hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Collective motion
Collective motion is defined as the spontaneous emergence of ordered movement in a system consisting of many self-propelled agents. It can be observed in everyday life, for example in flocks of birds, schools of fish, herds of animals and also in crowds and car traffic. It also appears at the microscopic level: in colonies of bacteria, motility assays and artificial self-propelled particles. The scientific community is trying to understand the universality of this phenomenon. In particular it is intensively investigated in statistical physics and in the field of active matter. Experiments on animals, biological and synthesized self-propelled particles, simulations and theories are conducted in parallel to study these phenomena. One of the most famous models that describes such behavior is the Vicsek model introduced by Tamás Vicsek et al. in 1995.

Flock (birds)
A flock is a gathering of individual birds to forage or travel collectively. Avian flocks are typically associated with migration. Flocking also offers foraging benefits and protection from predators, although flocking can have costs for individual members.

Flocks are often defined as groups consisting of individuals from the same species.  However, mixed flocks consisting of two or more species are also common. Avian species that tend to flock together are typically similar in taxonomy and share morphological characteristics such as size and shape. Mixed flocks offer increased protection against predators, which is particularly important in closed habitats such as forests where early warning calls play a vital importance in the early recognition of danger. The result is the formation of many mixed-species feeding flocks.
RFA Orangeleaf (A110)
RFA Orangeleaf was a Leaf-class fleet support tanker of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary (RFA), the naval auxiliary fleet of the United Kingdom, and which served with the fleet for over 30 years, tasked with providing fuel, food, fresh water, ammunition and other supplies to Royal Navy and allied naval vessels around the world.

She was used by the RFA in the Falklands War in 1982, but she was then known as MV Balder London. From January 2003 to April 2003 Orangeleaf was deployed for Operation Telic, the codename for the United Kingdom's military operations in Iraq. She had three Leaf-class sisters Oakleaf, Brambleleaf and Bayleaf and all four were originally designed as commercial tankers and underwent major conversions to bring them up to RFA standards and equip them for naval support.

She was the third Royal Fleet Auxiliary vessel to bear the name.

Auxiliary ship
An auxiliary ship is a naval ship designed to support combatant ships and other naval operations. Auxiliary ships are not primary combatant vessels, though they may have some limited combat capacity, usually for purposes of self-defense.

Auxiliary ships are extremely important for navies of all sizes because if they were not present the primary fleet vessels would be unsupported. Thus, virtually every navy maintains an extensive fleet of auxiliary ships, however, the composition and size of these auxiliary fleets vary depending on the nature of each navy and its primary mission. Smaller coastal navies tend to have smaller auxiliary vessels focusing primarily on littoral and training support roles, while larger blue-water navies tend to have larger auxiliary fleets comprising longer-range fleet support vessels designed to provide support far beyond territorial waters.
Xhaka
Xhaka is an Albanian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Granit Xhaka (born 1992), Swiss footballer

Taulant Xhaka (born 1991), Swiss-Albanian footballer, brother of Granit

Rexhep Xhaka (born 1945), Kosovan former footballer and coach

Fatime Xhaka (born 1952), Kosovan sports leader and activist

Albanian name
Albanian names are names that are used by Albanians in Albania, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, or the diaspora. In Albania, a full name usually consists of a given name (Albanian: emri); the given name of the individual's father (patronymic, Albanian: atësia), which is seldom included except in official documents; and a (most commonly patrilineal) family name or surname (Albanian: mbiemri). They are invariably given in the Western name order, with the given name being followed by the family name.

Albanian given names are traditionally originally-Albanian names or religious names (Islamic or Christian).
Donkin (surname)
Donkin is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Billy Donkin (1900–1974), British footballer

Bryan Donkin (1768–1855), British engineer, inventor and industrialist

Bryan Donkin (physician) (1842–1927), British physician

George Donkin (1892–1927), English footballer

John Donkin (1802–1854), British engineer

Dylan Donkin (21st century), American musician

Mike Donkin (1951–2007), English reporter and journalist

Nance Donkin (1915–2008), children's writer and journalist

Peter Langloh Donkin (1913–2000), Air Commodore

Robin Donkin (1928–2006), British historian and geographer

Rufane Shaw Donkin (1773–1841), British soldier

Sydney Donkin (1871–1952), British engineer

William Fishburn Donkin (1814–1869), professor of astronomy at Oxford

Mike Donkin
Michael Charles Donkin (29 August 1951 – 6 December 2007) was an English reporter and journalist for BBC News.

Donkin was born in Southend-on-Sea, Essex in 1951. He went to school at the Northern Grammar School for Boys, in North End, Portsmouth. He landed his first job with the East Anglian Daily Times in Ipswich. In 1975, he joined the BBC as a freelancer. Shortly after he joined The Today Programme on BBC Radio 4, he was praised for good work and quickly progressed to television. He worked on both the 6 O'clock and 10 O'clock news as a world affairs correspondent. During his time with the BBC, Donkin made several short 5 to 6 minute films. He was most pleased with the film about a bed and breakfast farm. One year after Donkin started with the BBC, he married his wife Catriona. They had three daughters and one son together.

Donkin had a short battle with cancer. On 6 December 2007 he died from the illness.
Ndola Central
Ndola Central is a constituency of the National Assembly of Zambia. It covers Ndola city centre and the suburbs of Kansenshi, Northrise, Nkwazi, Chipulukusu, Kanini, Hillcrest, Twapia and Dag Hammarskjöld in the Ndola District of Copperbelt Province.

Copperbelt Province
Copperbelt Province is a province in Zambia which covers the mineral-rich Copperbelt, and farming and bush areas to the south. It was the backbone of the Northern Rhodesian economy during British colonial rule and fuelled the hopes of the immediate post-independence period, but its economic importance was severely damaged by a crash in global copper prices in 1973. The province adjoins the Haut-Katanga province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which is similarly mineral-rich.

The main cities and towns of the Copperbelt are Kitwe, Ndola, Mufulira, Luanshya, Chingola, Kalulushi and Chililabombwe. Roads and rail links extend north into the Congo to Lubumbashi, but the Second Congo War brought economic contact between the two countries to a standstill, now recovering.

It is informally referred to at times as 'Copala' or 'Kopala', invoking the vernacular-like term of the mineral copper that is mined in the province.
Devwrat Singh
Devwrat Singh (3 June 1969 – 4 November 2021) was an Indian politician and a member of the Janta Congress Chhattisgarh political party.

He was a member of the 14th Lok Sabha of India, representing the Rajnandgaon constituency of Chhattisgarh. From 1995 to 1998 he was member of Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly. From 1998 to 2003 he was again elected to MP legislative Assembly later Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly. He was elected to it again in 2003.

He was married to Vibha Singh and had one son and two daughters.

In February 2018, he joined Janta Congress Chhattisgarh of Ajit Jogi and was elected to the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly from Khairagarh in the 2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election as a member of the Janta Congress Chhattisgarh.

Singh died on 4 November 2021, due to heart attack, from post Covid-19 complications, at the age of 52.

Rajnandgaon
Rajnandgaon is a city in Rajnandgaon District, in the state of Chhattisgarh, India. As of the 2011 census the population of the city was 163,122. Rajnandgaon district came into existence on 26 January 1973, as a result of the division of Durg district.
Cap set
In affine geometry, a cap set is a subset of the affine space  (the -dimensional affine space over the three-element field) where no three elements sum to the zero vector.
The cap set problem is the problem of finding the size of the largest possible cap set, as a function of . The first few cap set sizes are 1, 2, 4, 9, 20, 45, 112, ... (sequence A090245 in the OEIS).

Caps are defined more generally as subsets of a finite affine or projective space with no three in a line.

The "cap set" terminology should be distinguished from other unrelated mathematical objects with the same name, and in particular from sets with the compact absorption property in function spaces as well as from compact convex co-convex subsets of a convex set.

On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences
The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences (OEIS) is an online database of integer sequences. It was created and maintained by Neil Sloane while researching at AT&T Labs. He transferred the intellectual property and hosting of the OEIS to the OEIS Foundation in 2009, and is its chairman.

OEIS records information on integer sequences of interest to both professional and amateur mathematicians, and is widely cited. As of November 2025, it contains over 390,000 sequences, and is growing by approximately 30 entries per day.

Each entry contains the leading terms of the sequence, keywords, mathematical motivations, literature links, and more, including the option to generate a graph or play a musical representation of the sequence. The database is searchable by keyword, by subsequence, or by any of 16 fields. There is also an advanced search function called SuperSeeker which runs a large number of different algorithms to identify sequences related to the input.
Surliyadin
Surliyadin Iton (born August 19, 1990) is an Indonesian professional basketball player for RANS Simba Bogor of the Indonesian Basketball League (IBL). He represented the Indonesia national team for the 2019 SEA Games 3X3.

He represented Indonesia's national basketball team at the 2016 SEABA Cup, where he recorded most minutes, points, assists and steals for his team.

2016 SEABA Cup
The 2016 SEABA Cup was the qualifying event in the SEABA for the 2016 FIBA Asia Challenge. The fifth edition of the games took place from 22 May to 28 May 2016 in Bangkok, Thailand.

Automatically, only one spot was allotted for SEABA but due to the Philippines' runner-up finish in the 2015 FIBA Asia Championship, the subzone was awarded another slot, thus SEABA had two spots which was contested by five SEABA teams.

The Philippines won their second tournament title by defeating the hosts Thailand in the championship match, 97–80. However, both teams were already qualified to the main tournament as of 25 May due to their top two finish in the elimination round.
SNCF Class Y 9000
The SNCF Class Y 9000 is the new designation for modernized and re-engined Y7100 and Y7400 shunters. The refurbishment was undertaken by a consortium consisting of SNCF, Socofer and Voith Turbo. Socofer refurbished 22 full locomotives at its Tours plant, and delivered 88 kits to SNCF's Sotteville-Quatre-Mares workshops. The first rebuilt locomotive was presented at InnoTrans 2010.

The first locomotives will be used by SNCF infrastructure division INFRA and will as such carry the grey-yellow INFRA livery. Later locomotives will be used by SNCF freight division FRET.

Voith
The Voith Group (German pronunciation: [fɔʏt]) is a global technology company. With its broad portfolio of systems, products, services and digital applications, Voith trades in the markets of energy, paper, raw materials and transport. Founded in 1867, Voith today has around 22,000 employees, sales of € 5.2 billion and locations in over 60 countries worldwide and thus is one of the larger family-owned companies in Europe.
African Americans in the East Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)
The East Bay within the San Francisco Bay Area has historically had a significant Black population, in comparison to the other counties and cities nearby. Culture of the area has been shaped by the Black population. Most notably the 1960s formation of the Black Panther Party happened in city of Oakland, which also served as the headquarters.

The two counties that comprise the East Bay Area, Alameda and Contra Costa, are estimated at 11% and 10% Black, respectively. The largest city in the East Bay, Oakland, is estimated at 22% Black in 2022.

Elizabeth Scott Flood
Elizabeth Scott Flood (née Thorn; c. 1828–1867) was a 19th-century African American educator and activist in California. Flood was a "colored school" teacher in Sacramento, California and later fought for equal education rights for all children in Oakland, California.
Chito Gascon
Jose Luis Martin Cosgayon Gascon (Spanish: [xoˈse ˈlwis maɾˈtiŋ ɡasˈkon]; May 26, 1964 – October 9, 2021), also known as Chito Gascon (Spanish: [ˈtʃito ɣasˈkon]), was a Filipino lawyer, civic organizer, and human rights activist. In 2015, he was appointed by then President Benigno S. Aquino III as the Chair of the Commission on Human Rights of the Philippines serving a term from 2015 to 2021.

Prior his stint in the Commission on Human Rights, he served as member of the Human Rights Victims' Claims Board, which administered reparations for martial law victims.

He was the youngest member of the 1986 Constitutional Commission that drafted the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines. As a member of the Philippine House of Representatives representing the youth sector, he spearheaded the passage of pertinent legislation for the creation of the Sanggunian Kabataan (under the Local Government Code) and Republic Act 7610, a special law providing protection to children from abuse.

Human trafficking in the Philippines
Human trafficking and the prostitution of children has been a significant issue in the Philippines, often controlled by organized crime syndicates.
Human trafficking is a crime against humanity.

With the Philippines having a large migrant population, men are exploited in fishing, construction, and farming jobs. Whereas, women are exploited in more domestic and caretaker roles. Children are exploited for sex and child labor trafficking.

In an effort to deal with the problem, the Philippines passed R.A. 9208, the Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003, a penal law against human trafficking, sex tourism, sex slavery and child prostitution.
In 2006, enforcement was reported to be inconsistent. But by 2017, the U.S. State Department's Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons had placed the country in "Tier 1" (fully compliant with minimum standards of the U.S. Trafficking Victims Protection Act).
Gambolò
Gambolò is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Pavia in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 35 kilometres (22 miles) southwest of Milan and about 25 km (16 mi) northwest of Pavia.

Gambolò borders the following municipalities: Borgo San Siro, Mortara, Tromello, Vigevano. Sights include the Litta Castle, the parish church of Sts. Eusebius and Gaudentius (in neo-medieval style) and the Pieve of Sant'Eusebio.

Vigevano
Vigevano (Italian: [viˈdʒɛːvano, -ˈdʒeː-]; Western Lombard: Avgevan) is a comune (municipality) in the province of Pavia, in the Italian region of Lombardy. A historic art town, it is also renowned for shoemaking and is one of the main centres of Lomellina, a rice-growing agricultural district. Vigevano received the honorary title of city with a decree of Duke Francis II Sforza on 2 February 1532. It is famed for its Renaissance Piazza Ducale in the centre of the town. It is also known for the Rassegna Litteraria di Vigevano (Literary Review of Vigevano), an annual cultural event celebrating literature and the arts, which honours two distinguished personalities from the world of culture every year with the National Prize and the International Career Prize.
Tera 100
Tera 100 is a supercomputer built by Bull SA for the French Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique.

On May 26, 2010, Tera 100 was turned on. The computer, which is located in Essonne is able to sustain around 1 petaFLOPs maximum performance and a peak at 1.25 petaFLOPs. It has 4300 Bullx Series S servers ('Mesca'), 140,000 Intel Xeon 7500 processor cores, and 300 TB of memory. The Interconnect is QDR InfiniBand. The file system has a throughput of 500 GB/s and total storage of 20 PB. It uses the SLURM resource manager for scheduling batch jobs.

Tera 100 uses Bull XBAS Linux, a partly Red Hat Enterprise Linux derivative.

In June 2011, TOP500 deemed it the ninth fastest supercomputer in the world, and in 2020, it had dropped off the list.

Essonne
Essonne (French pronunciation: [ɛsɔn] ⓘ) is a department in the southern suburb part of the Île-de-France region. It is named after the river Essonne. In 2019, it had a population of 1,301,659, across 194 communes.

Essonne was formed on 1 January 1968, when Seine-et-Oise was split into smaller departments. Its prefecture is Évry-Courcouronnes. Its INSEE and postcode number is 91.
Grand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russia (1863–1919)
Grand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russia (Russian: Георгий Михайлович; 23 August 1863 – 28 January 1919) was a Grand Duke of Russia, first cousin of Emperor Alexander III of Russia and a General in the Russian army. 
Born in Tbilisi while his father was the Governor-General of Russian provinces of Transcaucasia, he was the second surviving son of Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia and Princess Cecilie of Baden. His paternal grandparents were Emperor Nicholas I of Russia and Princess Charlotte of Prussia. His maternal grandparents were Leopold, Grand Duke of Baden and Princess Sophie of Sweden.

On 27 January 1919, George was moved to Peter and Paul Fortress in Petrograd, and in the early hours of the following day, he was shot there by a firing squad, along with his brother, Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich, and his cousins Grand Dukes Paul Alexandrovich and Dmitri Constantinovich.

South Caucasus
The South Caucasus, also known as Transcaucasia, or the Transcaucasus, is a geographical region on the border of Eastern Europe and West Asia, straddling the southern Caucasus Mountains. The South Caucasus roughly corresponds to modern Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan, which are sometimes collectively known as the Caucasian States. The total area of these countries measures about 186,100 square kilometres (71,850 square miles). The South Caucasus and the North Caucasus together comprise the larger Caucasus geographical region that divides Eurasia.
Zen lineage charts
Zen lineage charts depict the transmission of the dharma from one generation to another. They developed during the Tang dynasty, incorporating elements from Indian Buddhism and East Asian Mahayana Buddhism, but were first published at the end of the Tang.

Shitou Xiqian
Shitou Xiqian (700–790) (traditional Chinese: 石頭希遷; simplified Chinese: 石头希迁; pinyin: Shítóu Xīqiān; Wade–Giles: Shih-t'ou Hsi-ch'ien; Japanese: Sekitō Kisen) was an 8th-century Chinese Chan/Zen Buddhist teacher and author. All existing branches of Zen throughout the world are said to descend either from Shitou Xiqian or from his contemporary Mazu Daoyi.
Jack Cattell
Christianity portal

The Ven. Jack Cattell was Archdeacon of Bermuda from 1961 until 1982.

He was educated at Durham University and Salisbury Theological College;  and ordained in 1940. He was President of the Durham Union for Epiphany term of 1938. After  a curacy in Royston he was a Chaplain to the British Armed Forces from 1942 to 1946. He was also a teacher: serving at Dauntsey's School, Richmond School and Wanstead High School. He was Head teacher of Whitney Institute from 1953 until his appointment as Archdeacon.

Richmond School
Richmond School & Sixth Form College, often referred to simply as Richmond School, is a coeducational comprehensive secondary school with academy status, located in North Yorkshire, England. It was created by the merger of three schools, the oldest of which, Richmond Grammar School, is of such antiquity that its exact founding date is unknown. The first mentions of it in writings, however, is estimated, to be between 1361 and 1474. It was officially ratified as an educational establishment in 1568 by Elizabeth I.

The school is on the outskirts of Richmond, near the Yorkshire Dales. It accepts both boys and girls and serves a wide catchment area across most of the north-west corner of North Yorkshire, including Swaledale.
Justin Gray (basketball)
Justin Gray (born March 31, 1984) is an American former professional basketball player and current head coach of the men's basketball team at Coastal Carolina. He was the head coach of Western Carolina from 2021 to 2024, and before that an assistant coach at Winthrop from 2019 to 2021. Gray played professionally overseas from 2006 to 2018.

Winthrop Eagles men's basketball
The Winthrop Eagles men's basketball team represents Winthrop University in Rock Hill, South Carolina, United States and competes in the Big South Conference. Winthrop plays their home games in the 6,100 seat Winthrop Coliseum. Winthrop has appeared 11 times in the NCAA tournament, most recently in 2021. The Eagles earned the program's only win ever at the NCAA tournament at the 2007 NCAA tournament, earning a 74-64 upset win over #6 seeded Notre Dame. The Eagles have played 45 seasons of basketball since their inaugural 1978–79 campaign.
Zach Tuohy
Zach Tuohy (born 10 December 1989) is an Irish former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Geelong Football Club and Carlton Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL).

Tuohy grew up in Portlaoise, County Laois, Ireland, and played Gaelic football before making a code switch to Australian rules football. He is regarded as one of the greatest Irish players in the history of the AFL, with the highest number of games played of any non-Australian-born player.

In 2022, Tuohy and Mark O'Connor (from Kerry) became the second and third Irish players in AFL history to win a premiership by winning the 2022 AFL Grand Final with Geelong. Tadhg Kennelly won the first for Ireland in 2005 with the Sydney Swans.

2011 International Rules Series
The 2011 International Rules Series (officially the 2011 Toyota International Rules Series) was the 16th International Rules Series contested between Gaelic footballers from Ireland and Australian rules footballers from Australia. The series was played over two test matches with Ireland winning by 130-65 points on aggregate. In doing so, Ireland achieved its best winning test margin (in the first test) and greatest-ever series victory Australia recorded its lowest-ever test score in the second test. The Australian Football League (AFL) announced part of the schedule for the series in June 2011 with the Etihad Stadium in Melbourne chosen for the first test match. In July, the AFL announced that Metricon Stadium on the Gold Coast would be the venue for the second test. This was the first time any stadium in Queensland hosted an International Rules game. The first test was played on 28 October 2011, with the second test played a week later on 4 November 2011.
Tanzer 16
The Tanzer 16 is a Canadian sailboat, that was designed by Johann Tanzer and first built in 1963. The design is out of production.

Derived from the similar 1963 Constellation 16, the Tanzer 16 design was developed into the Overnighter 16 in 1964, by the addition of a cuddy cabin.

Cuddy (cabin)
A cuddy is a small room or cupboard, especially on a boat. It can also refer to a small, cozy hut. The term's origin is uncertain, but it was used in colonial America as early as 1655.  The term may derive from the Dutch kajuit, meaning a small cabin, or from the French cahute, meaning a hut.