hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
British degree abbreviations
Degree abbreviations are used as an alternative way to specify an academic degree instead of spelling out the title in full, such as in reference books such as Who's Who and on business cards. Many degree titles have more than one possible abbreviation, with the abbreviation used varying between different universities. In the UK it is normal not to punctuate abbreviations for degrees with full stops (e.g. "BSc" rather than "B.Sc."), although this is done at some universities.

Doctor of Health Science
The Doctor of Health Science (DHSc or DHS) is a post-professional academic doctoral degree for those who intend to pursue or advance a professional practice career in Health Sciences and Health Care Delivery Systems, which can include clinical practice, education, administration, and research.  Master's credentials are a requirement for DHSc programs. Individuals who complete the DHSc face the particular challenge of understanding and adapting scientific knowledge in order to achieve health gain and results. This degree leads to a career in high-level administration, teaching, applied research, or practice, where advanced analytical and conceptual capabilities are required. The Doctor of Health Science is a degree that prepares scholarly professionals in healthcare and leadership roles. The first Doctor of Health Science degree was offered in 2000 by the University of St. Augustine for Health Sciences.
Tommy Wood (motorcyclist)
Tommy Wood (17 February 1912 – 21 January 2003) was a British Grand Prix motorcycle road racer. He competed in his first Manx Grand Prix in 1937. His best season was in 1951, when he won two races, including the 1951 Isle of Man Lightweight TT, and finished second to Bruno Ruffo in the 250cc world championship.

Lightweight TT
The Supertwin TT is a motorcycle road race that is a part of the Isle of Man TT festival - an annual motorcycle event traditionally held over the last week of May and first week of June. Prior to the 2022 edition of the TT, the race was known as the Lightweight TT.
Tverskoy, Russia
Tverskoy (Russian: Тверской; masculine), Tverskaya (Тверская; feminine), or Tverskoye (Тверское; neuter) is the name of several rural localities in Russia:

Tverskoy (rural locality), a khutor in Novopashkovsky Rural Okrug of Krylovsky District in Krasnodar Krai; 46°25′N 40°16′E﻿ / ﻿46.417°N 40.267°E﻿ / 46.417; 40.267

Tverskoye, Dmitrovskoye Rural Settlement, Selizharovsky District, Tver Oblast, a village in Dmitrovskoye Rural Settlement of Selizharovsky District in Tver Oblast

Tverskoye, Selishchenskoye Rural Settlement, Selizharovsky District, Tver Oblast, a village in Selishchenskoye Rural Settlement of Selizharovsky District in Tver Oblast

Tverskaya (rural locality), a stanitsa in Tverskoy Rural Okrug of Apsheronsky District in Krasnodar Krai; 44°36′N 39°37′E﻿ / ﻿44.600°N 39.617°E﻿ / 44.600; 39.617

Selizharovsky District
Selizharovsky District  (Russian: Селижа́ровский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-six in Tver Oblast, Russia. It is located in the western central part of the oblast and borders with Ostashkovsky District in the north, Kuvshinovsky District in the northeast, Staritsky District in the east, Rzhevsky District in the southeast, Oleninsky District in the south, Nelidovsky District in the southwest, Andreapolsky District in the west, and with Penovsky District in the northwest. The area of the district is 3,098 square kilometers (1,196 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality (an urban-type settlement) of Selizharovo. Population: 12,722 (2010 Census);  15,125 (2002 census); 18,092 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Selizharovo accounts for 52.9% of the district's total population.
Valderejo
Valderejo is a concejo in the municipality of Valdegovía/Gaubea, in Álava province, Basque Country, Spain. It contains the hamlets of Lalastra (the capital of the concejo) and Lahoz, as well as the depopulated settlements of Villamardones and Ribera. It is conterminous with the Valderejo Natural Park. It was an independent municipality until 1966, when it was absorbed by Valdegovía.

Concejo (Álava)
The concejos (Basque: kontzejuak, Spanish: concejos) are a type of sub-municipal administrative unit in the province of Álava, Basque Country, Spain.

Within the Spanish legal framework, the general name for such sub-municipal units is minor local entity (formally in Spanish: entidad de ámbito territorial inferior al municipio, lit. 'entity of sub-municipal territorial scope' also known by their acronym EATIMs).

The existence of concejos in Álava is documented since the 13th century. Their current status dates from 1984, when a law providing for elections to the concejos was passed; and from 1995, when their juridical status was clarified.
FileMaker
FileMaker is a cross-platform relational database application developed by Claris International, a subsidiary of Apple. It integrates a database engine with a graphical user interface (GUI) and security features, allowing users to visually modify a database. Versions for desktops, servers, iOS, and web-delivery have been released.

The desktop app is based on a DOS application originally named FileMaker, which was then developed primarily for the Apple Macintosh and released in April 1985. It was rebranded as FileMaker Pro in 1990. Since 1992 it has been available for Microsoft Windows and for the classic Mac OS and macOS, and has cross-platform capabilities.

FileMaker Go, the mobile app, was released for iOS devices in July 2010.

FileMaker Server allows centralized hosting of apps which can be used on both the desktop and mobile apps. A cloud variant, named FileMaker Cloud, is hosted by Claris.

Relational database
A relational database (RDB) is a database  based on the relational model of data, as proposed by E. F. Codd in 1970.

A Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) is a type of database management system that stores data in a structured format using rows and columns.

Many relational database systems are equipped with the option of using SQL (Structured Query Language) for querying and updating the database.
Huang Jucai
Huang Jucai (c. 933 – after 993), courtesy name Boluan, was a Chinese painter during the Later Shu and Song dynasties. He was the fourth son of renowned painter Huang Quan. Like his father Huang Quan, Huang Jucai was highly prolific. As mentioned in the 1120 catalog Xuanhe Huapu, 332 of his works were in the collection of Emperor Huizong of Song, of which few have survived.

Xuanhe Huapu
Xuanhe Huapu (宣和畫譜, "The Xuanhe Catalogue of Paintings") is an 1120 Chinese palace catalog from the Song dynasty, which in 20 chapters categorized and described ~6396 paintings by 231 artists in the collection of Emperor Huizong of Song. "Xuanhe" (1119–1125) is an era name used by Emperor Huizong. The book is one of the most important sources about 11th/12th-century Chinese art, even if most paintings it described are no longer extant. (Emperor Huizong, a talented painter/connoisseur but inept ruler, was captured by the invading Jin dynasty army in 1127, and his collection was thus lost.)
Trivial topology
In topology, a topological space with the trivial topology is one where the only open sets are the empty set and the entire space. Such spaces are commonly called indiscrete, anti-discrete, concrete or  codiscrete. Intuitively, this has the consequence that all points of the space are "lumped together" and cannot be distinguished by topological means. Every indiscrete space can be viewed as a pseudometric space in which the distance between any two points is zero.

Free object
In mathematics, the idea of a free object is one of the basic concepts of abstract algebra. Informally, a free object over a set A can be thought of as being a "generic" algebraic structure over A: the only equations that hold between elements of the free object are those that follow from the defining axioms of the algebraic structure. Examples include free monoids, free groups, tensor algebras, or free lattices.

The concept is a part of universal algebra, in the sense that it relates to all types of algebraic structure (with finitary operations). It also has a formulation in terms of category theory, although this is in yet more abstract terms.
Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court
42°21′33″N 71°03′39″W﻿ / ﻿42.359297°N 71.060954°W﻿ / 42.359297; -71.060954

The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court (SJC) is the highest court in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Although the claim is disputed by the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, the SJC claims the distinction of being the oldest continuously functioning appellate court in the Americas, with a recognized history dating to the establishment of the Massachusetts Superior Court of Judicature in 1692 under the charter of the Province of Massachusetts Bay.

Although it was historically composed of four associate justices and one chief justice, the court is currently composed of six associate justices and one chief justice. Like the State of Maine, Massachusetts prefixes the name of its highest court with 'Judicial' to avoid confusion with the Massachusetts General Court, the state's legislature.

Commonwealth (U.S. state)
Commonwealth is a term used by four of the 50 states of the United States in their full official names: Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. "Commonwealth" is a traditional English term used to describe a political community as having been founded for the common good, and shares some similarities with the Latin phrase "res publica" ('the public thing'), which ultimately is the origin of the word "republic".

The "commonwealth" appellation is merely stylistic and carries no legal or political significance. The four states that use this term are all in the Eastern United States, and prior to the formation of the United States in 1776 were British colonial possessions (at the time, Kentucky was a part of colonial Virginia). As such, they share a strong influence of English common law in some of their laws and institutions.
Joseph Gale
Joseph Goff Gale (April 29, 1807 – December 13, 1881) was an American pioneer, trapper, entrepreneur, and politician who contributed to the early settlement of the Oregon Country. There he assisted in the construction of the first sailing vessel built in what would become the state of Oregon, sailed the ship to California to trade for cattle, and later served as one of three co-executives ("governors") in the Provisional Government of Oregon. Originally a sailor, he also spent time in the fur trade, as a farmer, and a gold miner in the California Gold Rush.

Gales Creek (Oregon)
Gales Creek, is a tributary, 23.5 miles (37.8 km) long, of the Tualatin River in Washington County, Oregon, United States. The headwaters of Gales Creek are on the north side of the mountain Round Top in the Northern Oregon Coast Range. The community of Gales Creek, Oregon, is near the creek, which further downstream forms the southwest border of the city of Forest Grove.
Henry Watkins (diplomat)
Henry Watkins (1666-1727) of Christ Church, Oxford, and Duke Street, Westminster, was an army administrator and diplomat who served briefly as a Member of Parliament for Brackley in Northamptonshire (20 April 1714 – 1715).

Brackley (UK Parliament constituency)
Brackley was a parliamentary borough in Northamptonshire, which elected two Members of Parliament (MPs) to the House of Commons from 1547 until 1832, when the constituency was abolished by the Great Reform Act.
Cupcake Royale
Cupcake Royale is a chain of cupcake shops based in Seattle, in the U.S. state of Washington. Established in 2003, the business has operated in the city's Ballard, Madrona, and West Seattle neighborhoods, and on Capitol Hill.

Madrona, Seattle
Madrona is a mostly residential neighborhood in east Seattle, Washington. It is bounded on the east by Lake Washington; on the south by E. Cherry Street, beyond which is Leschi; on the west by Martin Luther King Jr. Way, beyond which is the Central District; and on the north by E. Howell Street, beyond which is Denny-Blaine.

The neighborhood's main thoroughfares are E. Union and E. Cherry Streets (east- and westbound), Madrona Drive (northwest- and southeast-bound), and 34th Avenue and Lake Washington Boulevard (north- and southbound). It is home to Madrona Park and the 34th Avenue and E. Union commercial area.
Stenhouse Bluff
Stenhouse Bluff (62°4′S 58°24′W﻿ / ﻿62.067°S 58.400°W﻿ / -62.067; -58.400) is a southern face of a rocky knoll at the head of Visca Anchorage, Admiralty Bay, on King George Island in the South Shetland Islands. First charted by the French Antarctic Expedition, 1908–10, under Charcot. Named for Commander Joseph Stenhouse, Royal Navy Reserve, captain of the RRS Discovery in these waters in 1927.

King George Island (South Shetland Islands)
King George Island (Argentinian Spanish: Isla 25 de Mayo, Brazilian Portuguese: Ilha do Rei George, Chilean Spanish: Isla Rey Jorge, Russian: Ватерло́о Vaterloo) is the largest of the South Shetland Islands, lying 120 km (75 miles) off the coast of Antarctica in the Southern Ocean.  The island was named after King George III.
Gillian Hiscott
Gillian Hiscott (born 1959) is a British author and playwright. She was born in Plymouth, Devon, United Kingdom. Her plays have been performed both in London and at the Edinburgh Festival. Her work in the theatre has been largely to promote the work of British female writers and she is the only published adaptor of work by Marie Corelli. Her last two plays were written whilst completing an MA in Playwriting and Script Development at Exeter University and are examples of plays affected by the literary concept known as the stream of consciousness. Her only novel Lady in Chains is WW2 fiction and centres on an era of social history which reflects a changing way of life for the British aristocracy.

Performing in more than one of the author's plays is veteran actress Beryl Nesbitt, LTDB entry who has featured in many film and TV roles. Involved in Vendetta as performers and directors: Christopher Gutmann, Ralph Mondi, Laurie Hagen.

Stream of consciousness
In literary criticism, stream of consciousness is a narrative mode or method that attempts "to depict the multitudinous thoughts and feelings which pass through the mind" of a narrator. It is usually in the form of an interior monologue which is disjointed or has irregular punctuation. While critics have pointed to various literary precursors, it was not until the 20th century that this technique was fully developed by modernist writers such as Marcel Proust, James Joyce, Dorothy Richardson and Virginia Woolf.

Stream of consciousness narratives continue to be used in modern prose and the term has been adopted to describe similar techniques in other art forms such as poetry, songwriting and film.
Bayonetta
Bayonetta (Japanese: ベヨネッタ, Hepburn: Beyonetta) is an urban fantasy action-adventure game franchise created by Hideki Kamiya. It is developed by PlatinumGames, owned by Sega, and, since the release of Bayonetta 2 in 2014, published by Nintendo. The franchise was introduced in 2009 with Bayonetta, which was followed by two sequels, Bayonetta 2 (2014) and Bayonetta 3 (2022), as well as a prequel, Bayonetta Origins: Cereza and the Lost Demon (2023). The games follow the titular character, a witch who wields dual pistols, shooters in her high heels, and long, magically transforming hair which becomes a supernatural weapon. The series has been met with strong critical reception, is considered PlatinumGames' flagship series, and is one of Sega's most well-known franchises.

Prequel
A prequel is a literary, dramatic or cinematic work whose story precedes that of a previous work, by focusing on events that occur before the original narrative. A prequel is a work that forms part of a backstory to the preceding work.

The term "prequel" is a 20th-century neologism from the prefix "pre-" (from Latin prae, "before") and "sequel".

Like sequels, prequels may or may not concern the same plot as the work from which they are derived. More often they explain the background that led to the events in the original, but sometimes the connections are not completely explicit. Sometimes prequels play on the audience's knowledge of what will happen next, using deliberate references to create dramatic irony.
Ian Ford (rugby union)
Ian Reginald Ford (6 June 1929 — 7 November 2020) was a Welsh international rugby union player.

Ford was born to English parents in Cardiff and attended Bassaleg School, where he learned his rugby.

A towering lock, Ford was capped twice for Wales in the 1959 Five Nations, against England at Cardiff Arms Park and Scotland at Murrayfield. He made 482 appearances for his club Newport and was regarded as amongst their best performers when they upset the 1963-64 All Blacks, playing beside Brian Price in the second row.

1963–64 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland, France and North America
The 1963–64 New Zealand tour of Britain, Ireland and France was a rugby union tour undertaken by the New Zealand national rugby union team. The tour took in the five major Northern Hemisphere rugby nations of England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales and France. The tour also took in matches against club opposition and invitational county teams, ending in Europe with an encounter with the Barbarians. The final two games of the tour were played in Canada.

The New Zealand team were nearly invincible on this tour, their only defeat coming at Newport. They played 36 matches in total, winning 34, losing one and drawing one. They won four of their five international matches, being prevented from completing a clean sweep by a 0–0 draw in the match against Scotland.
2010–2013 Atlantic 10 Conference realignment
The 2010–13 Atlantic 10 Conference realignment refers to the Atlantic 10 Conference dealing with several proposed and actual conference expansion and reduction plans among various NCAA conferences and institutions from 2010 to 2013. Moves that involved the Atlantic 10 Conference were part of a much larger NCAA conference realignment.

Saint Louis University
Saint Louis University (SLU) is a private Jesuit research university in St. Louis, Missouri, United States. Founded in 1818 by Louis William Valentine DuBourg, it is the oldest university west of the Mississippi River and one of the oldest Jesuit universities in the United States. The university is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission.

In the 2023–2024 academic year, SLU had an enrollment of 15,204 students. The student body included 8,502 undergraduate students and 6,702 graduate students that represent all 50 states and 96 countries.  The university is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very High Spending and Doctorate Production".

For more than 50 years, the university has maintained the Saint Louis University Madrid Campus in Spain. SLU's athletic teams compete in the NCAA Division I as a member of the Atlantic 10 Conference.
Dress sock
Dress socks are dress clothes socks for men traditionally in dark colours like black, blue, gray or brown. For more casual wear they are sometimes offered in other colours or checkered patterns. Dress socks are worn in accompaniment to dress shoes of varying styles depending on dress codes or personal preferences.

Dress socks come in a variety of heights. They come ankle-high, mid-calf high (the most common), and over the calf. Dress socks have been known to slip down the leg, causing the wearer to have to constantly pull them up. In the past, men would buy garters or sock suspenders to correct this until the introduction of better elastics in the 1960s such as spandex, thus rendering it mostly obsolete. Although some men with larger calves need extra assistance of garters to keep their socks from slipping.

Grey
Grey or gray is an intermediate color between black and white. It is a neutral or achromatic color, meaning that it has no chroma. It is the color of a cloud-covered sky, of ash, and of lead.

The first recorded use of grey as a color name in the English language was in 700 CE. Grey is the dominant spelling in European and Commonwealth English, while gray is more common in American English; however, both spellings are valid in both varieties of English.

In Europe and North America, surveys show that grey is the color most commonly associated with neutrality, conformity, boredom, uncertainty, old age, indifference, and humility. Only one percent of respondents chose it as their favorite color.
Pál Esterházy (1587–1645)
Baron Pál Esterházy de Galántha (1 February 1587 – 17 January 1645) was a Hungarian noble, son of Vice-ispán (Viscount; vicecomes) of Pozsony County Ferenc Esterházy. He was the founder of the Zólyom branch of the House of Esterházy. His brother was, among others, Nikolaus, Count Esterházy who served as Palatine of Hungary.

Pozsony County
Pozsony county was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory is now mostly part of Slovakia, while a small area belongs to Hungary. In 1969, the three villages that remained in Hungary were combined to form Dunasziget.

Its name changed along with that of the city of Pressburg (Hungarian: Pozsony, today's Bratislava). Its names around 1900 were Pozsony vármegye in Hungarian, Prešpurská župa in Slovak and Preßburger Gespanschaft in German.
Steamboat Mountain School
Steamboat Mountain School, formerly The Lowell Whiteman School, is a small, college preparatory school in Steamboat Springs, Colorado, focused on experiential education, for students in grades K–12.

The school is a coeducational boarding and day school educating roughly 157 students in grades K through 12. It was founded in 1957 and the curriculum emphasizes college preparatory academics, educational experience in the wilderness, global travel, and both recreational and competitive skiing/snowboarding programs.

Experiential education
Experiential education is a philosophy of education that describes the process that occurs between a teacher and student that infuses direct experience with the learning environment and content. This concept is distinct from experiential learning, however experiential learning is a subfield and operates under the methodologies associated with experiential education. The Association for Experiential Education regards experiential education as "a philosophy that informs many methodologies in which educators purposefully engage with learners in direct experience and focused reflection in order to increase knowledge, develop skills, clarify values, and develop people's capacity to contribute to their communities".  The Journal of Experiential Education publishes peer-reviewed empirical and theoretical academic research within the field.
Ahmed El Saidy
Ahmed El Siady (Arabic: أحمد الصعيدي; born April 15, 1992) is an Egyptian professional footballer who plays as a centre forward for the Egyptian club El-Entag El-Harby. He played for Gomhoriat Shebin in Egyptian Second Division before moving to ENPPI. In 2014, Al Nasr signed him in a free agent transfer for 3 years, but he moved to Ismaily after two years and signed a 5-year contract, he managed to score only 1 goal in 22 matches with the club. In 2017, he joined El-Entag El-Harby with a 3-year contract.

ENPPI SC
ENPPI Sporting Club (Arabic: نادي إنبي الرياضي), simply known as ENPPI, is an Egyptian football club based in East Cairo, that competes in the Egyptian Premier League and plays home matches at Petrosport stadium in New Cairo. The club is related to ENPPI (Engineering For The Petroleum And Process Industries), which was established in 1978.

The club's greatest achievement is winning the Egypt Cup twice and being the league runner-up in the 2004–05 season.