hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Negative pedal curve
In geometry, a negative pedal curve is a plane curve that can be constructed from another plane curve C and a fixed point P. For each point X ≠ P on the curve C, the negative pedal curve has a tangent that passes through X and is perpendicular to line XP.  Constructing the negative pedal curve is the inverse operation to constructing a pedal curve.

Plane curve
In mathematics, a plane curve is a curve in a plane that may be a Euclidean plane, an affine plane or a projective plane. The most frequently studied cases are smooth plane curves (including piecewise smooth plane curves), and algebraic plane curves.
Plane curves also include the Jordan curves (curves that enclose a region of the plane but need not be smooth) and the graphs of continuous functions.
Walter Janka
Walter Janka (29 April 1914 – 17 March 1994) was a German communist, political activist and writer who became a publisher.

Janka is notable for having spent time incarcerated as a political prisoner under the rule of the Nazis and later imprisoned under suspicion of counter-revolutionary activities by the Supreme Court of East Germany, in both cases serving most of his sentence at Bautzen prison.

Battle of the Ebro
The Battle of the Ebro (Spanish: Batalla del Ebro, Catalan: Batalla de l'Ebre) was the longest and largest battle of the Spanish Civil War and the greatest, in terms of manpower, logistics and material ever fought on Spanish soil. It took place between July and November 1938, with fighting mainly concentrated in two areas on the lower course of the Ebro River, the Terra Alta comarca of Catalonia, and the Auts area close to Fayón (Faió) in the lower Matarranya, Eastern Lower Aragon. These sparsely populated areas saw the largest array of armies in the war. The battle was disastrous for the Second Spanish Republic, with tens of thousands left dead or wounded and little effect on the advance of the Nationalists.
Stefano Zamagni
Stefano Zamagni KSG (born 4 January 1943) is an Italian economist. Born in Rimini, Zamagni is Professor of Economics at the University of Bologna. Zamagni is also a fellow of the Human Development and Capability Association and former President of the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences.

Human Development and Capability Association
The Human Development and Capability Association (HDCA) was launched in September 2004 at the Fourth Capability Conference in Pavia, Italy. It was founded to promote research from many disciplines on key problems including poverty, justice, well-being, and economics.

The Association holds annual conferences; maintains a website and mailing list; supports training activities; and provides a forum in which collaborative research can emerge.

The HDCA also produces a peer-reviewed journal, the Journal of Human Development and Capabilities: A Multi-Disciplinary Journal for People-Centered Development.  The association is supported by the Canadian International Development Research Centre (IDRC).
Nuciruptor
Nuciruptor is an extinct genus of New World monkeys from the Middle Miocene (Laventan in the South American land mammal ages; 13.8 to 11.8 million years ago). Its remains have been found at the Konzentrat-Lagerstätte of La Venta in the Honda Group of Colombia. The type species is N. rubricae.

New World monkey
New World monkeys are the five families of primates that are found in the tropical regions of Mexico, Central and South America: Callitrichidae, Cebidae, Aotidae, Pitheciidae, and Atelidae. The five families are ranked together as the Ceboidea (/səˈbɔɪdi.ə/), the only extant superfamily in the parvorder Platyrrhini (/plætɪˈraɪnaɪ/).

Platyrrhini is derived from the Greek for "broad nosed", and their noses are flatter than those of other simians, with sideways-facing nostrils. Monkeys in the family Atelidae, such as the spider monkey, are the only primates to have prehensile tails. New World monkeys' closest relatives are the other simians, the Catarrhini ("down-nosed"), comprising Old World monkeys and apes. New World monkeys descend from African simians that colonized South America, a line that split off about 40 million years ago.
Love Me, Alfredo!
Love Me, Alfredo! (Italian: Amami, Alfredo!) is a 1940 Italian romantic drama film directed by Carmine Gallone and starring Maria Cebotari, Claudio Gora and Lucie Englisch. It portrays the relationship between an established opera singer and her lover an unknown composer. The title is a reference to Verdi's La Traviata. It was shot at Cinecittà Studios in Rome. The film's sets were designed by the art director Guido Fiorini.

La traviata
La traviata (Italian: [la traviˈaːta, -aˈvjaː-]; The Fallen Woman) is an opera in three acts by Giuseppe Verdi set to an Italian libretto by Francesco Maria Piave. It is based on La Dame aux camélias (1852), a play by Alexandre Dumas fils, which he adapted from his own 1848 novel. The opera was originally titled Violetta, after the main character. It was first performed on 6 March 1853 at La Fenice opera house in Venice.

Piave and Verdi wanted to follow Dumas in giving the opera a contemporary setting, but the authorities at La Fenice insisted that it be set in the past, "c. 1700". It was not until the 1880s that the composer's and librettist's original wishes were carried out and "realistic" productions were staged. La traviata has become immensely popular and is among the most frequently performed of all operas.
The Congress Dances (1955 film)
The Congress Dances (German: Der Kongreß tanzt) is a 1955 Austrian historical musical film directed by Franz Antel and starring Johanna Matz, Rudolf Prack and Hannelore Bollmann. It is a remake of the 1930 film The Congress Dances.

It was made with the backing of Gloria Film, a leading West German distributor. The film was shot in Eastmancolor, with sets designed by art directors Isabella and Werner Schlichting. It was shot at three studios in Vienna, the Rosenhugel, Sievering and Schönbrunn Studios. Location shooting took place around the city, and in the Wachau. It was the first Austrian film to be made in Cinemascope.

Wachau
The Wachau (German pronunciation: [vaˈxaʊ̯] ⓘ) is an Austrian valley formed by the Danube River. It is one of the most prominent tourist destinations of Lower Austria, located between the towns of Melk and Krems that attracts epicureans for its high-quality wines. It is 36 kilometres (22 mi) in length and has been settled since prehistoric times. Among the tourist attractions is Dürnstein Castle, where King Richard I of England was held captive by Leopold V, Duke of Austria. The architectural elegance of its monasteries (Melk Abbey and Göttweig Abbey), castles and ruins combined with the urban architecture of its towns and villages, and the cultivation of vines as an important agricultural produce are the dominant features of the valley.

The Wachau was inscribed as "Wachau Cultural Landscape" in the UNESCO List of World Heritage Sites in recognition of its architectural and agricultural history, in December 2000.
Bengali Hindus in Assam
The Bengali Hindus are the second-largest ethno-religious group just after Assamese Hindus in Assam. As per as estimation research, around 6–7.5 million Bengali Hindus live in Assam as of 2011, majority of whom live in Brahmaputra Valley and a significant population also resides in the Barak Valley. The Bengali Hindus are today mostly concentrated in the Barak Valley region, and now are  politically, economically and socially dominant. Assam hosts the second-largest Bengali Hindu population in India after West Bengal.

Bongal
Bongal is a term used in Assam to refer to outsiders. Assam has been settled by colonial officials (amlahs) from Bengal pre-Independence and Hindu Bengali refugees in the post-Independence periods.  The Muslims peasants from East Bengal settled in Assam are now referred to as Miya. The term lent the name to the Bongal Kheda movement of the 1950s and 1960s which sought to drive out non-Assamese competitors and to secure jobs for the natives.
1996 DFS Classic – Doubles
Manon Bollegraf and Rennae Stubbs were the defending champions but only Stubbs competed that year with Lisa Raymond.

Raymond and Stubbs lost in the semifinals to Lori McNeil and Nathalie Tauziat.

Elizabeth Smylie and Linda Wild won in the final 6–3, 3–6, 6–1 against McNeil and Tauziat.

Manon Bollegraf
Manon Maria Bollegraf (born 10 April 1964) is a former professional tennis player from the Netherlands, who was a quarterfinalist at the singles event of the 1992 French Open, a finalist in doubles at the 1997 Wimbledon Championships, and a four-time mixed doubles Grand Slam champion. She also finished fourth in women's doubles at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta.
SS Europa (1928)
SS Europa, later SS Liberté IMO 5607332, was an ocean liner built for the German shipping company Norddeutsche Lloyd (NDL) to work the transatlantic sea route. Launched in 1928, she and her sister ship, Bremen, were the two most advanced, high-speed steam turbine ocean vessels of their day, with both earning the Blue Riband.

After World War II, French line Compagnie Générale Transatlantique was awarded the Europa as a war prize to replace the destroyed SS Normandie, which had caught fire and capsized at her moorings while interned by the United States in New York City.  Europa was refitted at Le Havre and rechristened the Liberté, serving until the arrival of the SS France in 1961 as the premier liner in the Compagnie's fleet.  She was laid up in 1962 and scrapped at La Spezia, Italy, in 1963.

Transatlantic crossing
Transatlantic crossings are passages of passengers and cargo across the Atlantic Ocean between Europe or Africa and the Americas. The majority of passenger traffic is across the North Atlantic between Western Europe and North America.  Centuries after the dwindling of sporadic Viking trade with Markland, a regular and lasting transatlantic trade route was established in 1566 with the Spanish West Indies fleets, following the voyages of Christopher Columbus.
Chicago Bears Stadium
Chicago Bears Stadium is the project name for a proposed indoor stadium at the site of the former Arlington Park horse race track in Arlington Heights, Illinois, U.S. It would be the home of the Chicago Bears of the National Football League (NFL). It is yet to be determined when construction will begin, but it was originally expected to open by 2029. In late 2025, the team began considering a stadium in Indiana due to tax disagreements with the local government at Arlington Park.

Michael McCaskey
Michael Benning McCaskey (December 11, 1943 – May 16, 2020) was an American sports executive who was the chairman of the Chicago Bears in the National Football League (NFL) from 1999 until 2011. He was the eldest son of the late Bears owner Virginia Halas McCaskey and grandson of team founder George Halas.
Galium procurrens
Galium procurrens is a perennial herb in the family Rubiaceae.It is found in European deciduous forests in the Balkans and other parts of Europe, such as Italy and Northern Germany.G. procurrens has bluish-green whorls of 5-15 leaves and white flowers.

Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae (/ruːbiˈeɪsiːˌiː, -siˌaɪ/) is a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the coffee, madder, or bedstraw family. It consists of terrestrial trees, shrubs, lianas, or herbs that are recognizable by simple, opposite leaves with interpetiolar stipules and sympetalous actinomorphic flowers. The family contains about 14,200 species in about 615 genera, which makes it the fourth-largest angiosperm family by number of species. Rubiaceae has a cosmopolitan distribution; however, the largest species diversity is concentrated in the tropics and subtropics. Economically important genera include  Coffea, the source of coffee; Cinchona, the source of the antimalarial alkaloid quinine; ornamental cultivars (e.g., Gardenia, Ixora, Pentas); and historically some dye plants (e.g., Rubia).
Dial 'N' for Nerder
"Dial 'N' for Nerder", also known as "N is for Nerder", is the fourteenth episode of the nineteenth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on March 9, 2008. After a prank gone wrong, Bart and Lisa believe they have accidentally killed Bart's classmate Martin Prince. Meanwhile, Marge hires a TV show called Sneakers to spy on Homer and see if he is cheating on his diet. The episode was written by Carolyn Omine and William Wright and directed by Bob Anderson. During its first broadcast, the episode had an estimated 7.3 million viewers and received a 10 percent audience share.

Bob Anderson (director)
Bob Anderson is an American animation director on The Simpsons. He also contributed additional sequence direction on The Simpsons Movie.

After high school, Anderson enrolled at the Joe Kubert School of Cartoon and Graphic Art to pursue an education in animation. He began his professional career before graduating from the Joe Kubert School. Hired by Broadcast Arts in New York City, he started work on a variety of commercials.

In 1990, Anderson moved to Los Angeles to work as an assistant director for The Simpsons. In the fifth season, after fourteen episodes as an assistant to Jim Reardon and one episode for Mark Kirkland, he made his directorial debut with the episode "Bart's Inner Child" in 1993.
Juan Estrada
Juan Alberto Estrada (28 October 1912 – 28 May 1985) was an Argentine football goalkeeper who won two Copa América championships with the Argentina national team and two league titles with Boca Juniors.

1937 South American Championship
The fourteenth edition of the South American Championship of football was held in Buenos Aires, Argentina from 27 December 1936 to 1 February 1937.

The participating countries were Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay thus making this the first edition in which more than five teams took part of the event.

Bolivia, and Colombia (a new CONMEBOL member) withdrew from the tournament.

Because of the summer heat, most of the matches were played at night, with Estadio Gasómetro being one of the few stadiums in Argentina with artificial lighting at the time, while other games were played during daytime at Estadio Alvear y Tagle.
Developing World Bioethics
Developing World Bioethics is a monthly peer-reviewed academic journal published by Wiley. The editors-in-chief are Debora Diniz (University of Brazil) and Udo Schüklenk (Queen's University at Kingston). It is a companion journal of Bioethics and covers all aspects of bioethical issues in the developing world.

Bioethics
Bioethics is both a field of study and professional practice, interested in ethical issues related to health (primarily focused on the human, but also increasingly includes animal ethics), including those emerging from advances in biology, medicine, and technologies. It proposes the discussion about moral discernment in society (what decisions are "good" or "bad" and why) and it is often related to medical policy and practice, but also to broader questions as environment, well-being and public health. Bioethics is concerned with the ethical questions that arise in the relationships among life sciences, biotechnology, medicine, politics, law, theology and philosophy. It includes the study of values relating to primary care, other branches of medicine ("the ethics of the ordinary"), ethical education in science, animal, and environmental ethics, and public health.
Universal parabolic constant
The universal parabolic constant is a mathematical constant.

It is defined as the ratio, for any parabola, of the arc length of the parabolic segment formed by the latus rectum to the focal parameter. The focal parameter is twice the focal length. The ratio is denoted P.
In the diagram, the latus rectum is pictured in blue, the parabolic segment that it forms in red and the focal parameter in green. (The focus of the parabola is the point F and the directrix is the line L.)

The value of P is

(sequence A103710 in the OEIS). The circle and parabola are unique among conic sections in that they have a universal constant. The analogous ratios for ellipses and hyperbolas depend on their eccentricities. This means that all circles are similar and all parabolas are similar, whereas ellipses and hyperbolas are not.

Arc length
Arc length is the distance between two points along a curve.
It can be formalized mathematically for smooth curves using vector calculus and differential geometry, or for curves that might not necessarily be smooth as a limit of lengths of polygonal chains. The curves for which this limit exists are called rectifiable curves, and the process of determining their arc length in this way is called curve rectification.
Swamps of American Samoa
This is a list of swamps in American Samoa, categorized by island.

There are four marshes on the island of Tutuila:

Faimulivai Marsh: This freshwater marsh in Aunu'u Crater is the largest such wetland in American Samoa.  It was formed from drainage of the low-lying crater.  It is part of a protected National Natural Landmark on Aunu'u which was designated in 1972.  The Pacific black duck was seen in the marsh in 1976, but it may now be extinct in the region; another significant local bird is the purple swamphen.  This marsh is the only place in American Samoa that has Chinese water chestnut.

Lalopapa Marsh

Palapalaloa Marsh

Taufusi Marsh

There are two marshes on the island of Manua:

Ta`ü Marsh

Vaoto Marsh: This feature on Ofu was likely not significantly affected by construction of a nearby airport.

Purple swamphen
The purple swamphen has been split into the following species:

Western swamphen,	Porphyrio porphyrio, southwest Europe and northwest Africa

African swamphen, Porphyrio madagascariensis, sub-Saharan continental Africa and Madagascar

Grey-headed swamphen,  Porphyrio poliocephalus, Middle East, through the Indian subcontinent to southern China and northern Thailand

Black-backed swamphen, Porphyrio indicus, southeast Asia to Sulawesi

Philippine swamphen, Porphyrio pulverulentus, Philippine islands

Australasian swamphen, Porphyrio melanotus, Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania
Central station
Central stations or central railway stations emerged in the second half of the nineteenth century as railway stations that had initially been built on the edge of city centres were enveloped by urban expansion and became an integral part of the city centres themselves. As a result, "Central Station" is often, but not always, part of the proper name for a railway station that is the central or primary railway hub for a city.

Szczecin Główny railway station
Szczecin Główny (Polish for Szczecin main station) is the principal railway station of the city of Szczecin, in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland. The station opened on 15 August 1843 and is located on the Berlin-Szczecin railway, Wrocław–Szczecin railway, Poznań–Szczecin railway, Bützow-Szczecin railway and Szczecin-Trzebież Szczeciński railway. The train services are operated by PKP Intercity, Polregio and Deutsche Bahn.
History of Portland, Oregon
The history of the city of Portland, Oregon, began in 1843 when business partners William Overton and Asa Lovejoy filed to claim land on the west bank of the Willamette River in Oregon Country. In 1845 the name of Portland was chosen for this community by coin toss.  February 8, 1851, the city was incorporated. Portland has continued to grow in size and population, with the 2010 census showing 583,776 residents in the city.

Coin flipping
Coin flipping, coin tossing, or heads or tails involves using the thumb to launch a coin in the air and then checking which side is showing once it has landed, in order to randomly choose between two alternatives. It is a form of sortition which inherently has two possible outcomes. Used in such a fashion, the coin serves as a binary lot.
Topklasse (cricket)
The Topklasse (known until 2010 as the Hoofdklasse) is the highest domestic 50-over cricket competition in the Netherlands.

Until 2016 the league featured 8 teams playing in a double round-robin format, followed by relegation and championship play-offs. From 2017 the league reverted to a 10-team double round-robin format. From 2026, the league will revert to an 8-team double round-robin format.

The dominant club in terms of league titles has been HCC, (Hague Cricket Club). Based in The Hague, the club was formed in 1878 and won the first Dutch title in 1884. As of 2023, the club has won 49 Topklasse titles, most recently in 2022. The club was so dominant in Dutch cricket in the years after World War I that its Second XI was allowed to play in the top division and won the title five times between 1928 and 1935 - as well as sharing the title with the HCC First XI in 1926.

The current champions as of the 2025 edition are Kampong.

HVV Den Haag
HVV (Haagse Voetbal Vereniging; Dutch for The Hague Football Club) is an amateur football club in The Hague, Netherlands. It was founded in 1883 as an extension of HCC, (The) Hague Cricket Club. In 1978, on the occasion of the club's centenary, Queen Juliana granted the club royal patronage, with prefix Koninklijke ("Royal"), because of its pioneering role in sport, including in the formation of the Royal Dutch Football Association (KNVB) in 1889.  Since then it has been called Koninklijke Haagse Cricket & Voetbal Vereniging (Royal The Hague Cricket & Football Club), abbreviated KHC&VV.  The club's grounds since 1898 have been at the 1,200-capacity "De Diepput", on the border between Benoordenhout and Wassenaar. It now also plays tennis, squash and judo and has around 1750 members.
Market Hall, Monmouth
The Market Hall, in Priory Street, Monmouth, Wales, is an early Victorian building by the prolific Monmouth architect George Vaughan Maddox. It was constructed in the years 1837–39 as the centrepiece of a redevelopment of part of Monmouth town centre. After being severely damaged by fire in 1963, it was partly rebuilt and was the home of Monmouth Museum (formerly the Nelson Museum) from 1969 to 2021. At the rear of the building are original slaughterhouses, called The Shambles, opening onto the River Monnow. The building is Grade II listed as at 27 June 1952, and it is one of 24 buildings on the Monmouth Heritage Trail. The Shambles slaughterhouses are separately listed as Grade II*.

Monmouth
Monmouth (/ˈmɒnməθ/ MON-məth or /ˈmʌn-/ MUN-; Welsh: Trefynwy, lit. 'Town on the Monnow') is a market town and community in Monmouthshire, Wales, situated on where the River Monnow joins the River Wye, two miles (three kilometres) from the Wales–England border. The population in the 2011 census was 10,508, rising from 8,877 in 2001. Monmouth was the county town of historic Monmouthshire, although Abergavenny is the largest settlement and Monmouthshire County Council has its main offices at Rhadyr, just outside Usk. Monmouth is in the UK Parliament constituency of Monmouthshire and the Senedd constituency of Monmouth.

The town was the site of a small Roman fort, Blestium, and became established after the Normans built Monmouth Castle c. 1067. The medieval stone gated bridge is the only one of its type remaining in Britain. The castle later came into the possession of the House of Lancaster, and was the birthplace of King Henry V in 1386.