hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gaius Cluilius
Gaius Cluilius was the king of Alba Longa during the reign of the Roman king Tullus Hostilius in the mid seventh century BC. Alba Longa was an ancient city of Latium in central Italy southeast of Rome.

He constructed the Cluilian trench, sometimes referred to as the "Cluilian ditches", which was a huge warfare trench that surrounded the ancient city of Rome approximately four to five miles outside the city walls. It was built for trench warfare and was used in various wars and battles for centuries after the original construction for this very purpose.

Cluilius died just before full-blown war broke out between the two cities. The Alban general Mettius Fufetius was appointed dictator instead of elevating a new king; the subsequent destruction of Alba Longa makes Cluilius the last king of the ancient city.

Roman Kingdom
The Roman Kingdom, also known as the Roman monarchy and the regal period of ancient Rome, was the earliest period of Roman history, when the city and its territory were ruled by kings. According to tradition, the Roman Kingdom began with the city's founding c. 753 BC, with settlements around the Palatine Hill along the river Tiber in central Italy, and ended with the overthrow of the kings and the establishment of the Republic c. 509 BC.

Little is certain about the kingdom's history as no records and few inscriptions from the time of the kings have survived. The accounts of this period written during the Republic and the Empire are thought largely to be based on oral tradition.
Omegaverse
Omegaverse, also known as A/B/O or α/β/Ω (an abbreviation for "alpha/beta/omega"), is a subgenre of speculative erotic fiction. The genre supposes the existence of a dominance hierarchy among humans as similar to that associated in popular myth with wolves and other canids that is composed of dominant "alphas," neutral "betas," and submissive "omegas." In the Omegaverse, this hierarchy determines how people interact with one another in romantic, erotic and sexual contexts. Though tropes associated with Omegaverse can be observed in works published as early as the 1960s, the genre formally originated in the 2010s as a subgenre of erotic slash (same-sex) fan fiction, as a fusion of elements of werewolf fiction and the mpreg subgenre.

Werewolf fiction
Werewolf fiction denotes the portrayal of werewolves and other shapeshifting therianthropes, in the media of literature, drama, film, games and music. Werewolf literature includes folklore, legend, saga, fairy tales, Gothic and horror fiction, fantasy fiction and poetry. Such stories may be supernatural, symbolic or allegorical.

A classic cinematic example of the theme is The Wolf Man (1941) which in later films joins with the Frankenstein Monster and Count Dracula as one of the three famous icons of modern day horror. However, werewolf fiction is an exceptionally diverse genre, with ancient folkloric roots and manifold modern re-interpretations.
Andrew R. Barron (statistician)
Andrew R. Barron is an American statistician and information theorist. He was the Charles C. and Dorothea S. Dilley Professor of Statistics and Data Science at Yale University until his retirement in 2024.

Statistician
A statistician is a person who works with theoretical or applied statistics. The profession exists in both the private and public sectors.

It is common to combine statistical knowledge with expertise in other subjects, and statisticians may work as employees or as statistical consultants.
Hough Green railway station
Hough Green railway station is a railway station to the west of Widnes in Halton, Cheshire, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building.  The station is on the Liverpool–Warrington–Manchester line 10 miles 42 chains (16.9 km) east of Liverpool Lime Street and all trains serving it are operated by Northern Trains.

Borough of Halton
The Borough of Halton (/hɒltən/) is a local authority district with borough status in the ceremonial county of Cheshire, North West England. It is administered by Halton Borough Council, a unitary authority since 1998. The borough contains the towns of Runcorn and Widnes and the civil parishes of Daresbury, Hale, Halebank, Moore, Preston Brook, and Sandymoor. Since 2014, it has been part of the Liverpool City Region and the council is a member of the Liverpool City Region Combined Authority.

The neighbouring districts (clockwise from west) are Liverpool, Knowsley and St Helens, which are fellow boroughs of the Liverpool City Region, and Warrington and Cheshire West and Chester in Cheshire.
Tier-Psychologie. Ist das Tier eine Maschine oder ein sensitives Wesen?
Tier-Psychologie. Ist das Tier eine Maschine oder ein sensitives Wesen?... (in English: Animal-Psychology. Is the animal a machine or a sensitive being?...) is a book written by Fritz Knickenberg (6 February 1863 – 14 July 1932). It was first published in 1908, by the Ulrich Moser's bookstore (J. Meyerhoff) in Graz and Leipzig. The book was published for laypeople and was intended to serve as explanatory literature for a previous publishment, namely Der Hund und sein Verstand (in English: The dog and his mind).

In this book, Knickenberg aims at combining the Christian worldview with the mechanistic explanation of animal behavior by emphasizing on the uniqueness of the human soul and the perfection of the mechanistic nature created by God.

Mechanism (philosophy)
Mechanism is the belief that natural wholes (principally living things) are similar to complicated machines or artifacts, composed of parts lacking any intrinsic relationship to each other.

The doctrine of mechanism in philosophy comes in two different varieties. They are both doctrines of metaphysics, but they are different in scope and ambitions: the first is a global doctrine about nature; the second is a local doctrine about humans and their minds, which is hotly contested. For clarity, we might distinguish these two doctrines as universal mechanism and anthropic mechanism.
Crow (Australian band)
Crow are an Australian rock band that is best known for three albums released in the 1990s. Founded by songwriters Peter Fenton and Peter Archer in Sydney in 1986, Crow ceased all activity in 1999, only to begin playing again in 2007. In 2009, they recorded an album of new material. Mixed by Jim Moginie (Midnight Oil), the album was released in 2010.

In 1998, the respected Australian music magazine Juice labeled Crow as the 'best band in Australia since The Birthday Party'. With releases on Phantom, Half A Cow, RooArt and BMG, Crow is widely acknowledged as influential in Australian music.

Bertelsmann Music Group
Bertelsmann Music Group (BMG) was a division of a German media company Bertelsmann before its relaunch and completion of sale of the majority of its assets to Sony Corporation of America on 1 October 2008.

Although it was established in 1987, the music company was formed as RCA/Ariola International in 1985 as a joint venture to combine the music label activities of RCA's RCA Records division and Bertelsmann's Ariola Records and its associated labels which include Arista Records. It consisted of the BMG Music Publishing company, the world's third largest music publisher and the world's largest independent music publisher and (since August 2004) the 50% share of the joint venture with Sony Music, which established the German American Sony BMG from 2004 to 2008.
Abraham Wald
Abraham Wald (/wɔːld/; German: [valt]; Hungarian: Wald Ábrahám, Yiddish: אברהם וואַלד; (1902-10-31)31 October 1902 – (1950-12-13)13 December 1950) was a Hungarian and American mathematician and statistician who contributed to decision theory, geometry and econometrics, and founded the field of sequential analysis. One of his well-known statistical works was written during World War II on how to minimize the damage to bomber aircraft and took into account the survivorship bias in his calculations. He spent his research career at Columbia University. He was the grandson of Rabbi Moshe Shmuel Glasner.

Moshe Shmuel Glasner
Rabbi Moshe Shmuel Glasner (1856–1924), a Hungarian Talmudic scholar and communal leader, served as chief rabbi of Klausenburg (Kolozsvár in Hungarian, Cluj in Romanian) from 1877 to 1923. In 1923 he left Klausenburg for Jerusalem where he resided until his death in 1924. He is best known as the author of Dor Revi'i, a classic commentary on the tractate Hullin, and as a supporter of Zionism and a founder of Mizrachi.

His father was Rabbi Avraham Glasner (1825–1877), who preceded him as chief rabbi of Klausenburg, and was his only teacher. His mother, Raizl (née Ehrenfeld), was the oldest granddaughter of the Chatam Sofer.
Winkelhaid
Winkelhaid (German pronunciation: [ˈvɪŋkl̩haɪt]) is a municipality in the district of Nürnberger Land in Bavaria in Germany. It is situated 18 km southeast of Nuremberg in the administrative region of Middle Franconia. Winkelhaid is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the municipalities of Altdorf bei Nürnberg, Schwarzenbruck and Feucht.

Middle Franconia
Middle Franconia (German: Mittelfranken, pronounced [ˈmɪtl̩ˌfʁaŋkŋ̍] ⓘ) is one of the three administrative regions of Franconia, Germany, in the west of Bavaria bordering the state of Baden-Württemberg. The administrative seat is Ansbach; the most populous and largest city is Nuremberg.
Frith Lake (Thunder Bay District)
Frith Lake (French: lac Frith) is a lake in the Unorganized Part of Thunder Bay District in northwestern Ontario, Canada. The lake is on Kelvin Island, a large island in Lake Nipigon, and is thus in the Great Lakes Basin.

Thunder Bay District
Thunder Bay District is a district and census division in Northwestern Ontario in the Canadian province of Ontario. The district seat is Thunder Bay.

Most of the district (93.5%) is unincorporated and part of the Unorganized Thunder Bay District.
Ceramika Opoczno
MKS Ceramika Opoczno is a Polish sports club from Opoczno, Łódź Voivodeship.

The club was founded as Budowlani Opoczno in 1945. Changing its name several times, the club incorporated Linia Opoczno in 1955 and KS Opoczno in 1980. The club took the name Ceramika Opoczno in 1993.

In 2003, it was renamed Stasiak Opoczno. However, the club relocated to Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski in 2004 (to reactivate KSZO Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski). Based on Opoczno's former reserve team, Woy Opoczno was operated from the summer of 2004, again taking the name Ceramika Opoczno in 2006. It is currently also known as Ceramika TERMOton Opoczno due to sponsorship of Polish brick brand TERMOton.

The men's association football team plays in the IV liga Łódź, the fifth tier of Polish football. The team reached the quarter-final of the 2002–03 Polish Cup (among others eliminating Lech Poznań), and played in the II liga.

IV liga Łódź
IV liga Łódź group (grupa łódzka), also known as Betcris IV liga łódzka for sponsorship reasons, is one of the groups of IV liga, the fifth level of Polish football league system.

The league was created in the 2000–01 season after a new administrative division of Poland was introduced. Until the end of the 2007–08 season, IV liga was the fourth level of league system, but this was changed with the formation of the Ekstraklasa as the top-level league in Poland.

The clubs from Łódź Voivodeship compete in this group. The winner of the league is promoted to the first group of III liga. The bottom teams are relegated to one of the four regional league groups from Łódź Voivodeship. These groups are Łódź, Piotrków Trybunalski, Sieradz and Skierniewice.
Su Wei (athlete)
Su Wei (born 7 October 1982) is a Chinese long-distance runner who specialises in the marathon. His personal best time is 2:14:48 hours, achieved in March 2006 in the Xiamen Marathon.

He finished sixth at the 2006 Asian Games and 33rd at the 2007 World Championships. He also competed at the 2006 World Cross Country Championships.

Xiamen Marathon
The Xiamen Marathon (Chinese: 厦门马拉松; pinyin: Xiàmén guójì mǎlāsōng sài; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Ē-mn̂g kok-chè má-la-song sài) is a Platinum Label marathon event held annually on the Xiamen in Fujian, People's Republic of China. Xiamen C&D Inc. is the current title sponsor for the race. More than 50,000 runners took part in the race in 2010. The 2013 edition featured 73,896 entrants.
Sony CLIÉ UX Series
The Sony Clie UX series were premium multimedia PDAs announced by Sony in July 2003, running Palm OS (version 5).  These devices were advertised as being a "personal entertainment communicator", a purpose not dissimilar to the Apple iPod Touch released in 2007. Two models were released, featuring a "palm-top" clamshell design, with a landscape tilting and swiveling LCD screen.

The UX40 and UX50 were largely identical, with the exception of their wireless connectivity. The UX50 included both bluetooth and built-in Wi-Fi support, while the UX40 was US$100 cheaper but only featured bluetooth. Users of these devices frequently experienced difficulty connecting to other devices via Bluetooth. The UX40 was, for a time, sold at Costco, while the UX50 was not. A UX70h model with integrated cellular capabilities was also developed, but never saw public release.

Palm OS
Palm OS (later versions of which were also known as Garnet OS) is a discontinued mobile operating system initially developed by Palm, Inc., for personal digital assistants (PDAs) in 1996. Palm OS was designed for ease of use with a touchscreen-based graphical user interface. It was provided with a suite of basic applications for personal information management. Later versions of the OS were extended to support smartphones. The software appeared on the company's line of Palm devices while several other licensees have manufactured devices powered by Palm OS.

Following Palm's purchase of the Palm trademark, the operating system was renamed Garnet OS. In 2007, ACCESS introduced the successor to Garnet OS, called Access Linux Platform; additionally, in 2009, the main licensee of Palm OS, Palm, Inc., switched from Palm OS to webOS for their forthcoming devices.
P2PTV
P2PTV refers to peer-to-peer (P2P) software applications designed to redistribute video streams in real time on a P2P network; the distributed video streams are typically TV channels from all over the world but may also come from other sources. The draw to these applications is significant because they have the potential to make any TV channel globally available by any individual feeding the stream into the network where each peer joining to watch the video is a relay to other peer viewers, allowing a scalable distribution among a large audience with no incremental cost for the source.

LiveStation
Livestation was a platform for distributing live television and radio broadcasts over a data network. It was originally developed by Skinkers Ltd. and is now an independent company called Livestation Ltd. The service was originally based on peer-to-peer technology acquired from Microsoft Research. Between mid-June 2013 and mid-July Livestation was unavailable to some subscribers due to technical issues.

In late 2016, the service closed down without notice.
Amruthalur
Amruthalur is a village in Guntur district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is the headquarters of Amruthaluru mandal in Tenali revenue division. The village forms a part of Andhra Pradesh Capital Region and is under the jurisdiction of APCRDA. It was associated with the Katragadda Zamindari in 19th century and was visited by Mahatma Gandhi. The nearby village of Govada, also in Amruthalur mandal, is home to the ancient Balakoteswara Swamy Temple dedicated to Lord Shiva, dating back to at least the 11th century and once a center for Jain, Buddhist, and Veerashaiva traditions.

Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority
The Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority (APCRDA) is an urban planning agency of the Andhra Pradesh Capital Region, in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, India. The APCRDA was established under the Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority Act, 2014 (dissolved in 2020 and reestablished in 2021). The authority has a jurisdictional area of 8,352.69 km2 (3,224.99 sq mi), covering the districts of Guntur, Eluru, NTR, Krishna, Palnadu, and Bapatla.

The CRDA approved land pooling of an additional 20,494 acres from four villages in Amaravati mandal and three villages in Thullur mandal for the development of Amaravati.
Platero (surname)
Platero is a Spanish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Federico Platero (born 1991), Uruguayan footballer

Gloria Platero, Spanish physicist

Mario Calvo-Platero (born 1954), Italian journalist

Matías Platero (born 1988), Argentine roller hockey player

Oksana Platero, Ukrainian ballroom and Latin dancer

Paul Platero (1942–2020), Navajo linguist

Roberto Platero (born 1986), Spanish footballer

Tomás Platero IV (1857–1925), Argentine lawyer and political activist

Paul Platero
Paul Platero (October 5, 1942 – November 16, 2020) was a Navajo linguist. He was born into the Water’s Edge Clan for the Two Who Came To the Water Clan. He was a student of the late MIT linguistics professor Ken Hale. Platero earned his Ph.D. in linguistics from MIT, with a dissertation on the relative clause in Navajo.

He published articles about the syntax and grammar of Navajo, and co-edited an overview of the Athabaskan languages.

Platero taught the Navajo language at institutions including Swarthmore College and the Navajo Language Academy, and also participated in language revitalization efforts to promote the use of Navajo among Navajo youth.
Gubaryovo
Gubaryovo (Russian: Губарёво) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Gubaryovskoye Rural Settlement, Semiluksky District, Voronezh Oblast, Russia. The population was 956 as of 2010. There are 18 streets.

Semiluksky District
Semiluksky District  (Russian: Семилу́кский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-two in Voronezh Oblast, Russia. It is located in the northwest of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,582 square kilometers (611 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Semiluki. Population: 67,368 (2021 Census); 67,247 (2010 Census); 67,904 (2002 Census); 75,472 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Semiluki accounts for 41.5% of the district's total population.
Bao Xu
Bao Xu is a fictional character in Water Margin, one of the Four Great Classical Novels in Chinese literature. Nicknamed "God of Death", he ranks 60th among the 108 Stars of Destiny and 24th among the 72 Earthly Fiends.

Chinese literature
The history of Chinese literature extends thousands of years, and begins with the earliest recorded inscriptions, court archives, building to the major works of philosophy and history written during the Axial Age. The Han (202 BC – 220 AD) and Tang (618–907 AD) dynasties were considered golden ages of poetry, while the Song (960–1279) and Yuan (1271–1368) were notable for their lyrics (ci), essays, dramas, and plays. During the Ming and Qing, mature novels were written in written vernacular Chinese, an evolution from the preeminence of Literary Chinese patterned off the language of the Chinese classics. The introduction of widespread woodblock printing during the Tang and the invention of movable type printing by Bi Sheng (990–1051) during the Song rapidly spread written knowledge throughout China. Around the turn of the 20th century, the author Lu Xun (1881–1936) is considered an influential voice of vernacular Chinese literature.
Richard Carrillo
Richard Carrillo (born 1967) is an American politician and was a Democratic member of the Nevada Assembly who served from February 7, 2011 to November 4, 2020 representing District 18. Carrillo is a member of the National Hispanic Caucus of State Legislators.

Nevada State Assembly
39°09′42″N 119°45′58″W﻿ / ﻿39.161643°N 119.766139°W﻿ / 39.161643; -119.766139
The Nevada State Assembly is the lower house of the Nevada Legislature, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Nevada, the upper house being the Nevada State Senate. The body consists of 42 members, elected to two-year terms from single-member districts. Each district contained approximately 64,299 people as of the 2010 United States census. Term limits, limiting assembly members to six 2-year terms (12 years), took effect in 2010.

The Nevada Assembly met at the Nevada State Capitol in Carson City until 1971, when a separate Legislative Building was constructed south of the Capitol.  The Legislative Building was expanded in 1997 to its current appearance to accommodate the growing Nevada Legislature. Since the 2012 session, Assembly districts have been formed by dividing the 21 Senate districts in half, so that each Assembly district is nested within a Senate district.
Bart Carny
"Bart Carny" is the twelfth episode of the ninth season of the American animated television series, The Simpsons. It originally aired on Fox in the United States on January 11, 1998. Homer and Bart start working at a carnival and befriend a father and son duo named Cooder and Spud. It was written by John Swartzwelder, directed by Mark Kirkland and guest stars Jim Varney as Cooder the carny. The episode contains several cultural references and received a generally mixed critical reception.

Glass-bottom boat
A glass-bottom boat is a boat with sections of glass, panoramic bottom glass or other suitable transparent material, below the waterline allowing passengers to observe the underwater environment from within the boat. The view through the glass bottom is better than simply looking into the water from above, because one does not have to look through optically erratic surface disturbances. The effect is similar to that achieved by a diving mask, while the passengers are able to stay dry and out of the water.
Calvary Cathedral (Sioux Falls, South Dakota)
Calvary Cathedral is an Episcopal cathedral in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States. It is the seat of the Diocese of South Dakota. The cathedral reported 790 members in 2015 and 854 members in 2023; no membership statistics were reported in 2024 parochial reports. Plate and pledge income for the congregation in 2024 was $359,652 with average Sunday attendance (ASA) of 121.

Sioux Falls, South Dakota
Sioux Falls (/suː ˈfɔːlz/ soo FAWLZ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is the county seat of Minnehaha County and also extends into northern Lincoln County. The population was 192,517 at the 2020 census (estimated at 209,289 in 2024). The Sioux Falls metropolitan area, with an estimated 308,000 residents, accounts for more than one-third of South Dakota's population. Chartered in 1856 on the banks of the Big Sioux River, the city is situated in rolling hills at the junction of Interstates 29 and 90.
Imam Ali Shrine
The Imam Ali Shrine (Arabic: حَرَم ٱلْإِمَام عَلِيّ, romanized: Ḥaram al-ʾImām ʿAlī), also known as the Mosque of Ali (Arabic: مَسْجِد عَلِيّ, romanized: Masjid ʿAlī), is a Shi'ite mosque and shrine, located in Najaf, in the Najaf Governorate of Iraq. The site is a mausoleum which Shia and Sunni Muslims believe contains the tomb of Ali ibn Abi Talib, a cousin, son-in-law and companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

The Shias consider Ali as their first Imam and Muhammad’s rightful successor, while the Sunnis regard him as the fourth Sunni Rashid Caliph. According to Shia belief, buried next to Ali within this mosque are the remains of Adam and Nuh (Noah). Each year, millions of pilgrims visit the shrine and pay tribute to Imam Ali. The shrine has been built and rebuilt numerous times throughout history.

Najaf Governorate
Najaf Governorate (Arabic: محافظة النجف, romanized: Muḥāfażat an-Najaf) is a governorate in central and southern Iraq. The capital is the city of Najaf, with another major city being Al Kufah. Both cities are holy to Shia Muslims, who form the majority of the population.