hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Water SA
Water SA publishes refereed, original work in all branches of water science, technology and engineering. This includes water resources development; the hydrological cycle; surface hydrology; geohydrology and hydrometeorology; limnology; salinisation; treatment and management of municipal and industrial water and wastewater; treatment and disposal of sewage sludge; environmental pollution control; water quality and treatment; aquaculture in terms of its impact on the water resource; agricultural water science; etc.

Water quality
Water quality refers to the chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of water based on the standards of its usage. It is most frequently used by reference to a set of standards against which compliance, generally achieved through treatment of the water, can be assessed. The most common standards used to monitor and assess water quality convey the health of ecosystems, safety of human contact, extent of water pollution and condition of drinking water. Water quality has a significant impact on water supply and often determines supply options.
Charles D. Carter
Charles David Carter (August 16, 1868 – April 9, 1929) was an American politician who served in the United States House of Representatives from Oklahoma's 4th and 3rd congressional districts from 1907 to 1927. He was appointed by President William McKinley as Mining Trustee for Indian Territory, which he served as from 1900 to 1904.

Carter was active in the Chickasaw Nation and served as its auditor, on the Chickasaw Council, and as superintendent of Chickasaw Schools.

Oklahoma's 4th congressional district
Oklahoma's 4th congressional district is located in south-central Oklahoma and covers (in whole or in part) a total of 14 counties. Its principal cities include Midwest City, Norman, Moore, Ada, Duncan, Lawton/Ft. Sill, and Ardmore.  The district also includes much of southern Oklahoma City.

The district is currently represented by Republican Tom Cole.
Epsilon Columbae
Epsilon Columbae, Latinized from ε Columbae, is a star in the southern constellation of Columba. It is visible to the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of 3.87. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 12.46 mas, it is located approximately 262 light years distant from the Sun. The star is drifting closer with a radial velocity of −5 km/s.

This is an orange-hued K-type giant star with a stellar classification of K1 II/III. At the age of 1.5 billion years old, it has exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core then cooled and expanded off the main sequence. Epsilon Columbae has 2.5 times the mass and 25 times the radius of the Sun. The star radiates 251 times the solar luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,575 K. It has a peculiar velocity of 30.0±3.9 km/s, making it a candidate runaway star system. Based upon changes in the star's movement, it has an orbiting stellar companion of unknown type.

Stellar core
A stellar core is the extremely hot, dense region at the center of a star. For an ordinary main sequence star, the core region is the volume where the temperature and pressure conditions allow for energy production through thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium. This energy in turn counterbalances the mass of the star pressing inward; a process that self-maintains the conditions in thermal and hydrostatic equilibrium. The minimum temperature required for stellar hydrogen fusion exceeds 107 K (10 MK), while the density at the core of the Sun is over 100 g/cm3. The core is surrounded by the stellar envelope, which transports energy from the core to the stellar atmosphere where it is radiated away into space.
Black Rocks (Derbyshire)
Black Rocks (or Stonnis Rocks), is a small outcrop of ashover gritstone, between Cromford and Wirksworth in Derbyshire, the Peak District, England. It is an important crag in the history of British rock climbing, and has some of the most extreme climbing routes in Britain, including Gaia E8 6c.

Roaches Grit
Roaches Grit is a coarse sandstone which outcrops widely throughout the western part of the Peak District of northern England and gives rise to several significant landscape features in the area. Its counterpart in the eastern part of the National Park is the Ashover Grit.

The combined Roaches Grit and Ashover Grit are amongst the most widespread sandstone units within the Millstone Grit Group of the Peak District. Along with other similar sandstones, such as the immediately overlying Chatsworth Grit, it is assigned to the Marsdenian sub-stage of the Namurian stage within the Carboniferous period.

The two units which, prior to the doming and erosion of the central Peak District were once one, are interpreted as delta-top sandstones. The deposited material was brought down from a northerly source by braided rivers.
Delaware Extension
The Delaware Extension was a rail line owned and operated by the Pennsylvania Railroad in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

The line ran from Arsenal Interlocking in West Philadelphia southeast, south, east and north to the intersection of Delaware Avenue (now Columbus Boulevard) and Dock Street. It met the West Philadelphia Elevated at Arsenal, crossed the Schuylkill River on the Arsenal Bridge, intersected with the Washington Avenue Branch, Girard Point Branch, Swanson Street Branch (twice), and Washington Avenue Branch again in South Philadelphia, and became the Delaware Avenue Branch at Dock Street.

The line from Arsenal to Greenwich Yard on the Delaware River is now part of CSX Transportation's Harrisburg Subdivision. From Greenwich Yard north to Dock Street, the line is owned by the Philadelphia Belt Line Railroad and used by both CSX and the Norfolk Southern Railway under Conrail trackage rights.

West Philadelphia
West Philadelphia, nicknamed West Philly, is a section of the city of Philadelphia. It has no officially defined boundaries, but is generally considered to be west of the Schuylkill River between City Avenue in the northwest, Cobbs Creek in the southwest, and the SEPTA Media/Wawa Line in the south. An alternate definition includes all city land west of the Schuylkill, thus including Southwest Philadelphia and its neighborhoods.  The eastern side of West Philadelphia is also known as University City.
2019 Halle Open
The 2019 Halle Open (known for sponsorship reasons as the 2019 Noventi Open) was a tennis tournament played on outdoor grass courts. It was the 27th edition of the Halle Open and part of the ATP Tour 500 series of the 2019 ATP Tour. It took place at the Gerry Weber Stadion in Halle, Germany, between 17 June and 23 June 2019.

ATP 500 tournaments
The ATP 500 tournaments (previously known as the ATP World Tour 500 tournaments, ATP International Series Gold, and ATP Championship Series) are the fourth-highest tier of annual men's tennis tournaments, after the four Grand Slam tournaments, ATP Finals, and the ATP Masters 1000 events. The winners of each tournament are awarded 500 ranking points—which accounts for the name of the series.

As of 2025, the series includes 16 tournaments, which have draws of 32 for singles (except for the Washington Open: 48) and 16 for doubles. Leading players must enter at least four 500 events, including at least one after the US Open; if they play fewer than four, or fail to play in one after the US Open they get a "zero" score towards their world ranking for each one short.

Roger Federer has won the most ATP 500 singles titles (24), while Daniel Nestor has won the most doubles titles (20).
Piero Ruzzante
Piero Ruzzante (Padua, 11 June 1963) is an Italian politician from Veneto.

A long-time member of the Italian Communist Party (PCI), the Democratic Party of the Left (PDS) and the Democrats of the Left (DS), Ruzzante was municipal councillor in Padua from 1985 to 1998. He also served as provincial secretary of the Italian Communist Youth Federation (1984–1988) and of the PDS (1995–1998).

In 1996 and 2001 he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies. From 2006, when he did not stand for re-election, to 2010, Ruzzante worked as director-general of the parliamentary groups of The Olive Tree and the Democratic Party (PD).

In the 2010 regional election he returned to elective politics and was elected to the Regional Council of Veneto for the PD. He was re-elected in 2015.

Democratic Party of the Left
The Democratic Party of the Left (Italian: Partito Democratico della Sinistra, PDS) was a democratic-socialist and social-democratic political party in Italy. Founded in February 1991 as the post-communist evolution of the Italian Communist Party, the party was the largest in the Alliance of Progressives and The Olive Tree coalitions. In February 1998, the party merged with minor parties to form Democrats of the Left. At its peak in 1991, the party had a membership of 989,708; by 1998, it was reduced to 613,412.
Area 1B, Mzuzu
Area 1B  is a residential town in Luwinga, Mzuzu. It is located in the Northern Region of Malawi It’s known for its beautiful landscapes and serene environment, as well as the area is also home to several parks and recreational facilities. The town is home to Area 1B FC. In 2018, about 320 people in Area 1B lost their homes following heavy rains that the City experienced.

Northern Region, Malawi
The Northern Region is one of the three administrative regions of Malawi, located in the north of the country. It covers an area of approximately 26,200 square kilometres and had a population of 2,420,440 as per the 2018 census. Its regional capital is the city of Mzuzu, which is also the third largest city in Malawi. The common language (lingua franca) of the region is Chitumbuka language which is understood by everyone and every ethnic group in the region.

Historically, the first major ethnic group to strengthen its cultural and political presence in the Northern Region were the Tumbuka people, who established themselves primarily in present-day districts of Mzimba, Rumphi, Karonga, Chitipa and parts of Nkhata Bay.
Colony Brands
Colony Brands, Inc. (formerly, The Swiss Colony, Inc.) is a mail-order and electronic retail company known for its cheese, sausage, chocolate, fruitcakes, and other food products. The company also features extensive offerings in furniture, home decor, apparel, entertainment products, and electronics. It is one of the largest direct marketers in the United States.

Janesville, Wisconsin
Janesville is a city in and the county seat of Rock County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 65,615 at the 2020 census, and was estimated at 66,428 in 2024, making it the tenth-most populous city in Wisconsin. The Janesville–Beloit Metropolitan statistical area, consisting solely of Rock County, has an estimated 165,461 residents in the 2024 estimate. It is located along the Rock River in southern Wisconsin.
Jack Murdock (American football)
Jack Murdock (September 16, 1930 – September 16, 2007) was an American football coach. He served as the head football coach Westfield State University in Westfield, Massachusetts for four seasons, from 1986 to 1989, compiling a record of 19–18.

Murdock was an assistant football coach at American International College in Springfield, Massachusetts, Holyoke High School in Holyoke, Massachusetts, and Chicopee High School in Chicopee, Massachusetts. He was later the head football coach at Holyoke before moving on Shamokin High School in Shamokin, Pennsylvania, where he served as head football coach for three seasons, from 1983 to 1985.

Murdock was born on September 16, 1930, in Shamokin. He died on September 16, 2007, in Charlotte, Vermont.

Shamokin Area High School
Shamokin Area High School is a small, rural/suburban, public high school operated by Shamokin Area School District. It is the sole high school operated by the district. The building is labeled Shamokin Area Middle–High School.
Whitby and Pickering Railway
The Whitby and Pickering Railway (W&P) was built to halt the gradual decline of the port of Whitby on the east coast of England.  Its basic industries—whaling and shipbuilding—had been in decline and it was believed that opening transport links inland would help regenerate the town and port.

Until the turnpike to Pickering was opened in 1759, Whitby was better connected to the rest of the country by sea than by land; even then the difficult climb over the high moors was an obstacle.  Stagecoach services did not start until 1795 and mail coaches (three a week) until 1823.

The Whitby and Pickering Railway opened in stages in 1836 (being one of the earliest railways in Yorkshire) and was worked by horses until it was absorbed into the York and North Midland Railway in 1845 and was converted into a conventional double tracked steam-worked railway.

Turnpike trust
Turnpike trusts were bodies set up by individual acts of Parliament, with powers to collect road tolls for maintaining the principal roads in Britain from the 17th but especially during the 18th and 19th centuries. At the peak, in the 1830s, over 1,000 trusts  administered around 30,000 miles (48,000 km) of turnpike road in England and Wales, taking tolls at almost 8,000 toll-gates and side-bars.

During the early 19th century the concept of the turnpike trust was adopted and adapted to manage roads within the British Empire (Ireland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India, and South Africa) and in the United States.

Turnpikes declined with the coming of the railways and then the Local Government Act 1888 gave responsibility for maintaining main roads to county councils and county borough councils.
2018 China Open (table tennis)
The 2018 China Open was the fifth event of the 2018 ITTF World Tour. It was the third of six top-tier Platinum events on the tour, and took place from 31 May to 3 June in Shenzhen, China.

China's Ma Long became the most successful player in the event's history, winning his seventh China Open men's singles title.

Lin Gaoyuan and Chen Xingtong of China became the first ever winners of a mixed doubles tournament at an ITTF World Tour event, with the new category being included as part of the build-up to mixed doubles featuring on the table tennis programme at the 2020 Olympics.

Doo Hoi Kem
Doo Hoi Kem (Chinese: 杜凱琹; born 27 November 1996) is a Hong Kong table tennis player. She won two medals at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics and she was a member of Hong Kong women's team at the 2014 World Team Championships. In 2015, she won a bronze medal in mixed doubles event with Wong Chun Ting at the World Championships. In 2021, she also won bronze in the women's team event with Lee Ho Ching and Minnie Soo Wai Yam at the 2020 Summer Olympics.
The Essex Reporter
The Essex Reporter is a free monthly newspaper in Essex, Vermont. The paper also covers many other Vermont towns and cities such as, Jericho, Underhill and Winooski - with limited drops in Williston.

The Essex Reporter is a part of O'Rourke Media Group owned and published by Jim O'Rourke, who also owns the Sun in Colchester, Vermont and several other Vermont newspapers.

Winooski, Vermont
Winooski /wɪˈnuːski/ is a city in Chittenden County, Vermont, United States. Located on the Winooski River, as of the 2020 U.S. census the municipal population was 7,997. The city is the most densely populated municipality in northern New England, an area comprising the states of Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont. It is the smallest of Vermont's 10 cities by area, though the city of Vergennes has the smallest population. As part of the Burlington, Vermont metropolitan area, it is bordered by Burlington, Colchester, and South Burlington.
Camilla Lennarth
Camilla Lennarth (born 16 June 1988) is a Swedish professional golfer who has played on the Ladies European Tour and U.S.-based LPGA Tour. She won the 2014 Ladies Slovak Open and held the first round lead at the 2013 Women's British Open.

European Young Masters
The European Young Masters is a European amateur mixed team golf championship for boys and girls under 16 organised by the European Golf Association.

The inaugural event was held in 1995, and it has been played annually since, with the exception of 1996.

25 editions have been contested so far.
Christina Schmuck
Christina Schmuck (sometimes listed as Christa Schmuck; born 26 January 1944 in Salzberg) is a West German luger who competed during the late 1960s and early 1970s. At the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble, she originally finished fifth in the women's singles event, but was awarded the silver medal upon the disqualifications of the East German team of Ortrun Enderlein (who finished first), Anna-Maria Müller (second), and Angela Knösel (fourth) when the East Germans were discovered to have their runners being illegally heated.

Schmuck also won two medals in the women's singles event at the FIL World Luge Championships with a silver in 1970 and a bronze in 1969. Both championships took place in Königssee, West Germany.

She also won two medals the women's singles event at the FIL European Luge Championships with a gold in 1967 and a bronze in 1970.

FIL European Luge Championships 1970
The FIL European Luge Championships 1970 took place in Hammarstrand, Sweden. This event was dominated by the rise of the East German team, who won six of the nine available medals at this championship. It was the first time the championships were held after being cancelled in 1968 and 1969 which were also the last cancellation of the European championships.
Kearsney College
Kearsney College is a private boarding, English medium high school for boys in Botha's Hill, a small town between the provincial capital of Pietermaritzburg and Durban, in the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa.

Pietermaritzburg
Pietermaritzburg (/ˌpiːtərˈmærɪtsbɜːrɡ/; Zulu: uMgungundlovu) is the capital and second-largest city in the province of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa after Durban. It was named in 1838 and is currently governed by the Msunduzi Local Municipality.

The town was named in Zulu, after King Dingane's royal homestead uMgungundlovu. Pietermaritzburg is popularly called Maritzburg and is often informally abbreviated to PMB. It is a regionally important industrial hub, producing aluminium, timber and dairy products, and is the main economic hub of uMgungundlovu District Municipality. The public sector is a major employer in the city due to local, district and provincial government offices located here.

The city has many schools and tertiary education institutions, including a campus of the University of KwaZulu-Natal.
Some Remarks on Logical Form
"Some Remarks on Logical Form" (1929) was the only academic paper ever published by Ludwig Wittgenstein. It contained Wittgenstein's thinking on logic and the philosophy of mathematics immediately before the rupture that divided the early Wittgenstein of the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus from the later Wittgenstein represented in the Philosophical Investigations. The approach to logical form in the paper reflected Frank P. Ramsey's critique of Wittgenstein's account of color in the Tractatus, and has been analyzed by G. E. M. Anscombe and Jaakko Hintikka, among others. In a letter to the editor of Mind in 1933 Wittgenstein referred to it as "a short (and weak) article".

Frank P. Ramsey
Frank Plumpton Ramsey (/ˈræmzi/; 22 February 1903 – 19 January 1930) was a British philosopher, mathematician, and economist who made major contributions to all three fields before his death at the age of 26. He was a close friend of Ludwig Wittgenstein and, as an undergraduate, translated Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus into English. He was also influential in persuading Wittgenstein to return to philosophy and Cambridge. Like Wittgenstein, he was a member of the Cambridge Apostles, the secret intellectual society, from 1921.
Lavondyss
Lavondyss also titled Lavondyss: Journey to an Unknown Region is a   fantasy novel by British writer Robert Holdstock, the second book in his Mythago Wood series.  Lavondyss was originally published in 1988.  The name of the novel hints at the real and mythological locales of Avon, Lyonesse, Avalon and Dis; within the novel Lavondyss is the name of the remote, ice-age heart of Ryhope wood.

Despite having a new primary character, Lavondyss is a sequel to Mythago Wood because several characters provide links between the novels; the events in Mythago Wood set into motion events that drive the protagonists' actions in Lavondyss.

Lavondyss has  won, or been nominated for, several fantasy literature awards.

Genre fiction
In the book-trade, genre fiction, also known as formula fiction, or commercial fiction, encompasses fictional works written with the intent of fitting into a specific literary genre in order to appeal to readers and fans already familiar with that genre.  These labels commonly imply that this type of fiction places more value on plot and entertainment than on character development, philosophical themes, or artistic depth. This distinguishes genre fiction from literary fiction.

Popular genres include crime, fantasy, romance, science fiction and horror—as well as Western, inspirational and historical fiction.

Slipstream genre is sometimes thought to be in between genre and non-genre fiction.
Muscoidea
Muscoidea is a superfamily of flies in the subsection Calyptratae. Muscoidea, with approximately 7000 described species, is nearly 5% of the known species level diversity of the Diptera, the true flies. Most muscoid flies are saprophagous, coprophagous or necrophagous as larvae, but some species are parasitic, predatory, or phytophagous.
In September 2008, a study was done on the superfamily using both nucleic and mitochondrial DNA and the conclusion suggested that Muscoidea may actually be paraphyletic.

Saprophagy
Saprophages are organisms that obtain nutrients by consuming decomposing dead plant or animal biomass. They are distinguished from detritivores in that saprophages are sessile consumers while detritivores are mobile. Typical saprophagic animals include sedentary polychaetes such as amphitrites (worms of the family Terebellidae) and other terebellids.

The eating of wood, whether live or dead, is known as xylophagy. The activity of animals feeding only on dead wood is called sapro-xylophagy and those animals, sapro-xylophagous.
Raymond Walsh
Raymond Joseph Walsh (1862 – 10 February 1930) was an Australian politician.

He was born at Ellalong near Maitland, the son of Thomas Walsh and Ellen Brines. He received a primary education and was a compositor on the Maitland Mercury before moving to Tamworth around 1881. There he worked as a tailor, and around 1884 married Mary Elizabeth Buosell, with whom he had three children. In 1901 he was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly as the member for Tamworth; he ran as an independent, but always supported Premier John See and was soon considered a Progressive. In 1903 he was declared bankrupt and thus was no longer eligible to sit in parliament; he contested the by-election as an endorsed Progressive but was defeated by the Liberal candidate. Around 1905 he moved to Toowoomba in Queensland, where he worked as a tailor's cutter. Walsh died at Toowoomba in 1930.

Premier of New South Wales
The premier of New South Wales is the head of government in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The Government of New South Wales follows the Westminster Parliamentary System, with a Parliament of New South Wales acting as the legislature. The premier is appointed by the Governor of New South Wales, and by modern convention holds office by their ability to command the support of a majority of members of the lower house of Parliament, the Legislative Assembly.

Before Federation in 1901, the term "prime minister of New South Wales" was also used. "Premier" has been used more or less exclusively from 1901, to avoid confusion with the federal prime minister of Australia.

The current premier is Chris Minns, the leader of the New South Wales Labor Party, who assumed office on 28 March 2023. Minns defeated Dominic Perrottet at the election held on 25 March 2023, after twelve years of Liberal/National Coalition rule.