hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Transition modeling
Transition modeling is the use of a model to predict the change from laminar and turbulent flows in fluids and their respective effects on the overall solution. The complexity and lack of understanding of the underlining physics of the problems makes simulating the interaction between laminar and turbulent flow to be difficult and very case specific.  Transition does have the wide range of turbulence options available for most computational fluid dynamics (CFD) applications for the following reasons:

Transition involves a wide range of scales where the energy and momentum transfer are strongly influenced by inertial or non-linear effects that are unique to the simulation.

Transition also occurs by different means, such as natural and bypass, and modeling all possibilities is difficult.

Most CFD programs use Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations, in which averaging eliminates linear disturbance.

Bypass transition
A bypass transition is a laminar–turbulent transition in a fluid flow over a surface. It occurs when a laminar boundary layer transitions to a turbulent one through some secondary instability mode, bypassing some of the pre-transitional events that typically occur in a natural laminar–turbulent transition.
Jürgen Maehder
Jürgen Maehder (born 1950) is a German musicologist and opera director. He discovered Franco Alfano's original version of the finale for the third act of Puccini's Turandot. He has lectured and staged opera internationally.

Salzburg Festival
The Salzburg Festival (German: Salzburger Festspiele) is a prominent festival of music and drama established in 1920. It is held each summer, for five weeks starting in late July, in Salzburg, Austria, the birthplace of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Mozart's operas are a focus of the festival; one highlight is the annual performance of Hofmannsthal's play Jedermann (Everyman).

Since 1967, an annual Salzburg Easter Festival has also been held, organized by a separate organization.
Denis Dolgodvorov
Denis Dolgodvorov (born (1982-05-01)May 1, 1982 in Tomsk) is a Russian freestyle skier, specializing in  moguls.

Dolgodvorov competed at the 2010 Winter Olympics for Russia. He qualified for the moguls final, finishing 13th. As of February 2013, his best showing at the World Championships is 18th, in 2005 and 2007. Dolgodvorov made his World Cup debut in December 2003. As of February 2013, his best performance at a World Cup event is 4th, achieved twice at moguls events. His best World Cup overall finish is 13th, in 2009/10.

FIS Freestyle World Ski Championships
The FIS Freestyle World Ski Championships is the world championship organized by the FIS for freestyle skiing. It was first organized in 1986 and is now held every odd year. Currently, the disciplines included in the World Championships are Aerials, Moguls, Dual Moguls, Ski cross, Half-pipe, Slopestyle and Big air. Formerly, Acroski and a combined event were held.
Spiby
Spiby is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Michael Spiby, Australian musician

Sam Spiby (1877–1953), English footballer

Pete Spiby, British musician with Groop Dogdrill and Black Spiders

Groop Dogdrill
Groop Dogdrill were an English rock band formed in the early 1990s in Doncaster, South Yorkshire, England, by Damien "Damo" Fowkes (bass), Pete Spiby (vocals/guitar) and Hugh "Hug" Kelly (drums). They achieved modest success, releasing a number of singles and two albums in between numerous tours of the UK, before finally splitting up in 2001.
Ernest Daunt
Christianity portal

Ernest George Daunt (10 January 1909 – 1 December 1966) was Archdeacon of Cork from 1962 until 1966.

Daunt was educated at Bandon Grammar School and Trinity College, Dublin; and ordained in 1933.
  After  curacies in Dublin he held incumbencies at Balbriggan (1937–1946); Killiney, (1946–1950); Rathgar, (1950–1953); and St. Ann's Church, Dawson Street (1953-1962).

St. Ann's Church, Dawson Street
St. Ann's Church on Dawson Street in Dublin, Ireland is a Church of Ireland church, constructed originally around 1720 following the establishment of the local Anglican parish in 1707.

In the early 21st century the church presents itself as ecumenical within the tradition of the Church of Ireland.
Yacht XV 1
The 42' sailboat known as the XV/1 was intended to demonstrate Haveblue LLC's patented technology for the production, storage, and use of hydrogen on board a marine vessel. The anticipated range was to be a radius of ~300 nautical miles at 8 knots (15 km/h; 9.2 mph) on a full tank.

Electrolysis of water
Water electrolysis is a term for processes that use electricity to convert liquid water (H2O) into gaseous hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2). The hydrogen produced by electrolysis can be used as fuel or as an industrial feedstock, most notably for the production of fertilizers. Because the underlying chemical reaction (water splitting) does not produce greenhouse gases, the emissions footprint of electrolysis can be lower than technologies that produce hydrogen from fossil fuels (e.g. steam reforming). Maximizing the electrical efficiency and minimizing the material cost of electrolysis is a key research problem in contemporary chemical engineering, electrochemistry, and materials science.
2024 Santaizi ATP Challenger – Doubles
Sriram Balaji and Jonathan Erlich were the defending champions but chose not to defend their title.

Ray Ho and Nam Ji-sung won the title after defeating Toshihide Matsui and Kaito Uesugi 6–2, 6–2 in the final.

Nam Ji-sung
Nam Ji-sung (born 15 August 1993) is a South Korean tennis player.
He has a career high ATP singles ranking of world No. 236 achieved on 12 August 2019. He also has a career high ATP doubles ranking of No. 102 achieved on 3 February 2020. In 2024, he became the first Korean in 13 years to win the Busan Open in doubles.

Playing for South Korea in Davis Cup, Nam has a W/L record of 3–7.
Ebony Dickinson
Ebony Jenise Dickinson (September 8, 1977 – September 29, 2009) was an American professional basketball player. After graduating from St. John's University in 1999 she went overseas and achieved success playing professional basketball in Iceland, Sweden, Greece and China.

Úrvalsdeild kvenna (basketball)
Úrvalsdeild kvenna (English: Women's Premier League), known as Bónus deild kvenna for sponsorship reasons, is the highest basketball competition among women's clubs in Iceland. It is administered by the Icelandic Basketball Federation. It was founded in 1952 and, until 2007, it was known as 1. deild kvenna (English: Women's First division).

The league was known as the Subway deild kvenna from 2021 to 2024. In July 2024, supermarket chain Bónus became the primary sponsor.
Winnie Kaburu
Winnie Kaburu Kinyua is a Kenyan businesswoman who ran for Deputy President in the March 2013 Kenyan Presidential election as the running mate of James ole Kiyiapi, of the Restore and Build Kenya party.

Winnie Kaburu ran for governor of Meru County in the 2017 elections as the candidate for Wiper Democratic Movement.

She is a native of Meru County, Kenya, and holds a bachelor's degree in Political Science and a Masters in Gender and Development, both from the University of Nairobi. She currently owns businesses across multiple sectors and received a Head of State Commendation in 2003 from President Kibaki for her work in the Kenyan business community.

Kaburu Kinyua is a co-founder and the former Vice Chair of the Kenya Private Sector Alliance (KEPSA), as well as a co-founder of the Fair Trade Organisation. She is also an advocate for women in business, founding the National Association of Self Employed Women of Kenya (NASWOK).

Deputy President of Kenya
The deputy president of the Republic of Kenya (Swahili: Naibu Rais wa Jamhuri ya Kenya) is the principal assistant to the President of the Republic of Kenya.
The current appointed deputy president of Kenya is Kithure Kindiki. He has been serving in this position since 1 November 2024.
William G. Joslyn
William George Joslyn (March 14, 1922 – December 22, 2011) was a decorated officer in the United States Marine Corps with the rank of major general. A veteran of three wars, Joslyn distinguished himself in the Korean War and rose to the rank of general during the Vietnam War. He completed his career as commanding general, 2nd Marine Division.

Joslyn was also an athlete and competed in American football during his studies at high school and later at Stanford University. He was drafted by the NFL's Washington Redskins in 1944.

"V" device
A "V" device is a metal 1⁄4-inch (6.4 mm) capital letter "V" with serifs which, when worn on certain decorations awarded by the United States Armed Forces, distinguishes a decoration awarded for combat valor or heroism from the same decoration being awarded for a member's actions under circumstances other than combat.

The decorations with which a "V" may be authorized differ among the military services, as well as the manner in which the "V" is worn and the name by which it is referred to. Until 2017, each service also used different criteria in determining whether a "V" could be authorized.
Production planning
Production planning is the planning of production and manufacturing modules in a company or industry. It utilizes the resource allocation of activities of employees, materials and production capacity, in order to serve different customers.

Different types of production methods, such as single item manufacturing, batch production, mass production, continuous production etc. have their own type of production planning. Production planning can be combined with production control into production planning and control, or it can be combined with enterprise resource planning.

Productive capacity
Productive capacity is the maximum possible output of an economy. According to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), no agreed-upon definition of maximum output exists. UNCTAD itself proposes: "the productive resources, entrepreneurial capabilities and production linkages which together determine the capacity of a country to produce goods and services." The term may also be applied to individual resources or assets; for instance the productive capacity of an area of farmland.
2002 in paleontology
Paleontology portal

History of science portal

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2002.

Residue (chemistry)
In chemistry, residue is whatever remains or acts as a contaminant after a given class of events. Residue may be the material remaining after a process of preparation, separation, or purification, such as distillation, evaporation, or filtration. It may also denote the undesired by-products of a chemical reaction.

Residues as an undesired by-product are a concern in agricultural and food industries.
Nestlé Pakistan
Nestlé Pakistan Limited (/ˈnɛsleɪ/ NESS-lay), a subsidiary of the Swiss multinational Nestlé, is a leading food and beverage company based in Lahore, Pakistan. It produces and markets a diverse range of products, including dairy, confectionery, coffee, beverages, infant nutrition, and bottled drinking water.

The company is publicly traded on the Pakistan Stock Exchange.

Drink
A drink or beverage is a liquid intended for human consumption. In addition to their basic function of satisfying thirst, drinks play important roles in human culture. Common types of drinks include plain drinking water, milk, juice, smoothies and soft drinks. Traditionally warm beverages encompass coffee, tea, and hot chocolate. Caffeinated drinks that contain the stimulant caffeine, have been consumed for centuries.

In addition, alcoholic drinks such as wine, beer, and liquor, which contain the psychoactive substance ethanol, have been part of human culture for more than 8,000 years. Non-alcoholic drinks typically refer to beverages that are traditionally alcoholic—such as beer, wine, or cocktails—but are produced with a very low alcohol by volume content. This category includes beverages that have undergone processes to remove or significantly reduce alcohol, such as non-alcoholic beers and de-alcoholized wines.
Rugrats in Paris: The Movie (video game)
Rugrats in Paris: The Movie is a video game based on the 2000 animated movie of the same name (in turn based on the Nickelodeon animated series Rugrats). The game follows the adventures of the Rugrats in a European theme park. A console version of the game was released in 2000, for the PlayStation, Nintendo 64, and a handheld version for Game Boy Color. A version for Microsoft Windows was later released in 2001. The console version's gameplay is similar to Rugrats: Studio Tour, but Paris’ attractions sometimes have minigames too. The handheld gameplay is a side-scrolling platformer. The Windows version's gameplay is an adventure game in which the player must find Chuckie's Wawa Bear.

Teddy bear
A teddy bear, or simply a teddy, is a stuffed toy in the form of a bear. The teddy bear was named by Morris Michtom after the 26th president of the United States, Theodore Roosevelt; it was developed apparently simultaneously in the first decade of the 20th century by two toymakers: Richard Steiff in Germany and Michtom in the United States. It became a popular children's toy, and it has been celebrated in story, song, and film.

Since the creation of the first teddy bears (which sought to imitate the form of real bear cubs), "teddies" have greatly varied in form, style, color, and material. They have become collector's items, with older and rarer teddies appearing at public auctions. Teddy bears are among the most popular gifts for children, and they are often given to adults to signify affection, congratulations, or sympathy.
Sir Charles Knightley, 2nd Baronet
Sir Charles Knightley, 2nd Baronet (30 January 1781 – 30 August 1864) was a British Conservative politician.

Knightley was the son of Reverend Charles Knightley and Elizabeth née Boulton. In 1813, he married Selina Mary Hervey, daughter of Felton Lionel Hervey and Selina Mary née Elwill, and they had at least two children: Sophia Selina Knightley (died 1886), and Rainald Knightley, 1st Baron Knightley (1819–1895).

Knightley was first elected Conservative MP for South Northamptonshire at the 1835 general election and held the seat until 1852, when he did not seek re-election.

He was an excellent horseman and consummate trainer, using the Pytchley Hunt for jumping practice.

He succeeded to the Baronetcy of Fawsley in 1812 upon the death of his uncle, Sir John Knightley, 1st Baronet. Upon his own death in 1864, the title was inherited by his son, Rainald.

Pytchley Hunt
The Pytchley with Woodland Hunt is a fox hunt formerly based near the Northamptonshire village of Pytchley, but since 1966 has had kennels close to Brixworth. The Pytchley country used to include areas of the Rockingham Forest but was split to form the Woodland Pytchley Hunt. Today, it covers an area of western and central Northamptonshire characterised by rolling hills, hedgerows and small areas of woodland.
Vladislav Gribincea
Vladislav Gribincea (born April 22, 1980) is a lawyer from Chişinău and Justice Programme Director at the "Legal Resources Centre form Moldova". He holds a degree in law from the State University of Moldova and an LL.M. from the same university (2003). Gribincea's main specialization as lawyer is the representation of applicants before the European Court of Human Rights. He is known for Ilaşcu and Others v. Moldova and Russia and Guja v. Moldova cases and for being the lawyer of Gabriel Stati.

On October 19, 2008, he married Olimpia Iovu at St. Teodora de la Sihla Church, Viorica and Vitalie Nagacevschi being their marriage godparents. Olimpia Iovu has worked for 3 years for the Governmental Agent Department of the Ministry of Justice (Moldova) and since 2005 for ABA Rule of Law Initiative, providing expertise on criminal law issues.

Moldova State University
Moldova State University (USM; Romanian: Universitatea de Stat din Moldova) is a university located in Chișinău, Moldova. It was founded in 1946, and initially had five faculties, Physics and Mathematics, Geology and Pedology, History and Philology, Biology, and Chemistry.  It became a plenipotentiary member of the International Association of Universities  in 1969. Notable faculty include mathematicians Valentin Belousov and Israel Gohberg. Notable alumni include gender studies scholar Valentina Bidrug-Lungu.
Michel Nastorg
Michel Nastorg (1914–1984) was a French actor.

During World War II he was called into the French army as Soldier Second Class. With the Seventh Army he retreated from Belgium before a fierce German onslaught, and found himself at Dunkirk in June 1940.  On 1 June he and other French soldiers embarked on the Scotia which was almost immediately sunk by a German Stuka.  Nastorg was rescued by a British destroyer which discharged him at Dover. He was then returned to France in two weeks time.

Scotia
Scotia is a Latin placename derived from Scoti, a Latin name for the Gaels, first attested in the late 3rd century. The Romans referred to Ireland as "Scotia" around 500 A.D. From the 9th century on, its meaning gradually shifted, so that it came to mean only the part of Britain lying north of the Firth of Forth: the Kingdom of Alba. By the later Middle Ages it had become the fixed Latin term for what in English is called Scotland.
USS McCulloch
USS McCulloch, previously USRC McCulloch and USCGC McCulloch, was a ship that served as a United States Revenue Cutter Service cutter from 1897 to 1915, as a United States Coast Guard Cutter from 1915 to 1917, and as a United States Navy patrol vessel in 1917. She saw combat during the Spanish–American War during the Battle of Manila Bay and patrolled off the United States West Coast during World War I. In peacetime, she saw extensive service in the waters off the U.S. West Coast. She sank in 1917 after colliding with another steamer.

Territory of Alaska
The Territory of Alaska or Alaska Territory was an organized incorporated territory of the United States from August 24, 1912, until Alaska was granted statehood on January 3, 1959. The territory was previously Russian America, 1784–1867; the Department of Alaska, 1867–1884; and the District of Alaska, 1884–1912.
Robert Schlegel
Robert Aleksandrovich Schlegel (Russian: Роберт Александрович Шлегель; born 17 December 1984 in Ashkhabad, Turkmen SSR) is a former United Russia politician who sat in the State Duma from 2007 to 2016, emerging from the pro-Kremlin youth movement Nashi to become an advocate of internet and media regulation. After leaving parliament he resettled in Munich, obtained German citizenship, and in 2023 publicly condemned Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.

Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic
The Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic, also known as Soviet Turkmenistan, the Turkmen SSR, TuSSR, TurSSR, TurkSSR, TurkmSSR, Turkmenistan, or Turkmenia, was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union, located in Central Asia, that existed as a republic from 1925 to 1991. Initially, on 7 August 1921, it was established as the Turkmen Oblast of the Turkestan ASSR before being made, on 13 May 1925, a separate republic of the USSR as the Turkmen SSR.

Since its creation, the borders of Soviet Turkmenistan remained unchanged. On 22 August 1990, the republic declared its sovereignty over Soviet laws. On 27 October 1991, it became independent as Turkmenistan.

Geographically, Soviet Turkmenistan was bordered by Iran and Afghanistan to the south, the Caspian Sea to the west, the Kazakh SSR to the north, and the Uzbek SSR to the east.
A Little Reunion
A Little Reunion (Chinese: 小欢喜; pinyin: Xiao Huan Xi) is a 2019 Chinese television series which focuses on the topic of the National College Entrance Examination, also known as the gaokao. The series airs on Dragon Television, Zhejiang Television, Tencent Video and IQIYI starting July 31, 2019. It was one of the highest rated TV series of 2019, receiving positive reviews from audiences and is one of the most popular CGTN shows for foreign viewers.

Dragon Television
Shanghai Dragon Television or Dragon TV (Chinese: 东方卫视; pinyin: Dōngfāng Wèishì; lit. 'Eastern satellite channel'), commonly nicknamed the Tomato Channel (蕃茄台) based on its logo, is a provincial satellite TV station. It launched in October 1998 as "Shanghai Television" but changed its name to Dragon Television on October 23, 2003. Currently, Dragon TV's signal covers most of Mainland China and worldwide. From September 28, 2009, the channel used standard high-definition broadcast.
Ian Garland
Ian Frederick Garland (20 March 1925 Verulam, KwaZulu-Natal - 3 August 2007 Kloof) was a South African educationist and farmer. He received his schooling at Verulam and Cordwalles Primary Schools and Michaelhouse.

Ian Garland started sugarcane farming at 'Twinstreams' near Mtunzini in October 1945 'where clear water flowed from papyrus swamps and swamp forests'. He became a life member of the Natal Society for the Preservation of Wildlife in 1947 and was chairman when it became the Natal Branch in 1954.

Michaelhouse
Michaelhouse is a full boarding senior school for boys founded in 1896. It is located in the Balgowan valley in the Midlands of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The Spear's Schools Index 2025 recognises Michaelhouse as one of the world's 100 leading private schools (Rest of the World category), for demonstrating excellence in academics, innovation and student development.
Glens Falls Redbirds
The Glens Falls Redbirds were a minor league baseball team that played in the New York–Penn League for the 1993 season only and played their home games at East Field located in Glens Falls, New York. The Redbirds were affiliated with the St. Louis Cardinals.

New York–Penn League
The New York–Penn League (NYPL) was a Minor League Baseball league that operated in the northeastern United States from 1939 to 2020. Classified as a Class A Short Season league, its season started in June, after major-league teams signed their amateur draft picks to professional contracts, and ended in early September.

In 2019, its last season of operation, the NYPL had 14 teams from eight different states. In addition to New York and Pennsylvania, from which the league drew its name, the NYPL also had clubs in Maryland, Massachusetts, Ohio, Vermont, West Virginia, and Connecticut.

The Brooklyn Cyclones were the last NYPL champions, defeating the Lowell Spinners, two games to one, in 2019. The Oneonta Yankees/Tigers won 12 championships, the most among all teams in the league, followed by the Auburn Mets/Twins/Phillies/Doubledays (8) and Jamestown Falcons/Expos (7).
John Macnamara
Colonel John Robert Jermain Macnamara (11 October 1905 – 22 December 1944) was a British Conservative Party politician and officer of the British Army who was killed while fighting in Italy during the Second World War. He was the last sitting MP to die in combat.

London Irish Rifles
The London Irish Rifles (LIR) was a reserve infantry regiment  and then company of the British Army. The unit's final incarnation was as D (London Irish Rifles) Company, the London Regiment.  On 1 April 2022 soldiers in the company transferred to foot guards regiments and the company became No 15 (Loos) Company, Irish Guards.
Madruga
Madruga (Spanish pronunciation: [maˈðɾuɣa]) is a municipality and town in the Mayabeque Province of Cuba. It is located in the eastern part of the province, between Matanzas and Güines. It was founded in 1803.

Mayabeque Province
Mayabeque Province is one of two new provinces created from the former La Habana Province, whose creation was approved by the Cuban National Assembly on August 1, 2010, the other being Artemisa Province. The new provinces came in to existence on January 1, 2011.