hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Modulational instability
In the fields of nonlinear optics and fluid dynamics, modulational instability or sideband instability is a phenomenon whereby deviations from a periodic waveform are reinforced by nonlinearity, leading to the generation of spectral-sidebands and the eventual breakup of the waveform into a train of pulses.

It is widely believed that the phenomenon was first discovered − and modeled − for periodic surface gravity waves (Stokes waves) on deep water by T. Brooke Benjamin and Jim E. Feir, in 1967. Therefore, it is also known as the Benjamin−Feir instability. However, spatial modulation instability of high-power lasers in organic solvents was observed by Russian scientists N. F. Piliptetskii and A. R. Rustamov in 1965, and the mathematical derivation of modulation instability was published by V. I. Bespalov and V. I. Talanov in 1966. Modulation instability is a possible mechanism for the generation of rogue waves.

Wave packet
In physics, a wave packet (also known as a wave train or wave group) is a short burst of localized wave action that travels as a unit, outlined by an envelope. A wave packet can be analyzed into, or can be synthesized from, a potentially-infinite set of component sinusoidal waves of different wavenumbers, with phases and amplitudes such that they interfere constructively only over a small region of space, and destructively elsewhere. Any signal of a limited width in time or space requires many frequency components around a center frequency within a bandwidth inversely proportional to that width; even a Gaussian function is considered a wave packet because its Fourier transform is a "packet" of waves of frequencies clustered around a central frequency. Each component wave function, and hence the wave packet, are solutions of a wave equation. Depending on the wave equation, the wave packet's profile may remain constant (no dispersion) or it may change (dispersion) while propagating.
Johnny darter
The johnny darter (Etheostoma nigrum) is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. It is native to shallow waters throughout North America east of the Rocky Mountains.

Sander (fish)
Sander (formerly known as Stizostedion) is a genus of predatory ray-finned fish in the family Percidae, which also includes the perches, ruffes, and darters. They are also known as "pike-perch" because of their resemblance to fish in the unrelated Esocidae (pike) family. They are the only genus in the monotypic tribe Luciopercini, which is one of two tribes in the subfamily Luciopercinae.

The earliest known fossils of this genus are partial jaw and vertebrae elements from the middle Miocene (Barstovian)-aged Wood Mountain Formation of Saskatchewan, Canada.
Mariano d'Eusterio
Mariano di Eusterio or d'Eusterio, also known as Mariano di Perugia (1470s – 1527 or 1547) was an Italian painter of the Renaissance period, active in Perugia.

Details of his life are few. He is recorded in the biographies of Leone Pascoli. He was said to be a pupil of Pietro Vannucci. He painted in 1512 an altarpiece for the Collegio del Cambio in Perugia. He is said to be alive in 1526. He also painted for the churches of Sant'Agostino in Ancona and San Domenico in Perugia.

Ancona
Ancona (/æŋˈkoʊnə/, also US: /ænˈ-, ɑːnˈ-/; Italian: [aŋˈkoːna] ⓘ) is a city and a seaport in the Marche region of central Italy. The city of Ancona has an estimated population of around 99,469 as of 2025. Ancona is the capital of the homonymous province and of the region. The city is located 280 km (170 mi) northeast of Rome, on the Adriatic Sea, between the slopes of the two extremities of the promontory of Monte Conero, Monte Astagno and Monte Guasco. The hilly nature around Ancona is a strong contrast to the flatter coastline in areas further north.

Ancona is one of the main ports on the Adriatic Sea, especially for passenger traffic, and is the main economic and demographic centre of the region.

As a result of Ancona's unique elbow shape facing the sea, Ancona is one of the few cities in the world and the only city in Italy where it is possible to see both sunrise and sunset over the sea.
Prima Porta
Prima Porta is the 58th zona of Rome, identified by the initials Z. LVIII. The name Prima Porta (First Door) came from an arch of the aqueduct that brought water to the Villa of Livia, which formed over Via Flaminia a sort of gateway which travellers saw as the first indication of having reached Rome (Piperno).

Zones of Rome
The zones of Rome (Italian: zone di Roma) are toponymic subdivisions within the area of the Ager Romanus, belonging to the Municipalities of Rome and Fiumicino, Italy.

They constitute the fourth and final level of toponymy subdivisions of the Municipality of Rome and cover, considering only the areas within its competence, a surface of approximately 1,028 km2 (397 sq mi). The total resident population is 979,446 inhabitants.
2021 Potchefstroom Open II – Singles
This was the second of two editions of the tournament in the 2021 tennis season. Benjamin Bonzi was the defending champion but lost in the second round to Jenson Brooksby.

Brooksby won the title after defeating Teymuraz Gabashvili 2–6, 6–3, 6–0 in the final.

Benjamin Bonzi
Benjamin Bonzi (French pronunciation: [bɛ̃ʒamɛ̃ bɔ̃zi]; born 9 June 1996) is a French professional tennis player. Bonzi has a career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 42 achieved on 6 February 2023. He also has a career-high doubles ranking of world No. 121 achieved on 19 September 2022.
Omer Reingold
Omer Reingold (Hebrew: עומר ריינגולד) is an Israeli computer scientist. He is the Rajeev Motwani professor of computer science in the Computer Science Department at Stanford University and the director of the Simons Collaboration on the Theory of Algorithmic Fairness. He received a PhD in computer science at Weizmann in 1998 under Moni Naor. He received the 2005 Grace Murray Hopper Award for his work in finding a deterministic logarithmic-space algorithm for st-connectivity in undirected graphs. He, along with Avi Wigderson and Salil Vadhan, won the Gödel Prize (2009) for their work on the zig-zag product. He became a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery in 2014 "For contributions to the study of pseudorandomness, derandomization, and cryptography."

Pseudorandomness
A pseudorandom sequence of numbers is one that appears to be statistically random, despite having been produced by a completely deterministic and repeatable process. Pseudorandom number generators are often used in computer programming, as traditional sources of randomness available to humans (such as rolling dice) rely on physical processes not readily available to computer programs, although developments in hardware random number generator technology have challenged this.
Kenny Shedd
Kendrick Dwayne Shedd (born February 14, 1971) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL)for the New York Jets, Chicago Bears, Oakland Raiders and Washington Redskins. He was selected 129th overall in the fifth round of the 1993 NFL draft by the Jets. He also played a season in 1996 on the Barcelona Dragons in the World League of American Football. He played college football for the Northern Iowa Panthers. In 2009, he was named in a tribute for alumni from the Missouri Valley Football Conference who have played in the NFL, as part of the “All-Select NFL Team."

Shedd graduated from the Police Academy in 2002 and currently works in law enforcement in San Leandro, California. He is also related to Picasso Nelson.

Barcelona Dragons (NFL Europe)
The Barcelona Dragons were an American football team that was a part of the World League of American Football and later in the resurrected NFL Europe. Their home field in Barcelona was the Estadi Olímpic de Montjuic, the 1992 Olympic Stadium, and later the Mini Estadi.

The Dragons were successful on the field, making it to 4 World Bowls (1991, 1997, 1999, 2001) and winning World Bowl V in 1997.
Revolution (cycling series)
Revolution was a series of track cycling events primarily held at the Manchester Velodrome in the north west of England. It was solely held in Manchester between 2003 and 2012. From Season 10 (2012–2013), meetings were additionally held at the new UK velodromes; in the Sir Chris Hoy Velodrome in Glasgow, the Olympic Velodrome in London from Season 11 (2013–2014), and the Derby Arena from 2015 to 2016.

The series comprised four or five meetings each year, held between October and February, on Saturday evenings. The series showcased various top cyclists, both British and international, and was well-attended by spectators. The success of British cyclists in the 2000s and 2010s, including Chris Hoy's triple gold at the 2008 Summer Olympics and double gold-winning performance at the 2012 Summer Olympics, meant that the events regularly sold out in advance.

Rob Hayles
Robert John Hayles (born 21 January 1973) is an English track and road racing cyclist, who rode for Great Britain and England on the track and several professional teams on the road. Hayles competed in the team pursuit and Madison events, until his retirement in 2011. He now occasionally provides studio-based analysis of cycle races for British Eurosport.
Orsara di Puglia
Orsara di Puglia is a small town and comune in the province of Foggia, Apulia, southern Italy.

Named as Orsara Dauno-Irpina between 1861 and 1884, the town was part of the province of Avellino until 1927.

Province of Foggia
The province of Foggia (Italian: provincia di Foggia, Italian: [proˈvintʃa di ˈfɔddʒa]; Neapolitan: Provìnge de Fogge) is a province in the Italian region Apulia.

This province is also known as Daunia, after the Daunians, an Iapygian pre-Roman tribe living in Tavoliere plain, and as Capitanata, derived from Catapanata, since the area was governed by a catepan as part of the Catepanate of Italy during the High Middle Ages. Its capital is the city of Foggia.
Erdheim–Chester disease
Erdheim–Chester disease (ECD)  is an extremely rare disease classified as a non-Langerhans-cell histiocytic neoplasm. In 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) defined ECD as a slow-growing blood cancer that may originate in the bone marrow or precursor cells. Typical onset occurs in middle aged individuals, although pediatric cases have been documented. The exact cause of ECD remains unknown, though it is believed to be linked to an exaggerated TH1 immune response. The disease involves an infiltration of lipid-laden macrophages, multi-nucleated giant cells, an inflammatory infiltrate of lymphocytes and histiocytes in the bone marrow, and a generalized sclerosis of the long bones.

Langerhans cell
A Langerhans cell (LC) is a tissue-resident macrophage of the skin once thought to be a resident dendritic cell. These cells contain organelles called Birbeck granules. They are present in all layers of the epidermis and are most prominent in the stratum spinosum. They also occur in the papillary dermis, particularly around blood vessels, as well as in the mucosa of the mouth, foreskin, and vaginal epithelium. They can be found in other tissues, such as lymph nodes, particularly in association with the condition Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH).
Sankara Nethralaya
Sankara Nethralaya is a non-profit missionary institution for ophthalmic care headquartered in Chennai, India.

Sankara Nethralaya was rated among the top four ophthalmic institutions worldwide in 2020 by Newsweek. Nani A. Palkivala, former Indian ambassador to United States, described Sankara Nethralaya as the "Best managed charitable organization in India."

Nani Palkhivala
Nanabhoy "Nani" Ardeshir Palkhivala (16 January 1920 – 11 December 2002) was an Indian lawyer and jurist. He rose to prominence as lead counsel in several landmark constitutional cases before the Supreme Court of India, including Kesavananda Bharati v. The State of Kerala, I.C. Golaknath and Ors. v. State of Punjab and Anrs. and Minerva Mills v. Union of India. His role in these cases earned him international recognition and established his reputation as one of India's most distinguished lawyers.

Palkhivala is known to have espoused liberal values, advocating limited government, individual rights and "liberal economic thinking". From 1977 to 1979, Palkhivala served as India's Ambassador to the United States.
McKittrick Tar Pits
The McKittrick Tar Pits (also McKittrick Oil Seeps and McKittrick Brea Pits) are a series of natural asphalt lakes situated in the western part of Kern County in southern California. The pits are the most extensive asphalt lakes in the state.

The McKittrick Tar Pits are one of the five natural asphalt lake areas in the world, the others being Tierra de Brea in Trinidad and Tobago, Lake Guanoco in Venezuela and the La Brea Tar Pits (Los Angeles) and Carpinteria Tar Pits (Carpinteria) both also located in the US state of California.

Carpinteria, California
Carpinteria (/kɑːrpɪntəˈriːə/; Spanish: Carpintería, meaning "Carpentry") is a small seaside city in southeastern Santa Barbara County, California. Located on the Central Coast of California, it had a population of 13,264 at the 2020 census. Carpinteria is a popular surf destination; the city embraced the slogan "World's Safest Beach" in 1912, which it still uses today.
Edgaras Voveris
Edgaras Voveris (born 22 December 1967) is a Lithuanian orienteering competitor.

He received a silver medal at the 2001 World Games in the mixed relay, with Svajunas Ambrazas, Vilma Rudzenskaitė and Giedrė Voverienė.

His finished 12th in the classic distance at the 1997 World Orienteering Championships. In the 1999 World Orienteering Championships he finished 16th in the short distance, 13th in the classic, and 6th in the relay. In the 2004 World Orienteering Championships he finished 13th in the middle distance, and 6th in the relay with the Lithuanian team.

He now lives and trains in Minsk, Belarus.

1997 World Orienteering Championships
The 1997 World Orienteering Championships, the 17th World Orienteering Championships, were held in Grimstad, Norway, 11–16 August 1997.

The championships had six events; the classic distance (formerly called individual) for men and women, the short distance for men and women, and relays for men and women.
Miss Universe 1969
Miss Universe 1969 was the 18th Miss Universe pageant, held at the Miami Beach Auditorium in Miami Beach, Florida, the United States, on 19 July 1969.

At the conclusion of the event, Martha Vasconcellos of Brazil crowned Gloria Diaz of the Philippines as Miss Universe 1969. It was the first win by the Philippines at the pageant.

Contestants from sixty-one countries and territories competed in this edition. The pageant was hosted by Bob Barker, while June Lockhart provided commentary throughout the competition.

Martha Vasconcellos
Martha Maria Cordeiro Vasconcellos  (born June 18, 1948) is a Brazilian beauty queen who became her country's second Miss Universe winner, after Iêda Maria Vargas first achieved the feat in 1963. She also became the fifth Latin American to win the title, after Peru's Gladys Zender in 1957, Colombia's Luz Marina Zuluaga in 1958 and Argentina's Norma Nolan in 1962. Vasconcellos is a native of the state of Bahia.
Haverford College, Pennsylvania
Haverford College (CDP) is a census-designated place located in Haverford Township, Delaware County, and Lower Merion Township, Montgomery County, in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. It corresponds to the campus of Haverford College, located on the southwestern side of U.S. Route 30, approximately 10 miles (16 km) northwest of the city of Philadelphia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 1,331.

U.S. Route 30 in Pennsylvania
U.S. Route 30 (US 30) is a United States Numbered Highway that runs east–west across the southern part of Pennsylvania, passing through Pittsburgh and Philadelphia on its way from the West Virginia state line east to the Benjamin Franklin Bridge over the Delaware River into New Jersey.

In Pennsylvania, US 30 runs along or near the transcontinental Lincoln Highway, an auto trail which ran from San Francisco to New York City before the U.S. Numbered Highways were designated. The Lincoln Highway turned northeast at Philadelphia, however, using present US 1 and its former alignments to cross the Delaware River into Trenton, New Jersey.

Points of interest along US 30 include the Gettysburg Battlefield, Dutch Wonderland, the Flight 93 National Memorial, Fort Ligonier, Westmoreland Mall, Jennerstown Speedway Complex, Idlewild and Soak Zone, and Independence Mall at the Independence National Historical Park.
Rush (2023 TV series)
Rush is an Australian travel adventure series which features 12 contestants, divided into three teams, racing to complete tasks in various countries. The last team to complete each episode's tasks must vote to eliminate one of their members until the last individual standing wins the $100,000 grand prize and two first-class tickets for a trip around the world. The series, hosted by model and former Australian Survivor contestant David Genat, premiered on Nine on 2 July 2023.

On 14 September 2023, Nine cancelled the series after one season.

Garden Route National Park
The Garden Route National Park is a national park in the Garden Route region of the Western Cape and Eastern Cape provinces in South Africa. It is a coastal reserve well known for its indigenous forests, dramatic coastline, and the Otter Trail. It was established on 6 March 2009 by amalgamating the existing Tsitsikamma and Wilderness National Parks, the Knysna National Lake Area, and various other areas of state-owned land.

The park covers about 1,210 km2 (470 sq mi) of land; of this, about 685 km2 (264 sq mi) was already part of the predecessor national parks. The park includes a continuous complex of approximately 605 km2 (234 sq mi) of indigenous forest.

The Garden Route National Park (Tsitsikamma, Knysna and Wilderness Sections) has a pleasant, temperate climate; it is unique in Africa as the only area in which rainfall occurs throughout the year.
Qin Shaobo
Qin Shaobo (Chinese: 秦少波) (b. 1982 in Guangxi) is a Chinese actor, acrobat and contortionist. His first performance took place when he was 11 years old which resulted in him wanting to make acting a career.

Qin's motion picture debut was in 2001, playing The Amazing Yen, Danny Ocean's "grease man", in the remake of Ocean's Eleven. He reprised the role in 2004 in Ocean's Twelve and again in the sequel Ocean's Thirteen. He returned to the role in the spin-off film Ocean's 8.

Contortion
Contortion (sometimes contortionism) is a performance art in which performers called contortionists showcase their skills of extreme physical flexibility. Contortion acts often accompany acrobatics, circus acts, street performers and other live performing arts. Contortion acts are typically performed in front of a live audience. An act will showcase one or more artists performing a choreographed set of moves or poses, often to music, which require extreme flexibility. The physical flexibility required to perform such acts greatly exceeds that of the general population. It is the dramatic feats of seemingly inhuman flexibility that captivate audiences.
County Route 11 (Suffolk County, New York)
County Route 11 (CR 11), mostly known as Pulaski Road, is a county road in northwestern Suffolk County, New York, in the United States. It runs west to east between New York State Route 108 in Cold Spring Harbor and New York State Route 25A in Kings Park. Most of the road is two lanes wide, although there are some areas where it opens up to four lanes, or simply allows center-left-turn lanes.

Within northwestern Suffolk County, CR 11 provides the closest access to the Port Jefferson Branch of the Long Island Rail Road, since it runs roughly parallel to the tracks throughout its span.

Cold Spring Harbor, New York
Cold Spring Harbor is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in the Town of Huntington, in Suffolk County, on the North Shore of Long Island in New York. As of the 2010 United States census, the CDP population was 5,070.
Porphobilinogen
Porphobilinogen (PBG) is an organic compound that occurs in living organisms as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of porphyrins, which include critical substances like hemoglobin and chlorophyll.

The structure of the molecule can be described as molecule of pyrrole with sidechains substituted for hydrogen atoms at positions 2, 3 and 4 in the ring (1 being the nitrogen atom); respectively, an aminomethyl group −CH2−NH2, an acetic acid (carboxymethyl) group −CH2−COOH, and a propionic acid (carboxyethyl) group −CH2−CH2−COOH.

Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll is any of several related green pigments found in cyanobacteria and in the chloroplasts of algae and plants. Its name is derived from the Greek words χλωρός (khloros, "pale green") and φύλλον (phyllon, "leaf"). Chlorophyll allows plants to absorb energy from light. Those pigments are involved in oxygenic photosynthesis, as opposed to bacteriochlorophylls, related molecules found only in bacteria and involved in anoxygenic photosynthesis.

Chlorophylls absorb light most strongly in the blue portion of the electromagnetic spectrum as well as the red portion. Conversely, it is a poor absorber of green and near-green portions of the spectrum. Hence chlorophyll-containing tissues appear green because green light, diffusively reflected by structures like cell walls, is less absorbed. Two types of chlorophyll exist in the photosystems of green plants: chlorophyll a and b.
Kuso
Kuso is a term used in East Asia for the internet culture that generally includes all types of camp and parody. In Japanese, kuso (糞,くそ,クソ) is a word that is commonly translated to English as curse words such as fuck, shit, damn, and bullshit (both kuso and shit refer to feces), and is often said as an interjection. It is also used to describe outrageous matters and objects of poor quality. This usage of kuso was brought into Taiwan around 2000 by young people who frequently visited Japanese websites and quickly became an internet phenomenon, spreading to Taiwan and Hong Kong and subsequently to mainland China.

Fuck
Fuck (/fʌk/) is a profanity in the English language that often refers to the act of sexual intercourse, but is also commonly used as an intensifier or to convey disdain. While its origin is obscure, it is usually considered to be first attested to around 1475. In modern usage, the term fuck and its derivatives (such as fucker and fucking) are used as a noun, a verb, an adjective, an infix, an interjection or an adverb. There are many common phrases that employ the word as well as compounds that incorporate it, such as motherfucker and fuck off.
Manises
Manises is a town and municipality in the comarca of Horta Oest in the Valencian Community, Spain. Located in the province of Valencia, it had 30,693 inhabitants in 2018 (INE) and is famous for its pottery and being the location of Valencia Airport.

Province of Valencia
The province of Valencia (Spanish: Provincia de Valencia, /vəˈlɛnsiə/ və-LEN-see-ə or /vəˈlɛnʃ(i)ə/ və-LEN-sh(ee-)ə, Spanish: [baˈlenθja] ⓘ), officially València (Província de València, Valencian: [vaˈlensia]), is a province of Spain, in the central part of the Valencian Community. Of the province's 2.7 million people, almost one-third live in the capital, Valencia, which is also the capital of the autonomous community and the 3rd biggest city in Spain, with a metropolitan area of 2,522,383 people it is also one of the most populated cities of Southern Europe. There are 266 municipalities in the province.
2022 Georgia's Rome Challenger
The 2022 Georgia's Rome Challenger was a professional tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It was the first edition of the tournament which was part of the 2022 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Rome, Georgia, United States between July 11 and July 17, 2022.

Georgia's Rome Challenger
The Georgia's Rome Challenger is a professional tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It is currently part of the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Challenger Tour. It has been held in Rome, Georgia, United States since 2022.