hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Taxation in ancient Rome
In ancient Rome, there were four primary kinds of taxation: a cattle tax, a land tax, customs, and a tax on the profits of any profession. These taxes were typically collected by local aristocrats. The Roman state would set a fixed amount of money each region needed to provide in taxes, and the local officials would decide who paid the taxes and how much they paid. Once collected the taxes would be used to fund the military, create public works, establish trade networks, stimulate the economy, and to fund the cursus publicum.

Ammianus Marcellinus
Ammianus Marcellinus, occasionally anglicized as Ammian (Greek: Αμμιανός Μαρκελλίνος; born c. 330, died c. 391 – 400), was a Greek and Roman soldier and historian who wrote the penultimate major historical account surviving from antiquity (preceding Procopius). Written in Latin and known as the Res gestae, his work chronicled the history of Rome from the accession of Emperor Nerva in 96 to the death of Valens at the Battle of Adrianople in 378. Only the sections covering the period 353 to 378 survive.
BFW M.31
The BFW M.31, sometimes known as the Messerschmitt M.27, was a radial-engined German two-seat sports plane from 1932, with a low, cantilever wing, open cockpits and fixed undercarriage. Only one was built.

Cantilever
A cantilever is a structural element that is firmly attached to a fixed structure at one end and is unsupported at the other end. Sometimes it projects from a vertical surface such as a wall. A cantilever can be in the form of a beam, plate, truss, or slab.

When subjected to a structural load at its far, unsupported end, the cantilever carries the load to the support where it applies a shear stress and a bending moment.

Cantilever construction allows overhanging structures without external support.
South Africa at the 1998 Winter Paralympics
South Africa made its Winter Paralympic Games début at the 1998 Winter Paralympics in Nagano, Japan. The country entered only one athlete, Bruce Warner, who competed in alpine skiing. He did not win any medals.

South Africa thus became the second African country ever to compete at the Winter Paralympics, following Uganda in 1976.

1998 Winter Paralympics
The 1998 Winter Paralympics (Japanese: 1998年冬季パラリンピック, Hepburn: 1998-Nen Tōki Pararinpikku), the seventh Paralympic Winter Games, were held alongside the Winter Olympics in Nagano, Nagano Prefecture, Japan, from 5 to 14 March 1998. They were the first Paralympic Winter Games to be held in Asia. 571 athletes competed in Nagano; as of 2022 it remains the highest number of athletes competing at any Winter Paralympics.
Nicolò Pollari
Nicolò Pollari (born 3 March 1943 in Caltanissetta) is a general of the Italian Guardia di Finanza, who was the former head of Italy's national military intelligence agency, or SISMI, from 1 October 2001 until his resignation on 20 November 2006. He assisted in the CIA kidnapping of a cleric to be sent to Egypt for torture, for which he was convicted in 2013 to a 10-year jail sentence, which was overturned in 2014 upon appeal to Italy's Supreme Court of Cassation. He is claimed to have earlier supported the US efforts to justify the invasion of Iraq by providing false documents.

Supreme Court of Cassation (Italy)
The Supreme Court of Cassation (Italian: Corte Suprema di Cassazione) is the highest court of appeal or court of last resort in Italy. It has its seat in the Palace of Justice, Rome.

The Court of Cassation also ensures the correct application of law in the inferior and appeal courts and resolves disputes as to which lower court (penal, civil, administrative, military) has jurisdiction to hear a given case.
Hersch
Hersch is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Chris Hersch

Fred Hersch, jazz pianist

Jeanne Hersch, Swiss philosopher

Joseph J. Hersch, American politician

Liebmann Hersch, Bund leader and professor

Michael Hersch

Rainer Hersch, British musical comedian

Joseph J. Hersch
Joseph John Hersch (December 19, 1903 – October 17, 1968) was a Democratic politician from Philadelphia who served in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives and as a city magistrate before being elected to the Philadelphia City Council.
Freedom of the press in Sri Lanka
Freedom of the press in Sri Lanka is guaranteed by Article 14(1)(a) of the Constitution of Sri Lanka which gives every citizen "the freedom of speech and expression including publication". But under some government's  there was widespread suppression of the media, particularly those critical of those governments. Sri Lanka is ranked 146 out of 180 countries in Reporters Without Borders's Press Freedom Index for 2022

Freedom House has judged the Sri Lankan press to be Partly free.

The Sunday Leader
The Sunday Leader was an English-language Sri Lankan weekly newspaper published by Leader Publications (Private) Limited. It was founded in 1994 and is published from Colombo. Its sister newspapers are the Iruresa (Irudina). Founded by brothers Lasantha Wickrematunge and Lal Wickrematunge, the newspaper is known for its outspoken and controversial news coverage. The newspaper and its staff have been attacked and threatened several times and its founding editor Lasantha Wickrematunge was assassinated.
Bear Cove ferry terminal
Bear Cove is a northern Vancouver Island ferry port in British Columbia, Canada. The location on the Queen Charlotte Strait, near the district municipality of Port Hardy in the Regional District of Mount Waddington, provides connections to British Columbia's Central and Northern coasts. The tidal range of the Queen Charlotte Strait is normally between 2 and 6 metres (7–20 ft). The ferry terminal is the northern terminus of Highway 19.

Regional District of Mount Waddington
The Regional District of Mount Waddington (RDMW) is a regional district in British Columbia. It takes in the lower Central Coast region centred on the Queen Charlotte Strait coast of northern Vancouver Island and the adjoining parts of mainland British Columbia. It has a total land area of 20,288.4 km2 (7,833.4 sq mi) and a 2016 census population of 11,035 persons, most of which is in towns on Vancouver Island and adjoining islands. The administrative centre is in the town of Port McNeill. Other municipalities include the district municipality of Port Hardy, the village of Port Alice, and the village of Alert Bay.
Japan at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Japan competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia from 7 to 23 February 2014. Japan's team consisted of 136 athletes in all 15 sports. The use of Russian alphabet placed it last before the host nation in the Parade of Nations.

The 2014 Games marked the first time a Japanese Olympic team competed in Russia, as Japan and 64 western countries did not take part at the American-led boycott in the 1980 Summer Olympics held in Moscow due to the Soviet–Afghan War.

Japan's Prime Minister Shinzo Abe attended the opening ceremony, wanting to show the Russians how important the relationship between the two countries is.

1980 Summer Olympics boycott
The United States led the 1980 Summer Olympics boycott to protest against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. More than 60 countries joined the boycott to varying degrees, affecting athletes, fans, and international relations. The absence of so many competitors changed the outcomes of some events, led to alternative competitions, and influenced the 1984 Olympics, which the Soviets later boycotted. The Soviet Union, which hosted the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, and its satellite states later boycotted the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.
Charles Bukeko
Charles Bukeko (10 July 1962 – 18 July 2020) was a Kenyan actor and comedian.  He was known for portraying the titular character in the Citizen TV comedy series Papa Shirandula, which he also created. He won the 2010 Kalasha Award for Best Actor in a TV Series for the role.  Bukeko also appeared in the 2012 film The Captain of Nakara. He died on 18 July 2020, from what seemed like COVID-19 symptoms. All of his comedy programmes were dominantly aired by the Kenyan Citizen Television, and none of his fans, both children and adults rarely missed an episode.

Kalasha Awards
Kalasha Film & TV Awards is an annual accolade presented by Kenya Film Commission with a goal to recognize and celebrate achievers in Kenya's TV and film industry. Entries into the award ceremony are films and TV series that have been aired on Kenyan television stations. The inaugural awards were held in 2010 at the Crowne Plaza in Upper Hill, Nairobi and subsequent awards are held yearly at the last quarter of the year at the same venue. The awards represent the five original branches of film making: directors, actors, writers, producers and technicians. However, the Academy organizers will advise on whether or not to include more categories as long as they sufficiently represent the entire film industry.
Olyshivka settlement hromada
Olyshivka settlement hromada (Ukrainian: Олишівська селищна громада) is a hromada of Ukraine, located in Chernihiv Raion, Chernihiv Oblast. The territory of the Olyshivka settlement hromada is located within the Dnieper Lowland, belonging to the Dnieper basin. Its administrative center is the town of Olyshivka.

It has an area of 224.7 square kilometres (86.8 mi2) and a population of 3,262, as of 2020.

Chernihiv Oblast
Chernihiv Oblast (Ukrainian: Чернігівська область, romanized: Chernihivska oblast), also referred to as Chernihivshchyna (Ukrainian: Чернігівщина), is an oblast (province) in northern Ukraine. The administrative center of the oblast is the city of Chernihiv. There are 1,511 settlements in the oblast, with a total population of 959,315 (2022 estimate).
Perihan Mağden
Perihan Mağden (born 24 August 1960) is a Turkish writer. She was a columnist for the newspaper Taraf. She was tried and acquitted for calling for opening the possibility of conscientious objection to mandatory military service in Turkey.

Serpent's Tail
Serpent's Tail is London-based independent publishing firm founded in 1986 by Pete Ayrton. It specialises in publishing work in translation, particularly European crime fiction. In January 2007, it was bought by a British publisher Profile Books.
Capital Research Center
Capital Research Center (CRC) is an American conservative  501(c)(3) non-profit watchdog group located in Washington, D.C., that monitors liberal money in politics. Its stated purpose is to "study non-profit organizations, with a special focus on reviving the American traditions of charity, philanthropy, and voluntarism". According to The Washington Post, it also discourages donations by corporations and non-profits supporting what it sees as liberal or anti-business policies. CRC monitors the giving of major liberal donors in the U.S. and has done extensive research into nonprofits funded by left-leaning donors.

Charity (practice)
Charity is the voluntary provision of assistance to those in need. It serves as a humanitarian act, and is unmotivated by self-interest. Various philosophical views about charity exist, which are often associated with religion.
Kirtiraj Gaikwad
Kirtiraj K. Gaikwad is an Indian packaging scientist and professor, currently serving as the head and associate professor of the Paper and Packaging Technology Department at the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee in Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India.

Gaikwad obtained his M.S. in Packaging Technology from Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States (2013), and his Ph.D. in Packaging Technology from Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea (2018). He also served for several years as a postdoctoral scientist at École Polytechnique Montreal, Canada, in 2018.

Among his research topics are ⁣⁣active⁣⁣ and ⁣⁣intelligent⁣⁣ ⁣⁣packaging⁣⁣, ⁣⁣sustainable⁣⁣ ⁣⁣packaging materials⁣⁣, ⁣⁣biopolymer⁣⁣ films, and ⁣⁣food safety⁣⁣⁣ in ⁣⁣packaging⁣⁣. He has authored more than one hundred articles.

Polytechnique Montréal
Polytechnique Montréal (French pronunciation: [pɔlitɛknik mɔ̃ʁeal]; previously École polytechnique de Montréal [ekɔl pɔlitɛknik də mɔ̃ʁeal]) is a public research university affiliated with the Université de Montréal in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The school offers graduate and postgraduate training, and is active in research. Following tradition, new Bachelors of Engineering (B.Eng) graduating from Polytechnique Montréal receive an Iron Ring, during the Canadian Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer ceremony.
Batudaka Island
Batudaka is an island of the Central Sulawesi province, located in the Gulf of Tomini. The largest island in the Togian archipelago, it has a land area of 151.91 square kilometres (including small offshore islets) and is divided administratively into the 9 villages (desa)which together form the Batudaka District of the Tojo Una-Una Regency.

Tojo Una-Una Regency
Tojo Una-Una Regency is a regency of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. The administrative centre is at Ampana town, on the Sulawesi 'mainland'. While the Regency includes a considerable area on the eastern peninsula of Sulawesi, it also includes the Togian Islands in the Gulf of Tomini. The total area covers 5,721.51 km2 and the population was 137,810 at the 2010 Census and 163,829 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2024 was 170,815 (comprising 87,925 males and 82,890 females).
Khebar, Sindh
Khyber (Sindhi Bhil: کيبر, Sindhi: کيبر) is a town in Matiari District, Sindh, in Pakistan. The majority of the population is Meghwar Bhil and the Kolis who are all Ismaili Shia, and were previously Hindus.

Koli people
The Koli people are an agriculturist caste of India, mostly found in Gujarat and Himachal Pradesh. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Koli caste was recognised as a criminal tribe under Criminal Tribes Act by British Indian government because of their anti-social activities; but during World War I, Kolis were recognised as a martial caste by British Indian Empire. Kolis of Gujarat were well-known pirates of Arabian Sea.

The Kolis form the largest caste cluster in Gujarat and Himachal Pradesh, comprising 24% and 30% of the total population in those states, respectively.
Firoz Cachalia
Firoz Cachalia (born 22 July 1958) is a South African lawyer and politician who is the current acting Minister of Police. He previously served as a Member of the Gauteng Executive Council from 2004 to 2010. Formerly an anti-apartheid activist in the Transvaal, he first joined the Gauteng Provincial Legislature in 1994, representing the African National Congress, and he served as Speaker of the provincial legislature from 1999 to 2004. After he left the provincial government he was appointed as a law professor at Wits University and, from 2022, as the chairperson of the National Anti-Corruption Advisory Council.

Minister of Police (South Africa)
The minister of police is the minister in the Cabinet of South Africa with political responsibility for the Department of Police, including the South African Police Service, the Independent Police Investigative Directorate, the Private Security industry Regulatory Authority, and the Civilian Secretariat for Police. The office was called the minister of safety and security between 1994 and 2009, and before that it was the minister of law and order.
Ross Noble
Ross Markham Noble (born 6 June 1976) is an English stand-up comedian and actor. Noble rose to mainstream popularity through making appearances on British television, particularly interviews and on panel shows such as Have I Got News for You. He has also released DVDs of several of his tours.

In 2007 he was voted the 10th-greatest stand-up comic on Channel 4's 100 Greatest Stand-Ups, and in the updated 2010 list he came 11th.

In 2012 Noble made his film debut in the fantasy comedy horror movie Stitches. In 2015 he made his musical-theatre debut in The Producers and in 2018 he was nominated for a Laurence Olivier Award for his performance in Young Frankenstein in the West End.

Friday Night with Jonathan Ross
Friday Night with Jonathan Ross is a British chat show presented by Jonathan Ross and broadcast on BBC One between 2001 and 2010. The programme featured Ross's take on current topics of conversation, guest interviews (usually three per show) and live music from both a guest music group and the house band. First broadcast on 2 November 2001, the show began its final series in January 2010 and ended on 16 July 2010.
Bicyclus pavonis
Bicyclus pavonis, the rock bush brown, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Senegal, the Gambia, Mali, Guinea, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Ghana, northern Nigeria, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, southern Sudan, northern Uganda, northern Ethiopia and north-western Kenya. The habitat consists of rocky outcrops in arid savanna.

The larvae feed on Sporobolus pyramidalis.

Sporobolus pyramidalis
Sporobolus pyramidalis is a species of grass native to Africa and Yemen. It does not have a distinct established English name, but it is one of the two species of giant rat's tail grasses. It has become a weed in eastern Australia.
Grattoir de côté
In archaeology, a grattoir de côté (French for side scraper) is a ridged variety of steep-scraper distinguished by a working edge on one side. They were found at various archaeological sites in Lebanon including Ain Cheikh and Jdeideh II and are suggested to date to Upper Paleolithic stages three or four (Levantine Aurignacian).

Aïn Cheikh
Aïn Cheikh is a village in the commune of Sidi Khellil, in El M'Ghair District, El M'Ghair Province, Algeria. The village is located to the east of the N3 highway about 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) southeast of El M'Ghair.
2022–23 Manchester United F.C. season
The 2022–23 season was Manchester United's 31st season in the Premier League and their 48th consecutive season in the top flight of English football. This was the club's first season under the management of Erik ten Hag. They won the EFL Cup with a 2–0 victory over Newcastle United in the final, the club's first competitive trophy since winning the UEFA Europa League in 2017. They also reached the final of the FA Cup, losing 2–1 to rivals Manchester City.

There was a mid-season break for the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar, with the last match being played on 13 November 2022. The team's first match after the World Cup was in the EFL Cup on 21 December 2022, following the World Cup final on 18 December.

On 22 November 2022, United announced the departure of Cristiano Ronaldo, one year after he rejoined the club from Juventus.

Saïd Benrahma
Mohamed Saïd Benrahma (Arabic: مُحَمَّد سَعِيد بْن رَحْمَة; born 10 August 1995) is an Algerian professional footballer who plays for Saudi Pro League club Neom and the Algeria national team. Usually a left winger, he can also play as an attacking or left midfielder.

Benrahma began his professional career with Ligue 1 side Nice, later spending time on loan with fellow French clubsAngers, Gazélec and Châteauroux during his early career. He came to prominence in the EFL Championship after a move to Brentford in 2018, scoring 27 goals in 83 appearances for the West London outfit before moving on loan to fellow East London side West Ham United in the Premier League in October 2020. He later joined the club permanently in January 2021 following a subsequent loan cancellation. In June 2024, Lyon exercised their purchase option and signed him on a permanent basis following a successful loan spell.
Georgy Grechko
Georgy Mikhaylovich Grechko (Russian: Георгий Михайлович Гречко; 25 May 1931 – 8 April 2017) was a Soviet cosmonaut.  He flew to space on three missions, each bound for rendezvous with a different Salyut space station. Soyuz 17 was the first crewed vehicle to visit Salyut 4, Soyuz 26 was the first crewed vehicle to visit Salyut 6, and Soyuz T-14 visited Salyut 7.  During the latter mission, Grechko helped to relieve the crew of Soyuz T-13, who had repaired damage to the station.

Soyuz T-13
Soyuz T-13 was a Soyuz mission, transporting personnel to the Soviet space station Salyut 7. The eighth expedition to the orbital station, the mission launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome, atop a Soyuz-U2 carrier rocket, at 06:39:52 UTC on June 6, 1985. It is of note because it marked the first time a spacecraft had docked with a 'dead' space station, and the first time such a station had been returned to operational status following repairs.
88th Minnesota Legislature
The Eighty-eighth Minnesota Legislature was the legislature of the U.S. state of Minnesota from January 8, 2013, to January 5, 2015. It was composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives, based on the results of the 2012 Senate election and the 2012 House election. The seats were apportioned based on the 2010 United States census. It first convened in Saint Paul on January 8, 2013 and last met on May 16, 2014. It held its regular session from January 8 to May 20, 2013, and from February 25 to May 16, 2014. A special session was held on September 9, 2013, to pass disaster aid legislation related to damage caused by storms and flooding in June 2013 and winter storms in April 2013.

Ann Rest
Ann H. Rest (born April 24, 1942) is an American politician and President pro tempore of the Minnesota Senate. A member of the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL), she represents District 43  which includes portions of the western suburbs of Hennepin County in the Twin Cities metro area.
Rancho Las Mariposas
Rancho Las Mariposas was a 44,387-acre (179.63 km2) Mexican land grant in Alta California, located in present-day Mariposa County, California.

It was granted in 1844 by Governor Manuel Micheltorena to Juan Bautista Alvarado.  The grant takes its name from Mariposa Creek, which was named for the monarch butterflies (butterfly = "mariposas" in Spanish) in the Sierra Nevada foothills.

The grant was west of Yosemite, in the foothills of the western Sierra Nevada. It encompasses the present day town of Mariposa, and the former towns of Agua Fria and Ridleys Ferry on the Merced River.

Manuel Micheltorena
Joseph Manuel María Joaquin Micheltorena y Llano (8 June 1804 – 7 September 1853) was a brigadier general and adjutant-general of the Mexican Army, governor of California, commandant-general and inspector of the department of Las Californias, then within Mexico. Micheltorena was the last non-Californian born Mexican governor, preceding the San Gabriel–born Pío Pico, the last provincial governor.
Nola clethrae
Nola clethrae, the sweet pepperbush nola moth, is a nolid moth (family Nolidae). The species was first described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1899. It is found in North America.

The MONA or Hodges number for Nola clethrae is 8996.

Harrison Gray Dyar Jr.
Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. (February 14, 1866 – January 21, 1929) was an American entomologist. Dyar's Law, a pattern of geometric progression in the growth of insect parts, is named after him. He was also noted for eccentric pursuits which included digging tunnels under his home. He had a complicated personal life and along with his second wife he adopted the Baháʼí Faith.