hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Least squares inference in phylogeny
Least squares inference in phylogeny generates a
phylogenetic tree based on an
observed matrix of pairwise genetic distances and
optionally a weight
matrix. The goal is to find a tree which satisfies the distance constraints as
best as possible.

Covariance matrix
In probability theory and statistics, a covariance matrix (also known as auto-covariance matrix, dispersion matrix, variance matrix, or variance–covariance matrix) is a square matrix giving the covariance between each pair of elements of a given random vector.

Intuitively, the covariance matrix generalizes the notion of variance to multiple dimensions. As an example, the variation in a collection of random points in two-dimensional space cannot be characterized fully by a single number, nor would the variances in the  and  directions contain all of the necessary information; a  matrix would be necessary to fully characterize the two-dimensional variation.

Any covariance matrix is symmetric and positive semi-definite and its main diagonal contains variances (i.e., the covariance of each element with itself).

The covariance matrix of a random vector  is typically denoted by ,  or .
2024–25 Chelsea F.C. season
The 2024–25 season was the 119th season in the history of Chelsea Football Club, and their 36th consecutive season in the top flight of English football. In addition to the domestic league, the club participated in the FA Cup and the EFL Cup. In international football, Chelsea contested and won both the UEFA Conference League and the expanded FIFA Club World Cup, with this season being their first participation in the former.

2024–25 UEFA Europa League knockout phase
The 2024–25 UEFA Europa League knockout phase began on 13 February with the knockout phase play-offs and ended on 21 May 2025 with the final at the San Mamés Stadium in Bilbao, Spain, to decide the champions of the 2024–25 UEFA Europa League. A total of 24 teams competed in the knockout phase, with 16 entering in the play-offs and 8 receiving a bye to the round of 16.

Times are CET/CEST, as listed by UEFA (local times, if different, are in parentheses).
Al-Mushrifah
Al-Mushrifah (Arabic: المشرفة, also spelled al-Mishirfeh, el-Mishrife or Musharrfeh) is a village in central Syria, administratively part of the Homs Governorate, located northeast of Homs, with a population of 14,868 in 2004. Nearby localities include Ayn al-Niser, Umm al-Amad and al-Mukharram to the east, and Talbiseh, al-Ghantu and Teir Maalah to the west. Outside the modern town is Tell el-Mishrife, the site of the ancient city-state of Qatna.  It has a religiously mixed population of Sunni Muslims, Alawites and Christians. The village contains several mosques and two churches.

Homs Governorate
Homs Governorate (Arabic: مُحافظة حمص Muḥāfaẓat Ḥimṣ) is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria. It is situated in central Syria. It has 42,226 km2 (16,304 sq mi).It is geographically the largest governorate in Syria. Homs Governorate has a population of 1,763,000 as of 2010. The Homs governorate is divided into six administrative districts (mantiqah), with the city of Homs as a separate district. Homs is the capital city of the district of Homs. Its governor is Namir Habib Makhlouf.
Swimming at the 1971 Pan American Games – Men's 100 metre butterfly
The men's 100 metre butterfly competition of the swimming events at the 1971 Pan American Games took place on 10 August.  The last Pan American Games champion was Mark Spitz of US.

This race consisted of two lengths of the pool, all in butterfly.

Mark Spitz
Mark Andrew Spitz (born February 10, 1950) is an American former competitive swimmer and nine-time Olympic champion. He was the most successful athlete at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, winning seven gold medals, each in world-record time. This achievement set a record that lasted for 36 years, until it was surpassed by fellow American Michael Phelps, who won eight golds at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. Phelps, like Spitz, set seven world records.

Between 1968 and 1972, Spitz won nine Olympic golds, a silver, and a bronze, in addition to five Pan American golds, 31 Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) titles, and eight National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) titles. During those years he set 35 world records, two of which were in trials and unofficial. Swimming World Magazine named him World Swimmer of the Year in 1969, 1971, and 1972. He was the third athlete to win nine Olympic gold medals.
2021 Ghana FA Cup
The 2021 Ghana FA Cup was the 41st season of the Ghana FA Cup, the primary knockout competition in Ghanaian football. Sponsored by MTN Ghana for the 11th straight season, thus called the "MTN FA Cup" for sponsorship purposes,

Football in Ghana
Association football is the most popular sport in Ghana. Approximately 55% of the people in Ghana are considered association football fans. Since 1957, the sport has been administered by the Ghana Football Association. Internationally, Ghana is represented by the male Black Stars and the female Black Queens. The top male domestic football league in Ghana is the Ghana Premier League, and the top female domestic football league in Ghana is the Ghana Women's Football League.
Interconnector
An interconnector (also known as a DC tie in the USA) is a structure which enables high-voltage DC electricity to flow between electrical grids, connecting separate AC networks, or linking synchronous grids. It may be formed of submarine power cables, underground power cables or overhead power lines.

The longest interconnection as of July 2022 was the 2,210 km (1,370 mi) Hami - Zhengzhou delivering 8 GW of high voltage direct current power. The longest proposed connector is the 3,800 km (2,400 mi), 3.6 GW Xlinks Morocco-UK Power Project.

Underground power line
An underground power line provides electrical power with underground cables.  Compared to overhead power lines, underground lines have lower risk of starting a wildfire and reduce the risk of the electrical supply being interrupted by outages during high winds, thunderstorms or heavy snow or ice storms.  An added benefit of undergrounding is the aesthetic quality of the landscape without the powerlines.  Undergrounding can increase the capital cost of electric power transmission and distribution but may decrease operating costs over the lifetime of the cables.
Torre delle Milizie
The Torre delle Milizie ("Tower of the Militia") is a fortified tower in Rome, Italy, located between Trajan's Market in the Imperial fora to the southwest and the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, or Angelicum, to the east.

Tower
A tower is a tall structure, taller than it is wide, often by a significant factor. Towers are distinguished from masts by their lack of guy-wires and are therefore, along with tall buildings, self-supporting structures.

Towers are specifically distinguished from buildings in that they are built not to be habitable but to serve other functions using the height of the tower. For example, the height of a clock tower improves the visibility of the clock, and the height of a tower in a fortified building such as a castle increases the visibility of the surroundings for defensive purposes. Towers may also be built for observation, leisure, or telecommunication purposes. A tower can stand alone or be supported by adjacent buildings, or it may be a feature on top of a larger structure or building.
Construction of California High-Speed Rail
The California High-Speed Rail system is being constructed by the California High-Speed Rail Authority (CHSRA). The project is expected to span about 800 miles (1,300 km) and will be completed in two phases:

Phase 1 (totaling about 500 miles (800 km)) runs from the San Francisco Bay Area in northern California to Greater Los Angeles in southern California. It has been partially funded and is under construction mainly in the San Joaquin Valley since 2015, as well as in "bookend" investments in the two metropolitan areas.

Phase 2 is a future extension of the system north to Sacramento, and south through the Inland Empire to San Diego.

Tutor Perini
Tutor Perini Corporation (formerly Perini Corporation) is one of the largest general contractors in the United States. It was formed by the merger of Perini Corporation and Tutor-Saliba Corporation in 2008. As of 2024, it reported annual revenue of approximately $4.33 billion. Tutor Perini is headquartered in Sylmar, California, and works on construction projects throughout North America. Specific areas of focus are civil infrastructure such as bridges, highways, tunnels, airports, and mass transit systems, building infrastructure (healthcare, education, municipal government, detention facilities, hospitality and gaming, multi-use, office towers, multi-unit residential towers, high-technology projects), and specialty contracting (electrical, mechanical, plumbing, heating, air conditioning and ventilation (HVAC), and fire protection systems).
A Killer Party
A Killer Party: A Murder Mystery Musical  is a digital remotely performed musical created in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic. It began streaming as a 9-episode web series on Vimeo on August 5, 2020. Its creative team includes Jason Howland (Music), Nathan Tysen (Lyrics), Rachel Axler and Kait Kerrigan (Book), Marc Bruni (Direction), Bobby Pearce (Costume Design), Billy Jay Stein (Music Producer) and HMS Media (Video Post-Production).

The virtual musical was produced by Kevin Duda & Jason Howland.

On August 11, 2020, Music Theater International acquired the licensing rights to the musical.

Music Theatre International
Music Theatre International (MTI) is a theatrical licensing agency based in New York City and founded in 1952 by American composer and lyricist Frank Loesser and orchestrator Don Walker.  Along with licensing the rights to Loesser's works, the firm licenses production rights of over 500 Broadway, Off-Broadway, and West End musicals. Cameron Mackintosh became a partner in 1990 and majority owner in 2015.
A271 road
The A271 road is a main road through East Sussex, England. It runs east–west from the A2100 in Battle to the A22 and A267 at Horsebridge near Hailsham.

The road starts at a roundabout in Battle. It continues through the suburbs into some wooded countryside and later on the road comes to a junction with the A269. The bendy road continues through Boreham Street and Windmill Hill.
It then enters Herstmonceux, coming out of the village down a hill it then comes up to Magham Down. The road then enters Hailsham meeting the A295 and the B2104 and then goes into Lower Horsebridge meeting the A22.

The eastern end of this road was renumbered sometime after 1980 – originally the eastern end of the A271 was at Ninfield where it met the A269 which went to Battle via Catsfield (now the B2204). The current route of the A271 follows what was the B2204 and A269.

Herstmonceux
Herstmonceux (/ˌhɜːrsmənˈzuː/ HURSS-mən-ZOO, /-ˈsuː/ -⁠SOO, or /hɔːrsˈmaʊnsiːz/ horss-MOWN-seez) is a village and civil parish in the Wealden district of East Sussex, England, which includes Herstmonceux Castle. In 2011 the parish had a population of 2613.

The Herstmonceux Medieval Festival is held annually in August.
Flowers in the Pavement
Flowers in the Pavement is the debut album by Australian hip-hop group Bliss n Eso, which was released on 23 August 2004 via Obese Records. The album peaked at number 46 on the ARIA Charts after its 20th anniversary release in 2024.

"This Is for You" received airplay on Triple J's Home and Hosed program. It was also played on NOVA FM. "This Is for You" and "Pigs in the Porn Trough" secured Bliss n Eso as the 'hip hop' category winners and 'artist of the year' nominees at the annual National Music Oz Awards in 2003 and 2004. "Hip Hop Blues" was produced by Suffa from Hilltop Hoods. The group toured in support of the album, across Australia including dates in Adelaide, Canberra, Melbourne, Hobart and Brisbane.

Nova (radio network)
The Nova Network is a group of Australian radio stations owned wholly or in part by Nova Entertainment. The Perth station is a joint venture between Nova Entertainment and ARN Media.

Each FM station has its own local Breakfast show with workdays, drive, night and weekend shifts shared across the network.
S.C. Damash Gilan
Sport Club Damash Guilan (Persian: باشگاه ورزشی داماش گیلان, Bashgah-e Vârzeshi-ye Damash Guilân), commonly known as Damash Guilan sc, also spelled Damash Guilan, is an Iranian football club based in Rasht, Guilan, that competes in the Azadegan League. The club was founded in 1960 as Taj Rasht Football Club (Persian: باشگاه فوتبال تاج رشت).

The football team plays its home games at the Shahid Dr. Azodi Stadium which has a seating capacity of 11,000. The club is also using the Sardar Jangal Stadium which has a seating capacity of 15,000. The club is owned and supported by Peymam Baharvand.

Football team
A football team is a group of players selected to play together in the various team sports known as football. Such teams could be selected to play in a match against an opposing team, to represent a football club, group, state or nation, an all-star team or even selected as a hypothetical team (such as a dream team or team of the century) and never play an actual match.

The difference between a football team and a football club is incorporation, a football club is an entity which is formed and governed by a committee and has members which may consist of supporters in addition to players. The benefit of club formation is that it gives teams access to additional volunteer or paid support staff, facilities and equipment.
Jeffrey Lawton
Jeffrey Lawton, FRNCM (11 December 1938 – 4 May 2018), was a tenor best known as an international opera singer. He began his career as a student at the Royal Manchester College of Music and from 1982 to 1987 was principal tenor with the Welsh National Opera Company.  Lawton also sang with Opera North and the Scottish Opera. On one occasion in 1990 he substituted for the ill Plácido Domingo in the role of Otello at the Royal Opera, London under Carlos Kleiber. As well as singing at various British festivals and the BBC Proms at the Royal Albert Hall, other pursuits included president of the Wagner Society Manchester and patron of the Oldham Choral Society. Lawton was a tutor and a Fellow of the Royal Northern College of Music (FRNCM).

Carlos Kleiber
Carlos Kleiber (3 July 1930 – 13 July 2004) was a German-born Austrian conductor, who is widely regarded as among the greatest conductors of all time. The son of the conductor Erich Kleiber, he was particularly known for the  Romantic repertoire. John Rockwell writes: "A fabled perfectionist, he demanded long hours of rehearsal as his reputation grew and allowed him to obtain such concessions. But he made all that work pay off in performances that blended exactitude with impassioned spontaneity."
Gümüşler, Niğde
Gümüşler is a town (belde) in the Niğde District, Niğde Province, Turkey. Its population is 2,950 (2022). It is 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) east of the city of Niğde. During the Byzantine era, its name was Tracias. The most important Byzantine building in the town is Gümüşler Monastery, which is a cave monastery.

Belde
Belde (literally "town", also known as kasaba) means "large village with a municipality" in Turkish.

All Turkish province centers and district centers have municipalities, but the villages are usually too small to have municipalities. The population in some villages may exceed 2000 and in such villages a small municipality may be established depending on residents' choice. Such villages are called belde. Up to 2014 the number of belde municipalities was about 1400.

On 30 March 2014 by the act no. 6360 all villages (those with and without municipality) were included in the urban fabric of the district municipalities in 30 provinces. Thus belde municipalities in 30 provinces were abolished. The number of abolished belde municipalities is 1040.

Presently, in 51 provinces, which are not in the scope of the act no 6360, there are still 394 belde municipalities.
St Mary's College, Bangor
St Mary's College was a Church in Wales teacher training college in Bangor, founded in 1893 as the second normal school in the city.

In 1977 it became part of the University College of North Wales (UCNW), now Bangor University.  Its campus closed for use in 2008, and was redeveloped into accommodation.

Bangor, Gwynedd
Bangor (/ˈbæŋɡɔːr/, /-ɡər/; Welsh: [ˈbaŋɡɔr] ⓘ) is a cathedral city and community in Gwynedd, Wales. Historically part of Caernarfonshire, the community had a population of 15,060 at the 2021 census, and the built up area had a population of 16,990. Landmarks include Bangor Cathedral, Bangor University and Garth Pier. The Britannia and Menai Suspension bridges connect the city to the Isle of Anglesey.
Earl Ashby
Earl Randolph Ashby Powbett (born May 16, 1921) is a Cuban former professional baseball catcher and outfielder in the Negro leagues. He played professionally from 1945 to 1950. Ashby played with the Cleveland Buckeyes, Birmingham Black Barons, Homestead Grays, New York Cubans and the Newark Eagles. He also played in the Provincial League in 1950 with the Drummondville Cubs and the St. Jean Braves.

In June 1955, Ashby Powbett was released from his contract due to "disciplinary reasons". In July, he was a material witness to a manslaughter case in Rochester, New York.

Provincial League (baseball)
The Provincial League, sometimes known as the Quebec Provincial League, was a minor league baseball league based in the Canadian province of Quebec. It went through a number of incarnations during the 20th century, spending time as both an independent baseball league (1922–23, 1935–1939, 1948–49, and 1958–1971) and as a member of the National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues (1924, 1940, and 1950–1955). It is notable as a successful independent league at a time when few existed, and was a haven for black and indigenous players excluded from organized baseball.
Derek Beaven
Derek Beaven (born 1947) is a British novelist. His first novel, Newton's Niece, won the Commonwealth Writers Prize for best first book, Europe and South Asia. His second book, Acts of Mutiny was shortlisted for the Guardian Fiction Prize and the Encore Award.

Beaven was born in South London. He studied at Ashlyns School, Hertfordshire. He read English at Oxford University. 
He lives in Maidenhead, Berkshire, England.

South London
South London is the southern part of London, England, mostly south of the River Thames. The region consists of the boroughs, in whole or in part, of Bexley, Bromley, Croydon, Greenwich, Kingston, Lambeth, Lewisham, Merton, Richmond, Southwark, Sutton and Wandsworth.

South London originally emerged from Southwark, first recorded as Suthriganaweorc, meaning 'fort of the men of Surrey'. From Southwark, London then extended further down into northern Surrey and western Kent.
Quinella ovalis
Quinella is a genus of bacteria in the Veillonellaceae family.  Its only species, Quinella ovalis, is an extremely large motile rumen anaerobic prokaryote previously known as "Quin's Oval".

In the illustrated atlas of sheep rumen organisms of Moir and Masson, their organism no. 3 represents Quinella ovalis.

Rumen
The rumen, also known as a paunch, is the largest stomach compartment in ruminants. The rumen and the reticulum make up the reticulorumen in ruminant animals. The diverse microbial communities in the rumen allows it to serve as the primary site for microbial fermentation of ingested feed, which is often fiber-rich roughage typically indigestible by mammalian digestive systems. The rumen is known for containing unique microbial networks within its multiple sac compartments to break down nutrients into usable energy and fatty acids.
Garmash
Garmash (or Harmash in Ukrainian, Belarusian), (Cyrillic: Гармаш) is a Ruthenian (Ukrainian and Belarusian) last name derived from the word гармата (Ukr., Bel. harmáta, "gun, cannon"). It was originally the name given to Cossack gunners (artillerymen) as well as gunsmiths (cannon founders) at the Zaporozhian Sich.

A possible alternative origin is the Prussian word Garme (Gorme), “heat, warm”. Cf. Skr. ghṛṇa, Gk. thermos (θερμός), Av. garəma, O.Pers.garmapada, Pers. garme, Phryg. germe, Thrac. germas, Arm. jerm, O.Pruss. goro, Lith. garas, Ltv. gars, Russ. žar, O.Ir. fogeir, Welsh gori, Alb. zjarr, Kashmiri germi, garū'm.

Heat
In thermodynamics, heat is defined as the form of energy crossing the boundary of a thermodynamic system by virtue of a temperature difference across the boundary. A thermodynamic system does not contain heat. Nevertheless, the term is also often used to refer to the thermal energy contained in a system as a component of its internal energy and that is reflected in the temperature of the system.

Calorimetry is measurement of heat by its effect on the states of interacting bodies, for example, by the amount of ice melted or by change in temperature of a body.

In the International System of Units (SI), the unit of measurement for heat is the joule (J).
Anthony Modderman
Anthony Ewoud Jan Modderman (27 September 1838 – 7 August 1885) was a Dutch liberal politician.

Modderman was born in Winschoten, to Hendrik Jacob Herman Modderman and Adriana Sibylla Catharina Emmen. He studied Roman and Contemporary Law in Leiden, graduating in 1863, after which he settled in The Hague to become a lawyer. Modderman was appointed as Minister of Justice on 20 August 1879. As minister, he successfully opposed the reintroduction of the death penalty in 1881. He left office on 23 April 1883 and was given the honorary title of Minister of State six days later. Modderman died in The Hague.

Liberalism in the Netherlands
Liberalism in the Netherlands started as an anti-monarchical effort spearheaded by the Dutch statesman Thorbecke, who almost single-handedly wrote the 1848 Constitution of the Netherlands that turned the country into a constitutional monarchy.

In contemporary politics, there are both left and right-wing parties that refer to themselves as "liberal", with the former more often espousing social liberalism and the latter more often espousing conservative liberalism. A common characteristic of these parties that they are nominally secular, in contrast to the traditionally dominant and still popular Christian democracy.

This article gives an overview of liberalism in the Netherlands. It is limited to political parties with substantial support, mainly proved by having had a representation in parliament.
The Peace Patriots
The Peace Patriots is a 2005 American documentary film directed by Robbie Leppzer about opposition to the Iraq War. Narrated by actress Janeane Garofalo, the film follows students, teachers, clergy, and veterans in Massachusetts as they protest against the US government's 2003 invasion of Iraq, the first stage of the Iraq War.

In addition to original music composed by John Sheldon, The Peace Patriots features music by Billy Bragg, Jonatha Brooke, Ani DiFranco, Steve Earle, Pete Seeger, Stephan Smith, and Saul Williams. A work-in-progress version of the film was screened on September 27, 2004, at Greenfield Community College in Greenfield, Massachusetts. The finished film premiered on September 22, 2005, at the Calvin Theater in Northampton.

Billy Bragg
Stephen William Bragg (born 20 December 1957) is an English singer, songwriter, musician, author and political activist. His music blends elements of folk music, punk rock and protest songs, with lyrics that mostly span political or romantic themes. His activism is centred on social change and left-wing political causes.