hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Novoselë
Novoselë (Albanian definite form: Novosela) is a village and a former municipality in the Vlorë County, southwestern Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Vlorë. The population at the 2011 census was 8,209. The village formerly had a railway station, which closed in 1997.

Definiteness
In linguistics, definiteness is a semantic feature of noun phrases that distinguishes between referents or senses that are identifiable in a given context (definite noun phrases) and those that are not (indefinite noun phrases). The prototypical definite noun phrase picks out a unique, familiar, specific referent such as the sun or Australia, as opposed to indefinite examples like an idea or some fish.

There is considerable variation in the expression of definiteness across languages, and some languages such as Japanese do not generally mark it, so the same expression can be definite in some contexts and indefinite in others. In other languages, such as English, it is usually marked by the selection of determiner (e.g., the vs. a). Still other languages, such as Danish, mark definiteness morphologically by changing the noun itself (e.g. Danish en mand (a man), manden (the man)).
What Happened to Mary
What Happened to Mary (sometimes erroneously referred to as What Happened to Mary?) is the first serial film made in the United States. Produced by Edison Studios, with screenplays by Horace G. Plympton, and directed by Charles Brabin, the action films starred Mary Fuller.

Twelve one-reel episodes were released monthly beginning July 1912, coinciding with the literary serial of the same name published in McClure's The Ladies' World magazine. In addition to the motion pictures and regular magazine installments, What Happened to Mary was also adapted as a stage play, followed by a novelization, making it an early example of the multimedia franchise.

Novelization
A novelization (or novelisation) is a derivative novel that adapts the story of a work created for another medium, such as a film, TV series, stage play, comic book, or video game. Film novelizations were particularly popular before the advent of home video, but continue to find commercial success as part of marketing campaigns for major films. They are often written by accomplished writers based on an early draft of the film's script and on a tight deadline.
Vitis silvestrii
Vitis silvestrii (known locally as hu bei pu tao, which means Hubei grape) is a species of polygamo-dioecious plant in the grape family native to the forested slopes of western Hubei and southern Shaanxi in China from 300 to 1200 meters above sea level. Its flowers appear in May, males having abortive pistils

Vitis silvestrii should not be confused with the very similarly named V. sylvestris Bartram (Eurasian wild grape), which some botanists and taxonomists believe to be synonymous with V. vinifera ssp. silvestris, the dioecious, ancestral form of V. vinifera. The name silvestrii was chosen to honor the Reverend, or Père, C. Silvestri, an Italian collector of plants specializing in phanerogams, and the collector of this species (on July 3, 1907).

John Bartram
John Bartram (June 3, 1699 – September 22, 1777) was an American botanist, horticulturist, and explorer, based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, for most of his career. Swedish botanist and taxonomist Carl Linnaeus spoke of him as the "greatest natural botanist in the world." Bartram corresponded with and shared North American plants and seeds with a variety of scientists in England and Europe.

He started what is known as Bartram's Garden in 1728 at his farm in Kingsessing (now part of Philadelphia). It was considered the first botanic garden in the United States. His sons and descendants operated it until 1850. Still operating in a partnership between the city of Philadelphia and a non-profit foundation, it was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960.
Baby (2010 film)
Baby is a Brixton set drama short film, written and directed by Daniel Mulloy and starring Arta Dobroshi, Daniel Kaluuya and Josef Altin.  Baby premiered at the Sundance Film Festival and went on to win multiple awards including the coveted British Independent Film Award.

Josef Altin
Josef Altin (born as Yusuf Altın; 12 February 1983) is a British television and film actor who had the role of Pypar in the HBO fantasy TV series Game of Thrones. Other notable performances is his role as Ekrem in Eastern Promises and his roles in The Bill, Peep Show, and Casualty. He starred in D.C. Moore's hit play The Empire at the Royal Court Theatre in London. Altin also played the role of Darren in Him & Her, a BBC TV series.
Referee (Queoff)
Referee is a public artwork by American artist Tom Queoff, located on the south entrance of the UW–Milwaukee Panther Arena, which is in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States. The 9 foot laminated marble sculpture depicts an abstracted referee with legs spread apart and arms raised.

Referee
A referee is an official, in a variety of sports and competition, responsible for enforcing the rules of the sport, including sportsmanship decisions such as ejection. The official tasked with this job may be known by a variety of other titles  depending on the sport, including umpire, judge, arbiter, commissaire, or technical official (by the International Olympic Committee).  Referees may be assisted by linesmen, timekeepers, touch judges, or video assistant referees (VAR).
Tom Cardamone
Tom Cardamone is an American writer of speculative fiction. His published works include the anthology The Lost Library: Gay Fiction Rediscovered, the fantasy novels The Werewolves of Central Park and Green Thumb, the novella Pacific Rimming and the short story collection Pumpkin Teeth.

Openly gay, Cardamone is based in New York City.

He won a Lambda Literary Award for Green Thumb in 2013, in the speculative fiction category. Pumpkin Teeth was also previously nominated in the same category.

Lambda Literary Award for Speculative Fiction
Lambda Literary Awards (also known as the "Lammys") are awarded yearly by the United States–based Lambda Literary Foundation to published works that celebrate or explore LGBTQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer) themes. The awards are presented annually for books published in the previous year. The Lambda Literary Foundation states that its mission is "to celebrate LGBT literature and provide resources for writers, readers, booksellers, publishers, and librarians—the whole literary community."

Since their inception in 1989, awards have been given in various categories in fiction and non-fiction. The title for this category has changed several times, most recently to "LGBTQ+ Speculative Fiction".
Nuelles
Nuelles (French pronunciation: [nɥɛl]) is a former commune in the Rhône department in Rhône-Alpes region in eastern France.

On 1 January 2013, Nuelles and Saint-Germain-sur-l'Arbresle merged becoming one commune called Saint-Germain-Nuelles.

Rhône-Alpes
Rhône-Alpes (French pronunciation: [ʁon alp] ⓘ) was an administrative region of France. Since 1 January 2016, it is part of the new region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. It is located on the eastern border of the country, towards the south. The region was named after the river Rhône and the Alps mountain range. Its capital, Lyon, is the second-largest metropolitan area in France after Paris. Rhône-Alpes has the sixth-largest economy of any European region.
Bobbie Barwell
Bobbie Barwell (née Mildred Annie Hickman; 25 August 1895 – 14 August 1985) was a New Zealand photographer. She was the first professional woman photographer in Ashburton, and photographed a number of well-known people, including three New Zealand prime ministers. Barwell's photograph of Lake Pukaki was used as the inspiration for the image on the 1940 New Zealand £5 note.

Ashburton, New Zealand
Ashburton (Māori: Hakatere) is a large town in the Canterbury Region, on the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand. It is the seat of the Ashburton District Council. It is 85 kilometres (53 mi) south west of Christchurch.

The town has a population of 21,600. It is the 29th-largest urban area in New Zealand and the fourth-largest urban area in the Canterbury Region, after Christchurch, Timaru and Rolleston.
Llandudno Victoria tram stop
Llandudno Victoria tram stop is the lower terminus of the Great Orme Tramway, situated in the centre of the town of Llandudno, Wales. The Great Orme Tramway is a funicular, which connects this terminus to the Halfway and Summit stops on the Great Orme.

Llandudno railway station, the town's main line station, is a 15-minute walk from Victoria.

Trams run approximately every twenty minutes, increasing to every ten minutes in peak hours, to Halfway station, where passengers change cars to the summit. Trams run seasonally only, from late March to late October.

Funicular
A funicular (/fjuːˈnɪkjʊlər, f(j)ʊ-, f(j)ə-/ few-NIK-yoo-lər, f(y)uu-, f(j)ə-), or funicular railway, is a type of cable railway system that connects points along a railway track laid on a steep slope. The system is characterized by two counterbalanced carriages (also called cars or trains) permanently attached to opposite ends of a haulage cable, which is looped over a pulley at the upper end of the track. The result of such a configuration is that the two carriages move synchronously: as one ascends, the other descends at an equal speed. This feature distinguishes funiculars from inclined elevators, which have a single car that is hauled uphill.

The term funicular derives from the Latin word funiculus, the diminutive of funis, meaning 'rope'.
China–Grenada relations
Diplomatic relations between the People's Republic of China and Grenada were established on 1 October 1985. Prime Minister Herbert Blaize established diplomatic relations with the Republic of China in 1989, prompting Beijing to sever diplomatic ties to Grenada. This position was later reversed under Prime Minister Keith Mitchell.

The current Chinese ambassador to St. George's is Mme. Ou Boqian, while the current Grenadian ambassador to Beijing is Mrs. F. Marcelle Gairy. The People's Republic of China and Grenada resumed diplomatic relations on 20 January 2005.

Keith Mitchell
Keith Claudius Mitchell (born 12 November 1946) is a Grenadian politician who served as Prime Minister of Grenada from 1995 to 2008 and from 2013 to 2022. He is the longest-serving prime minister in Grenadian history, holding the office for more than 22 years. He was leader of the New National Party (NNP) from 1989 until 2024 and has been the Leader of the Opposition in the House of Representatives of Grenada from 2008 to 2013, and again from 2022 to 2025.
Emamzadeh Pir Davoud
The Emamzadeh Pir Davoud (Persian: امامزاده پیرداوود) is an Imamzadeh in Ghamsar, Iran. It is said that it is the burial place of Davoud, Ali's grandson. The Imamzadeh is located in a pleasant and verdant spot in the north of Ghamsar adjacent to dense gardens. The structure was built in the Safavid era. The structure has a conical dome, which is decorated by turquoise tiles. The grave of the Imamzadeh is located in a wooden housing.

Imamzadeh
An imamzadeh (Persian: امامزاده, romanized: emāmzādeh, lit. 'Descendant of the Imams') is a  Persian term with two related meanings: a type of holy person in Shia Islam, and the shrine-tomb of such a person.
Ditonic scale
A ditonic scale is a  musical scale or mode with two notes per octave. This is in contrast to a heptatonic (seven-note) scale such as the major scale and minor scale, or a dodecatonic (chromatic 12-note ) scale, both common in modern Western music. Ethnomusicologist Bruno Nettl noted that ditonic scales were common in many parts of the world but often limited to specific music types, such as children's songs, with the exception of some tribal societies.

Bruno Nettl
Bruno Nettl (March 14, 1930 – January 15, 2020) was an American ethnomusicologist and academic of Czech birth. A central figure of ethnomusicology, he was among the discipline's most influential scholars. Nettl's research interests varied widely; he wrote on music of the Blackfoot people, Iran, Southern India and particularly the scope and methods of ethnomusicology as a discipline. His lengthy teaching-career centered on the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, where his many students included Stephen Blum and Philip V. Bohlman.
Ceremony (Tiny Ruins album)
Ceremony is the fourth studio album by New Zealand indie folk band Tiny Ruins. Inspired by the Manukau Harbour and life events of vocalist and songwriter Hollie Fullbrook, including a miscarriage, the album was recorded in 2021 by the band, and released in April 2023, after the birth of Fulbrook's first child.

Āwhitu Peninsula
The Āwhitu Peninsula is a long peninsula in the North Island of New Zealand, extending north from the mouth of the Waikato River to the entrance to Manukau Harbour.

The Peninsula is bounded in the west by rugged cliffs over the Tasman Sea, but it slopes gently to the east, with low-lying pastoral and swamp land along the edge of the Waiuku River and Manukau Harbour. At the northern tip, the Manukau Heads rises to a 285-metre (935 ft) prominence above the entrance to the similarly named harbour. The nearby historic Manukau Heads Lighthouse is one of the few in the country open to the public.

The peninsula is relatively sparsely populated, despite its proximity to the centre of Auckland city (which lies 30 kilometres (19 miles) to the northeast). The largest settlement on or near the peninsula is Waiuku, which lies at the peninsula's isthmus. There are rural settlements at Grahams Beach and Matakawau Point.
Listed buildings in King's Lynn and West Norfolk
There are around 1,500 listed buildings in the King's Lynn and West Norfolk district, which are buildings of architectural or historic interest.

Grade I buildings are of exceptional interest.

Grade II* buildings are particularly important buildings of more than special interest.

Grade II buildings are of special interest.

The lists follow Historic England’s geographical organisation, with entries grouped by county, local authority, and parish (civil and non-civil). The following lists are arranged by parish.

King's Lynn and West Norfolk
King's Lynn and West Norfolk is a local government district with borough status in Norfolk, England. Its council is based in the town of King's Lynn. The district also includes the towns of Downham Market and Hunstanton, along with numerous villages and surrounding rural areas. The population of the district at the 2021 census was 154,325.

Part of the borough lies within the Norfolk Coast Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The borough lies on the coast, facing both The Wash to the west and the North Sea to the north. The neighbouring districts are North Norfolk, Breckland, West Suffolk, East Cambridgeshire, Fenland and South Holland.
Kadhaludan
Kadhaludan (transl. With Love) is a 2003 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film directed by Rajakumaran. The film stars Murali, Devayani and Abbas. The film, produced by Devayani, was released on 14 February 2003, coinciding with Valentine's Day.

Abbas (actor)
Mirza Abbas Ali (born 21 May 1975) simply known as Abbas is an Indian actor known for his works predominantly in Tamil and Telugu films alongside a few Malayalam, Kannada and Hindi films.

Following a career as a fashion model, he made his film debut with Kathir's Kadhal Desam (1996), which became a great success and gave him instant recognition. Abbas went on to work in successful movies such as VIP (1997), Pooveli (1998), Padayappa (1999), Suyamvaram (1999), Malabar Police (1999), Kandukondain Kandukondain (2000), Minnale (2001), Aanandham (2001), Pammal K. Sambandam (2002), Adi Thadi (2004), Guru En Aalu (2009), and Ramanujan (2014).

He also appeared in notable Telugu films including Priya O Priya (1997), Rajahamsa (1998), Raja (1999), and Anasuya (2007). Abbas gained recognition in Malayalam films as well, notably in Kannezhuthi Pottum Thottu (1999).
Ebenezer, South Australia
Ebenezer is a locality in the northern Barossa Valley of South Australia. It includes the historic Ebenezer settlement settled by 72 Wendish Lutherans who had migrated from Silesia in January 1852.

The modern locality of Ebenezer includes the nearby Neukirch settlement founded in 1854 by another group of Lutheran immigrants. Neukirch was renamed to Dimchurch in 1918 as part of the wholesale removal of German placenames in South Australia. The original name was restored in 1975.

In either 1868 or 1869, 56 German settlers left Ebenezer in 14 covered wagons and two spring carts to settle in the town of Walla Walla in the Riverina area of New South Wales.

Ebenezer originally started in 1851 a private sub-division in the cadastral unit of the Hundred of Belvidere.  Boundaries were created for the “long established name” in 2000.

Wends
Wends is a historical name for Slavs who inhabited present-day northeast Germany. It refers not to a homogeneous people, but to various people, tribes, or groups depending on where and when it was used. In the modern day, communities identifying as Wendish exist in Slovenia, Austria, Lusatia, the United States (such as the Texas Wends), and in Australia. One present-day group, the Lusatian Sorbs of Eastern Germany, remain in the Wendish homeland.

In German-speaking Europe during the Middle Ages, the term "Wends" was interpreted as synonymous with "Slavs" and sporadically used in literature to refer to West Slavs and South Slavs living within the Holy Roman Empire. The name has possibly survived in Finnic languages (Finnish: Venäjä [ˈʋenæjæ]; Estonian: Vene [ˈvene]; Karelian: Veneä), denoting modern Russia.
Solomon Hill (politician)
Solomon Hill (August 30, 1756 – August 30, 1807) was a farmer and political figure in Upper Canada. He represented West York, 1st Lincoln & Haldimand in the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada from 1804 to 1807.

He was born in Red Mills, Dutchess County, New York, the son of William Hill and Bethia Smith, and received a land grant in Grimsby Township in Upper Canada. Hill served in the Loyal American Regiment during the American Revolution. He married Bethiah Griffin. Hill died in office in Smithville, Grimsby Township at the age of 51.

Loyal American Regiment
The Loyal American Regiment was a Loyalist line infantry regiment raised in 1777 to serve alongside the British Army during the American Revolutionary War. Organizationally part of the Provincial Corps, the regiment fought in several engagements throughout the war before being disbanded in 1783 upon the conflict's conclusion. Surviving veterans of the regiment were among the thousands of United Empire Loyalists who were resettled in Nova Scotia by British authorities.
Fine Fare
Fine Fare was a chain of supermarkets which operated in the United Kingdom from 1951 until 1988. During the 1960s the company was the largest operator of supermarkets in Europe. Their Yellow Pack budget own-label range, introduced in 1980, was the first own brand basic range to be introduced in the UK. In 1983, it was the first British supermarket to sell organic food. The business for most of its existence was owned by companies controlled by Garfield Weston and his family, but it was sold in 1986 to the Dee Corporation, operators of Gateway Foodmarkets, with the stores being rebranded.

Value brands in the United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, it is common practice for retailers to have their own value brand in an effort to compete on price. These brands have become more popular in the UK with shoppers since the Great Recession caused food prices to rise.
Alla Surikova
Alla Ilinichna Surikova (Russian: А́лла Ильи́нична Су́рикова; born November 6, 1940, in Kyiv) is a Soviet and Russian film director, writer, and teacher.

She is a People's Artist of Russia (2000), winner of the Award of the Government of the Russian Federation (2009), and a member of the Russian Union of Cinematographers.

She is best known as the director of the Red Western comedy film A Man from the Boulevard des Capucines which starred famous Soviet actors including Andrei Mironov, Aleksandra Yakovleva, Nikolai Karachentsov, Oleg Tabakov, Leonid Yarmolnik, Mikhail Boyarsky and Igor Kvasha.

Igor Kvasha
Igor Vladimirovich Kvasha (Russian: Игорь Владимирович Кваша; 4 February 1933 — 30 August 2012) was a Soviet and Russian  theater and film actor. He was a leading actor of Sovremennik Theater. Igor Kvasha was one of the Sovremennik founders along with Galina Volchek,  Oleg Yefremov, Yevgeniy Yevstigneyev and Oleg Tabakov. He was honored with People's Artist of Russia in 1978.
Unteraargletscher
The Unteraargletscher (German: [ˈʊntəraːrˌglɛtʃər]), literally "Lower Aare-Glacier", is the larger of the two sources of the Aare river in the Bernese Alps. It emerges from the association of the Finsteraargletscher (near the Finsteraarhorn) and the Lauteraargletscher (near the Lauteraarhorn) and flows for about 6 km (3.7 mi) to the east down to the Grimselsee near the Grimsel Pass. In total the glacier was 12.95 km (8.05 mi) long and 29.48 km2 (11.38 sq mi) in area in 1973. Its lower end is (or was) almost 400 metres lower than that of the neighbouring Oberaargletscher.

In the 18th and 19th centuries, it was one of the first subjects of developing glaciology.

Glaciology
Glaciology (from Latin  glacies 'frost, ice' and Ancient Greek  λόγος (logos) 'subject matter'; lit. 'study of ice') is the scientific study of glaciers, or, more generally, ice and natural phenomena that involve ice.

Glaciology is an interdisciplinary Earth science that integrates geophysics, geology, physical geography, geomorphology, climatology, meteorology, hydrology, biology, and ecology. The impact of glaciers on people includes the fields of human geography and anthropology. The discoveries of water ice on the Moon, Mars, Europa and Pluto add an extraterrestrial component to the field, which is referred to as "astroglaciology".
Leigh Vance
Leigh Vance (1922 – 15 October 1994) was a British screenwriter and producer who specialised in crime stories. He was a founding officer of the British Writers Guild and former president of the International Writers Guild.  He wrote a number of films for Sydney Box.

He moved to Hollywood and wrote for and produced several television series including Cannon, Baretta, Hart to Hart.

He was married to Eunice Gayson.

Eunice Gayson
Eunice Elizabeth Sargaison (17 March 1928 – 8 June 2018), known professionally as Eunice Gayson, was an English actress best known for playing Sylvia Trench, James Bond's love interest in the first two Bond films (Dr. No and From Russia with Love) and is thus considered to have been the first "Bond girl". Appearing in this capacity in two movies, she was unique in this regard until Lea Seydoux (as Madeleine Swann) in Spectre and No Time to Die nearly 60 years later.
David Theodore Nelson Williamson
(David) Theodore Nelson Williamson (also known as D. T .N. Williamson; 15 February 1923 – 10 May 1992) was a Scottish electronics engineer, most notable for a design of early high fidelity valve amplifier known as the Williamson amplifier, that originally featured "OSRAM" brand valves (such as KT66 "Kinkless" Tetrode and L63 triode) made by the M. O. Valve Company, for which he had worked until 1946. The design was published in a series of articles in the influential British Wireless World magazine, beginning in May 1947. He continued his interest in hi-fi and writing for Wireless World after his move to Ferranti, and became Group Director of Engineering with Rank Xerox in 1974 before retiring in 1976. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (F.R.S.) in 1968.

High fidelity
High fidelity (hi-fi or, rarely, HiFi) is the high-quality reproduction of sound. It is popular with audiophiles and home audio enthusiasts. Ideally, high-fidelity equipment has inaudible noise and distortion, and a flat (neutral, uncolored) frequency response within the human hearing range.

High fidelity contrasts with the lower-quality lo-fi sound produced by inexpensive audio equipment, AM radio, or the inferior quality of sound reproduction that can be heard in recordings made until the late 1940s.