hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Timeline of non-flagship BBC television channels
This is a timeline of the history of non-flagship BBC television channels, i.e., BBC channels that have initially appeared on cable or satellite or digital television. The list excludes events from BBC One and BBC Two, unless they also relate to one of the other channels.

BBC Knowledge
BBC Knowledge was a British television channel owned by the BBC and launched on 1 June 1999, which broadcast documentary, cultural, and educational programmes. It was shut down permanently on 2 March 2002, and replaced by BBC Four.
Great Berlin Wheel
The Great Berlin Wheel was a giant Ferris wheel to be built near the Berlin Zoological Garden (Zoologischer Garten Berlin) in Berlin, Germany, by the Great Wheel Corporation.

It was originally planned to be 185 m (607 ft) tall, with 36 passenger capsules, but this was subsequently revised to 175 m (574 ft) tall, with 28 passenger capsules, each able to accommodate 40 persons.

The groundbreaking ceremony was on 3 December 2007 and completion was originally planned for 2008, but the project stalled after encountering financial obstacles.

If it had been built, it would have become the world's tallest Ferris wheel,  superseding the 165 m (541 ft) Singapore Flyer (world's tallest 2008–2014).

Great Wheel Corporation
Great Wheel Corporation was a company engaged in the development, building, financing, and operation of Ferris wheels, which they often termed "observation wheels" or "observation platforms".

Great Wheel Corporation, registered in Singapore as GWC Holdings, was a consultant for the 165-metre (541 ft) Singapore Flyer, the world's tallest Ferris wheel since it was completed in 2008. Florian Bollen was chairman of both Great Wheel Corporation and Singapore Flyer Pte Ltd. The Singapore Flyer went into receivership in May 2013.

In 2009, Great Wheel Corporation merged with World Tourist Attractions to form Great City Attractions. World Tourist Attractions went into administration in December 2010, followed by Great City Attractions in July 2012.

In May 2010, Great Wheel Corporation was one of several companies named in a report lodged with the prosecutor's office in Berlin, Germany, for alleged embezzlement.
Colisée Jean-Guy Talbot
The Colisée Jean-Guy Talbot (known as Colisée de Trois-Rivières until 2021) is an arena in Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Canada. It has a capacity of 3,500, with 2,700 seated. It opened in 1938. The Colisée was home to the Trois-Rivières Draveurs of the QMJHL from 1969 to 1992. From 2004 to 2018, the building hosted an LNAH franchise that went by many names but was also called the Draveurs when it ceased operations.  It is the home venue of the UQTR Patriotes university hockey team.

In the late 2010s, construction started on Colisée Vidéotron in District 55, which opened in September 2021.

Ligue Nord-Américaine de Hockey
The Ligue Nord-Américaine de Hockey (LNAH, "North American Hockey League")  is a professional ice hockey league based in the Canadian province of Quebec. Teams in the LNAH compete for the Vertdure Cup.
Fucine Inlet
The Fucine Inlet (Italian: Incile del Fucino) is a monument built on the head of the main emissary of the Fucine Lake in Italy. It is made up of the three-arched bridge of the sluice gates and the about 7-metre-high (23 ft) statue of the Immaculate Conception rising above. It is situated in Borgo Incile, a locality south of the city of Avezzano, in the Fucine plain, Abruzzo, Central Italy. The facility, necessary for the drainage of the Fucine Lake, connects the outer drainage canal to the underground emissary which is served by the system of the Tunnels of Claudius in Mount Salviano. The monument was made in 1876 by architect Carlo Nicola Carnevali.

Central Italy
Central Italy (Italian: Italia centrale or Centro Italia) is one of the five official statistical regions of Italy used by the Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT), a first-level NUTS region with code ITI, and a European Parliament constituency. As of 2025, it has over 11 million inhabitants.
31st Young Artist Awards
The 31st Young Artist Awards ceremony, presented by the Young Artist Association, honored excellence of young performers under the age of 21 in the fields of film, television, theatre and music for the year 2009, and took place on April 11, 2010 at the Beverly Garland Holiday Inn Hotel in North Hollywood, California.

Established in 1978 by long-standing Hollywood Foreign Press Association member Maureen Dragone, the Young Artist Association was the first organization to establish an awards ceremony specifically set to recognize and award the contributions of performers under the age of 21 in the fields of film, television, theater and music.

Sterling Beaumon
Sterling Beaumon  is an American actor and producer. He is known for his roles as Max Doyle in the 2008 film, Mostly Ghostly, and as young Benjamin Linus in the ABC television series, Lost. Beaumon has had guest roles in Law & Order SVU, Criminal Minds, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation. He has starred in series such as The Killing and as "Seamus" on the television show Clue, on The Hub channel.
Die Kathedrale
Die Kathedrale (English: The Cathedral) is a  1991 German text adventure game developed by Weltenschmiede and published by Software 2000 for the Amiga and DOS. Die Kathedrale is part of a text adventure trilogy; it is preceded by Das Stundenglas (1990) and succeeded by Hexuma (1992). The trilogy lacks an overarching plot, and in each entry the setting, role of the protagonist, and goal differ between each game. Games in the trilogy do not require knowledge of the other entries and may be played as standalone games.

Die Kathedrale was inspired by St. Paul's Church in Munich, Germany. In 1993, Die Kathedrale was adapted into a novel titled Die Kathedrale: Das Geheimnis einer Rache (English: The Cathedral: The Secret of Revenge), and was written by Die Kathedrale's writer Harald Evers.

DOS
DOS (/dɒs/, /dɔːs/) is a family of disk-based operating systems for IBM PC compatible computers. It primarily consists of IBM PC DOS and a rebranded version, Microsoft's MS-DOS, both of which were introduced in 1981. Later, compatible systems from other manufacturers are DR-DOS (1988), ROM-DOS (1989), PTS-DOS (1993), and FreeDOS (1994). MS-DOS dominated the IBM PC compatible market between 1981 and 1995.

Although the name has come to be identified specifically with MS-DOS and compatible operating systems, DOS is a platform-independent acronym for disk operating system, whose use predates the IBM PC. Dozens of other operating systems also use the acronym, beginning with the mainframe DOS/360 from 1966. Others include Apple DOS, Apple ProDOS, Atari DOS, Commodore DOS, TRSDOS, and AmigaDOS.
Thierry Mayer
Thierry Mayer (born 27 June 1971, Boulogne-Billancourt) is a French economist and Professor of Economics at Sciences Po. He belongs to the most frequently-cited economists in the field of international trade. In 2006, Mayer and Etienne Wasmer were awarded the Best Young Economist of France Award by Cercle des économistes and Le Monde.

Border effect
Border effects refer to asymmetries in trade patterns between cities and regions of different countries and those that are located in the same country. Usually, trade volume between the former is much less. Economic integration (as in the EU) may be a solution to overcome these effects. A 2017 meta-analysis of 1,271 estimates of the border effect finds that borders reduce trade by one third.

More generally, "border effect" also refers to the tendency of people to purchase consumer goods in a locality that borders another jurisdiction where the desired good is either illegal or highly expensive. Several examples of this are detailed below.
Novoresmekeyevo
Novoresmekeyevo (Russian: Новоресмекеево; Bashkir: Яңы Рәсмәкәй, Yañı Räsmäkäy) is a rural locality (a village) in Chekmagushevsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 4 as of 2010. There is only 1 street.

Chekmagushevsky District
Chekmagushevsky District (Russian: Чекмагу́шевский райо́н; Bashkir: Саҡмағош районы, romanized: Saqmağoş rayonı) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifty-four in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia. It is located in the west of the republic and borders with Dyurtyulinsky District in the north, Kushnarenkovsky District in the east, Blagovarsky District in the southeast, Buzdyaksky District in the south, Sharansky District in the southwest, Bakalinsky District in the west, and with Ilishevsky District in the northwest. The area of the district is 1,692 square kilometers (653 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Chekmagush. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 30,780, with the population of Chekmagush accounting for 37.0% of that number.
Behala Girls' High School
Behala Girls' High School is a Bengali-medium girls' school located at Behala, Kolkata, India. This is a girls' school and is affiliated to the West Bengal Board of Secondary Education for Madhyamik Pariksha (10th Board exams), and to the West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education for Higher Secondary Examination (12th Board exams). The school was established in 1948. The school is maintained by National University of Educational Planning and Administration.

West Bengal Board of Secondary Education
The West Bengal Board of Secondary Education (WBBSE) is the West Bengal state government administered autonomous examining authority for the Standard 10 examination (or secondary school level examination) of West Bengal, India. It came into force by the West Bengal Board of Secondary Education Act-1963. They conduct board exams every year. This exam is organized every February. The next exam will be held in 2026
Signals (Singapore Army)
Signals is the formation of the Singapore Army responsible for communications on multiple platforms and local networking on the battlefield. It also supports the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) by developing the capacity for network-centric warfare in the form of Integrated Knowledge-based Command and Control (IKC2) and Command, Control, Communications, Computers and Intelligence (C4I) operations.

Ministry of Interior and Defence
The Ministry of Interior and Defence (MID) was a ministry of the Government of Singapore. It was established in 1965, with Goh Keng Swee as the inaugural minister. The ministry was responsible for both internal and external security, controlling both the police force and the armed forces.

As the differences between the police force and the armed forces became more defined, the ministry was eventually split into the current Ministry of Defence (MINDEF) and the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) on 11 August 1970.
Grenada 17
The Grenada 17 was the group name given to 17 individuals who were convicted of murder and manslaughter in the October 1983 palace coup against Prime Minister Maurice Bishop of Grenada. The group, consisting of People's Revolutionary Government (PRG) officials and military personnel, were tried in 1986. Many of them received death sentences that were later commuted to life imprisonment. All 17 were eventually released from prison by 2009.

Hudson Austin
Hudson Austin (26 April 1938 – 24 September 2022) was a Grenadian revolutionary and politician who served as a general in the People's Revolutionary Army of Grenada. After the killing of Maurice Bishop, he formed a military government with himself as chairman to rule Grenada.
Biathlon at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Women's 10km/12.5km
Women's 10 km & 12.5 km biathlon events at the 2006 Winter Paralympics were contested at Pragelato on 11 March.

There were 3 events, that for sitting competitors over 10 km and those for visually impaired & standing competitors over 12.5 km. Standings were decided by applying a disability factor to the actual times achieved, and for each missed shot a penalty of one minute was added to the calculated time.

2006 Winter Paralympics
The 2006 Winter Paralympic Games (Italian: Giochi paralimpici invernali del 2006), the ninth Paralympic Winter Games, took place in Turin, Italy, from 10 to 19 March 2006.  These were the first Winter Paralympic Games to be held in Italy. They were also the first Paralympics to use the new Paralympics logo.

20 years later, Italy will host the Winter Paralympics again in 2026, scheduled to be held in Milan and Cortina d'Ampezzo.
Mothers against decapentaplegic
Mothers against decapentaplegic is a protein from the SMAD family that was discovered in Drosophila. During Drosophila research, it was found that a mutation in the gene in the mother repressed the gene decapentaplegic in the embryo. The phrase "Mothers against" was added as a humorous take-off on organizations opposing various issues e.g. Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD); and based on a tradition of such unusual naming within the gene research community.

Several human homologues are known:

Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 1

Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2

Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3

Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4

Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 5

Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 6

Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7

Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 9

Mothers Against Drunk Driving
Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) is a non-profit organization which advocates against drunk driving.

The Irving, Texas-based organization was founded on September 5, 1980, in California by Candace Lightner after her 13-year-old daughter, Cari, was killed by a drunk driver.

There is at least one MADD office in every state of the United States, at least one in each province of Canada, and in Brazil.
Cron
cron is a time-based job scheduler. A scheduled job is known as a cron job. Although typically used to automate system maintenance and administration it can be used to automate any task. cron is most suitable for scheduling repetitive tasks as scheduling a one-time task can be accomplished via at.

The daemon name originates from Chronos, the Greek word for time.

cron is generally available on Unix-like operating systems.

Unix-like
A Unix-like (sometimes referred to as UN*X, *nix or *NIX) operating system is one that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system, although not necessarily conforming to or being certified to any version of the Single UNIX Specification. A Unix-like application is one that behaves like the corresponding Unix command or shell. Although there are general philosophies for Unix design, there is no technical standard defining the term, and opinions can differ about the degree to which a particular operating system or application is Unix-like. Some well-known examples of Unix-like operating systems include Linux, FreeBSD and OpenBSD. These systems are often used on servers as well as on personal computers and other devices. Many popular applications, such as the Apache web server and the Bash shell, are also designed to be used on Unix-like systems.
Koebner phenomenon
The Koebner phenomenon or Köbner phenomenon (UK: /ˈkɜːbnər/, US: /ˈkɛb-/), also called the Koebner response or the isomorphic response, attributed to Heinrich Köbner, is the appearance of skin lesions on lines of trauma.  The Koebner phenomenon may result from either a linear exposure or irritation.  Conditions demonstrating linear lesions after a linear exposure to a causative agent include: molluscum contagiosum, warts and toxicodendron dermatitis (a dermatitis caused by a genus of plants including poison ivy).  Warts and molluscum contagiosum lesions can be spread in linear patterns by self-scratching ("auto-inoculation").  Toxicodendron dermatitis lesions are often linear from brushing up against the plant.  Causes of the Koebner phenomenon that are secondary to scratching rather than an infective or chemical cause include vitiligo, psoriasis, lichen planus, lichen nitidus, pityriasis rubra pilaris, and keratosis follicularis (Darier disease).

Poison ivy
Poison ivy is a type of allergenic plant in the genus Toxicodendron which is native to eastern part of Asia and North America. Formerly considered a single species, Toxicodendron radicans, poison ivies are now generally treated as a complex of three separate species: T. radicans, T. rydbergii, and T. orientale. They are variable in appearance and habit, and despite its common name, poison ivy is not an ivy (i.e., Hedera type), but rather a member of the cashew and pistachio family (Anacardiaceae).

Though T. radicans is commonly eaten by many animals and the seeds are consumed by birds, poison ivy is most often thought of as an unwelcome weed. It is well known for causing urushiol-induced contact dermatitis, an itchy, irritating, and sometimes painful rash, in most people who touch them. The rash is caused by urushiol, a clear liquid compound in the plant's sap. Despite the name of “poison” ivy, urushiol is not a true poison and is an allergen, to which 15% of people are resistant.
Xavier de Montépin
Xavier Henri Aymon Perrin, Count of Montépin (10 March 1823 in Apremont, Haute-Saône – 30 April 1902 in Paris) was a popular French novelist.

The author of serialised novels (feuilletons) and popular plays, he is best known for the 19th-Century best-seller,  La Porteuse de pain (The Bread Peddler), which was first published in Le Petit Journal, from 1884 to 1889, and underwent many adaptations for theatre, film and television.

Le Médecin des pauvres (Physician to the Poor), appeared in 1861 and was the subject of a plagiarism suit by author Louis-Étienne Jousserandot. Although the evidence was strongly in favour of Jousserandot, neither party prevailed and both parties were ordered to pay the court costs.

Les Filles de plâtre (The Daughters of the Plasterer), appearing in 1855, was condemned as obscene and Perrin was tried and sentenced to three months in prison and a fine of 500 Francs.

Feuilleton
A feuilleton (French pronunciation: [fœjtɔ̃]; a diminutive of French: feuillet, the leaf of a book) was originally a kind of supplement attached to the political portion of French newspapers, consisting chiefly of non-political news and gossip, literature and art criticism, a chronicle of the latest fashions, and epigrams, charades, and other literary trifles.

The term feuilleton was invented in 1800 for the publishing format by the editors of the French Journal des débats, Julien Louis Geoffroy and Bertin the Elder. Early on, the feuilleton was described as a "talk of the town". A contemporary English-language example of the format is the section of The New Yorker that is entitled, "Talk of the Town". However, in English newspapers, the term instead came to refer to an installment of a serial story that is printed in one part of a newspaper.
Pat Crow
Pat Crow (born April 11, 1966) is a former professional tennis player from the United States.

Crow was a qualifier for the main draw of the 1991 US Open and faced Michael Joyce in the opening round. He lost in four sets.

1991 US Open (tennis)
The 1991 US Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the USTA National Tennis Center in New York City in New York in the United States. It was the 111th edition of the US Open and was held from August 26 to September 8, 1991.
Givi Berikashvili
Givi Berikashvili (Georgian: გივი ბერიკაშვილი, 15 May 1933 – 10 April 2017) was a Georgian film and theatre actor.

Born in the village of Kolagi, now part of the Gurjaani Municipality, Berikashvili graduated from the Georgian Institute of Theatre in 1956. Since then, he performed at the Drama Theatre of Rustavi, that of Sukhumi, and finally, at Marjanishvili Theatre in Tbilisi. His notable films include: Londre, Wine Thieves, The Wishing Tree, Data Tutashkhia, Everyone Wants to Love, The Turtledoves of Paradise, and others. Among his many accolades are the title of People's Artist of Georgia (1979) and the Shota Rustaveli Prize. He died of respiratory failure in 2017. He was buried at the Saburtalo church of the Ascension in Tbilisi.

Data Tutashkhia
Data Tutashkhia (Georgian: დათა თუთაშხია) is a novel written by Chabua Amirejibi in 1962-1972. It was translated to English from a Russian translation by Antonina W. Bouis in 1985. This is one of the most popular readable novels in Georgia and former Soviet countries.
Synesuchus
Synesuchus is an extinct genus of bystrowianid chroniosuchians from middle Triassic (Ladinian stage) deposits of Komi Republic, northern Fore-Ural of Russia. It is known from the holotype PIN 4466/12, which consists of armor scute and from the referred materials PIN 4466/10, 4466/11, 4466/13 and 4466/14. It was found in the Nadkrasnokamenskaya Formation of the Bukobay Horizon. It was first named by I.V. Novikov and M.A. Shishkin in 2000 and the type species is Synesuchus muravjevi. The generic name comes from Syne, from Bolshaya Synya river, and “crocodile” (suchos in Greek), and the specific name honors the Russian geologist Ivan Stepanovich Murav'ev.

Ladinian
The Ladinian is a stage and age in the Middle Triassic series or epoch. It spans the time between 241.464 Ma and ~237 Ma (million years ago). The Ladinian was preceded by the Anisian and succeeded by the Carnian (part of the Upper or Late Triassic).

The Ladinian is coeval with the Falangian regional stage used in China.
African Centre of Meteorological Application for Development
The African Centre of Meteorological Application for Development (shortened as ACMAD) is an African weather office based in Niamey, Niger.

It was established in 1987 by the UNECA and the WMO. It has 53 member countries and cooperates with WMO, EUMETSAT and ECMWF.

United Nations Economic Commission for Africa
The United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA or ECA; French: Commission économique pour l'Afrique, CEA) was established in 1958 by the United Nations Economic and Social Council to encourage economic cooperation among its member states (the nations of the African continent) following a recommendation of the United Nations General Assembly. It is one of five regional commissions.

The ECA has 54 member states, corresponding to the 54 member states of the United Nations that lie within the continent of Africa or in oceans nearby the continent. The ECA's mandate is to promote the economic and social development of its member states, foster intra-regional integration, and promote international cooperation for Africa's development.

On October 6, 2023, the UN Secretary-General appointed Claver Gatete of Rwanda as the Executive Secretary of UNECA, replacing the Cameroonian Vera Songwe.
Guo Zihe
Li Zihe (Chinese: 李子和; pinyin: Lǐ Zǐhé; ?–664) was an anti-king during the Sui dynasty. His original surname was Guo (郭), but he was later bestowed the family name of the Tang imperial clan, Li (李), by Emperor Gaozu, the Tang dynasty's founding emperor. Ancestral home to the Tongzhou (同州) Pucheng (蒲城). President Zuo Yiwei during the Sui Dynasty, because of the crime in exile in Yulin (榆林). In 617, during the last years of Daye (大業; Emperor Yang of Sui's era name), he rebelled against the Sui dynasty, proclaiming himself the King of Yongle and changing the era name to Zhengping (正平) or Chouping (醜平).

In 618, he surrendered to the Tang dynasty, and he was awarded the main of the Lingzhou (靈州), the Duke of Jinhejun (金河郡), in 619, to seal the Public of Cheng (郕). In 622, the attendants were able to pacify the renewed rebellion of Liu Heita, give the family name is Li and give the general of Youwuwei. In 637, he was a Cishi of Wuzhou (婺州), to the Public of Yi (夷). He died in 664.

Tong Prefecture (Shaanxi)
Tongzhou or Tong Prefecture (Chinese: t 衕州, s 同州, p Tòngzhōu) was a prefecture of imperial China seated in modern Dali County, Shaanxi. It existed intermittently from AD 554 to 1913.

Between 1735 and 1913 during the Qing dynasty it was known as Tongzhou Prefecture (t 衕州府, s 同州府, p Tòngzhōufǔ).