hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Shephard's lemma
Shephard's lemma is a result in microeconomics having applications in the theory of the firm and in consumer choice. The lemma states that if indifference curves of the expenditure or cost function are convex, then the cost-minimizing point of a given good () with price  is unique. The idea is that a consumer will buy a unique ideal amount of each item to minimize the price for obtaining a certain level of utility given the price of goods in the market.

The lemma is named after Ronald Shephard, who proved it using the distance formula in his book Theory of Cost and Production Functions in 1953. The equivalent result in the context of consumer theory was first derived by Lionel W. McKenzie in 1957.  It states that the partial derivatives of the expenditure function with respect to the prices of goods equal the Hicksian demand functions for the relevant goods. Similar results had already been derived by John Hicks (1939) and Paul Samuelson (1947).

John Hicks
Sir John Richard Hicks (8 April 1904 – 20 May 1989) was a British economist. He is considered one of the most important and influential economists of the twentieth century. The most familiar of his many contributions in the field of economics were his statement of consumer demand theory in microeconomics, and the IS–LM model (1937), which summarised a Keynesian view of macroeconomics.  His book Value and Capital (1939) significantly extended general-equilibrium and value theory.  The compensated demand function is named the Hicksian demand function in memory of him.

In 1972 he received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (jointly)  for his pioneering contributions to general equilibrium theory and welfare theory.
Abronia ameliae
Abronia ameliae, commonly known as Amelia's sand verbena or heart's delight, is a species of flowering plant in the Four O'clock family, Nyctaginaceae, that is endemic to southern Texas in the United States. It inhabits grasslands in the deep sands of the Holocene sand sheet, which is part of the Tamaulipan mezquital. This species was named for Amelia Anderson Lundell, wife of Cyrus Longworth Lundell.

Mirabilis jalapa
Mirabilis jalapa, the marvel of Peru or four o'clock flower, is the most commonly grown ornamental species of Mirabilis plant, and is available in a range of colors. Mirabilis in Latin means wonderful and Jalapa (or Xalapa) is the state capital of Veracruz in Mexico. Mirabilis jalapa is believed to have been cultivated by the Aztecs for medicinal and ornamental purposes.

The flowers usually open from late afternoon or at dusk (namely between 4 and 8 o'clock), giving rise to one of its common names. The flowers then produce a strong, sweet fragrance throughout the night, then close in the morning. New flowers open the following day. It arrived in Europe in 1525. Today, it is common in many tropical regions and is also valued in Europe as an ornamental plant, although not necessarily hardy. It is the children's state flower of Connecticut under the name of Michaela Petit's Four O'Clocks.
João Manzarra
João Maria Manzarra  is a Portuguese television host mainly on the Portuguese  SIC Radical network and best known as co-host for the reality television show Ídolos, the Portuguese version of the Idol series for three years and is now one of the most popular presenters on Portuguese television.

Achas que Sabes Dançar?
Achas que Sabes Dançar is a televised dance competition that was aired on Portugal's SIC network in spring and summer of 2010.  It has a format similar to that of other shows in the international So You Think You Can Dance television franchise, of which it is the Portuguese iteration.   The first  season premiered in May 2010 and concluded in July with dancer Marco Ferreira announced winner and awarded a cash prize, a scholarship to a dance school in New York and the title “Portugal's Favorite dancer.” The show was hosted by Portuguese television personality João Manzarra. The second season premiered in January 2015 and was hosted by the actress and TV presenter Diana Chaves.
Hamd Allah Hamdi
Ḥamd Allāh Ḥamdī (born Göynük 853 AH/1449 CE, died Göynük 909 AH/1503 CE), was a Turkish poet, born at Göynük near Bolu. He was the youngest of the twelve sons of the famous s̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Ak Shams al-Din, who had succeeded Heci Bayram as the superior of the Bayramiyya. Hamdi lost his father at the age of ten. He had an unhappy childhood, which probably inspired him to write his famous Masnavi Yūsuf ve Zuleyk̲h̲ā.

In the introductory part of his Yūsuf we Züleyk̲h̲ā (as found in Istanbul, MS Üniversite T.Y. 675, fols. 11b-12a) he relates that his lazy, ignorant and quarrelsome brothers treated him badly and were jealous of him because of the great affection their father Aḳ S̲h̲ams al-Dīn showed him: "Joseph reached the extremity of his misfortunes, there is no end to my suffering". Although he has little to nothing laudatory to say of his brothers, some of them are mentioned in the sources as outstanding ʿulemāʾ.

Hajji
Hajji (Arabic: الحجّي; sometimes spelled Hajjeh, Hadji, Haji, Alhaji,  Al-HadjListenⓘ , Al-Haj or El-Hajj) is an honorific title which is given to a Muslim who is attending and performing the Hajj during the specific period to Mecca}}Hajj to Mecca.
Robinson Ekspeditionen
Robinson Ekspeditionen is a popular Danish reality television program debuting in 1998. In the spring of 1998 TV3 purchased the broadcast rights to air their own version of Expedition Robinson. Following the success of the Swedish version, Denmark was the first country to adopt their own version of the show. The show has proven to be a ratings success since its premiere in 1998.

The name alludes to both Robinson Crusoe and The Swiss Family Robinson, two stories featuring people marooned by shipwrecks.

The Swiss Family Robinson
The Swiss Family Robinson (German: Der Schweizerische Robinson, "The Swiss Robinson") is a novel by the Swiss author Johann David Wyss, first published in 1812, about a Swiss family of immigrants whose ship en route to Port Jackson, Australia goes off course and is shipwrecked in the East Indies.  The ship's crew is lost, but the family and several domestic animals survive.  They make their way to shore, where they build a settlement, undergoing several adventures before being rescued; some refuse rescue and remain on the island.

The book is the most successful of a large number of "Robinsonade" novels that were written in response to the success of Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe (1719). It has gone through a large number of versions and adaptations.
Wrestle Peter Pan 2025
Wrestle Peter Pan 2025 was a two-night professional wrestling event promoted by CyberFight's sub-brand DDT Pro-Wrestling (DDT). It took place on August 30 and 31, 2025, in Tokyo, Japan, at the Korakuen Hall and Tokyo Higashin Arena. The event aired on CyberFight's streaming service Wrestle Universe.

It was first Peter Pan event to be held on two separate days (not counting the 2020 edition held without an audience during the COVID-19 pandemic) and also featured wrestlers from New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW).

Ilusion (wrestler)
Ilusion (イルシオン, Irushion) is a Japanese masked professional wrestler signed to DDT Pro-Wrestling where he is one third of the current KO-D 6-Man Tag Team Champions in his first reign and a former two-time Ironman Heavymetalweight Champion. He also competes in various promotions from the Japanese independent scene.
Paganella
Paganella is a mountain of the Brenta Group in Trentino, northern Italy. It is located in the territories of the comuni of Fai della Paganella, Andalo, Molveno, Zambana and Terlago. Overlooking Trento from north-west, it consists of a short range/plateau with a highest elevation of 2,125 m (Roda Peak).

The slopes above Andalo and Fai are rich in vegetation and also houses several ski resorts, while the other descends towards the Adige river are steeper and rockier.

Terlago
Terlago (Terlác in local dialect) was a comune (municipality) in Trentino in the northern Italian region Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, located about 6 kilometres (4 mi) northwest of Trento. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,571 and an area of 37.0 square kilometres (14.3 sq mi). It was merged with Padergnone and Vezzano on January 1, 2016, to form a new municipality, Vallelaghi.

Terlago borders the following municipalities: Fai della Paganella, Molveno, Lavis, Zambana, Andalo, Trento and Vezzano.

Terlago's name derives from the Latin trilacum -- "the three lakes"—which refers to nearby Lake Lamar, Lake Terlago, and Lago Santo.
2012–13 Russian Second Division
The 2012–13 Russian Second Division  was the third strongest division in Russian football. The Second Division is geographically divided into 5 zones.
The winners of each zone are automatically promoted into the First Division. The bottom finishers of each zone lose professional status and are relegated into the Amateur Football League.

Football in Russia
Association football is the just about the most popular sport in Russia, surpassing ice hockey only by a little bit. Approximately 52% of the Russians are interested in football.

Men's football is overseen by the Russian Football Union, having the Russian Premier League as the first tier of the Russian football league system, with the Russian Football National League being the second tier.

On 28 February 2022, due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and in accordance with a recommendation by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), FIFA and UEFA suspended the participation of Russia, including in the Qatar 2022 World Cup. The Russian Football Union unsuccessfully appealed the FIFA and UEFA bans to the Court of Arbitration for Sport, which upheld the bans.
Beagle (crater)
Beagle is a crater lying within the Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle (MC-19) portion of the planet Mars, the crater is one of multiple topographical depressions within the Meridiani Planum extraterrestrial plain, which was explored by the Opportunity rover. It was located by the rover in images taken on sol 855 (June 20, 2006), 310 metres (1,107 ft) away. It is on the edge of the much larger ejecta blanket surrounding the crater Victoria, named the Victoria Annulus. This impact crater was named in honor of HMS Beagle of the Royal Navy, ordered in February 1817, whose second voyage carried Charles Darwin round the world.

Ejecta blanket
An ejecta blanket is a generally symmetrical apron of ejecta that surrounds an impact crater; it is layered thickly at the crater's rim and thin to discontinuous at the blanket's outer edge. The impact cratering is one of the basic surface formation mechanisms of the solar system bodies (including the Earth) and the formation and emplacement of ejecta blankets are the fundamental characteristics associated with impact cratering event. The ejecta materials are considered as the transported materials beyond the transient cavity formed during impact cratering regardless of the state of the target materials.
Angela Redish
Angela Redish is a professor of economics at the Vancouver School of Economics at the University of British Columbia and the acting President of the Canadian Economics Association. From 2001 to 2006, Redish served as the Head of Department of Economics at the University of British Columbia and was awarded The President's Medal of Excellence by the University of British Columbia in 2018 for her contributions towards establishing the Vancouver School of Economics.

Michael D. Bordo
Michael David Bordo (born 1942 in Montreal, Quebec) is a Canadian and American economist, currently Board of Governors Professor of Economics and Distinguished Professor of Economics at Rutgers University. He is a research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research as well as a Distinguished Visiting Fellow at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University. He is the third most influential economic historian worldwide according to the RePEc/IDEAS rankings. He was a student of Milton Friedman and has co-authored numerous books and articles with Anna Schwartz.
Kight
Kight is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Charlotte Kight (born 1988), New Zealand netball player

Dylan Kight (born 1984), American singer-songwriter

E.G. Kight (born 1966), American Chicago blues singer, guitarist and songwriter

Kelvin Kight (born 1982), American football player

Lenore Kight (1911–2000), American swimmer

Morris Kight (1919–2003), American gay rights activist

Richard T. Kight (1913–2001), commander of the U.S. Air Rescue Service from 1946–1952

Kelvin Kight
Kelvin Jerome Kight (born July 2, 1982) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL).  Kight played college football for the Florida Gators, and thereafter, he played in the NFL for the Green Bay Packer and New England Patriots.
Bloodlust (Venom song)
"Bloodlust" is a single released by English speed metal band Venom on August 13, 1982 through Neat Records. It is the bands second single and the follow-up to their debut single "In League with Satan".

Side B contains the song "In Nomine Satanas". Live versions of the songs appear on their 1986 live album Eine Kleine Nachtmusik as well as re-recorded versions of both songs with "Bloodlust" appearing on some versions of their ninth album Cast in Stone on a bonus disc of 10 re-recorded tracks, and "In Nomine Satanas" on a rare limited edition 1996 mini album. Both these versions were on the 2006 expanded edition of the album. Another version entitled "Bloodlust (Radio 1 Session)" would appear on the 2002 CD reissue of Black Metal.

Eine kleine Nachtmusik
Eine kleine Nachtmusik (Serenade No. 13 for strings in G major), K. 525, is a 1787 composition for a chamber ensemble by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791). The German title means "a little night music" and it is one of the most famous pieces of classical music.

The reasoning behind this piece is unknown. The extant piece contains four movements: Allegro, Romance, Menuetto, and Finale. However, another movement is now believed to be lost.
SOX2
SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 2, also known as SOX2, is a transcription factor that is essential for maintaining self-renewal, or pluripotency, of undifferentiated embryonic stem cells. Sox2 has a critical role in maintenance of embryonic and neural stem cells.

Sox2 is a member of the Sox family of transcription factors, which have been shown to play key roles in many stages of mammalian development. This protein family shares highly conserved DNA binding domains known as HMG (High-mobility group) box domains containing approximately 80 amino acids.

Sox2 holds great promise in research involving induced pluripotency, an emerging and very promising field of regenerative medicine.

UniProt
UniProt is a freely accessible database of protein sequence and functional information, many entries being derived from genome sequencing projects. It contains a large amount of information about the biological function of proteins derived from the research literature. It is maintained by the UniProt consortium, which consists of several European bioinformatics organisations and a foundation from Washington, DC, US.
Craig Chandler
Craig B. Chandler is a Canadian businessman, lobbyist, and political activist. He is co-founder and CEO of the Progressive Group for Independent Business (PGIB). He is a political organizer for various right-wing groups in Albertan politics. He has run for political office multiple times, but has never been elected.

Party organizer
A party organizer or local party organizer is a position in some political parties in charge of the establishing a party organization in a certain locality.

Herbert Ames wrote in his 1911 article "Organization of Political Parties in Canada" :

It is the aim of the party to have every county in Canada come under the supervision of some permanent organization. <...> A central office <...> is created for such a group. Here is installed a salaried official, party organizer. His duty is to revive existing local political organizations throughout the constituencies, to assist their members by correspondence and occasional visits, and, where there is as yet no political club, to gather together the sympathetic, and aid in forming a working combination. The main objective of the party organizer is to create the machinery whereby a truly representative convention may be convened, and acceptable candidate chosen, and the organization for securing success at the polls brought into being.
Monsen
Monsen is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Arild Monsen (born 1962), Norwegian cross-country skier.

Fredrik Monsen (1878–1954), Norwegian politician.

Gabriel Monsen (1798–1882), Norwegian politician.

Georg Monsen (1922–2015), Norwegian football player.

Lars Monsen (born 1963), Norwegian journalist.

Lloyd Monsen (1931–2026), American soccer and baseball player.

Magdalon Monsen (1910–1953), Norwegian football player.

Marie Monsen (1878–1962), Norwegian Christian missionary.

Mogens Larsen Monsen (1727–1802), Norwegian timber trader.

Nina Karin Monsen (born 1943), Norwegian philosopher.

Ole Monsen Mjelde (1865–1942), Norwegian politician.

Otto Monsen (1887–1979), Norwegian track and field athlete.

Per Monsen (1913–1985), Norwegian editor.

Per Erik Monsen (1946–2008), Norwegian politician.

Randi Monsen (1910–1997), Norwegian illustrator.

Rolf Monsen (1899–1987), American Olympic skier.

Per Erik Monsen
Per Erik Monsen (18 April 1946 – 16 February 2008) was a Norwegian teacher and politician for the Progress Party.

Born in Sandefjord, Monsen graduated from teacher's college in 1977 and worked at Fevang School from 1978 to 1997. He was a member of the executive committee of Sandefjord city council from 1987 to 1997, serving as deputy mayor in 1990–1994 and 1995–1997. He chaired the local party chapter from 1994 to 1997. In 2007 he was again elected to the city council.

He was elected to the Parliament of Norway from Vestfold in 1997, and was re-elected on one occasion, serving both terms in the Standing Committee on Finance and Economic Affairs.

Monsen died at the age of 61, after a heart attack three weeks earlier.
PGC 65543
PGC 65543 ( known as JO175), is a spiral galaxy, with extensive star forming regions, located in Indus. It is 650 million light-years away from the Solar System and approximately measuring 90,000 light-years in diameter. The tidal interactions from certain galaxies which PGC 65543 is moving towards to, have caused it to get distorted. Its star-forming gas and dust are dynamically stripped by ram-pressure and formed into tendrils that stretch outwards, thus gives an appearance of a jellyfish galaxy.

Star formation
Star formation is the process by which dense regions within molecular clouds in interstellar space—sometimes referred to as "stellar nurseries" or "star-forming regions"—collapse and form stars. As a branch of astronomy, star formation includes the study of the interstellar medium (ISM) and giant molecular clouds (GMC) as precursors to the star formation process, and the study of protostars and young stellar objects as its immediate products.  It is closely related to planet formation, another branch of astronomy.  Star formation theory, as well as accounting for the formation of a single star, must also account for the statistics of binary stars and the initial mass function. Most stars do not form in isolation but as part of a group of stars referred to as star clusters or stellar associations.
1980 New Year Honours
The 1980 New Year Honours were appointments in many of the Commonwealth realms of Queen Elizabeth II to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of those countries. They were announced on 31 December 1979 to celebrate the year passed and mark the beginning of 1980.

Names and titles of recipients are shown as they appeared in this honours list.

Royal Tank Regiment
The Royal Tank Regiment (RTR) is the oldest tank unit in the world, being formed by the British Army in 1916 during the First World War. Today, it is an armoured regiment equipped with Challenger 2 main battle tanks and structured under 12th Armoured Brigade Combat Team. Formerly known as the Tank Corps and the Royal Tank Corps, it is part of the Royal Armoured Corps.
Mackenzie County
Mackenzie County is a specialized municipality in northern Alberta, Canada. It is located in Census Division 17, along the Mackenzie Highway. The municipal office is located in the hamlet of Fort Vermilion.

Northern Alberta
Northern Alberta is a geographic region located in the Canadian province of Alberta.

An informally defined cultural region, the boundaries of Northern Alberta are not fixed. Under some schemes, the region encompasses everything north of the centre of the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor, including most of the province's landmass as well as its capital, Edmonton. Other schemes place Edmonton and its surrounding farmland in Central Alberta, limiting Northern Alberta to the northern half of the province, where forestry, oil, and gas are the dominant industries.

Its primary industry is oil and gas, with large heavy oil reserves being exploited at the Athabasca oil sands and Wabasca area in the east of the region. Natural gas is extracted in Peace region and Chinchaga-Rainbow areas in the west, and forestry and logging are also developed in the boreal forests of this region. As of 2023, the region had a population of approximately 374,572.
Llangattock, Powys
Llangattock (Welsh: Llangatwg) is a village, community and electoral ward in the Brecon Beacons National Park in Powys, Wales. It lies in the Usk Valley just across the river from the town of Crickhowell. The Monmouthshire and Brecon Canal passes through the village en route between Brecon and Pontypool. It is in the historic county of Breconshire.

According to the 2011 UK census the population of the community was 999, with the village itself having a population of around 660.

Llangattock elects a community council of ten members who, amongst other things, are responsible for the running of Llangattock cemetery. Llangattock electoral ward also elects one county councillor to Powys County Council.

Pontypool
Pontypool (Welsh: Pont-y-pŵl [ˌpɔntəˈpuːl]) is a town and the administrative centre of the county borough of Torfaen, within the historic boundaries of Monmouthshire in South Wales. As of 2021, it has a population of 29,062.
Johann Mattheson
Johann Mattheson (28 September 1681 – 17 April 1764) was a German composer, critic, lexicographer and music theorist. His writings on the late Baroque and early Classical period were highly influential, specifically, "his biographical and theoretical works were widely disseminated and served as the source for all subsequent lexicographers and historians".

Music criticism
The Oxford Companion to Music defines music criticism as "the intellectual activity of formulating judgments on the value and degree of excellence of individual works of music, or whole groups or genres". In this sense, it is a branch of musical aesthetics.

With the concurrent expansion of interest in music and information media since the turn of the 20th century, the term has come to acquire the conventional meaning of journalistic reporting on musical performances.
Zackary Momoh
Zackary Momoh (born July 1988) is a British actor. He began his career in theatre and made his feature film debut in A United Kingdom (2016). On television, he is known for his roles in the Netflix crime drama Seven Seconds (2018) and the HBO fantasy series The Nevers (2021).

A United Kingdom
A United Kingdom is a 2016 biographical romantic drama film directed by Amma Asante and written by Guy Hibbert, based on the true-life romance of Seretse Khama, heir to the throne of the Bangwato Tribe in Serowe – one of many tribes found in then Bechuanaland Protectorate – with his wife Ruth Williams Khama. David Oyelowo and Rosamund Pike portray Seretse and Ruth, respectively.

It was screened at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival, and was the opening film at the 60th London Film Festival.