hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Vicarious nucleophilic substitution
In organic chemistry, the vicarious nucleophilic substitution is a special type of nucleophilic aromatic substitution in which a nucleophile replaces a hydrogen atom on the aromatic ring and not leaving groups such as halogen substituents which are ordinarily encountered in SNAr. This reaction type was reviewed in 1987 by Polish chemists Mieczysław Mąkosza and Jerzy Winiarski.

It is typically encountered with nitroarenes and especially with nucleophiles, resulting in alkylated arenes: the new substituent can take the ortho or para positions, reversing the selectivity for the meta position that is usually observed with such compounds under electrophilic substitution. Carbon nucleophiles carry an electron-withdrawing group and a leaving group: the nucleophile attacks the aromatic ring, and excess base can eliminate to form an exocyclic double bond which is successively protonated under acidic conditions, restoring aromaticity.

Electron-withdrawing group
An electron-withdrawing group (EWG) is a group or atom that has the ability to draw electron density toward itself and away from other adjacent atoms. This electron density transfer is often achieved by resonance or inductive effects. Electron-withdrawing groups have significant impacts on fundamental chemical processes such as acid-base reactions, redox potentials, and substitution reactions.
Coirós
Coirós (Galician pronunciation: [kojˈɾɔs]) is a municipality of northwestern Spain in the province of A Coruña, in the autonomous community of Galicia. It has a population of 1,923 inhabitants according to INE in 2024.

Province of A Coruña
The province of A Coruña (Galician: provincia da Coruña [pɾoˈβinθjɐ ðɐ koˈɾuɲɐ]; Spanish: provincia de La Coruña [la koˈɾuɲa] ⓘ; historical English: Corunna) is the northwesternmost province of Spain, and one of the four provinces which constitute the autonomous community of Galicia. This province is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and north, Pontevedra Province to the south and Lugo Province to the east. It has a population of 1,128,449 across its 93 municipalities.
Ventje Sumual
Herman Nicolas Ventje Sumual (11 June 1923 – 28 March 2010) was a military officer involved in the Indonesian National Revolution he also involved in General Offensive of 1 March 1949. His appointments include regional commander of KODAM VII/Wirabuana, but he is best known as the leader of the Permesta movement and their proclamators.

General Offensive of 1 March 1949
The General Offensive of 1 March 1949 (Indonesian: Serangan Umum 1 Maret 1949) was a military offensive during the Indonesian National Revolution where the city of Yogyakarta was held by Indonesian troops for six hours. This played an important role in causing international pressure to be exerted on the Netherlands.
Buck Creek basin
The Buck Creek basin is a structural basin on the Nechako Plateau in the central Interior of British Columbia, Canada, located north of François Lake between the towns of Houston and Burns Lake. It consists of a faulted depression 60 km (37 mi) wide and 80 km (50 mi) long, with its base lying 1,000 m (3,300 ft) to 3,000 m (9,800 ft) below its rim and the surrounding hills, which are composed of metamorphic rocks.

The structure of the Buck Creek basin is rift-related, controlled by a series of northwest–southwest trending strike-slip faults. These faults are related to a period of rifting that trended to the southwest when the Nachako Plateau area was tectonically active during the Late Cretaceous, Eocene and Early Oligocene periods. The Buck Creek basin is filled with a series of volcanic, pyroclastic and sedimentary rocks that range in age from the Cretaceous period to the Paleogene period.

Structural basin
A structural basin is a large-scale structural formation of rock strata formed by tectonic warping (folding) of previously flat-lying strata into a syncline fold. They are geological depressions, the inverse of domes. Elongated structural basins are a type of geological trough. Some structural basins are sedimentary basins, aggregations of sediment that filled up a depression or accumulated in an area; others were formed by tectonic events long after the sedimentary layers were deposited.

Basins may appear on a geologic map as roughly circular or elliptical, with concentric layers. Because the strata dip toward the center, the exposed strata in a basin are progressively younger from the outside in, with the youngest rocks in the center. Basins are often large in areal extent, often hundreds of kilometers across.

Structural basins are often important sources of coal, petroleum, and groundwater.
Edward Rhodes Carswell
Edward Rhodes Carswell (1813 – 1862) was a member of the Georgia General Assembly House of Representatives from Jefferson County, Georgia and the father of Confederate States Army lieutenant colonel, Georgia militia brigadier general and Georgia state legislator Reuben Walker Carswell.

Edward Rhodes Carswell was born in Richmond County, Georgia. He was the son of James A. Carswell and Lavinia Rhodes Carswell. He married Mary C. Walker, daughter of Reuben Walker and Martha Jones Evans, on June 13, 1835 in Richmond County, Georgia. Their children were Ella M. Carswell, Reuben Walker Carswell, Mary Evans Carswell, Cornelia Evans Carswell and Martha Rhodes Carswell.

Edward Rhodes Carswell was a farmer and a state representative in the Georgia General Assembly. He died in 1862 in Jefferson County, Georgia.

General officers in the Confederate States Army
The general officers of the Confederate States Army (CSA) were the senior military leaders of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War of 1861–1865. They were often former officers from the United States Army (the regular army) before the Civil War, while others were given the rank based on merit or when necessity demanded. Most Confederate generals needed confirmation from the Confederate States Congress, much like prospective generals in the modern U.S. armed forces.

Like all of the Confederacy's military forces, these generals answered to their civilian leadership, in particular Jefferson Davis, the president of the Confederate States of America and therefore commander-in-chief of the military forces of the Confederate States.
Mike Purcell
Michael Purcell (born April 20, 1991) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Wyoming Cowboys, and was signed by the San Francisco 49ers as an undrafted free agent in 2013.

Wyoming Cowboys football
The Wyoming Cowboys football program represents the University of Wyoming in NCAA college football. They compete in the Mountain West Conference of the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) of NCAA Division I and have won 14 conference titles. Their current head coach is Jay Sawvel who is entering his second season as head coach in 2025 after serving as the programs Defensive Coordinator for the previous four seasons.

The Cowboy football program has been among the most notable of "stepping stone" programs due to the success of its former coaches. Coaches such as Bowden Wyatt, Bob Devaney, Fred Akers, Pat Dye, Dennis Erickson and Joe Tiller were at Wyoming immediately prior to gaining notoriety at bigger football powerhouses.
Lonar Wildlife Sanctuary
The Lona Wildlife Sanctuary is situated around a lagoon called Lonar Lake, which was created by a meteorite impact about 50,000 years ago. The diameter of the Lonar lake is 1.83 km. This sanctuary located in Lonar taluka of Buldhana district of Maharashtra. The sanctuary is spread over an area of 365.16 Hectares . It includes the 77.69 Ha Lonar lake. The forest around the lake is mainly Southern Tropical dry Deciduous Forest. In 2020 the Lonar lake was declared as Ramsar site. The foul smell of hydrogen sulfide gas is common near the lake water.

Buldhana district
Buldhana district (Marathi pronunciation: [bulɖʰaːɳa]) is located in the Amravati division of Maharashtra, India.
It is situated at the western border of Vidarbha region and is 500 km away from the state capital, Mumbai. The district has towns and cities like Deulghat, Dhad, Mehakar, Shegaon, Malkapur, Khamgaon, Lonar and Chikhli. It is surrounded by Madhya Pradesh in the north, Akola, Washim, and Amravati districts on the east, Jalna district on the south, and Jalgaon and Aurangabad districts on the west. Khamgaon is the largest city in the district.

Buldhana district holds religious significance as it is the site of the Shri Gajanan Maharaj Temple, Shegaon. Lonarkar Top (about 923 meters) is highest altitude in Buldhana District placed in Ambabarwa Wildlife Sanctuary.
Sups
Sups (Russian: Супс; Adyghe: Шӏупс) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Takhtamukayskoye Rural Settlement of Takhtamukaysky District, the Republic of Adygea, Russia. The population was 70 as of 2018. There are 3 streets.

Adygea
Adygea (/ˌɑːdɪˈɡeɪə/ AH-dig-AY-ə), officially the Republic of Adygea or the Adygean Republic, is a republic of Russia. It is situated in the North Caucasus of Eastern Europe. The republic is a part of the Southern Federal District, and covers an area of 7,600 square kilometers (2,900 sq mi), with a population of roughly 500,731 residents  as at 2025. It is an enclave within Krasnodar Krai and is the fifth-smallest Russian federal subject by area. Maykop is the capital and the largest city of Adygea, home to one-third of the republic's population.

Adygea is one of Russia's ethnic republics, primarily representing the indigenous Circassian people who form 25% of the Republic's population, while Russians form a majority at 60%, and with minority populations of Armenians and Ukrainians. The official languages of Adygea are Adyghe and Russian.
William Mayne (officer)
William Mayne, ADC (1818–1855) was an English army officer in the service of the East India Company who made his name in the defence of Jellalabad during the First Afghan War. He reached the rank of colonel in the Bengal Army, and served briefly as brigadier of the Hyderabad contingent.

First Anglo-Sikh War
The First Anglo-Sikh War was fought between the Sikh Empire and the British Empire from 1845 to 1846 around the Firozpur district of Punjab. It resulted in the defeat and partial subjugation of the Sikh Empire and cession of Jammu & Kashmir as a separate princely state under British suzerainty.
2026 Ulster Unionist Party leadership election
An election for the leadership of the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) was held on 31 January 2026 following the resignation of Mike Nesbitt as party leader on 2 January 2026. Recently co-opted MLA Jon Burrows was ratified unopposed the party's next leader.

Nesbitt was elected leader in 2024, after previously serving in the role between 2012 and 2017. Two of the party's sitting Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs), namely former Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) superintendent Jon Burrows and deputy leader Robbie Butler, were expected to run for the leadership. However, Butler announced at the close of nominations on 15 January 2026 that he would not be a candidate.

Superintendent (police)
Superintendent (Supt) is a rank in the British police and in most English-speaking Commonwealth nations. In many Commonwealth countries, the full version is superintendent of police (SP). The rank is also used in most British Overseas Territories, in many former British colonies, as well as in Portugal and in several former Portuguese colonies. In some countries, such as Italy, the rank of superintendent is a lower rank.
Pipal, Nepal
Pipal is a village development committee in Western Rukum District in Karnali Province of western Nepal. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census it had a population of 4111 people living in 846 individual households.

2011 Nepal census
Nepal conducted a widespread national census in 2011 by the Nepal Central Bureau of Statistics. Working in cooperation with the 58 municipalities and the 3,915 Village Development Committees at a district level, they recorded data from all the municipalities and villages of each district. The data included statistics on population size, households, sex and age distribution, place of birth, residence characteristics, literacy, marital status, religion, language spoken, caste/ethnic group, economically active population, education, number of children, employment status, and occupation.
Atlantic 10 Conference
The Atlantic 10 Conference (A-10) is a collegiate athletic conference whose schools compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association's (NCAA) Division I. The A-10's member schools are located mostly on the East Coast and  Midwest of the United States: Illinois, Missouri, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Virginia, and Washington, D.C.

Although some of its members are state-funded, half of its membership is made up of private, Catholic institutions. Despite the name, there are 14 full-time members in the conference; three affiliate members participate in women's field hockey and men's lacrosse.

The conference's commissioner since 2008 is Bernadette McGlade. In fall 2023 the A-10 moved its headquarters from Newport News, Virginia, to Washington, D.C.

Inter-Collegiate Sailing Association
The Inter-Collegiate Sailing Association of North America (ICSA) is a volunteer organization that serves as the governing authority for all sailing competition at colleges and universities throughout the United States and in some parts of Canada. It was founded in 1937 as the Inter-Collegiate Yacht Racing Association, and changed to its current name in 2001.
D517 road
D517 is a state road in Slavonia and Baranja regions of Croatia connecting D7 state road in Beli Manastir to D2 state road in Koška via Belišće and Valpovo. The road is 43.76 km (27.19 mi) long.

This and all other state roads in Croatia are managed and maintained by Hrvatske ceste, state owned company.

Koška
Koška (Serbian Cyrillic: Кошка, Slovak: Koška, Hungarian: Koska) is a municipality in Osijek-Baranja County, Croatia. There are 3,980 inhabitants, 89.5% of them Croats, 6.78% Serbs and 1.38% Slovaks (2011 census).

The settlements in the municipality are:

Andrijevac, population 155

Branimirovac, population 95

Breznica Našička, population 617

Koška, population 1,525

Ledenik, population 189

Lug Subotički, population 335

Niza, population 432

Normanci, population 324

Ordanja, population 162

Topoline, population 146
Mozilla Location Service
Mozilla Location Service (MLS) was an open geolocation service that allowed devices to find their position by processing received signals of publicly observable radio transmitters: cellular network antennae (and their Cell IDs), Wi-Fi access points (and their BSSIDs), and Bluetooth beacons. The service was provided by Mozilla from 2013 to 2024. The service used Mozilla's open source software project called Ichnaea.

In February 2019, MLS had collected more than 44.43 million unique cell networks and 1450 million unique WiFi networks (April 2018: 37.7 million UCN and 1145 million UWN, November 2016: 28 million UCN and 757 million UWN, November 2015: 17 million UCN and 427 million UWN).

In March 2024, it was announced that MLS would be retired and that functionality will be reduced in stages until the project is archived in July.

Wireless access point
In computer networking, a wireless access point (WAP) (also just access point (AP)) is a networking hardware device that allows other Wi-Fi devices to connect to a wired network or wireless network. As a standalone device, the AP may have a wired or wireless connection to a switch or router, but in a wireless router it can also be an integral component of the networking device itself. A WAP and AP is differentiated from a hotspot, which can be a physical location or digital location where Wi-Fi or WAP access is available.
Close Enough
Close Enough is an American adult animated sitcom created by J. G. Quintel. Originally intended to air on TBS in 2017, the project faced various delays and setbacks before eventually premiering on HBO Max on July 9, 2020. The series has received positive reviews, with critics comparing it favorably to Quintel's previous series, Regular Show, which aired on Cartoon Network from 2010 to 2017.

In July 2022, HBO Max cancelled the series after three seasons, and a month later, the show was removed from the service. The show was available on Netflix internationally until it was removed from the service in May 2023.

Eugene Cordero
Eugene Cordero (born July 18, 1978) is an American comedian, actor, and writer. Frequently appearing in comedic roles, he has been featured as a series regular on the comedies Other Space (2015), Bajillion Dollar Propertie$ (2017–2019), Tacoma FD (2019–2021), and Star Trek: Lower Decks (2020–2024). His television appearances also include recurring roles on House of Lies (2014), Crazy Ex-Girlfriend (2015–2017), The Good Place (2016–2020), and Wrecked (2018). Outside of comedy, he has been a series regular on the Disney+ series Loki since 2021. Cordero's film roles include the comedy-drama The Kings of Summer (2013), the monster adventure Kong: Skull Island (2017), and the crime drama The Mule (2018).
Small Avalanches and Other Stories
Small Avalanches and Other Stories is a young adult collection of short stories by Joyce Carol Oates. It was her second young adult book and, as of January 2007, her only collection of short stories for young adults. It was published in 2003 by HarperTempest, an imprint of HarperCollins.

Joyce Carol Oates
Joyce Carol Oates (born June 16, 1938) is an American writer. Oates published her first book in 1963, and has since published 58 novels, a number of plays and novellas, and many volumes of short stories, poetry, and nonfiction. Her novels Black Water (1992), What I Lived For (1994), and Blonde (2000), and her short story collection Lovely, Dark, Deep: Stories (2014) were each finalists for the Pulitzer Prize. She has won many awards for her writing, including the National Book Award for her novel Them (1969), two O. Henry Awards, the National Humanities Medal, and the Jerusalem Prize (2019).

Oates taught at Princeton University from 1978 to 2014, and is the Roger S. Berlind '52 Professor Emerita in the Humanities with the Program in Creative Writing. From 2016 to 2020, she was a visiting professor at the University of California, Berkeley, where she taught short fiction in the spring semesters. She now teaches at Rutgers University, New Brunswick.
Erpetosaurus
Erpetosaurus is an extinct genus of dvinosaurian temnospondyl within the family Eobrachyopidae. Erpetosaurus is only known from the Upper Freeport Coal, Allegheny Group, Middle Pennsylvanian of Linton, Ohio, USA. Some unique features of the temnospondyls are that they have a single fang on each premaxilla on the anterior maxilla for the reception of two dentary fangs; and an elongate, tube-like backside extension of the parasphenoid, both hinting to an aquatic hunting lifestyle.

Allegheny Group
The Allegheny Group, often termed the Allegheny Formation, is a Pennsylvanian-age geological unit in the Appalachian Plateau. It is a major coal-bearing unit in the eastern United States, extending through western and central Pennsylvania, western Maryland and West Virginia, and southeastern Ohio. Fossils of fishes such as Bandringa are known from the Kittaning Formation, which is part of the Allegheny Group.
Sir John Mordaunt, 9th Baronet
Sir John Mordaunt, 9th Baronet (24 August 1808 – 27 September 1845) was an English politician.

He was appointed High Sheriff of Warwickshire in 1833 and represented the constituency of South Warwickshire. from 1835 to 1845.

He was one of the Mordaunt Baronets, succeeding his father Sir Charles Mordaunt, 8th Baronet to the title. Upon his death, he was succeeded by his eldest son Sir Charles Mordaunt, 10th Baronet. His younger son was the cricketer John Mordaunt.

South Warwickshire (UK Parliament constituency)
South Warwickshire was a parliamentary constituency in the county of Warwickshire in England.  It returned two Members of Parliament (MPs) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post system.
Kalisil River
The River Kalisil is a river in Rajasthan, India. It originates in the hills near Rajpura village in Sawai Madhopur District. The river flows generally southwest, partly through hills and partly in the plains of Sawai Madhopur District, for about 48 km, before joining the Morel River.

Sawai Madhopur district
Sawai Madhopur district is one of the 41 districts of the Indian state of Rajasthan, located in its south-eastern region and forming part of the Bharatpur Division. The district covers an area of 5051.9 square kilometres (1950.9 sq mi) and has its administrative headquarters at Sawai Madhopur city. It is bounded by Dausa and Karauli districts to the north, Madhya Pradesh to the east, Kota and Bundi to the south, and Tonk to the west. The district is traversed by the Banas, Chambal, and Morel rivers and contains a mix of plains, plateaus, and hill ranges of the Aravalli system.

Sawai Madhopur is best known for the Ranthambore National Park, a major tiger reserve and UNESCO World Heritage site forming part of the Hill Forts of Rajasthan. The district’s economy is based on agriculture, animal husbandry, hospitality, tourism, and small-scale industries. As of the 2011 Census of India, it had a population of 1.33 million, with a density of around 265 inhabitants per square kilometre.
Anse des Mûriers, Terre-de-Bas
Anse des Mûriers (French pronunciation: [ɑ̃s de myʁje]) is a quartier of Terre-de-Bas Island, located in Îles des Saintes archipelago in the Caribbean. It is located in the eastern part of the island. The main port of the island is located at this place.

Îles des Saintes
The Îles des Saintes (pronounced [il de sɛ̃t]; lit. 'Islands of the (Female) Saints'), also known as Les Saintes (Antillean Creole: Lésent, pronounced [lesɛ̃t]), is a group of small islands in the archipelago of Guadeloupe, an overseas department of France. It is part of the Canton of Trois-Rivières and is divided into two communes: Terre-de-Haut and Terre-de-Bas. It is in the arrondissement of Basse-Terre and also in Guadeloupe's 4th constituency.
Velikodvorsky
Velikodvorsky (Russian: Великодворский) is a rural locality (a settlement) and the administrative center of Posyolok Velikodvorsky, Gus-Khrustalny District, Vladimir Oblast, Russia. The population was 1,984 as of 2010. There are 19 streets.

Vladimir Oblast
Vladimir Oblast (Russian: Влади́мирская о́бласть, romanized: Vladimirskaya oblastʹ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Vladimir, which is located 190 kilometers (120 mi) east of Moscow. As of the 2010 Census, the oblast's population was 1,443,693.

The UNESCO World Heritage List includes the 12th-century cathedrals of Vladimir, Suzdal, Bogolyubovo, and Kideksha.
United Arab Emirates–United States relations
The United Arab Emirates has quite a close and friendly relationship with the US, being described as the United States' best counter-terrorism ally in the Gulf by Richard A. Clarke, the U.S. national security advisor and counter-terrorism expert. In terms of defense, the United Arab Emirates Armed Forces has been nicknamed "Little Sparta" by United States Armed Forces generals and former U.S. Secretary of Defense Jim Mattis for its active role against extremists in the Middle East. The United Arab Emirates also hosts the only United States border preclearance in the Middle East. Both countries are members of the I2U2 Group, which was established in 2021.

International Emergency Economic Powers Act
The International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), Title II of Pub. L. 95–223, 91 Stat. 1626, enacted December 28, 1977, is a United States federal law authorizing the president to regulate international commerce after declaring a national emergency in response to any unusual and extraordinary threat to the United States which has its source in whole or substantial part outside the United States.  The act was signed by President Jimmy Carter on December 28, 1977.