hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Pulicosis
Pulicosis is a skin condition caused by several species of fleas, including the cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis) and dog flea (Ctenocephalides canis). This condition can range from mild irritation to severe irritation. In some cases, 48 to 72 hours after being bitten, a more severe rash-like irritation may begin to spread across the body. Symptoms include swelling of the bitten area, erythema, ulcers of the mouth and throat, restlessness, and soreness of the areolae. In extreme cases, within 1 week after being bitten, the condition may spread through the lymph nodes and begin affecting the central nervous system. Permanent nerve damage can occur.: 450

If they receive an excessive number of bites, pets can also develop flea allergy dermatitis, which can potentially be fatal if no actions are taken. However, dogs and cats are not the only ones that are at risk. Humans can suffer from flea bites and, depending on a variety of factors, the bites can cause much pain and discomfort.

Areola
The human areola (areola mammae, /əˈriːələ/ or /ˌæriˈoʊlə/) is the specialized area of skin on the breast around the nipple that is contrastedly pigmented. More generally, an areola is a small circular area on the body with a different histology from the surrounding tissue, or other small circular areas such as an inflamed region of skin.

The mature human female nipple has several small openings arranged radially around the tip of the lactiferous ducts, from which milk is released during lactation. The other small openings in the areola are sebaceous glands, also known as areolar glands. The nipple and areola are often considered together; many cultures necessitate their covering for public decency.
Su patriotu sardu a sos feudatarios
"Su patriotu sardu a sos feudatarios" ("The Sardinian Patriot to the Lords"), widely known also by its incipit as "Procurade 'e moderare" ("Endeavor to Moderate"), is a protest and antifeudal folk song in the culture of Sardinia.

The chant was written in Logudorese Sardinian by the lawyer Francesco Ignazio Mannu (Sardinian: Frantziscu Ignàtziu Mannu) on the occasion of the Sardinian mass revolts (1793–1796) against the Savoyard feudal system, that culminated with the execution or expulsion from the island of the officials of the ruling House of Savoy on 28 April 1794 (officially commemorated today as Sa die de sa Sardigna or "Sardinian people's day"). Because of its temporal coincidence with the French Revolution, the song was also nicknamed by J. W. Tyndale and other scholars like Auguste Boullier as "the Sardinian Marseillaise".

Long regarded as a national anthem in Sardinian culture, "Su patriotu sardu a sos feudatarios" was officially declared as the island's anthem in 2018.

National anthem
A national anthem is a patriotic musical composition symbolizing and evoking eulogies of the history and traditions of a country or nation. The majority of national anthems are marches or hymns in style. Some countries that are devolved into multiple constituent states have their own official musical compositions for them (such as with the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union); their constituencies' songs are sometimes referred to as national anthems even though they are not sovereign states.
Chief operating officer
A chief operating officer (COO), also called chief operations officer, is an executive in charge of the daily operations of an organization (i.e. personnel, resources, and logistics). COOs are usually second-in-command immediately after the CEO, and report directly to them, acting on their behalf in their absence.

In some situations, for example where a COO is appointed as the CEO's successor, the position may be appointed by the board of directors.

Stephen A. Miles
Stephen A. Miles is an author and executive consultant, and Founder and Chief Executive Officer of The Miles Group, as well as a director at CDK Global (NASDAQ: CDK; formerly ADP Dealer Services), where he serves as a member of the Compensation and Nominating & Governance Committees. Previously, he was a Vice Chairman at Heidrick & Struggles, where he ran Leadership Advisory Services and was a member of both the Global CEO and Board Practice, and the firm's management committee.
Sagmatas
Mount Sagmatas (Greek: Σαγματάς, Ancient Greek: Ὕπατος, romanized: Hypatos, Latin: Hypatus) is a mountain of Boeotia, Greece. In antiquity, it was called Hypatos and hosted a temple of Zeus. It bounded the Theban plain on the east, towering over the town of Glisas, and the river Thermodon ran down it on course to Teumessus.

Boeotia
Boeotia (/biˈoʊʃ(i)ə/ bee-OH-sh(ee-)ə; Greek: Βοιωτία, pronounced [vi.oˈti.a]; Ancient Greek: Βοιωτῐ́ᾱ, romanized: Boiōtĭ́ā) is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of Central Greece. Its capital is Livadeia, and its largest city is Thebes.

Boeotia was also a region of ancient Greece, from before the 6th century BC.
Robert Beavers
Robert Beavers (born 1949) is an American experimental filmmaker. Born and raised in Massachusetts, he attended Deerfield Academy which he left before graduating to move to New York in 1965 to pursue filmmaking.  He lived in New York until 1967 when he and his partner, Gregory Markopoulos, left the United States for Europe, where they continued to live and make films until Markopoulos's death in 1992.

Both filmmakers restricted the screenings of their films after leaving America, and instead held yearly screenings of their work from 1980 to 1986 at the Temenos, a site near Lyssaraia in Arcadia, Greece. After Markopoulos' death, Beavers founded Temenos, Inc., a non-profit devoted to the preservation of his and Markopoulos's work. Beavers has worked extensively on re-editing his films to create the larger film cycle My Hand Outstretched to the Winged Distance and Sightless Measure.

Deerfield Academy
Deerfield Academy (often called Deerfield or DA) is an independent college-preparatory boarding and day school in Deerfield, Massachusetts. Chartered in 1797 and opening to students in 1799, it is one of the oldest secondary schools in the United States. It is a member of the Eight Schools Association and the Ten Schools Admission Organization.
Yau Yat Tsuen (constituency)
Yau Yat Tsuen is one of the 25 constituencies in the Sham Shui Po District of Hong Kong.

The constituency returns one district councillor to the Sham Shui Po District Council, with an election every four years. The seat is currently vacant. It was last held by Lawrence Lau Wai-chung, who defeated the then incumbent Dominic Lee Tsz-king of the Liberal Party (LP).

Derived from Tai Hang Tung & Yau Yat Tsuen in 2007, Yau Yat Tsuen constituency is loosely based on residential areas Tak Chee Yuen, Yau Yat Tsuen, Mount Beacon and the City University of Hong Kong in Kowloon Tong with estimated population of 14,650.

Sham Shui Po District Council
The Sham Shui Po District Council (noted as SSP) is the district council for the Sham Shui Po District in Hong Kong. It is one of 18 such councils. The Sham Shui Po District Council currently consists of 20 members, of which the district is divided into two constituencies, electing a total of 4 members, 8 district committee members, and 8 appointed members. The last election was held on 10 December 2023.
Maaret Elnaasan
Maaret Elnaasan (Arabic: معارة النعسان)  is a Syrian village located in Taftanaz Nahiyah in Idlib District, Idlib.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Maaret Elnaasan had a population of 8375 in the 2004 census.

Idlib Governorate
Idlib Governorate (Arabic: مُحافظة ادلب, romanized: Muḥāfaẓat Idlib) is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria. It is situated in northwestern Syria, bordering Turkey's Hatay province to the north, Aleppo Governorate to the east, Hama Governorate to the south, and Latakia Governorate to the west. Reports of its area vary, depending on the source, from 5,933 square kilometres (2,291 sq mi)2 to 6,097 square kilometres (2,354 sq mi)2. The provincial capital is Idlib.
Tidhar
Tidhar (Hebrew: תִּדְהָר, lit. 'Plane tree') is a moshav in southern Israel. Located in the north-western Negev between Ofakim and Netivot, it falls under the jurisdiction of Bnei Shimon Regional Council and covers an area of around 1,000 dunams. In 2022 it had a population of 715.

Ofakim
Ofakim (Hebrew: אופקים, lit. 'Horizons')  is a city in the Southern District of Israel, 20 kilometers (12.4 mi) west of Beersheba. It achieved municipal status in 1955. It has an area of 10,000 dunams (~3.9 sq mi; 10 km2). In 2023 it had a population of 37,837.

Ofakim was established as a development town in 1955. For many years it was a major textile manufacturing center until outsourcing led to the closure of factories. As a result,  Ofakim suffered from poverty and unemployment. Since the 2000s, new businesses have opened, improving the economic outlook.

During the October 7 attacks in 2023, Ofakim was attacked by Hamas militants who infiltrated the city and killed 47 residents.
Winfield Scott Stratton
Winfield Scott Stratton (July 22, 1848 – September 14, 1902) was an American prospector, capitalist, and philanthropist. He discovered the Independence Lode near Victor, Colorado on July 4, 1891, and became the Cripple Creek Mining District's first millionaire in 1894. He provided to build buildings, improve the street car system, build the first professional ball park, and provided funds to people in need.

Colorado School of Mines
The Colorado School of Mines (Mines) is a public research university in Golden, Colorado, United States. Founded in 1874, the school offers both undergraduate and graduate degrees in engineering, science, and mathematics, with a focus on energy and the environment. While Mines does offer undergraduate minor programs in the humanities, arts, and social sciences, it only offers degree programs in STEM fields, with the exception of economics. In the fall 2025 semester, the school enrolled 8,247 students, including 6,371 undergraduate and 1,876 graduate students. It is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity".
Trenton Church of Christ
The old Trenton Church of Christ  is an historic one-story Church of Christ church building located on the southeast corner of South Main Street and Southeast 1st Avenue, just south of the Gilchrist County Courthouse, in Trenton, Gilchrist County, Florida. It was built in 1920 of "Florida field limestone, rubble masonry, with brick quoins at openings, arched windows, triple-arched entry porch," etc. Additions have been made to the rear and to the south. In 1989, the building was listed in A Guide to Florida's Historic Architecture, published by the University of Florida Press.

The congregation of the Trenton Church of Christ now meets at 502 Northeast 7th Street. This historic church building has been adapted for use for meetings of the Gilchrist County Board of County Commissioners.

Quoin
Quoins (/kɔɪn/ or /kwɔɪn/) are masonry blocks at the corner of a wall. Some are structural, providing strength for a wall made with inferior stone or rubble, while others merely add aesthetic detail to a corner. According to one 19th-century encyclopedia, these imply strength, permanence, and expense, all reinforcing the onlooker's sense of a structure's presence.

Stone quoins are used on stone or brick buildings. Brick quoins may appear on brick buildings, extending from the facing brickwork in such a way as to give the appearance of generally uniformly cut ashlar blocks of stone larger than the bricks. Where quoins are decorative and non-load-bearing a wider variety of materials is used, including timber, stucco, or other cement render.
HMS Primrose
Multiple ships of the Royal Navy and its predecessors have been named Primrose including:

English ship Primrose (1651), a 22-gun fifth rate of the navy of the Commonwealth of England, launched in 1651 and wrecked in 1656

HMS Primrose (1807) was a Cruizer-class brig-sloop launched in 1807 and wrecked in 1809

HMS Primrose (1810) was the sole ship of her class; she was broken up in 1832

HMS Primrose (1915) was an Acacia-class sloop launched in 1915 and sold in 1923

HMS Primrose (K91) was a Flower-class corvette, launched in 1940 and sold in 1946

Fifth-rate
In the rating system of the Royal Navy used to categorise sailing warships, a fifth-rate was the second-smallest class of warships in a hierarchical system of six "ratings" based on size and firepower.
KXAN-TV
KXAN-TV (channel 36) is a television station in Austin, Texas, United States, affiliated with NBC. It is owned by Nexstar Media Group alongside Llano-licensed MyNetworkTV affiliate KBVO (channel 14); Nexstar also provides certain services to KNVA (channel 54), a de facto owned-and-operated station of The CW, under a local marketing agreement (LMA) with Vaughan Media. The three stations share studios on West Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard in the Old West Austin section, just west of the University of Texas at Austin campus and just north of downtown; the studios and offices consist of a setup which includes the main studio and newsroom, and an unconnected auxiliary office building across the street. KXAN-TV's transmitter is located at the West Austin Antenna Farm north of West Lake Hills.

Downtown Austin
Downtown Austin is the central business district of Austin, Texas, United States. The area of the district is bound by Lamar Boulevard to the west, Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard to the north, Interstate 35 to the east, and Lady Bird Lake to the south.

Downtown Austin is where most of the city's high-rise buildings are located, as well as being the center of government and business for the region. It is currently experiencing a building boom, with many condos and high-rise towers being built. The top three tallest condo buildings west of the Mississippi River are all located in downtown Austin: The Independent, The Austonian, and the 360 Condominiums.

Downtown Austin and Downtown San Antonio are approximately 80 miles (129 km) apart, and both fall along the Interstate 35 corridor. This combined metropolitan region of San Antonio–Austin has approximately 5 million people.
Cosimini Building
The Cosimini Building is a multi-purpose facility—bank, offices, apartments and shops—in Grosseto, Tuscany. It was designed by architect Ludovico Quaroni and completed in 1978. The complex occupies a triangular block bordered by Piazza Fratelli Rosselli, Viale Matteotti, Via Bonghi, and Via Rattazzi, in the suburb of Porta Nuova. Inside, the block features a covered gallery plaza and a courtyard that serves as a roof for the underground parking area.

The building's modernity, both in form and materials, and its bold shapes create a dynamic contrast with the surrounding buildings, such as Mazzoni's Post Office Building and the Government Palace.

Angiolo Mazzoni
Angiolo Mazzoni (21 May 1894 – 28 September 1979) was a state architect and engineer of the Italian Fascist government of the 1920s and 1930s.

Mazzoni designed hundreds of public buildings, post offices, and train stations during the Interwar period in Italy.
Vision Research (company)
Vision Research is an international company that manufactures high-speed digital cameras based in Wayne, New Jersey. Their cameras are marketed under the Phantom brand, and are used in a broad variety of industries including: defense, industrial product development, manufacturing, automotive, scientific research, and entertainment. Vision Research is a business unit of the Materials Analysis Division of Ametek Inc., a global manufacturer of electronic instruments and electromechanical devices.

Popular Science
Popular Science (also known as PopSci) is an American popular science website, covering science and technology topics geared toward general readers. Popular Science has won over 58 awards, including the American Society of Magazine Editors awards for its journalistic excellence in 2003 (for General Excellence), 2004 (for Best Magazine Section), and 2019 (for Single-Topic Issue). Its print magazine, which ran from 1872 to 2020, was translated into over 30 languages and distributed to at least 45 countries. In 2021, Popular Science switched to an all-digital format and abandoned the magazine format in 2023.
Plastic welding
Plastic welding is welding for semi-finished plastic materials, and is described in ISO 472 as a process of uniting softened surfaces of materials, generally with the aid of heat (except for solvent welding). Welding of thermoplastics is accomplished in three sequential stages, namely surface preparation, application of heat and pressure, and cooling. Numerous welding methods have been developed for the joining of semi-finished plastic materials. Based on the mechanism of heat generation at the welding interface, welding methods for thermoplastics can be classified as external and internal heating methods, as shown in Fig 1.

Production of a good quality weld does not only depend on the welding methods, but also weldability of base materials. Therefore, the evaluation of weldability is of higher importance than the welding operation (see rheological weldability) for plastics.

Weldability
The weldability, also known as joinability, of a material refers to its ability to be welded.  Many metals and thermoplastics can be welded, but some are easier to weld than others (see Rheological weldability). A material's weldability is used to determine the welding process and to compare the final weld quality to other materials.

Weldability is often hard to define quantitatively, so most standards define it qualitatively. For instance the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) defines weldability in ISO standard 581-1980 as: "Metallic material is considered to be susceptible to welding to an established extent with given processes and for given purposes when welding provides metal integrity by a corresponding technological process for welded parts to meet technical requirements as to their own qualities as well as to their influence on a structure they form." Other welding organizations define it similarly.
Adams Island (Antarctica)
Adams Island is a small rocky coastal antarctic island embedded in thick bay ice most of the year, lying at the western side of McDonald Bay, about 20.4 km (11 nmi) west of Mabus Point. Adams Island was named after Edgar Lucas Adams (1883 - 1928), the boatswain of the expedition ship, Aurora. The island was discovered by the Western Base Party of the Australian Antarctic Expedition, 1911–1914, under Douglas Mawson, and named by him for the boatswain of the expedition ship Aurora.

SY Aurora
SY Aurora was a 580-ton barque-rigged steam yacht built by Alexander Stephen and Sons Ltd. in Dundee, Scotland, in 1876, for the Dundee Seal and Whale Fishing Company. She was 165 feet (50 m) long with a 30-foot (9.1 m) beam. The hull was made of oak, sheathed with greenheart and lined with fir. The bow was a mass of solid wood reinforced with steel-plate armour. The heavy side frames were braced by two levels of horizontal oak beams. Its primary use was whaling in the northern seas, and it was built sturdily enough to withstand the heavy weather and ice that would be encountered there. That strength proved useful for Antarctic exploration as well and between 1911 and 1917 it made five trips to the continent, for both exploration and rescue missions.
Chimney Sweepers Act 1834
The Chimney Sweepers Act 1834 (4 & 5 Will. 4. c. 35) was a British act of Parliament passed to try to stop child labour. Many boys as young as six were being used as chimney sweeps.

This act stated that an apprentice must express himself in front of a magistrate that he was "willing and desirous".  Masters must not take on boys under the age of fourteen.  An apprentice could not be lent to another master.  The master could only have six apprentices.  Boys under fourteen who were already apprenticed were required to wear brass cap badges on a leather cap.  Apprentices were not allowed to climb flues to extinguish fires.  Street cries were regulated.

Street cries
Street cries are the short lyrical calls of merchants hawking their products and services in open-air markets. The custom of hawking led many vendors to create custom melodic phrases to attract attention. At a time when a large proportion of the population were illiterate, the cries of street vendors and town criers provided the public with important messages, whether those messages were commercial in nature or of more general public interest. Street cries were part of the aural fabric of street life from antiquity.

Street cries have been known since antiquity and possibly earlier. During the 18th and 19th century, as urban populations grew, the street cries of major urban centers became one of the distinctive features of city life. Street cries became popular subject matter for poets, musicians, artists and writers of the period. Many of these street cries were catalogued in large collections or incorporated into larger musical works, preserving them from oblivion.
Vladimir Ovsyannikov
Vladimir Anatolevich Ovsyannikov (Russian: Влади́мир Анато́льевич Овся́нников, also transliterated as Vladimir Anatolyevich Ovsannikov; born 22 November 1961 in Chkalovsk) is a member of the Russian State Duma. He is a member of the State Duma's Committees on Defense.  He is a member of the LDPR.

Chkalovsk, Russia
Chkalovsk (Russian: Чка́ловск) is a town in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia, located on the right bank of the Volga River, 95 kilometers (59 mi) northwest of Nizhny Novgorod, the administrative center of the oblast. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 12,368.

It was previously known as Vasilyeva Sloboda/Vasilyovo (until 1938). It was renamed after its most famous inhabitant, Valeri Chkalov, a test pilot awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union (1936).
Trophy Wife (American band)
Trophy Wife is an American punk and post-hardcore band based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Originally founded in Washington, D.C., in 2009, members include Diane Foglizzo on guitar and Katy Otto on drums, with both Foglizzo and Otto singing. They tour frequently, and many of their shows double as benefits for non-profit organizations. They have released three full albums: Patience Fury (2010), Sing What Scares You (2012), and All the Sides (2014).

WXPN
WXPN (88.5 FM) is a non-commercial, public radio station licensed to the Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, that airs an adult album alternative (AAA) radio format. WXPN produces World Cafe, a music program distributed by NPR to non-commercial stations in the United States. The station's call sign, which is often abbreviated to XPN, stands for "Experimental Pennsylvania Network". The station's transmitter is located at the antenna farm complex, in the Roxborough section of Philadelphia.
Jim Kelly Peak
Jim Kelly Peak, also called Jim Kelly Mountain and Mount Jim Kelly, is the unofficial name conferred by bivouac.com for a mountain in southwestern British Columbia, Canada, located 11 km (6.8 mi) south of Falls Lake and 20 km (12 mi) west of Tulameen. It lies in the Bedded Range of the northern Canadian Cascades.

The mountain is a lava dome composed of andesite only 1 km (0.62 mi) away from the eastern flank of Coquihalla Mountain, a larger but more rugged volcano. These two volcanoes form part of the deeply eroded Pemberton Volcanic Belt, which forms the oldest part of the Canadian Cascade Arc.

Andesite
Andesite (/ˈændəzaɪt/) is a volcanic rock of intermediate composition. In a general sense, it is the intermediate type between silica-poor basalt and silica-rich rhyolite. It is fine-grained (aphanitic) to porphyritic in texture, and is composed predominantly of sodium-rich plagioclase plus pyroxene or hornblende.

Andesite is the extrusive equivalent of plutonic diorite. Characteristic of subduction zones, andesite represents the dominant rock type in island arcs. The average composition of the continental crust is andesitic.  Along with basalts, andesites are a component of the Martian crust.

The name andesite is derived from the Andes mountain range, where this rock type is found in abundance. It was first applied by Christian Leopold von Buch in 1826.