hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Kamal Kharazi
Sayyid Kamal Kharazi (Persian: کمال خرازی, born 1 December 1944) is an Iranian reformist politician and diplomat who served as the foreign minister of Iran from 20 August 1997 to 24 August 2005.

He was replaced by Manouchehr Mottaki who was appointed by the next President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. He is currently member of the Expediency Discernment Council and advisor to Iran’s supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei. He is the chairman of the Strategic Council on Foreign Relations. He also founded Institute for Cognitive Science Studies along with other prominent Iranian psychologists in 2016.

Ayatollah
Ayatollah (UK: /ˌaɪəˈtɒlə/, also US: /ˌaɪəˈtoʊlə/; Arabic: آية الله, romanized: ʾāyatu llāh; Persian: آیت‌الله, romanized: âyatollâh [ɒːjjætˌolˈlɒːh]) is a title for high-ranking Twelver Shia clergy. It came into widespread usage in the 20th century.

Originally used as a title bestowed by popular/clerical acclaim for a small number of the most distinguished  marja' at-taqlid mujtahid, it suffered from "inflation"  following the 1979 Iranian Revolution when it came to be used for "any established mujtahid". By 2015, it was further expanded to include any student who had passed their Mujtahid final exam, leading to "thousands" of Ayatollahs.

The title is not used by the Sunni community of Iran, due to their belief that Muhammad did not appoint a successor.

In the Western world – especially after the Iranian Revolution – it was associated with Ruhollah Khomeini, who was so well known as to often be referred to as "The Ayatollah".
Outline of Munich
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Munich:

Munich – capital and the most populated city in the German state of Bavaria. With over 1,450,000 residents in 310.43 km2 (119.86 sq mi) it is also Germany's third most populated Großstadt. Munich is considered a global city as of 2015, one of the most prosperous and fastest growing cities in Germany.

BMW Headquarters
The BMW Headquarters (German: BMW-Vierzylinder, lit. 'BMW four-cylinder'), also known as the BMW Tower (German: BMW-Turm or BMW-Hochhaus), is a high-rise building located in the Am Riesenfeld area of Munich, Germany. The building has served as the global corporate headquarters of German automaker BMW since 1973. It was declared a protected historic building in 1999, and it is often cited as one of the most notable examples of modern architecture in Munich. Extensive renovations commenced in 2004 and were completed in 2006.
MacLeod of Raasay
The MacLeods of Raasay are a minor Scottish noble family and branch of Clan MacLeod of Lewis. At their height they held extensive lands on the Isle of Raasay. In Gaelic the MacLeods of Lewis were known as Sìol Thorcaill ("Seed of Torquil"). The Chiefship of Clan MacLeod of Lewis (also known as Clan MacLeod of the Lewes) passed to the Raasay branch in the 20th century.

Today, Clan MacLeod, Clan MacLeod of the Lewes, and the MacLeods of Raasay, are all represented by "Associated Clan MacLeod Societies", and the chiefs of the three clans. The association is made up of ten national societies across the world including: Australia, Canada, England, France, Germany, New Zealand, Scotland, South Africa, United States of America, and Switzerland.

Scottish clan chief
The Scottish Gaelic word clann means children. In early times, and possibly even today, Scottish clan members believed themselves to descend from a common ancestor, the founder of the clan, after whom the clan is named. The clan chief (ceannard cinnidh) is the representative of this founder, and represents the clan. In the Scottish clan system, a chief is greater than a chieftain (ceann-cinnidh), a designation applied to heads of branches of a clan. Scottish clans that no longer have a clan chief are referred to as armigerous clans.
Herc's Adventures
Herc's Adventures is a 1997 action-adventure video game released by LucasArts for the Sega Saturn and PlayStation. The player controls one of three ancient Greek heroes: Herc (Hercules), Atlanta (Atalanta), and Jason, who are on a quest to defeat Hades and save the goddess of nature, Persephone.

Herc's Adventures was originally announced as a Saturn exclusive with a release date of December 1996, but delays pushed its release back to July 1997. The PlayStation version was released internationally, while the Saturn version was exclusive to North America. Virgin Interactive Entertainment had planned to release the Saturn version in Europe in September 1997, but it was dropped from the release schedule due to the company's withdrawal of support for the Saturn. In 2014, the game was re-released for PlayStation Network in North America.

PlayStation Network
PlayStation Network (PSN) is a digital media entertainment service provided by Sony Interactive Entertainment. Launched in November 2006, PSN was originally conceived for the PlayStation video game consoles, but soon extended to encompass smartphones, tablets, Blu-ray players and high-definition televisions. It succeeded Sony Entertainment Network in 2015 and this service is the account for PlayStation consoles, accounts can store games and other content.

PlayStation Network's services are dedicated to an online marketplace (PlayStation Store), a premium subscription service for enhanced gaming and social features (PlayStation Plus), music streaming (PlayStation Music, based on Spotify), and formerly a cloud gaming service (PlayStation Now; folded into PlayStation Plus Premium in June 2022). The service is available in 73 territories.
FC Gießen
FC Gießen 1927 Teutonia/1900 VfB e.V., commonly known as FC Gießen, is a German association football club from the city of Giessen and the Watzenborn-Steinberg quarter of the town of Pohlheim, both in Hesse. The club's greatest success has been promotion to the tier four Regionalliga Südwest in 2016, 2019, and 2024.

Quarter (urban subdivision)
A quarter is a section of an urban settlement. A quarter can be administratively defined and its borders officially designated, and it may have its own administrative structure (subordinate to that of the city, town or other urban area). Such a division is particularly common in countries like Bulgaria (Bulgarian: квартал, romanized: kvartal), Croatia (četvrt), France (Quartier), Georgia (კვარტალი, k'vart'ali),  Italy (Quartiere), Romania (Cartier), and Serbia (четврт / četvrt). It may be denoted as a borough (in English-speaking countries), Portugal/Brazil (bairro), Spain (barrio); or some other term (e.g. Cambodia (សង្កាត់ sangkat), Germany (Stadtteil), and Poland (dzielnica)).

Quarter can also refer to a non-administrative but distinct neighbourhood with its own character: for example, a slum quarter. It is often used for a district connected with a particular group of people: for instance, some cities are said to have Jewish quarters, diplomatic quarters or Bohemian quarters.
Robert Bennett (Melbourne mayor)
Robert Bennett (21 January 1822 – 18 January 1891) was a politician and Mayor of Melbourne, Australia between 1861 and 1862.

Bennett was born in Tanderagee, County Armagh, Ireland, and arrived in the Port Phillip District in January 1842. In November 1856 he was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly for East Bourke, holding the seat until June 1857. He held the same seat again from October 1859 to August 1864.

Bennett died in Northcote, Victoria on 18 January 1891.

Electoral district of East Bourke
East Bourke (also known as Bourke East from around 1891) was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Victoria from 1856 until being abolished by the post-Federation Electoral Districts Boundaries Act 1903 coming into effect in 1904.
37°38′S 144°55′E﻿ / ﻿37.633°S 144.917°E﻿ / -37.633; 144.917

The district of East Bourke was one of the initial districts of the first Victorian Legislative Assembly, 1856.
National Natural Resources Conservation Foundation
The National Natural Resources Conservation Foundation (NNRCF) is a nonprofit private organization established by the 1996 farm bill (P.L. 104–127) to promote and fund innovative solutions to conservation issues through effective partnerships.

The Foundation can accept gifts and raise money. It will conduct research, undertake educational activities, support demonstration projects, and make grants to state and local governments and nonprofit organizations. Appropriations were authorized at $1 million per year for 1997–99, but no appropriations were provided by the U.S. Congress, and the Foundation has not become operational.

Similar foundations have been created for several other natural resource areas.

Authorization bill
An authorization bill is a type of legislation used in the United States to authorize the activities of the various agencies and programs that are part of the federal government of the United States. Authorizing such programs is one of the powers of the United States Congress. Authorizations give those things the legal power to operate and exist. Authorization bills must be passed in both the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate before being signed by the President of the United States in order to become law. They may originate in either chamber of Congress, unlike revenue raising bills, which must originate in the House. They can also be considered at any time during the year.
Kosmos 2076
Kosmos 2076 (Russian: Космос 2076 meaning Cosmos 2076) is a Russian US-K missile early warning satellite which was launched in 1990 as part of the Russian Space Forces' Oko programme. The satellite is designed to identify missile launches using optical telescopes and infrared sensors.

Kosmos 2076 was launched from Site 16/2 at Plesetsk Cosmodrome in Russia. A Molniya-M carrier rocket with a 2BL upper stage was used to perform the launch, which took place at 11:37 UTC on 28 April 1990. The launch successfully placed the satellite into a molniya orbit. It subsequently received its Kosmos designation, and the international designator 1990-040A. The United States Space Command assigned it the Satellite Catalog Number 20596.

Early warning system
An early warning system is a warning system that can be implemented as a chain of information communication systems and comprises sensors, event detection and decision subsystems for early identification of hazards. They work together to forecast and signal disturbances that adversely affect the stability of the physical world, providing time for the response system to prepare for the adverse event and to minimize its impact.

To be effective, early warning systems need to actively involve the communities at risk, facilitate public education and awareness of risks, effectively disseminate alerts, and warnings and ensure there is constant state of preparedness. A complete and effective early warning system supports four main functions: risk analysis, monitoring and warning; dissemination and communication; and a response capability.
Hedwig Reicher-Kindermann
Hedwig Reicher-Kindermann (1853–1883) was a German opera singer whose range covered both soprano and contralto. She trained as a pianist until she was 15 when her father recognized her singing abilities. In 1871, she was engaged by the Court Theatre in Munich where she performed as a singer, dancer and actress. After singing in Bayreuth in 1876, she made guest appearances in Austria, France and Italy. In 1880, she was engaged by the Leipzig Opera where she became known for her Wagnerian roles. From September 1882, she toured widely with Angelo Neumann's Niebelungentheater but died in Trieste, Italy, on 2 June shortly after appearing as Brünnhilde in Wagner's Götterdämmerung.

National Theatre (Munich)
The National Theatre (German: Nationaltheater) on Max-Joseph-Platz in Munich, Germany, is a historic opera house, home of the Bavarian State Opera, Bavarian State Orchestra and the Bavarian State Ballet.

With 2,101 seats, the theatre is the country's largest opera house.
Closed platform
A closed platform, walled garden, or closed ecosystem is a software system wherein the carrier or service provider has control over applications, content, and/or media, and restricts convenient access to non-approved applicants or content. This is in contrast to an open platform, wherein consumers generally have unrestricted access to applications and content.

Digital content
Digital content is any content that exists in the form of digital data. Digital content is stored on digital media or analog storage in specific formats. Forms of digital content include information that is digitally broadcast, streamed, or contained in computer files. Viewed narrowly, digital content includes popular media types, while a broader approach considers any type of digital information (e. g. digitally updated weather forecasts, GPS maps, and so on) as digital content.

Digital content has increased as more households have accessed the Internet. Expanded access has made it easier for people to receive their news and watch TV online, challenging the popularity of traditional platforms. Increased access to the Internet has also led to the mass publication of digital content through individuals in the form of eBooks, blog posts, and even Facebook posts.
Deletraz
Deletraz or Delétraz is a surname of Arpitan origin. Like many Arpitan anthroponyms, the final -z only marks paroxytonic stress and should not be pronounced. Nevertheless, it is often pronounced in French through hypercorrection.
Notable people with the surname include:

Jean-Denis Délétraz (born 1963), Swiss racing driver

Julien Delétraz (born 1985), French professional footballer

Louis Delétraz (born 1997), Swiss racing driver

Jean-Denis Delétraz
Jean-Denis Delétraz (born 1 October 1963) is a Swiss racing driver. He participated in three Formula One Grands Prix, debuting in the 1994 Australian Grand Prix. Before reaching Formula One, he scored two third places in the 1988 Formula 3000 season, but principally earned his three Formula One drives as a pay driver. After Formula One, he competed in sports car racing, with two class wins at the 24 Hours of Le Mans.
Paul Read (music producer)
Paul Read is a recording engineer and music producer. He started his professional recording career at Rockfield Studios where he became a house engineer.

Some of his most successful work as recording engineer includes Nigel Kennedy’s string arrangements for the Donovan album ‘Sutras’ (produced by Rick Rubin), Catatonia, including sessions for ‘International Velvet’ (3× platinum) and Coldplay ‘Parachutes’ (9× platinum).

Read is quoted in the book Rock Legends at Rockfield, talking about recording sessions for the Coldplay album Parachutes

Paul Read is now a teacher of Audio Media Production at The Royal National College for the Blind in Hereford.

Hereford
Hereford (/ˈhɛrɪfərd/ ⓘ HERR-if-ərd) is a cathedral city and the county town of the ceremonial county of Herefordshire, England. It is on the banks of the River Wye and lies 16 miles (26 km) east of the border with Wales, 23 miles (37 km) north-west of Gloucester and 24 miles (39 km) south-west of Worcester. With a population of 61,900 in 2024, it is the largest settlement in Herefordshire.

An early town charter from 1189, granted by Richard I of England, describes it as "Hereford in Wales". Hereford has been recognised as a city since time immemorial, with the status being reconfirmed in October 2000. Hereford has been a civil parish since 2000.

Products from Hereford include cider, beer, leather goods, nickel alloys, poultry, chemicals and sausage rolls, as well as the Hereford breed of cattle.
Frank Rauscher III
Frank J. Rauscher III was an American researcher at The Wistar Institute in Philadelphia. Rauscher is also a professor of genetics at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. He graduated from Moravian College in 1979. His research focuses on mechanisms responsible for gene silencing during development and homeostasis and disruptions associated with the initiation of tumors.

When Rauscher first arrived at Wistar, one of his research priorities was the tumor suppressor gene wt1 and its role in the development of Wilms' tumor. Rauscher's research found that if wt1 is mutated, cells of the kidney might continue to grow out of control.

Rauscher is the former editor-in-chief of the journal Cancer Research. He is the son of Frank J. Rauscher, Jr., former director of the National Cancer Institute.

Wistar Institute
The Wistar Institute (/ˈwɪstɑːr/) is an independent, nonprofit research institution in biomedical science with special focuses in oncology, immunology, infectious disease, and vaccine research. Located on Spruce Street in the University City section of Philadelphia, Wistar was founded in 1892 as a nonprofit institution to focus on biomedical research and training.

Since 1972, Wistar has been a National Cancer Institute (NCI)-designated cancer center, and in that time, the Institute has established itself as a well-regarded research nonprofit. The NCI gave Wistar the highest cancer center rating of "exceptional" in two consecutive cancer center grant renewals in 2013 and 2018. Additionally, the Institute was ranked in 2024 in the 1st percentile for Innovation by the SCImago Institution Ranking (SIR) and third in US Research Institutions by Heartland Forward.
Holy Rosary Catholic Church (St. Marys, Ohio)
Holy Rosary Catholic Church is a Roman Catholic parish on the east side of St. Marys, Ohio, United States. Established in 1852, the church has been recognized for its historic 1860s church building, which was demolished amid a period of growth in the 1970s and replaced with a modernist structure.

Archdiocese of Cincinnati
The Archdiocese of Cincinnati (Latin: Archidiœcesis Cincinnatensis) is an archdiocese of the Catholic Church in the State of Ohio. The archbishop is Robert Casey. The mother church is the Cathedral Basilica of St. Peter in Chains in Cincinnati.
Aliettite
Aliettite is a complex phyllosilicate mineral of the smectite group with a formula of (Ca0.2Mg6(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4·4H2O) or [Mg3Si4O10(OH)2](Ca0.5,Na)0.33(Al,Mg,Fe2+)2−3(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2·n(H2O).

It is a soft, colorless to pale yellow or green earthy mineral which crystallizes in the monoclinic system as minute tabular to platy crystals.

It was first described in 1968 for an occurrence in Monte Chiaro, Albareto, Parma Province, Emilia-Romagna, Italy and named for the Italian mineralogist Andrea Alietti (born 1923).

It occurs in serpentinized ophiolites and their residual soil. It also occurs in altered dolomite. Associated minerals include talc, chlorite, serpentine and calcite. In addition to the type locality in Italy it has been reported from Kinshasa, Katanga; the Chelyabinsk Oblast of the southern Urals and the Turii alkaline Massif of the Kola Peninsula in Russia; the Zirabulak Mountains of Uzbekistan; and the Goldstrike Mine of Eureka County, Nevada, US.

Eureka County, Nevada
Eureka County is a county in the U.S. state of Nevada. As of the 2020 census, the population was 1,855, making it the second-least populous county in Nevada. Its county seat is Eureka.

Eureka County is part of the Elko Micropolitan Statistical Area.
Titratable acid
In chemistry, titratable acid generally refers to any acid that can lose one or more protons in an acid–base reaction.

The term is used slightly differently in other fields. For example, in renal physiology, titratable acid is a term to describe acids such as phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid which are involved in renal physiology. It is used to explicitly exclude ammonium (NH4+) as a source of acid, and is part of the calculation for net acid excretion.

It gets its name from the use of NaOH in acid–base titration to estimate the quantity of titratable acid.

Ammonium
Ammonium is a modified form of ammonia that has an extra hydrogen atom.  It is a positively charged (cationic) molecular ion with the chemical formula NH+4 or [NH4]+. It is formed by the addition of a proton (a hydrogen nucleus) to ammonia (NH3). Ammonium is also a general name for positively charged (protonated) substituted amines and quaternary ammonium cations ([NR4]+), where one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by organic or other groups (indicated by R). Not only is ammonium a source of nitrogen and a key metabolite for many living organisms, but it is an integral part of the global nitrogen cycle. As such, human impact in recent years could have an effect on the biological communities that depend on it.
2017 CUHK democracy wall standoff
In September 2017, tensions arose between different parties over the content of posters put up on Democracy wall in the Chinese University of Hong Kong.
This has led to increased tensions in Hong Kong society, due to the interpretations of freedom of speech of certain content of the posters. This has also led to copycats incidents occurring in other universities in Hong Kong as well reigniting Hong Kong Independence debate within Hong Kong Kong society. The standoff, which has manifested in a series of protests and counterprotests on campuses, is reflective of the wider disconnect between mainlanders and Hongkongers, fanned by a host of reasons from politics and language barriers to state-fuelled propaganda and competition for scarce resources.

Education University of Hong Kong
The Education University of Hong Kong (EdUHK) is a public university in Ting Kok, New Territories, Hong Kong.

The university was founded in 1994 as The Hong Kong Institute of Education. It is one of eight subsidised universities under the University Grants Committee of Hong Kong and the only one historically dedicated to teacher education, with an increasingly broadening academic scope across recent years.
The Blacksmith of St. Bartholomae
The Blacksmith of St. Bartholomae (German: Der Schmied von St. Bartholomä) is a 1955 West German drama film directed by Max Michel and starring Viktor Staal, Marianne Koch and Annie Rosar. It was shot on location at Berchtesgaden in Bavaria and in a makeshift studio nearby. The film's sets were designed by the art director Curt Stallmach. It was part of the postwar boom in heimatfilm that peaked around this year.

Film studio
A film studio (also known as movie studio or simply studio) is a major entertainment company that makes films. Today, studios are mostly financing and distribution entities. In addition, they may have their own studio facility or facilities; however, most firms in the entertainment industry have never had their own studios, but have rented space from other companies instead. Day-to-day filming operations are generally handled by a production company subsidiary.

Another type of company is an independently owned studio facility, which does not produce motion pictures by itself; such facilities only sell studio space.
1991 NBA All-Star Game
The 1991 NBA All-Star Game was an exhibition basketball game between players selected from the National Basketball Association's Western Conference and the Eastern Conference that was played on February 10, 1991, at the Charlotte Coliseum in Charlotte, North Carolina. This game was the 41st edition of the NBA All-Star Game and was played during the 1990–91 NBA season.

The All-Star Weekend began on Saturday, February 9, 1991, with the Stay In School Jam, Legends Classic, the Three-Point Shootout and the Slam Dunk Contest.

This was the first NBA All-Star Game broadcast by NBC after 17 years with CBS.

The All-Star Game returned to Charlotte in 2019, though it was played at the Spectrum Center in Uptown, and broadcast on TNT (the All-Star Game has never been broadcast on ABC or ESPN during the networks' current contract with the league, which began during the 2002–03 season).

NBA on ESPN
NBA on ESPN is an American television sports presentation show broadcast by ESPN. It aired from 1982 to 1984. The show returned on October 30, 2002. It consists of branding used for the presentation of National Basketball Association (NBA) games.

ABC began televising NBA games under full ESPN production in 2006 (ABC Sports aired NBA games under the title of the NBA on ABC from 2002 to 2006). On October 6, 2014, ESPN and the NBA renewed their agreement through 2025, and on July 24, 2024, its agreement was renewed through 2036.