hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Interest expense
Interest expense relates to the cost of borrowing money. It is the price that a lender  charges a borrower for the use of the lender's money. On the income statement, interest expense can represent the cost of borrowing money from banks, bond investors, and other sources.  Interest expense is different from operating expense and CAPEX, for it relates to the capital structure of a company, and it is usually tax-deductible.

On the income statement, interest income and interest expense are reported separately, or sometimes together under either "interest income - net" (if there is a surplus in interest income) or "interest expense - net" (if there is a surplus in interest expense).

Cost
Cost is the value of money that has been used up to produce something or deliver a service, and hence is not available for use anymore. In business, the cost may be one of acquisition, in which case the amount of money expended to acquire it is counted as cost. In this case, money is the input that is gone in order to acquire the thing. This acquisition cost may be the sum of the cost of production as incurred by the original producer, and further costs of transaction as incurred by the acquirer over and above the price paid to the producer. Usually, the price also includes a mark-up for profit over the cost of production.

More generalized in the field of economics, cost is a metric that is totaling up as a result of a process or as a differential for the result of a decision.  Hence cost is the metric used in the standard modeling paradigm applied to economic processes.

Costs (pl.) are often further described based on their timing or their applicability.
2021 in East Africa
The following lists events that happened during 2021 in East Africa. The countries listed are those described in the United Nations geoscheme for East Africa: 
 Burundi,  Comoros,  Djibouti,  Eritrea,  Ethiopia,  Kenya,  Madagascar,  Malawi,  Mauritius,  Mayotte,  Mozambique,  Réunion,  Rwanda,  Seychelles,  Somalia,  South Sudan,  Tanzania, Uganda,  Zambia,  Zimbabwe.

Kembo Mohadi
Kembo Dugish Campbell Muleya Mohadi (born 15 November 1949) is a Zimbabwean politician and Vice-President of Zimbabwe since 8 September 2023. He previously served in the same role from 28 December 2017 to 1 March 2021, when he resigned. He briefly served as the Minister of Defence, Security and War Veterans in 2017. Previously he was Minister of State for National Security in the President's Office from 2015 to 2017 and Minister of Home Affairs from 2002 to 2015.

Mohadi was reappointed as second secretary of ZANU–PF at the party's elective congress on 29 October 2022 by President Emmerson Mnangagwa.
Kemerovo tickborne viral fever
Kemerovo tickborne viral fever is an aparalytic febrile illness accompanied by meningism following tick-bite.  The causative agent is a zoonotic Orbivirus first described in 1963 in western Siberia by Mikhail Chumakov and coworkers.  The virus has some 23 serotypes, and can occur in coinfections with other Orbiviruses and tick-transmitted encephalitis viruses, complicating the course of illness.  Rodents and birds are the primary vertebrate hosts of the virus; Ixodes persulcatus ticks are a vector of the virus. Kemerovo and related viruses may be translocated distances in the environment by migratory birds.

Serotype
A serotype or serovar is a distinct variation within a species of bacteria or virus or among immune cells of different individuals. These microorganisms, viruses, or cells are classified together based on their shared reactivity between their surface antigens and a particular antiserum, allowing the classification of organisms to a level below the species. A group of serovars with common antigens is called a serogroup or sometimes serocomplex.

Serotyping often plays an essential role in determining species and subspecies. The Salmonella genus of bacteria, for example, has been determined to have over 2600 serotypes. Vibrio cholerae, the species of bacteria that causes cholera, has over 200 serotypes, based on cell antigens. Only two of them have been observed to produce the potent enterotoxin that results in cholera: O1 and O139.

Serotypes were discovered in hemolytic streptococci by the American microbiologist Rebecca Lancefield in 1933.
Brian Adam
Brian James Adam (10 June 1948 – 25 April 2013) was a Scottish politician and biochemist who served as Minister for Parliamentary Business and Chief Whip from 2011 to 2012. A member of the Scottish National Party (SNP), he was a Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) from 1999 to 2013.

He was an MSP for the North East Scotland region from 1999 to 2003, then for the Aberdeen North constituency from 2003 to 2011, and for the Aberdeen Donside constituency from 2011 until his death in 2013. From 2007 to 2011, he was Chief Whip for the minority SNP Government and Co-Convener of the Oil and Gas Cross Party Group.

Member of the Scottish Parliament
Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP; Scottish Gaelic: Ball Pàrlamaid na h-Alba, BPA; Scots: Memmer o the Scots Pairliament, MSP) is the title given to any one of the 129 individuals elected to serve in the Scottish Parliament.
Primo Toys
Primo Toys is a London-based educational toy company founded by Filippo Yacob and Matteo Loglio, best known for creating the Cubetto Playset, an award-winning wooden robot that has been used by more than 10 million children to date, designed to teach children how to code using a tangible programming language that doesn't use screens or literacy. In April 2016, Cubetto became the most crowd-funded ed-tech invention in history, when 6,553 backers pledged a total of $1,596,457 to support their Kickstarter campaign. Primo Toys are backed by Randi Zuckerberg, Arduino co-founder Massimo Banzi, and Liam Casey's PCH International.

Seymour Papert
Seymour Aubrey Papert (/ˈpæpərt/; 29 February 1928 – 31 July 2016) was a South African-born American mathematician, computer scientist, and educator, who spent most of his career teaching and researching at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He was one of the pioneers of artificial intelligence, and of the constructionist movement in education. He was co-inventor, with Wally Feurzeig and Cynthia Solomon, of the Logo programming language.
Phulala Sugandha Maticha
Phulala Sugandha Maticha (transl. Flower Has the Fragrance of Soil) is an Indian Marathi language television series that aired on Star Pravah. It premiered on 2 September 2020 and ended on 4 December 2022. It stars Harshad Atkari and Samruddhi Kelkar in lead roles. The show is an official adaptation of the StarPlus series Diya Aur Baati Hum. Both shows are produced by Shashi and Sumeet Mittal under the banner Shashi Sumeet Productions.

StarPlus
StarPlus is an Indian Hindi-language general entertainment pay television channel owned by JioStar, a joint venture between Reliance Industries, Viacom18 and Disney India. Its programming consists of family dramas, romantic comedies, youth-oriented reality shows, shows on crime and television films.
St. Mary's Catholic Church (Delaware, Ohio)
St. Mary's Catholic Church is a historic Catholic parish church in the city of Delaware, Ohio, United States.  Constructed in the 1880s, this grand building is home to a congregation established in the middle of the nineteenth century.  Its grand style has long made it a community landmark, and it was named a historic landmark in 1980.

Delaware, Ohio
Delaware is a city in Delaware County, Ohio, United States, and its county seat. It is located near the center of Ohio, about 30 miles (48 km) north of Columbus as part of the Columbus metropolitan area. The population was 41,302 at the 2020 census. Delaware was founded in 1808 and was incorporated in 1816.
Nilegna
Nilegna is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived from 501 to 490 million years ago during the Dresbachian faunal stage of the late Cambrian Period.

Dresbachian
The Dresbachian is a Maentwrogian regional stage of North America, lasting from 501 to 497 million years ago. It is part of the Upper Cambrian and is defined by four trilobite zones. It overlaps with the ICS-stages Guzhangian, Paibian and the lowest Jiangshanian.

The Dresbachian overlies the Middle Cambrian Albertan series, and is the lowest stage of the Upper Cambrian Croixian series, followed by the Franconian stage.  The Dresbachian extinction event, about 502 million years ago, was followed by the Cambrian–Ordovician extinction event about 486.85 million years ago.
Rick Hube
Richard Wod "Rick" Hube, Jr. (January 31, 1947 – December 21, 2009) was a Vermont politician from South Londonderry, Vermont. A Republican, he served as a member of the Vermont House of Representatives, representing the Windham–Bennington–Windsor 1 District, from 1999 until his death. He died while visiting his sister in Orlando, Florida.

Born in Hartford, Connecticut, Hube attended school in Farmington, Connecticut, and received his bachelor's degree in history from Colgate University in 1971. He worked at McDonald's Corp in Connecticut. In 1978, Hube moved to Vermont and eventually started a property management business. He was also involved in the marketing business.

Farmington, Connecticut
Farmington  is a town in Hartford County in the Farmington Valley area of central Connecticut in the United States. The town is part of the Capitol Planning Region. The population was 26,712 at the 2020 census. It sits 10 miles west of Hartford at the hub of major I-84 interchanges, 25 miles south of Bradley International Airport and two hours by car from New York City and Boston. It has been home to the world headquarters of several large corporations including Otis Elevator Company, United Technologies, and Carvel. The northwestern section of Farmington is a suburban neighborhood called Unionville.
F1000 (publisher)
F1000 (formerly "Faculty of 1000") is an open research publisher for scientists, scholars, and clinical researchers. F1000 offers a different research evaluation service from standard academic journals by offering peer-review after, rather than before, publishing a research article. Initially, F1000 was named after the 1,000 faculty members who performed peer-reviews, but over time F1000 expanded to more than 8,000 members. When F1000 was acquired by Taylor & Francis Group in January 2020, it kept the publishing services. F1000Prime (AKA Faculty Opinions) and F1000 Workspace (AKA Sciwheel) were acquired by different brands.

Clinical research
Clinical research is a branch of medical research that involves people and aims to determine the effectiveness (efficacy) and safety of medications, devices, diagnostic products, and treatment regimens intended for improving human health. These research procedures are designed for the prevention, treatment, diagnosis or understanding of disease symptoms.

Clinical research is different from clinical practice: in clinical practice, established treatments are used to improve the condition of a person, while in clinical research, evidence is collected under rigorous study conditions on groups of people to determine the efficacy and safety of a treatment.
Gail Morgan Hickman
Gail Morgan Hickman (born December 14, 1953) is an American producer and writer of film and television.

His first major writing credit was for the Dirty Harry film The Enforcer (1976). His subsequent screenplay credits include The London Connection (1979), The Kids Who Knew Too Much (1980), The Big Score (1983), Murphy's Law (1986), Number One with a Bullet (1987), and Death Wish 4: The Crackdown (1987).

In 1977, Hickman wrote the nonfiction book The Films of George Pal, a history of the famed science-fiction producer-director's career. He also wrote the novelization for the film The Enforcer (1976) under the pseudonym Wesley Morgan.

From 1988 on, he worked primarily as a television writer-producer for the series Crime Story, The Equalizer, Mancuso, F.B.I., The Flash, P.S. I Luv U, Matrix, One West Waikiki, The Sentinel, Largo Winch, Just Cause and most recently Aaron Stone.

In 1992, he co-wrote the NBC TV mini-series Drug Wars: The Cocaine Cartel for producer Michael Mann.

Number One with a Bullet (film)
Number One with a Bullet is a 1987 American action comedy film directed by Jack Smight and starring Robert Carradine, Billy Dee Williams, Valerie Bertinelli, Peter Graves, Doris Roberts, Bobby Di Cicco, Ray Girardin, Barry Sattels, Mykelti Williamson, Alex Rebar and Jon Gries.

The film is about two police partners with contrasting personalities who both work for the Los Angeles Police Department. It is often placed within the buddy cop sub-genre.
NY Virginis
NY Virginis is a binary star about 1,940 light-years away. The primary belongs to the rare class of subdwarf B stars, being former red giants with their hydrogen envelope completely stripped by a stellar companion. The companion is a red dwarf star.  The eclipsing binary nature of NY Virginis was first identified in 1998, and the extremely short orbital period of 0.101016 d, together with brightness variability on the timescale of 200 seconds was noticed, resulting in the identification of the primary star as a B-type subdwarf in 2003.  Under a proposed classification scheme for hot subdwarfs it would be class sdB1VII:He1.  This non-standard system indicates that it is a "normal" luminosity for a hot subdwarf and that the spectrum is dominated by hydrogen rather than helium.

Stellar structure
Stellar structure models describe the internal structure of a star in detail and make predictions about the luminosity, the color and the future evolution of the star.  Different classes and ages of stars have different internal structures, reflecting their elemental makeup and energy transport mechanisms.
Armchair Martian
Armchair Martian, formed in 1993, is an American trio based out of Fort Collins, Colorado. They are a punk and alt-country band influenced by Descendents, Hüsker Dü, and Uncle Tupelo. They have put out numerous recordings through four record labels, the latest being Suburban Home which released the Good Guys, Bad Band album (a compilation of out of print material) in 2007 and re-issued their Who Wants to Play Bass? LP. Singer Jon Snodgrass later moved on to form Drag the River.

The band has formed a close friendship with punk rock bands Lagwagon and Bad Astronaut, particularly main songwriter and vocalist of both groups Joey Cape. Both Cape and Snodgrass have been known to frequently cover each other's songs on numerous releases, including a split EP with Bad Astronaut in 2001 titled War of the Worlds. The two also collaborated on two albums from the band Scorpios, also featuring Tony Sly, Brian Wahlstrom, and Chris Cresswell.

Lagwagon
Lagwagon is an American punk rock band formed in 1990 from Goleta, California, just outside Santa Barbara. Their name comes from the band's tour van, which can be seen on the back cover of their 1994 second album Trashed.

The band has 12 releases through Fat Wreck Chords: nine studio albums, one EP, one live album and a collection of B-sides, compilation tracks and demos. Lagwagon has never had, nor have they seemed to pursue, strong mainstream success, but they do have a devoted underground following in North America, Europe and Asia. Their moderate success reflected a growing interest in punk rock during the 1990s, along with fellow California bands Rancid, Green Day and The Offspring. Their song "May 16" was also featured in Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 2.
Ōbara-dera
Ōbara-dera (粟原寺) was a Buddhist temple established during the Asuka period in the Ōbara neighborhood of the city of Sakurai, Nara Prefecture, Japan. The temple no longer exists, and its ruins have been protected as a designated a National Historic Site since1927.

Buddhist temples in Japan
Buddhist temples or monasteries are (along with Shinto shrines) the most numerous, famous, and important religious buildings in Japan. The shogunates or leaders of Japan have made it a priority to update and rebuild Buddhist temples since the Momoyama period (late 16th century). The Japanese word for a Buddhist monastery is tera (寺) (kun reading), and the same kanji also has the pronunciation ji (on reading), so temple names frequently end in -dera (voiced) or -ji. Another ending, -in (院), is normally used to refer to minor temples. Examples of temple names that have these suffixes are Kiyomizu-dera, Enryaku-ji and Kōtoku-in.
Bill Cowley
William Mailes "Cowboy" Cowley (June 12, 1912 – December 31, 1993) was a Canadian professional ice hockey center who played 13 seasons in the National Hockey League for the St. Louis Eagles and Boston Bruins. Described as the Wayne Gretzky of his era, Cowley twice won the Hart Memorial Trophy as the NHL's MVP, and is widely regarded as one of the best playmakers in hockey history.

1937–38 NHL season
The 1937–38 NHL season was the 21st season of the National Hockey League (NHL). Eight teams each played 48 games. The Chicago Black Hawks were the Stanley Cup winners as they beat the Toronto Maple Leafs three games to one in the Stanley Cup Finals.
Manoranjan Debbarma
Manoranjan Debbarma (born 5 October 1962) is an Indian politician and member of the Communist Party of India (Marxist).  He represented Mandaibazar (Vidhan Sabha constituency) of West Tripura district. Debbarma was a member of the Tripura Legislative Assembly from 1998 to 2018.

West Tripura district
West Tripura district is an administrative district in the state of Tripura in India. The district headquarters are located at Agartala. As of 2012, it is the most populous of Tripura's eight districts.
Hypagyrtis unipunctata
Hypagyrtis unipunctata, the one-spotted variant moth or white spot, is a moth of the family Geometridae. The species was first described by Adrian Hardy Haworth in 1809. It can be found from Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Texas, northwest to British Columbia on the North American continent, and is also found in Eurasia.

The wingspan is 20–47 mm. Adults are on wing from April to September in most of North America and from June to July in northern North America. There are one to two generations per year.

The larvae feed on the leaves of a wide range of deciduous trees and shrubs, including Amelanchier, Rosa, Prunus, Salix, Populus, Alnus, Betula, Corylus, Fraxinus, Tilia, Ulmus, Quercus and Acer.

Tilia
Tilia is a genus of about 30 species of trees or bushes, native throughout most of the temperate Northern Hemisphere. The species are known as linden or lime for the European and Asian species, and linden or basswood for North American species and more generally in American literature. The greatest species diversity is found in Asia, but the genus also occurs widely in Europe and eastern North America. Under the Cronquist classification system, this genus was placed in the family Tiliaceae, but genetic research summarised by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group has resulted in the incorporation of this genus, and of most of the previous family, into the Malvaceae.

Tilia is the only known ectomycorrhizal genus in the family Malvaceae. Studies of ectomycorrhizal relations of Tilia species indicate a wide range of fungal symbionts and a preference toward Ascomycota fungal partners.
Charlene Carruthers
Charlene A. Carruthers is a black queer feminist activist and author whose work focuses on leadership development. Carruthers has worked with high-profile activist organizations including Color of Change and Women's Media Center, and she was an integral founding member of Black Youth Project 100. She served as BYP100's founding National Director or National Coordinator from 2013-2018.

Color of Change
Color of Change is a progressive nonprofit civil rights advocacy organization in the United States. It was formed in 2005 in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in order to use online resources to strengthen the political voice of African Americans. Color of Change is a  501(c)(4) advocacy organizing with an affiliated political action committee.
Nissan Motor Philippines
The Nissan Philippines, Inc. is a joint venture between Nissan Motor Company, Universal Motors Corporation and Yulon Philippines Investment Co. Ltd. for the import and distribution of Nissan automobiles, multi-purpose vehicles (MPV) and sport utility vehicles (SUV) in the Philippines.

Nissan Bluebird
The Nissan Bluebird (Japanese: 日産・ブルーバード, Hepburn: Nissan Burūbādo) is a compact car produced between 1955 and 2007 with a model name introduced in 1957. It was Nissan's most internationally recognized sedan, known for its dependability and durability in multiple body styles. The Bluebird originated from Nissan's first vehicles, dating to the early 1900s, and its traditional competitor became the Toyota Corona. The Bluebird was positioned to compete with the Corona, as the Corona was developed to continue offering a sedan used as a taxi since the Toyota Crown was growing in size. Every generation of the Bluebird has been available as a taxi, duties that are shared with base level Nissan Cedrics. It is one of the longest-running nameplates from a Japanese automaker. It spawned most of Nissan's products sold internationally, and has been known by a number of different names and bodystyles, including the Auster/Stanza names.
Mitrofanov
Mitrofanov (Russian: Митрофанов) is a masculine surname. The feminine form is Mitrofanova. Notable persons with that name include:

Aleksey Mitrofanov (born 1962), Russian politician

Leopold Mitrofanov (1932–1992), Russian chess composer

Mikhail Mitrofanov (born c. 1977), Russian rugby league player

Miroslav Mitrofanov (born 1966), Latvian politician

Misha Mitrofanov (born 1997), American skater

Oleksandr Mitrofanov (born 1977), Ukrainian footballer

Pavel Mitrofanov (1857–1920), Russian embryologist and histologist

Sergei Petrovich Mitrofanov (1915–2003), Russian industrial engineer

Vasily Mitrofanov (1899–1970), Soviet general

Eleonora Mitrofanova (born 1953), Russian politician and diplomat

Elina Mitrofanova (born 1992), Russian ice hockey player

Dmytro Mytrofanov (born 1989) Ukrainian professional boxer

Eleonora Mitrofanova
Eleonora Valentinovna Mitrofanova (Russian: Элеонора Валентиновна Митрофанова; born 11 June 1953) is a Russian diplomat. She currently serves as the Ambassador of Russia to Bulgaria, having held the post since 15 January 2021. She is the first woman to hold the post of First Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs.
Naphtali Cohen
Naphtali Cohen (1649–1718), also known as Naphtali HaKohen Katz, was a Russo-German rabbi and kabalist born in Ostrowo in Ukraine. He belonged to a family of rabbis in Ostrowo, where his father, Isaac Cohen, a great-great-grandson of the Judah Loew ben Bezalel, had fled during the Polish–Cossack–Tatar War.

Polish–Cossack–Tatar War (1666–1671)
The Polish — Cossack–Tatar War (Ukrainian: Польсько-козацько-татарська війна, Polish: Wojna polsko - kozacko-tatarska) was fought between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Polish-allied Zaporozhian Cossacks and the Ottoman-allied states of the Cossack Hetmanate and the Crimean Khanate. It occurred in the aftermath of the Russo–Polish War of 1654–1667 and was a prelude to the Ottoman–Polish War of 1672—1676.
Slobodan Kovač
Slobodan Kovač (Serbian Cyrillic: Слободан Ковач; born 13 September 1967) is a Serbian professional volleyball coach of Turkey men's national volleyball team (since 2025), and also former player, Olympic Champion at Sydney 2000, bronze medallist at the Olympic Games  in Atlanta 1996 and the 2019 European Championship winner.

2019 Men's European Volleyball Championship
The 2019 Men's European Volleyball Championship was the 31st edition of the Men's European Volleyball Championship, organised by Europe's governing volleyball body, the CEV. For the first time the EuroVolley was held in four countries: France, Slovenia, Belgium and Netherlands. The tournament ran from 12 to 29 September 2019. The number of national teams participating in the event was also expanded from 16 to 24.

Serbia won the title over finalist Slovenia in the final held in Paris.