hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Apfelberg
Apfelberg (meaning "Apple Mountain" in German) is a former municipality in the district of Murtal in the Austrian state of Styria. Since the 2015 Styria municipal structural reform, it is part of the municipality Knittelfeld.

Styria municipal structural reform
The Styria municipal structural reform (German: Steiermärkische Gemeindestrukturreform) was a local government reform in the Austrian state of Styria, which was made effective January 1, 2015. The reform nearly halved the number of Styrian municipalities from 542 to 287. The reform was intended to reduce costs and ease election of new town officials. The terms of the reform is formalized in the Styrian Municipality Structural Reform Act. (StGsrG). The law was adopted on December 17, 2013 by the Landtag of Styria, and promulgated on April 2, 2014.
Vasyl Mastsiukh
Vasyl Mastsiukh (Ukrainian: Василь Масцюх; Polish: Bazyli Maściuch; 30 March 1873 in Nowa Wieś, Austro-Hungarian Empire /present day Nowa Wieś, Nowy Sącz County, Poland/ – 12 March 1936 in Rymanów-Zdrój, Second Polish Republic) was a Greek Catholic hierarch. He served as the first Apostolic Administrator of the new created Apostolic Administration of Lemkowszczyzna from 17 November 1934 until his death on 12 March 1936.

Przemyśl
Przemyśl (Polish: [ˈpʂɛmɨɕl] ⓘ) is a city in southeastern Poland with 56,466 inhabitants, as of December 2023. In 1999, it became part of the Subcarpathian Voivodeship. It was previously the capital of Przemyśl Voivodeship.

Przemyśl owes its long and rich history to the advantages of its geographic location. The city lies in an area connecting mountains and lowlands known as the Przemyśl Gate (Brama Przemyska), with open lines of transport, and fertile soil. It also lies on the navigable San River. Important trade routes that connect Central Europe from Przemyśl ensure the city's importance. The Old Town of Przemyśl is listed as a Historic Monument of Poland.

Since the start of the Russian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022, Przemyśl has been a point of refuge for many Ukrainians, as it is located near the Poland–Ukraine border and serves as the end point of the Lviv–Przemyśl railway junction.
Armenian orthography reform
The Armenian orthography reform occurred between 1922 and 1924 in Soviet Armenia and was partially revised in 1940. Its main features "were the neutralization of classical, etymological writing and the adjustment of phonetic realization and writing."

The original orthography is now known as the classical orthography (Armenian: դասական ուղղագրութիւն, romanized: dasakan uġġagrut'yun) and is sometimes referred to as Mashtotsian orthography (մաշտոցեան ուղղագրութիւն), after Mesrop Mashtots, who invented the Armenian alphabet in 405 AD.

This reform is not to be confused with the 13th-century alphabet extension introducing letters ⟨օ⟩ and ⟨ֆ⟩.

Mesrop Mashtots
Mesrop Mashtots (listenⓘ; Armenian: Մեսրոպ Մաշտոց, romanized: Mesrop Maštoc' 362 – 17 February 440 AD) was an  Armenian linguist, composer, theologian, statesman, and hymnologist. He is venerated as a saint in the Armenian Apostolic Church.

He is best known for inventing the Armenian alphabet c. 405 AD, which was a fundamental step in strengthening Armenian national identity. He is also considered to be the creator of the Caucasian Albanian and, possibly, the Georgian script, though it is disputed.
New York Native
The New York Native was a biweekly gay newspaper published by Charles Ortleb in New York City from December 1980 until January 13, 1997. It was the only gay paper in New York City during the early part of the AIDS epidemic, and pioneered reporting on AIDS when most others ignored it. The paper subsequently became known for attacking the scientific understanding of HIV as the cause of AIDS and endorsing HIV/AIDS denialism.

Scientific community
The scientific community is a diverse network of interacting scientists. It includes many "sub-communities" working on particular scientific fields, and within particular institutions; interdisciplinary and cross-institutional activities are also significant. Objectivity is expected to be achieved by the scientific method. Peer review, through discussion and debate within journals and conferences, assists in this objectivity by maintaining the quality of research methodology and interpretation of results.
Proslogion
The Proslogion (Latin: Proslogium, lit. 'Discourse') is a prayer (or meditation) written by the medieval cleric Saint Anselm of Canterbury between 1077 and 1078. In each chapter, Anselm juxtaposes contrasting attributes of God to resolve apparent contradictions in Christian theology. This meditation is considered the first-known philosophical formulation that sets out an ontological argument for the existence of God.

The original title for this discourse was to be Faith Seeking Understanding.

Christian theology
Christian theology is the theology – the systematic study of the divine and religion – of Christian belief and practice. It concentrates primarily upon the texts of the Old Testament and of the New Testament, as well as on Christian tradition. Christian theologians use biblical exegesis, rational analysis and argument. Theologians may undertake the study of Christian theology for a variety of reasons, such as in order to:

help them better understand Christian tenets

make comparisons between Christianity and other traditions

defend Christianity against objections and criticism

facilitate reforms in the Christian church

assist in the propagation of Christianity

draw on the resources of the Christian tradition to address some present situation or perceived need

education in Christian philosophy, especially in Neoplatonic philosophy
Intel P45
The P45 Express (codenamed Eaglelake) is a mainstream desktop computer chipset from Intel released in Q2 2008. The first mainboards featuring the P45 chipset were shown at CeBIT 2008.

The P45 Express chipset supports Intel's LGA 775 socket and Core 2 Duo and Quad processors. It is a 65 nm chipset, compared to the earlier generation chipsets (P35, X38, X48) which were 90 nm.

Chipset
In a computer system, a chipset is a set of electronic components on one or more integrated circuits that manages the data flow between the processor, memory and peripherals. The chipset is usually found on the motherboard of computers. Chipsets are usually designed to work with a specific family of microprocessors. Because it controls communications between the processor and external devices, the chipset plays a crucial role in determining system performance. Sometimes the term "chipset" is used to describe a system on chip (SoC) used in a mobile phone.
Mr. Rajkumar
Mr. Rajkumar (pronunciationⓘ) is a 1970 Indian Kannada-language film directed and produced by B. S. Ranga. It stars Rajkumar, Rajasree, Nagappa, Dwarakish and Raghavendra Rao. The film has musical score by S. Rajeshwara Rao. S. P. Balasubrahmanyam lent his voice for the first time to Rajkumar in this movie. He lent his voice to Rajkumar in two lip sync songs in the movie. He went on to do it for one last time in C.I.D. Rajanna which released in the same year. This was also Rajkumar's first full- fledged colour movie in the social drama genre and second overall after Sri Krishnadevaraya which also released in the same year.

Dwarakish
Bungle Shama Rao Dwarakanath (19 August 1942 – 16 April 2024), known by his stage name Dwarakish (/ˈdwɑːrkɪʃ/ DWAR-kish), was an Indian actor, comedian and filmmaker who predominantly worked in Kannada cinema in addition to few Tamil, Telugu and Hindi films. Starting his career as a supporting actor in Veera Sankalpa (1964) and co-producer for the film Mamatheya Madilu in 1966, Dwarakish went on to work over five decades in cinema. He debuted as a director with the film Nee Bareda Kadambari (1985).

Fondly remembered as "Karnatakada Kulla" (lit. 'Dwarf of Karnataka'), Dwarakish produced over 50 films under his home production called "Dwarakish Chitra". Mayor Muthanna (1969) was the first film to be produced under his banner. He is referred to be the "First showman of Kannada cinema" for his daring and lavish experiments and his films were known for grand sets, songs and exotic locations.
Parahat
Parahat, formerly known as Jojukly or Ju-Ju-Klu (in Russian: Джу-Джу-Клу), is a town and administrative center of Oguzhan District, Mary Province, Turkmenistan. It is located on the Trans-Caspian railway halfway between Şatlyk and Tejen, 50 km east and west respectively. It is where the railway splits in two; one way goes to Ashgabat, the other one to Sarahs. In 2022, it had a population of 2,494 people.

Tejen
Tejen (older spellings: Tedzhen, Tejend, Tejent) is an oasis city in the Karakum Desert, in Ahal Province of Turkmenistan. It lies along the M37 highway, between Duşak and Mary, 223 kilometres (139 mi) by road southeast of Ashgabat. It has a population of approximately 67,500. To the east is the larger oasis of Mary. Khlopin suggests Tejen may have been the birthplace of Zoroaster.
Pterostylis divaricata
Pterostylis divaricata, commonly known as northern striped greenhood, is a species of orchid endemic to northern New South Wales. It grows in colonies of genetically identical plants. As with similar orchids, plants in flower differ from those that are not. Those not in flower have a rosette of leaves that lie flat on the ground. Plants in flower lack a rosette at the base but have up to ten translucent white flowers with green and brown stripes. This greenhood is similar to P. striata but has larger flowers and a longer tip on the dorsal sepal.

Rosette (botany)
In botany, a rosette is a circular arrangement of leaves or of structures resembling leaves.

In flowering plants, rosettes usually sit near the soil, but they can also be at the top of an otherwise leafless branch or trunk. Their structure is an example of a modified stem in which the internode gaps between the leaves do not expand, so that all the leaves remain clustered tightly together and at a similar height. Some insects induce the development of galls that are leafy rosettes.

In bryophytes and algae, a rosette results from the repeated branching of the thallus as the plant grows, resulting in a circular outline.
No Surrender (2014)
The 2014 No Surrender (also known as  Impact Wrestling: No Surrender) was a professional wrestling event produced by Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). It took place on August 7, 2014 at the Grand Ballroom in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. It was the tenth event under the No Surrender chronology. It aired as a special edition of TNA's weekly broadcast of Impact Wrestling on September 17, 2014.

Six professional wrestling matches were contested at the event. In the main event, Lashley successfully defended the TNA World Heavyweight Championship against Bobby Roode. In prominent matches on the undercard, The Wolves (Davey Richards and Eddie Edwards) defended the World Tag Team Championship against The Hardys (Jeff Hardy and Matt Hardy) and Team 3D (Bully Ray and Devon) in a ladder match and Samoa Joe defended the X Division Championship against Homicide.

Manhattan Center
The Manhattan Center is a building in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. Built in 1906 and located at 311 West 34th Street, it houses Manhattan Center Studios, the location of two recording studios; its Grand Ballroom; and the Hammerstein Ballroom, a performance venue. In 1976, the building was purchased by its current owner, the Unification Church, for $3 million. Some of the enterprises residing in the building include: Telemundo, Macy's, CFDA, WeWork, Facebook, iHeart Media, Samsung, American Heart Association, Robin Hood, FX Network, Endeavor, MAC Cosmetics, Viacom, SiriusXM, NBA, NBC Universal, Masterbeat, Formerly Al Jazeera America HQ, Broadway Cares Equity Fights AIDS.
Castanospermine
Castanospermine is an indolizidine alkaloid first isolated from the seeds of Castanospermum australe.  It is a potent inhibitor of some glucosidase enzymes and has antiviral activity in vitro and in mouse models.

The castanospermine derivative celgosivir is an antiviral drug candidate that as of 2009 was in development for possible use in treating hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.

Hepatitis C virus
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a small (55–65 nm in size), enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae. The hepatitis C virus is the cause of hepatitis C and some cancers such as liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma, abbreviated HCC) and lymphomas in humans.
Slightly Used
Slightly Used is a 1927 American synchronized sound comedy film directed by Archie Mayo and written by C. Graham Baker and Jack Jarmuth. While the film has no audible dialog, it was released with a synchronized musical score with sound effects using the Vitaphone sound-on-disc process. The film stars May McAvoy, Conrad Nagel, Robert Agnew, Audrey Ferris, Anders Randolf and Eugenie Besserer. The film was released by Warner Bros. on September 3, 1927.

The film's plot is based on the 1911 play Green Stockings by A. E. W. Mason. The film was remade as an all-talkie in 1930 as The Flirting Widow at First National Pictures, by then a subsidiary of Warner Bros.

Vitaphone
Vitaphone was a sound film system used for feature films and nearly 1,000 short subjects made by Warner Bros. and its sister studio First National from 1926 to 1931. Vitaphone is the last major analog sound-on-disc system and the only one that was widely used and commercially successful. The soundtrack is not printed on the film, but issued separately on phonograph records. The discs, recorded at 33+1⁄3 rpm (a speed first used for this system) and typically 16 inches (41 cm) in diameter, are played on a turntable physically coupled to the projector motor while the film is projected. Its frequency response is 4300 Hz. Many early talkies, such as The Jazz Singer (1927), used the Vitaphone system. The name "Vitaphone" derived from the Latin and Greek words, respectively, for "living" and "sound".

The "Vitaphone" trademark was later associated with cartoons and other short subjects that had optical soundtracks and did not use discs.
Leonard Bolton
Leonard Burlington Bolton (1 August 1879 – 23 March 1948) was an Australian politician. He was a member of the Western Australian Legislative Council representing the Metropolitan Province from his election on 6 February 1932 until the end of his term in 1948. Bolton was a member of the Nationalist Party which later became the Liberal Party.

From November 1909 to November 1914, Bolton was a councillor for the Municipality of East Fremantle. From November 1914 to November 1919, he was the mayor of East Fremantle. From November 1919 to November 1925, he was a councillor again. From April 1924 to April 1931, he was on the Murray Road Board.

Town of East Fremantle
The Town of East Fremantle is a local government area in the southern suburbs of the Western Australian capital city of Perth. It is located immediately northeast of the port city of Fremantle and about 17 kilometres (11 mi) southwest of Perth's central business district. The Town covers an area of 3.1 square kilometres (1.2 sq mi), maintains 46 km of roads and had a population of over 7,000 as at the 2016 Census.
Anion exchange membrane electrolysis
Anion exchange membrane (AEM) electrolysis is the electrolysis of water that utilises a semipermeable membrane that conducts hydroxide ions (OH−) called an anion exchange membrane. Like a proton-exchange membrane (PEM), the membrane separates the products, provides electrical insulation between electrodes, and conducts ions. Unlike PEM, AEM conducts hydroxide ions. AEM electrolysis is still in the early research and development stage, while alkaline water electrolysis is mature and PEM electrolysis is in the commercial stage. There is less academic literature on pure-water fed AEM electrolysers compared to the usage of KOH solution.
One advantage of AEM water electrolysis is that a high-cost noble metal catalyst is not required, low-cost transition metal catalyst can be used instead. AEM electrolysis is similar to alkaline water electrolysis, which uses a non-ion-selective separator instead of an anion-exchange membrane.

Hydroxide
Hydroxide is a diatomic anion with chemical formula OH−. It consists of an oxygen and hydrogen atom held together by a single covalent bond, and carries a negative electric charge. It is an important but usually minor constituent of water. It functions as a base, a ligand, a nucleophile, and a catalyst. The hydroxide ion forms salts, some of which dissociate in aqueous solution, liberating solvated hydroxide ions. Sodium hydroxide is a multi-million-ton per annum commodity chemical.
The corresponding electrically neutral compound HO• is the hydroxyl radical. The corresponding covalently bound group −OH of atoms is the hydroxy group.
Both the hydroxide ion and hydroxy group are nucleophiles and can act as catalysts in organic chemistry.

Many inorganic substances which bear the word hydroxide in their names are not ionic compounds of the hydroxide ion, but covalent compounds which contain hydroxy groups.
Česko Slovenská SuperStar: Výběr finálových hitů
Česko Slovenská SuperStar: Výběr finálových hitů is the soundtrack album from the second season of the talent contest Česko Slovenská SuperStar, released by Universal. It contains one cover song from each of the top ten finalists of the TV show, and one ensemble track performed by the top twelve contestants.

The compilation was preceded by the single "Nevzdávám", issued through iTunes on April 22, 2011. As such, the track peaked at number twenty-four on the Slovak radio component chart and at number forty-two on the fellow airplay-list in Czech Republic.

Talent show
A talent show or talent contest is an event in which participants perform the arts of singing, dancing, lip-syncing, acting, martial arts, playing an instrument, poetry, comedy or other activities to showcase skills. Many talent shows are performances rather than contests, but some are actual contests. In the instance of a contest, participants may be motivated to perform for a reward, trophy, or prize of some kind. For example, a high school might not have many students with any interest in performing in front of the student body for the sole purpose of performing alone and may offer different prizes as an incentive for these students to participate in the contest.
William H. Casselman
William H. Casselman (July 26, 1868 – July 2, 1941) was an Ontario farmer and political figure. He represented Dundas as a United Farmers of Ontario member from 1919 to 1923.

He was born in Chesterville, Ontario, the son of James C. Casselman, and was educated in Chesterville and Morrisburg. In 1897, he married Flora Carlyle. He was defeated in the 1923 general election by Aaron Sweet. From 1931 until his death, he served as Reeve of the Village of Chesterville. He died in an accident on the farm while unloading hay.

His half-brother Orren D. Casselman served in the House of Commons.

United Farmers of Ontario
The United Farmers of Ontario (UFO) was an agrarian and populist provincial political party in Ontario, Canada. It was the Ontario provincial branch of the United Farmers movement of the early part of the 20th century.
Poland in the Eurovision Song Contest 2005
Poland was represented at the Eurovision Song Contest 2005 with the song "Czarna dziewczyna", written by Łukasz Lazer, Michał Szymański, and Ivan Komarenko, and performed by Ivan and Delfin. The Polish participating broadcaster, Telewizja Polska (TVP), announced in December 2004 that it would internally select its entry for the 2005 contest. On 29 January 2005, "Czarna dziewczyna" performed by Ivan and Delfin was announced as its entry during the TVP1 programme Stratosfera.

Poland competed in the semi-final of the Eurovision Song Contest which took place on 19 May 2005. Performing as the closing entry during the show in position 25, "Czarna dziewczyna" was not announced among the top 10 entries of the first semi-final and therefore did not qualify to compete in the final. It was later revealed that Poland placed eleventh out of the 25 participating countries in the semi-final with 81 points.

Blue Café
Blue Café is a Polish musical group with jazz, soul and Latin influences. The band was formed in Łódź in 1998 and had three consecutive hit singles in Poland in 2002-03. They were nominated in the category Best Polish Act at the 2003 MTV Europe Awards, and are also known internationally for representing Poland in the Eurovision Song Contest 2004.
Tibullus
Albius Tibullus (c. 55 BC – c. 19 BC) was a Latin poet and writer of elegies. His first and second books of poetry are extant; many other texts attributed to him are of questionable origins.

Little is known about the life of Tibullus. There are only a few references to him by later writers and a short Life of doubtful authority. Neither his praenomen nor his birthplace is known, and his gentile name has been questioned. His status was probably that of a Roman eques (so the Life affirms), and he had inherited a considerable estate. Like Virgil and Propertius, he seems to have lost most of it in 41 BC in the confiscations of Mark Antony and Octavian.

Equites
The equites (/ˈɛkwɪtiːz/; lit. 'horse'  or 'cavalrymen', though sometimes referred to as "knights" in English) constituted the second of the property/social-based classes of ancient Rome, ranking below the senatorial class. A member of the equestrian order was known as an eques (Latin: [ˈɛ.kʷɛs]).
Hainesport Township, New Jersey
Hainesport Township is a township in Burlington County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the township's population was 6,035, a decline of 75 (-1.2%) from the 2010 census enumeration of 6,110, in turn reflecting an increase of 1,984 (+48.1%) from the 4,126 counted in the 2000 census. The township, and all of Burlington County, is a part of the Philadelphia-Reading-Camden combined statistical area and the Delaware Valley.

Rancocas Creek
Rancocas Creek  is a tributary of the Delaware River in southwestern New Jersey in the United States. The creek's main stem is 8.3 miles (13.4 km) long, with a North Branch of 28.3 miles (45.5 km) and a South Branch flowing 21.7 miles (34.9 km). The creek system drains a rural agricultural and forested area on the western edge of the Pinelands north and northeast of Camden and the New Jersey suburbs of Philadelphia.
FollaCell
FollaCell is a paper mill located in the village of Follafoss in Steinkjer Municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. The mill produces 130,000 tonnes of CTMP pulp per year, and is owned by Mayr-Melnhof.

Pulp (paper)
Pulp is a fibrous lignocellulosic material prepared by chemically, semi-chemically, or mechanically isolating the cellulosic fibers of wood, fiber crops, waste paper, or rags. Mixed with water and other chemicals or plant-based additives, pulp is the major raw material used in papermaking and the industrial production of other paper products.
John Torreano
John Torreano (born 1941) is an American artist from Michigan. He is currently clinical professor of studio art at the Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development at New York University. Torreano is known for utilizing faceted gems in a variety of mediums in order to create "movement oriented perception" in his works. Artist Richard Artschwager described Torreano's works as "paintings that stand still and make you move."

Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development
The New York University Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development (branded as NYU Steinhardt) is the school of education at New York University. The school was founded as the School of Pedagogy in 1890. It was known as the NYU School of Education before 2001.

Located on NYU's founding campus in Greenwich Village, the Steinhardt School offers bachelor's, master's, advanced certificate, and doctoral programs in the fields of applied psychology, art, education, health, media, and music. NYU Steinhardt also offers several degree programs at NYU's Brooklyn campus.