hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Anelsonia
Anelsonia is a monotypic genus in the family Brassicaceae containing the single species Anelsonia eurycarpa, which is known by the common name daggerpod. It is similar to Phoenicaulis cheiranthoides, but at present they are treated in separate genera. This species is a fleshy, hairy plant of mountain habitats throughout the western United States from California to Idaho and can be found from 1600–4100 m. Above the rosette of velvety, fingerlike leaves it bears densely packed inflorescences of tiny white flowers. The distinctive fruits develop and dwarf the rest of the plant under an array of saillike pod structures, each on a pedicel. The fruits are each 2 to 3 centimeters tall, elliptic, and papery to leathery across a span between stiff septa. They are white, often with areas of purple coloration, or brown. Within the folds of the fruit are several seeds. Anelsonia was named for the botanist Aven Nelson.

Aven Nelson
Aven Nelson (March 24, 1859 – March 31, 1952) was an American botanist who specialized in plants of the Rocky Mountains. He was one of the founding professors of the University of Wyoming, where he taught for 55 years as professor and served as president (1918-1922). He served as president of the American Society of Plant Taxonomists and Botanical Society of America.
Battle of El Número
18°27′36″N 70°44′24″W﻿ / ﻿18.46000°N 70.74000°W﻿ / 18.46000; -70.74000

The Battle of El Número (Spanish: Batalla del Número) was a battle during the years after the Dominican War of Independence and was fought on 17 April 1849, nearby Azua de Compostela, Azua Province. A force of 300 Dominican troops, a portion of the Army of the South, led by General Francisco Domínguez and General Antonio Duvergé defeated an outnumbering force of 10,000 troops of the Haitian Army led by General Jean Francois Jeannot.

Azua Province
Azua (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈaswa]) is a province which is collectively one of the thirty-two provinces of the Dominican Republic. It is divided into 10 municipalities (the same as Santiago) and its capital city is Azua de Compostela. It is bordered by the provinces of La Vega to the north-east, San José de Ocoa and Peravia to the east, Barahona and Baoruco to the west and San Juan to the north-west. To the south, Azua has a significant coastline of the Caribbean Sea. Azua is known for its diverse geography and climate, with the southern part of the province having an arid climate that is not the typical tropical-like that is found in other parts of the Caribbean.
Stephania crebra
Stephania crebra is a herbaceous perennial vine in the genus Stephania of the family Menispermaceae. It is native to Southeast Asia and was first described in Thailand in 1988 by L. L. Forman. It is one of 15 Stephania found only in northern Thailand, specifically in the province of Chiang Mai. It has leaves 12–17 cm (4.7–6.7 in) long and 9–16 cm (3.5–6.3 in) wide. It resembles Stephania reticulata but S. crebra has larger flowers but smaller drupes and endocarps.

Menispermaceae
Menispermaceae (botanical Latin: 'moonseed family' from Greek mene 'crescent moon' and sperma 'seed') is a family of flowering plants. The alkaloid tubocurarine, a neuromuscular blocker and the active ingredient in the 'tube curare' form of the dart poison curare, is derived from the South American liana Chondrodendron tomentosum, which belongs to this family. Several other South American genera belonging to the family have been used to prepare the 'pot' and 'calabash' forms of curare. The family contains 81 genera with some 440 species, which are distributed throughout low-lying tropical areas with some species present in temperate and arid regions.
Political history in the United States
Political history in the United States covers the historiography or the methods used by political historians, political scientists, and other scholars in analyzing the history of politics in the United States.

Allan Nevins
Joseph Allan Nevins (May 20, 1890 – March 5, 1971) was an American historian and journalist, known for his extensive work on the history of the Civil War and his biographies of such figures as Grover Cleveland, Hamilton Fish, Henry Ford, and John D. Rockefeller, as well as his public service. He was a leading exponent of business history and oral history.
Sēja Manor
Sēja Manor (Latvian: Sējas muiža; German: Zögenhof) is a knight's manor in Saulkrasti Municipality in the Vidzeme region of Latvia. It was formerly situated in Kreis Riga in the Governorate of Livonia.

Governorate of Livonia
The Governorate of Livonia, also known as the Livonia Governorate, was a province (guberniya) and one of the Baltic governorates of the Russian Empire, Baltic Governorate-General until 1876. Governorate of Livonia bordered Governorate of Estonia to the north, Saint Petersburg and Pskov Governorates to the east, Courland Governorate to the south, and the Gulf of Riga to the west. In 1897, the population of the governorate was 1,299,365, and it had an area of 47,030.87 square kilometres (18,158.72 mi2). The administrative centre of the governorate was the Baltic Sea port of Riga. It roughly corresponded to most of the modern Vidzeme Region of Latvia and southern Estonia.
NGC 813
NGC 813 is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation Hydrus. It is estimated to be 390 million light-years from the Milky Way and has a diameter of approximately 140,000 ly. NGC 813 was discovered on November 24, 1834, by the British astronomer John Herschel.

One supernova, SN 2020abzv (type Ia, mag. 16.6), was discovered in NGC 813 on 9 December, 2020.

John Herschel
Sir John Frederick William Herschel, 1st Baronet KH FRS (/ˈhɜːrʃəl, ˈhɛər-/; 7 March 1792 – 11 May 1871) was an English polymath active as a mathematician, astronomer, chemist, inventor and experimental photographer who invented the blueprint and did botanical work.

Herschel originated the use of the Julian day system in astronomy. He named seven moons of Saturn and four moons of Uranus – the seventh planet, discovered by his father Sir William Herschel. He made many contributions to the science of photography, and investigated colour blindness and the chemical power of ultraviolet rays. His Preliminary Discourse (1831), which advocated an inductive approach to scientific experiment and theory-building, was an important contribution to the philosophy of science.
Katie Vandenborre
Katie Vandenborre (née Forward; born September 11, 1994) is a Canadian curler from Fredericton, New Brunswick. She currently plays lead on Team Andrea Kelly. She has won four New Brunswick Scotties Tournament of Hearts and two New Brunswick junior titles.

Steele Cup Cash
The Steele Cup Cash is an annual bonspiel, or curling tournament, held at the Capital Winter Club in Fredericton, New Brunswick. It was part of the Men's and Women's World Curling Tour in 2018 and 2019, and is now just a tour event. The tournament is held in a round robin format.

In 2022 and 2023, the event merged with the Jim Sullivan Curling Classic.
Pedro Azabache Bustamante
Pedro Azabache Bustamante (Moche (Peru) January 31, 1918 - February 27, 2012) was a Peruvian painter, pupil of Julia Codesido and Jose Sabogal and was one of the few direct followers of indigenismo. He studied at the National School of Fine Arts in Lima where he joined in 1937. In June 1944 he presented his first solo show in the exclusive exposition rooms of the cultural institution "Insula" at the invitation of the poet José Gálvez Barrenechea. In 1962, he founded the School of Fine Arts Macedonio de la Torre in Trujillo city, and was its first director.

Julia Codesido
Julia Manuela Codesido Estenós (5 August 1883, Lima – 8 May 1979, Lima) was a Peruvian painter, one of the most significant representatives of the Peruvian plastic movement, popularly known as “indigenismo”.
BionX
BionX was a Canadian maker of electric motors for bicycles as well as bicycle retrofit kits, operating from 1998 to 2018, originally named EPS (Electric Propulsion Systems) .

BionX was headquartered in Aurora, Ontario where motors were produced and assembled  before being marketed in over 15 countries. Research and development was based in Sherbrooke, Quebec. The European sales and service center was located near Munich, Germany.

Aurora, Ontario
Aurora (2021 population: 62,057) is a town in central York Region, in the Greater Toronto Area of Southern Ontario, Canada. It is located 48km (29mi) from Downtown Toronto, north of Richmond Hill partially situated on the Oak Ridges Moraine, and  surrounded by the Greenbelt. In the 2021 Census, the municipal population of Aurora was the 92nd largest in Canada, compared to 95th for the 2016 Census and 97th for the 2006 Census.
Lightworkers Media
Lightworkers Media is an American independent Christian media and film production company founded by President Roma Downey and her husband Mark Burnett and owned by Amazon MGM Studios.

LightWorkers Media produced the Emmy-nominated The Bible on the History channel as well as A.D. The Bible Continues on NBC, The Dovekeepers on CBS (based on the novel by Alice Hoffman), Women of the Bible on Lifetime, and Answered Prayers on TLC. They also produced the feature films Ben-Hur, Son of God, Little Boy, Woodlawn and On a Wing and a Prayer.

Alice Hoffman
Alice Hoffman (born March 16, 1952) is an American novelist and young-adult and children's writer, best known for her 1995 novel Practical Magic, which was adapted for a 1998 film of the same name and went to spawn a media franchise. Many of her works fall into the genre of magic realism and contain elements of magic, irony, and non-standard romances and relationships.
Ombré
Ombré /ˈɒmbreɪ/ (literally "shaded" in French) is the blending of one color hue to another, usually moving tints and shades from light to dark. It has become a popular feature for hair coloring, nail art, and even baking, in addition to its uses in home decorating and graphic design.

In contrast to ombré, sombré is a much softer and gradual shading of one color to another.

Lauren Conrad
Lauren Katherine Conrad (born February 1, 1986) is an American television personality, fashion designer and author. In late 2004, she came to prominence after being cast in the reality television series Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County, which documented her and her friends' lives in their hometown of Laguna Beach, California.

Conrad later moved to Los Angeles to pursue a career in the fashion industry. She received her own spin-off series The Hills and starred in five of its six seasons from 2006 to 2009. During its production, she also attended the Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising and interned for Teen Vogue and Kelly Cutrone's public relations firm People's Revolution. Conrad later founded the fashion lines LC Lauren Conrad and Paper Crown, and co-founded the fair trade online store The Little Market. She has published nine books, including L.A. Candy and The Fame Game trilogies.
Greek ship Samos
Five ships of the Hellenic Navy have borne the name Samos (Σάμος), named after the island of Samos:

Greek ship Samos (1834) (1834–before 1853), a mistico bought by the newly established Royal Hellenic Navy from Samos in 1834

Greek torpedo boat Samos (1881) (1881–1912), a Yarrow-built torpedo boat

Greek destroyer Samos (1915), a Medea-class destroyer ordered in Britain, entered service with the British Royal Navy as HMS Melpomene

Greek landing ship Samos (L179) (1943–1977), an LST1-class landing ship

Greek landing ship Samos (L174) (1994–present), a Jason-class tank landing ship

Greek landing ship Samos (L179)
USS LST-33 was an LST-1-class tank landing ship of the United States Navy built during World War II. She was transferred to the Royal Hellenic Navy on 18 August 1943, before being commissioned into the USN, and was renamed Samos (Σάμος).
The Battle of Barrington
The Battle of Barrington was a shootout between Division of Investigation (DOI) agents and outlaws led by Baby Face Nelson that took place on November 27, 1934, in Barrington, a suburb of Chicago, Illinois. It resulted in the deaths of Nelson, Agent Herman "Ed" Hollis, and Agent/Inspector Samuel P. Cowley.

Samuel P. Cowley
Samuel Parkinson Cowley (July 23, 1899 – November 28, 1934) was an American federal agent. He was an agent of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) who was killed in the line of duty in a gunfight with Baby Face Nelson in 1934 on Route 14 in Barrington, Illinois.

Cowley was a son of Matthias F. Cowley, an apostle of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), by one of his four wives, Luella Parkinson Cowley. He was born in Franklin, Idaho on July 23, 1899.  His half-brother, Matthew Cowley (son of Matthias F. and Abbie Hyde Cowley), was also an apostle of the LDS Church. Prior to joining the FBI, Samuel Cowley attended Utah State Agricultural College and George Washington University Law School.
2004–05 Scottish Challenge Cup
The 2004–2005 Scottish Challenge Cup was the 14th season of the competition, competed for by all 30 members of the Scottish Football League. The defending champions were Inverness Caledonian Thistle, who defeated Airdrie United 2–0 in the 2003 final. Inverness Caledonian Thistle did not compete in the tournament after being promoted to the Scottish Premier League.

The final was played on 7 November 2004, between Falkirk and Ross County, at McDiarmid Park, Perth. Falkirk won 2–1.

McDiarmid Park
McDiarmid Park is a stadium in Perth, Scotland, used mainly for association football. It has been the home ground of St Johnstone since its opening in 1989. The stadium has an all-seated capacity of 10,696.

As well as St Johnstone matches, McDiarmid Park has been chosen to host the final of the Scottish Challenge Cup on nine occasions. It has also been used for rugby union, including a full international between Scotland and Japan in 2004, several Scotland A fixtures, and some home matches of the former Caledonia Reds team.
Pill, Bishop's Tawton
Pill (alias Pille, Pylle, etc.) is an historic estate in the parish of Bishop's Tawton, near Barnstaple, in North Devon, England. The surviving 18th-century mansion house known as Pill House is a grade II* listed building situated close to the east bank of the River Taw about 1 mile south of the historic centre of Barnstaple and 1 mile north of Bishop's Tawton Church. It was long a seat of a junior branch of the Chichester family of Hall, Bishop's Tawton. At some time before 1951 it was converted into apartments and is at present in multiple occupation.

Barnstaple
Barnstaple (/ˈbɑːrnstəbəl/ ⓘ or /ˈbɑːrnstəpəl/) is a town and civil parish in the North Devon district of Devon, England. The town lies at the River Taw's lowest crossing point before the Bristol Channel. From the 14th century, it was licensed to export wool from which it earned great wealth. Later it imported Irish wool, but its harbour silted up and other trades developed such as shipbuilding, foundries and sawmills. A Victorian market building survives, with a high glass and timber roof on iron columns.
Volcanic winter
A volcanic winter is a reduction in global temperatures caused by droplets of sulfuric acid obscuring the Sun and raising Earth's albedo (increasing the reflection of solar radiation) after a large, sulfur-rich, particularly explosive volcanic eruption. Climate effects are primarily dependent upon the amount of injection of SO2 and H2S into the stratosphere where they react with OH and H2O to form H2SO4 on a timescale of a week, and the resulting H2SO4 aerosols produce the dominant radiative effect. Volcanic stratospheric aerosols cool the surface by reflecting solar radiation and warm the stratosphere by absorbing terrestrial radiation for several years. Moreover, the cooling trend can be further extended by atmosphere–ice–ocean feedback mechanisms. These feedbacks can continue to maintain the cool climate long after the volcanic aerosols have dissipated.

Sturtian glaciation
The Sturtian glaciation, also known as the Sturt glaciation, was a worldwide glaciation during the Cryogenian Period when the Earth experienced repeated large-scale glaciations. The Sturtian glaciation is thought to have lasted from c. 717 Ma to c. 660 Ma, a time span of approximately 57 million years. It is hypothesised to have been a Snowball Earth event, or contrastingly multiple regional glaciations, and is the longest and most severe known glacial event preserved in the geologic record after the much earlier Huronian glaciation.
Opisthorchis felineus
Opisthorchis felineus, the Siberian liver fluke or cat liver fluke, is a trematode parasite that infects the liver in mammals. It was first discovered in 1884 in a cat's liver by Sebastiano Rivolta of Italy. In 1891, Russian parasitologist, Konstantin Nikolaevich Vinogradov (1847–1906) found it in a human, and named the parasite a "Siberian liver fluke". In the 1930s, helminthologist Hans Vogel of Hamburg published an article describing the life cycle of Opisthorchis felineus.
Felineus infections may also involve the pancreatic ducts. Diagnosis of Opisthorchis infection is based on microscopic identification of parasite eggs in stool specimens. Safe and effective medication is available to treat Opisthorchis infections. Adequately freezing or cooking fish will kill the parasite.

Helminthology
Helminthology, from Ancient Greek ἕλμινς (hélmins), meaning "parasitic worm", and λόγος (lógos), meaning "study", is the study of parasitic worms (helminths). The field studies the taxonomy of helminths and their effects on their hosts.

In the 18th and early 19th century there was wave of publications on helminthology; this period has been described as the science's "Golden Era". During that period the authors Félix Dujardin, William Blaxland Benham, Peter Simon Pallas, Marcus Elieser Bloch, Otto Friedrich Müller, Johann Goeze, Friedrich Zenker, Charles Wardell Stiles, Carl Asmund Rudolphi, Otto Friedrich Bernhard von Linstow
and Johann Gottfried Bremser started systematic scientific studies of the subject.

The Japanese parasitologist Satyu Yamaguti was one of the most active helminthologists of the 20th century; he wrote the six-volume Systema Helminthum.
Junction Valley
Junction Valley (54°17′S 36°32′W﻿ / ﻿54.283°S 36.533°W﻿ / -54.283; -36.533) is a valley sloping eastward from Echo Pass to Hestesletten on the west side of Cumberland East Bay, South Georgia. The name Junction Valley was originally applied by the Swedish Antarctic Expedition under Otto Nordenskiöld, 1901–04, to a valley joining Cumberland East Bay with Cumberland West Bay. The summit of this valley was later named Echo Pass. The original name has therefore been restricted to the eastern valley, and Sphagnum Valley has been applied to the western part.

Swedish Antarctic Expedition
The Swedish Antarctic Expedition of 1901–1903 was a scientific expedition led by Otto Nordenskjöld and Carl Anton Larsen. It was the first Swedish endeavour to Antarctica in the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration.
Di Smith
Di Smith, also credited as Diane Smith, is an Australian actress. She played Jenny Harper on The Restless Years for over two years and Dr Alex Fraser on A Country Practice for three years. For the latter she was nominated for the 1989 Logie Award for Most Outstanding Actress. She was a presenter on The Great Outdoors for ten years until 2006.

Smith graduated from NIDA in 1978 and has appeared in Kingswood Country, Cop Shop, Home Sweet Home, Skyways and Emoh Ruo. On stage she appeared in Trafford Tanzi and Steaming (Comedy Theatre, 1990) and was part of comedy group The Disposable Faces from 1989 with the group joining 2DAY-FMs breakfast lineup in 1990.

Smith ran as a Labor candidate for Wentworth against Malcolm Turnbull in the 2013 national elections.

Logie Awards of 1989
The 31st Annual TV Week Logie Awards was held on Friday 17 March 1989 at the Hyatt on Collins in Melbourne, and broadcast on the Seven Network. The ceremony was hosted by Bert Newton and guests included Raquel Welch, Leslie Nielsen and Bryan Brown.
Bavarian A V
Bavarian A V engines were 2-2-2 steam locomotives in service with the Royal Bavarian State Railways (Königlich Bayerische Staatsbahn). They were the last of the single-coupled locomotives built in Bavaria.

This class was the first express train locomotive with the Bavarian state railways. It was developed from the Class A IV. Unlike the A IV, the Class A V had a lower-pitched boiler and a wider firebox. In addition access to the valve gear was improved. Later still the vehicles were fitted with a steam dome. Because engines on the southern side of the Danube were fired with peat, they had a pear-shaped chimney. In addition these locomotives had different dimensions.

They were equipped with a 3 T 4.8 tender.

Valve gear
The valve gear of a steam engine is the mechanism that operates the inlet and exhaust valves to admit steam into the cylinder and allow exhaust steam to escape, respectively, at the correct points in the cycle. It can also serve as a reversing gear. It is sometimes referred to as the "motion".
Tangent indicatrix
In differential geometry, the tangent indicatrix of a closed space curve is a curve on the unit sphere intimately related to the curvature of the original curve. Let  be a closed curve with nowhere-vanishing tangent vector . Then the tangent indicatrix  of  is the closed curve on the unit sphere given by .

The total curvature of  (the integral of curvature with respect to arc length along the curve) is equal to the arc length of .

Arc length
Arc length is the distance between two points along a curve.
It can be formalized mathematically for smooth curves using vector calculus and differential geometry, or for curves that might not necessarily be smooth as a limit of lengths of polygonal chains. The curves for which this limit exists are called rectifiable curves, and the process of determining their arc length in this way is called curve rectification.
Izoplit
Izoplit (Russian: Изопли́т) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) in Konakovsky District of Tver Oblast, Russia. It is located in a swampy area, adjacent to the nature reserve of Zavidovo. Population:  1,769 (2010 Census); 4,441 (2002 Census); 5,331 (1989 Soviet census).

Zavidovo
Zavidovo (Russian: Зави́дово) is a village (selo) in Konakovsky District of Tver Oblast, Russia. Next to the village is the location of Rus' state residence, used as an official residence place for the President of Russia.
Hagerman National Wildlife Refuge
Hagerman National Wildlife Refuge (HNWR), a haven for migratory birds and other wildlife, lies in northwestern Grayson County, Texas, on the Big Mineral Arm of Lake Texoma, on the Red River between Oklahoma and Texas. This National Wildlife Refuge is made up of water, marsh, and upland habitat. Visitors can hike, observe wildlife, hunt, and fish throughout the year.

The main focus at HNWR is providing a winter home for thousands of waterfowl. The Canada goose is the predominant species; the population of this species can exceed 7,500 during fall, winter, and spring. Other species include the greater white-fronted goose and snow goose, with a few of the smaller Ross's goose.

Snow goose
The snow goose (Anser caerulescens) is a species of goose native to North America. Both white and dark morphs exist, the latter often known as blue goose. Its name derives from the typically white plumage. The species was previously placed in the genus Chen, but is now typically included in the "gray goose" genus Anser.

Snow geese breed north of the timberline in Greenland, Canada, Alaska, and the northeastern tip of Siberia, and spend winters in warm parts of North America from southwestern British Columbia through parts of the United States to Mexico.