hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Periplasm
The periplasm is a concentrated gel-like matrix in the space between the inner cytoplasmic membrane and the bacterial outer membrane called the periplasmic space in Gram-negative (more accurately "diderm") bacteria. Using cryo-electron microscopy it has been found that a much smaller periplasmic space is also present in Gram-positive bacteria (more accurately "monoderm"), between cell wall and the plasma membrane. The periplasm may constitute up to 40% of the total cell volume of gram-negative bacteria, but is a much smaller percentage in gram-positive bacteria.

Cryogenic electron microscopy
Cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is a transmission electron microscopy technique applied to samples cooled to cryogenic temperatures. Developed in the 1970s, advances in detector technology and software allow biomolecular structures to be imaged at near-atomic resolution. The approach has become a popular alternative to X-ray crystallography or NMR spectroscopy in structural biology.

When scanning biological specimens, sample structure is preserved by embedding in vitreous ice. An aqueous sample solution is applied to a grid-mesh and plunge-frozen in liquid ethane or a mixture of liquid ethane and propane.

The 2017 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank, and Richard Henderson "for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution." Nature Methods also named cryo-EM as the "Method of the Year" in 2015.
Georg Olden (graphic designer)
Georg Olden (né George Elliott Olden; November 13, 1920 – February 25, 1975) was an American graphic designer who worked in television and advertising. Working at CBS, Olden helped to create the visual identities of shows such as Gunsmoke, I Love Lucy, and Lassie. In 1963, Olden became the first African-American to design a postage stamp, creating a design commemorating the centennial of the Emancipation Proclamation. Olden was an AIGA medal-winning graphic designer, and a Japanese magazine, Idea, once listed him among the top fifteen designers in the United States.

Lassie (1954 TV series)
Lassie is an American television series that follows the adventures of a female Rough Collie dog named Lassie and her companions, both human and animal. The show was the creation of producer Robert Maxwell and animal trainer Rudd Weatherwax and was televised from September 12, 1954, to March 25, 1973, making it the ninth longest-running scripted American primetime television series. The show ran for 17 seasons on CBS before entering first-run syndication for its final two seasons. Initially filmed in black and white, the show transitioned to color in 1965.
Lucantonio Giunti
Lucantonio Giunti or Giunta (1457 – 3 April 1538) was a Florentine book publisher and printer, active in Venice from 1489, a member of the Giunti family of printers. His publishing business was successful, and among the most important in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries.: 20  Through partnerships, often with members of his family, he expanded the business through much of Europe. At about the time of his death in 1538 there were Giunti presses in Florence and Lyon, Giunti bookshops or warehouses in Antwerp, Burgos, Frankfurt, Lisbon, Medina del Campo, Paris, Salamanca and Zaragoza, and agencies in numerous cities of the Italian peninsula, including Bologna, Brescia, Genoa, Livorno, Lucca, Naples, Piacenza, Pisa, Rome, Siena and Turin, as well as the islands of Sardinia and Sicily.: 174

Medina del Campo
Medina del Campo is a town and municipality of Spain located in the autonomous community of Castile and León. Part of the Province of Valladolid, it is the centre of a farming area.

It lies on the banks of the Zapardiel river, in the central part of the Douro basin. Initially a Berber settlement, it was repopulated after 1085. By the 12th century the walled town had become a major population centre of the Kingdom of Castile, drawing large-scale trading operations. It was later granted right to hold its well-known free fairs, which attracted a notable presence of international dealers.

It is located on the A-6 road route.
Sarmakaya, Genç
Sarmakaya (Kurdish: Gulayan) is a village in the Genç District, Bingöl Province, Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Tavz tribe and had a population of 100 in 2021.

The hamlets of Akarsu, Bardacık, Boylu, Oğlaklı, Oluklu and Oruçlu are attached to the village.

Bingöl Province
Bingöl Province (Turkish: Bingöl ili; Kurdish: Parêzgeha Çewlîg; Zazaki: Wîlayetî Çewlîg; Armenian: Ճապաղջուր զավառ) is a province of Turkey. The province was known as Çapakçur Province (Armenian: Ճապաղջուր, lit. 'spread out water') before 1945 when it was renamed as Bingöl Province. Its area is 8,003 km2, and its population is 282,556 (2022). The province encompasses 11 municipalities, 325 villages and 693 hamlets.

The town of Genç was the scene of origin for the Sheikh Said rebellion in 1925 and most of the region was captured by the rebels during the rebellion.

As the current Governor of the province, Ahmet Hamdi Usta was appointed by the president in August 2023.
Le Retail
Le Retail (French pronunciation: [lə ʁətaj]) is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

It is situated some 7 km south of Secondigny, 20 km southwest of Parthenay and 33 km north of Niort.

Deux-Sèvres
Deux-Sèvres (French pronunciation: [dø sɛvʁ] ⓘ, Poitevin-Saintongese: Deùs Saevres) is a French department. Deux-Sèvres literally means "two Sèvres": the Sèvre Nantaise and the Sèvre Niortaise are two rivers which have their sources in the department. It had a population of 374,878 in 2019.
Electoral district of Namoi
Namoi, known as The Namoi until 1910 was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales, created in 1880 and named after the Namoi River. It elected two members between 1891 and 1894. In 1894 it was abolished and partly replaced by Narrabri. In 1904, with the downsizing of the Legislative Assembly after Federation, Namoi was recreated, replacing Narrabri and part of Gunnedah. Between 1920 and 1927, it largely absorbed Gwydir and Tamworth and elected three members under proportional representation. In 1927, it was replaced by single-member electorates, mainly Namoi, Tamworth and Barwon. Namoi was abolished in 1950.

Namoi River
The Namoi River, a major perennial river that is part of the Barwon catchment of the Murray–Darling basin, is located in the Northern Tablelands and North West Slopes districts of New South Wales, Australia.

The Namoi River rises on the western slopes of the Moonbi Range and Great Dividing Range, near Niangala, at the convergence of the Macdonald River and Boundary Creek, and flows generally west, joined by twenty-seven tributaries, including the Peel, Manilla and Mooki rivers, before reaching its confluence with the Barwon River, near Walgett.

The Namoi River descends 578 metres (1,896 ft) over its 708 kilometres (440 mi) course; passing near the towns of Gunnedah, Boggabri, Narrabri, Wee Waa and Walgett. The flow of the river is impounded by Lake Keepit and Baraneal Lagoon.
The Snow Leopard
The Snow Leopard is a 1978 book by Peter Matthiessen. It is an account of his two-month search for the snow leopard with naturalist George Schaller in the Dolpo region on the Tibetan Plateau in the Himalaya.

George Schaller
George Beals Schaller (born May 26, 1933) is an American mammalogist, biologist, conservationist and author. Schaller is recognized by many as the world's preeminent field biologist, studying wildlife throughout Africa, Asia and South America. Born in Berlin, Schaller grew up in Germany, but moved to Missouri as a teen. He is vice president of Panthera Corporation and serves as chairman of their Cat Advisory Council. Schaller is also a senior conservationist at the Bronx Zoo-based Wildlife Conservation Society.
J-Six Ranchettes, Arizona
J-Six Ranchettes is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Pima County, Arizona, United States. It is bordered to the east by Cochise County and is located along Interstate 10, 9 miles (14 km) west of Benson and 38 miles (61 km) southeast of Tucson. It was first listed as a CDP prior to the 2020 census. It overlaps completely or primarily with the CDP Pima County Two (Pimaco Two).

Benson, Arizona
Benson is a city in Cochise County, Arizona, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 5,355. It was founded as a rail terminal for the area, and is located approximately 45 miles (72 km) east-southeast of the city of Tucson.
The Very Best of Chris Rea
The Very Best of Chris Rea is the third compilation album by the British singer-songwriter Chris Rea, released in 2001. The last track, "Saudade", was originally written and recorded in 1994 as a tribute to the Formula 1 racing driver Ayrton Senna who died in a crash at Imola on 1 May that year. In Portuguese, the word saudade roughly means the feeling, emotions and euphoria of a certain moment in time. This album reached number 69 on the UK Albums Chart, and was certified Gold by the BPI in 2004.

Saudade
Saudade (European Portuguese: [sɐwˈðaðɨ] ⓘ; Brazilian Portuguese: [sawˈdadʒi] ⓘ; Galician: [sawˈðaðɪ]; Northeast Brazil: [sawˈdadi]). (English: /saʊˈdɑːdə/; plural saudades) is a word in Portuguese and Galician denoting an emotional state of melancholic or profoundly nostalgic longing for a beloved yet absent someone or something. It derives from the Latin word for solitude. It is often associated with a repressed understanding that one might never encounter the object of longing ever again. It is a recollection of feelings, experiences, places, or events, often elusive, that cause a sense of separation from the exciting, pleasant, or joyous sensations they once caused. Duarte Nunes Leão defines saudade as, "Memory of something with a desire for it".
In Brazil, the day of saudade is officially celebrated on 30 January. It is not a widely acknowledged day in Portugal.
Kingstone High School
Kingstone High School is a mixed secondary school located in Kingstone in the English county of Herefordshire.

Previously a community school administered by Herefordshire Council, Kingstone High School converted to academy status in August 2011. It continues to co-ordinate with Herefordshire Council for admissions and mainly serves the areas of South Hereford and the Golden Valley.

Kingstone High School offers GCSEs and BTECs as programmes of study for pupils. The main school building was built in the 1960s, with other buildings added later.

Community school (England and Wales)
A community school in England and Wales is a type of state-funded school in which the local education authority employs the school's staff, is responsible for the school's admissions and owns the school's estate. The formal use of this name to describe a school derives from the School Standards and Framework Act 1998.
Breze Peak
Breze Peak (Bulgarian: връх Брезе, romanized: vrah Breze, IPA: [ˈvrɤɣ ˈbrɛzɛ]) is the mostly ice-covered peak rising to 1634 m in eastern Havre Mountains, northern Alexander Island in Antarctica. It surmounts Russian Gap to the northeast and Foreman Glacier to the west.  The peak was visited on 8 January 1988 by the geological survey team of Christo Pimpirev and Borislav Kamenov (First Bulgarian Antarctic Expedition), and Philip Nell and Peter Marquis (British Antarctic Survey).

The feature is named after the settlements of Breze in Southern and Western Bulgaria.

British Antarctic Survey
The British Antarctic Survey (BAS) is the United Kingdom's national polar research institute. It has a dual purpose, to conduct polar science, enabling better understanding of global issues, and to provide an active presence in the Antarctic on behalf of the UK. It is part of the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC). With over 400 staff, BAS takes an active role in Antarctic affairs, operating five research stations, one ship and five aircraft in both polar regions, as well as addressing key global and regional issues. This involves joint research projects with over 40 UK universities and more than 120 national and international collaborations.

Having taken shape from activities during World War II, it was known as the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey until 1962.
Archichrysotus
Archichrysotus is an extinct genus of flies in the family Dolichopodidae. The generic name is a combination of the Greek prefix archi- ("the first") and the generic name Chrysotus. The genus is known from Upper Cretaceous amber from the Taymyr Peninsula in Russia, New Jersey in the United States and Cedar Lake in Manitoba, Canada.

Amber
Amber is fossilized tree resin. It has been appreciated for its color (orange, brown and, sometimes, red) and natural beauty since the Neolithic times, and worked as a gemstone since classical antiquity. Amber is used in jewelry and as a healing agent in folk medicine.

There are five classes of amber, defined on the basis of their chemical constituents. Because it originates as a soft, sticky tree resin, amber sometimes contains animal and plant material as inclusions. Amber occurring in coal seams is also called resinite, and the term ambrite is applied to that found specifically within New Zealand coal seams.
Gerald Marzenell
Gerald Marzenell (born 6 February 1964) is a German former professional tennis player.

A right-handed player from Mannheim, Marzenell played college tennis in the United States at the University of Houston prior to his professional career.

Marzenell reached a career high ranking of 182 in the world and featured in the Wimbledon qualifying draw on two occasions during the late 1980s. His best performance on the Grand Prix circuit came when he defeated Petr Korda to make the round of 16 at the 1988 Dutch Open.

Grand Prix tennis circuit
The ITF Grand Prix Circuit  was a professional tennis tour for male players founded in 1970 as the ILTF Grand Prix Tennis Circuit  it was administered by the International Tennis Federation (ITF) and ran annually until 1989 when it and the rival WCT Circuit were replaced by a single world wide ATP Tour.

The women's tour the ILTF Women's International Grand Prix Circuit ran from 1971 to 1976. It's events were absorbed to form the Colgate International Series.
Masao Akashi
Masao Akashi (明石昌夫, Akashi Masao; March 25, 1957 – May 19, 2025) was a Japanese music arranger in distributors Being Inc., mainly in their label B-Gram Records.

In 1988, he debuted as arranger in debut single Dakara Sono Te wo Hanashite by Japanese hard-rock band B'z. By 1998, his arrangement work had been involved with many Being artists including Manish, Wands and Zard.

Although Akashi was no longer working for Being Inc., he sometimes provided producing jobs for various artists such as Naomi Tamura, Maria, Color Bottle and Sonoda Band.

Akashi died on May 19, 2025, at the age of 68.

Loose (B'z album)
Loose is the eighth studio album by the Japanese rock duo B'z, released on November 22, 1995. The album sold 1,336,150 copies in its first week, becoming the duo's highest debut for a duo album. In total over 3,003,210 copies were sold, making it the duo's highest selling studio album.

One of the album's standout tracks is a blues-flavored remake of "Bad Communication," as well as a more energetic version of the hit "Negai".

Loose was B'z first album released under the newly independent Rooms Records label, following B Zone's purchase of BMG Japan's shares in the label.
Crooked River (British Columbia)
The Crooked River is a river in the Central Interior of British Columbia, Canada, beginning at Summit Lake and the community of the same name, flowing north into McLeod Lake.  It is part of the drainage area of the Pack River, via the McLeod River north from McLeod Lake and which feeds Lake Williston, and therefore also part of the Peace River basin and in the Arctic Ocean drainage.  South of its source at Summit Lake is the drainage basin of the Fraser River, and so of the Pacific Ocean.  Crooked River Provincial Park is located close its course, on Bear Lake just south of the community of Bear Lake.

The Crooked River is known to contain at least 39 species of caddisflies (Trichoptera), several of which were the first records of their species for British Columbia.

Summit Lake, British Columbia
Summit Lake is an unincorporated community in the Central Interior of British Columbia, Canada, located north of the City of Prince George on the John Hart Highway at the lake of the same name. The community of McLeod Lake (Fort McLeod) is a few miles further to the north. Summit Lake is situated at the divide between the Fraser and Peace, which means it is also at the divide between the Pacific and Arctic drainages. As such, it is also the location of the prominence col for Mount Orizaba, in relation to Denali. This makes it one of the lowest locations along the Continental Divide of North America north of Mexico (elevation 710 m (2329 ft).
John Fichter
John W. Fichter (January 2, 1935 – February 11, 2014) was a Republican member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives.

He was a 1952 Norristown High School graduate. He earned a degree from Ursinus College in 1975. He was first elected to represent the 70th legislative district in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives in 1992. He retired prior to the 2006 election.

He died in 2014, aged 79.

Norristown Area School District
Norristown Area School District is a school district located in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. The school district serves the borough of Norristown, East Norriton Township, and West Norriton Township municipalities in central Montgomery County, just north-west of Philadelphia.

The district is compiled of six elementary schools, three middle schools, and two high schools. As of the 2018-2019 academic year, Mr. Christopher Dormer is the superintendent for this district.
Chionodes lugubrella
Chionodes lugubrella is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. The geographical distribution of this species extends throughout Europe (species not found in Ireland, Great Britain, the Benelux, the Iberian Peninsula, the Balkan Peninsula, Slovakia and Ukraine), into the Caucasus, Siberia and the Russian Far East. It is also found in North America.

The wingspan is 14–18 mm. Adults moths in Sweden are in flight from June to August.

The larvae feed on Dorycnium pentaphyllum, Trifolium repens, Vicia cracca and Lotus species.

Lotus dorycnium
Lotus dorycnium, previously known by the synonym Dorycnium pentaphyllum, common names: prostrate Canary clover and badassi, is a herbaceous perennial plant belonging to the genus Lotus of the family Fabaceae.
Massachusetts's 4th congressional district
Massachusetts's 4th congressional district is located mostly in southern Massachusetts. It is represented by Democrat Jake Auchincloss. Auchincloss was first elected in 2020.

The district covers much of the area included in the 10th district before the 1992 redistricting. In prior years, the district stretched from Brookline to Fitchburg. The shape of the district underwent some changes effective from the elections of 2012, after Massachusetts congressional redistricting to reflect the 2010 census. Most of Plymouth County and the South Coast are included in the new 9th district. The new 4th district has expanded westward to include towns along the Rhode Island border that had been in the old 3rd district.

For a very brief time (1793–95) it represented part of the District of Maine.

District of Maine
The District of Maine was the governmental designation for what is now the U.S. state of Maine from October 25, 1780, to March 15, 1820, when it was admitted to the Union as the 23rd state. The district was a part of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and before American independence had been part of the British province of Massachusetts Bay.
Irene Schmidt
Irene Schmidt is a retired Dutch table tennis player who competed at the 1972, 1976 and 1980 Summer Paralympics in the individual and team events. She won one gold and one bronze medal in 1972, two gold medals in 1976 and again two gold medals in 1980. After these Games she ended her sports career and married Theo Louwers.

1976 Summer Paralympics
The 1976 Summer Paralympics (French: Jeux paralympiques d'été de 1976), branded as Torontolympiad – 1976 Olympiad for the Physically Disabled, was the fifth Paralympic Games to be held. They were hosted by Toronto, Ontario, Canada, from 3 to 11 August 1976, marking the first time a Paralympics was held in the Americas and in Canada. The games began two days after the close of the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal.
Dumoulin Rocks
The Dumoulin Rocks (63°29′S 59°46′W﻿ / ﻿63.483°S 59.767°W﻿ / -63.483; -59.767) are a group of rocks 4 nautical miles (7 km) northeast of Cape Leguillou, the northern tip of Tower Island, in the Palmer Archipelago. The French expedition under Captain Jules Dumont d'Urville, 1837–40, applied the name Dumoulin Rocks for Clément Adrien Vincendon-Dumoulin, hydrographer of the expedition, to a group of small rocks in this area, in complement of the Dumoulin Islands located near the Adélie Land and comprising for them the Debarquement Rock  . A study of air photos has shown that there are two groups of rocks. The southwest group has been named Kendall Rocks and the northeast group Dumoulin Rocks.

Adélie Land
Adélie Land (French: Terre Adélie [tɛʁ adeli]) or Adélie Coast is a claimed territory of France located on the continent of Antarctica. It stretches from a portion of the Southern Ocean coastline all the way inland to the South Pole. France has administered it as one of five districts of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands since 1955 and applied the Antarctic Treaty System rules since 1961. Article 4 of the Antarctic Treaty deals with territorial claims, and although it does not renounce or diminish any preexisting claims to sovereignty, it also does not prejudice the position of contracting parties in their recognition or non-recognition of territorial sovereignty. France has had a permanent station in Adélie Land since 9 April 1950.
Silver acetate
Silver acetate is a coordination compound with the empirical formula CH3CO2Ag (or AgC2H3O2). A photosensitive, white, crystalline solid, it is a useful reagent in the laboratory as a source of silver ions lacking an oxidizing anion.

Coordination complex
A coordination complex is a chemical compound consisting of a central atom or ion, which is usually metallic and is called the coordination centre, and a surrounding array of bound molecules or ions, that are in turn known as ligands or complexing agents.  Many metal-containing compounds, especially those that include transition metals (elements like titanium that belong to the periodic table's d-block), are coordination complexes.
Salomon II of Ethiopia
Salomon II (Ge'ez: ሰሎሞን) was Emperor of Ethiopia from 13 April 1777 to 20 July 1779. He was the son of Abeto Adigo. He may be identical with the Emperor Solomon whom the traveler Henry Salt lists as one of the Emperors still alive at the time of his visit in 1809/1810.

Richard Pankhurst credits him with the construction of Qeddus Fasilides ("St. Basilides," literally "Holy Basilides") church in Gondar. The chronicler Alaqa Gabru appears to suggest, in a confusing passage, that Salomon was blinded before he was deposed.

Emperor of Ethiopia
The emperor of Ethiopia (Ge'ez: ንጉሠ ነገሥት, romanized: nəgusä nägäst, "King of Kings"), also known as the Atse (Amharic: ዐፄ, "emperor"), was the hereditary ruler of the Ethiopian Empire, from at least the 13th century until the abolition of the monarchy in 1975. The emperor was the head of state and head of government, with ultimate executive, judicial and legislative power in that country. A National Geographic article from 1965 called Imperial Ethiopia "nominally a constitutional monarchy; in fact it was a benevolent autocracy".