hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ductile iron
Ductile iron, also known as ductile cast iron, nodular cast iron, spheroidal graphite iron, spheroidal graphite cast iron and SG iron, is a type of graphite-rich cast iron discovered in 1943 by Keith Millis. While most varieties of cast iron are weak in tension and brittle, ductile iron has much more impact and fatigue resistance, due to its nodular graphite inclusions.

Augustus F. Meehan was awarded U.S. patent 1,790,552 in January 1931 for inoculating iron with calcium silicide to produce ductile iron subsequently licensed as Meehanite, still produced as of 2024. In October 1949 Keith Dwight Millis, Albert Paul Gagnebin and Norman Boden Pilling, all working for INCO, received U.S. patent 2,485,760 on a cast ferrous alloy using magnesium for ductile iron production.

Graphite
Graphite (/ˈɡræfaɪt/) is a crystalline allotrope (form) of the element carbon. It consists of many stacked layers of graphene, typically in excess of hundreds of layers. Graphite occurs naturally and is the most stable form of carbon under standard conditions.  Synthetic and natural graphite are consumed on a large scale (1.3 million metric tons per year in 2022) for uses in many critical industries including refractories (50%), lithium-ion batteries (18%), foundries (10%), and lubricants (5%), among others (17%). Graphite converts to diamond under extremely high pressure and temperature. Graphite's low cost, thermal and chemical inertness and characteristic conductivity of heat and electricity finds numerous applications in high energy and high temperature processes.
Alberta Regiment
The Alberta Regiment was a short-lived infantry regiment of the Non-Permanent Active Militia of the Canadian Militia (now the Canadian Army). The regiment was formed by the reorganization of the 103rd Calgary Rifles into two separate regiments and the incorporation of a number of Canadian Expeditionary Force battalions into the peacetime militia. In 1924, the regiment was split into two separate regiments: The South Alberta Regiment (now part of The South Alberta Light Horse) and The North Alberta Regiment (disbanded in 1936).

Canadian Expeditionary Force
The Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF; French: Corps expéditionnaire canadien) was the expeditionary field force of Canada during the First World War. It was formed on August 15, 1914, following Britain’s declaration of war on the German Empire, with an initial strength of one infantry division. The division subsequently fought at Ypres on the Western Front, with a newly raised second division reinforcing the committed units to form the Canadian Corps. The CEF and corps was eventually expanded to four infantry divisions, which were all committed to the fighting in France and Belgium along the Western Front. A fifth division was partially raised in 1917, but was broken up in 1918 and used as reinforcements following heavy casualties.
Beat Freaks
Beat Freaks is an all-female breaking dance crew from Los Angeles, California. Each of its ten members have achieved individual success dancing before taking part of the group, which was created in 2003. The Beat Freaks were featured on MTV's America's Best Dance Crew (Season 3) and finished the show as runners-up.

Stick It
Stick It is a 2006 American teen comedy-drama film starring Jeff Bridges, Missy Peregrym and Vanessa Lengies written and directed by Bring It On writer Jessica Bendinger; the film marks her directorial debut and to date her only directorial work. It was produced by Touchstone Pictures and Spyglass Entertainment and was released in theatres on April 28, 2006.
Thomas H. Gale House
The Thomas H. Gale House, or simply Thomas Gale House, is a home at 1027 Chicago Avenue in Oak Park, a suburb of Chicago, Illinois, United States. The house was designed by famous American architect Frank Lloyd Wright in 1892 and is an example of his early work. The house was designed by Wright independently while he was still employed in the architecture firm of Adler & Sullivan, run by engineer Dankmar Adler and architect, Louis Sullivan; taking outside commissions was something that Sullivan forbade. The house is significant because of what it shows about Wright's early development period. The Parker House is listed as contributing property to a U.S. federally Registered Historic District. The house was designated an Oak Park Landmark in 2002.

Dankmar Adler
Dankmar Adler (July 3, 1844 – April 16, 1900) was a German-born American architect and civil engineer. He is best known for his fifteen-year partnership with Louis Sullivan, during which they designed influential skyscrapers that boldly addressed their steel skeleton through their exterior design: the Wainwright Building in St. Louis, Missouri (1891), the Chicago Stock Exchange Building (1894), and the Guaranty Building in Buffalo, New York (1896).
Republican Coalition
The Republican Coalition (Spanish: Coalición Republicana), previously known as the Multicolor Coalition (Spanish: Coalición Multicolor), is a right wing political coalition formed in Uruguay in 2019.

It is led by Uruguayan ex-president Luis Lacalle Pou  and is composed of Lacalle's centre-right National Party (PN) and right-wing Colorado Party (PC), the far-right Open Cabildo (CA), the centrist Independent Party (PI), and the right-wing Party of the People (PG).

This alliance competed in the 2019 general elections against the Broad Front (FA). The Luis Lacalle Pou-Beatriz Argimón ticket was elected President of the Republic and Vice President respectively.

Vice President of Uruguay
The vice president of Uruguay is the person with the second-highest position in the executive branch of the Uruguayan government, after the President of Uruguay. The vice president replaces the elected President in case of death or absence. The vice president is also an officer in the legislative branch, president of the Chamber of Senators and the General Assembly.

The president and vice president run on a single ticket submitted by their party. A runoff is held between the top two candidates if no candidate obtains the majority of votes (50%+1). In this case, the candidate who receives a plurality in the runoff wins the election. The current Vice President is Carolina Cosse, who took office on March 1, 2025.
Kalju Kangur
Kalju Kangur (25 October 1925 Vana-Kuuste, Tartu County – 15 January 1989) was an Estonian writer and translator. He is mostly known for his numerous Russian poetry translations into Estonian.

From 1939 to 1944, he studied at Hugo Treffner Gymnasium in Tartu. From 1955, he was a professional writer. From 1950s, he was a member of Estonian Writers' Union.

Hugo Treffner Gymnasium
Hugo Treffner Gymnasium (Estonian: Hugo Treffneri Gümnaasium; abbreviated as HTG) is a secondary school in Tartu, Estonia with special emphasis on science education. Founded by Hugo Treffner, it was the only large secondary school in 19th-century Estonia with predominantly Estonian students and no age restrictions. During the Estonian national awakening, it greatly contributed to the numbers of Estonian intellectuals.
Portrait of Luca Pacioli
The Portrait of Luca Pacioli is a painting attributed to the Italian Renaissance artist Jacopo de' Barbari, dating to around 1500 and housed in the Capodimonte Museum, Naples, southern Italy. The painting portrays the Renaissance mathematician Luca Pacioli and may have been (at least partially) painted by his collaborator Leonardo da Vinci. The person on the right has not been identified conclusively, but could be the German painter Albrecht Dürer, whom Barbari met between 1495 and 1500.

Divina proportione
Divina proportione (15th century Italian for Divine proportion), later also called De divina proportione (converting the Italian title into a Latin one) is a book on mathematics written by Luca Pacioli and illustrated by Leonardo da Vinci, completed by February 9th, 1498 in Milan and first printed in 1509. Its subject was mathematical proportions (the title refers to the golden ratio) and their applications to geometry, to visual art through perspective, and to architecture. The clarity of the written material and Leonardo's excellent diagrams helped the book to achieve an impact beyond mathematical circles, popularizing contemporary geometric concepts and images.

Some of its content was plagiarised from an earlier book by Piero della Francesca, De quinque corporibus regularibus.
Saint-Christophe-en-Bresse
Saint-Christophe-en-Bresse (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ kʁistɔf ɑ̃ bʁɛs], literally Saint-Christophe in Bresse) is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Saône-et-Loire
Saône-et-Loire (French pronunciation: [sonelwaʁ]; Arpitan: Sona-et-Lêre) is a department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in France. It is named after the rivers Saône and Loire, between which it lies, in the country's central-eastern part.

Saône-et-Loire is Bourgogne-Franche-Comté's most populous department with a population of 551,493 as of 2019. It is also its southernmost department, as it is situated on the regional border with Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. Saône-et-Loire's prefecture is Mâcon, with subprefectures in Autun, Chalon-sur-Saône, Charolles and Louhans. Its INSEE and postcode number is 71.
Passion Fruit (film)
Passion Fruit is a lost 1921 silent film south seas romance directed by John Ince and starring  dancer Doraldina. It was produced and distributed by Metro Pictures.

The production was filmed in Monterey, California. There is conflicting information as to the director; some sources list John Ince as director while period adverts have Douglas Gerrard as the director.

Douglas Gerrard
Douglas Gerrard (12 August 1891 – 5 June 1950) was an Irish-American actor and film director of the silent and early sound era. He appeared in more than 110 films between 1913 and 1949. He also directed 23 films between 1916 and 1920. He was born in Dublin, Ireland and died in Hollywood, California. He was the brother of actor Charles K. Gerrard.

Gerrard was a leading man in Kalem films.
Modern Lullaby
Modern Lullaby is an album by the Canadian band Martha and the Muffins, released in 1992. Although released under the band's original name, only Martha Johnson and Mark Gane remained following the original band's breakup.

No singles were released from the album, though the track "Rainbow Sign" was promoted to radio, and videos were produced for "Rainbow Sign", "Everybody Has A Place" and "Fighting the Monster". The album was a commercial disappointment.

Martha and the Muffins
Martha and the Muffins are a Canadian rock band, active from 1977 to the present. Although they only had one major international hit single "Echo Beach" under their original band name, they had a number of hits in their native Canada, and the core members of the band also charted in Canada and internationally as M + M.
EconSimp
EconSimp is a bioeconomic management model of the Barents Sea fisheries. It consists of two modules modelling respectively the Barents Sea ecosystem and the Norwegian fleet structure and activity. The ecosystem module is the multispecies model Aggmult developed at the Norwegian Institute of Marine Research and the fleet module is EconMult.

Conceptual model
The term conceptual model refers to any model that is the direct output of a conceptualization or generalization process. Conceptual models are often abstractions of things in the real world, whether physical or social. Semantic studies are relevant to various stages of concept formation. Semantics is fundamentally a study of concepts, the meaning that thinking beings give to various elements of their experience.
Tnte. Gral. Gerardo Pérez Pinedo Airport
Lieutenant General Gerardo Pérez Pinedo Airport (IATA: AYX, ICAO: SPAY) is a small regional airport serving the town of Atalaya, in the Ucayali Region of Peru. The town is at the confluence of the Tambo and Ucayali Rivers.

The airport name in Spanish is Aeropuerto Teniente General Gerardo Pérez Pinedo, with Teniente General often abbreviated as Tnte. Gral. The airport is currently served by one scheduled airline, and it receives also private and charter flights.

The Atalaya non-directional beacon (Ident: LAY) is located 0.5 kilometres (0.31 mi) northwest of the runway.

Department of Ucayali
Ucayali (Spanish pronunciation: [ukaˈʝali]) is a department of Peru. Located in the Amazon rainforest, it is the second largest department in Peru, after Loreto. It is administered by a regional government. Its capital is the city of Pucallpa.

The arapaima is depicted on both the flag and the seal of the region.
Line 3 (Xi'an Metro)
Line 3 of the Xi'an Metro (Chinese: 西安地铁三号线; pinyin: Xī'ān dìtiě sānhàoxiàn) is a rapid transit line running from northeast to southwest Xi'an, linking Xi'an International Trade & Logistics Park in the northwest through Xi'an Economic & Technological Development Zone to Yuhuazhai in the southwest. Line 3 is one of the three lines that form the main framework of Xi'an metro. Phase 1 of Line 3 was opened on November 8, 2016, with 19 underground stations and 7 overground stations. Phase 2 is still under planning. The line is colored pink on system maps.

Civil service of China
The civil service of China is the administrative system of the government which consists of all levels who run the day-to-day affairs in the country. The members of the civil service are selected through competitive examination.
Cambell Nalder
Cambell Crawford Nalder (20 December 1937 – 14 March 1987) was an Australian politician who served as a National Party member of the Legislative Assembly of Western Australia from 1986 to 1987, representing the seat of Narrogin.

The son of Crawford Nalder, who later served as the state's Deputy Premier, Nalder was born in Wagin, a small town in the Great Southern region of Western Australia. Like his father, he went on to board at Wesley College, Perth, graduating in 1954. Nalder was elected to parliament at the 1986 state election, but died of cancer in March 1987, aged 49, having served just over a year. His death necessitated a by-election, which was won by National Party candidate Bob Wiese. Nalder's son, Dean Nalder, was elected as the Liberal Party member for Alfred Cove and later member for Bateman, while his niece, Karen Middleton, is the chief political correspondent for The Saturday Paper.

Electoral district of Bateman
Bateman is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Western Australia.

The district shares its name with the southern Perth suburb of Bateman, situated in the central part of the electorate. Both the electorate and the suburb are named after members of the Bateman family, who established their home, "Grasmere", at nearby Bulls Creek, in 1886. The seat was created as a result of the 2007 electoral redistribution, largely replacing the former Murdoch electorate. Bateman was regarded as a safe Liberal seat, because Murdoch (itself largely replaced by Jandakot between 1989 and 1996) had been held by the party since the seat's creation in 1977.
Mikhail Semevsky
Mikhail Ivanovich Semevsky (Russian: Михаил Иванович Семевский; 1837–92) was a Russian Imperial amateur historian who focused on the era of palace revolutions, and the history of the 18th century Russia.

Of noble birth, Semevsky received a military education in St. Petersburg and did not retire from civil service until 1882. He assembled the memoirs of no less than 850 individuals, many written on his own request. Semevsky published them through Herzen's Free Russian Press in London, before establishing the Russkaya Starina monthly in 1870.

His younger brother, Vasily Semevsky (1849-1916), was a historian of Narodnik bend. The Russkaya Starina was published under Vasily's auspices until 1877, although the printing press was effectively run by Mikhail, until his death in 1892.

Free Russian Press
The Free Russian Press (Russian: Вольная русская типография, also: Вольная русская книгопечатня) was a printing company and a publishing house launched in 1853 in London by Alexander Hertzen with a view to becoming the 'uncensored voice of free Russia'.
Ángel Maria Herrera
Ángel Maria Herrera (December 3, 1859, Penonomé District, Coclé Province, Granadine Confederation - May 2, 1948 Panama), was a Panamanian educator.

Received her teaching degree in 1884 at the Ecole Normale de Institutores and that same year was appointed Académicode the Boys' School of Saints, and a year later was reappointed Chief Academic School for Boys of St. Anne in Panama. He was the son of Don Braulio Herrera and Doña Luisa Tuñón.
Herrera was named Preceptor in Penonome. A year later it was 1897 he was Director of the School of the College of the Isthmus. For several years he was inspector of public instruction in the province of Colon and Cocle province.
In the District of Penonomé school there with your name. A few years ago the school suffered a serious fire in which spent $40,000 in losses.

Coclé Province
Coclé (Spanish pronunciation: [koˈkle]) is a province of central Panama on the nation's southern coast. The administrative capital is the city of Penonomé.  This province was created by the Act of September 12, 1855 with the title of Department of Coclé during the presidency of Dr. Justo de Arosemena. It became a province, Decretory Number 190, on October 20, 1985. Coclé is primarily an agricultural area, with sugar and tomatoes as major crops.  The province has a number of well-known beaches, such as Santa Clara, Farallon and Rio Hato, and tourist activity has increased in recent years. It covers an area of 4,946.6 km2, and had a population of 268,264 in 2023.
Voiceless alveolar affricate
A voiceless alveolar affricate is a type of affricate consonant pronounced with the tip or blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge (gum line) just behind the teeth. There are several types of median affricates with significant perceptual differences:

A voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate [t͡s] is the most common type, similar to the ts in English cats.

A voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate [t͡θ̠] – or [t͡θ͇], using the alveolar diacritic from the extIPA – is somewhat similar to the th in some pronunciations of English eighth. It is found as a regional realization of the sequence /tr/ in some Sicilian dialects of Standard Italian.

A voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant affricate [t͡s̺], also called apico-alveolar or grave, has a weak hushing sound reminiscent of retroflex affricates. One language in which it is found is Basque, where it contrasts with a more conventional non-retracted laminal alveolar affricate.

This article discusses the first two.

Egressive sound
In articulatory phonetics, egressive sounds are produced by an airstream mechanism that pushes air out through the mouth or nose. The three types of egressive sounds are pulmonic egressive (from the lungs), glottalic egressive (from the glottis), and lingual (velaric) egressive (from the tongue). The opposite of an egressive sound is an ingressive sound, in which the airstream flows inward through the mouth or nose.
Nuremberg Symphony Orchestra
The Nuremberg Symphony Orchestra (German: Nürnberger Symphoniker) is a German orchestra based in Nuremberg.  Its principal concert venue is the Meistersingerhalle.  The orchestra's current Intendant (managing and artistic director) is Lucius A. Hemmer, since September 2003.

Alexander Shelley
Alexander Gordon Shelley (born 8 October 1979) is an English conductor. He is the music director of the National Arts Centre Orchestra in Ottawa, principal associate conductor of the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, Artistic and Music Director of Artis—Naples and the Naples Philharmonic and artistic and music director of the Pacific Symphony.
Isolde Hausser
Isolde Hausser (née Ganswindt; 7 December 1889 – 5 October 1951) was a German physicist. She became the head of a department of the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research (then Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Medical Research) in Heidelberg in 1935.

Max Planck Institute for Medical Research
The Max Planck Institute for Medical Research in Heidelberg, Germany, is a facility of the Max Planck Society for basic medical research. Since its foundation, six Nobel Prize laureates worked at the Institute: Otto Fritz Meyerhof (Physiology), Richard Kuhn (Chemistry), Walther Bothe (Physics), André Michel Lwoff (Physiology or Medicine), Rudolf Mößbauer (Physics), Bert Sakmann (Physiology or Medicine) and Stefan W. Hell (Chemistry).
Drive (2025 film)
Drive is a 2025 Indian Telugu-language thriller film written and directed by Jenuse Mohamed. The film was produced by Bhavya Creations and stars Aadhi Pinisetty, and Madonna Sebastian.

The film was released on 12 December 2025.

Jenuse Mohamed
Jenuse Mohamed (born 4 February 1984) is an Indian filmmaker and writer, known for his work in Malayalam cinema. He made his directorial debut with 100 Days of Love starring Dulquer Salmaan and Nithya Menen. The film was a commercial success and was dubbed into Tamil, Telugu and Hindi. His next venture, 9, starring Prithviraj Sukumaran and Wamiqa Gabbi, was the first South Indian film to be produced by Sony Pictures.
Vilmer Rönnberg
Vilmer Rönnberg (born 28 March 2002) is a Swedish professional footballer who plays in the Veikkausliiga for VPS as a central defender. He has previously played for Varberg in the Swedish top tier, Allsvenskan, and for Hammarby TFF in Ettan, the Swedish third tier.

Ettan Fotboll
Ettan Fotboll, or simply Ettan (English: the first [division]), which also is its common name in everyday speech, is the third level in the Swedish football league system and consists of 32 Swedish football teams. It was formerly simply known as Division 1. Division 1 was the second tier from 1987 to 1999, but was replaced by Superettan in 2000. It was reestablished for the 2006 season as the third tier below Superettan.
Earias vernana
Earias vernana is a species of moth in the family Nolidae first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1787. It is found in most of southern and central Europe.

The wingspan is 20–23 mm. Adults are on wing from May to mid August in one generation per year.

The larvae feed on Populus alba. They can be found from August to September.

Johan Christian Fabricius
Johann Christian Fabricius (7 January 1745 – 3 March 1808) was a Danish zoologist, specialising in the "Insecta", which at that time included all arthropods: insects, arachnids, crustaceans and others. He was a student of Carl Linnaeus, and is considered one of the most important entomologists of the 18th century, having named nearly 10,000 species of animals, and established the basis for the modern insect classification.
U and non-U English
U and non-U English usage, where "U" stands for upper class and "non-U" represents the aspiring middle classes, was part of the terminology of popular discourse of social dialects (sociolects) in Britain in the 1950s. The different vocabularies often appeared counter-intuitive, with the middle classes preferring "fancy" or fashionable words, even neologisms and often euphemisms, in attempts to make themselves sound more refined ("posher than posh") and the upper classes using plain and traditional words that the working classes also used, as, confident in the security of their social position, they had no need to seek to display refinement. By the late 20th century the usefulness of these specific terms as signals of social class had decreased, and by the 2020s they had ceased to be reliable signals.

Euphemism
contraceptives

menstrual pads and tampons

adult diapers

A euphemism is the substitution of a potentially offensive or unpleasant word or expression with one that is more pleasant or inoffensive. Some euphemisms are humorous, while others use mild or neutral language to downplay certain concepts. They can often be used to soften profanity or discuss sensitive or taboo topics, such as disability, sex, bodily functions, pain, violence, illness, or death, in a more polite manner.