hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Optimal stopping
In mathematics, the theory of optimal stopping or early stopping is concerned with the problem of choosing a time to take a particular action, in order to maximise an expected reward or minimise an expected cost. Optimal stopping problems can be found in areas of statistics, economics, and mathematical finance (related to the pricing of American options). A key example of an optimal stopping problem is the secretary problem. Optimal stopping problems can often be written in the form of a Bellman equation, and are therefore often solved using dynamic programming.

Mathematical optimization
Mathematical optimization (alternatively spelled optimisation) or mathematical programming is the selection of a best element, with regard to some criteria, from some set of available alternatives. It is generally divided into two subfields: discrete optimization and continuous optimization. Optimization problems arise in all quantitative disciplines from computer science and engineering to operations research and economics, and the development of solution methods has been of interest in mathematics for centuries.

In the more general approach, an optimization problem consists of maximizing or minimizing a real function by systematically choosing input values from within an allowed set and computing the value of the function. The generalization of optimization theory and techniques to other formulations constitutes a large area of applied mathematics.
Paul Hardcastle (album)
Paul Hardcastle is an album by crossover jazz artist Paul Hardcastle, released in 1985 on the Chrysalis Records label.

The album featured the major hit "19", as well as the further top ten "Don't Waste My Time".

Paul Hardcastle
Paul Louis Hardcastle (born 10 December 1957) is an English composer, musician, record producer, songwriter, radio presenter and multi-instrumentalist. He is best known for his song "19", which went to number one on the UK Singles Chart in 1985.
Huguette Oligny
Huguette Oligny, CC OQ (January 31, 1922 – May 9, 2013) was a Canadian actress active in theatre, film and television.

Born in Montreal, Quebec, to a French-Canadian father and French mother, she began her theatrical career in 1939. Though mostly known for having played the great classics of French theatre she also performed in modern Quebec plays, notably by Michel Tremblay.  She married Gratien Gélinas, a great pioneer of Quebec theatre, in 1973. Her first marriage to Marcel Alexandre, with whom she had two children, ended in divorce.

In 1984 she was made an Officer of the Order of Canada and was promoted to Companion in 1996. In 1999 she was made an Officer of the National Order of Quebec.

Michel Tremblay
Michel Tremblay GOQ (French pronunciation: [miʃɛl tʁɑ̃blɛ]; born June 25, 1942) is a Canadian writer, novelist and playwright.

Tremblay was born in Montreal, Quebec, where he grew up in the French-speaking neighbourhood of Plateau Mont-Royal; at the time of his birth, a neighbourhood with a working-class character and joual dialect, something that would heavily influence his work. Tremblay's first professionally produced play, Les Belles-Sœurs, was written in 1965 and premiered at the Théâtre du Rideau Vert on August 28, 1968. It transformed the old guard of Canadian theatre and introduced joual to the mainstream. It stirred up controversy by portraying the lives of working-class women and attacking the strait-laced, deeply religious society of mid-20th century Quebec.
Badr al-Din Mahmud
Badr al-Din Mahmud (1259–1308) was a bey  of Karaman Beylik, a Turkoman principality in Anatolia, 14th century.

His father was Karaman Bey, who succeeded his elder brother Güneri in 1300. Although he is known to have participated in the campaign to Alaiye during Güneri's reign, the details of his exact reign are unknown. After the death of Hethum II in 1307, he took advantage of the weakened Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia and captured some of their territories. But when Seljuk sultan Mesud II died in 1308, he turned back and saw his chance to capture Konya, the Seljuk capital.

He died in 1312. His tomb is in the Balkusan village in Ermenek district of Karaman Province. He was succeeded by his son Musa.

Hethum II
Hethum II, OFM (Armenian: Հեթում Բ; 1266 – 17 November 1307) was king of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia from 1289 to 1293, 1295 to 1296 and 1299 to 1303, while Armenia was a subject state of the Mongol Empire. He abdicated twice to take vows with the Franciscans, while still remaining the power behind the throne as "Grand Baron of Armenia" and later as Regent for his nephew.

He was the son of King Leo II of Armenia and Queen Keran, and was part of the Hethumid dynasty, being the grandson of Hethum I, who had originally submitted Cilicia to the Mongols in 1247. Hethum II was assassinated with his nephew and successor Leo III by the Mongol general Bilarghu, who himself was later executed for this by the Mongol Ilkhanid ruler Öljaitü.
Pembina Gorge State Recreation Area
Pembina Gorge State Recreation Area is a unit of the North Dakota state park system located along the Pembina River, six miles (10 km) west of Walhalla. The area offers river kayaking and multi-use trails for hiking, horseback riding, mountain biking, and off-road vehicles.

Walhalla, North Dakota
Walhalla is a city in Pembina County, North Dakota, United States. It sits on the banks of the Pembina River, five miles (8 km) from the border with Manitoba (Canada) and approximately 45 mi (72 km) from the border with Minnesota. The population was 893 at the 2020 census, and was estimated to be 867 in 2024,
Konstantin Shcharbak
Konstantin Shcharbak is a Belarusian sprint canoer who has been competing since 2005. He won four medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with a gold (C-4 500 m: 2006), two silvers (C-4 200 m: 2006, C-4 500 m: 2005), and one bronze (C-4 200 m: 2007).

2005 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships
The 2005 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships were held in Zagreb, Croatia, in August 2005.

Men race as individuals, pairs and quads over 200m, 500m and 1000m in both Canoe (Canadian) (C) and Kayak (K) events, giving a total of 18 gold medals. Women compete for only 9 gold medals as they race in kayak events only.

This was the 34th championships in canoe sprint.
Transposition (music)
In music, transposition refers to the process or operation of moving a collection of notes (pitches or pitch classes) up or down in pitch by a constant interval.

The shifting of a melody, a harmonic progression or an entire musical piece to another key, while maintaining the same tone structure, i.e. the same succession of whole tones and semitones and remaining melodic intervals.

For example, a music transposer might transpose an entire piece of music into another key. Similarly, one might transpose a tone row or an unordered collection of pitches such as a chord so that it begins on another pitch.

The transposition of a set A by n semitones is designated by Tn(A), representing the addition (mod 12) of an integer n to each of the pitch class integers of the set A. Thus the set (A) consisting of 0–1–2 transposed by 5 semitones is 5–6–7 (T5(A)) since 0 + 5 = 5, 1 + 5 = 6, and 2 + 5 = 7.

Chord (music)
A chord is the simultaneous sound of two or more musical notes. The most common chord has three notes and is known as a triad. Added tone chords, extended chords, and tone clusters can have more than three notes and are common in contemporary classical music and jazz.

An arpeggio is a chord where notes are sounded separately. A series of chords is sometimes called a chord progression. There are several ways to notate chords including figured bass, Roman numerals, the Nashville Number System, and alphabetical chord notation.
The Black Mask
The Black Mask is a 1901 short story collection by E. W. Hornung. It was published in the UK by Grant Richards, London, and in the US by Scribner's, New York under the title Raffles: Further Adventures of the Amateur Cracksman. It is the second collection of stories in Hornung's series concerning A. J. Raffles, a gentleman thief in late Victorian London.

Several of the stories were adapted for the 1977 Raffles television series.

Gentleman thief
A gentleman thief, gentleman burglar, lady thief, or phantom thief is a stock character in fiction. A gentleman or lady thief is characterised by impeccable manners, charm, courtesy, and the avoidance of physical force or intimidation to steal, and often has inherited wealth. They steal not only to gain material wealth but also for the thrill of the act itself, which is often combined in fiction with correcting a moral wrong, selecting wealthy targets, or stealing only particularly rare or challenging objects.
Nové Dvory (Kutná Hora District)
Nové Dvory (German: Neuhof) is a market town in Kutná Hora District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 900 inhabitants. The market town centre is well preserved and is protected as an urban monument zone.

Central Bohemian Region
The Central Bohemian Region (Czech: Středočeský kraj [ˈstr̝̊ɛdotʃɛskiː ˈkraj]; German: Mittelböhmische Region) is an administrative unit (kraj) of the Czech Republic, located in the central part of its historical region of Bohemia. Its administrative centre is in the Czech capital Prague, which lies in the centre of the region. However, the city is not part of it but is a region of its own.

The Central Bohemian Region is in the centre of Bohemia. In terms of area, it is the largest region in the Czech Republic, with 11,014 km2, almost 14% of the total area of the country. It surrounds the country's capital, Prague, and borders Liberec Region (in the north), Hradec Králové Region (northeast), Pardubice Region (east), Vysočina Region (southeast), South Bohemian Region (south), Plzeň Region (west) and Ústí nad Labem Region (northwest).
Samurai Sentai Shinkenger vs. Go-onger: GinmakuBang!!
Samurai Sentai Shinkenger vs. Go-onger: GinmakuBang!! (侍戦隊シンケンジャーVSゴーオンジャー 銀幕BANG!!, Samurai Sentai Shinkenjā tai Gōonjā Ginmakuban; ) is a Japanese superhero film released in theaters on January 30, 2010, featuring a crossover between the Samurai Sentai Shinkenger and Engine Sentai Go-onger casts and characters. The heroes of Tensou Sentai Goseiger also make a cameo appearance in the film. The catchphrase for the movie is "Two Sentai! On the Road of Justice, Go Forth!!" (2大戦隊! 正義のロードへ、いざ参る!!, Nidai sentai! Seigi no rōdo e, iza mairu!!). It's plot and footage was used in the Power Rangers Samurai team up with Power Rangers RPM Clash of the Red Rangers the Movie.

Engine Sentai Go-onger
Engine Sentai Go-onger (炎神戦隊ゴーオンジャー, Enjin Sentai Gōonjā; Engine Squadron Go-onger) is Toei Company's thirty-second installment in the Super Sentai metaseries of Japanese tokusatsu television series. It aired from February 17, 2008 to February 8, 2009, replacing Juken Sentai Gekiranger and was replaced by Samurai Sentai Shinkenger. The program was part of TV Asahi's 2008 Super Hero Time block alongside Kamen Rider Kiva. Its footage was used for the American series, Power Rangers RPM and was dubbed into Korean as Power Rangers Engine Force (파워레인저 엔진포스).
2005 DFL-Ligapokal
The 2005 DFL-Ligapokal was the ninth edition of the Ligapokal, now under control of the Deutsche Fußball Liga (DFL) as opposed to the German Football Association (DFB). The competition saw some format changes, with the preliminary round matches being played consecutively in the same stadium, and the final moved to the new Zentralstadion in Leipzig. Schalke 04 won their first title, beating VfB Stuttgart 1–0 in the final.

German Football Association
The German Football Association (German: Deutscher Fußball-Bund [ˈdɔʏtʃɐ ˈfuːsbalˌbʊnt]; DFB [ˌdeːʔɛfˈbeː] ⓘ) is the governing body of football, futsal, and beach soccer in Germany. A founding member of both FIFA and UEFA, the DFB has jurisdiction for the German football league system and is in charge of the men's and women's national teams. The DFB headquarters are in Frankfurt am Main. Sole members of the DFB are the German Football League (German: Deutsche Fußball Liga; DFL), organising the professional Bundesliga and the 2. Bundesliga, along with five regional and 21 state associations, organising the semi-professional and amateur levels. The 21 state associations of the DFB have a combined number of 23,868 clubs with little more than 8 million members, making the DFB the single largest sports federation in the world.
Steve Markle
Steve Markle is a Canadian filmmaker, actor, writer, editor and producer best known for Shoot To Marry (2020), Testees (2008), and Camp Hollywood (2004).

Markle won a Gemini Award for his documentary Camp Hollywood in 2005, and won the Slamdance Film Festival Audience Award for Breakout Features for his documentary Shoot To Marry in 2020.

You've Got a Friend (TV program)
You've Got A Friend is a 2004 reality comedy program on MTV, produced by Ashton Kutcher, Jason Goldberg, and Jeff Fisher. It was launched near the same time as their reality prank show Punk'd, and although successful in ratings, was cancelled at the end of the first season so they could focus on its more popular counterpart.

The program filmed contestants having to tolerate a 'friend' for 48 hours, while filmed on hidden camera in their home and different public settings. The 'friend' would be a trained improvisational comedian, who would progressively torment the contestant, their friends and loved ones. The catch was that the friends and family of the contestant were unaware of the folie à deux. If able to endure the embarrassment caused by the irreverent demands of the friend, the contestant would win a cash prize.
Wright's Field in Alpine
Wright's Field in Alpine is a 230-acre nature reserve in Alpine, California.  The property was purchased in 1990 by Back Country Land Trust.

The ecosystems found in Wright's Field include native grassland, Engelmann oak woodland, riparian (streamside) habitat, vernal pools, and coastal sage scrub/chaparral. Native and nonnative plants found in Wright's Field include sunflowers, buckwheat, sugarbush, canchalagua, wallflowers and Engelmann oak trees among others.

Vernal pool
Vernal pools, also called vernal ponds or ephemeral pools, are seasonal pools of water that provide habitat for distinctive plants and animals. They are considered to be a unique type of wetland usually devoid of fish, and thus allow the safe development of natal amphibian and insect species unable to withstand competition or predation by fish. Certain tropical fish lineages (such as killifishes) have however, adapted to this habitat specifically.

Vernal pools are a type of wetland. They can be surrounded by many communities/species, including deciduous forest, grassland, lodgepole pine forest, blue oak woodland, sagebrush steppe, succulent coastal scrub and prairie. These pools are characteristic of Mediterranean climates, but occur in many other ecosystems.
Isabelle Meyer
Isabelle Meyer is a Swiss football midfielder who plays for SKN St. Pölten in the Austrian ÖFB-Frauenliga. She previously played in the Nationalliga A for FC Luzern, with which she also played the European Cup, and Grasshopper-Club and SC Freiburg in the 1st Bundesliga. She has been a member of the Swiss national team since making her debut in April 2007 against the Czech Republic.

SKN St. Pölten (women)
Sportklub Niederösterreich St. Pölten is an Austrian women's football team, based in St. Pölten (pronounced [zaŋkt ˈpœltn̩]).

The women's team was formed in 2006 at the club ASV Spratzern, then from 2013 to 2016 played under the name FSK St. Pölten-Spratzern. They connected to the men's club for the 2016–17 season. The team currently competes in the ÖFB-Frauenliga, the top-level league of women's football in Austria. The team won the national ÖFB Ladies Cup in 2013 and 2014, as well the consecutive league and cup doubles from 2015 to 2017.
Juan María Atutxa
Juan María Atutxa Mendiola (born May 18, 1941, in Areatza) is a politician from the Basque Country (an autonomous community in Spain) with a nationalist ideology. A member of the Basque Nationalist Party, he was Head of the Department of Interior (1991–98) and President of the Basque Parliament (1998–2005). He heads the Sabino Arana foundation.

Basque nationalism
Basque nationalism (Basque: eusko abertzaletasuna [eus̺ko abeɾts̻aletas̺una]; Spanish: nacionalismo vasco; French: nationalisme basque) is a form of nationalism that asserts that Basques, an ethnic group indigenous to the western Pyrenees, are a nation and promotes the political unity of the Basques, today split between Spain and France. Since its inception in the late 19th century, Basque nationalism has included movements supportive of Basque independence.

Basque nationalism, spanning three different regions in two states (the Basque Autonomous Community and Navarre in Spain, and the French Basque Country in France), is "irredentist in nature" as it favours political unification of all the Basque-speaking provinces.
Escoto
Escoto is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alberto Escoto (born 1925), Cuban basketball player

Juan Escoto (1894–1975), Mexican writer and politician

Julio Escoto (born 1944), Honduran writer

Nazario Escoto, Nicaraguan politician and President of Nicaragua

Juan Escoto
Juan Escoto (1894–1975) was a Mexican children's book author and politician. Born in León, Guanajuato on January 16, 1894.  Escoto completed his studies in his native land of Guanajuato. He was the author of multiple children's books and an anthology of poetry related to his childhood. He served in several posts in the state government of Guanajuato, including minister of culture. In 1972 he help found the first international Festival internacional cervantino, dedicated to celebrating the works of Miguel de Cervantes. The festival has grown into a major annual festival of theater and culture held in the city of Guanajuato, Guanajuato.
Emem Isong
Emem Isong listenⓘ is a Nigerian screenwriter, film producer, and film director. She is primarily known for films in the English language, and is a prominent figure in the Nollywood industry. Her second feature as a director, Code of Silence, which deals with rape in Nigeria, was released in 2015.

Reloaded (2009 film)
Reloaded is a 2009 Nigerian romantic drama film directed by Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen & Ikechukwu Onyeka, starring
Ramsey Nouah, Rita Dominic, Desmond Elliot, Stephanie Okereke, Ini Edo and Nse Ikpe Etim. It received 3 nominations at the 5th Africa Movie Academy Awards.
Quizás (Rich Music, Sech and Dalex song)
"Quizás" (English: "Maybe") is a song by American record label Rich Music, Panamian singer Sech and American singer Dalex featuring fellow American singer Justin Quiles, Puerto Rican singer Lenny Tavárez, Colombian singer Feid and also Puerto Rican singers Wisin and Zion. The song was released  on September 20, 2019, as the only single from the collaborative EP The Academy (2019).

Dalex
Pedro David Daleccio Torres (born October 7, 1990), known professionally as Dalex, is an American singer and songwriter. He was formerly part of the duo Jayma & Dalex.

Currently, Dalex is signed to the Rich Music record label.
Heston's Feasts
Heston's Feasts is a television cookery programme starring chef Heston Blumenthal and produced by Optomen for Channel 4. The programme follows Blumenthal as he conceptualizes and prepares unique feasts for the entertainment of celebrity guests. The first series premiered on 7 March 2009, followed by a second series of seven episodes beginning on 6 April 2010.

Optomen
Optomen is an independent television production company part of All3Media, with Optomen Television Ltd. for the United Kingdom and Optomen Productions Inc. (launched in 2002) for the United States. It specializes in unscripted programming.
George Rawstorne
Brigadier George Streynsham Rawstorne CBE, MC (22 January 1895 – 15 July 1962) was an English soldier and cricketer. He was born in Croston, near Chorley, Lancashire and died at Rovie, Rogart, Sutherland.

The son of a bishop, Rawstorne was educated at Eton College and was in the cricket team for three years to 1914; he was captain in his last year. He also made a single appearance for the Lancashire Second XI in 1913. Rawstorne made his first and only first-class appearance in 1919, in Lancashire's first County Championship fixture for nearly five years. Batting in the middle order, he scored 2 runs in the only innings in which he batted, as Lancashire ran out victors by a ten-wicket margin.

During World War II, Rawstorne commanded the 15th Brigade in North Africa and Sicily. From 1945 until his retirement in 1947, he was the commanding officer of Inverness sub-district. From 1950 until his death, he served as Lord Lieutenant of Sutherland.

15th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)
The 15th Infantry Brigade, later 15 (North East) Brigade, was an infantry brigade of the British Army. It was part of the regular 5th Infantry Division during the First World War and Second World War, and was subsequently part of the 2nd Infantry Division in the north of the United Kingdom, with specific responsibility for the areas of North East England and Yorkshire and the Humber.
Delilah (American TV series)
Delilah is an American television drama series, created by Craig Wright, and executive produced by Oprah Winfrey's Harpo Films and Warner Bros. Television. The series premiered on OWN on March 9, 2021 ran for eight episodes until April 27, and was canceled in early 2022.

Susan Heyward
Susan Heyward is an American actress, who appeared as Sister Sage in the fourth season of The Boys. She starred in the PlayStation Network original series Powers (2015–16) and HBO period drama Vinyl (2016). From 2018 to 2019, Heyward had a recurring role as Tamika Ward in the Netflix comedy-drama series Orange Is the New Black.

On stage, Heyward made her Broadway debut in the 2013 production of The Trip to Bountiful and in 2018–2019 she played Rose Granger-Weasley in the Broadway production of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child.
EyePoint Pharmaceuticals
EyePoint Pharmaceuticals Inc. (formerly pSivida Corporation) is a Watertown, Massachusetts company specialising in the application of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and nanotechnology to drug delivery.

pSivida obtained porous silicon technology from the British government Defence Evaluation and Research Agency (DERA, now QinetiQ). QinetiQ continues to be a strategic partner.

In June 2004, pSivida acquired full ownership of pSiMedica. In April 2018, pSivida purchased eye products firm Icon Bioscience. Afterwards, it rebranded to its current name of EyepOint Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Watertown, Massachusetts
Watertown is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States, part of Greater Boston. The population was 35,329 in the 2020 census. Its neighborhoods include Bemis, Coolidge Square, East Watertown, Watertown Square, and the West End.

Watertown was one of the first Massachusetts Bay Colony settlements organized by Puritan settlers in 1630. The city is home to the Perkins School for the Blind, the Armenian Library and Museum of America, and the historic Watertown Arsenal, which produced military armaments from 1816 through World War II.
Devosia psychrophila
Devosia psychrophila is a psychrophilic, aerobic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria from the genus of Devosia which was isolated from the Pitztaler Jöchl glacier in the Oetztaler Alps in Tyrol in Austria.

Psychrophile
Psychrophiles /ˈsaɪkroʊˌfaɪl/ or cryophiles (adj. psychrophilic or cryophilic) are extremophilic organisms that are capable of growth and reproduction in low temperatures, ranging from −20 °C (−4 °F) to 20 °C (68 °F). They are found in places that are permanently cold, such as the polar regions and the deep sea. They can be contrasted with thermophiles, which are organisms that thrive at unusually high temperatures, and mesophiles at intermediate temperatures. Psychrophile is Greek for 'cold-loving', from Ancient Greek  ψυχρός (psukhrós) 'cold, frozen'.

Many such organisms are bacteria or archaea, but some eukaryotes such as lichens, snow algae, phytoplankton, fungi, and wingless midges, are also classified as psychrophiles.