hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire
The Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire (Turkish: Klasik Çağ) concerns the history of the Ottoman Empire from the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 until the second half of the sixteenth century, roughly the end of the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent (r. 1520–1566). During this period a system of patrimonial rule based on the absolute authority of the sultan reached its apex, and the empire developed the institutional foundations which it would maintain, in modified form, for several centuries. The territory of the Ottoman Empire greatly expanded, and led to what some historians have called the Pax Ottomana. The process of centralization undergone by the empire prior to 1453 was brought to completion in the reign of Mehmed II.

Vassal state
A vassal state is any state that has a mutual obligation to a superior state or empire, in a status similar to that of a vassal in the feudal system in medieval Europe. Vassal states were common among the empires of the Near East, dating back to the era of the Egyptian, Ottoman, Hittite, and Mitanni conflict, as well as in ancient China.

The relationships between vassal rulers and empires were dependent upon the policies and agreements of each empire. While the payment of tribute and military service was common amongst vassal states, the degree of independence and benefits given to vassal states varied. Today, more common terms are puppet state, protectorate, client state, associated state, or satellite state.
Damaris Gelabert
Dàmaris Gelabert (born 28 December 1965) is a Spanish pedagogue, music therapist, author and singer of children's songs who primarily works in the Catalan language. Since 1998, she has released sixteen albums and over 200 songs. Her YouTube channel has over 800 million views with over 2 million subscribers. It is the most viewed Catalan YouTube channel and became the first Catalan music channel to receive the YouTube Silver Button.

YouTube Creator Awards
YouTube Creator Awards, commonly known as YouTube Play Buttons or YouTube Plaques, are a series of awards from the American video platform YouTube that aim to recognize its most popular channels. They are based on a channel's subscriber count but are offered at the sole discretion of YouTube. Each channel is reviewed before an award is issued to ensure that the channel follows the YouTube community guidelines. YouTube reserves the right to refuse to hand out a Creator Award, which it has done for channels featuring horror or extremist political content.
Fitkin
Fitkin is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Abram Fitkin (1878–1933), American minister and businessman

Graham Fitkin (born 1963), British composer

Mary Louise Fitkin (1907–1987), American activist

Susan Norris Fitkin (1870–1951), Canadian ordained minister

Abram Fitkin
Abram Edward Fitkin (September 18, 1878 – March 18, 1933) was an American minister, investment banker, businessman, public utilities operator, and philanthropist, who founded and ran dozens of companies, including A.E. Fitkin & Co.; the National Public Service Corporation; the United States Engineering Corporation; and the General Engineering and Management Corporation, which by 1926 managed 178 utility companies in 18 US states and over 1,000 local communities. As a philanthropist Fitkin donated in excess of $3,000,000 to finance the construction of the Raleigh Fitkin Memorial Hospital in Manzini, Swaziland; the Raleigh Fitkin Memorial Institution in Scobeyville, New Jersey; the Raleigh Fitkin Memorial Pavilion for Children at the New Haven Hospital in Yale; and the Jersey Shore University Medical Center (formerly Raleigh Fitkin and Paul Morgan Memorial Hospital) at Neptune Township, New Jersey.
Jan Duiker
Jan Duiker (also Johannes Duiker) (The Hague, 1 March 1890 – Amsterdam, 23 February 1935) was a Dutch architect. Partnership with Bernard Bijvoet from 1917 until 1935. For the commission of the Zonnestraal project the architects were recommended by Hendrik Berlage. Bijvoet's first wife Jacoba Ezerman was closely related to the'grand man' of Zonnestraal, Jan van Zutphen. Bijvoet left the Netherlands in 1925, where after some time, he started to work in Paris with Pierre Chareau for projects such as Maison de Verre et al. Meanwhile he continued to collaborate with Duiker and returned in 1945. Jan Duiker is one of the most important representatives of the Modern movement,'Het Nieuwe Bouwen'. He is buried at Zorgvlied cemetery.

Hilversum
Hilversum (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɦɪlvərsʏm] ⓘ) is a city and municipality in the province of North Holland, Netherlands. Located in the heart of the Gooi, it is the largest urban centre in that area. It is surrounded by heathland, woods, meadows, lakes and smaller towns. Hilversum is part of the Randstad, one of the largest conurbations in Europe, and the Amsterdam metropolitan area; it is about 22 km southeast of Amsterdam's city centre and about 15 km north of Utrecht.

The city is home to several major radio, television, and newspaper companies such as NOS. Hilversum is thus known for being the mediastad (media city) of the Netherlands.
Benjamin F. Harding
Benjamin Franklin Harding (January 4, 1823 – June 16, 1899) was an American attorney and politician born in Pennsylvania. He held political offices in the Oregon Territory and later served as a United States senator from the state of Oregon.

Oregon Territory
The Territory of Oregon was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from August 14, 1848, until February 14, 1859, when the southwestern portion of the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Oregon. Originally claimed by several countries (see Oregon Country), Spanish "El Orejón" was part of the Nootka Territory (1789–1795), later in the 19th century, the region was divided between the British Empire and the US in 1846. When established, the territory encompassed an area that included the current states of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, as well as parts of Wyoming and Montana. The capital of the territory was first Oregon City, then Salem, followed briefly by Corvallis, then back to Salem, which became the state capital upon Oregon's admission to the Union.
Purnima Sethi
Purnima Sethi  (18 October 1954 – 17 October 2012)  was an Indian politician and leader of Bharatiya Janata Party from Delhi. She was elected to Delhi Legislative Assembly from  Kalkaji (Delhi Assembly constituency) and served as a minister in Government of Delhi in 1998.

Delhi Legislative Assembly
The Legislative Assembly of the National Capital Territory of Delhi is the unicameral legislature of the union territory of Delhi in India. Delhi Legislative Assembly is the legislative arm of the Government of Delhi. At present, it consists of 70 members, directly elected from 70 constituencies. The tenure of the Legislative Assembly is five years unless dissolved sooner.

The seat of assembly is the Old Secretariat building, which is also the seat of the Government of Delhi.
F1 2016 (video game)
F1 2016 is a racing game which is based on the 2016 Formula One season and was developed by Codemasters Birmingham, published by Codemasters, distributed by Deep Silver in North America and Ubisoft in Japan. The game was released on 19 August for PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Windows. The game was also released for iOS, Android and tvOS on 10 November. A Mac version by Feral Interactive was released on 6 April 2017.

TvOS
tvOS (formerly Apple TV Software) is an operating system developed by Apple for the Apple TV, a digital media player. In the first-generation Apple TV, Apple TV Software was based on Mac OS X. The software for the second-generation and later Apple TVs is based on the iOS operating system and has many similar frameworks, technologies, and concepts.

The second- and third-generation Apple TV have several built-in applications, but do not support third-party applications.

On September 9, 2015, Apple announced the fourth-generation Apple TV, with support for third-party applications. Apple also changed the name of the Apple TV operating system to tvOS, adopting the camel case nomenclature that they were using for their other operating systems, iOS, watchOS, and (later, in 2016) macOS.

The latest version, tvOS 26, was released on September 15, 2025.
Thom de Klerk
Thom de Klerk (Thomas Johannes Josephus) (10 May 1912, The Hague, Netherlands – 13 October 1966, Abcoude). Dutch bassoonist, double reed maker, music teacher, conductor and music director. Thom de Klerk was the first solo bassoonist of the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra from 1935 until 1966. He was successful with the directors Willem Mengelberg, Eduard van Beinum and Bernard Haitink. Guest directors like Eugen Jochum, Arturo Toscanini and Pierre Monteux made special requests for his presence in the orchestra.

Arturo Toscanini
Arturo Toscanini (/ɑːrˈtʊəroʊ ˌtɒskəˈniːni/; Italian: [arˈtuːro toskaˈniːni]; March 25, 1867 – January 16, 1957) was an Italian conductor. He was one of the most acclaimed and influential musicians of the late 19th and early 20th century, renowned for his intensity, his perfectionism, his ear for orchestral detail and sonority, and his eidetic memory. He was at various times the music director of La Scala in Milan and the New York Philharmonic. Later in his career, he was appointed the first music director of the NBC Symphony Orchestra (1937–1954), and this led to his becoming a household name, especially in the United States, through his radio and television broadcasts and many recordings of the operatic and symphonic repertoire.
Eshwaridevi matham
Eshwari Devi Matham is a famous pilgrimage centre located in Brahmamgari Matham which is a mandal in YSR district in the state of Andhra Pradesh in India. It is the place of Sree Veerabrahmendra Swami sajeeva samadhi, and Sree Eshwari Devi jeeva samadhis are located. Eshwari Devi is the grand daughter of Pothuluri Veerabrahmendra Swamy. Eshwari Devi was the descendant of Govinda swami (elder son of Pothuluri Veerabrahmendra Swamy) and Girimamba. She was the elder daughter of Govinda swami, her siblings being Kashamamba, Kalamamba, Sharavamba, and Shankaramamba.

Potuluri Veerabrahmam
Potuluri Veerabrahmam (Telugu: పోతులూరి వీరబ్రహ్మేంద్రస్వామి, romanized: Pōtulūri Vīrabrahmēndrasvāmi, also known as Brahmamgaru), was a Hindu saint who lived in Andhra Pradesh. He is known for the Kalagnanam, a book of predictions written in Telugu around the 16th century.
Hellmut Krug
Hellmut Heinz Krug (born 19 May 1956, in Gelsenkirchen) is a retired German football referee. Krug officiated at both the 1994 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 1996. In 1998, he refereed the UEFA Champions League final between Real Madrid and Juventus, and he also officiated a 2000 UEFA Cup semi-final first leg between Galatasaray and Leeds United. Krug additionally refereed at two UEFA European Championship tournaments, in 1992 and 1996.

Krug currently works as a pundit for German TV broadcaster Das Erste.

Das Erste
Das Erste (German: [das ˈʔeːɐ̯stə]; "The First") is the flagship national television channel of the ARD association of public broadcasting corporations in Germany, jointly operated by the nine regional public broadcasting corporations that are members of the ARD.

The channel was launched on 25 December 1952 as NWDR-Fernsehen and renamed to Deutsches Fernsehen in 1954. Since 1996, the official brand is Das Erste; the full name Erstes Deutsches Fernsehen (First German Television) is still used before every major news edition. In colloquial speech, the station is usually called Erstes Programm ("First Channel"), or by its metonym, ARD.
Special military operation
"Special military operation" (also "special operation", and abbreviated as "SMO" or "SVO", or Russian: спецопера́ция, romanized: spetsoperatsiya, Ukrainian: спецопера́ція) is the official term used by the Russian government to describe the Russo-Ukrainian war. It is widely considered a euphemism intended to minimize the invasion and obfuscate the war's original objective of annexing all Russophone regions of Ukraine. Russia bans the use of the terms "war" or "invasion" in referring to its invasion of Ukraine, as well as discussion of the censorship itself.

The expression appears prominently in the public address by President of Russia Vladimir Putin, released on 24 February 2022.

The term "special military operation" has been used in Ukrainian media in specific contexts, generally in scare quotes, to mock or criticize the Russian invasion.

Mass media in Ukraine
The mass media in Ukraine  refers to mass media outlets based in Ukraine. Television, magazines, and newspapers are all operated by both state-owned and for-profit corporations which depend on advertising, subscription, and other sales-related revenues. The Constitution of Ukraine guarantees freedom of speech. As a country in transition, Ukraine's media system is under transformation.
2024 European Amateur Team Championship
The 2024 European Amateur Team Championship took place 9–13 July at the Royal Park I Roveri in Turin, Italy. It was the 41st men's golf European Amateur Team Championship.

Defending champion was Team Spain.

European Golf Association
The European Golf Association (EGA) is a non-profit organisation based in Epalinges, Switzerland, which was founded in 1937 in Luxembourg.

The EGA's main activity consists of coordinating and co-organizing European amateur golf championships. It functions in coordination with its 49 member federations. It also is the body responsible for the implementation of the World Handicap System in Europe.

In reaction to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, in March 2022 the European Golf Association announced that it would not allow teams, individuals, and officials from Russia and Belarus to participate in EGA events in 2022, and that no EGA events were planned to take place in Russia or Belarus.
Kalynove
Kalynove (Ukrainian: Калинове; Russian: Калиново) is a rural settlement in Kadiivka urban hromada, Alchevsk Raion (district), Luhansk Oblast (region), Ukraine, at about 62 km WSW from the centre of Luhansk city. Population: 2,926 (2022 estimate).

The settlement was taken under control of pro-Russian forces during the War in Donbass, that started in 2014.

Alchevsk Raion
Alchevsk Raion (Ukrainian: Алчевський район; Russian: Алчевский район) is a prospective raion (district) of Luhansk Oblast, Ukraine. It was formally created in July 2020 as part of the reform of administrative divisions of Ukraine. The center of the raion is in the town of Alchevsk. Population: 437,513 (2021 est.). The area of the raion is occupied by Russia, which continues to use the old, pre-2020 administrative divisions of Ukraine.
Larter
Larter is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Adam Larter, British comedian

Ali Larter (born 1976), American actress

Clara Larter (1847-1936), English botanist

David Larter (born 1940), Scottish cricketer

Lorna Larter (1923–2020), Australian cricketer

Pat Larter (1936–1996), Australian artist

Peter Larter (born 1944), England rugby union player

Richard Larter (1929–2014), Australian painter

Rob Larter, British geophysicist

Robert Austin Larter (1925–2015), Canadian politician

Steve Larter, Canadian geochemist

Tyler Larter (born 1968), Canadian ice hockey player

Richard Larter
Richard Larter (19 May 1929 – 25 July 2014) was an Australian painter, often identified as one of Australia's few highly recognisable pop artists. Larter also frequently painted in a Pointillist style. He took advantage of unusual techniques with painting: using a syringe filled with paint to create his early works, and juxtaposing multiple images on to a canvas.  Many of his works are brightly coloured and draw on popular culture for source materials, reproducing news photographs, film stills, and images from pornography.  He was married to Pat Larter, an artist who was involved in the Mail art movement, then performance art and finally painting in a brightly coloured style similar to Richard's. The Larters emigrated to Australia in 1962. Richard Larter's pop art was less ironic than his American and English counterparts. In this Larter is similar to other noted Australian pop artists, such as, Mike Brown and Martin Sharp.
The Witty Fair One
The Witty Fair One is a Caroline era stage play, an early comedy by James Shirley. Critics have cited the play as indicative of the evolution of English comic drama from the humors comedy of Ben Jonson to the Restoration comedy of Wycherley and Congreve, and the comedy of manners that followed.

Ben Jonson
Benjamin Jonson (c. 11 June 1572 – 18 August [O.S. 6 August] 1637) was an English poet, playwright, and dramatist. Jonson's artistry exerted a lasting influence on English poetry and stage comedy. He popularised the comedy of humours; he is best known for the satirical plays Every Man in His Humour (1598), Volpone, or The Fox (c. 1606), The Alchemist (1610), and Bartholomew Fair (1614), and for his lyric and epigrammatic poetry. He is regarded as "the second most important English dramatist, after William Shakespeare, during the reign of James I."

Jonson was a classically educated, well-read and cultured man of the English Renaissance with an appetite for controversy (personal and political, artistic and intellectual). His cultural influence was of unparalleled breadth upon the playwrights and the poets of the Jacobean era (1603–1625) and of the Caroline era (1625–1642).
Reckless (Madison Beer song)
"Reckless" is a song by American singer Madison Beer. It was released on June 4, 2021 by Epic and Sing It Loud as the lead single from her second studio album, Silence Between Songs (2023). The track was written and produced by Madison Beer and Leroy Clampitt, with Kinetics & One Love's Tim Sommers and Jeremy Dussolliet also receiving writing credits.

Kinetics & One Love
Jeremy "Kinetics" Dussolliet and Tim "One Love" Sommers are an American musical duo from New York City. They made their commercial debut as songwriters in 2010 by penning the chorus to B.o.B's single "Airplanes". They have collaborated with R.A. the Rugged Man and Remedy from Wu-Tang Killa Bees, Termanology and the Unknown Prophets, Neon Hitch, Melanie Martinez, Madison Beer and Wynter Gordon.
Lowton Church of England High School
Lowton Church of England High School is a coeducational secondary school located in Lowton in the English county of Greater Manchester.

It is a foundation school administered by Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council. The school became affiliated with the Church of England in 2012 under the guidance of the Diocese of Liverpool. The school educates pupils mainly from Lowton, Golborne, Leigh and Atherton.

Lowton Church of England High School offers GCSEs and some entry level courses as programmes of study for pupils. The school also offers evening adult education and sports facilities to the local community.

Between September 2005 and August 2017, Lowton Church of England High School has been ranked consistently less than good during at least four full inspections by Ofsted.

Anglican Diocese of Liverpool
The diocese of Liverpool is a diocese of the Church of England in North West England. The diocese covers Merseyside north of the River Mersey, south-west Lancashire, western Greater Manchester, and part of northern Cheshire. Liverpool Cathedral is the seat of the bishop of Liverpool, currently John Perumbalath, and the diocesan offices are also located in Liverpool. The bishop is assisted by one suffragan bishop, the bishop of Warrington.

What is now the diocese of Liverpool was historically part of the diocese of Coventry and Lichfield, and became part of the newly created diocese of Chester in 1541. The diocese of Liverpool was established on 9 April 1880.
XV Venice Challenge Save Cup
The XV Venice Challenge Save Cup was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the 4th edition of the men's tournament which was part of the 2017 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Mestre, Italy between 22 and 28 May 2017.

Mestre
Mestre (Italian pronunciation: [ˈmɛstre]) is a borough of the comune of Venice on the mainland opposite the historical island city in the region of Veneto, Italy.

Administratively, Mestre forms (together with the nearby Carpenedo) the Municipalità di Mestre-Carpenedo, one of the six boroughs or districts of the comune. Sometimes it is considered as a frazione. With 88,552 (2019) inhabitants, Mestre is the most populated urban centre of the comune. The population of the borough of Mestre-Carpenedo is 89,373 (2010).
NBA–ABA All-Star Game
The NBA–ABA All-Star Game was an exhibition basketball match organized by the players associations of the National Basketball Association (NBA) and American Basketball Association (ABA) in which a selection of the best players from each league played in a game against each other. The players organized the all-star game against the wishes of the owners, who refused any interleague play without a merger of the leagues. Billed as a "Supergame", it was held in 1971 and 1972. Another game was originally scheduled to be played in 1974, until the NBA won a binding arbitration blocking their players from participating.

Bob Lanier
Robert Jerry Lanier Jr. (September 10, 1948 – May 10, 2022) was an American professional basketball player. He played center for the Detroit Pistons and the Milwaukee Bucks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Lanier was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1992.

In 14 NBA seasons, Lanier played in eight NBA All-Star Games and was named Most Valuable Player of the 1974 game. His accomplishments came despite a long history with knee injuries. He had his No. 16 jersey retired by both the Pistons and the Bucks and his No. 31 jersey retired by St. Bonaventure University, for whom he played college basketball. After retiring from playing he was an assistant coach for the Golden State Warriors, and briefly served as their interim head coach. He went on to work as an NBA Cares Global Ambassador.
Cassibile (river)
The Cassibile (Ancient Greek: Κακύπαρις, romanized: Kakyparis, Latin: Cacyparis) is a 30 km long river located in south-eastern Sicily. The river rises from the Serra Porcari, near Palazzolo Acreide, in the Hyblaean Mountains which form the main part of the mountainous Sicilian southeast. It flows into the Ionian Sea between Capo Negro and Punta del Cane, 23 km south of Syracuse. The river has created a series of canyons and near Avola Antica several waterfalls and small lakes can be accessed by the ancient Scala Cruci staircase.

The river is mentioned by Thucydides during the retreat of the Athenians from Syracuse; from whom we learn that it was the first river they met with in proceeding along the coast road towards Helorus, and had a course of some length, so as to afford a passage up its valley into the interior.

Palazzolo Acreide
Palazzolo Acreide (Sicilian: Palazzolu, in the local dialect: Palazzuolu) is a town and comune in the Province of Syracuse, Sicily (southern Italy). It is 43 kilometres (27 mi) from the city of Syracuse in the Hyblean Mountains. It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy").