hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Cape Verdean organized crime
Cape Verdean organized crime refers to the various criminal organizations that are active in Cape Verde & Cape Verdean diaspora communities. Cape Verde is important as a transshipment point in the cocaine trade, and the existence of sizeable Cape Verdean communities in New England, the Dutch port city of Rotterdam as well as in several cities in Portugal, France and Switzerland, led to the formation of criminal gangs in the community active in the international drug trade supplemented with other criminal activities. Cape Verdean organized crime primarily comes in the form of street gangs, with varying levels of organization and sophistication.

Gang
A gang is a group or society of associates, friends, or members of a family with a defined leadership and internal organization that identifies with or claims control over territory in a community and engages, either individually or collectively, in illegal, and possibly violent, behavior, with such behavior often constituting a form of organized crime.
Philaretus (medical writer)
Philaretus (Φιλάρετος, Philáretos) was a medical writer to whom a version of De pulsibus ad Antonium, a Greek treatise on the pulse is attributed. His name is associated only with a Byzantine revision of the text, probably from the ninth century AD. Whether he was responsible for the original treatise or only the later revision is disputed. The treatise belongs to the Galenic tradition and is influenced by the Pheumismatists. It shares diagrams with the works of Theophilus Protospatharius. By the eleventh century, a Latin translation was known at the medical school in Salerno. Included in the Articella compendium, it became one of the basic medical handbooks of the western Middle Ages.

Schola Medica Salernitana
The Schola Medica Salernitana (Italian: Scuola Medica Salernitana) was a medieval medical school, the first and most important of its kind. Situated on the Tyrrhenian Sea in the south Italian city of Salerno, it was founded in the 9th century and rose to prominence in the 10th century, becoming the most important source of medical knowledge in Western Europe at the time.

Arabic medical treatises, both those that were translations of Greek texts and those that were originally written in Arabic, had accumulated in the library of Montecassino, where they were translated into Latin; thus the received lore of Hippocrates, Galen and Dioscorides was supplemented and invigorated by Arabic medical practice, known from contacts with Sicily and North Africa. As a result, the medical practitioners of Salerno, both men and women, were unrivaled in the medieval Western Mediterranean for practical concerns.
Burzec
Burzec [ˈbuʐɛt͡s] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wojcieszków, within Łuków County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland.

In the years 1975-1998 the town administratively belonged to the Siedlce Voivodeship.

In Henryk Sienkiewicz's novel The Deluge, the village is mentioned in the eleventh chapter as belonging to Jan Skrzetuski.

In the interwar period, Sienkiewicz's cousin Stefan Dmochowski lived in the local manor, as well as his brother Roman, the owner of the village Sarnów.

Łuków County
Łuków County (Polish: powiat łukowski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It was established on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Łuków, which lies 76 kilometres (47 mi) north of the regional capital Lublin. The only other town in the county is Stoczek Łukowski, lying 30 km (19 mi) west of Łuków.

The county covers an area of 1,394.09 square kilometres (538.3 sq mi). As of 2019, its total population is 107,144, including 29,885, in Łuków, 2.520in Stoczek Łukowski, and a rural population is 74.739.
Roger Bofferding
Roger Bofferding (17 February 1934 – 20 February 2026) was a Luxembourgish sprinter. He competed in the men's 200 metres at the 1960 Summer Olympics. Bofferding died on 20 February 2026, at the age of 92.

Athletics at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metres
The men's 200 metres was held on 2 September and 3 September as part of the athletics at the 1960 Summer Olympics, which were held in Rome. 74 athletes from 54 nations entered, but only 62 athletes from 47 nations ultimately competed. The maximum number of athletes per nation had been set at 3 since the 1930 Olympic Congress. The event was won by 0.1 seconds by Livio Berruti of Italy, the first victory in the event by a nation outside of North America and snapping a five-Games winning streak (and two-Games medal sweep streak) by the United States. The Americans finished with a silver medal, by Lester Carney, to extend their medal streak to six Games. Abdoulaye Seye of France took bronze. Berruti's gold and Seye's bronze were the first medal for their nations in the men's 200 metres.
Arna (publication)
Arna, commonly styled as ARNA, is an annual literary journal published by the University of Sydney Arts Students Society. Originally named The Arts Journal of the University of Sydney, it was published regularly between 1918 and 1974 under the auspices of the Faculty of Arts and in 1938 the journal was renamed The ARNA: The Journal of the Arts Society. Publishing of the journal ceased unexpectedly in 1974.

After a hiatus of 34 years, publication recommenced in 2008 with the revival of the Sydney Arts Students' Society. Former distinguished editors and contributors include Samuel Beckett, Robert Hughes, Clive James, Lex Banning, Harold Stewart, Geoffrey Lehmann, Les Murray and Whitney Duan. The editors-in-chief for 2020 are Kate Scott and Jenna Lorge.

Robert Hughes (critic)
Robert Studley Forrest Hughes (28 July 1938 – 6 August 2012) was an Australian-born art critic, writer, and producer of television documentaries. He was described in 1997 by Robert Boynton of The New York Times as "the most famous art critic in the world."

Hughes earned widespread recognition for his book and television series on modern art, The Shock of the New, and for his longstanding position as art critic with TIME magazine. He is also known for his best seller The Fatal Shore (1986), a study of the British convict system in early Australian history. Known for his contentious critiques of art and artists, Hughes was generally conservative in his tastes, although he did not belong to a particular philosophical camp. His writing was noted for its power and elegance.
Mick Martin (rugby union)
Michael Clayton Martin (born 5 May 1956) is an Australian sailor and former rugby union international.

Martin was born in Sydney and attended Parramatta Marist High School.

A Parramatta Colts product, Martin won a Shute Shield title with the Two Blues in 1977 and earned New South Wales selection for the first time two years later. He was capped a total of six times for the Wallabies playing as a winger, making his debut in Suva on the 1980 tour of Fiji. His winning try against the All Blacks in the 1st Test at the Sydney Cricket Ground in 1980 helped the Wallabies defend the Bledisloe Cup for the first time since 1934.

Martin is now an accomplished sailor and regularly competes in the Sydney to Hobart.

Sydney Cricket Ground
The Sydney Cricket Ground (SCG) is a sports stadium in the Moore Park suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It is used for Test, One Day International and Twenty20 cricket, as well as, Australian rules football and occasionally for rugby league, rugby union and association football. It is the home ground for the New South Wales Blues cricket team, the Sydney Sixers of the Big Bash League and the Sydney Swans of the Australian Football League. It is owned and operated by Venues NSW, an agency of the Government of New South Wales who also hold responsibility for Stadium Australia and the Sydney Football Stadium.
Origgio
Origgio (Lombard: Origg [uˈritʃ]) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Varese in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 20 kilometres (12 mi) northwest of Milan and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) southeast of Varese. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 6,777 and an area of 8.1 square kilometres (3.1 sq mi).

The municipality of Origgio contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Cascina Muschiona and Cascina Broggio.

Origgio borders the following municipalities: Caronno Pertusella, Cerro Maggiore, Lainate, Nerviano, Saronno, Uboldo.

Province of Varese
The province of Varese (Italian: provincia di Varese) is a province in the Lombardy region of Italy. Its capital is Varese, but the largest city is Busto Arsizio. The headquarters of AgustaWestland, the company merged into Leonardo since 2016 and the world's largest producer of helicopters, is based in Samarate, a comune (municipality) of the province. The province has 139 municipalities.

It has a population of 881,907 in an area of 1,198.11 square kilometres (462.59 sq mi), making it the 6th most densely populated province of Italy.
Ben Omann
Bernard P. "Ben" Omann, Sr. (June 1, 1919 – November 19, 1986) was an American farmer,  insurance agent, and politician.

From St. Joseph, Minnesota, Omann went to Saint John's Preparatory School. Omann was a farmer and was the owner of Omann Insurance Agency. Omann served in the Minnesota Senate in 1980 after being elected in a special election. He was a Republican. Omann then served in the Minnesota House of Representatives from 1983 until his death in 1986. Omann died from cancer in a hospital in St. Cloud, Minnesota. His son Bernie Omann also served in the Minnesota Legislature.

St. Joseph, Minnesota
St. Joseph or Saint Joseph is a city in Stearns County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 7,029 at the 2020 census. It is home to the College of Saint Benedict and Saint John's University.

St. Joseph is part of the St. Cloud metropolitan area. The unincorporated Florida community of St. Joseph, Florida, is named after the Minnesota city.
Snowshoe Lake (West Harry Lake, Ontario)
Snowshoe Lake is a lake in the Lake Huron drainage basin in Algonquin Provincial Park in Nipissing District, Ontario, Canada. It is about 790 metres (2,592 ft) long and 100 metres (328 ft) wide, and lies at an elevation of 466 metres (1,529 ft). The primary outflow is an unnamed creek to West Harry Lake, which flows via the Big East River, the Muskoka River and the Moon and Musquash rivers into Lake Huron.

A second Snowshoe Lake in the Big East River system, Snowshoe Lake (Cripple Creek, Ontario), is 18.5 kilometres (11.5 mi) northeast.

Nipissing District
Nipissing District is a district in Northeastern Ontario in the Canadian province of Ontario. It was created in 1858. The district seat is North Bay.

In 2021, the population was 84,716. The land area is 16,986.20 square kilometres (6,558.41 sq mi); the population density was 5.0 per square kilometre (13/sq mi), making it one of the most densely populated districts in northern Ontario.
Forest Research Institute of Thessaloniki
The Forest Research Institute of Thessaloniki (Greek: Ινστιτούτο Δασικών Ερευνών Θεσσαλονίκης) is a public research institution in Greece specializing in forest science, ecosystem management, and environmental conservation.

It is located in Thermi, outside the city of Thessaloniki, and operates under the supervision of the Hellenic Agricultural Organization – DEMETER (ΕΛΓΟ - Δήμητρα).

Environmental protection
Environmental protection, or environment protection, refers to the taking of measures to protecting the natural environment, prevent pollution and maintain ecological balance. Action may be taken by individuals, advocacy groups and governments. Objectives include the conservation of the existing natural environment and natural resources and, when possible, repair of damage and reversal of harmful trends.

Due to the pressures of overconsumption, population growth and technology, the biophysical environment is being degraded, sometimes permanently. This has been recognized, and governments have begun placing restraints on activities that cause environmental degradation. Since the 1960s, environmental movements have created more awareness of the multiple environmental problems. There is disagreement on the extent of the environmental impact of human activity, so protection measures are occasionally debated.
Onchon Field
Onchon Field is a 50,000 ha wetland site in South Pyongan Province of North Korea. It contains freshwater wetlands, rice paddies and salt pans. It has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA) because it supports populations of swan geese, greater white-fronted geese, whooper swans, black-faced spoonbills, Chinese egrets, great bustards, white-naped cranes, hooded cranes and red-crowned cranes. It is threatened by agricultural intensification, aquacultural development and human disturbance.

Red-crowned crane
The red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis), also called the Japanese crane and the Manchurian crane, is a large Northeast Asian crane among the rarest cranes in the world. In some parts of its range, it is known as a symbol of luck, longevity, and fidelity.
Arthroleptis vercammeni
Arthroleptis vercammeni, also known as the Mwana screeching frog or Vercammen's squeaker, is a species of frog in the family Arthroleptidae. It is endemic to eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo and is only known from its type locality at Mwana in Mwenga Territory, South Kivu province. The specific name vercammeni honours Paul-Henry Vercammen-Grandjean, entomologist and virologist from France/Belgium.

Arthroleptidae
The Arthroleptidae /ˌɑːrθroʊˈlɛptɪdiː/ are a family of frogs found in sub-Saharan Africa. This group includes African treefrogs in the genus Leptopelis along with the terrestrial breeding squeakers Arthroleptis, and several genera restricted to the Guinean forests of central and west Africa, such as the hairy frog (Trichobatrachus).
James L. Moore III
James L. Moore III is the Vice Provost for Diversity and Inclusion and Chief Diversity Officer of The Ohio State University. He also serves as executive director of the Todd Anthony Bell National Resource Center on the African American Male and is the inaugural College of Education and Human Ecology Distinguished Professor of Urban Education.  Moore co-founded the International Colloquium on Black Males in Education. From 2015 to 2017, Moore served as the rotating program director for Broadening Participation in Engineering in the Engineering directorate at the National Science Foundation in Arlington, Virginia. In 2018 the Dr. James L. Moore III Scholars Program, established by Missy and Bob Weiler, was created to support undergraduate students transferring from Columbus State Community College to Ohio State University.

Todd Bell
Todd Anthony Bell (November 28, 1958 – March 16, 2005) was an American professional football player who was a safety for the Chicago Bears of the National Football League (NFL) during the early 1980s. He played college football for the Ohio State Buckeyes.
Cynoglossus
Cynoglossus is a genus of fish in the family Cynoglossidae. Most species are indigenous to the Indo-Pacific region, but there are also a few in warmer parts of the East Atlantic. They are commonly found in shallow waters on a muddy or sandy bottom, including estuaries and a few species are restricted to fresh water. One species Cynoglossus sinusarabici has invaded the Mediterranean Sea through the Suez Canal from the Red Sea, a process known as Lessepsian or Erythrean migration.

Francis Day
Francis Talbot Day CIE (2 March 1829 – 10 July 1889) was an army surgeon and naturalist in the Madras Presidency who later became the Inspector-General of Fisheries in India and Burma. A pioneer ichthyologist, he described more than three hundred fishes in the two-volume work on The Fishes of India. He also wrote the fish volumes of the Fauna of British India series. He was also responsible for the introduction of trout into the Nilgiri hills, for which he received a medal from the French Societe d'Acclimatation. Many of his fish specimens are distributed across museums with only a small fraction deposited in the British Museum (Natural History Museum, London), an anomaly caused by a prolonged conflict with Albert Günther, the keeper of zoology there.
Rossellini
Rossellini is a common Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Roberto Rossellini, Italian film director
Renzo Rossellini, producer, son of Roberto
Isabella Rossellini, actress, daughter of Roberto
Elettra Rossellini Wiedemann, American fashion model, daughter of Isabella

Renzo Rossellini, Italian composer, brother of Roberto

Roberto Rossellini
Roberto Gastone Zeffiro Rossellini (8 May 1906 – 3 June 1977) was an Italian film director, screenwriter and producer. He was one of the most prominent directors of the Italian neorealist cinema, contributing to the movement with films such as Rome, Open City (1945), Paisan (1946), and Germany, Year Zero (1948). He is also known for his films starring his then wife Ingrid Bergman, Stromboli (1950), Europe '51 (1952), Journey to Italy (1954), Fear (1954) and Joan of Arc at the Stake (1954).
Maria of Saxony, Duchess of Pomerania
Maria of Saxony (German: Maria von Sachsen; 15 December 1515 in Weimar – 7 January 1583 in Wolgast) was a member of the Ernestine line of the house Wettin and a Princess of Saxony by birth and by marriage a Duchess of Pomerania.

Wolgast
Wolgast (German pronunciation: [ˈvɔlˌɡast] ⓘ) is a town in the district of Vorpommern-Greifswald, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. It is situated on the bank of the strait Peenestrom, facing the island of Usedom on the Baltic coast that can be accessed by road and railway via a movable bascule bridge (Blaues Wunder). In December 2004, the town had a population of 12,725.
John Shulock
John Richard Shulock (April 29, 1947 – June 5, 2025) was an American professional baseball umpire who worked in the American League from 1979 to 1999 and throughout Major League Baseball between 2000 and 2002. Shulock wore number 29 when the AL adopted them for its umpires in 1980, and retained the number when the NL and AL umpire staffs merged in 2000. Shulock umpired 3,050 major league games in his 24-year career. He umpired in two World Series (1985 and 1992), two All-Star Games (1983 and 1994), four American League Championship Series (1988, 1993, 1998 and 2001), and two American League Division Series (1996 and 1999).

Umpire (baseball)
In baseball, the umpire is the person charged with officiating the game, including beginning and ending the game, enforcing the rules of the game and the grounds, making judgment calls on plays, and handling disciplinary actions. The term is often shortened to the colloquial form ump. They are also sometimes nicknamed blue due to the traditional color of the uniform worn by umpires. Although games were often officiated by a sole umpire in the formative years of the sport, since the turn of the 20th century, officiating has been commonly divided among several umpires, who form the umpiring crew.  The position is analogous to that of a referee in many other sports.
Congressional Bike Caucus
The Congressional Bike Caucus (CBC) is a bipartisan caucus of the United States House of Representatives launched by Representative Earl Blumenauer. It is officially registered with the Committee on House Administration, the house committee responsible for regulating caucuses. The caucus aims to promote cycling by improving infrastructure and increasing awareness of cyclists. As of 2023 the caucus has 107 members. Co-chairs of the caucus included Representatives Earl Blumenauer (until 2025), Vern Buchanan, and Ayanna Pressley.

Bipartisanship
Bipartisanship is a political situation, sometimes referred to as nonpartisanship and usually in the context of a two-party system (especially those of the United States and some other Western countries), in which opposing political parties find common ground through compromise. In multi-partisan electoral systems or in situations where multiple parties work together, it is called multipartisanship. Partisanship is the antonym, where an individual or political party adheres only to its interests without compromise.
Battle Beasts
Battle Beasts (ビーストフォーマー, Bīsutofōmā) is a line of small 2" tall action figure toys, in the form of anthropomorphised animals with body armor and a unique weapon. Several figures have their left hand replaced by a weapon of some kind. Battle Beasts were created and largely produced by Takara and distributed by Takara in Japan (under the name BeastFormers) and by Hasbro outside Japan, beginning in 1987.

Mole (animal)
Moles are small, subterranean mammals. They have cylindrical bodies, velvety fur, very small, inconspicuous eyes and ears, reduced hindlimbs, and short, powerful forelimbs with large paws adapted for digging.

The word "mole" most commonly refers to many species in the family Talpidae (which are named after the Latin word for mole, talpa). True moles are found in most parts of North America, Europe (except for Ireland) and Asia. Other mammals referred to as moles include the African golden moles and the Australian marsupial moles, which have a similar ecology and lifestyle to true moles but are unrelated.

Moles may be viewed as pests to gardeners, but they provide positive contributions to soil, gardens, and ecosystems, including soil aeration, feeding on slugs and small creatures that eat plant roots, and providing prey for other wildlife. They eat earthworms and other small invertebrates in the soil.
Lahtinen
Lahtinen is a Finnish-language surname of the so-called Virtanen type: lahti ("bay") + -nen (a surname suffix). Notable people with the surname include:

Alli Lahtinen (1926–1976), Finnish politician

Aki Lahtinen (born 1958), Finnish footballer

Hugo Lahtinen (1891–1977), Finnish athlete

Juhani Lahtinen (1938–2018), Finnish ice hockey goalkeeper

Merja Lahtinen (born 1968), Finnish cross country skier

Mika Lahtinen (born 1985), Finnish footballer

Timo Lahtinen (born 1947), Finnish ice hockey player

Urpo Lahtinen, Finnish magazine publisher

Varma Lahtinen (1894–1976), Finnish actress

Vesa Lahtinen (born 1968), Finnish ice hockey player

Finnish name
In Finland, a person must have a surname and at least one given name with up to four given names permitted. Surnames are inherited either patrilineally or matrilineally, while given names are usually chosen by a person's parents. Finnish names come from a variety of dissimilar traditions that were consolidated only in the early 20th century. The first national act on names came into force in 1921, and it made surnames mandatory. Between 1930 and 1985, the Western Finnish tradition whereby a married woman took her husband's surname was mandatory. Previously in Eastern Finland, this was not necessarily the case. On 1 January 2019, the reformed Act on Forenames and Surnames came into force.

Finnish given names are often of Christian origin (e.g., Jukka from Greek Johannes), but Finnish and Swedish origins are also common.
Comparison of electoral systems
This article discusses the methods and results of comparing different electoral systems. There are two broad methods to compare voting systems:

Metrics of voter satisfaction, either through simulation or survey.

Adherence to logical criteria.

Minimax Condorcet method
In voting systems, the Minimax Condorcet method is a single-winner ranked-choice voting method that always elects the majority (Condorcet) winner. Minimax compares all candidates against each other in a round-robin tournament, then ranks candidates by their worst election result (the result where they would receive the fewest votes). The candidate with the largest (maximum) number of votes in their worst (minimum) matchup is declared the winner.