hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Vista paradox
The Vista paradox is a natural optical illusion where an object seen through an aperture appears to shrink in apparent size as the observer approaches the aperture. The paradox takes place when the distant object that seems to be shrinking or enlarging as its visual angle respectively increases or decreases is many times further away than the maximum distance between the observer and the aperture.

Visual angle
Visual angle is the angle a viewed object subtends at the eye, usually stated in degrees of arc.
It also is called the object's angular size.

The diagram on the right shows an observer's eye  looking at a frontal extent (the vertical arrow) that has a  linear size , located in the distance  from point .

For present purposes, point  can represent  the eye's nodal points at about the center of the lens, and also represent the center of the eye's entrance pupil that is only a few millimeters in front of the lens.

The three lines from object endpoint  heading toward the eye indicate the bundle of  light rays that pass through the cornea, pupil and lens to form an optical image of  endpoint  on the retina at point .
The central line of the bundle represents the chief ray.

The same holds for object point  and its retinal image at .

The  visual angle  is the angle between the chief rays of  and .
Nocturne (Yasōkyoku)
Nocturne (Yasōkyoku) (Nocturne 〜夜想曲〜) is the ninth studio album by Japanese idol duo Wink, released by Polystar on November 26, 1992. It features the singles "Furimukanaide" (a cover of The Peanuts' song) and "Real na Yume no Jōken". Also included in the album are Japanese-language covers of Vanessa Williams' "Save the Best for Last", Pat Benatar's Invincible, and Mr. Zivago's "Little Russian".

The album peaked at No. 19 on Oricon's albums chart and sold over 26,000 copies.

Invincible (Pat Benatar song)
"Invincible" is the Grammy-nominated lead single from Pat Benatar's sixth studio album Seven the Hard Way (1985), released on June 24, 1985. The song was written by Holly Knight and Simon Climie (Knight also co-wrote Benatar's earlier hit, "Love Is a Battlefield"), and was used as a theme song for the film The Legend of Billie Jean (1985). Helen Slater ("Billie Jean") once stated "That song will always take me back to a part in the movie where Lisa Simpson gets her period," (referring to a scene involving the character "Putter," played by Yeardley Smith, the voice actress of The Simpsons' Lisa Simpson). The song became Benatar's fourth and final American top ten hit, peaking at No. 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart on September 14, 1985. The song was also used prominently in the 2002 film Hysterical Blindness starring Uma Thurman.
2017–18 ISU World Standings
The 2017–18 ISU World Standings for single & pair skating and ice dance, are taking into account results of the 2015–16, 2016–17 and 2017–18 seasons. The 2017–18 ISU World standings for synchronized skating, are based on the results of the 2015–16, 2016–17 and 2017–18 seasons.

Synchronized skating
Synchronized skating, often called synchro, is an ice skating sport where between 8 and 20 skaters perform together as a team. They move as a flowing unit at high speed over the ice, while performing elements and footwork.

This complex sport originated in 1956 and was initially called "precision skating" due to its emphasis on the maintenance of intricate and precise formations and the requirement of precise timing from all members of the group. Synchronized skating is now well-established as an organized sport in several European countries with several of them having produced teams who frequently win championships at the international level. As of 2022, there are more than 600 synchro teams in United States alone.
Amador Monroy Estrada
Amador Monroy Estrada (born 11 April 1951) is a Mexican politician from the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI).

He has been elected to the Chamber of Deputies on two occasions:
in the 1991 mid-terms to represent the State of Mexico's 14th district,
and in the 2009 mid-terms for the State of Mexico's 19th district.

2009 Mexican legislative election
Legislative elections were held in Mexico on 5 July 2009. Voters elected 500 new deputies (300 by their respective constituencies and 200 by proportional representation) to sit in the Chamber of Deputies for the 61st Congress.
Diving bell spider
The diving bell spider or water spider (Argyroneta aquatica) is the only species of spider known to live almost entirely under water. It is the only member of the genus Argyroneta and the type genus of the family Argyronetidae. When out of the water, the spider ranges in colour from mid to dark brown, although the hairs on the abdomen give it a dark grey, velvet-like appearance. It is native to freshwater habitats in Europe and Asia.

Opisthosoma
The opisthosoma is the posterior part of the body in some arthropods, behind the prosoma (cephalothorax). It is a distinctive feature of the subphylum Chelicerata (arachnids, horseshoe crabs and others). It is similar in most respects to an abdomen (and is often referred to as such).
Judy's Little No-No
Judy's Little No-No (also released as Let's Do It) is a 1969 crime film about a go-go dancer who is targeted by gangsters after coming into possession of a priceless jewel. The film was directed and written by Sherman Price and stars Elisa Ingram, John Davis Lodge, and Joe E. Ross.

Go-go dancing
Go-go dancers are dancers who are employed to entertain crowds at nightclubs or other venues where music is played. Go-go dancing originated in the early 1960s at the French bar Whisky a Gogo, located in the town of Juan-les-Pins. The French bar then licensed its name to the West Hollywood rock club Whisky a Go Go, which opened in January 1964 and chose the name to reflect the already popular craze of go-go dancing. Many 1960s-era nightclub dancers wore short, fringed skirts and high boots which eventually came to be called go-go boots. Nightclub promoters in the mid‑1960s then conceived the idea of hiring women dressed in these outfits to entertain patrons.
Cone Health Alamance Regional
Cone Health Alamance Regional, formerly Alamance Regional Medical Center, is a private, not-for-profit 238 bed hospital located in Burlington, North Carolina.  The hospital opened in 1995 on Huffman Mill Road.  Alamance Regional provides healthcare to residents of Alamance County, North Carolina and surrounding areas.  Alamance Regional joined the Cone Health network in May 2013.

Alamance County, North Carolina
Alamance County (/ˈæləmæns/ ⓘ) is a county in North Carolina. As of the 2020 census, the population was 171,415. Its county seat is Graham. Formed in 1849 from Orange County to the east, Alamance County has been the site of significant historical events, textile manufacturing, and agriculture.

Alamance County comprises the Burlington, NC Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Greensboro–Winston-Salem–High Point, NC Combined Statistical Area, which had an estimated population of 1,736,099 in 2023.
HD 190228
HD 190228 is a star with an orbiting substellar companion in the northern constellation of Vulpecula. Its apparent magnitude is 7.30 – too faint to be seen with the naked eye – and the absolute magnitude is 3.34. Based on parallax measurements, it is located at a distance of 205 light-years (63 parsecs) from the Sun. The system is drifting closer with a radial velocity of −50 km/s.

The spectrum of HD 190228 presents as a subgiant star with a stellar classification of G5 IV, indicating it has exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core and is evolving off the main sequence. The star is older than the Sun with an age over 5 billion years with a projected rotational velocity of 1.4 km/s. A metal-poor star, it has 18% more mass than the Sun and has grown to 2.4 times the Sun's girth. The star is radiating roughly 4.6 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,311 K.

Substellar object
A substellar object, sometimes called a substar, is an astronomical object, the mass of which is smaller than the smallest mass at which hydrogen fusion can be sustained (approximately 0.08 solar masses). This definition includes brown dwarfs and former stars similar to EF Eridani B, and can also include objects of planetary mass, regardless of their formation mechanism and whether or not they are associated with a primary star.
International drug convention
"International drug convention" could mean any of several international conventions:

the 1912 First International Opium Convention

the 1925 Second International Opium Convention

the 1925 Agreement concerning the Manufacture of, Internal Trade in and Use of Prepared Opium

the 1931 Convention for Limiting the Manufacture and Regulating the Distribution of Narcotic Drugs

the 1931 Agreement for the Control of Opium Smoking in the Far East

the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs

the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances

the 1988 United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances

First International Opium Convention
The First International Opium Convention (also called 1912 Opium Convention or Hague Opium Convention) is a former international treaty signed at The Hague in 1912. The conference were an international effort by states to regulate the trade of opium and suppress illicit opium consumption. It was followed in 1925 by the Second International Opium Convention signed in Geneva.
Snow & Voices
Snow & Voices was an American, Los Angeles–based dream pop band featuring the duo of singer-songwriter Lauri Kranz and multi-instrumentalist Jebin Bruni in collaboration with other contributors. The group's first album, the eponymous Snow & Voices, was released in 2005 on Bird Song, a new label created by Ric Menck of Velvet Crush. Their sophomore effort, What the Body Was Made For, was released in July 2008. They released their third album, Anything That Moves, in May 2010 on Elastic Ruby Records, their own independent label.

As of December 2013, Snow & Voices was recording its fourth album. However, as of February 2019, the fourth album had not been released.

Velvet Crush
Velvet Crush is an American power pop band from Providence, Rhode Island, United States, that achieved prominence in indie-rock circles in the early- and mid-1990s.  The band broke up in 1996 but re-formed in 1998 and have continued to record, releasing their most recent album in 2004.  Vocalist/bassist Paul Chastain and drummer Ric Menck are the band's core members, having previously worked together as Choo Choo Train, Bag-O-Shells, and The Springfields, and they share singing and songwriting duties.  Guitarist Jeffrey Underhill (of Honeybunch) played on the band's first three albums, In the Presence of Greatness, Teenage Symphonies to God, and Heavy Changes. In the Presence of Greatness was produced by Matthew Sweet, while the second and third albums were produced by Mitch Easter.
Apothicaire et perruquier
Apothicaire et perruquier (Apothecary and Wigmaker/Hairdresser) is a one-act opérette-bouffe with music by Jacques Offenbach to a French libretto by Élie Frébault, first performed in 1861, one of six new works he premiered that year. Faris describes the score as "pastiche" "in the decorated vocal style of the eighteenth century".

Wig
A wig is a head covering made from human or animal hair, or a synthetic imitation thereof. The word is short for "periwig". Wigs may be worn to disguise baldness, to alter the wearer's appearance, or as part of certain professional uniforms.
Cleaves
Cleaves is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Cassius Cleaves (born 2003), English rugby player

Henry B. Cleaves

Jessica Cleaves (1948–2014), American singer-songwriter

Margaret Cleaves (1848–1917), American physician

Mateen Cleaves (born 1977), American basketball player

Jessica Cleaves
Jessica Marguerite Cleaves (December 10, 1948 – May 2, 2014) was an American singer and songwriter who was the lead singer of the Friends of Distinction, Earth, Wind & Fire, Parliament Funkadelic, and Raw Silk.
Quadricycle (EU vehicle classification)
The quadricycle is a European Union vehicle category for four-wheeled microcars, which allows these vehicles to be designed to less stringent requirements when compared to regular cars. Quadricycles are defined by limitations in terms of weight, engine power and speed.

There are two categories of quadricycles: light quadricycles (L6e) and heavy quadricycles (L7e).

Engine power
Engine power is the power that an engine can develop. It can be expressed in power units, most commonly kilowatt, metric horsepower (often abbreviated PS), or horsepower. In terms of internal combustion engines, the engine power usually describes the rated power, which is a power output that the engine can maintain over a long period of time according to a certain testing method, for example ISO 1585. In general though, an internal combustion engine has a power take-off shaft (the crankshaft), therefore, the rule for shaft power applies to internal combustion engines: Engine power is the product of the engine torque and the crankshaft's angular velocity.
History of mining in Chile
During most of Chile's history, from 1500 to the present, mining has been an important economic activity. 16th century mining was oriented towards the exploitation of gold placer deposits using encomienda labour. After a period of decline in the 17th century, mining resurged in the 18th and early 19th century, this time concentrating chiefly on silver. In the 1870s silver mining declined sharply. Chile took over the highly lucrative saltpetre mining districts of Peru and Bolivia in the War of the Pacific (1879–83). In the first half of the 20th century copper mining overshadowed the declining saltpetre mining.

Norte Chico, Chile
The Norte Chico (lit. Small North) region is one of five natural regions of continental Chile, as defined by the government agency CORFO in 1950. Its northern border is formed by the limit with the Far North, to the west lies the Pacific Ocean, to the east the Andes mountains and Argentina, and to the south the Zona Central natural region. Although from a strictly geographic point of view, this natural region corresponds to the Chilean territory between the rivers Copiapó and Aconcagua. Traditionally, the Norte Chico refers to the zone comprising the regions of Atacama and Coquimbo. This region was home to the Diaguita people.
Konrad Lakowitz
Konrad Lakowitz (22 June 1859 in Danzig – 20 August 1945 in Berlin) was a German botanist who specialized in phycological research of the Baltic region.

He studied natural sciences, geography and mathematics at the University of Breslau, where he served as an assistant to Heinrich Göppert in its botanical garden. In 1881 he obtained his PhD, and two years later became a probationary teacher in Breslau. From 1886 onward, he worked as a gymnasium teacher in Danzig, attaining the title of professor in 1907. For 25 years he was director of the Westpreußischen Botanisch-Zoologischen Verein (West Prussian Botanical-Zoological Association). In 1918 he became a member of the Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina (botany section).

Phycology
Phycology (from Ancient Greek  φῦκος (phûkos) 'seaweed' and  -λογία (-logía) 'study of') is the scientific study of algae.  Also known as algology, phycology is a branch of life science.

Algae are important as primary producers in aquatic ecosystems. Most algae are eukaryotic, photosynthetic organisms that live in a wet environment. They are distinguished from the higher plants by a lack of true roots, stems or leaves. They do not produce flowers. Many species are single-celled and microscopic (including phytoplankton and other microalgae); many others are multicellular to one degree or another, some of these growing to large size (for example, seaweeds such as kelp and Sargassum).

A number of microscopic algae also occur as symbionts in lichens.

Phycologists typically focus on either freshwater or ocean algae, and further within those areas, either diatoms or soft algae.
Constance Louoba
Constance Louoba (born 14 June 1981) is a team handball player from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. She plays for the club Blavozy RB and on the DR Congo national team. She represented DR Congo at the 2013 World Women's Handball Championship in Serbia, where DR Congo placed 20th.

2013 World Women's Handball Championship
The 2013 World Women's Handball Championship, the 21st event hosted by the International Handball Federation (IHF), was held in Serbia from 6 to 22 December 2013.

Brazil defeated Serbia 22–20 in the final and became the first IHF world champions from the Americas.
The Troopie
The Trooper, also popularly referred as The Troopie, is a Rhodesian statue and war memorial. It is located in the grounds of Hatfield House, home of the Marquess of Salisbury, in Hatfield, Hertfordshire, England. It was originally erected in Salisbury, Rhodesia and is dedicated to the Rhodesian Light Infantry (RLI) as their regimental statue.

Marquess of Salisbury
Marquess of Salisbury is a title in the Peerage of Great Britain, held by a branch of the Cecil family. It was created in 1789 for the 7th Earl of Salisbury. Most of the holders of the title have been prominent in British political life over the last two centuries, particularly the 3rd Marquess, who served three times as Prime Minister in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Ghedin
Ghedin is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Elodie Ghedin (born 1967), Canadian American parasitologist and virologist

Pietro Ghedin (born 1952), Italian football player and coach

Riccardo Ghedin (born 1985), Italian tennis player

Elodie Ghedin
Elodie Ghedin (born 1967) is a Canadian parasitologist and virologist as well as a professor at the New York University Center for Genomics and Systems Biology. Her work focuses on the molecular biology and genomics of the parasites that cause diseases such as elephantiasis, and river blindness, and on the evolution of the influenza virus.  She was named a 2011 MacArthur Fellow, a 2012 Kavli Frontier of Science Fellow, and a 2017 American Academy of Microbiology Fellow. She also was Awarded the Chancellor’s Distinguished Research Award in 2010.
Ark of Bukhara
The Ark of Bukhara is a massive fortress located in the city of Bukhara, Uzbekistan, that was initially built and occupied around the 5th century AD. The Ark's current structure began to develop during the 16th century under the Shaybanid Uzbek dynasty, while all of its existing buildings were constructed in the last three centuries. In addition to being a military structure, the Ark encompassed what was essentially a town that, during much of the fortress's history, was inhabited by the various royal courts that held sway over the region surrounding Bukhara. The Ark was used as a fortress until it fell to Russia in 1920. Currently, the Ark is a tourist attraction and houses museums covering its history. The museums and other restored areas include an archaeological museum, the throne room, the reception and coronation court, a local history museum, and the court mosque.

Narshakhi
Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Jafar Narshakhi (or Narshaki) (ca. 899–959), a Sogdian scholar from the village of Narshak in the Bukhara oasis is the first known historian in Central Asia. His unique History of Bukhara (Tarikh-i Bukhara) was written in Arabic and presented to the Samanid emperor Nuh I either in 943 or 944. The book provides important information on Bukhara that cannot be found in other contemporary sources. Nothing is known about Narshakhi except his authorship of this one book.
2013 Tacloban local elections
Local elections in Tacloban were held on May 13, 2013, within the Philippine general election. The voters elected candidates for the elective local posts in the city: the mayor, vice mayor, and ten councilors.

There were 109,027 registered voters in the city for the elections, and 92,163 of them voted, giving a voter turnout of 84.53%.

2013 Philippine general election
A general election was held in the Philippines on May 13, 2013. It was a midterm election—the officials elected were sworn in on June 30, 2013, midway through President Benigno Aquino III's term of office.

Being elected are 12 senators (half of the Senate), and all 229 district members of the House of Representatives. These national elections were held on the same day as local and gubernatorial elections, as well as a general election in the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao. In total, there were 18,022 national and local positions up for election.

Barangay officials, including barangay captains, were elected on October 28, 2013. The elections for SK officials were held at the same day, but on September 24, 2013, the Congress of the Philippines voted to postpone of the election for at least a year.
Bousfield localization
In category theory, a branch of mathematics, a (left) Bousfield localization of a model category replaces the model structure with another model structure with the same cofibrations but with more weak equivalences.

Bousfield localization is named after Aldridge Bousfield, who first introduced this technique in the context of localization of topological spaces and spectra.

Sphere spectrum
In stable homotopy theory, a branch of mathematics, the sphere spectrum S is the monoidal unit in the category of spectra. It is the suspension spectrum of S0, i.e., a set of two points. Explicitly, the nth space in the sphere spectrum is the n-dimensional sphere Sn, and the structure maps from the suspension of Sn to Sn+1 are the canonical homeomorphisms. The k-th homotopy group of a sphere spectrum is the k-th stable homotopy group of spheres.

The localization of the sphere spectrum at a prime number p is called the local sphere at p and is denoted by .
Robert Colquhoun (East India Company officer)
Sir Robert David Colquhoun, 12th Baronet (15 May 1786 – 2 June 1838) served in the British Indian Army. In 1815 in present-day Almora, holding the rank of lieutenant, he organized the Kemaoon Battalion, predecessor of the 3rd Gorkha Rifles, to fight in what became known as the Gurkha War.

Colquhoun was a plant collector and early patron of the Calcutta Botanical Gardens. The evergreen genus Colquhounia was named in his honor.

There is a memorial to Colquhoun in the Holy Ghost cemetery in Basingstoke. Its headstone says that he died at sea aboard the ship Reliance.

Anglo-Nepalese War
The Anglo-Nepalese War (1 November 1814 – 4 March 1816), also known as the Gorkha War, was fought between the British East India Company and the Kingdom of Nepal. The conflict was caused by territorial disputes and expansionist ambitions on both sides. Nepal had expanded westward and eastward in the late 18th century, bringing it into conflict with British interests in northern India.
Fighting took place across rugged Himalayan terrain, with the British facing strong resistance from Nepalese forces under commanders such as Amar Singh Thapa. Early British setbacks were followed by advances under leaders like Sir David Ochterlony. The war ended with the Treaty of Sugauli.
The Treaty of Sugauli was concluded to bring an end to the prolonged conflict between the British East India Company and the Kingdom of Nepal, as both sides had incurred significant losses and could no longer sustain the ongoing hostilities.
Balkrishna Gupta
Balkrishna Gupta (5 March 1910 – 10 September 1972) was an Indian politician. He was a Member of Parliament, representing Bihar in the Rajya Sabha the upper house of India's Parliament as a member of the Socialist Party.

He earned his degree of Bachelor of Science from London School of Economics. Later, after he returned back to India, he was editor of Ram Manohar Lohia's Hindi journal Jan.

Upper house
An upper house is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature, the other chamber being the lower house. The house formally designated as the upper house is usually smaller and often has more restricted power than the lower house. A legislature composed of only one house (and which therefore has neither an upper house nor a lower house) is described as unicameral.