectual property of the IKEA brand. Through its subsidiaries, the foundation collects franchise fees of 3% on sales of all IKEA products and also conducts investment activities. In 2011, it was reported that the foundation controlled assets valued at US$15 billion.

Private foundation
A private foundation is a tax-exempt organization that does not rely on broad public support and generally claims to serve humanitarian purposes.

Unlike a charitable foundation, a private foundation does not generally solicit funds from the public or have the legal requirements and reporting responsibilities of a registered non-profit or charitable foundation. Not all foundations engage in philanthropy; some private foundations are used for estate planning purposes.
Ouangolodougou, Ivory Coast
Ouangolodougou (also known as Wangolodougou) is a town in the far north of Ivory Coast, adjacent to the border with Burkina Faso. It is a sub-prefecture of and the seat of Ouangolodougou Department in Tchologo Region, Savanes District. Ouangolodougou is also a commune. In 2021, the population of the sub-prefecture of Ouangolodougou was 82,801.

Ouangolodougou is situated in the sub-Saharan Sahel savanna biogeography region, which is characterised by grasslands with trees.

The town was founded by Sekou Watara in the early 18th century as part of the first wave of expansion of the Kong Empire. The Dioula inhabitants are descended from Watara's men.

The Mosque of Kaouara, a small adobe mosque in the town, possibly dating from the 17th to 19th centuries, was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2021 along with other mosques in the region for its outstanding representation of Sudano-Sahelian architecture.

Kong Empire
The Kong Empire (1710–1898), also known as the Wattara Empire or Ouattara Empire for its founder Seku Watara, was a pre-colonial state centered in what is now northeastern Ivory Coast that also encompassed much of present-day Burkina Faso and parts of Mali and Ghana.  It established a largely decentralized commercial empire based upon linkages between merchant houses, protecting trade routes throughout the region. Kong rose to prominence in the 1700s as a key commercial center and center of Islamic studies.  In 1898, Samori Ture attacked the city and burnt it down.  Although the city was rebuilt, the Kong empire did not survive and the French took control over the area.
1981–82 Irani Cup
The 1981–82 Irani Cup match was scheduled to be played between 15 and 18 October 1981 at the Nehru Stadium, Indore between Rest of India and the reigning Ranji Trophy champions Bombay. The match was drawn and Bombay won the Irani Cup due to their first innings lead.

Ravi Shastri's 9/101 was best bowling figures in an innings in the Irani Cup.

Nehru Stadium, Indore
Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium located in Indore, India, is a multi-purpose stadium used for cricket, football, Kho Kho, and basketball with a capacity for 25,000 people. Nehru Stadium was planned during the mayoral tenure of Narayan Prasad Shukla, who played a key role in initiating major sports infrastructure projects in Indore.

However, all the international as well as national cricket matches take place at the "Holkar Stadium which is situated at Race Course Road, Indore and a plethora of different sports activities take place at the Nehru Stadium which also partly serves as the Headquarters of the Air-Force wing of the Western Command of the National Cadet Corps (India).

Nehru Stadium sports a statue of Col. C.K. Nayudu, Indore's favourite son of that era, outside its main entrance as a concession to tradition.

As of 19 August 2017, it has hosted 9 One Day Internationals (ODIs).
Benben
In the creation myth of the Heliopolitan form of ancient Egyptian religion,
Benben was the mound that arose from the primordial waters (Nu), and upon which the creator deity Atum settled. The Benben stone is associated with the top stone of a pyramid, which is called a pyramid's pyramidion (or benbenet). It is also related to the obelisk.

Creator deity
A creator deity or creator god is a deity responsible for the creation of the Earth, world, and universe in human religion and mythology. In monotheism, the single God is often also the creator. A number of monolatristic traditions separate a secondary creator from a primary transcendent being, identified as a primary creator.