hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Asynchronous computer-mediated communication
Asynchronous conferencing or asynchronous computer-mediated communication (asynchronous CMC) is the formal term used in science, in particular in computer-mediated communication, collaboration and learning, to describe technologies where there is a delay in interaction between contributors. It is used in contrast to synchronous conferencing, which refers to various "chat" systems in which users communicate simultaneously in "real time".
Especially in computer-mediated communication, it is emerging as a tool that can create opportunities for collaboration and support the inquiry process. In this form of communication, face-to-face conversation is not required, and the conversation can last for a long time. It has mostly been useful for online discussions and idea sharing which can be used for learning purpose or for solving problems over geographically diverse work-field.

Educational technology
Educational technology (commonly abbreviated as edutech or edtech) refers to the use of computer hardware, software, and educational theory and practice to facilitate learning and teaching. When referred to with its abbreviation, "EdTech", it often refers to the industry of companies that create educational technology. Scholars such as Tanner Mirrlees and Shahid Alvi (2019) have described the edtech industry as consisting largely of privately owned companies involved in producing and distributing educational technologies for commercial purposes.

In addition to the practical educational experience, educational technology is based on theoretical knowledge from various disciplines such as communication, education, psychology, sociology, artificial intelligence, and computer science. It encompasses several domains, including learning theory, computer-based training, online learning, and mobile learning (m-learning).
The Federal Trust
The Federal Trust for Education and Research is a research institute studying the interactions between regional, national, European and global levels of government. Founded in 1945 on the initiative of Sir William Beveridge, it has long made a powerful contribution to the study of federalism and federal systems. It has always had a particular interest in the European Union and Britain’s place in it.

The Federal Trust has no allegiance to any political party. It is registered as a charity for the purposes of education and research.

John Stevens (English politician)
John Christopher Courtenay Stevens (born 23 May 1955) is a British politician active in Rejoin EU, who founded and formerly led the Pro-Euro Conservative Party.  A Conservative Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 1989 to 1999, he contested the Buckingham constituency in the 2010 general election as an independent, against Commons speaker John Bercow and came second with 10,331 votes (21.4%) compared to Bercow's 22,860 (47.3%).
Noor Palace
Noor palace is a 14th-century mansion in Knivsta, Sweden.

Noor palace was confiscated as part of the reduction by King Charles XI in 1686, whereafter it was used as a royal hunting lodge. In 1689 King Charles XI sold the mansion to his adviser Count Nils Gyldenstolpe. He rebuilt the mansion in Swedish Carolean Style (karolinerstil), the style of fashion in Sweden during the period of the two Carolean kings, based on drawings by Jean de la Vallée. Between 1761 and into the 1980s Noor palace was owned by members of the noble Hermelin family. Erik Dahlberg made a drawing of the house for his Suecia antiqua et hodierna.

Nobel laureate Verner von Heidenstam wrote his historical novel The Caroleans (Karolinerna) at Noor palace in 1897, during a spell of one year at the mansion to benefit from its late 17th century atmosphere. The lands of the manor were divided up into 70 plots in 1943.

Noor palace was renovated during 1996-97 and is now a privately owned conference centre.

Great Reduction
In the Great Reduction of 1680, by which the ancient landed nobility lost its power base, the Swedish Crown confiscated lands earlier granted to the nobility. Reductions (Swedish: reduktion) in Sweden and its dominions were the return to the crown of fiefs that had been granted to the Swedish nobility. Several reductions are recorded, from the 13th century until this final one of 1680.
2023 Challenger Ciudad de Guayaquil – Doubles
Guido Andreozzi and Guillermo Durán were the defending champions but chose not to defend their title.

Arklon and Conner Huertas del Pino won the title after defeating Luca Margaroli and Santiago Rodríguez Taverna 6–3, 6–1 in the final.

Arklon Huertas del Pino
Arklon Huertas del Pino Cordova (born 16 July 1994) is a Peruvian tennis player.

Huertas del Pino has a career high ATP singles ranking of 453 achieved on 18 July 2022. He also has a career high ATP doubles ranking of 174 achieved on 15 January 2024.

Huertas del Pino represents Peru at the Davis Cup, where he has a W/L record of 0–2.
Zhangixalus omeimontis
Zhangixalus omeimontis is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae endemic to China. Its common name is Omei whipping frog or Omei treefrog, in reference to its type locality, Mount Emei  (Chinese: 峨嵋山; pinyin: Éméi Shān; Wade–Giles: O2-mei2 Shan1) in Sichuan. It is found in southern and central China in Yunnan, Sichuan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, and Hubei provinces. It has been observed between 200 and 700 meters above sea level. It is a relatively common frog that inhabits forests, and sometimes farmland. It breeds in still water (pools and ponds). Agriculture and logging are threats to this species.

Mount Emei
Mount Emei ([ɤ̌.měɪ]; Chinese: 峨眉山; pinyin: Éméi shān), alternatively Mount Omei, is a 3,099-metre-tall (10,167 ft) mountain in Sichuan Province, China, and is the highest of the Four Sacred Buddhist Mountains of China. Mount Emei sits at the western rim of the Sichuan Basin. The mountains west of it are known as Daxiangling.
A large surrounding area of countryside is geologically known as the Permian Emeishan Large Igneous Province, a large igneous province generated by the Emeishan Traps volcanic eruptions during the Permian Period.

Administratively, Mount Emei is located near the county-level city of the same name (Emeishan City), which is in turn part of the prefecture-level city of Leshan. It was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996.
2006 Connecticut Secretary of the State election
The 2006 Connecticut Secretary of the State election took place on November 7, 2006, to elect the Secretary of the State of Connecticut. Incumbent Democrat Susan Bysiewicz won re-election to a third term, defeating Republican nominee Richard J. Abbate.

Secretary of the State of Connecticut
The secretary of the state of Connecticut is one of the constitutional officers of the U.S. state of Connecticut. (The definite article is part of the legal job title.) It is an elected position in the state government and has a term length of four years.

The current secretary of the state is Stephanie Thomas, a Democrat who has held the office since January 2023 after defeating Republican opponent Dominic Rapini in the 2022 general election.

The Secretary of the State's Office is composed of two divisions:

The Legislation and Elections Administration Division, which administers elections and ensures compliance with state and federal election laws. This division is also responsible for maintaining governmental records, administering the Seal of Connecticut, and licensing notaries public.

The Commercial Recording Division, which charters corporations and other business entities, registers trademarks, service marks, and liens under the Uniform Commercial Code, and issues apostilles.
Sarthebari Bell Metal Craft
Sarthebari Bell Metal Craft is a traditional metalcraft practiced in Sarthebari, a town in the Bajali district of Assam, India. It is one of the most prominent handicraft traditions of the state and is widely known for its bell metal utensils, ritual objects, and musical instruments. The craft has played an important role in the cultural life of Assam and continues to provide livelihoods to a large number of artisan families.

Bajali district
Bajali district is a district of the Indian state of Assam, carved out of Barpeta district. The Assam Cabinet headed by former Chief Minister Sarbananda Sonowal approved the proposal to make Bajali a full-fledged district on 10 August 2020. On 12 January 2021 Bajali was formally declared as a district. On 31 December 2022, the district was remerged with existing Barpeta district.

However, on August 25, 2023, the Assam cabinet made an announcement regarding the restoration of the district status of Bajali and on October 12, Bajali again became a district.

Bajali comprised parts of Bajali, Jalah and Sarupeta circles. Dolor Pathar is the most popular village under bajali district And Pathsala is main town of the district.
Callicarpenal
Callicarpenal is a terpenoid that has been isolated from plants of the genus Callicarpa (beautyberry).  It acts as an insect repellent against mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi) and fire ants.  It also has activity against ticks (Ixodes scapularis and Amblyomma americanum).

In comparison to the most commonly used insect repellent, DEET, callicarpenal is only about 21% less effective at preventing mosquito bites.

Callicarpenal was discovered by scientists at the United States Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service who were inspired by reports that Callicarpa americana (American beautyberry) was used as a folk remedy to prevent mosquito bites.

Aedes aegypti
Aedes aegypti (/ˈiːdiːz eɪˈdʒɪpti/; US: /eɪdz -, ˈeɪdiːz -/; from Ancient Greek  αηδής (aēdḗs) 'unpleasant' and Latin  aegyptī 'Egyptian') – sometimes called the Egyptian mosquito, dengue mosquito, or yellow fever mosquito – is a mosquito that spreads diseases such as dengue fever, yellow fever, and chikungunya. The mosquito can be recognized by black and white markings on its legs and a marking in the form of a lyre on the upper surface of its thorax. The mosquito is native to north Africa, but is now a common invasive species that has spread to tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions throughout the world.
BFM (brewery)
The Brasserie des Franches-Montagnes (BFM) is a small, artisanal brewery in Saignelégier, Jura, Switzerland, whose products, including barrel-aged beers, have drawn international acclaim. Founded in 1997 by Jérôme Rebetez, a trained oenologist, the brewery is known for making beers that stray outside traditional beer style guidelines and use unorthodox ingredients. The brewery takes its name from its home district.

BFM's products are made in small batches and packaged by hand at the brewery.

Oenology
Oenology (also enology; /iːˈnɒlədʒi/ ee-NOL-o-jee) is the science and study of wine and winemaking. Oenology is distinct from viticulture, which is the science of the growing, cultivation, and harvesting of grapes. The English word oenology derives from the Greek word oinos (οἶνος) "wine" and the suffix –logia (-λογία) the "study of". An oenologist is an expert in the science of wine and of the arts and techniques for making wine.
Joan Carlos Pedroso
Joan Carlos Pedroso Brooks (born July 23, 1979, in Las Tunas) is a first baseman and left fielder for Las Tunas of the Cuban National Series, and the Cuba national baseball team. He was the backup first baseman for Cuba at the 2006 World Baseball Classic, taking second place.

Pedroso hit .353 with 22 home runs during the 2005-06 Cuban National Series.

2005–06 Cuban National Series
The 45th season of the Cuban National Series ended with another title for Industriales. Though the  Lions failed to win their division, they won close-fought series throughout the playoffs and won their 11th championship.
Los Chunguitos
Los Chunguitos are a Spanish Romani rumba flamenca group from Badajoz, Extremadura, formed in Vallecas, Madrid in 1973.

The group's nucleus was the three brothers Juan (1954), Manuel (1962), and José Salazar (1957), whose uncle was the flamenco singer Porrina de Badajoz. Their sisters, Toñi and Encarna, sang backup and would later go on to success on their own as Azúcar Moreno.

The name "Los Chunguitos" comes from the pastime of throwing small stones at trains. They began as street buskers, playing in Madrid. In 1977, they auditioned at the offices of record label EMI, and producer Raul Ros convinced the label to sign them. They became hitmakers both in their own country and across Europe with songs such as "Dame veneno". They also appeared in the soundtracks to films such as Deprisa, Deprisa, Perros callejeros, and Días contados.

The group plays rumba flamenca influenced by Romani music and Catalan rumba. Their lyrics often touch on poverty and misfortune.

Deprisa, deprisa
Deprisa, deprisa is a 1981 Spanish drama film directed by Carlos Saura. It tells the story of a gang of juvenile delinquents and is considered one of the classics of the quinqui film genre.

The film went on to win the Golden Bear at the 31st Berlin International Film Festival.

In the English-speaking world, it has been released under the titles Faster, Faster and Fast, Fast.
Vertumnus (Arcimboldo)
Vertumnus is an oil painting produced by the Italian painter Giuseppe Arcimboldo in 1591 that consists of multiple fruits, vegetables and flowers that come together to create a portrait of Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II. Although Arcimboldo's colleagues commented that Vertumnus was scherzo, or humorous, there were intentional political meanings behind the piece, particularly regarding the choice of fruits, vegetables, and flowers. Arcimboldo's choice to include these items was also an intentional reference to the Roman god, Vertumnus.

Vertumnus was presented to Rudolf II after its completion. It was looted by the Swedish army after the Thirty Years' War. Although art historians lost track of Vertumnus after this shift, it reappeared in 1845 in Sweden in Skokloster Castle, where it remains.

Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor
Rudolf II (18 July 1552 – 20 January 1612) was Holy Roman Emperor (1576–1612), King of Hungary and Croatia (as Rudolf I, 1572–1608), King of Bohemia (1575–1608/1611) and Archduke of Austria (1576–1608). He was a member of the House of Habsburg.

Rudolf's legacy has traditionally been viewed in three ways: an ineffectual ruler whose mistakes led directly to the Thirty Years' War; a great and influential patron of Northern Mannerist art; and an intellectual devotee of occult arts and learning which helped seed what would be called the Scientific Revolution. Determined to unify Christendom, he initiated the Long Turkish War (1593–1606) with the Ottoman Empire. Exhausted by war, his citizens in Hungary revolted in the Bocskai Uprising, which led to more authority being given to his brother Matthias. Under Rudolf's reign, there was a policy of tolerance towards Judaism.
Anthurium watermaliense
Anthurium watermaliense, the black anthurium or black prince, is a species of flowering plant in the family Araceae, native to Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia. Its dark purple spathes make it popular as a houseplant.

Araceae
The Araceae are a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants in which flowers are borne on a type of inflorescence called a spadix. The spadix is usually accompanied by, and sometimes partially enclosed in, a spathe (or leaf-like bract). Also known as the arum family, members are often colloquially known as aroids. This family of 114 genera and about 3,750 known species is most diverse in the New World tropics, although also distributed in the Old World tropics and northern temperate regions.
Novoalexeyevsky
Novoalexeyevsky (Russian: Новоалексеевский) is the name of several rural localities in Russia:

Novoalexeyevsky, Republic of Adygea, a khutor in Koshekhablsky District of Republic of Adygea

Novoalexeyevsky, Krasnodar Krai, a khutor in Seversky District of Krasnodar Krai

Novoalexeyevsky, Oryol Oblast, a village in Dmitrovsky District of Oryol Oblast

Koshekhablsky District
Koshekhablsky District (Russian: Кошеха́бльский райо́н; Adyghe: Кощхьэблэ къедзыгъо) is an administrative and a municipal district (raion), one of the seven in the Republic of Adygea, Russia. It is located in the east of the republic and borders with Kurganinsky District of Krasnodar Krai in the north and northeast, Labinsky District of Krasnodar Krai in the east, Mostovsky District of Krasnodar Krai in the south, Giaginsky District in the west, and with Shovgenovsky District in the northwest. The area of the district is 606.7 square kilometers (234.2 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (an aul) of Koshekhabl. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 30,422, with the population of Koshekhabl accounting for 23.8% of that number.
Reedia
Reedia is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Cyperaceae. It only contains one known species, Reedia spathacea, a perennial rhizomatous geophyte endemic to Southwest Australia.

The genus name of Reedia is in honour of Joseph Reed (c. 1823 – 1890), a Cornishman by birth, was a prolific and influential Victorian era architect in Melbourne, Australia. The Latin specific epithet of spathacea is derived from spathaceus meaning spathed, derived from spatha, meaning blade.
Both the genus and the species were first described and published in Fragm. Vol.1 on page3 239-240 in 1859.

Storage organ
A storage organ is a part of a plant specifically modified for storage of energy 
(generally in the form of carbohydrates) or water. Storage organs often grow underground, where they are better protected from attack by herbivores. Plants that have an underground storage organ are called geophytes in the Raunkiær plant life-form classification system. Storage organs often, but not always, act as perennating organs which enable plants to survive adverse conditions (such as cold, excessive heat, lack of light or drought).
Diethanolamide
Diethanolamides are common ingredients used in cosmetics to act as a foaming agents or as emulsifiers.  Chemically, they are amides formed from diethanolamine and carboxylic acids, typically fatty acids.

Examples include:

Cocamide diethanolamine

Lauramide diethanolamine

Oleamide diethanolamine

Carboxylic acid
In organic chemistry, a carboxylic acid is an organic acid that contains a carboxyl group (−C(=O)−OH) attached to an R-group. The general formula of a carboxylic acid is often written as R−COOH or R−CO2H, sometimes as R−C(O)OH with R referring to an organyl group (e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, aryl), or hydrogen, or other groups. Carboxylic acids occur widely. Important examples include the amino acids and fatty acids. Deprotonation of a carboxylic acid gives a carboxylate anion.
French ship Duquesne
Nine ships of the French Navy have been named in honour of Abraham Duquesne:

Duquesne (1788), a 74-gun ship of the line

Duquesne (1811), a captured Russian 73-gun ship, used as a school ship

Duquesne (1813) a Bucentaure-class 80-gun ship of the line

Duquesne (1853), a steam and sail ship of the line

Duquesne (1876) an unprotected cruiser

Duquesne (1914), an unbuilt Lyon-class battleship

Duquesne, a heavy cruiser (1924–1955)

Duquesne, a Suffren-class frigate

A Barracuda-class submarine is scheduled to bear the name

French cruiser Duquesne (1876)
Duquesne was an unprotected cruiser built for the French Navy in the 1870s, the lead ship of the Duquesne class. She was ordered in the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War, and was intended for use against commerce raiders, which necessitated a high top speed, heavy armament, and long cruising radius. The ship's engines proved to be very unreliable, and coupled with the high cost of operating the vessel, she proved to be a disappointment in service. As a result, she saw limited use; she had one major overseas deployment in the mid-1880s, during which time she cruised in the Pacific Ocean. She operated with the Atlantic Division in 1894 and 1895, but saw no further service. She was struck from the naval register in 1901 and was sold for scrap in 1908.
4 (2007 film)
4 is a 2007 Australian documentary film directed by Tim Slade exploring Antonio Vivaldi's The Four Seasons through the eyes of four violinists in four countries. Each musician represents a season appropriate to their country: Sayaka Shoji plays Spring in Japan, Niki Vasilakis plays Summer in Australia, Cho-Liang Lin plays Autumn in the United States, and Pekka Kuusisto plays Winter in Finland.

The film was nominated for two Australian Film Institute Awards, an International Documentary Association Award, as well as awards at the Banff World Television Festival. It won several awards, including a Gold Hugo in Chicago. It has sold to more than 20 international broadcasters and screened at more than 25 international film festivals.

It screened on NHK in Japan in December 2010, and on PBS stations in the US in May 2011, and continues to sell via DVD in Australia, New Zealand and the United States, as well as via online sales.

AACTA Awards
The Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts Awards, known as the AACTA Awards, are presented annually by the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts (AACTA). The awards recognise excellence in the film and television industry, both locally and internationally, including the producers, directors, actors, writers, and cinematographers. It is the most prestigious awards ceremony for the Australian film and television industry. They are generally considered to be the Australian counterpart of the Academy Awards for the United States and the BAFTA Awards for the United Kingdom.

The awards, previously called Australian Film Institute Awards or AFI Awards, began in 1958, and involved 30 nominations across six categories. They expanded in 1986 to cover television as well as film. The AACTA Awards were instituted in 2011. The AACTA International Awards, inaugurated on 27 January 2012, are presented every January in Los Angeles.
Bogolyubovka, Sterlitamaksky District, Republic of Bashkortostan
Bogolyubovka (Russian: Боголюбовка) is a rural locality (a village) in Konstantinogradovsky Selsoviet, Sterlitamaksky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 174 as of 2010. There are 3 streets.

Sterlitamaksky District
Sterlitamaksky District (Russian: Стерлитама́кский райо́н; Bashkir: Стәрлетамаҡ районы, Stärletamaq rayonı) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifty-four in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia. It is located in the center of the republic and borders with Aurgazinsky District in the north, Gafuriysky District in the northeast, Ishimbaysky District in the east and southeast, Meleuzovsky District in the south, Sterlibashevsky District in the southwest, Miyakinsky District in the west, and with Alsheyevsky District in the west and northwest. The area of the district is 2,216 square kilometers (856 sq mi). Its administrative center is the city of Sterlitamak (which is not administratively a part of the district). As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 40,325.
Philip J. Fry
Philip J. Fry, commonly known mononymously by his surname Fry, is a fictional character and the protagonist of the animated series Futurama. He is voiced by Billy West using a version of his own voice as he sounded when he was 25.  He is a delivery boy from the 20th century who becomes cryogenically frozen and reawakens in the 30th century to become a delivery boy there with an intergalactic delivery company run by his 30th great-grandnephew, Professor Hubert J. Farnsworth. He is the best friend and roommate of Bender and the boyfriend and later fiancé of Leela.

Intergalactic travel
Intergalactic travel is the hypothetical travel between galaxies. Because the Milky Way and its closest neighbors are separated by millions of light-years, any such venture would also require millions of years based on our current understanding of physics. Thus, intergalactic travel is impossible within the human lifetime. The technology required to travel between galaxies is far beyond humanity's present capabilities, and currently only the subject of speculation, hypothesis, and science fiction.