hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Cross-correlation matrix
The cross-correlation matrix of two random vectors is a matrix containing as elements the cross-correlations of all pairs of elements of the random vectors. The cross-correlation matrix is used in various digital signal processing algorithms.

Complex random vector
In probability theory and statistics, a complex random vector is typically a tuple of complex-valued random variables, and generally is a random variable taking values in a vector space over the field of complex numbers. If  are complex-valued random variables, then the n-tuple  is a complex random vector. Complex random variables can always be considered as pairs of real random vectors: their real and imaginary parts.

Some concepts of real random vectors have a straightforward generalization to complex random vectors. For example, the definition of the mean of a complex random vector. Other concepts are unique to complex random vectors.

Applications of complex random vectors are found in digital signal processing.
Cosmos Mindeleff
Cosmos Mindeleff (1863–1938) started his career as assistant to his brother Victor Mindeleff, who was employed by the Bureau of American Ethnology to conduct studies of Pueblo architecture in the 1880s. In 1882, James Stevenson and the Mindeleffs visited Canyon de Chelly and Canyon del Muerto. In later years, Victor and Cosmos Mindeleff continued their research in Canyon de Chelly and Cosmos published the first authoritative archeological map of White House Ruins in 1893.

James Stevenson (geologist)
Colonel James D. Stevenson (December 24, 1840 – July 25, 1888) was an executive officer of the U.S. Geological Survey and a self-taught ethnologist, anthropologist, geologist, and naturalist.  His geological surveys included Colorado, Idaho, Wyoming and Utah. He collected extensively among the Zuni and Hopi, and also documented the Ute and Arapaho people.
Motorola 68010
The Motorola MC68010 and Motorola MC68012 are 16/32-bit microprocessors from Motorola, released in 1982 as successors to the Motorola 68000. The 68010 and 68012 added virtualization features, optimized loops and fixed several small flaws to the 68000. The MC68010 variants were pin compatible with its predecessor while the MC68012 is an 84-pin PGA version with its directly accessible memory space extended to 2 GiB.

Pin compatibility
In electronics, pin-compatible devices are electronic components, generally integrated circuits or expansion cards, sharing a common footprint and with the same functions assigned or usable on the same pins. Pin compatibility is a property desired by systems integrators as it allows a product to be updated without redesigning printed circuit boards, which can reduce costs and decrease time to market.

Although devices which are pin-compatible share a common footprint, they are not necessarily electrically or thermally compatible. As a result, manufacturers often specify devices as being either pin-to-pin or drop-in compatible. Pin-compatible devices are generally produced to allow upgrading within a single product line, to allow end-of-life devices to be replaced with newer equivalents, or to compete with the equivalent products of other manufacturers.
History of books in Brazil
The history of the book in Brazil focuses on the development of the access to publishing resources and acquisition of the book in the country, covering a period extending from the beginning of the editorial activity during colonization to today's publishing market, including the history of publishing and bookstores that allowed the modern accessibility to the book.

Coelho Neto
Henrique Maximiano Coelho Neto (February 20, 1864 – November 28, 1934) was a Brazilian writer and politician. He founded and occupied the second chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters, from 1897 until his death in 1934. He was also the president of the aforementioned Academy in 1926.
2011 Morocco Tennis Tour – Marrakech
The 2011 Morocco Tennis Tour – Marrakech was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the fifth edition of the tournament which is part of the 2011 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Marrakesh, Morocco between 21 and 27 March 2011.

2011 ATP Challenger Tour
The ATP Challenger Tour was the secondary professional tennis circuit organized by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). The 2011 ATP Challenger Tour calendar comprised 15 top tier Tretorn SERIE+ tournaments, and approximately 150 regular series tournaments, with prize money ranging from $35,000 up to $150,000.
Tête Blanche
Tête Blanche (French pronunciation: [tɛt blɑ̃ʃ], lit. 'White Head') is a mountain of the Pennine Alps on the Swiss-Italian border. Its summit (3,710 metres) is the tripoint between the valleys of Hérens, Mattertal (both in Valais) and Valpelline (in the Aosta Valley), thus forming the linguistic tri-point between  French (Val d'Hérens and Aosta Valley), German (Mattertal), and Italian (bilingual Aosta Valley) -speaking areas.

Tête Blanche is generally the high point of the Haute route between Chamonix and Zermatt and the annually race Patrouille des Glaciers. Tête Blanche lies within a few kilometres of the Matterhorn and Dent d'Hérens on the east.

Valpelline (valley)
Valpelline is one of the side valleys of the Aosta Valley in north-western Italy. It shares its name with one of the communes within its territory (Valpelline).

The stream running through the Valpelline is the Buthier.
Siplizumab
Siplizumab (MEDI-507) is an investigational monoclonal antibody with a human IgG1, kappa directed to CD2. The agent has shown potent immunomodulatory effects, selectively suppressing the function of T and NK cells, and has been tested as a possible treatment for psoriasis and in the prevention of graft-versus-host disease.

CD2
CD2 (cluster of differentiation 2) is a cell adhesion molecule found on the surface of T cells and natural killer (NK) cells.  
It has also been called T-cell surface antigen T11/Leu-5, LFA-2, LFA-3 receptor, erythrocyte receptor and rosette receptor.
Denise Garrido
Denise Garrido (born December 8, 1986) is a Canadian model and beauty pageant titleholder. Garrido was the first Canadian to win two National Grand Slam Pageants, Miss Earth Canada 2008 and Miss World Canada 2010, and she appeared to be the first to win all three National Grand Slam Pageants when she was wrongly crowned as Miss Universe Canada 2013. However, it was discovered the following day that there had been a human error when entering the final scores. This error changed the final order of the Top 5. By the judges' score cards, Garrido had placed 3rd runner-up. Only 24 hours after being crowned, Garrido handed over her crown and sash to Riza Santos, the rightful Miss Universe Canada 2013. She went on to win Miss Galaxy Canada in 2020 and held the title for two years  2021. Currently, she is Miss Galaxy Canada Northern Canada 2023.

Miss Earth Canada
Miss Earth Canada is a beauty pageant held annually in search of the most beautiful and environmental-friendly woman in Canada. It is the official preliminary to the Miss Earth pageant. The winners are chosen based on physical attributes and skills in speaking in public on environmental matters.
Woody Woodpecker's Nuthouse Coaster
Woody Woodpecker’s Nuthouse Coaster was a junior roller coaster located at Universal Studios Florida. It was the park's first roller coaster and the first roller coaster constructed at Universal Orlando Resort. The coaster originally opened in 1999, It was originally located between the outside queue area for E.T. Adventure and the original location of Hard Rock Cafe. The attraction was closed on January 15, 2023, and was rethemed into Trolls' Trollercoaster (inspired by DreamWorks's Trolls), which opened on June 14, 2024. A design for the ride was also included in the original plans for the construction of Universal Studios Dubailand before the proposed park was scrapped.

Hard Rock Cafe
Hard Rock Cafe, Inc. is a chain of theme bar-restaurants, memorabilia shops, casinos, hotels and museums founded in 1971 by Isaac Tigrett and Peter Morton in London. In 1979, the cafe began covering its walls with rock and roll memorabilia, a tradition which expanded to others in the chain. In 2007, Hard Rock Cafe International (USA), Inc. was sold to the Seminole Tribe of Florida and was headquartered in Orlando, Florida, until April 2018, when the corporate offices were relocated to Davie, Florida.  The Hard Rock Cafe chain continues to be owned by Hard Rock International.
Kallikantzaros
The kallikantzaros  (Greek: καλικάντζαρος, romanized: kalikántzaros) is a malevolent creature in modern Greek folklore.

Kallikantzaroi are believed to dwell underground spending most of the time trying to saw down the giant tree that supports the earth, but come to the surface during the twelve days of Christmas, from 25 December to 6 January (to Theophany/Epiphany).

Its equivalents occur in Bulgarian (karakondžul, караконджул), Serbian (karakondžula, караконџула)), Bosnian, Albanian (karkanxholl), Cypriot, and Turkish folklore (karakoncolos).

Albanian folklore
Albanian folklore is the folk tradition of the Albanian people. Albanian traditions have been orally transmitted – through memory systems that have survived intact into modern times – down the generations and are still very much alive in the mountainous regions of Albania, Kosovo and western North Macedonia, as well as among the Arbëreshë in Italy and the Arvanites in Greece, and the Arbanasi in Croatia.

The most important artistic festival of Albanian folklore – the Gjirokastër National Folk Festival – takes place every five years at Gjirokastër Castle in Gjirokastër, southern Albania.
Languages of Denmark
Denmark has no official language as neither the Constitution or other laws designate Danish as such. There are, moreover, no official minority languages in the country. However, Danish is considered the language of Denmark and it holds equal status with Faroese in the Faroe Islands. In Greenland, only Greenlandic is recognized as the official language, but public services are also required to be available in Danish. Denmark has furthermore ratified the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages and recognizes the German language as a minority language in Southern Jutland for its German minority.

Danish is the first language of 92% of the population, while Arabic, Dutch, English, German are each spoken as a first language by 1% of the population. English is spoken by 87% of the population overall, and German by 49%. Additionally, 14% of the population can converse in Swedish, and 11% in French.

Ludvig Holberg
Ludvig Holberg, Baron of Holberg (3 December 1684 – 28 January 1754) was a writer, essayist, philosopher, historian and playwright born in Bergen, Norway, during the time of the Dano–Norwegian dual monarchy. He was influenced by Humanism, the Enlightenment and the Baroque. Holberg is considered the founder of modern Danish and Norwegian literature. He was also a prominent Neo-Latin author, known across Europe for his writing. He is best known for the comedies he wrote in 1722–1723 for the Lille Grønnegade Theatre in Copenhagen. Holberg's works about natural and common law were widely read by many Danish law students over two hundred years, from 1736 to 1936.
Leon Garrick
Leon Vivian Garrick (born 11 November 1976) is a West Indian cricketer who played one Test and three One Day Internationals in 2001.

Garrick was born in Saint Ann, Jamaica, and played for the Jamaican youth side before making his first-class debut in 1997, where he made successive centuries. Garrick learned his craft under the guidance of Derrick Azan at the Garvey Maceo High School in Jamaica, an institution renowned for its excellence in School boy cricket in Jamaica, having produced Laurie Williams, Keith Hibbert and Audley Sanson.

Garrick has played for Middlesex and Kaiser Sports Club in the Jamaica County Competition. A good batsman who was comfortable playing any type of bowling, Garrick also kept wicket at times throughout his career.

Garrick has the record for the largest opening partnership for Jamaica; an unbeaten 425 with Chris Gayle.

Saint Ann Parish
Saint Ann (Jamaican Patois: Sint An) is the largest parish in Jamaica. It is situated on the north coast of the island, in the county of Middlesex, roughly halfway between the eastern and western ends of the island. It is often called "the Garden Parish of Jamaica" on account of its natural floral beauty. Its capital is Saint Ann's Bay. Saint Ann comprises New Seville, the first Spanish settlement in Jamaica.

Saint Ann is the birthplace of reggae singers Floyd Lloyd, Burning Spear, Busy Signal, Bryan Art, Romain Virgo, Rashawn Dally, Chezidek, Shabba Ranks, Justin Hinds, Perfect, and Bob Marley. Marcus Mosiah Garvey, one of the seven recipients of Jamaica's Order of National Hero, was also born there.
Jabłonkowanie
Jabłonkowanie (Polish: [jabwɔŋkɔˈvaɲɛ]) or siakanie (Polish: [ɕaˈkaɲɛ]) is a regional phonological feature of the Polish language. It consists of the merger of the series of retroflex sibilants /ʂ/, /t͡ʂ/, /ʐ/, /d͡ʐ/ ⟨sz, cz, ż, dż⟩ and palatal sibilants /ɕ/, /t͡ɕ/, /ʑ/, /d͡ʑ/ ⟨ś, ć, ź, dź⟩ into a phonetically-intermediate series [ʃʲ], [t͡ʃʲ], [ʒʲ], [d͡ʒʲ] (sometimes written ⟨śz, ćz, źż, dźż⟩).

It is named after the Jabłonków subdialect of Polish (named after the town of Jabłonków in Cieszyn Silesia). It occurs in a number of other Polish subdialects.

The feature is linked to the process of dispalatalization (reducing of the number of palatalized consonants) similar to the phenomena of mazurzenie and kaszubienie in other dialects.

Phonological change
In historical linguistics, phonological change is any sound change that alters the distribution of phonemes in a language. In other words, a language develops a new system of oppositions among its phonemes. Old contrasts may disappear, new ones may emerge, or they may simply be rearranged. Sound change may be an impetus for changes in the phonological structures of a language (and likewise, phonological change may sway the process of sound change). One process of phonological change is rephonemicization, in which the distribution of phonemes changes by either addition of new phonemes or a reorganization of existing phonemes. Mergers and splits are types of rephonemicization and are discussed further below.
Chernaya Balka
Chernaya Balka is a Russian botanical park. It is one of the Protected areas of Russia. It is a zakaznik and was created on September 22, 1977. The main population centers are Bogatov, Belaya Kalitva, village Kakichev. The monument has value for soil-protection, water security and erosion control. It plays environmental, scientific, recreational and educational roles.

Belaya Kalitva
Belaya Kalitva (Russian: Бе́лая Калитва́, Ukrainian: Біла Калитва, romanized: Bila Kalytva) is a town and the administrative center of Belokalitvinsky District in Rostov Oblast, Russia. Population:  43,651 (2010 Census); 47,347 (2002 Census); 47,803 (1989 Soviet census).
Podgore Saddle
Podgore Saddle (Bulgarian: седловина Подгоре, ‘Sedlovina Podgore’ \se-dlo-vi-'na pod-'go-re\) is the ice-covered flat saddle of elevation 2497 m linking Tyree Ridge to Bearskin Ridge on the east side of Sentinel Range in Ellsworth Mountains, Antarctica.  It is part of the glacial divide between Patton Glacier and Crosswell Glacier.

The feature is named after the settlement of Podgore in northwestern Bulgaria.

Crosswell Glacier
Crosswell Glacier (78°17′S 85°24′W﻿ / ﻿78.283°S 85.400°W﻿ / -78.283; -85.400) is a glacier 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi) long, flowing north-northeast from Mount Shinn between Sullivan Heights and Bearskin Ridge, in the central part of the Sentinel Range, Ellsworth Mountains, Antarctica. Together with Patton and Pulpudeva Glaciers, it enters Ellen Glacier northwest of Mamarchev Peak and southeast of Mount Jumper.

The glacier was first mapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys and from U.S. Navy air photos, 1957–59, and named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for United States Air Force Colonel Horace A. Crosswell, leader of C-124 Globemaster air drops in establishing the scientific station at the South Pole in the 1956–57 season.
2019 Cook Islands dengue fever outbreak
The Cook Islands Dengue Fever Outbreak refers to the Dengue fever outbreak in the Cook Islands beginning sometime in January 2019, declared an outbreak after seven cases were detected with varying stages. The Ministry of Health stated one case was allegedly from French Polynesia. This was relatively new, as the last dengue fever outbreak was in 2009; this specific serotype of DENV-1 in 2007.

Initial cases were restricted to Rarotonga and Aitutaki, but in August 2020 a case was reported on Pukapuka. The Pukapuka outbreak was brought under control in October 2020 after a mosquito eradication campaign, and the entire outbreak was declared over in early November 2020. There were a total of 380 probable or confirmed cases (6 in Aitutaki, 5 in Pukapuka, and the rest on Rarotonga), 77 hospitalisations, and no deaths.

Pukapuka
Pukapuka, formerly Danger Island, is a coral atoll in the northern group of the Cook Islands in the Pacific Ocean. It is one of the most remote islands of the Cook Islands, situated about 1,140 kilometres (708 miles) northwest of Rarotonga. On this small island, an ancient culture and distinct language have been maintained over many centuries. The population of Pukapuka is around 400  people.
Staff Weather Officer
Staff Weather Officers (SWOs) are United States Air Force personnel tasked with providing tactical and operational meteorological support for conventional Army forces.

The title is held by both officer and enlisted personnel while tasked with this duty. Previous and alternate names for Army weather support Airmen are: Battlefield Weather, Combat Weather, and Army Support Weather. Airmen at all levels are trained to integrate with planners and mission generators at all levels of Army command.  Specifically, SWOs are typically aligned to Army echelons at and above the brigade level.  The scope of support ranges from infusing environmental intelligence into all warfighting functions to providing mission execution and planning weather.  SWOs are not to be confused with the now-defunct Air Force career field known as Special Operations Weather Team (SOWT).

Keesler Air Force Base
Keesler Air Force Base (IATA: BIX, ICAO: KBIX, FAA LID: BIX) is a United States Air Force base located in Biloxi, a city along the Gulf Coast in Harrison County, Mississippi, United States. The base is named in honor of aviator 2d Lt Samuel Reeves Keesler Jr., a Mississippi native killed in France during the First World War. The base is home of Headquarters, Second Air Force (2 AF) and the 81st Training Wing (81 TW) of the Air Education and Training Command (AETC).

The base has specialized in ground trade training since its opening in 1941 during World War II. It has had high-quality technical schools and absorbed units moved from other bases under the Base Realignment and Closure Act (BRAC).
Civitas
In Ancient Rome, a civitas (Latin pronunciation: [ˈkiːwɪtaːs]; plural civitates), sometimes translated as "city", was the social body of the cives, or citizens, united by their laws, which gave them responsibilities (Latin: munera) on the one hand, and rights on the other. The agreement (concilium) has a life of its own, creating a res publica or "public entity" (synonymous with civitas), into which individuals are born or accepted, and from which they die or are ejected. The civitas is not just the collective body of all the citizens; it is the contract binding them all together, because each of them is a civis.

Munera (ancient Rome)
In ancient Rome, munera (Latin plural; singular munus) were public works and entertainments provided for the benefit of the Roman people by individuals of high status and wealth. Munera means "duty, obligation" (cf. English "munificence"), expressing the individual's responsibility to provide a service or contribution to his community. The word was often a synonym for gladiatorial combat, which was originally sponsored as a funeral tribute at the tomb of a deceased Roman magnate by his heir. Munera depended on the private largesse of individuals, in contrast to ludi, which were games, athletic contests or spectacles sponsored by the state.
Quorn, Leicestershire
Quorn (/kwɔːrn/) is a village and civil parish in Leicestershire, England, near the university town of Loughborough. Its name was shortened from Quorndon in 1889, to avoid postal difficulties owing to its similarity to the name of another village, Quarndon, in neighbouring Derbyshire.

Hugo Meynell
Hugo Meynell (June 1735 – 14 December 1808) was an English country landowner and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1762 and 1780. He is generally seen as the father of modern fox hunting, became Master of Fox Hounds for the Quorn Hunt in Leicestershire in 1753 and continued in that role for another forty-seven years (the hunt is so called after Meynell's home, Quorn Hall in Quorndon, North Leicestershire).
Arch of Campanus
The Arch of Campanus is an ancient Roman funerary monument located in the commune of Aix-les-Bains, Savoie, Rhône-Alpes, France. Erected in the 1st century AD, it has been classified as a French monument historique since 7 August 1890.

Thermae
In ancient Rome, thermae (from Greek θερμός thermos, "hot") and balneae (from Greek βαλανεῖον balaneion) were facilities for bathing. Thermae usually refers to the large imperial bath complexes, while balneae were smaller-scale facilities, public or private, that existed in great numbers throughout Rome.

Most Roman cities had at least one – if not many – such buildings, which were centers not only for bathing, but socializing and reading as well. Bathhouses were also provided for wealthy private villas, town houses, and forts. They were supplied with water from an adjacent river or stream, or within cities by aqueduct. The water would be heated by fire then channelled into the caldarium (hot bathing room). The design of baths is discussed by Vitruvius in De architectura (V.10).
Stadion Hadzhi Dimitar
Stadion Hadzhi Dimitar (Bulgarian: Стадион „Хаджи Димитър“, English: 'Hadzhi Dimitar Stadium') is a multi-purpose stadium in Sliven, Bulgaria. It is currently used for football matches and is the home ground of OFC Sliven 2000. The stadium holds 10,000 people.

The stadium is a part of a big multifunctional sport complex, which includes a swimming pool, tennis courts, 2 training pitches and a 4-star hotel.

The athletic track of the stadium meets all of the IAAF requirements to host international competitions.

The stadium complex also has the only training pitch with FieldTurf flooring in Bulgaria.

In 2008, due to the promotion of OFC Sliven 2000 in the A PFG, plastic seats were installed in the stands of the stadium.

In 2009, the mayor of Sliven, Yordan Letchkov, announced that he plans also to install electric lighting to the stadium, right before the start of the new football campaign.

Yordan Letchkov
Yordan Letchkov Yankov (also transliterated Jordan, Iordan, Lechkov) (Bulgarian: Йордан Лечков Янков; born 9 July 1967) is a Bulgarian former professional footballer. He is generally regarded as one of the best players to come out of Bulgaria and was a key member of the squad which reached the semi-finals of the 1994 FIFA World Cup. Known to many as "The Magician", Letchkov was a gifted player who could play as a central midfielder or on the left side of midfield, and he was easily recognizable for his baldness. He was best known for his dribbling ability. However, his career was often adversely affected by his moody nature and the numerous arguments and fallings-out he had with fellow players and managers. He was the mayor of his home town for eight years, but was removed from duty due to corruption.