hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Higman group
In mathematics, the Higman group, introduced by Graham Higman (1951), was the first example of an infinite finitely presented group with no nontrivial finite quotients. 
The quotient by the maximal proper normal subgroup is a finitely generated infinite simple group. Higman (1974) later found some finitely presented infinite  groups Gn,r that are simple if n is even and have a simple subgroup of index 2 if n is odd, one of which is one of the Thompson groups.

Higman's group is generated by 4 elements a, b, c, d with the relations

Finite group
In abstract algebra, a finite group is a group whose underlying set is finite.  Finite groups often arise when considering symmetry of mathematical or physical objects, when those objects admit just a finite number of structure-preserving transformations.  Important examples of finite groups include cyclic groups and permutation groups.

The study of finite groups has been an integral part of group theory since it arose in the 19th century.  One major area of study has been classification: the classification of finite simple groups (those with no nontrivial normal subgroup) was completed in 2004.
Hotel Okura Tokyo
Hotel Okura Tokyo (ホテルオークラ東京, Hoteru Ōkura Tōkyō) is a luxury hotel opened in 1962 in Minato, Tokyo, Japan. It is operated by Okura Hotels and is a member of The Leading Hotels of the World. The historic main wing was demolished in 2015, with a modern replacement on the site opened in 2019, rebranded as The Okura Tokyo.

The Okura Tokyo, the Imperial Hotel, Tokyo, and the Hotel New Otani Tokyo are often referred to as one of the Three Great Hotels (御三家, gosanke) of Tokyo, in a reference to the three Edo-era branch houses of the Tokugawa clan.

The hotel grounds also host the Okura Museum of Art, which houses a collection of Japanese and East Asian art amassed by industrialist Ōkura Kihachirō.

Tokugawa clan
The Tokugawa clan (徳川氏, Tokugawa-shi, Tokugawa-uji; Japanese pronunciation: [to.kɯꜜ.ɡa.wa, -ŋa.wa, -kɯ.ɡa.waꜜ.ɕi, -ŋa.waꜜ-]) is a Japanese samurai clan and dynasty which produced the Tokugawa shoguns who ruled Japan from 1603 to 1868 during the Edo period. It was formerly a powerful daimyō family. They nominally descended from Emperor Seiwa (850–880) and were a branch of the Minamoto clan (Seiwa Genji) through the Matsudaira clan. The early history of the clan remains a mystery. Nominally, the Matsudaira clan is said to be descended from the Nitta clan, a branch of the Minamoto clan, but this is considered to be untrue or unlikely.
Hochsauerlandkreis (electoral district)
Hochsauerlandkreis is an electoral constituency (German: Wahlkreis) represented in the Bundestag. It elects one member via first-past-the-post voting. Under the current constituency numbering system, it is designated as constituency 146. It is located in eastern North Rhine-Westphalia, comprising the district of Hochsauerlandkreis.

Hochsauerlandkreis was created for the 1980 federal election. Since 2021, it has been represented by Chancellor Friedrich Merz of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU).

1980 West German federal election
A federal election was held in West Germany on 5 October 1980 to elect the members of the 9th Bundestag. Although the CDU/CSU remained the largest faction in parliament, Helmut Schmidt of the Social Democratic Party remained Chancellor.
The Face Thailand season 3
The Face Thailand Season 3 began audition on 14 August 2016 at shopping mall Siam Paragon in Bangkok. 3 September 2016 Lukkade Metinee  and Bee Namthip was reprised their roles as coaches again and Marsha Vadhanapanich was the new coach in this season, but quit in episode 8 and was replaced by Cris Horwang. Khun Chanon was still a host in season 3. 13 September 2016 had announced the launch and presented fifty contestants from the audition. The season premiered on 4 February 2017

Sonia Couling
Sonia Couling (also spelled Sonia Cooling, Sonya Couling or Sonya Cooling) (Thai: ซอนย่า คูลลิ่ง; June 18, 1974 in Bangkok, Thailand), nickname Pim (Thai: พิม; RTGS: Phim), is a Thai model, actress and television personality. She has appeared in many Thai films and TV shows, been a VJ for MTV Asia, been a host for HBO Asia and has produced and hosted Thailand's Next Top Model in 2005. Couling has also acted in Hollywood and French productions. She is of English and Thai descent.
Usakos railway station
Usakos railway station is a railway station in Namibia serving the town of Usakos. It is part of the TransNamib railway network. The station building is dilapidated but passenger trains still stop at Usakos.

The station was established in the early 1900s as a watering point, stopover, and workshop for the line from Swakopmund to Tsumeb, an industrial narrow-gauge line operated by the Otavi Minen- und Eisenbahngesellschaft (Otavi Mining and Railway Company, OMEG), with a length of 567 kilometres (352 mi).

When the Windhoek—Swakopmund line was built in 1902 during Imperial Germany's colonial rule of German South West Africa, it also connected Usakos. In 1914 this line was extended to Walvis Bay.

Usakos is connected to a number of towns in the north of Namibia via the railway junction in nearby Kranzberg, and to the south and east of Namibia via Windhoek.

Tsumeb
Tsumeb (Otjiherero: Okavisume; Khoekhoe: ǂAixorobes) is a town of around 35,000 inhabitants and the largest town and the former capital of the Oshikoto region in northern Namibia.

Tsumeb, since its founding in 1905, has been primarily a mining town. The town is the site of a deep mine (the lower workings now closed) whose ore deposits with respect to variety, rarity and aesthetics of minerals have been listed among 100 geological heritage sites around the world by the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS).
Jack Doherty (potter)
Jack Doherty (born 1948, Coleraine) is a Northern Irish studio potter and author. He is perhaps best known for his vessels made of soda-fired porcelain. He has been featured in a number of books, and his work has been exhibited widely in both Europe and North America. Articles of his have appeared in various pottery journals and he has been Chair of the Craft Potters Association.

Vernacular
Vernacular is the ordinary, informal, spoken form of a language or dialect, particularly when perceived as having lower social status or less prestige than standard language, which is more codified, institutionally promoted, literary, or formal. More narrowly, any particular variety of a natural language that does not hold a widespread high-status perception, and sometimes even carries social stigma, is also called a vernacular, vernacular dialect, nonstandard dialect, etc. and is typically its speakers' native variety. Regardless of any such stigma, all nonstandard dialects are full-fledged varieties of language with their own consistent grammatical structure, sound system, body of vocabulary, etc.
Solomys
Solomys is a genus of rodent in the family Muridae. These large rats, which are all seriously threatened (one already extinct), are native to the Solomon Islands.

It contains the following species:

Poncelet's giant rat (Solomys ponceleti)

Florida naked-tailed rat (Solomys salamonis)

Bougainville naked-tailed rat (Solomys salebrosus)

Isabel naked-tailed rat (Solomys sapientis)

Buka Island naked-tailed rat (Solomys spriggsarum) – extinct, known only from subfossil remains.

Threatened species
A threatened species is any species (including animals, plants and fungi) which is vulnerable to extinction in the near future. Species that are threatened are sometimes characterised by the population dynamics measure of critical depensation, a mathematical measure of biomass related to population growth rate. This quantitative metric is one method of evaluating the degree of endangerment without direct reference to human activity.
Flirsch
Flirsch is a municipality in the Landeck district in Austrian state of Tyrol. It is located 11 km west of Landeck and 10 km east of Sankt Anton am Arlberg.

Although the area was previously settled, the village was mentioned for the first time in documents in 1275. The origin of the name lies in Rhaeto-Romance languages. Flirsch became an autonomous community in 1813.

Rhaeto-Romance languages
Rhaeto-Romance, Rheto-Romance, Rhaeto-Italian, or Rhaetian, is a purported subfamily of the Romance languages that is spoken in south-eastern Switzerland and north-eastern Italy. The name "Rhaeto-Romance" refers to the former Roman province of Raetia. The question of whether these languages actually form a subfamily is called the Questione Ladina. The Italian linguist Graziadio Ascoli, writing in 1873, found them to share a number of intricacies and believed they formed a linguistic group.  The Rhaeto-Romance languages differ from Italian in their evolution from Latin by having passed through a stage with phonemic vowel length, undergone certain consonant developments, and possibly developed a pair of central rounded vowels (now lost everywhere). If the subfamily is genuine, three languages would belong to it: Romansh in Switzerland, and Ladin and Friulian in Italy. Their combined number of speakers is about 660,000; the large majority of these (about 500,000) speak Friulian.
Victor Palciauskas
Victor Palciauskas (born Vytautas Palčiauskas; October 3, 1941) is a Lithuania-born American chess player who holds the chess title of International Correspondence Chess Grandmaster. He was the tenth World Correspondence Chess Champion (1978–1984).
From young age, Palciauskas concentrated on correspondence play. Palciauskas tied for second place (undefeated 5/8, +2−0=6) behind Mikhail Umansky in a "champion of champions" tournament, the ICCF 50 Years World Champion Jubilee. This was a special invitational correspondence tournament involving all living former ICCF World Champions.

Palciauskas received his doctorate in physics in 1969, and became a professor of physics in California.

Chess title
A chess title is a title regulated by a chess governing body and bestowed upon players based on their performance and rank. Such titles are usually granted for life. The international chess governing body FIDE grants several titles, the most prestigious of which is Grandmaster; many national chess federations also grant titles such as National Master. More broadly, the term "master" can refer to any highly skilled chess player.
Byfield Pool
Byfield Pool is a 4 hectare nature reserve west of Byfield in Northamptonshire. It was managed by the Wildlife Trust for Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire and Northamptonshire until 2020, when management was handed back to the Canal & River Trust, who own the site.

This secluded pool, which is adjacent to the Boddington Reservoir, was constructed in the 1790s to supply water to the Oxford Canal. Water rails and tufted ducks breed on the pond, and there are many frogs and other amphibians. A wide range of other birds nest in the adjacent scrub and woods. Mammals include rabbits and red foxes.

There is access by a footpath from Boddington Road east of Boddington Reservoir, and by a footpath from Byfield.

Tufted duck
The tufted duck (or tufted pochard) (Aythya fuligula) is a small diving duck with a population of nearly one million birds, found in northern Eurasia. They are partially migratory. The scientific name is derived from Ancient Greek aithuia, an unidentified seabird mentioned by authors such as Hesychius and Aristotle, and Latin fuligo 'soot' and gula 'throat'. It is a game bird.
Tubaki Krishnappa Nayak
Tupakula/Tubaki Krishnappa Nayak was an army commander in service of the Vijayanagar emperor, Krishna Deva Raya. He hailed from the Chandragiri family of Balija caste. He served as the first Nayak or Viceroy of Gingee from 1509 to 1521.

Nayaka dynasties
The Nayaka dynasties refers to a group of Hindu dynasties who emerged during the Kakatiya dynasty and the Vijayanagara Empire period in South India. Many of these dynasties, such as the Madurai Nayaks and the Thanjavur Nayaks, were originally military governors under the Vijayanagara Empire, who, after the Battle of Talikota, declared themselves independent and established their own polities.
Mike Buchanan (politician)
Gordon Michael Alexander Buchanan (born 8 December 1957) is a retired businessman and men's rights activist,  who founded and for two separate periods has led the organisation Justice for Men and Boys (and the Women Who Love Them) (J4MB), which formerly operated as a minor political party, in the United Kingdom.

International Business Times
The International Business Times is an American online newspaper that publishes five national editions in four languages. The publication, sometimes called IBTimes or IBT, offers news, opinion and editorial commentary on business and commerce. IBT is one of the world's largest online news sources, claiming forty million unique visitors each month in 2014. Its 2013 revenues were around $21 million. As of January 2022, IBTimes editions include Australia, India, International, Singapore, U.K. and U.S.

IBTimes was launched in 2005; it is owned by IBT Media, and was founded by Etienne Uzac and Johnathan Davis, two followers of David Jang who also has a relationship to IBT and Newsweek. Its headquarters are in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, New York City.
Manorama Six Feet Under
Manorama Six Feet Under is a 2007 Indian  crime thriller film directed and co-written by Navdeep Singh. The film features Abhay Deol, Raima Sen, and Gul Panag in the lead roles. The film was released on 21 September 2007. It follows an amateur detective in a small sleepy town from Rajasthan who finds himself caught in a web of lies, deceit and murder. The film is based on an American neo-noir film, Chinatown (1974). The makers of Manorama Six Feet Under acknowledged the inspiration from the original by playing the sequence where Jack Nicholson's character gets his nose slashed on the main character's (Satyaveer) television.

Neo-noir
Neo-noir is a film genre from the 1970s, in the era of New Hollywood, which is primarily associated with the subversion and visual style of classic film noir tropes, adapting the themes of 1940s and 1950s American film noir for contemporary audiences, often with vibrant colors and high-contrast, more graphic depictions of violence or sexuality, thematic motifs, and nonlinear narrative or editing.

During the 1970s and the mid 1980s, the term "neo-noir" surged in popularity, fueled by movies such as Roman Polanski’s Chinatown (1974), Martin Scorsese's Taxi Driver (1976), Sydney Pollack's Absence of Malice (1981), Ridley Scott’s Blade Runner (1982), Paul Verhoeven's The Fourth Man (1983 film) and David Lynch’s Blue Velvet (1986). The French term film noir translates literally to English as "black film", indicating sinister stories often presented in a shadowy cinematographic style. Neo-noir has a similar style but with updated themes, content, style, and visual elements.
Field hockey at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Field hockey at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow took place from July 20 to 31, 1980 at the Minor Arena of the Central Dynamo Stadium and the Young Pioneers Stadium. India won the men's tournament for the record eighth time, defeating Spain 4–3 in the final. The women's tournament was won by Zimbabwe.

The 33 matches of hockey events across the two venues were watched by 177,880 spectators.

Soviet Union at the 1980 Summer Olympics
The Soviet Union (USSR) was the host nation of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. 489 competitors, 340 men and 149 women, took part in 202 events in 23 sports.

The Soviet Union won a record 80 gold medals (although since surpassed by the United States), and their 195 total medals are the second best result in history.
Ldconfig
In computing, ldconfig is a shell command used for creating and updating symbolic links and the cache for shared libraries. It is found in most Linux distributions and FreeBSD, and it is part of the glibc package. ldconfig works by searching for .so files in directories specified in the /etc/ld.so.conf file, the trusted directories (/lib and /usr/lib, or /lib64 and /usr/lib64 on multilib systems), and any directories specified on the command line.

The generated binary cache file, /etc/ld.so.cache, is used by ld.so to speed up library lookup at runtime.

ldconfig can be compared to regsvr32 in Windows and ReactOS, and to dyld in macOS.

Unix filesystem
In Unix and operating systems inspired by it, the file system is considered a central component of the operating system. It was also one of the first parts of the system to be designed and implemented by Ken Thompson in the first experimental version of Unix, dated 1969.

As in other operating systems, the filesystem provides information storage and retrieval, and one of several forms of interprocess communication, in that the many small programs that traditionally form a Unix system can store information in files so that other programs can read them, although pipes complemented it in this role starting with the Third Edition. Also, the filesystem provides access to other resources through so-called device files that are entry points to terminals, printers, and mice.

The rest of this article uses Unix as a generic name to refer to both the original Unix operating system and its many workalikes.
Johnny Bratton
Johnny Bratton, also known as Honey Boy Bratton, (September 9, 1927 – August 15, 1993) was an American professional boxer and briefly reigned as the NBA welterweight champion in 1951.  He fought many of the best fighters of his era in the division, earning nearly $400,000 in 83 fights, but ended up penniless and mentally impaired.

Welterweight
Welterweight is a weight class in combat sports. Originally the term welterweight was used only in boxing, but other combat sports like muay Thai, taekwondo, and mixed martial arts also use it for their own weight division system to classify the opponents. If used, welterweight is typically between lightweight and middleweight.
Cunninghammyces
Cunninghammyces is a genus of corticioid fungi in the family Cyphellaceae. The genus, described by Joost Stalpers in 1985, contains two species known from New Zealand and Réunion.

The genus name of Cunninghammyces is in honour of Gordon Herriot Cunningham (1892–1962), who was the first New Zealand-based mycologist and plant pathologist.

The genus was circumscribed by Joost A. Stalpers in New Zealand J. Bot. Vol.23 on pages 301-309 in 1985.

Corticioid fungi
The corticioid fungi are a group of fungi in the Basidiomycota typically having effused, smooth basidiocarps (fruit bodies) that are formed on the undersides of dead tree trunks or branches. They are sometimes colloquially called crust fungi or patch fungi. Originally such fungi were referred to the genus Corticium ("corticioid" means Corticium-like) and subsequently to the family Corticiaceae, but it is now known that all corticioid species are not necessarily closely related. The fact that they look similar is an example of convergent evolution. Since they are often studied as a group, it is convenient to retain the informal (non-taxonomic) name of "corticioid fungi" and this term is frequently used in research papers and other texts.
Hsinbyushin Ayedawbon
Hsinbyushin Ayedawbon (Burmese: ဆင်ဖြူရှင် အရေးတော်ပုံ) is an 18th-century Burmese chronicle of the first four years of King Bodawpaya of the Konbaung dynasty. Despite the name Hsinbyushin, it is not the chronicle of Bodawpaya's famous brother King Hsinbyushin.

The chronicle covers the early reign up to 1786, and consists of 74 palm leaves with 12 lines to a leaf. It provides a detailed account of how the new capital of Amarapura was built, the 1784–1785 Arakan campaign under Crown Prince Thado Minsaw, and how the Mahamuni Buddha was brought back to Amarapura. Moreover, it includes the palace customs, including how royal appurtenances were arranged, court dresses, etc., which are not found in the main chronicles.

Palm-leaf manuscript
Palm-leaf manuscripts were used as writing material in the Indian subcontinent, dating back to as early as the 5th century BCE. Their use began in Nepal and India and spread to other regions, such as Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia, in the form of dried and smoke-treated Palmyra or talipot palm leaves.
Their use continued until the 19th century when the printing press replaced hand-written manuscripts.

One of the oldest surviving complete palm leaf manuscripts is a Sanskrit Shaivism text from the 9th century, discovered in Nepal, and now preserved at the Cambridge University Library. The Spitzer Manuscript is a collection of palm leaf fragments found in Kizil Caves, China. They are dated to around the 2nd century CE and is in Buddhist hybrid Sanskrit.
Vitthal Teedi
Vitthal Teedi (Gujarati: વિઠ્ઠલ તીડી) is an Indian Gujarati-language drama web-series directed by Abhishek Jain. It is streamed on OHO Gujarati and stars Pratik Gandhi as the protagonist Vitthal Teedi. The first season, stylized as Chapter 1, was released on 7 May 2021. It was reviewed positively for performance, direction, production, music and script.

Abhishek Jain
Abhishek Jain is an Indian film writer, director and producer known for his Gujarati films Kevi Rite Jaish, Bey Yaar, and Wrong Side Raju. He is credited with the revival of Gujarati cinema with Kevi Rite Jaish.

He is the founder of CineMan Productions Ltd., a feature film and ad film production company, and Oho Gujarati – India’s first exclusive Gujarati OTT platform.

In 2021, he made his Hindi directorial debut with Hum Do Hamare Do, produced under the banner of Maddock Films, for which his company also served as an associate producer.
Samborides
The Samborides (German: Samboriden) or House of Sobiesław (Polish: Sobiesławice) were a ruling dynasty in the historic region of Pomerelia. They were first documented about 1155 as governors (princeps) in the Eastern Pomeranian lands serving the royal Piast dynasty of Poland, and from 1227 ruled as autonomous princes until 1294, at which time the dynasty died out. The subsequent war for succession among the Polish Piast dynasty, the Imperial Margraviate of Brandenburg and the State of the Teutonic Order resulted in the Teutonic takeover of Gdańsk (Danzig) in 1308.

House of Griffin
The House of Griffin or Griffin dynasty, (German: Greifen; Polish: Gryfici, Danish: Grif; Latin: Gryphes), or House of Pomerania (see § Name of the Dynasty), was a dynasty ruling the Duchy of Pomerania from the 12th century until 1637. The name "Griffins" was used by the dynasty after the 15th century and had been taken from the ducal coat of arms. Duke Wartislaw I (died 1135) was the first historical ruler of the Duchy of Pomerania and the founder of the Griffin dynasty. The most prominent Griffin was Eric of Pomerania, who became king of the Kalmar Union in 1397, thus ruling Denmark, Sweden, Finland and Norway. The last Griffin duke of Pomerania was Bogislaw XIV, who died during the Thirty Years' War, which led to the division of Pomerania between Brandenburg-Prussia, Sweden and Poland. Duchess Anna von Croy, daughter of Duke Bogislaw XIII and the last member of the House of Griffin, died in 1660.
Craddock Crags
Craddock Crags (80°16′S 82°8′W﻿ / ﻿80.267°S 82.133°W﻿ / -80.267; -82.133) are steep, rugged rock summits that rise to about 1,450 metres (4,760 ft) just east of Beitzel Peak in the Marble Hills, Heritage Range, Ellsworth Mountains. They were named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (2004) after John P. Craddock, a geologist who was a member of a United States Antarctic Research Program 1979–80 Ellsworth Mountains expedition.

Marble Hills
The Marble Hills (80°17′S 82°5′W﻿ / ﻿80.283°S 82.083°W﻿ / -80.283; -82.083) are a group of mainly ice-free hills in West Antarctica. They are located on the west side of Horseshoe Valley, between the Liberty Hills and Independence Hills in the southern part of the Heritage Range, Ellsworth Mountains. The hills were named by the University of Minnesota Ellsworth Mountains Party, 1962–63, because the rocks in these hills are composed of marble.