hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Kivu frontier incident
The Kivu frontier incident was a 1909–1910 stand-off between Belgian, British and German forces in the region around Lake Kivu, now divided between the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda and Rwanda. War was averted through diplomatic negotiations, and it was agreed that the western and northwestern part of the region came within the jurisdiction of the Belgian Congo, while the eastern part was divided between the British Uganda Protectorate to the northeast and the Rwanda district of German East Africa to the southeast.

German East Africa
German East Africa (GEA; German: Deutsch-Ostafrika DOA) was a German colony in the African Great Lakes region, which included present-day Burundi, Rwanda, the Tanzania mainland, and the Kionga Triangle, a small region later incorporated into Mozambique. GEA's area was 994,996 km2 (384,170 sq mi), which is nearly three times the area of present-day Germany and almost double the area of metropolitan Germany at the time.

The colony was organised when the German military was asked in the late 1880s to put down a revolt against the activities of the German East Africa Company. It ended with Imperial Germany's defeat in World War I. Ultimately the territory was divided amongst Britain, Belgium and Portugal, and was reorganised as a mandate of the League of Nations.
Real estate trends
A real estate trend is any consistent pattern or change in the general direction of the real estate industry which, over the course of time, causes a statistically noticeable change. This phenomenon can be a result of the economy, a change in mortgage rates, consumer speculations, or other fundamental and non-fundamental reasons.

Real estate agent
Real estate agents and real estate brokers are people who represent sellers or buyers of real estate or real property. While a broker may work independently, an agent usually works under a licensed broker to represent clients. Brokers and agents are licensed by the state to negotiate sales agreements and manage the documentation required for closing real estate transactions.
Charles M. Thatcher
Charles M. Thatcher (July 25, 1847 – December 13, 1900) was an American soldier who fought in the American Civil War. Thatcher received his country's highest award for bravery during combat, the Medal of Honor. Thatcher's medal was won for his heroism in the Battle of the Crater in Virginia on July 30, 1864. He was honored with the award on July 31, 1896.

Thatcher was born in Coldwater, Michigan, and entered service On December, 1862, at Grand Haven, he enlisted giving his age as 18. His actual age was 15 years 4 months 12 days. He was buried in Kalkaska, Michigan.

Coldwater, Michigan
Coldwater is a city in and the county seat of Branch County in the U.S. state of Michigan.  The city had a population of 13,822 at the 2020 census.  The city is mostly surrounded by Coldwater Township, but the two are administered autonomously.
2001 Tour de Romandie
The 2001 Tour de Romandie was the 55th edition of the Tour de Romandie cycle race and was held from 8 May to 13 May 2001. The race started in Pfaffnau and finished in Geneva. The race was won by Dario Frigo of the Fassa Bortolo team.

Pfaffnau
Pfaffnau is a municipality in the district of Willisau in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. In the municipality two different parts are existing, the village Pfaffnau and the Former Monastery of St. Urban.
Milena, Sicily
Milena (Sicilian: Milocca) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Caltanissetta in the Italian region Sicily, located about 80 kilometres (50 miles) southeast of Palermo and about 30 kilometres (19 miles) west of Caltanissetta.

Sicilian language
Sicilian (sicilianu, pronounced [sɪʃɪˈljaːnʊ, sɪdʒɪˈljaːnʊ]; Italian: siciliano) is a Romance language that is spoken on the island of Sicily and its satellite islands.
It belongs to the broader Extreme Southern Italian language group (Italian: italiano meridionale estremo).

Ethnologue (see below for more detail) describes Sicilian as being "distinct enough from Standard Italian to be considered a separate language", and it is recognized as a minority language by UNESCO. It has been referred to as a language by the Sicilian Region. It has the oldest literary tradition of the Italo-Romance languages. A version of the UNESCO Courier is also available in Sicilian.
Princes Park (Dartford)
Princes Park is a football stadium in Dartford, Kent, England. It is the home of Dartford Football Club. Halls Athletic will be sharing the ground from 2025 onwards. The stadium's postcode is DA1 1RT, the closest possible representation of the word "Dart". DA1 1FC was unobtainable, as the letter C is not allocated for use at the end of British postcodes. The stadium is owned by Dartford Borough Council.

Postal code
A postal code (also known locally in various English-speaking countries throughout the world as a postcode, post code, PIN or ZIP Code) is a series of letters or digits or both, sometimes including spaces or punctuation, included in a postal address for the purpose of sorting mail.

As of August 2021, the Universal Postal Union lists 160 countries which require the use of a postal code.

Although postal codes are usually assigned to geographical areas, special codes are sometimes assigned to individual addresses or to institutions that receive large volumes of mail, such as government agencies and large commercial companies. One example is the French CEDEX system.
MusicAL
MusicAL is a 24-hour Albanian television music channel.

MusicAL was owned by Top Media which also owns Top Channel and DigitAlb. MusicAL was available via DigitAlb on satellite and terrestrial, and via Home2US in North America with Top Channel, Top News and RTK. The channel now broadcasts globally on KlaniIM IPTV and on terrestrial TV across Albania.

The channel was in the process of being closed down in November 2017 by digitalb but left the platform and became an independent channel. It changed its logo to avoid association with Digitalb.

After the channel left Digitalb, it was replaced by another channel named Melody TV (channel 112 at DigitAlb) which was also part of DigitAlb after MusicAL's shutdown.

Top Media Group
Top Media Group, also known simply as Top Media, is an Albanian media company founded in 1998 by Dritan Hoxha and headquartered in Tirana, Albania. The company became one of the largest and most influential media groups in Albania. It initially started with the creation of Top Albania Radio and later expanded to various audiovisual and print media outlets. Top Media Group is the parent company of the national television channel Top Channel. After the death of the founder, the Hoxha family took over the management of the company.
Roland Bauer
Roland Bauer (19 March 1928 – 2017) was a German politician and history academic in the German Democratic Republic (East Germany).

He was vice-president of the East German Historical Society, a member of the central committee of the country's ruling SED (party) and of the Berlin city council.

Parteihochschule Karl Marx
The Party Academy Karl Marx (Parteihochschule Karl Marx) was an academy (Hochschule) that was founded in 1946 in the Soviet occupation zone. During the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), it was subordinate to the Central Committee of the Socialist Unity Party. Teaching ceased on 30 June 1990.
Jonkman
Jonkman is a Dutch surname meaning "young man" (modern Dutch jongeman) or "bachelor" (archaic Dutch jongman). People with the surname include:

Bartel J. Jonkman (1884–1955), American (Michigan) politician

Geert-Jan Jonkman (born 1984), Dutch track racing cyclist

Harmen Jonkman (born 1975), Dutch chess player

Jan Anne Jonkman (1891–1976), Dutch politician, Minister of Colonial Affairs 1946–48

Janneke Jonkman (born 1978), Dutch writer

Marjan Jonkman (born 1994), Dutch fashion model

Mark Jonkman (born 1986), Dutch cricketer, twin brother of Maurits

Maurits Jonkman (born 1986), Dutch cricketer, twin brother of Mark

Jan Jonkman
Jan Anne Jonkman (13 September 1891 – 27 June 1976) was a Dutch politician of the Labour Party. He served as president of the Senate from 1951 to 1966, as well as minister of overseas affairs from 1946 to August 1947 and November 1947 to 1948. Previously, Jonkman had served in the Dutch East Indies as a prosecutor, and later member of the Volksraad from 1927 to 1931 and 1939 to 1942.
Perateia
Perateia (Greek: Περατεία, "place beyond [the sea]", cf. peraia) was the overseas territory of the Empire of Trebizond, comprising the Crimean cities of Cherson, Kerch and their hinterlands. The territory was probably administered during Byzantine rule from Trebizond before the Comneni established a separate empire a few weeks before the Crusader sack of Constantinople in 1204.

Trapezuntine control over Perateia had been weak almost from the beginning, subjected to pressure from the Genoese and Tatars by the time of Alexius I's death in 1222. The year after, the Seljuk Turks raided Perateia's coasts, and built the fortress of Sudak to try and channel the Crimean trade from Trebizond into Seljuk-held Sinope. After that, the area was administered by the Gabras family, Trapezuntine magnates who later established the Principality of Theodoro.

Sinop, Turkey
Sinop is a city on the isthmus of İnce Burun (İnceburun, Cape Ince) and on the Boztepe Peninsula, near Cape Sinope (Sinop Burnu, Boztepe Cape, Boztepe Burnu) which is situated on the northernmost edge of the Turkish side of the Black Sea coast, in the ancient region of Paphlagonia, in modern-day northern Turkey. It is the seat of Sinop Province and Sinop District. Its population is 57,404 (2022).
Sharon E. J. Gerstel
Sharon E. J. Gerstel (Greek: Σάρον Γκερστέλ) is an American art historian and archaeologist. She is Professor of Byzantine Art & Archaeology, George P. Kolovos Family Centennial Term Chair in Hellenic Studies, and Director of the UCLA Stavros Niarchos Foundation (SNF) Center for the Study of Hellenic Culture.

Stavros Niarchos Foundation
The Stavros Niarchos Foundation (SNF) is a philanthropic organization established upon Stavros Niarchos' death in 1996. Niarchos was one of the world's largest transporters of oil and owned the largest supertanker fleet of his time. The Foundation has offices in Athens,  New York, and Monaco, and provides grants in more than 130 countries. The Foundation is led by Andreas Dracopoulos, great-nephew of Stavros Niarchos, and his cousins Spyros and Philip Niarchos who serve as co-presidents.
ODG
ODG can refer to:

.odg, the file extension for an OpenDocument drawing file

Ontario Drive and Gear Limited, a former company specializing in amphibious vehicles; now part of ARGO

Old Dungeon Ghyll, Lake District, England, popular with walkers and climbers

Objective difference grade, a perceived quality in digital audio

Olive drab green, a color used in military clothing and equipment

Overseas Development Group, a fictional UK espionage agency that James Bond works for in Carte Blanche by Jeffery Deaver.

OpenDocument
OpenDocument Format (ODF) for Office Applications, also known as OpenDocument, standardized as ISO 26300, is an open file format for word processing documents, spreadsheets, presentations and graphics using ZIP-compressed XML files. It was developed with the aim of providing an open, XML-based file format specification for office applications.

The standard is developed and maintained by a technical committee in the Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS) consortium. It was based on the Sun Microsystems specification for OpenOffice.org XML, the default format for OpenOffice.org and LibreOffice. It was originally developed for StarOffice "to provide an open standard for office documents."

In addition to being an OASIS standard, it is published as an ISO/IEC international standard ISO/IEC 26300 –  Open Document Format for Office Applications (OpenDocument). From March 2024, the current version is 1.4.
Husserliana
The Husserliana is the complete works project of the philosopher Edmund Husserl (April 8, 1859 – April 27, 1938), which was made possible by Herman Van Breda after he saved the manuscripts of Husserl. The Husserliana is published by the Husserl Archives of the Higher Institute of Philosophy of the Catholic University of Leuven. The Husserliana series are edited jointly by the current director of the Archives, Professor Rudolph Bernet, and Professor Ullrich Melle.

The Husserliana have been published first by Martinus Nijhoff, which was then acquired by Kluwer Academic Publishers and after the merger of Kluwer and Springer, is now published by Springer.

There are four series that go by the name of Husserliana:

Husserliana: Edmund Husserl Gesammelte Werke

Husserliana Dokumente

Husserliana Materialien

Husserliana Collected Works

Higher Institute of Philosophy
The Institut supérieur de Philosophie (ISP) (French for: Higher Institute of Philosophy) is an independent research institute at the University of Louvain (UCLouvain) in Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. It is a separate entity to the UCLouvain School of Philosophy.

It was founded in Louvain (Leuven) in 1889 and split in 1968, when the French-speaking part moved to Louvain-la-Neuve.

The institute holds the archives of Edmund Husserl, Jean Ladrière, Michel Henry and Maurice Blondel.
HD 56618
HD 56618 is a single star in the southern constellation of Canis Major. It is a red-hued star that is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.66. This object is located at a distance of approximately 390 light years from the Sun based on parallax measurements. It is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +41.5 km/s, having come to within 203 light-years some 2.2 million years ago. Olin J. Eggen listed it as a probable member of the Hyades supercluster.

This is an aging red giant star currently on the asymptotic giant branch with a stellar classification of M2III. It is no longer undergoing core hydrogen fusion and has expanded to 61 times the radius of the Sun. The star is radiating 700 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 3,797 K.

Asymptotic giant branch
The asymptotic giant branch (AGB) is a region of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram populated by evolved cool luminous stars. This is a period of stellar evolution undertaken by all low- to intermediate-mass stars (about 0.5 to 8 solar masses) late in their lives.

Observationally, an asymptotic-giant-branch star will appear as a bright red giant with a luminosity ranging up to thousands of times greater than the Sun. Its interior structure is characterized by a central and largely inert core of carbon and oxygen, a shell where helium is undergoing fusion to form carbon (known as helium burning), another shell where hydrogen is undergoing fusion forming helium (known as hydrogen burning), and a very large envelope of material of composition similar to main-sequence stars (except in the case of carbon stars).
Harrodsburg Limestone
The Harrodsburg Limestone is a geologic formation, a member of the Sanders Group of Indiana Limestone, of Mississippian age.  It was named for Harrodsburg in southern Monroe County, Indiana by T. C. Hopkins and C. E. Siebenthal ("The Bedford Oolitic Limestone of Indiana" - 1897). It is made up primarily of calcarenite and calcirudite. It also may include some beds of dolomite and shale.

Harrodsburg Limestone is found throughout the part of the Illinois Basin running through southern Indiana.

Calcirudite
Calcirudite is a type of limestone that is composed predominantly, more than 50 percent, of carbonate grains that are larger in size than sand (2 mm in diameter). The grains can consist of either fragments of fossils, fragments of older limestones and dolomites, other carbonate grains, or some combination of these. The term calcirudite was originally proposed in 1903 by Grabau as a part of his calcilutite, calcarenite and calcirudite classification system based upon the size of the detrital grains composing a limestone. Depending on roundness of the grains, calcirudite is the carbonate equivalent of either a breccia, in the case of predominantly angular grains, or conglomerate, in the case of predominantly rounded grains. Calcirudites can accumulate in a wide variety of coastal, lacustrine, and marine environments.
Jon S. Eubanks
Jon S. Eubanks is an American politician, farmer, and accountant serving as a member of the Arkansas House of Representatives from the 74th district. First elected in 2010, he also served as speaker pro tempore of the House.

Arkansas House of Representatives
The Arkansas House of Representatives is the lower house of the Arkansas General Assembly, the state legislature of the US state of Arkansas. The House has 100 members elected from an equal number of constituencies across the state. Each district has an average population of 30,137, according to the 2020 federal census. Members are elected to two-year terms and, since the 2014 Amendment to the Arkansas Constitution, limited to sixteen years cumulative in either house.

The Arkansas House of Representatives meets annually, in regular session in odd number years and for a fiscal session in even number years, at the State Capitol in Little Rock.
Timasitheus of Trapezus
Timasitheus or Timesitheus (Gr. Τιμασίθεος or Τιμησίθεος, fl. 4th century BC) was a citizen of Trapezus, and a proxenus of the Mossynoeci, between whom and the Cyrean Greeks he acted as interpreter, when the latter wished to make a treaty with the barbarians, and to obtain a passage through their country.

Trabzon
Trabzon is a city on the Black Sea coast of northeastern Turkey and the capital of Trabzon Province. Historically known as Trebizond, the city was founded in 756 BC as Trapezous by Greek colonists from Miletus. It was added into the Achaemenid Empire by Cyrus the Great and was later part of the independent Kingdom of Pontus that challenged Rome until 68 BC. Thenceforth part of the Roman and later Byzantine Empire, the city was the capital of the Empire of Trebizond, one of the successor states of the Byzantine Empire after the Fourth Crusade in 1204. In 1461 it came under Ottoman rule.

During the early modern period, Trabzon, because of the importance of its port, again became a focal point of trade to Persia and the Caucasus. Today Trabzon is the second largest city and port on the Black Sea coast of Turkey with a population of almost 300,000. The urban population of the city is 330,836 (Ortahisar), with a metropolitan population of 822,270. Trabzon has 18 districts in total.
Sidhwan Branch
The Sidhwan Branch is a branch of the Sirhind Canal that irrigates an area of 4.63 lakh acres in Punjab, India.: 36  It is 88.01 km long and has a discharge of 1,751 cusecs. It is a link channel under the Bhakra canals, linking the old inundation canals of Daultwah and Kingwah. The Sidhwan Branch emerges from the Sirhind canal system with a 1,727 cusec capacity. The branch was constructed in 1954 and takes from the Manpur Head to use discharge saved from the area served by Bhakra Canal and the Sirhind Feeder System for the purposes of irrigating the bet (floodplains) along the Sutlej River in Ludhiana, Moga, and Firozpur districts and passes through the city of Ludhiana.: 262  The branch was later converted from a non-perennial (from April to October) to a perennial branch.: 36  The branch suffers from pollution due to discharge of sullage water from Gill Road near Punjab Agriculture University in Ludhiana.: 264–265

Ludhiana district
Ludhiana district is one of the 23 districts in the Indian state of Punjab. It is Punjab's largest district by both area and population. Ludhiana, the largest city in Punjab, is the district headquarters.

The main industries are bicycle parts and hosiery. Ludhiana is a hub of ladies footwear manufacturing, with around 10,000 small-scale units. The district is made up of seven tehsils, seven sub-tehsils and twelve development blocks.

Ludhiana district has the highest HDI in Punjab at 0.761 (2004 UNDP).
Danail Mitev
Danail Mitev (Bulgarian: Данаил Митев; born 11 January 1984) is a Bulgarian footballer who currently plays as a forward for Mosta in the Maltese Premier League. He was raised in Beroe Stara Zagora's youth teams.

Maltese Premier League
The Maltese Premier League, known as Yo Health Malta Premier for sponsorship reasons with Yo Health (colloquially known as Il-Kampjonat Premjer), is the highest level of professional football in Malta. Managed by the Malta Football Association, the Premier League is contested by 12 teams and operates on a promotion and relegation system with the Challenge League. As of June 2022, the Premier League ranks 46th out of 55 members in the UEFA coefficient.

The league was first contested in 1909 as the First Division, before switching to its current name in 1980; the First Division in turn replaced the Second Division. Sliema Wanderers and Floriana have won the title a record 26 times. The current champions are Ħamrun Spartans who won their 11th title in the 2024-25 season.
Harry Sharpe (cricketer)
Harry Wetherherd Sharpe (14 August 1901 – 8 July 1950) was an English first-class cricketer and Royal Navy officer.

Born at Wolstanton, Staffordshire in August 1901, Sharpe served in the Royal Navy. He was commissioned shortly after the First World War and by September 1921, he was a sub-lieutenant. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant in September 1923. Sharpe made three appearances in first-class cricket for the Royal Navy in 1929, playing against the Marylebone Cricket Club, the British Army cricket team and the Royal Air Force. Playing as a wicket-keeper, he scored 35 runs and took six catches and made three stumpings. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant commander in September 1931 and later served in the Second World War. He was seconded to the Royal Indian Navy in 1944, with Sharpe retiring in 1947 with the rank of commander. He died in July 1950 at Stubbington, Hampshire.

Commander (Royal Navy)
Commander (Cdr) is a senior officer rank of the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom.  It is immediately junior to captain and immediately senior to the rank of lieutenant commander.  Officers holding the junior rank of lieutenant commander are not considered to be commanders.
KTW (Katowice)
KTW (also .KTW) is a complex of two high-rise buildings in Katowice, Poland. KTW I, the first building of the project, was completed in 2018 at 66 metres (217 ft). The second tower, KTW II, rises 134 metres (440 ft) and was finished in 2022; it is the tallest building in Katowice and in the Upper Silesia region.

KTW is located at Aleja Roździeńskiego, in the Koszutka district. As part of Katowice's Culture Zone (Strefa Kultury), the complex lies near the Spodek arena, the Polish National Radio Symphony Orchestra and the International Congress Centre. TDJ Estate developed the complex, while Przemo Łukasik and Łukasz Zagała from Medusa Group were in charge of the architectural concept.

International Congress Centre in Katowice
International Congress Centre in Katowice (ICC) (pol. Międzynarodowe Centrum Kongresowe w Katowicach, MCK) is a multipurpose conference and convention centre. It was opened to the public in 2015. It is owned by City of Katowice, Poland and since May 2016 is managed by the PTWP Event Center sp. z o.o. on a multi-year lease from the city.