hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Subculture (biology)
In biology, a subculture is either a new cell culture or a microbiological culture made by transferring some or all cells from a previous culture to fresh growth medium. This action is called subculturing or passaging the cells. Subculturing is used to prolong the lifespan and/or increase the number of cells or microorganisms in the culture.

Growth medium
A growth medium or culture medium is a solid, liquid, or semi-solid designed to support the growth of a population of microorganisms or cells via the process of cell proliferation or small plants like the moss Physcomitrella patens. Different types of media are used for growing different types of cells.

The two major types of growth media are those used for cell culture, which use specific cell types derived from plants or animals, and those used for microbiological culture, which are used for growing microorganisms such as bacteria or fungi. The most common growth media for microorganisms are nutrient broths and agar plates; specialized media are sometimes required for microorganism and cell culture growth. Some organisms, termed fastidious organisms, require specialized environments due to complex nutritional requirements. Viruses, for example, are obligate intracellular parasites and require a growth medium containing living cells.
Marcello Bartalini
Marcello Bartalini (born 12 March 1962) is an Italian cyclist. He won the gold medal in Men's team time trial in the 1984 Summer Olympics along with teammates Marco Giovannetti, Eros Poli, and Claudio Vandelli. In 1985, along with Poli, Vandelli, and Massimo Podenzana, Bartinalini won bronze at the team time trial event at the UCI Road World Championships.

UCI Road World Championships – Men's team time trial
The UCI Road World Championships – Men's team time trial was a world championship for road bicycle racing in the discipline of team time trial (TTT). It was organized by the world governing body, the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI).

The mixed team relay replaced the men's and women's team time trial events at the world championships from 2019.
George Ty
George Siao Kian Ty OL (Chinese: 鄭少堅; pinyin: Zhèng Shàojiān; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tīⁿ Siáu-kian 18 October 1932 – 23 November 2018) was a Filipino banker and business magnate. He founded Metropolitan Bank and Trust Company, the second largest bank in both assets and capital in the Philippines. He owned stakes in Federal Land, Inc., the Bank of the Philippine Islands and Philippine Savings Bank, a Metrobank subsidiary. Ty was the owner of the G.T. International Tower in Makati.

Bank of the Philippine Islands
The Bank of the Philippine Islands (BPI) is a Philippine universal bank headquartered in Makati. It is the oldest bank in the Philippines and in Southeast Asia. It is the fourth largest bank in terms of assets, the second largest bank in terms of market capitalization, and one of the most profitable banks in the Philippines. The bank has a network of over 900 branches in the Philippines, Hong Kong and Europe, and more than 3,000 ATMs and CDMs (cash deposit machines).

BPI was founded during the Spanish colonial era of the Philippines as El Banco Español Filipino de Isabel II. It provided credit to the National Treasury and printed and issued the Philippine peso fuerte, a precursor to today's Philippine peso.
Leuktron Castle
The castle of Leuktron (Greek: Λεύκτρον) or Beaufort is a late medieval fortification in Greece in the southern Peloponnese, on the Mani Peninsula. It is on the eastern shore of the Messenian Gulf, close to the ancient settlement of Leuctra and the modern village of Stoupa.

The castle of Leuktron was built c. 1249, when the Mani Peninsula was part of the Principality of Achaea, a crusader state on the Peloponnese. Prince of Achaea William II Villehardouin had it constructed in order to subdue the Slavic tribes living on Mount Taygetos.

The castle sits on a large rock rising above the shore which forms a platform some 120 metres (390 ft) long, 50 metres (160 ft) wide and 80 metres (260 ft) high. The curtain wall is constructed of irregular-sized stones mixed with brick fragments. Remnants of a square keep and a cistern are still visible in the interior.

Cistern
A cistern (from Middle English  cisterne; from Latin  cisterna, from  cista 'box'; from Ancient Greek  κίστη (kístē) 'basket') is a waterproof receptacle for holding liquids, usually water. Cisterns are often built to catch and store rainwater. To prevent leakage, the interior of the cistern is often lined with hydraulic plaster.

Cisterns are distinguished from wells by their waterproof linings. Modern cisterns range in capacity from a few liters to thousands of cubic meters, effectively forming covered reservoirs.
Altstätten
Altstätten is a small historic rural town and a municipality in the district Rhine Valley, in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. It is located with some secure distance of about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) west from the Alpine Rhine in the flat and wide St. Gall Rhine Valley, which also designates the border with Austria. It further gives access to the higher situated Appenzell to the west.

The official language of Altstätten is (the Swiss variety of Standard) German, but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect.

Appenzell
Appenzell (German pronunciation: [ˈapn̩ˌtsɛl] ⓘ) was a canton in the northeast of Switzerland, and entirely surrounded by the canton of St. Gallen, in existence from 1403 to 1597.

Appenzell became independent of the Abbey of Saint Gall in 1403 and entered a league with the Old Swiss Confederacy in 1411, becoming a full member in 1513. It was divided into Appenzell Innerrhoden and Appenzell Ausserrhoden in 1597 (in a process called the Landteilung) as a result of the Swiss Reformation.

The territory of Appenzell as a geographical entity is known as Appenzellerland. In political contexts, the two cantons (until 1999 half-cantons) are referred to as beide Appenzell ('both Appenzells').
Tequio
In Mexico, the task or collective work that each person owes to their indigenous community is known as tequio. Since it is done for the benefit of the community itself, it is not paid work. Tequio is a custom  which various indigenous communities throughout Mexico continue to practice to varying degrees and in different ways. Similar concepts to tequio are minka in several South America countries and hacendera in Spain.

San Miguel Achiutla
San Miguel Achiutla is a town and municipality in Oaxaca in south-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 59.97 km2. 
It is part of the Tlaxiaco District in the south of the Mixteca Region.

As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 799.
ECC Sports Stadium
ECC Sports Stadium is an indoor sports arena in Majuro, Marshall Islands. The stadium's capacity is around 2,000. Named after the Educational Cultural Center, it is used principally for basketball, volleyball, and futsal matches. Stadium has 3 pinned arch roof spanning 60m.

The ECC was forced to close down after part of the roof collapsed in June 2011 because of a termite infestation. However, in 2024 the complete refurbishment of the facility was completed as the arena served as a venue for the 2024 Micronesian Games.

2024 Micronesian Games
The 10th Micronesian Games were held in Majuro, Marshall Islands. After initially being scheduled for July 25 to August 5, 2022, the competition was originally delayed a year because of challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, including finishing construction of the new Marshall Islands stadium. The games were held June 15-24, 2024.
Journal of Computational Biophysics and Chemistry
The Journal of Computational Biophysics and Chemistry is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering developments in theoretical and computational chemistry and biophysics, as well as their applications to other scientific fields, such as medicine, pharmaceutical and materials sciences. It was established in 2002 as the Journal of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, obtaining its current title in 2021. It is published by World Scientific and the editor-in-chief is Emil Alexov (Clemson University).

World Scientific
World Scientific Publishing is an academic publisher of scientific, technical, and medical books and journals headquartered in Singapore. The company was founded in 1981. It publishes about 600 books annually, with more than 170 journals in various fields. In 1995, World Scientific co-founded the London-based Imperial College Press together with the Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine.
Shadi station
Shadi Station (Chinese: 沙堤站; pinyin: Shādī zhàn; Fuzhounese: [sai˥˧ liɛu˨˦˨]) is a metro station of Line 2 of the Fuzhou Metro. It is located near Shadi village, Minhou County, Fuzhou, Fujian, China. It started operation on April 26, 2019.

Line 2 (Fuzhou Metro)
Line 2 of the Fuzhou Metro (simplified Chinese: 福州地铁2号线; traditional Chinese: 福州地鐵2號線; pinyin: Fúzhōu Dìtiě Èr Hào Xiàn) is a subway line in the city of Fuzhou, Fujian Province in China. The construction of this line started on November 28, 2014. The line is 30.629 km long with 22 stations. Line 2's color is ■ green. Line 2 runs in an east–west direction and cover the primary education zones, industrial zones, big residential areas of Fuzhou. The line opened on 26 April 2019.

Line 2 operated by Fuzhou CETC Rail Transit Co., Ltd. under PPP contract. It's responsible for investment, construction, operation and maintenance of Line 2, with a concession period of 27 years effective from 30/11/2016.
Smap Vest
Smap Vest is the third greatest hits album by Japanese boy band SMAP. It was released on 23 March 2001 through Victor Entertainment. It includes all of the band's singles from 1991 through 2000. The album debuted at number one on the Oricon Albums Chart, selling 1,005,000 copies in its first week. In April 2001, it was certified Quadruple Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of Japan for shipments of 1,600,000 units. Smap Vest was the seventh best-selling album of 2001 in Japan, with over 1,679,000 copies sold by the end of the year. It is the band's highest-selling album. As of December 2016, the album has sold 1,827,000 copies in Japan.

The album won the Japan Gold Disc Award for Pop Album of the Year at the 16th Japan Gold Disc Awards.

Recording Industry Association of Japan
The Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ) (日本レコード協会, Nihon Rekōdo Kyōkai) is an industry trade group composed of Japanese corporations involved in the music industry. It was founded in 1942 as the Japan Phonogram Record Cultural Association, and adopted its current name in 1969.

The RIAJ's activities include promotion of music sales, enforcement of copyright law, and research related to the Japanese music industry. It publishes the annual RIAJ Year Book, a statistical summary of each year's music sales, as well as distributing a variety of other data.

Headquartered in Minato, Tokyo, the RIAJ has twenty member companies and a smaller number of associate and supporting members; some member companies are the Japanese branches of multinational corporations headquartered elsewhere.

The association is responsible for certifying gold and platinum albums and singles in Japan.
Legal practice
Legal practice is sometimes used to distinguish the body of judicial or administrative precedents, rules, policies, customs, and doctrines from legislative enactments such as statutes and constitutions which might be called "laws" in the strict sense of being commands to the general public, rather than only to a set of parties.

Regulation
Regulation is the management of complex systems according to a set of rules and trends. In systems theory, these types of rules exist in various fields of biology and society, but the term has slightly different meanings according to context. For example:

in government, typically regulation (or its plural) refers to the delegated legislation which is adopted to enforce primary legislation; including land-use regulation

in economy: regulatory economics

in finance: financial regulation

in business, industry self-regulation occurs through self-regulatory organizations and trade associations which allow industries to set and enforce rules with less government involvement; and,

in biology, gene regulation and metabolic regulation allow living organisms to adapt to their environment and maintain homeostasis;

in psychology, self-regulation theory is the study of how individuals regulate their thoughts and behaviors to reach goals.
Zipper
A zipper (N. America), zip, zip fastener (UK), formerly known as a clasp locker, is a commonly used device for binding together two edges of fabric or other flexible material. Used in clothing (e.g. jackets and jeans), luggage and other bags, camping gear (e.g. tents and sleeping bags), and many other items, zippers come in a wide range of sizes, shapes, and colors. In 1892, Whitcomb L. Judson, an American inventor from Chicago, patented the original design from which the modern device evolved.

The zipper gets its name from a brand of rubber boots (or galoshes) it was used on in 1923. The galoshes could be fastened with a single zip of the hand, and soon the hookless fasteners came to be called "Zippers".

Galoshes
Galoshes are a type of overshoe or rubber boot that is put on over shoes to keep them from getting muddy or wet during inclement weather.  They come in both low cut and high, and in both slip-on and buckle-front versions.
You Got My Mind Messed Up
You Got My Mind Messed Up is a 1967 album by James Carr. Although Carr is not as well-known as his contemporaries such as Otis Redding or Aretha Franklin, "You Got My Mind Messed Up" has been cited as one of the top soul music albums of all time. Allmusic gave it 5 stars from two different reviewers. On the 2002 re-release Mojo magazine stated "This is undoubtedly one of the greatest soul albums of all time." (10/02, p.118).

After Carr's death in 2001, Kent Records re-released the album with another dozen bonus tracks.

Roosevelt Jamison
Roosevelt Jamison (July 15, 1936 – March 27, 2013) was an American music manager, publicist and songwriter who worked in Memphis, Tennessee, during the 1960s.  His most notable composition was "That's How Strong My Love Is", first recorded by O.V. Wright and released on Quinton Claunch's Goldwax record label in 1964.
HMS Leven (1813)
HMS Leven, was a 20-gun sixth-rate post ship (sometimes referred to as a sloop) of the Cyrus class, for the Royal Navy. She was built in Ipswich, and launched on 23 December 1813. She was notable as the survey ship that mapped large stretches of the coast of Africa in a voyage from 1821 to 1826, under the command of Captain William Fitzwilliam Owen. Leven Point near Cape Vidal in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, is named after the ship.

Survey vessel
A survey vessel is any type of ship or boat that is used for underwater surveys, usually to collect data for mapping or planning underwater construction or mineral extraction. It is a type of research vessel, and may be designed for the purpose, modified for the purpose or temporarily put into the service as a vessel of opportunity, and may be crewed, remotely operated, or autonomous. The size and equipment vary to suit the task and availability.
Judy Brown (professor)
Judy Anne Brown FRSNZ (born 1956) is a New Zealand accountancy academic. She is currently a full professor at the Victoria University of Wellington. In 2024, she was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society Te Apārangi.

Critical Perspectives on Accounting
Critical Perspectives on Accounting is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by Elsevier. The aim of the journal is to study how accounting works within society and to promote forms of accounting that are in the public interest. It was established in 1990 with David J. Cooper (University of Alberta), and A.M. Tinker (Baruch College) as founding editors-in-chief. They were succeeded in 2008 by Marcia Annisette, Christine Cooper, and Dean Neu. The current editors-in-chief are Jane Andrew (University of Sydney Business School), Christine Cooper (University of Edinburgh Business School), and Yves Gendron (Université Laval).
2 Samuel 13
2 Samuel 13 is the thirteenth chapter of the Second Book of Samuel in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible or the second part of Books of Samuel in the Hebrew Bible. According to Jewish tradition the book was attributed to the prophet Samuel, with additions by the prophets Gad and Nathan, but modern scholars view it as a composition of a number of independent texts of various ages from c. 630–540 BCE. This chapter contains the account of David's reign in Jerusalem. This is within a section comprising 2 Samuel 9–20 and continued to 1 Kings 1–2 which deal with the power struggles among David's sons to succeed David's throne until 'the kingdom was established in the hand of Solomon' (1 Kings 2:46).

Samuel
Samuel is a figure who, in the narratives of the Hebrew Bible, plays a key role in the transition from the biblical judges to the United Kingdom of Israel under Saul, and again in the monarchy's transition from Saul to David. He is venerated as a prophet in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. In addition to his role in the Jewish Bible/Old Testament, Samuel is mentioned in Jewish rabbinical literature, in the Christian New Testament, and in the second chapter of the Quran (although the text does not mention him by name). He is also treated in the fifth through seventh books of Antiquities of the Jews, written by the Jewish scholar Josephus in the first century. He is first called "the Seer" in 1 Samuel 9:9.
Marcel Lehoux
Marcel Lehoux (3 April 1888 – 19 July 1936) was a French racing driver and businessman.

Lehoux was born in Blois in France. His racing career was built on the back of his successful trading company that operated in French Algeria. He placed second at the Grand Prix de la Marne at Reims in 1929, behind Zenelli and ahead of his friend, Philippe Étancelin, making a Bugatti sweep of the podium. At the 1930 Algerian Grand Prix, he followed Étancelin home to second. In 1931, he shared a Bugatti with Étancelin for both the Italian and French Grands Prix, events of 10 hours duration, run to Formula Libre rules; the duo dropped out both times. He would later race for Bugatti and Scuderia Ferrari racing teams.

Lehoux died after a collision in the 1936 Deauville Grand Prix.

1931 Italian Grand Prix
The 1931 Italian Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor race held at Monza on 24 May 1931. The race was the first of three Grands Prix that were part of the inaugural European Championship. The Alfa Romeo works team pairing of Giuseppe Campari and Tazio Nuvolari won the race, ahead of their teammates Ferdinando Minoia and Baconin Borzacchini in second, while third place went to the works Bugattis of Albert Divo and Guy Bouriat.
Social change
Social change is the alteration of the social order of a society which may include changes in social institutions, social behaviours or social relations. Sustained at a larger scale, it may lead to social transformation or societal transformation.

Social order
The term social order can be used in two senses: In the first sense, it refers to a particular system of social structures and institutions. Examples are the ancient, the feudal, and the capitalist social order. In the second sense, social order is contrasted to social chaos or disorder and refers to a stable state of society in which the existing social structure is accepted and maintained by its members. The problem of order or Hobbesian problem, which is central to much of sociology, political science and political philosophy, is the question of how and why it is that social orders exist at all.
Silverio López Magallanes
Silverio López Magallanes (born 24 July 1957) is a Mexican politician from the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). From 2000 to 2003 he served as a federal deputy during the 58th Congress, representing the fifth district of Zacatecas.

LVIII Legislature of the Mexican Congress
The LVIII Legislature of the Congress of the Union of Mexico (58th Congress) met from 1 September 2000 to 31 August 2003. All 628 members of the two chambers of Congress were elected in the elections of July 2000.
Waterlemon Cay
Waterlemon Cay is a small cay surrounded by a fringing reef located in Leinster Bay on Saint John, U.S. Virgin Islands.  It is named after the water lemon.

The cay is surrounded by a fringing reef, and is considered to be one of the best snorkeling spots on the island. A trail leads from the sandy beach at Leinster Bay approximately 1 km (0.62 mi) along the point, from which is a ten-minute swim to the cay, where there is a small beach. The cay boasts a wide variety of reef fishes and coral; however, bleaching is prevalent, and the marine life has decreased in recent times. Many attribute the depletion of Coral reefs of the Virgin Islands to high rates of erosion and runoff caused by the construction boom on the Islands.

Cay
A cay (/kiː, keɪ/ KEE, KAY), also spelled caye or key, is a small, low-elevation, sandy island on the surface of a coral reef. Cays occur in tropical environments throughout the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian oceans, including in the Caribbean and on the Great Barrier Reef and Belize Barrier Reef.
Wilbur Dawbarn
Wilbur Dawbarn is a British cartoonist based in High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire. He has drawn cartoons for publications such as Punch, The Times, Private Eye, The Spectator, and comic strips, such as The Beano's Billy Whizz (2012–2014), Mr. Meecher, the Uncool Teacher, Rocky's Horror Show, Winker Watson, Robin Hood's Schooldays, The Badd Lads, and Jack Silver for the Dandy (2010–2014). He also collaborated on Useleus with Alexander Matthews for the children's comic The Phoenix.

In July 2013, Dawbarn tweeted The Dandy digital project had ended, causing speculation the comic was being discontinued. The comic's publisher DC Thomson said this was not the case.

Jack Silver
Jack Howard Silver (23 April 1942 – 22 December 2016) was an American set theorist and logician at the University of California, Berkeley. Silver made several contributions to set theory in the areas of large cardinals and the constructible universe L.
Bukowo, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship
Bukowo [buˈkɔvɔ] (German: Buchau) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bartoszyce, within Bartoszyce County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia.

Gmina Bartoszyce
Gmina Bartoszyce is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Bartoszyce County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, on the border with Russia. Its seat is the town of Bartoszyce, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina.

The gmina covers an area of 427.82 square kilometres (165.2 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 10,769.