hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Mixture theory
Mixture theory is used to model multiphase systems using the principles of continuum mechanics generalised to several interpenetrable continua. The basic assumption is that, at any instant of time, all phases are present at every material point, and momentum and mass balance equations are postulated. Like other models, mixture theory requires constitutive relations to close the system of equations. Krzysztof Wilmanski extended the model by introducing a balance equation of porosity.

Phase (matter)
In the physical sciences, a phase is a region of material that is chemically uniform, physically distinct, and (often) mechanically separable. In a system consisting of ice and water in a glass jar, the ice cubes are one phase, the water is a second phase, and the humid air is a third phase over the ice and water. The glass of the jar is a different material, in its own separate phase. (See state of matter § Glass.)

More precisely, a phase is a region of space (a thermodynamic system), throughout which all physical properties of a material are essentially uniform.: 86 : 3  Examples of physical properties include density, index of refraction, magnetization and chemical composition.

The term phase is sometimes used as a synonym for state of matter, but there can be several immiscible phases of the same state of matter (as where oil and water separate into distinct phases, both in the liquid state).
Beasts of No Nation (album)
Beasts of No Nation is an album by the Nigerian musician Fela Kuti. It was released in 1989. Kuti is credited with his band Egypt 80.

Kuti played the title track on his 1986 North American tour and promoted it in interviews. The album sold around 15,000 copies in the United States in its first year of release.

The 2005 novel by Uzodinma Iweala takes its title from the album.

Uzodinma Iweala
Uzodinma Iweala Listenⓘ  (born November 5, 1982) is a Nigerian-American author and medical doctor. His debut novel, Beasts of No Nation, is a formation of his thesis work (in creative writing) at Harvard. It depicts a child soldier in an unnamed African country. The book, published in 2005 and adapted as an award-winning film in 2015, was mentioned by Time Magazine, The New York Times, Entertainment Weekly, The Times, and Rolling Stone. In 2012, he released the non-fiction book Our Kind of People, about the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Nigeria. He later released a novel titled Speak No Evil, published in 2018, which highlights the life of a gay Nigerian-American boy named Niru.

Iweala is the former CEO of The Africa Center in Harlem, New York. He is currently a fellow at the Katë Hamburger Center for Apocalyptic and Post Apocalyptic Studies at the University of Heidelberg and an Council on Foreign Relations International Affairs Fellow and advisor at UNSECO.
1889–90 Rugby Union County Championship
The 1889–90 Rugby Union County Championship was the second edition of England's premier rugby union club competition at the time.

Yorkshire won the competition for the second time. They were declared the champion county after finishing the season undefeated and were selected to play the Rest of England in the end of season county fixtures.

Squad

Harry Bedford (Morley)

A L Brooke (Huddersfield)

J Clay (Halifax)

John Dyson (Huddersfield)

Bill Eagland (Huddersfield)

S Eastwood (Brighouse Rangers)

J Firth (Brighouse Rangers)

John Lawrence Hickson (capt) (Bradford)

Edward Holmes (Manningham)

George Jacketts (Hull)

J H Jones (Wakefield Trinity)

Donald Jowett (Heckmondwike)

Frederick Lowrie (Bradford)

S Mawson (Otley)

J Naylor (Batley)

I Newton (Manningham)

William Nicholl (Brighouse Rangers)

Joseph Richards (Bradford)

William Stadden (Dewsbury)

John Toothill (Bradford)

Harry Wilkinson (Halifax)

James Wright (Bradford)

Joseph Richards (rugby)
Joseph Richards was an English rugby union footballer who played in the 1890s. He played at representative level for England, and at club level for Bradford FC, as a forward, e.g. front row, lock, or back row. Prior to Tuesday 27 August 1895, Bradford FC was a rugby union club, it then became a rugby league club, and since 1907 it has been the association football (soccer) club Bradford Park Avenue.
NCAA Division III football championship
The NCAA Division III football championship is an American college football tournament played annually to determine a champion at the NCAA Division III level. It was first held in 1973, as a single-elimination playoff with eight teams. Over the past 50 seasons, the number of participants has grown to 40. In 2025, 27 playoff bids went to conference champions via automatic qualification, leaving 13 places for at-large selections.

The Division III championship game, known as the Amos Alonzo Stagg Bowl or Stagg Bowl (named after football coach Amos Alonzo Stagg), was held at Shell Energy Stadium in Houston, Texas in 2024. Other Stagg Bowl sites have included Annapolis, Maryland (2022), Canton, Ohio (2021, 2025, 2027), Shenandoah, Texas (2018–2019), Salem, Virginia (1993–2017, 2023, 2026), Bradenton, Florida (1990–1992), Phenix City, Alabama (1973–1982, 1985–1989), and Kings Island, Ohio (1983–1984).

Bradenton, Florida
Bradenton (/ˈbreɪdəntən/ ⓘ BRAY-dən-tən) is a city in and the county seat of Manatee County, Florida, United States. Its population was 55,698 at the 2020 census. It is a principal city in the Sarasota metropolitan area.

Downtown Bradenton is along the Manatee River and includes the Bradenton Riverwalk and Bishop Museum of Science and Nature. To the south of Bradenton is Sarasota; beach communities on Anna Maria Island are to its west, and the Manatee River and Palmetto are to its north.
UsiXML
UsiXML (USer Interface eXtensible Markup Language) is an XML-based markup language for defining user interfaces on computers.

UsiXML is a specification language for user interface design. It allows the designer to describe a user interface at different levels of abstraction. In other words, you can specify a UI in terms of: functionality (task analysis), the object it manipulates, or in a more concrete way, user interface.

The UsiXML language is currently being submitted for a standardisation plan to the W3C.

Another work with the same purpose is UIML.

Task analysis
Task analysis is a fundamental tool of human factors engineering.  It entails analyzing how a task is accomplished, including a detailed description of both manual and mental activities, task and element durations, task frequency, task allocation, task complexity, environmental conditions, necessary clothing and equipment, and any other unique factors involved in or required for one or more people to perform a given task.

Information from a task analysis can then be used for many purposes, such as personnel selection and training, tool or equipment design, procedure design (e.g., design of checklists, or decision support systems) and automation. Though distinct, task analysis is related to user analysis.
Dunoon Cemetery
Dunoon Cemetery is a cemetery in Dunoon, Scotland. It is accessed either by Hamilton Road or by Bogleha' Road. The original section of the cemetery is 1.78 acres (0.72 ha), while its extension is 1.57 acres (0.64 ha).

As of 2003, the cemetery, which is owned by Argyll and Bute Council, contained 3,546 gravestones, with the earliest dating to 1857.

On 30 May 1943, HMS Untamed sank during a training exercise in the Firth of Clyde with the loss of all 35 of her crew. All of the dead, including 23-year-old lieutenant John Priestly Duncan, were buried in Dunoon Cemetery, while the war memorial in nearby Sandbank is partly dedicated to them.

Sandbank, Argyll
Sandbank (Scottish Gaelic: an Oitir or Taigh a' Chladaich) is a village in Argyll and Bute, Scotland. It is located 2.5 miles (4 kilometres) north of Dunoon on the coastal A815 (low road) or the inland A885 (high road). It sits on the southern shore of the Holy Loch, a sea loch of the Firth of Clyde.
Alex Sodiqov
Alex Sodiqov, born as Alexander Sodiqov (Tajik: Александр Содиқов; Russian: Александр Cодиков; born September 7, 1983) is a political science PhD student at the University of Toronto, who was apprehended by security officials in Tajikistan on June 16, 2014 and charged with treason and espionage.

State Committee for National Security (Tajikistan)
The State Committee for National Security (SCNS; Tajik: Кумитаи давлатии амнияти миллӣ, romanized: Kumitai Davlatii Amniyati Millī; Russian: Государственный комитет национальной безопасности) is the principal national security and intelligence agency of Tajikistan. Its main responsibilities include internal and border security, counter-intelligence, counter-terrorism, counter-narcotics, fighting organized crime, and surveillance. The chairman of the committee and all of his deputies are appointed by and answerable to the president of Tajikistan. Colonel General Saimumin Yatimov has served as the SCNS chairman since September 2, 2010.

The SCNS is governed by the Law About National Security Bodies of the Republic of Tajikistan. Its activity is formally overseen by the Office of the Prosecutor General, although in practice the external oversight of the SCNS is virtually non-existent.
Kirk Cup
The Kirk Cup is the oldest hockey tournament in Ulster and the oldest provincial hockey trophy in Ireland. It has become a tradition since the 1966–67 season for the final to be played on Boxing Day, a date previously reserved for the Anderson Cup Final. The final attracts the largest crowd of the Ulster hockey season. The cup is named after its donor, Mr. John Kirk, J.P, who was a member of the Antrim club. Following the creation of the Irish Hockey League, the competition remained open only to Ulster Senior League members, until 2018–19, when Irish Hockey League teams from Ulster were admitted.

In the early years of the competition it was also known as the Ulster Senior Challenge Cup.

Men's Irish Hockey League
The Men's Irish Hockey League is a field hockey league organised by Hockey Ireland that features men's teams from both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. The league was first played for during the 2008–09 season. It replaced the All-Ireland Club Championships as the top level men's field hockey competition in Ireland. Since 2015–16 the league has been sponsored by Ernst & Young and, as a result, it is also known as the EY Hockey League.
Canadian Young Scientist Journal
The Canadian Young Scientist Journal (French: Revue Canadienne des Jeunes Scientifiques) is a non-profit peer-reviewed publication covering student-driven research. It was established in May 2008 by its current editor-in-chief, Alexandre Noukhovitch and is published by the Foundation for Student Science and Technology. In 2014 it was renamed Journal of Student Science and Technology and is a joint program supported by the federal Science and Technology Cluster. It provides secondary school students with an opportunity to publish the results of their research. The journal is based in Toronto and is published biannually. It works in close association with Youth Science Canada. The journal includes project reports, case studies, and science book reviews authored by high school students. To benefit science education and to support classroom activities, the journal publishes expert reviews along with students' papers. Notable student editors of this journal have included Maya Burhanpurkar.

Science education
Science education is the teaching and learning of science to school children, college students, or adults within the general public. The field of science education includes work in science content, science process (the scientific method), some social science, and some teaching pedagogy. The standards for science education provide expectations for the development of understanding for students through the entire course of their K-12 education and beyond. The traditional subjects included in the standards are physical, life, earth, space, and human sciences.
Constance Thalken
Constance Thalken (/tah-kin/; born 1952 in Nebraska) is an American intermedia artist known mostly for her photographic explorations of the complexities of loss. She has gained recognition for her ability to carefully convey subject matter that simultaneously engages the viewer perceptually, emotionally, viscerally and intellectually.

Intermedia
Intermedia is an art theory term coined in the mid-1960s by Fluxus artist Dick Higgins to describe the strategies of interdisciplinarity that occur within artworks existing between artistic genres. It was also used by John Brockman to refer to works in expanded cinema that were associated with Jonas Mekas' Film-Makers’ Cinematheque. Gene Youngblood also described intermedia, beginning in his Intermedia column for the Los Angeles Free Press beginning in 1967 as a part of a global network of multiple media that was expanding consciousness. Youngblood gathered and expanded upon intermedia ideas from this series of columns in his 1970 book Expanded Cinema, with an introduction by Buckminster Fuller. Over the years, intermedia has been used almost interchangeably with multi-media and more recently with the categories of digital media, technoetics, electronic media, and post-conceptualism.
2005 Jilin chemical plant explosions
The Jilin chemical plant explosions were a series of explosions which occurred on November 13, 2005, in the No.102 Petrochemical Plant in Jilin City, Jilin Province, China, over the period of an hour. The explosions killed six, injured dozens, and caused the evacuation of tens of thousands of residents.

Petrochemical industry
The petrochemical industry is concerned with the production and trade of petrochemicals. A major part is constituted by the plastics (polymer) industry. It directly interfaces with the petroleum industry, especially the downstream sector.
Aricia morronensis
Aricia morronensis, the Spanish argus, is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Spain and Hautes-Pyrénées (France).

The wingspan is 22–26 mm. Adults are on wing from June to September in usually one, but sometimes two generations per year.

The larvae feed on the leaves of Erodium species. They are attended by ants. The species overwinters in the larval stage.

Hautes-Pyrénées
Hautes-Pyrénées (French pronunciation: [ot piʁene] ⓘ; Gascon/Occitan: Nauts Pirenèus / Hauts Pirenèus ['awts piɾeˈnɛʊs]; Spanish: Altos Pirineos; Catalan: Alts Pirineus ['alts piɾiˈneʊs]; ) is a department in the region of Occitania, southwestern France. The department is bordered by Pyrénées-Atlantiques to the west, Gers to the north, Haute-Garonne to the east, as well by the Spanish province of Huesca in the autonomous community of Aragon to the south. In 2019, its population was 229,567; its prefecture is Tarbes. It is named after the Pyrenees mountain range.
Whitsett Historic District (Whitsett, Pennsylvania)
The Whitsett Historic District is a national historic district that is located in Perry Township, Fayette County, Pennsylvania in the United States.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.

Fayette County, Pennsylvania
Fayette County is a county in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. It is located in southwestern Pennsylvania, adjacent to Maryland and West Virginia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 128,804. Its county seat is Uniontown. The county was created on September 26, 1783, from part of Westmoreland County and named after the Marquis de Lafayette. The county is part of the Southwest region of the commonwealth.

Fayette County is part of the Pittsburgh, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area. The southern border of Fayette County is the southern border of Pennsylvania at both the Pennsylvania–Maryland state line (the Mason–Dixon line) and the Pennsylvania–West Virginia state line.
Munkacs (Hasidic dynasty)
Munkatch (or Munkacs) Hasidism (חסידות מונקטש) is a Hasidic sect within Haredi Judaism of mostly Hungarian Hasidic Jews. It was founded and led by Polish-born Grand Rebbe Shlomo Spira, who was the rabbi of the town of Strzyżów (1858–1882) and Munkacs (1882–1893). Members of the congregation are mainly referred to as Munkacs Hasidim, or Munkatcher Hasidim. It is named after the then Hungarian town in which it was established, Munkatsh (in Yiddish; or in Hungarian: Munkács; today: Mukachevo, in Ukraine).

The largest Munkacs community is in Boro Park, Brooklyn; there are also significant Munkacs communities in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, and Monsey, New York; and other communities can be found across North America, in Europe, Israel, Australia and Canada.

Monsey, New York
Monsey (English pronunciation: /ˈmʌnsi/ ⓘ, Yiddish: מאנסי, romanized: Monsi) is a hamlet and census-designated place in the town of Ramapo, Rockland County, New York, United States, north of Airmont, east of Viola, south of New Hempstead, and west of Spring Valley. The village of Kaser is surrounded by the hamlet of Monsey. The 2020 census listed the population at 26,954.

The hamlet has a large, and growing, community of Haredi Jews.
Ah Boys to Men 2
Ah Boys to Men 2 (simplified Chinese: 新兵正传II; traditional Chinese: 新兵正傳II; pinyin: xīnbīng zhèngzhuàn II; lit. 'Recruits' True Biography') is a 2013 Singaporean Chinese New Year and National Day military comedy film produced and directed by Jack Neo, written by Neo, Lim Teck and Leonard Lai. It stars Joshua Tan, Maxi Lim, Noah Yap, Wang Weiliang, Ridhwan Azman, Aizuddiin Nasser, Charlie Goh and Tosh Zhang in the second installment. It was released on February 1, 2013. It is the highest-grossing Singaporean film of all time, and has grossed over four times of its S$3 million budget. Maxi Lim, Noah Yap, Wang Weiliang, Tosh Zhang, Charlie Goh and Chen Tianwen would later collaborate again in Neo's next project movie based on lion dance known as The Lion Men and The Lion Men: Ultimate Showdown.

Military recruit training
Military recruit training, commonly known as basic training or boot camp, refers to the initial instruction of new military personnel. It is a physically and psychologically intensive process, which resocializes its subjects for the unique demands of military employment.
ORP Ślązak
There were several ships of the Polish Navy bearing the name of ORP Ślązak (Polish: Silesian):

ORP Ślązak (1921), an A56-class torpedo boat serving with the Polish Navy between 1921 and 1937, a former German A-59

ORP Ślązak (L26), a Hunt-class destroyer serving during the World War II

ORP Ślązak (1954), an M-XV-class (build 96) submarine built in the Soviet Union and commissioned in 1954.

ORP Ślązak (2015) is a Gawron-class corvette, commissioned in November 2019 and in active service.

A-class torpedo boat
The A-class torpedo boats were a class of German single-funnelled torpedo boat/light destroyer designed by the Reichsmarineamt for operations off the coast of occupied Flanders in the First World War.  The "A" designation was to avoid confusion with older classes and designs. They were classed officially as "coastal torpedo boats" (German: Küstentorpedoboote) to differentiate from larger, ocean-going torpedo boats.

Six groups of vessels were built under the class between 1914 and 1918, increasing in displacement from 109 to 335 t (107 to 330 long tons; 120 to 369 short tons). All had a raised forecastle, shallow draught, and carried one (for most) or two (for A1 – A25) 17.7 in (45 cm) torpedo tubes amidships.
2014 All-Pac-12 Conference football team
The 2014 All-Pac-12 Conference football team consists of American football players chosen by various organizations for All-Pac-12 Conference teams for the 2014 Pac-12 Conference football season. The Oregon Ducks won the conference, defeating the Arizona Wildcats 51 to 13 in the Pac-12 Championship game. Oregon was then the national runner-up, in the College Football Playoff semifinal beating the ACC champion Florida States Seminoles 59 to 20; then losing to the Big Ten champion Ohio State Buckeyes 42 to 20 in the national championship game. Oregon quarterback Marcus Mariota won the Heisman Trophy and was voted Pac-12 Offensive Player of the Year. Arizona linebacker Scooby Wright III was voted Pat Tillman Pac-12 Defensive Player of the Year.

2014 Arizona Wildcats football team
The 2014 Arizona Wildcats football team represented the University of Arizona in the 2014 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The season was the Wildcats's 115th overall, 37th as a member of the Pac-12 Conference (Pac-12) and its fourth within the Pac-12 South Division. The team was led by head coach Rich Rodriguez, in his third year, and played its home games at Arizona Stadium in Tucson, Arizona for the 86th straight year.

They ultimately finished 10–4, achieving the third 10-win regular season in program history. The Wildcats won the Pac-12 South Division for the first time, advancing to the Pac-12 Football Championship Game at Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara, California, where they faced the Oregon Ducks. The Wildcats played in the first year of the New Year's Six bowls, netting a berth in the 2014 Fiesta Bowl, the school's third major-bowl appearance, where they faced the Boise State Broncos.  Arizona lost the game to Boise State, 38–30.
NGC 6287
NGC 6287 is a globular cluster located in the constellation Ophiuchus. It is designated as VII in the galaxy morphological classification scheme and was discovered by the German-born British astronomer William Herschel on 21 May 1784. It is at a distance of 30,300 light years away from Earth.

Galaxy morphological classification
Galaxy morphological classification is a system used by astronomers to divide galaxies into groups based on their visual appearance. There are several schemes in use by which galaxies can be classified according to their morphologies, the most famous being the Hubble sequence, devised by Edwin Hubble and later expanded by Gérard de Vaucouleurs and Allan Sandage. However, galaxy classification and morphology are now largely done using computational methods and physical morphology.
My Heart Takes Over
"My Heart Takes Over" is the third and final single released from British-Irish girl group The Saturdays' third studio album On Your Radar (2011). The song was written by Ina Wroldsen and Steve Mac and produced by Mac. The single was released on 11 November 2011 in Ireland and on 13 November 2011 in the UK by Polydor Records. The single is their twelfth overall single released to date. It debuted and peaked at number 15 in the UK Singles Chart on 20 November 2011. This became their first single to not sell over 100,000 copies.

Ina Wroldsen
Ina Christine Wroldsen (Norwegian: [ˈîːnɑ krɪsˈtìːnɛ ˈʋrɔ̀ɫsn̩]; born 29 May 1984), previously known simply as Ina, is a Norwegian singer and songwriter. She was a part of the electropop duo Ask Embla with Icelandic producer and songwriter Arnthor Birgisson.
Tom Swoon
Dorian Kamil Tomasiak (born 6 June 1993), known professionally as Tom Swoon (and previously as Pixel Cheese), is a Polish former DJ and record producer.

Tom Swoon used to host Lift Off Radio on Electro City on Dash Radio. He debuted in the DJ Mag's 2015 Top 100 DJs voting poll as No. 46.

On 5 December 2017, Tomasiak drove drunk and was charged in a car accident that led to the death of one person and injured another. On 6 June 2018, Tomasiak announced the end of the "Tom Swoon" project in a public statement letter sent from prison. He was later sentenced to four years and eight months of prison.

DJ Mag
DJ Magazine (also known as DJ Mag) is a British monthly magazine dedicated to electronic dance music and DJs. Founded in 1991, the magazine is adapted for distribution in the United Kingdom, the United States, Spain, France, Italy, Latin America, China, South Korea, Brunei, Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka, Oman, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Germany, Canada, Russia, Belarus, and the Netherlands.