hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
The Structure of Science
The Structure of Science: Problems in the Logic of Scientific Explanation is a 1961 book about the philosophy of science by the philosopher Ernest Nagel, in which the author discusses the nature of scientific inquiry with reference to both natural science and social science. Nagel explores the role of reduction in scientific theories and the relationship of wholes to their parts, and also evaluates the views of philosophers such as Isaiah Berlin.

The book received positive reviews, as well as some more mixed assessments. It is considered a classic work, and commentators have praised it for Nagel's discussion of reductionism and holism, as well as for his criticism of Berlin. However, critics of The Structure of Science have found Nagel's discussion of social science less convincing than his discussion of natural science.

The Review of Metaphysics
The Review of Metaphysics is a peer-reviewed academic journal of philosophy. It was established by Paul Weiss and the first issue was published in September 1947. The journal's primary sponsor is and has been The Catholic University of America, but other major universities help sustain it.

The journal publishes articles on metaphysics and on the history of philosophy. It also has a large book review section and lists the abstracts of other English-based philosophy journals. Once a year, it publishes statistics on the philosophy graduate programs in North America. The current editor-in-chief is Michael Rohlf (School of Philosophy, The Catholic University of America).
G Centauri
G Centauri is a single star in the southern constellation of Centaurus. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, blue-white hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of +4.82. This object is located approximately 450 light years from the Sun, based on parallax. It is a member of the Lower Centaurus–Crux group of the Scorpius–Centaurus association, with the former having an age of about 17 million years.

This object is a B-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of B3V(n), where the 'n' indicates "nebulous" (broad) lines due to rapid rotation. It is around 16 million years old with a projected rotational velocity of up to 298 km/s. The star has six times the mass of the Sun and 3.4 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 483 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 13,732 K. An infrared excess indicates a circumstellar disk of dust with a mean temperature of 50 K is orbiting the star at a separation of 717.8 AU.

Infrared excess
An infrared excess is a measurement of an astronomical source, typically a star, that in their spectral energy distribution has a greater measured infrared flux than expected by assuming the star is a blackbody radiator.  Infrared excesses are often the result of circumstellar dust heated by starlight and reemitted at longer wavelengths. They are common in young stellar objects and evolved stars on the asymptotic giant branch or older.

In addition, monitoring for infrared excess emission from stellar systems is one possible method that could enable a search for large-scale stellar engineering projects of a hypothetical extraterrestrial civilization; for example a Dyson sphere or Dyson swarm. This infrared excess would be the outcome of the waste heat emitted by the aforementioned structures if they are considered blackbodies at temperatures close to 300 K.
DonorsChoose
DonorsChoose is a United States–based nonprofit organization that allows individuals to donate directly to public school classroom projects. The organization has been given Charity Navigator's highest rating every year since 2005. As of June 2024, the organization has funded 2.95 million projects and raised $1.64 billion for teachers and students. 88% of public schools in the United States have at least requested one project on DonorsChoose. Schools from wealthy areas are more likely to make technology requests, while schools from less affluent areas are more likely to request basic supplies. It has been noted that repeat donors on DonorsChoose typically donate to projects they have no prior relationship with, and most often fund projects serving financially challenged students.

Charity Navigator
Charity Navigator is a charity assessment organization that evaluates more than 200,000 charitable organizations based in the United States, operating as a 501(c)(3) organization. It provides insights into a nonprofit's financial stability, adherence to best practices for both accountability and transparency, and results reporting. It is the largest and most-utilized evaluator of charities in the United States. It does not accept any advertising or donations from the organizations it evaluates.

According to a 2025 study, ratings by Charity Navigator shape donor behaviors, as donors increase their contributions to better rated charities. The study also found that charities try to achieve better ratings by cutting expenditures on administration and fundraising, as well as misreporting or mislabelling expenditures to game the ratings. Another study from 2025 found that Charity Navigator ratings are also a good predictor for the number of volunteers in nonprofit organizations.
StarStruck (Philippine TV program)
StarStruck is a Philippine television reality competition show broadcast by GMA Network. Originally hosted by Dingdong Dantes and Nancy Castiglione, it premiered on October 27, 2003 on the network's Telebabad line up. The show has aired seven seasons and 538 episodes. Dantes and Jennylyn Mercado served as the hosts for the show's most recent season. It is the longest running reality show of GMA Network.

A television spin-off, StarStruck Kids aired in 2004.

Television in the Philippines
Television in the Philippines was introduced in October 1953 with the first commercial broadcast by Alto Broadcasting System (now called ABS-CBN). This made the Philippines the first Southeast Asian country, and the second Asian country, to air television broadcasts. During the late 1940s, Filipino engineers and students conducted academic experiments related to broadcasting.

From 1975 to 1978, the Philippine Academy for Television Arts and Sciences (PATAS) presented the SINAG Awards.

The Star Awards for Television, the country's oldest existing television awards, are presented annually by the Philippine Movie Press Club (PMPC) after a voting by members of the press.

The Philippines does not operate any independent public broadcasting television networks. However, there are several government-owned networks.
Hands Down (game)
Hands Down is a board game originally created in 1964 by Marvin Glass and Harvey "Hank" Kramer for Ideal Toy Company. Hasbro, Milton Bradley, and Pressman Toy Corporation have published the game over the years. The game is for ages 5 and up. Hands Down is a card game with a speed/reaction component in the same category as Spoons. There is a plastic game unit with different colored hand-shaped paddles to slap on instead of grabbing a spoon.

Marvin Glass and Associates
Marvin Glass and Associates (MGA) was a toy design and engineering firm based in Chicago.  Marvin Glass (1914–1974) and his employees created some of the most successful toys and games of the twentieth century such as Mr. Machine, Rock 'Em Sock 'Em Robots, Lite Brite, Ants in the Pants, Mouse Trap, Operation, Simon, Body Language, and the Evel Knievel Stunt Cycle.
Samresh Singh
Samresh Singh (1940/1941 – 1 December 2022) was an Indian politician from the state of Jharkhand. He was the Vice President of Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik). He was a member of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly representing the Bokaro constituency. He was the first Science and Technology Minister of Jharkhand State Government.  He was prominent leader of Vanachal state movement and demanded statehood for south Bihar.

Singh died on 1 December 2022, at the age of 81.

Jharkhand Legislative Assembly
The Jharkhand Legislative Assembly, commonly known as the Jharkhand Vidhan Sabha, is the unicameral state legislature of Jharkhand state in India. The seat of the Legislative Assembly is at Ranchi, the capital of the state.
Russell Young (American football)
Russell Kenneth Young (March 19, 1912 – January 19, 1983) was an American football and basketball coach. He served as the head football coach at Nebraska State Teachers College at Wayne—now known as Wayne State College—in 1958 and the University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh in Oshkosh, Wisconsin from 1963 to 1976, compiling a career college football coaching 72–68–2 record of. 
Young was also the head basketball coach at Ripon College in Ripon, Wisconsin from 1956 to 1958 and Wisconsin–Oshkosh from 1962 o 1964, tallying a career college basketball coaching mark of 48–61.

Oshkosh, Wisconsin
Oshkosh (/ˈɒʃkɒʃ/ ⓘ) is a city in Winnebago County, Wisconsin, United States, and its county seat. It is located on the western shore of Lake Winnebago, adjacent to the much less populous Town of Oshkosh in the north. The population was 66,816 at the 2020 census, making it the ninth-most populous city in Wisconsin. The Oshkosh metropolitan statistical area, consisting solely of Winnebago County, had 171,730 residents. Oshkosh is included in the greater Fox Cities region of Wisconsin.
Miss Teen USA 2018
Miss Teen USA 2018, the 36th Miss Teen USA pageant, was held on May 18, 2018, at Hirsch Memorial Coliseum
in Shreveport, Louisiana. Sophia Dominguez-Heithoff of Missouri crowned Hailey Colborn of Kansas as her successor at the end of the event. She is the second entrant from Kansas to win the title after Keylee Sue Sanders won Miss Teen USA 1995.

For the first time, the pageant was held concurrently with its sister pageant Miss USA 2018, which was held three days later on May 21, also taking place in Shreveport.

Keylee Sue Sanders
Keylee Sue Sanders (born July 29, 1977) is an American model and beauty queen who was Miss Kansas Teen USA, and Miss Teen USA 1995.

Sanders first won the Miss Kansas Teen USA title in October 1994.  In August 1995 she was crowned Miss Teen USA in the national pageant televised live from Wichita, in her home state of Kansas.  As Miss Kansas Teen USA, Sanders was part of the Vanbros organization, and she would retain links with that group after she gave up her crown.
Darren Fifield
Daren Fifield (born 9 October 1969 in Wantage) is an English amateur light flyweight and professional fly/super fly/bantamweight boxer of the 1990s, who as an amateur won the 1992 Amateur Boxing Association of England (ABAE) light flyweight title, against Lee Woodcock (Royal Navy), boxing out of Henley ABC, and as a professional won the Commonwealth flyweight title, and was a challenger for the British Boxing Board of Control (BBBofC) Southern Area flyweight title against Mickey Cantwell, and Ricky Beard, European Boxing Union (EBU) flyweight title against Luigi Camputaro, and BBBofC British flyweight title against Francis Ampofo, his professional fighting weight varied from flyweight to bantamweight.

Wantage
Wantage (/ˈwɒntɪdʒ/) is a historic market town and civil parish at the foot of the Berkshire Downs in the Vale of White Horse, Oxfordshire, England. Historically in Berkshire, it has been administered as part of Oxfordshire since 1974. The town is on Letcombe Brook, 8 miles (13 km) south-west of Abingdon, 14 miles (23 km) north-west of Newbury, and 15 miles (24 km) south-west of Oxford.

It was the birthplace of King Alfred the Great in 849.
Zhora
Zhora (Armenian: Ժորա, Russian: Жора) is a Slavic masculine given name, a short version of Yegor, Georg or Georgy. It is also used as a full masculine given name in Armenia.

Notable people with the given name include:

Zhora Harutyunyan (1928–2002), Armenian writer and playwright

Zhora Hovhannisyan (born 1987), Armenian footballer

Yegor
Yegor (Russian: Егор, [jɪˈɡor]; Belarusian: Ягор, romanized: Yahor; Ukrainian: Єгор, romanized: Yehor) is an East Slavic given name. Other spellings include Egor, Egori, Jegor (a common variant in Slavic countries with a Latin alphabet) and Jegors (Latvian variant).

The name originated as a colloquial form of the name  Георгий, later accepted into formal speech. It is derived from Greek  Γεώργιος (Georgy), with initial [Γ] omitted due to merger of soft [г] -> [й] before [е] ([ге]->[йе]->[е]).. By the same phonemic reason the name Γεώργιος was earlier converted into Еорий -> Юрий, Yury.

Notable people with these names include:
Monument of Lihula
Monument of Lihula is the colloquial name of a monument commemorating the Estonians who fought for Estonia against the Soviet Union in World War II, located in a privately owned museum in Lagedi, Estonia. The monument has been controversial due to, in part, its dedication to those who served in the German Wehrmacht and particularly in the Waffen-SS.

The monument has moved twice before ending up in the current location. It was originally unveiled in Pärnu on 2002, but taken down only nine days after Prime Minister Siim Kallas had condemned the statue. The statue was then located in Lihula in 2004, finally being unveiled in Lagedi on October 15, 2005.

Pärnu
Pärnu (Estonian pronunciation: [ˈpærˑnu]) is a city in southwest Estonia. Pärnu is located 128 kilometres (80 mi) south of the Estonian capital, Tallinn, and 176 kilometres (109 mi) west of Estonia's second-largest city, Tartu. The city sits off the coast of Pärnu Bay, an inlet of the Gulf of Riga, which is a part of the Baltic Sea. In the city, the Pärnu River drains into the Gulf of Riga.

Pärnu is a popular summer holiday resort town among Estonians with many hotels, restaurants and large beaches.  The city is served by Pärnu Airport.
Hlaváč
Hlaváč (feminine: Hlaváčová) is a Czech surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Jan Hlaváč (born 1976), Czech ice hockey player

Jana Hlaváčová (1938–2024), Czech actress

Jana Galíková-Hlaváčová (born 1963), Czech orienteerer

Miloslav Hlaváč (1893–1975), Czech sport shooter

Vít Hlaváč (born 1997), Czech racewalker

Yvette Tulip Hlaváčová (born 1975), Czech swimmer

Vít Hlaváč
Vít Hlaváč (born 26 February 1997) is a Czech racewalker.

He won the National title 3 times:

50 km race walk on track: 3:56:29 (NR) at	Mestský atletický štadión, Trnava (SVK)	5 December 2020

50 km Race Walk: 3:52:54 in Dudince (SVK)	20 March 2021

20 km Race Walk: 1:29:12 in Olomouc (CZE)	10 April 2021

"Vít Hlaváč, A Student Of The Faculty Of Biomedical Engineering, Won The Title Of 50 Km Walk Champion Of The Czech Republic, A National Record". Retrieved 3 June 2021.

National record:

35 km Race Walk: 2:32:50 (NR) in Eugene, Oregon (USA) 24 July 2022
A Distant Hail-Storm Coming On
A Distant Hail-Storm Coming On is a 1799 landscape painting by the French-born British artist Philip James de Loutherbourg. It is also known by the longer title A Distant Hail-Storm Coming On, and the March of Soldiers with their Baggage.

Loutherbourg was an Alsatian painter who had settled in England. He became known for his dynamic landscapes, many of which anticipated the emerging Romantic art movement. This painting shows a group of redcoated British infantry marching through the countryside as a hail storm strikes. Following Britain's entry into the French Revolutionary Wars, Loutherbourg increasingly painted patriotic military scenes featuring British soldiers and sailors. The dark clouds add a sense of foreboding to the landscape. It was exhibited at the Royal Academy's Summer Exhibition at Somerset House. It is now in the collection of the Tate Britain in Pimlico, having been presented by the Art Fund in 1942.

Royal Academy Summer Exhibition
The Summer Exhibition is an open art exhibition held annually by the Royal Academy in Burlington House, Piccadilly in central London, England, during June, July, and August. The exhibition includes paintings, prints, drawings, sculpture, architectural designs and models, and is the largest and most popular open exhibition in the United Kingdom. It is also "the longest continuously staged exhibition of contemporary art in the world".

When the Royal Academy was founded in 1768, one of its key objectives was to establish an annual exhibition, open to all artists of merit, which could be visited by the public. The first Summer Exhibition took place in 1769; it has been held every year since without exception.
Committee on Housing
The (Parliamentary) Committee on Housing (Swedish: Bostadsutskottet, BoU) was a parliamentary committee in the Swedish Riksdag up until 2006. The committee prepared, among other things, policies about housing and about land tenure, dwelling policies, water law, planning of buildings, physical planning, property development and surveying, as well as matters concerning the national administrative division and such municipal issues that do not belong to any other committee's preparation area.

On 1 October 2006, the committee was assimilated, along with the Committee on Civil-Law Legislation, into the Committee on Civil Affairs.

The last speaker of the committee was Ragnwi Marcelind for the Christian Democrats serving from 2004 until 2006.

Municipalities of Sweden
The municipalities of Sweden (Swedish: Sveriges kommuner) are its generally smaller but co-equal local government entities. There are 290 municipalities which are responsible for a large proportion of local services, including schools, emergency services and physical planning.
Khalid Boulami
Khalid Boulami (born Safi, Morocco, August 7, 1969) is a Moroccan long distance runner who won a bronze medal in the 5000 metres at the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta.

At the World Championships, he won two silver medals in the 5000 metres in 1995 and 1997.

He is the older brother of Brahim Boulami.

1997 World Championships in Athletics – Men's 5000 metres
These are the official results of the Men's 5.000 metres event at the 1997 World Championships in Athens, Greece. There were a total of 38 participating athletes, with two qualifying heats and the final held on Saturday August 9, 1997.
Robert Strange Country House
Robert Strange Country House, also known as Myrtle Hill, is a historic home located at Fayetteville, Cumberland County, North Carolina. It was built about 1825, and is a 1+1⁄2-story, gable roofed, Federal style frame dwelling. It has a 1+1⁄2-story rear ell and features a gable portico supported by two Tuscan order columns.  Also on the property are a contributing spring house and a summer kitchen.  It was the country home of U.S. Senator Robert Strange (1796-1854). The house stood at the center of Strange's large plantation.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

Cumberland County, North Carolina
Cumberland County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2020 census, the population was 334,728, making it the fifth-most populous county in North Carolina. Its county seat is Fayetteville. Cumberland County is part of the Fayetteville, NC Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Chełmno Landscape Park
Chełmno Landscape Park (Chełmiński Park Krajobrazowy) is a protected area (Landscape Park) in north-central Poland, established in 1998, covering an area of 223.36 square kilometres (86.24 sq mi).

The Park lies within Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in the region of the town of Chełmno, stretching along the right bank of the Vistula river. It forms a complex with the Vistula Landscape Park on the opposite bank. From 1999 to 2003 these areas constituted a single Landscape Park, called the Lower Vistula Valley Landscape Park (Park Krajobrazowy Doliny Dolnej Wisły). The two parks have a common administration located in Świecie.

53°22′20″N 18°29′19″E﻿ / ﻿53.3723°N 18.4887°E﻿ / 53.3723; 18.4887

Świecie
Świecie (Polish: [ˈɕfjɛt͡ɕɛ] ⓘ; German: Schwetz) is a town in northern Poland with 24,841 inhabitants (2023), capital of Świecie County in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship. It is located within the ethnocultural region of Kociewie in the historic region of Pomerania.

Founded in the Middle Ages, Świecie is a former royal town of Poland, which prospered as a trade center due to its location at the intersection of important trade routes. The town features heritage sites in a variety of styles, including Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, Neo-Renaissance and Neo-Gothic, a preserved market square, and the region's sole Museum of Firefighting. Świecie is home to one of the oldest psychiatric hospitals in Poland.
Abuko
Abuko is a town in the West Coast Division of the Gambia, five miles southwest of the capital Banjul. 
It is located in the district of Kombo North/Saint Mary to the north of Banjul International Airport and Abuko Nature Reserve.

Districts of the Gambia
The Gambia is subdivided into 43 districts.  They are listed below Local Government Areas (previously Regions, known as Divisions until 2007), each with its population at the 15 April 2013 census (provisional returns).

The former Banjul Region is now divided into two Local Government Areas (LGAs) - Banjul City (which is now subdivided into 3 districts) and Kanifing (consisting of a single district).

The former Central River Division is now divided into two LGAs - Kuntaur LGA in the west and Janjanbureh LGA in the east.

Each of the other former Divisions has now become an LGA with no change in extent (although each was renamed after its administrative centre).
Segestria pacifica
Segestria pacifica is a species of tube web spiders in the family Segestriidae. It is found in the western United States and in British Columbia. It is brown and medium-large with "large, black, and shiny chelicerae" (mouthparts).

Chelicerae
The chelicerae (/kəˈlɪsəriː/) are the mouthparts of the subphylum Chelicerata, an arthropod group that includes arachnids, horseshoe crabs, and  sea spiders.  Commonly referred to as "jaws", chelicerae may be shaped as either articulated fangs, or as a type of pincers. Some chelicerae, such as those found on nearly all spiders, are hollow and contain (or are connected to) venom glands, used to inject venom into prey or a perceived threat. Both pseudoscorpions and  harvestmen — neither of which have that venom channel — have additional structures on their chelicerae that are used for grooming (papillae in pseudoscorpions, cheliceral teeth in Opiliones). In many spider species, males and females have sexually dimorphic chelicerae.
The Law of Enclosures
The Law of Enclosures is a 1996 novel by American author Dale Peck, which was adapted into the 2000 film The Law of Enclosures by Canadian director John Greyson.

A cross between a conventional novel and a memoir, the book dramatizes the marital relationship of Henry and Beatrice, characters based on Peck's real-life parents, depicted in alternating time frames ranging from a young couple first falling in love to an older couple renewing their bond after 40 years of marriage.

John Greyson
John Greyson (born March 13, 1960) is a Canadian director, writer, video artist, producer, and political activist, whose work frequently deals with queer characters and themes. He was part of a loosely affiliated group of filmmakers to emerge in the 1980s from Toronto known as the Toronto New Wave.

Greyson has won accolades and achieved critical success with his films—most notably Zero Patience (1993) and Lilies (1996). His outspoken persona, activism, and public image have also attracted international press and controversy.

Greyson is also a professor at York University's film school, where he teaches film and video theory, film production, and editing.
Peñas del Chache
Peñas del Chache is the highest altitude of the island of Lanzarote, Canary Islands, Spain, with a height of 672 meters above sea level. It is located in the north of the island, in the municipality of Haría.

Haría (municipality)
Haría is a municipality on the island of Lanzarote in the Canary Islands, the northernmost and easternmost Canarian municipality. Surrounded on three sides by the Atlantic Ocean, the municipality is bordered to the south by the municipality of Teguise. It forms part of Las Palmas Province. The seat of the municipality is the town of Haría. The population of the municipality was 4,872 in 2013. The total land area of the municipality is 106.59 square kilometres (41.15 sq mi).