hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Christian Christiansen (physicist)
Christian Christiansen (9 October 1843– 28 November 1917) was a Danish physicist.

Christiansen first taught at the local polytechnical school. In 1886, he was appointed to a chair for physics at the University of Copenhagen.

He mainly studied radiant heat and optical dispersion, discovering the Christiansen effect  and the Christiansen filter. Around 1917, he discovered the anomalous dispersion of numerous dyes, including aniline red (fuchsine), by recording absorption spectra.

In 1884, he confirmed the Stefan–Boltzmann law.

Christiansen was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1902.

He was doctoral advisor to Niels Bohr. In 1912, he retired and Martin Knudsen became professor.

Stefan–Boltzmann law
The Stefan–Boltzmann law, also known as Stefan's law, describes the intensity of the thermal radiation emitted by matter in terms of that matter's temperature.  It is named for Josef Stefan, who empirically derived the relationship, and Ludwig Boltzmann who derived the law theoretically.

For an ideal absorber/emitter or black body, the Stefan–Boltzmann law states that the total energy radiated per unit surface area per unit time (also known as the radiant exitance) is directly proportional to the fourth power of the black body's temperature, T:

The constant of proportionality, , is called the Stefan–Boltzmann constant. It has the value

In the general case, the Stefan–Boltzmann law for radiant exitance takes the form:

where  is the emissivity of the surface emitting the radiation.  The emissivity is generally between zero and one.  An emissivity of one corresponds to a black body.
Petter Furuseth
Petter Furuseth (born 14 August 1978) is a Norwegian former professional footballer who played as a midfielder in the top-flight in Norway, Sweden and Denmark. He used to be known as Petter Furuseth Olsen. Furuseth represented Norway at youth international level.

Furuseth started his career in the local club Eik-Tønsberg, before he played for Brann, Örebro, Hammarby, Stabæk, Viborg and FC Midtjylland. Furuseth announced his retirement from football in August 2008, but made a comeback five months later in Lyn. He later had spell with Swedish clubs Assyriska and Hammarby, before he returned to Norway where he has been playing and coaching at amateur level.

Moss FK
Moss Fotballklubb is a Norwegian football club, founded on 28 August 1906. They play in the 1. divisjon, the second highest division in the Norwegian football league system. They played in the Norwegian top flight between 1937–1939, 1953–54, 1977–1985 (9 seasons), 1987–1990 (4 seasons), 1996 and 1998–2002. The club came close to earning promotion to the top flight in 2005, but lost the play-off against Molde.
Michelle Meunier
Michelle Meunier (born 24 January 1956) is a French politician who has been a member of the French Senate since 2011.

In 2023, Meunier publicly endorsed the re-election of the Socialist Party's chairman Olivier Faure.

2011 French Senate election
A Senate election was held for 165 of the 348 seats in the Senate of France on 25 September 2011. Senate members were primarily elected by municipal officials, and the number of senators was increased from 343 to 348, due to the growth of France's population since the previous election was held in 2008. The Socialist Party and other left-of-center parties gained a majority of seats in the upper house for the first time in the Fifth Republic.
Yahir
Yahir Othón Parra (born 21 March 1979), simply known as Yahir, is a Mexican singer and actor from Hermosillo, Sonora. He began his career as one of the participants in the music reality show La Academia in 2002 and in addition to Yuridia, also from Hermosillo, is one of the most popular stars to come from the show. He became a judge of the show's tenth season.

TV Azteca
Televisión Azteca, commonly known as TV Azteca, is a Mexican multimedia conglomerate owned by Grupo Salinas. It is the second-largest mass media company in Mexico after Televisa. It primarily competes with Televisa as well as some local operators. It owns two national television networks, Azteca Uno and Azteca 7, and operates two other nationally distributed services, adn40 and A Más+. All three of these networks have transmitters in most major and minor cities.

TV Azteca also operates Azteca Trece Internacional, reaching 13 countries in Central and South America, and formerly part of the Azteca América network in the United States. Its flagship program is the newscast Hechos.
Non-stop decay
Non-stop decay (NSD) is a cellular mechanism of mRNA surveillance to detect mRNA molecules lacking a stop codon and prevent these mRNAs from translation. The non-stop decay pathway releases ribosomes that have reached the far 3' end of an mRNA and guides the mRNA to the exosome complex, or to RNase R in bacteria for selective degradation. In contrast to nonsense-mediated decay (NMD), polypeptides do not release from the ribosome, and thus, NSD seems to involve mRNA decay factors distinct from NMD.

MRNA surveillance
mRNA surveillance mechanisms are pathways utilized by organisms to ensure fidelity and quality of messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules. There are a number of surveillance mechanisms present within cells. These mechanisms function at various steps of the mRNA biogenesis pathway to detect and degrade transcripts that have not properly been processed.
Institute of Social Sciences, New Delhi
The Institute of Social Sciences studies social, political and economic issues of contemporary relevance. It provides inputs to the policy makers and civil society organisations.

The Institute has established the Centre for Multilevel Federalism (CMF) for the study of federalism in India.

Civil society organization
A civil society organization (CSO) is a group of people that operates in the community in a way that is distinct from both government and business. Please see:

Civil society

Nonprofit organization

Non-governmental organization
CJ Gibson
CJ Gibson (born November 30, 1983, in Clearwater, Florida) is an American model and actress of Filipino and Italian descent. Gibson was the Import Tuner magazine Model Search winner for May, 2007. CJ Gibson is a model for the Falken Drift Team, and can be seen at Formula Drift events.

She has also appeared in several magazines including FHM, American Curves as a cover model, Supreme, MuscleMag International, Muscle & Fitness, Teeze, and in a Bowflex ad.

In 2007, she appeared in a home workout video called ENVY. Her character's name is Eliana, which stands for the "E" in ENVY. She stars alongside Martina Andrews (Natasha), Kara Monaco (Vala), and Brittany Lee (Yvette).

Her younger sister, Raquel Gibson, is also a model and was Playboy magazine's Playmate of the Month for November 2005.

Clearwater, Florida
Clearwater is a city in and the county seat of Pinellas County, Florida, United States, west of Tampa and north of St. Petersburg. To the west of Clearwater lies the Gulf of Mexico and to the southeast lies Tampa Bay. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 117,292. It is the smallest of the three principal cities in the Tampa–St. Petersburg–Clearwater metropolitan area, most commonly referred to as the Tampa Bay area.

Clearwater Beach is part of the city of Clearwater, but is separated from it by the Intracoastal Waterway. Cleveland Street is one of the city's historic avenues, and the city includes BayCare Ballpark and Coachman Park.

The Church of Scientology owns the majority of property in the Clearwater downtown core district.
Alexandra Sports Club
The Alexandra Sports Club (also called the Alex Sports Club) is a sporting complex in Harare, the capital of Zimbabwe. The venue's primary use is as a cricket ground, and it has hosted both international and domestic fixtures.

England Lions cricket team
The England Lions (formerly England A) cricket team is England and Wales' "second-tier" team, below the full England cricket team. It is largely intended as a way for promising young cricketers to gain experience in international cricket.
Peter Christensen (politician, born 1975)
Peter Christensen (25 April 1975 – 6 February 2025) was a Danish politician. He represented Venstre. He was an electrician by profession and was a Member of Parliament from 2001 to 2015. He served as Chairman of Venstres Ungdom from 1999 to 2001.

Christensen replaced Troels Lund Poulsen as Minister for Taxation of Denmark from 8 March to 3 October 2011. Thor Möger Pedersen succeeded him as Minister for Taxation. On 30 September 2015, he replaced Carl Holst as Minister of Defence, who stepped down, following a list of personal scandals.

Electrician
An electrician is a tradesperson specializing in electrical wiring of buildings, transmission lines,  stationary machines, and related equipment. Electricians may be employed in the installation of new electrical components or the maintenance and repair of existing electrical infrastructure. Electricians may also specialize in wiring ships, airplanes, and other mobile platforms, as well as data and cable lines.
USS Kern
USS Kern (AOG-2) was a Patapsco-class gasoline tanker acquired by the United States Navy for the dangerous task of transporting gasoline to warships in the fleet, and to remote Navy stations.

Kern was laid as Rappahannock by Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding Corporation, Tacoma, Washington on 25 May 1942; renamed Kern on 18 July 1942; launched on 7 September 1942; sponsored by Mrs. L. A. Oldin; and commissioned at Seattle, Washington on 9 March 1943.

Tanker (ship)
A tanker (or tank ship or tankship) is a ship designed to transport or store liquids or gases in bulk.  Major types of tanker ship include the oil tanker (or petroleum tanker), the chemical tanker, cargo ships, and a gas carrier. Tankers also carry commodities such as vegetable oils, citrus juice, molasses, and wine.

In the United States Navy and Military Sealift Command, a tanker used to refuel other ships is called an oiler (or replenishment oiler if it can also supply dry stores) but many other navies use the terms tanker and replenishment tanker.

Tankers were first developed in the late 19th century as iron and steel hulls and pumping systems were developed. As of 2005, there were just over 4,000 tankers and supertankers 10,000 LT DWT or greater operating worldwide.
Seán Mac Eoin
Seán Mac Eoin (30 September 1893 – 7 July 1973) was an Irish republican and later Fine Gael politician who was Minister for Defence briefly in 1951 and from 1954 to 1957, and Minister for Justice from 1948 to 1951. He had been Chief of Staff of the Defence Forces from February 1929 to October 1929. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) from 1921 to 1923 and from 1929 to 1965.

He was commonly referred to as the "Blacksmith of Ballinalee".

Granard
Granard (Irish: Gránard) is a town in the north of County Longford, Ireland, and has a traceable history going back to 236 CE. It is situated just south of the boundary between the watersheds of the Shannon and the Erne, at the point where the N55 national secondary road and the R194 regional road meet. It is 20 km north-east of Longford town. The barony of Granard is named for the town. The town is also in the civil parish of Granard.
Omar Faruk Babu
Omar Faruk Babu (Bengali: ওমর ফারুক বাবু; born 5 August 1994) is a retired Bangladeshi professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He last played for Mohammedan SC in the Bangladesh Premier League. He was member of the Bangladesh national team during the 2013 SAFF Championship.

Mohammedan SC (Dhaka)
Mohammedan Sporting Club Limited is a Bangladeshi professional football club based in Dhaka. Founded in 1936, it is one of the oldest and the most successful football club in the country, with a support base in all parts of the country. The club currently competes in the Bangladesh Premier League.
Pan-Asianism
Pan-Asianism (also known as Asianism or Greater Asianism) is an ideology aimed at creating a political and economic unity among Asian peoples. Various theories and movements of Pan-Asianism have been proposed, particularly from East, South and Southeast Asia. The motive for the movement was in opposition to the values of Western imperialism and colonialism, and that Asian values were superior to European values.

The concept of Asianism in Japan and China has changed during the early 20th century from a foreign-imposed and negatively received, to a self-referential and embraced concept, according to historian Torsten Weber.

European values
European values are the norms and values that Europeans are said to have in common, and which transcend national or state identities.  In addition to helping promote European integration, this doctrine also provides the basis for analyses that characterise European politics, economics, and society as reflecting a shared identity; it is often associated with human rights, electoral democracy, and rule of law.
1892 Wyoming Seminary vs. Mansfield Normal football game
The 1892 Wyoming Seminary vs. Mansfield Normal football game, played September 28, 1892, was the first-ever American football game played at night.

The game was played between Wyoming Seminary (a private college preparatory school located in the Wyoming Valley of Northeastern Pennsylvania) and Mansfield Normal School in Mansfield, Pennsylvania.  During the time period, it was common for a college and high school to play each other in football—a practice that has long since been discontinued.

Northeastern Pennsylvania
Northeastern Pennsylvania (NEPA or Nepa; sometimes pronounced /ˈniːpɑː/ NEE-pah) is a region of the U.S. state of Pennsylvania that includes the Pocono Mountains, and the industrial cities of Scranton (the area's largest city), Wilkes-Barre, Pittston, Hazleton, Nanticoke, and Carbondale. A portion of this region is located in the New York City metropolitan area. Recently, Pennsylvania tourism boards have described Northeastern Pennsylvania as Upstate Pennsylvania.

Unlike most other parts of the Rust Belt, some of the communities are experiencing a modest population increase, and others, including Monroe and Pike counties, rank among the state's fastest growing counties.

Northeastern Pennsylvania borders the Pennsylvania Wilds to the west, the New York State Southern Tier and Hudson Valley regions to the north and northeast, Sussex and Warren counties in New Jersey to the east, and the Lehigh Valley to the south.
Telephone numbers in Greece
Greece has a national telephone numbering plan with ten-digit telephone numbers. The first digit represents the type of service. 1 is used for short codes, 2 for geographical numbers (3 and 4 are reserved for that purpose too), 5 is used for inter-network routing purposes (non-dialable codes) and VPNs, 6 for mobile services, 7 is reserved for universal access numbers (not active), 8 for reduced-fee services (like 800 toll-free, 801 local call, 89 dial-up and data services), 9 is used for premium rate services (901 for general purpose and 909 for adult-only services). All dialable numbers are ten digits, except for short codes (3–5 digits in the 1 range), 807-XXXX (seven digits) used for calling card access codes, and numbers in the 5 range, used for routing purposes and not dialable by end-subscribers.

Tripoli, Greece
Tripoli (Greek: Τρίπολη, romanized: Trípoli; Katharevousa: Τρίπολις, romanized: Trípolis) is a city in the central part of the Peloponnese, in Greece. It is the capital of the Peloponnese region as well as of the regional unit of Arcadia. The homonymous municipality had 44,165 inhabitants in 2021.
Cycling at the 1908 Summer Olympics
At the 1908 Summer Olympics, seven track cycling events were contested, all for men only.  The weather was poor, with rainfall causing the track to flood on occasion.  The track was 660 yards (600 m) long (being built around the perimeter of the White City Stadium's athletics track); some events (the 660 yards and the team pursuit) used full laps of the track; the others used metric distances.

White City Stadium
White City Stadium in London, England, was built for the 1908 Summer Olympics. It hosted the finish of the first modern marathon and swimming, speedway, boxing, show jumping, athletics, stock car racing, concerts and a match at the 1966 World Cup.

From 1927, it was a venue for greyhound racing, hosting the English Greyhound Derby until its closure in 1984. The stadium was demolished in 1985 and the site is now occupied by White City Place.

White City was also used for stock car racing in the early seventies when Spedeworth promoted racing on Friday nights usually alternate Fridays to their Walthamstow promotions.
Huancabamba Depression
5°50′00″S 79°30′00″W﻿ / ﻿5.8333°S 79.5000°W﻿ / -5.8333; -79.5000

The Huancabamba Depression is an east–west depression through the Andes Mountains of northern Peru. The Huancabamba Depression interrupts the Central and Eastern Cordilleras of the Andes, and the Marañón River and its tributaries drain eastward through the depression into the Amazon basin. The Western Cordillera has its lowest point, 2,145 meters (7,037 ft), at the Paso de Porculla.

The Huancabamba Depression is home to the Marañón dry forests, which form both a biogeographic connection between the lowland forests of the Pacific coast and the Amazon basin, and a biogeographic barrier between the Northern Andes and the Central Andes.

Cordillera Occidental (Peru)
In Peru the Cordillera Occidental is the western branch of the Andes. It bounds to the west with coastal plains or falls directly into the Pacific along cliffed coasts. To the east of Cordillera Occidental lies the Cordillera Central and the Cordillera Oriental of Peru. As with other parts of the Peruvian Andes the Cordillera Occedental bears evidence on the Andean orogeny.
2019–2020 clerical protests in Montenegro
In late December 2019, a wave of protests started against the controversial, newly adopted "Law on Freedom of Religion or Belief and the Legal Status of Religious Communities" which effectively transferred ownership of church buildings and estates built before 1918 (when the Kingdom of Montenegro was abolished and annexed by Kingdom of Serbia) from the Serbian Orthodox Church in Montenegro to the Montenegrin state. The Serbian Orthodox Church in Montenegro, which owned 66 mainly medieval monasteries, dozens of churches and other real estate there, insisted the state wanted to impound its assets, while Pro-Western Montenegro's president Milo Đukanović, accused the Serbian church of promoting pro-Serb policies that are aimed at "undermining Montenegrin statehood".

Government of Montenegro
The government of Montenegro (Montenegrin: Vlada Crne Gore, Влада Црне Горе) is the executive branch of state authority in Montenegro. It is headed by the prime minister. It consists of the prime minister, the deputy prime ministers, and the ministers.

Milojko Spajić has served as Prime Minister of Montenegro since 31 October 2023, with the members of his cabinet being elected by Parliament of Montenegro.
Komsomolsk-on-Amur Airport
Khurba Airport (also given as Komsomolsk South, Khurba, Uchastok, and Kalinovka) (IATA: KXK, ICAO: UHKK) is an air base (also used for public (Russian: Аэропорт Хурба)) in Khabarovsk Krai, Russia 17 kilometres (11 mi) south of Komsomolsk-on-Amur.  This medium-sized base has considerable tarmac space and an extended area of revetments.  It handles medium-sized airliners.

The 277th Guards Bomber Aviation Regiment (277 Gv BAP) is currently changing from flying Sukhoi Su-24M2s in the 1990-2000s to the Sukhoi Su-34 (AFIP "Fullback") with the first 10 delivered.

The regiment was deployed to Lida (air base) in Belarus as part of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

Sukhoi Su-24
The Sukhoi Su-24 (NATO reporting name: Fencer) is a supersonic, all-weather tactical bomber developed in the Soviet Union. The aircraft has a variable-sweep wing, twin engines and a side-by-side seating arrangement for its crew of two. It was the first of the USSR's aircraft to carry an integrated digital navigation/attack system.

The Su-24 started development in the early 1960s and first flew in 1967. It entered service in 1974 and production ceased in 1993. It remains in service with the Russian Aerospace Forces, Iranian Air Force, Ukrainian Air Force, Algerian Air Force and various other air forces to which it was exported.
Richard Standing
Richard Standing is a British actor.  Standing has appeared on the TV series Holby City, Coronation Street, and The Grand. He played the part of Danny Hargreaves in Coronation Street from 1999–2001. He also was in Doctors.

Standing was born in Ackworth, West Riding of Yorkshire, he attended Hemsworth High School before studying at Hull University and has performed extensively with the theatre company Northern Broadsides.

The Grand (TV series)
The Grand is a British television drama series produced by Granada Television for the ITV network, broadcast between 4 April 1997 and 3 April 1998, The Grand was shown on Plus from 2002–2004. It was written by Russell T Davies and set in a grand hotel in Manchester in the 1920s.

There are two series: eight episodes in the first series were broadcast from 4 April 1997 to 23 May 1997 and ten in the second series from 30 January 1998 to 3 April 1998. All 18 episodes were written by Russell T Davies. The cast included Susan Hampshire, Julia St. John, Tim Healy, Michael Siberry, Stephen Moyer and Mark McGann.

The two series were novelised by Catrin Collier, under the pen name Katherine Hardy.
2012 Dan Kolov & Nikola Petrov Tournament
The 50th Dan Kolov & Nikola Petrov Tournament  was a sport wrestling event held in  Sofia, Bulgaria between 3 and 5 February 2012.

This international tournament includes competition in both men's and women's freestyle wrestling and men's Greco-Roman wrestling. This tournament is held in honor of Dan Kolov who was the first European freestyle wrestling champion from Bulgaria and  European and World Champion Nikola Petroff.

Nikola Petroff
Nikola Petrov (Bulgarian: Никола Петров), better known as Nikola Petroff, (19 December 1873 – 2 January 1925) was a Bulgarian wrestler.

He was born in the town of Gorna Oryahovitsa, Bulgaria. On 20 July 1898, in New York City, he earned the title "Champion of America". In the next year in Vienna, he became the European Champion in Greco-Roman wrestling. In 1900, during the Exposition Universelle in Paris, he defeated the Frenchman Paul Pons and became a world champion.

He fought in the First Balkan War. In 1921, he established his own private school of wrestling in Sofia. He died in 1925 and was buried in his home town of Gorna Oryahovitsa.

Since 1963, a yearly tournament in the name of Nikola Petrov has been organized in Bulgaria. In 1998, he was proclaimed an Honoured Citizen of Gorna Oryahovitsa.

In his 25-year wrestling career, he was defeated once by Marijan Matijević.
Andrew Crawford (dancer)
Andrew Crawford is an Australian ballet danseur performing with the Morphoses/The Wheeldon Company, having previously danced with The Monte Carlo Ballet (Les Ballet de Monte Carlo), the Dutch National Ballet, Sydney Dance Company.

Crawford is the brother of halfpipe Snowboarder Holly Crawford. He portrays a neomorph in the science fiction horror film Alien: Covenant. He has also been credited for roles in Brine King and King Ricou in Aquaman as well as the Creature in Sweetheart.

Holly Crawford
Holly Crawford (born 10 February 1984) is an Australian half-pipe snowboarder. She competed in the 2006 Winter Olympics and placed 22nd and 12th in her qualification runs. She ranked 19th out of 34 competitors and did not make the final. Crawford also competed in the 2010 Winter Olympics and finished 8th in the final having qualified 1st in the semifinals. She missed out on direct qualification to the final by one place, finishing 7th in the qualifying round.

She won a silver medal in halfpipe at 2013 FIS Snowboarding World Championships, behind American Arielle Gold.

She competed for Australia at the 2014 Winter Olympics in the snowboarding events.

In December 2016, Crawford was named to Australia's team for the 2017 Asian Winter Games in Sapporo, Japan.