hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Kuanib
Kuanib (Russian: Куаниб) is a rural locality (a selo) in Shamilsky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. Population: 581 (2021 Census); 410 (2002 Census); 323 (1989 Soviet census). There is 1 street in this selo.

Shamilsky District
Shamilsky District (Russian: Шамильский райо́н; Avar: Шамилил мухъ) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the forty-one in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia. It is located in the western central part of the republic. The area of the district is 920 square kilometers (360 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Khebda. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 28,122, with the population of Khebda accounting for 9.1% of that number.
Political party strength in the District of Columbia
The following table indicates the party of elected officials in the United States federal district District of Columbia.

With the enactment of the 23rd amendment to the Constitution in 1961, the district has been permitted to participate in presidential elections. It is part of the "blue wall", having voted for all Democratic nominees since 1964.

The majority of residents want the district to become a state and gain full voting representation in Congress, which was confirmed with a 2016 referendum. To prepare for this goal, the district has been electing shadow congresspeople since 1990. The shadow senators and shadow representative emulate the role of representing the district in Congress and push for statehood alongside the non-voting House delegate. All shadow congresspeople elected have been Democrats.

Shadow congressperson
The posts of shadow United States senator and shadow United States representative are held by elected or appointed government officials from subnational polities of the United States that lack congressional vote. While these officials are not seated in either chamber of Congress, they seek recognition for their subnational polity, up to full statehood. This would enfranchise them with full voting rights on the floor of the U.S. House and Senate, alongside existing states. As of 2021, only the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico have authorized shadow delegations to Congress.

This is distinct from shadow delegates, who are elected or appointed from subnational polities of the United States to seek non-voting participation in the House. As of 2024, only the Cherokee Nation and the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians elect shadow delegates.
Ruff (clothing)
A ruff is an item of clothing popular in Western, Central and Northern Europe, as well as Spanish America, from the mid-16th century to the mid-17th century. A round and flat variation is often called a millstone collar after its resemblance to millstones for grinding grain. Ruffs are still worn by Lutheran clergy in Denmark and Germany.

Northern Europe
The northern region of Europe has several definitions. A restrictive definition may describe northern Europe as being roughly north of the southern coast of the Baltic Sea, which is about 54°N, or may be based on other geographical factors such as climate and ecology.
Days of week on Hebrew calendar
The modern Hebrew calendar has been designed to ensure that certain holy days and festivals do not fall on certain days of the week. As a result, there are only four possible patterns of days on which festivals can fall. (Note that Jewish days start at sunset of the preceding day indicated in this article.)

Yom tov sheni shel galuyot
Yom tov sheni shel galuyot (Hebrew: יום טוב שני של גלויות), also called in short yom tov sheni (Hebrew: יום טוב שני), means "the second festival day in the Diaspora". This is a principle in halakha that mandates the observance of an additional day for Jewish holidays outside the Land of Israel.

Yom tov sheni was established as a gezera (rabbinic law) by the rabbis of the Sanhedrin in the Second Temple period, approximately 2,000 years ago, and is observed to this day by Orthodox and Conservative Jews.  Reform Judaism had abolished it in 1846, and Reconstructionist Judaism also largely did the same, although many Reform and Reconstructionist Jews observe two nights of Passover Seder.
Chinese Taipei at the 2006 Asian Games
Chinese Taipei (simplified Chinese: 中华台北; traditional Chinese: 中華臺北; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Táiběi) competed in the 2006 Asian Games in Doha, Qatar, in November and December 2006. The Chinese Taipei team sent 399 athletes to the games, making Chinese Taipei the fourth largest delegation after China, Japan, and South Korea.  Despite Taiwan's small size, Chinese Taipei is a second-rank Asian sports power, finishing tenth in gold medals and seventh in overall medals at the 2006 Asian Games, a slight drop from its performance in the 2002 Asian Games in Busan, South Korea.

Kim Ga-young (pool player)
Kim Ga-young (Korean: 김가영) (born 13 January 1983 in Seoul; sometimes referred to in the Western media as Ga-young Kim and nicknamed "Little Devil Girl") is a South Korean female professional pool player who plays on the Women's Professional Billiard Association Tour. Her father began teaching her to play three-cushion billiards (a form of carom billiards) when she was about twelve years old. After playing three-cushion for about three years, she started playing nine-ball pool and turned pro at the 2003 BCA Open.

Kim practices about 30 hours a week and enjoys a friendly rivalry with fellow Asian WPBA player Pan Xiaoting of China. Kim and Pan met in the finals of the 2007 Carolina Women's Billiard Classic, with Kim prevailing 7–6 in the WPBA's first all-Asian championship match. Kim and Pan finished the 2007 WPBA season ranked 2nd and 3rd, respectively, behind perennially top-ranked Allison Fisher. Kim speaks Mandarin Chinese in addition to her native Korean language.
Ann Gates
Ann Cecille Quiroz Gates (born 1949) is an American computer scientist whose research topics have included fault monitoring in software engineering and the use of affinity groups to expand access to research in computer science education. She works at the University of Texas at El Paso as AT&T Distinguished Professor of Computer Science and Senior Advisor to the Provost for Strategic STEM Initiatives.

University of Texas at El Paso
The University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP) is a public research university in El Paso, Texas, United States. Founded in 1913 as the State School of Mines and Metallurgy, it is the third oldest academic component of the University of Texas System.

UTEP is an "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity" institution on the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. It is the largest and oldest Hispanic-serving R1 university in the contiguous United States, exceeded only by institutions in Puerto Rico.

The campus is on located on hillsides overlooking the Rio Grande river, with Ciudad Juárez in view across the Mexico–United States border. It includes the Sun Bowl stadium, which hosts the annual college football competition the Sun Bowl every winter. Multiple campus buildings are in the Dzong architectural style, typical of Bhutan and Tibet.
Milioloidea
Milioloidea is one of five superfamilies belonging to the Miliolida, (suborder Miliolina in Loeblich & Tappan 1988).

Milioloideans produce a coiled test, commonly with two, less frequently three or more, chambers per whorl arranged in varying planes about the longitudinal axis, which later may become involute or uncoil. Advanced forms may have secondary partitions within the chambers.

Species within the Milioloidea are found in Upper Triassic (Norian) to recent marine sediments.

Alfred R. Loeblich Jr
Alfred R. Loeblich Jr (August 15, 1914 – September 9, 1994) was an American micropaleontologist. He was married to Helen Niña Tappan Loeblich and the two co-authored a number of important works on the Foraminifera and related organisms.
Higher education in Canada
Higher education in Canada includes provincial, territorial, Indigenous and military higher education systems. The ideal objective of Canadian higher education is to offer every Canadian the opportunity to acquire the skills and knowledge necessary to realize their utmost potential. It aspires to cultivate a world-class workforce, enhance the employment rate of Canadians, and safeguard Canada's enduring prosperity. Higher education programs are intricately designed with the perspective of the learner in focus, striving to mitigate risks and assure definite outcomes.

According to a 2022 report by the OECD, Canada is one of the most educated countries in the world; the country ranks first worldwide in the percentage of adults having tertiary education, with over 56 percent of Canadian adults having attained at least an undergraduate college or university degree.

Alberta Council on Admissions and Transfer
The Alberta Council on Admissions and Transfer (ACAT) is an independent body created in 1974 to facilitate transfer agreements between the various post-secondary institutions in Alberta. Alberta was the first province to develop a standard procedure for this process.

The need for ACAT grew particularly in response to the complex situation of students who had attended colleges and wished to transfer their credits in order to attend a university. ACAT facilitates the required negotiations between all stakeholders, and maintains a database of the articulated courses.  In 2000 the council initiated a process to develop a common grading system for Alberta universities.

The ACAT course database is accessible to students through its website, and the council has also made an app available.
1912 Fordham Maroon football team
The 1912 Fordham Maroon football team was an American football team that represented Fordham University as an independent during the 1912 college football season. In its first year under head coach Tom Thorp, Fordham claims a 17–5 record. College Football Data Warehouse (CFDW) lists the team's record at 4–4.

1912 college football season
The 1912 college football season was the first season of the modern era of college football, as the NCAA implemented changes to increase scoring:

Teams were given 4 downs instead of 3 downs to gain ten yards

The value of a touchdown was increased from 5 points to 6 points

The length of the playing field was reduced from 110 yards to 100 yards, and end zones of ten yards were added

Kickoff was made from the 40 yard line rather than at midfield.

At the end of the season, Harvard was named the year's champion by The New York Times.
Mossi people
The Mossi or Mosi are a Gur ethnic group native to modern Burkina Faso, primarily the Volta River basin. The Mossi are the largest ethnic group in Burkina Faso, constituting 52% of the population, or about 11.1 million people. The other 48% of Burkina Faso's population is composed of more than 60 ethnic groups, mainly the Gurunsi, Gurma, Senufo, Lobi, Bobo, Bissa and Fulani. The Mossi speak the Mòoré language.

Volta River
The Volta River (Akan: Asuo Firaw, Ewe: Amuga, French: Fleuve Volta) is the main river system in the West African country of Ghana. It flows south into Ghana from the Bobo-Dioulasso highlands of Burkina Faso.

The three main parts of the river are the Black Volta, the White Volta, and the Red Volta. In the northwest, the Black Volta forms the international borders of the Ivory Coast, Ghana, and Burkina Faso. The Volta flows southward along the Akwapim-Togoland highlands, and empties into the Atlantic Ocean at the Gulf of Guinea at Ada Foah. One of its smaller tributaries, the Oti River, enters Ghana from Togo in the east. The Volta River has been dammed at Akosombo for generating hydroelectricity. The reservoir named Lake Volta stretches from Akosombo Dam in the south to the northern part of the country, and is the largest man-made reservoir by area in the world.

The country of Burkina Faso was formerly called Upper Volta, after the river.
Apiolae
Apiolae (also Appiolae) (Ancient Greek: Ἀπίολαι) was a town in ancient Latium, Italy belonging to the Sabines.

During the early semi-legendary history of Rome, in the reign of Rome's fifth king, Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, Apiolae took a leading role among the Latin cities in a war against Rome. Tarquinius besieged the city, took it by storm, and captured it with great slaughter. According to ancient sources, Apiolae was subsequently razed to the ground and its inhabitants sold into slavery.

The spoils taken from Apiolae were considerable and played an important role in early Roman state development: Livy records that they enabled Tarquinius to celebrate the Ludi Magni for the first time, while Valerius Antias states that the booty helped finance the initial construction of the Capitoline temple. Its precise location is uncertain, though later scholars have proposed a site southeast of Rome near the Appian Way.

Latium
Latium (/ˈleɪʃiəm/ LAY-shee-əm, US also /-ʃəm/ -⁠shəm; Latin: [ˈɫati.ũː]) is the region of central western Italy in which the city of Rome was founded and grew to be the capital city of the Roman Empire.
Carrier Pigeon (ship)
Carrier Pigeon was an American clipper ship that was launched in the fall of 1852 from Bath, Maine. Her value was estimated at US$54,000 (equivalent to $2,041,000 in 2024). She was wrecked on her maiden voyage off the north coast of what was then Santa Cruz County (and is now San Mateo County) in the state of California.

Santa Cruz County, California
Santa Cruz County (/ˌsæntə ˈkruːz/ ⓘ), officially the County of Santa Cruz, is a county on the Pacific coast of the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, the population was 270,861. The county seat is Santa Cruz. Santa Cruz County comprises the Santa Cruz–Watsonville, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the San Jose–San Francisco–Oakland, CA Combined Statistical Area. The county is on the California Central Coast, south of the San Francisco Bay Area region. The county forms the northern coast of the Monterey Bay, with Monterey County forming the southern coast.
Biella funicular
The Biella funicular (Italian: Funicolare di Biella) is a funicular railway in the city of Biella, Piedmont, Italy. It connects a lower station on Via Curiel, in the city's Biella Piano quarter, with an upper station on Via Avogadro in the city's  medieval Biella Piazzo quarter.

The funicular first opened in December 1885, and was initially operated by water counterbalance. It was converted to electric operation in 1899, and was rebuilt, with new cars, in 1975. The line reopened in July 2018 after a further closure for maintenance and upgrade costing 1.8 million euros. The upgrade involved the provision of new cars, the renovation of both stations, and the replacement of track and cables.

The line has two cars, both with a capacity of 18 passengers, and operates continuously from 07:00 to 24:00, and later on Fridays and Saturdays.

Funicular
A funicular (/fjuːˈnɪkjʊlər, f(j)ʊ-, f(j)ə-/ few-NIK-yoo-lər, f(y)uu-, f(j)ə-), or funicular railway, is a type of cable railway system that connects points along a railway track laid on a steep slope. The system is characterized by two counterbalanced carriages (also called cars or trains) permanently attached to opposite ends of a haulage cable, which is looped over a pulley at the upper end of the track. The result of such a configuration is that the two carriages move synchronously: as one ascends, the other descends at an equal speed. This feature distinguishes funiculars from inclined elevators, which have a single car that is hauled uphill.

The term funicular derives from the Latin word funiculus, the diminutive of funis, meaning 'rope'.
Mount Calais
Mount Calais (69°11′S 70°15′W﻿ / ﻿69.183°S 70.250°W﻿ / -69.183; -70.250) is a massive mountain, 2,360 metres (7,700 ft) high, at the northwest side of Schokalsky Bay in the northeast part of Alexander Island, Antarctica. It was first roughly surveyed in 1909 by the French Antarctic Expedition under Jean-Baptiste Charcot, who named it for the French city of Calais. The mountain was resurveyed in 1948 by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey. Mount Calais is the eighth-highest point of Alexander Island while Mount Stephenson remains the highest of all the peaks.

Falkland Islands and Dependencies Aerial Survey Expedition
The Falkland Islands and Dependencies Aerial Survey Expedition (FIDASE) was an aerial survey of the Falkland Islands Dependencies and the Antarctic Peninsula which took place in the 1955–56 and 1956–57 southern summers.

Funded by the Colonial Office and organized by Peter Mott, the survey was carried out by Hunting Aerosurveys Ltd.  The expedition was based at Deception Island and utilized the Oluf Sven, two Canso flying-boats, and several helicopters.

The photographic collection, held by the British Antarctic Survey as the United Kingdom Antarctic Mapping Centre, comprises about 12,800 frames taken on 26,700 kilometers of ground track.
Belforêt-en-Perche
Belforêt-en-Perche (French pronunciation: [bɛlfɔʁɛ ɑ̃ pɛʁʃ], literally Belforêt in Perche) is a commune in the department of Orne, northwestern France. The municipality was established on 1 January 2017 by merger of the former communes of Le Gué-de-la-Chaîne (the seat), Eperrais, Origny-le-Butin, La Perrière, Saint-Ouen-de-la-Cour and Sérigny. La Perrière is classed as a Petites Cités de Caractère.

Natura 2000
Natura 2000 is a network of nature protection areas in the territory of the European Union. It is made up of Special Areas of Conservation and Special Protection Areas designated under the Habitats Directive and the Birds Directive, respectively. The network includes both terrestrial and Marine Protected Areas.

The Natura 2000 network covered more than 18% of the European Union's land area and more than 7% of its marine area in 2022.
Liljeström
Liljeström is a Swedish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Inga Liljeström, Australian experimental vocalist and producer

Valdemar Liljeström (1902–1960), Finnish trade union activist and politician

Swedish name
In Sweden, a person must have a surname and one or more given names. Two given names are common. Surnames are inherited from the parents in the order of "same as elder sibling, if any, specified by parents, or mother's last name," and given names must be chosen by the parents at birth. The calling name (Swedish: tilltalsnamn), by which the person is normally identified in conversation, is one of the given names but not necessarily the first. In contexts in which the full name is spelled out, the calling name is often indicated by an asterisk, capital letters, underlining or italics. For example, Märta Birgit* Nilsson is known as Birgit Nilsson, and Björn* Kristian Ulvaeus is known as Björn Ulvaeus.
Sonnet 30
Sonnet 30 is one of the 154 sonnets written by the English poet and playwright William Shakespeare.  It was published in the Quarto in 1609.  It is also part of the Fair Youth portion of the Shakespeare Sonnet collection where he writes about his affection for an unknown young man.  While it is not known exactly when Sonnet 30 was written, most scholars agree that it was written between 1595 and 1600.  It is written in Shakespearean form, comprising fourteen lines of iambic pentameter, divided into three quatrains and a couplet.

Within the sonnet, the narrator spends time remembering and reflecting on sad memories of a dear friend.  He grieves of his shortcomings and failures, while also remembering happier memories.  The narrator uses legal metaphors throughout the sonnet to describe the sadness that he feels as he reflects on his life.  Then in the final couplet, the narrator changes his tone about the failures, as if the losses are now merely gains for himself.

Couplet
In poetry, a couplet (/ˈkʌplət/ CUP-lət) or distich (/ˈdɪstɪk/ DISS-tick) is a pair of successive lines that rhyme and have the same metre. A couplet may be formal (closed) or run-on (open).  In a formal (closed) couplet, each of the two lines is end-stopped, implying that there is a grammatical pause at the end of a line of verse. In a run-on (open) couplet, the meaning of the first line continues to the second.
Stewart Wade
Stewart Wade is the screenwriter, producer and director of several independent short and feature films. Coffee Date was released in 2006, and deals with the intersection of the gay and straight worlds. Tru Loved was released in 2008, and deals with the founding of a school's first gay-straight alliance.

Gay–straight alliance
A gender–sexuality alliance, gay–straight alliance, (GSA) or queer–straight alliance (QSA) is a student-led or community-based organization, found in middle schools, high schools, colleges, and universities. These are primarily in the United States and Canada. Gay–straight alliances intend to provide a safe and supportive environment for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and all LGBTQ+ individuals, children, teenagers, and youth as well as their cisgender heterosexual allies. The first GSAs were established in the 1980s. Scientific studies show that GSAs have positive academic, health, and social impacts on schoolchildren of a minority sexual orientation and/or gender identity. Numerous judicial decisions in United States federal and state court jurisdictions have upheld the establishment of GSAs in schools, and the right to use that name for them.
1901 Melbourne Cup
The 1901 Melbourne Cup was a two-mile handicap horse race which took place on Tuesday, 5 November 1901.

This year was the forty-first running of the Melbourne Cup.

This is the list of placegetters for the 1901 Melbourne Cup.

Handicap (horse racing)
A handicap race in horse racing is a race in which each horse is assigned a specific weight to carry, determined by its past performance and perceived ability. Stronger horses carry more weight, while less accomplished ones carry less. This system aims to equalize the chances of all horses in the race.

The skill in betting on a handicap race lies in predicting which horse can overcome its handicap. Although most handicap races are run for older, less valuable horses with less prize money, this is not true in all cases; some prestigious races are handicaps, such as the Grand National steeplechase, Betfair Stayers' Handicap Hurdle in the UK and the Melbourne Cup in Australia. In the United States, over 30 handicap races are classified as Grade I, the top level of the North American grading system.
The Rose Has Teeth in the Mouth of a Beast
The Rose Has Teeth in the Mouth of a Beast is the sixth studio album by Matmos. Each of the album's songs is dedicated to a notable gay or lesbian person who has influenced the duo, and this influence is reflected in the songs themselves. For examples, "Rag for William S. Burroughs" features the clatter of a type writer and a gunshot, representing the William Tell incident, and "Tract for Valerie Solanas" contains excerpts from the SCUM Manifesto.

As with earlier releases, the duo make use of field recordings in the music, recordings that range from ordinary things to more absurd sounds, such as a recording of a bovine uterus. The album's title is taken from a line in Ludwig Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations.

Bovinae
Bovines (subfamily Bovinae) comprise a diverse group of 10 genera of medium to large-sized ungulates, including cattle, bison, African buffalo, water buffalos, and the four-horned and spiral-horned antelopes. The members of this group of bovids are classified into loose tribes rather than formal subgroups, as the evolutionary relationships within the groups are still uncertain. General characteristics include cloven hooves and usually at least one of the sexes of a species having true horns. The largest extant bovine is the gaur.

In many countries, bovine milk and meat is used as food by humans. Cattle are kept as livestock almost everywhere except in parts of India and Nepal, where they are considered sacred by most Hindus. Bovines are used as draft animals and as riding animals. Small breeds of domestic bovine, such as the Miniature Zebu, are kept as pets. Bovine leather is durable and flexible and is used to produce a wide range of goods including clothing and bags.