hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2021 US Open – Men's singles qualifying
The 2021 US Open – Men's Singles Qualifying was a series of tennis matches from 24 August 2021 to 27 August 2021 where 128 players compete to determine the 16 qualifiers into the main draw of the 2021 US Open men's singles tournament, and, if necessary, the lucky losers. Due to pandemic-related restrictions, the qualifying matches were not open to the public.

Lucky loser
A lucky loser is a sports competitor (player or team) who loses a match in a knockout tournament or loses in qualifying, but who then enters the main draw. This can occur when another competitor withdraws during the tournament because of illness, injury, or other reasons, in which case the lucky loser re-enters the competition in place of the withdrawn competitor, or due to the structure of the tournament.

In the event of a lucky loser's re-entry to a competition, it usually occurs before all competitors in the main draw have started their first match in the tournament.
Hanna Plotitsyna
Hanna Oleksandrivna Plotitsyna (Ukrainian: Ганна Олександрівна Плотіцина; born 1 January 1987 in Sumy) is a Ukrainian athlete specialising in the sprint hurdles. She represented her country at the 2013 World Championships and 2014 World Indoor Championships without qualifying to the semifinals.

She has personal bests of 12.89 seconds in the 100 metres hurdles (+0.9 m/s; Kropyvnytskiy 2017) and 7.92 seconds indoors (Beograd 2017).

100 metres hurdles
The 100 metres hurdles, or 100-meter hurdles, is a track and field event run mainly by women (the male counterpart is the 110 metres hurdles). For the race, ten hurdles of a height of 83.8 centimetres (33 in) are placed along a straight course of 100 metres (109.36 yd). The first hurdle is placed after a run-up of 13 metres from the starting line. The next 9 hurdles are set at a distance of 8.5 metres from each other, and the home stretch from the last hurdle to the finish line is 10.5 metres long. The hurdles are set up so that they will fall over if bumped into by the runner, but weighted so this is disadvantageous. Fallen hurdles do not count against runners provided that they do not run into them on purpose. Like the 100 metres sprint, the 100 m hurdles begins with athletes in starting blocks.

The fastest 100 m hurdlers run the distance in well under 13 seconds. The world record set by Tobi Amusan stands at 12.12 seconds.
Ukrainians in Poland
Ukrainians in Poland (Ukrainian: Українці Польщі, romanized: Ukraintsi Polshchi; Polish: Ukraińcy w Polsce) have various legal statuses: ethnic minority, temporary and permanent residents, and refugees. According to the Polish census of 2011, the Ukrainian minority in Poland was composed of approximately 51,000 people (including 11,451 without Polish citizenship). Some 38,000 respondents named Ukrainian as their first identity (28,000 as their sole identity), 13,000 as their second identity, and 21,000 declared Ukrainian identity jointly with Polish nationality. However, these numbers have changed since the mid-2010s, with a large influx of economic immigrants and students from Ukraine to Poland, with official estimates of pre-invasion population at 307,000. The number of Ukrainians in Poland changed dramatically following the Russian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022, rising to 1,55 million in 2025.

Temporary resident
A temporary resident is a foreign national granted the right to stay in a country for a certain length of time (e.g. with a visa or residency permit), without full citizenship. This may be for study, business, or other reasons.

Various countries have their own rules or policies relating to temporary residency:-

North America
Temporary residency in the United States
Temporary residency in Canada

South America
Temporary Residency in Brazil

Asia:
Temporary residency in China

European Union:
German residence permit
Temporary residency in the Czech Republic
Temporary residency in Poland
Temporary residency in Estonia
Temporary residency in Lithuania
Portugal Golden Visa

Other
Temporary residency in Australia
Temporary residency in South Africa
Satsueisho-mae Station
Satsueisho-mae Station (撮影所前駅, Satsueisho-mae-eki) is a tram stop in Ukyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan. The station is serviced by the Randen Kitano Line that begins at Katabiranotsuji and continues to Kitano-Hakubaichō.

Tram stop
A tram stop, tram station, streetcar stop, or light rail station is a place designated for a tram, streetcar, or light rail vehicle to stop so passengers can board or alight it. Generally, tram stops share most characteristics of bus stops, but because trams operate on rails, they often include railway platforms, especially if stepless entries are provided for accessibility. However, trams may also be used with bus stop type flags and with mid-street pavements as platforms, in street running mode.
Chytridiales
Fungi of the order Chytridiales, like other members of its division, may either have a monocentric thallus or a polycentric rhizomycelium. When the ribosomal genes of members classified in this order were first examined using molecular techniques, it was discovered that the order contained some species that were not related. With the culture and characterization of  Chytridium olla, the type species of this order, the limits of the Chytridiales were established. The Chytridiales is now monophyletic and species such as Polychytrium aggregatum, Chytriomyces angularis and Cladochytrium replicatum  have been transferred to other orders.

Ribosomal DNA
The ribosomal DNA (rDNA) consists of a group of ribosomal RNA encoding genes and related regulatory elements, and is widespread in similar configuration in all domains of life. The ribosomal DNA encodes the non-coding ribosomal RNA, integral structural elements in the assembly of ribosomes, its importance making it the most abundant section of RNA found in cells of eukaryotes. Additionally, these segments include regulatory sections, such as a promoter specific to the RNA polymerase I, as well as both transcribed and non-transcribed spacer segments.

Due to their high importance in the assembly of ribosomes for protein biosynthesis, the rDNA genes are usually highly conserved in molecular evolution. The number of copies can vary considerably per species. Ribosomal DNA is widely used for phylogenetic studies.
Vittert
Vittert is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Leland Vittert (born 1982), American journalist and news presenter

Liberty Vittert, American statistician, political commentator, and television host

Leland Vittert
Leland Holt Vittert (born August 31, 1982) is an American journalist who is the anchor and national correspondent for NewsNation. He worked for Fox News from 2010 to 2021, initially as a foreign correspondent based in Jerusalem and later as a news presenter. He was a substitute host on Fox & Friends, America's Newsroom, and Happening Now.
Crater
A crater is a landform consisting of a hole or depression on a planetary surface, usually caused either by an object hitting the surface, or by geological activity on the planet. A crater has classically been described as: "a bowl-shaped pit that is formed by a volcano, an explosion, or a meteorite impact". On Earth, craters are "generally the result of volcanic eruptions", while "meteorite impact craters are common on the Moon, but are rare on Earth".

A 1961 New Scientist article speculating on the later-dismissed theory that the craters on the Moon might be volcanic in origin noted that "craters produced by volcanism are blessed with advantages of terrain and mineralization not found on impact craters". A crater may become a crater lake if conditions are suitable. This requires that the crater have relatively even and solid walls, and a source of water such as floodwaters, rain, snow, springs, or other groundwater.

Hole
A hole is an opening in or through a particular medium, usually a solid body. Holes occur through natural and artificial processes, and may be useful for various purposes, or may represent a problem needing to be addressed in many fields of engineering. Depending on the material and the placement, a hole may be an indentation in a surface (such as a hole in the ground), or may pass completely through that surface (such as a hole created by a hole puncher in a piece of paper).
Sulfur oxygenase/reductase
In enzymology, a sulfur oxygenase/reductase (EC 1.13.11.55) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

4 sulfur + 4 H2O + O2  2 hydrogen sulfide + 2 bisulfite + 2 H+

The three substrates of this enzyme are sulfur, H2O, and O2, whereas its three products are hydrogen sulfide, bisulfite, and H+.

This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on single donors with O2 as the oxidant and incorporating two atoms of oxygen into the substrate (oxygenases). The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is sulfur:oxygen oxidoreductase (hydrogen-sulfide- and sulfite-forming). Other names in common use include SOR, sulfur oxygenase, and sulfur oxygenase reductase.

Bisulfite
The bisulfite ion (IUPAC-recommended nomenclature: hydrogensulfite) is the ion HSO−3.  Salts containing the HSO−3 ion are also known as "sulfite lyes". Sodium bisulfite is used interchangeably with sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O5). Sodium metabisulfite dissolves in water to give a solution of Na+HSO−3.

Na2S2O5  +  H2O  →  2 Na[HSO3]
Ilocano grammar
Ilocano grammar is the study of the morphological and syntactic structures of the Ilocano language, a language spoken in the northern Philippines by ethnic Ilocanos and Ilocano communities in other parts of the Philippines, especially in Mindanao and overseas such as the United States, Canada, Australia, the Middle East and other parts of the world.

Ilocano is an agglutinative language. This agglutinating characteristic is most apparent in its verbal morphology, which has a Philippine-type voice system.

Grammatical number
In linguistics, grammatical number is a feature of nouns, pronouns, adjectives and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions (such as "one", "two" or "three or more"). English and many other languages present number categories of singular or plural. Some languages also have a dual, trial and paucal number or other arrangements.

The word "number" is also used in linguistics to describe the distinction between certain grammatical aspects that indicate the number of times an event occurs, such as the semelfactive aspect, the iterative aspect, etc. For that use of the term, see "Grammatical aspect".
United States Army Aviation and Missile Center
The U.S. Army DEVCOM Aviation and Missile Center (AvMC), (formerly known as the Aviation and Missile Research, Development and Engineering Center (AMRDEC)) is a mainly a civilian organization that provides research, development, and engineering services for the Army's aviation and missile platforms. DEVCOM AvMC is headquartered at Redstone Arsenal in Madison County, Alabama.

DEVCOM AvMC is part of the U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command (DEVCOM), which is under the U.S. Army Futures and Concepts Command (FCC), itself under the U.S. Army Transformation and Training Command (T2COM).

United States Army Futures and Concepts Command
The United States Army Futures and Concepts Command (FCC) is located on Fort Eustis, Virginia, as a subordinate unit of the U.S. Army Transformation and Training Command (T2COM). FCC is tasked with testing management and requirements establishing for the Army's materiel, systems, training, and doctrine.
Macromonas bipunctata
Macromonas bipunctata  is a Gram-negative, colorless, and heterotrophic sulfur bacterium of the genus Macromonas. It is commonly found in sewage aeration tanks and caves where moonmilk has formed. In the 1920s, researcher Gicklhorn first discovered this organism under the name Pseudomonas bipunctata.  After further study and culturing  by Utermöhl and Koppe, in 1923, it was later renamed Macromonas bipunctata. This organism is thought to be non-pathogenic species. In fact, the moonmilk produced was referenced as a remedy for infections in the Middle Ages.

Oxalate
Oxalate (systematic IUPAC name: ethanedioate) is an anion with the chemical formula C2O2−4. This dianion is colorless. It occurs naturally, including in some foods. It forms a variety of salts, for example sodium oxalate (Na2C2O4), and several esters such as dimethyl oxalate ((CH3)2C2O4). It is a conjugate base of oxalic acid. At neutral pH in aqueous solution, oxalic acid converts completely to oxalate.
Lissewege
Lissewege (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈlɪsəˌʋeːɣə]) is a sub-municipality of the city of Bruges located in the province of West Flanders, Flemish Region, Belgium. It was a separate municipality until 1971. On 1 January 1971, it was merged into Bruges. Lissewege also includes Zeebrugge and Zwankendamme.

Deelgemeente
A deelgemeente (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈdeːlɣəˌmeːntə] ⓘ, literally sub-municipality), or section (French pronunciation: [sɛksjɔ̃] ⓘ), is a subdivision of a municipality in Belgium and, until March 2014, in the Netherlands as well.
2016 Hungarian Grand Prix
The 2016 Hungarian Grand Prix (formally known as the Formula 1 Magyar Nagydíj 2016) was a Formula One motor race that was held on 24 July 2016 at the Hungaroring in Mogyoród, Hungary. It was the eleventh round of the 2016 FIA Formula One World Championship and the 32nd running of the Hungarian Grand Prix, and 31st time it had been held as a round of the World Championship.

Mercedes driver Nico Rosberg entered the round with a one-point lead over teammate Lewis Hamilton in the Drivers' Championship while Mercedes led in the Constructors' Championship ahead of Ferrari. The race was won by Hamilton, with Rosberg and Daniel Ricciardo completing the podium, meaning Hamilton took over the lead in the Drivers' Championship after the race.

Rio Haryanto
Rio Haryanto (born 22 January 1993) is an Indonesian businessman and former racing driver who competed in 12 Formula One Grands Prix for Manor Racing in 2016. As of 2025, he is the only Formula One competitor to come from Indonesia as well as the competition's first Muslim driver.

Born and raised in Surakarta, Haryanto began his career in karting, winning multiple continental championships before progressing to junior formulae in 2008. He won his first title at the Formula BMW Pacific Championship in 2009 with Meritus.
Katya Rodríguez-Vázquez
Katya Rodríguez-Vázquez is a Mexican computer scientist whose research involves genetic programming and its applications in system identification, the problem of reconstructing models of dynamical systems from measurements of their behavior. She is a researcher at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), in the Instituto de Investigaciones en Matemáticas Aplicadas y Sistemas (IIMAS, the Institute of Research in Applied Mathematics and Systems).

System identification
The field of system identification uses statistical methods to build mathematical models of dynamical systems from measured data. System identification also includes the optimal design of experiments for efficiently generating informative data for fitting such models as well as model reduction. A common approach is to start from measurements of the behavior of the system and the external influences (inputs to the system) and try to determine a mathematical relation between them without going into many details of what is actually happening inside the system; this approach is called black box system identification.
Björn Cederberg
Björn Cederberg (born 23 July 1937), nicknamed "Kapten" (engl. Captain, due to his rank in the Swedish Army), is a notable Swedish rally co-driver. His most famous and successful partnership was with Stig Blomqvist, in a Saab 99 Turbo, with whom he shared success in a number of international motor rallies, from 1979–1982. Later in 1982, the pair went on to rally the Audi Quattro, with which they were again very successful until 1985.

Co-driver
A co-driver is the navigator of a rally car in the sport of rallying, who sits in the front passenger seat. The co-driver's job is to navigate, commonly by reading off a set of pacenotes to the driver (what lies ahead, where to turn, the severity of the turn, and what obstacles to look out for). Some competitions require map interpretation. In stage rallying communication is often over a radio headset, due to the high level of noise in the car. The co-driver also tells the driver about any incidents or accidents that may have occurred further ahead in the stage. This role is particularly critical in high-end rally competitions such as WRC. Co-drivers are also often called on to perform maintenance on the car during road sections and special stages, such as changing a wheel.
Beer stein
A beer stein (/ˈstaɪn/ STYNE), or simply stein, is either a traditional beer mug made out of stoneware or specifically an ornamental beer mug sold as a souvenir or collectible.

Such steins may be made out of stoneware, pewter, porcelain or even silver, wood or crystal glass; they may have open tops or hinged pewter lids with a thumb-lever. Steins usually come in sizes of a half litre or a full litre (or comparable historic sizes). Like decorative tankards, they are often decorated in a nostalgic manner with allusions to Germany.

Oktoberfest
Oktoberfest (German pronunciation: [ɔkˈtoːbɐˌfɛst] ⓘ; Bavarian: Oktobafest/d'Wiesn) is the world's largest Volksfest. It combines a beer festival with a fun fair and is held annually in Munich on the Theresienwiese from mid-September to the first Sunday in October.

The event draws around seven million visitors each year. In 2023, attendance reached a record 7.2 million. Visitors consumed approximately 7.4 million litres of beer. The festival features amusement rides, games, food stalls, and traditional Bavarian dishes.

The first Oktoberfest was held on 12 October 1810 to celebrate the wedding of Crown Prince Ludwig and Princess Therese of Saxony-Hildburghausen. Since then, the festival has been cancelled on multiple occasions, most recently in 2020 and 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany.
Tatiana Ratcu
Tatiana Kaawar Ratcu (born 8 September 1979) is a Brazilian chess player who holds the FIDE title of Woman International Master (WIM, 1995). She is a five time Brazilian Women's Chess Champion (1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 2000).

Brazilian Chess Championship
Following are the official winners of the national Brazilian Chess Championships from 1927 to date.

The 1998 championship was held 9–19 December in Itabirito, Minas Gerais State.
The field of sixteen played a series of two-game single-elimination matches to determine the finalists.
Rafael Leitão defeated Giovanni Vescovi in the four-game final match, winning the first game and drawing the remaining three.
Reuben Spiring
Karl Reuben Spiring (born 13 November 1974 in Southport) is a retired English cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman and a right-arm off-break bowler. He played with Worcestershire from 1993 to 2000, and played one match for the England Under-19s in 1994.

Spiring was educated at Monmouth School. He studied at Durham University for one year, opting to leave in order to play cricket full time for Worcestershire. Spiring also played in the final of the Tetley Bitter Festival Trophy in 1996. He was awarded the NBC Denis Compton Award in 1997.

Reuben's father, Peter Spiring was a professional footballer for Bristol City, Liverpool, Luton Town and Hereford United.

Off spin
Off spin is a type of spin bowling in cricket. A bowler who uses this technique is called an off spinner. Off spinners bowl with their right-arm and a  finger spin action. Their normal delivery is called an off break, which spins from left to right (from the bowler's perspective) when the ball bounces on the pitch. For a right-handed batter, the ball breaks towards them from the off side, hence the name 'off break'.

Off spinners bowl mostly off breaks, varying them by adjusting the line and length of the deliveries. Off spinners also bowl other types of delivery, which spin differently. Aside from these variations in spin, varying the speed, length and flight of the ball are also important for the off spinner.

The bowler with the most wickets in the history of both Test matches and ODIs, Muttiah Muralitharan, was an off spinner.
Lawrence Courtney Haines
Lawrence Courtney Haines (or Courtney-Haines) (c.1920–1996) was an Australian ornithologist, oologist and taxidermist.  He instigated and cofounded the Gould League's Bird Watchers' Club in New South Wales (a group which morphed into the NSW Field Ornithologists Club in 1970), serving as its Secretary 1966–1969, and as editor of its journal Birds 1967–1971.  He also served as Vice-President of the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales.  He was the only Australian member of the British Jourdain Society.

As well as several articles on birds he wrote the book A Cabinet of Reed Warblers. A monograph dealing with the acrocephaline warblers of the world, and embracing all known species and subspecies.

Gould League
The Gould League is an independent Not for Profit Australian organisation promoting environmental education, founded in Victoria in 1909 and named after the English ornithologist John Gould.  Largely autonomous branches were subsequently established in other Australian states.
Zurvanism
Zurvanism was a fatalistic religious movement of Zoroastrianism in which the divinity Zurvan is a first principle (primordial creator deity) who engendered equal-but-opposite twins, Ahura Mazda and Angra Mainyu. Zurvanism is also known as "Zurvanite Zoroastrianism", and may be contrasted with Mazdaism.

In Zurvanism, Zurvan was perceived as the god of infinite time and space and also known as "one" or "alone." Zurvan was portrayed as a transcendental and neutral god without passion; one for whom there was no distinction between good and evil. The name Zurvan is a normalized rendition of the word, which in Middle Persian appears as either Zurvān, Zruvān or Zarvān. The Middle Persian name derives from Avestan (Avestan: 𐬰𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬁𐬥, romanized: zruuān, lit. 'time', a grammatically neuter noun).

Zurvanism was the official state religion of the Sasanians.

Denkard
The Dēnkard or Dēnkart (Middle Persian: 𐭣𐭩𐭭𐭪𐭠𐭫𐭲 "Acts of Religion") is a 10th-century compendium of Zoroastrian beliefs and customs during the time. The Denkard has been called an "Encyclopedia of Mazdaism" and is a valuable source of Zoroastrian literature especially during its Middle Persian iteration. The Denkard is not considered a sacred text by a majority of Zoroastrians, but is still considered worthy of study.
2004 Mr. Olympia
The 2004 Mr. Olympia contest was an International Federation of BodyBuilders professional bodybuilding competition and the feature event of Joe Weider's 2004 Olympia Weekend, held October 30 and 31, 2004, at the Mandalay Bay Arena in Las Vegas, Nevada.

International Fitness and Bodybuilding Federation
The International Fitness and Bodybuilding Federation (IFBB) is an international professional sports governing body for bodybuilding and fitness. Headquartered in Las Rozas de Madrid, it oversees many of the sport's major international events, notably the World and Continental Championships.
Rush-Miller House
Rush-Miller House is a historic home located near Smoketown, Berkeley County, West Virginia. It is a two-story, L-shaped, stone dwelling with a gable roof.  It is five bays wide and three bays deep.  The rear ell was built about 1810 in the Federal style.  The front two-story section was added about 1873. It is five bays wide and is of pounded rubble limestone in the Romanesque style.  Also on the property is a stone bank barn (1909), stone and frame smoke house, and a stone springhouse.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

Berkeley County, West Virginia
Berkeley County is located in the Shenandoah Valley in the eastern panhandle region of West Virginia in the United States. The county is part of the Hagerstown–Martinsburg metropolitan area. As of the 2020 census, the county population was 122,076, making it the second-most populous of West Virginia's 55 counties, behind Kanawha County. The City of Martinsburg is the county seat.