hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Parchment craft
Parchment craft, also known as Pergamano, is the art of embellishing and decorating parchment paper (or vellum paper) through the use of techniques such as embossing, perforating, stippling, cutting and coloring.

Parchment craft has been predominantly used in the making of cards (religious devotional cards, greeting cards and gift cards) but the techniques are being applied to related items such as bookmarks and picture frames as well as three-dimensional sculptural paper projects such as ornaments and boxes.

Parchment
Parchment is a writing material made from specially prepared untanned skins of animals—primarily sheep, calves and goats. It has been used as a writing medium in West Asia and Europe for more than two millennia. By 400 AD many of the written works intended for preservation in these regions had been transferred from papyrus to parchment. Vellum is a type of fine-quality parchment made from the skins of young animals such as lambs and young calves.

The generic term animal membrane is sometimes used by libraries and museums that wish to avoid distinguishing between parchment and vellum.
Moxon's Master
"Moxon's Master" is a short story by American writer Ambrose Bierce, which speculates on the nature of life and intelligence. It describes a chess-playing automaton that murders its creator. First published in The San Francisco Examiner on  April 16, 1899, it is one of the first descriptions of a robot in English-language literature, though written well before the word 'robot' came to be used. The story was included in the 1910 edition of the short story anthology Can Such Things Be?.

San Francisco Examiner
The San Francisco Examiner is a newspaper distributed in and around San Francisco, California, and has been published since 1863. Once self-dubbed the "Monarch of the Dailies" by then-owner William Randolph Hearst and the flagship of the Hearst chain, the Examiner converted to free distribution early in the 21st century and is owned by Clint Reilly Communications, which bought the newspaper at the end of 2020 along with the SF Weekly.
RML 9-pounder 8 and 6 cwt guns
The RML 9-pounder 8 cwt gun and the RML 9-pounder 6 cwt gun were British Rifled, Muzzle Loading (RML) field, horse and naval artillery guns manufactured in England in the 19th century. They fired a projectile weighing approximately 9 pounds (4.1 kg). "8 cwt" and "6 cwt" refers to the weight of the gun to differentiate it from other 9-pounder guns.

Hundredweight
The hundredweight (abbreviation: cwt), formerly also known as the centum weight or quintal, is a British imperial and United States customary unit of weight or mass. Its value differs between the United States customary and British imperial systems. The two values are distinguished in American English as the short and long hundredweight and in British English as the cental and imperial hundredweight.

The short hundredweight or cental of 100 pounds (45.36 kg) is defined in the United States customary system.

The long or imperial hundredweight of 8 stone or 112 pounds (50.80 kg) is defined in the British imperial system.

Under both conventions, there are 20 hundredweight in a ton, producing a "short ton" of 2,000 pounds (907.2 kg) and a "long ton" of 2,240 pounds (1,016 kg).
Trenton Trentonians
The Trenton Trentonians were a minor league baseball team that played in Trenton, New Jersey, from 1883 to 1885. They were members of the Interstate Association in 1883 and the Eastern League from 1884 to 1885. Their home games were played at the Trenton Base Ball Grounds in 1883 and at the East State Street Grounds from 1884 to 1885.

The 1884 Trentonians won the Eastern League pennant, the league's championship, with a season record of 46–39, which placed them four games ahead of the second-place Lancaster Ironsides.

Interstate Association
The Interstate Association was a minor league baseball league that played briefly in the 1906 season. The eight–team, Class C level Interstate association consisted of franchises based in Indiana, Ohio and Michigan. The Interstate League played a portion 1906 season before permanently folding.
Sankata Prasad
Sankata Prasad also spelt Sankta Prasad  was an Indian politician. He was a Member of Parliament, representing Uttar Pradesh in the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of India's Parliament representing the Indian National Congress.

Upper house
An upper house is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature, the other chamber being the lower house. The house formally designated as the upper house is usually smaller and often has more restricted power than the lower house. A legislature composed of only one house (and which therefore has neither an upper house nor a lower house) is described as unicameral.
2007 Jakarta gubernatorial election
A gubernatorial election was held in Jakarta on 8 August 2007 to elect the Governor of Jakarta for the five-year term between 2007 and 2012. It was the first direct election for the capital city. Incumbent Sutiyoso did not participate in the election, with his deputy Fauzi Bowo facing off against former police general Adang Daradjatun.

Fauzi Bowo, which received the political support of a major coalition of political parties, won the election and secured nearly 58% of the 3.6 million votes while his opponent received about 1.5 million despite being backed by just PKS.

Governor of Jakarta
The Special Region of Jakarta is administratively equal to a province with special status as the largest city of Indonesia. Instead of a mayor, the executive head of Jakarta is a governor. The Governor of Jakarta is an elected politician who, along with the vice governor and 106 members of the Jakarta Regional House of Representatives (DPRD), is accountable for the strategic government of the city of Jakarta.
Gerhard Progni
Gerhard Nik Progni (born 6 November 1986) is an Albanian professional footballer plays as a striker for Valbona.

A product of FK Partizani Tirana, Progni has played for several clubs in Albania, including Skënderbeu, whom he won one Albanian Superliga title.

KF Valbona
Klubi i Futbollit Valbona commonly known as Valbona, is an Albanian professional football club based in the town of Bajram Curri. Refounded in 2013 as KF Valbona Football Club, the team has traditionally worn a blue home kit since. The team is competing in Kategoria e Dytë.
Liestal railway station
Liestal railway station (German: Bahnhof Liestal) is a railway station in Switzerland, in the municipality of Liestal and canton of Basel-Landschaft. The station is on the Swiss Federal Railway's Hauenstein main line, which connects Basel and Olten. It is served by five trains per hour to Basel, four trains per hour to Olten, and hourly trains to Interlaken, Lucerne, and Zürich. Several trains a day operate through to Frankfurt and Berlin. The station is also the junction for, and terminus of, the Waldenburg narrow gauge railway, which operates a train service every ten or twenty minutes to Waldenburg. The Waldenburg line closed in April 2021 until December 2022 for conversion to 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) gauge. Since 2019, the Swiss Federal Railways has been undertaking renovation and expansion works at Liestal which were commissioned by the federal government and which are due to be completed in 2025.

Olten
Olten (German pronunciation: [ˈɔltn̩]; High Alemannic: Oute) is a town in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland and capital of the district of the same name.

Olten grew into a town during the Middle Ages at the location of a bridge over the Aare. After a period of decline, it grew rapidly as a railway town in the 19th century. Its railway station is a major rail hub of Switzerland, located at the junction of lines to Zurich, Basel, Bern, and Lucerne, all of which are within 30 minutes by train, and the town is also home to a depot for Swiss Federal Railways.
Carmen Alcázar
Carmen Alcázar Castillo (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈkaɾmen alˈkasaɾ kasˈtiʝo]) is a Mexican political scientist, feminist, women's rights activist and Wikipedian. In 2021, she received the Wikimedian of the Year honorable mention by Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales at Wikimania.

Wikipedia community
The Wikipedia community, collectively and individually known as Wikipedians, is an online community of volunteers who create and maintain Wikipedia, an online encyclopedia. Wikipedians may or may not consider themselves part of the Wikimedia movement, a global network of volunteer contributors to Wikipedia and other related projects hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation.
Entertainment robot
An entertainment robot is a robot that is not made for utilitarian use, as in production or domestic services, but for the sole subjective pleasure of the human. It serves, usually the owner or his housemates, guests, or clients. Robotic technologies are applied in many areas of culture and entertainment.

Expensive robotics are applied to the creation of narrative environments in commercial venues where servo motors, pneumatics, and hydraulic actuators are used to create movement with often preprogrammed responsive behaviors such as in Disneyland's haunted house ride.

Entertainment robots can also be seen in the context of media arts where artists have been employing advanced technologies to create environments and artistic expression also utilizing actuators and sensors to allow their robots to react and change about viewers.

Pneumatics
Pneumatics (from Greek πνεῦμα pneuma 'wind, breath') is the use of gas or pressurized air to create mechanical motion in mechanical systems.

Pneumatic systems used in industry are commonly powered by compressed air or compressed inert gases. A centrally located and electrically powered compressor powers cylinders, air motors, pneumatic actuators, and other pneumatic devices. A pneumatic system controlled through manual or automatic solenoid valves is selected when it provides a lower cost, more flexible, or safer alternative to electric motors, and hydraulic actuators.

Pneumatics also has applications in dentistry, construction, mining, and other areas.
Dave Prater
David Prater Jr. (May 9, 1937 – April 9, 1988) was an American Southern soul and rhythm & blues singer and musician, who was the deeper baritone/tenor vocalist of the soul vocal duo Sam & Dave from 1961 until his death in 1988. He is a member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (1992), the Grammy Hall of Fame (1999, for the song "Soul Man"), the Vocal Group Hall of Fame, and the Georgia Music Hall of Fame (1997), and he was a Grammy Award–winning (1967) and multiple Gold Record award-winning recording artist.

Grammy Hall of Fame
The Grammy Hall of Fame is a hall of fame to honor musical recordings of lasting qualitative or historical significance. Inductees are selected annually by a special member committee of eminent and knowledgeable professionals from all branches of the recording arts. It is compiled by The Recording Academy in the United States, and was established in 1973. Recordings (singles and albums) in all genres are eligible for selection, and must be over 25 years old to be considered. Additions to the list are chosen annually by a committee of recording arts professionals.

Alphabetical listing by title:

List of Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients (A–D)

List of Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients (E–I)

List of Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients (J–P)

List of Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients (Q–Z)
James B. Carrell
James B. Carrell (born 1940) is an American and Canadian mathematician, who is currently an emeritus professor of mathematics at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. His areas of research are algebraic geometry, Lie theory, transformation groups and differential geometry.

He obtained his Ph.D. at the University of Washington (Seattle) under the supervision of Allendoefer. In 1971, together with Jean Dieudonné, he received the Leroy P. Steele Prize for the article Invariant theory, old and new.

He proved theorems in Schubert calculus about singularities of Schubert varieties. The Carrell–Liebermann theorem on the zero set of a holomorphic vector field is used in complex algebraic geometry.

He is a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.

Automorphism group
In mathematics, the automorphism group of an object X is the group consisting of automorphisms of X under composition of morphisms.  For example, if X is a finite-dimensional vector space, then the automorphism group of X is the group of invertible linear transformations from X to itself (the general linear group of X).  If instead X is a group, then its automorphism group  is the group consisting of all group automorphisms of X.

Especially in geometric contexts, an automorphism group is also called a symmetry group. A subgroup of an automorphism group is sometimes called a transformation group.

Automorphism groups are studied in a general way in the field of category theory.
Snow Riot
The Snow Riot was a riot and lynch mob in Washington, D.C., that began on August 11, 1835, when a mob of angry white mechanics attacked and destroyed Beverly Snow's Epicurean Eating House, a restaurant owned by a black man. This violence, born of white men's frustration about having to compete with free blacks for jobs, touched off several days of white mob violence against free blacks, their houses, and establishments. It stopped only at President Andrew Jackson's intervention.

Proslavery thought
To be proslavery is to support slavery. 
It is sometimes found in the thought of ancient philosophers, religious texts, and in American and British writings especially before the American Civil War, but also later through the 20th century.

In the Muslim world, slavery was traditionally sanctioned by religious scripture until the abolition of slavery in the 20th century, when new intepretations were made that prohibited slavery; however traditional intepretation were still argued by religious extremists in the 21st century.

Arguments in favor of slavery include deference to religious scripture, some people being natural slaves in need of supervision, slaves often being better off than the poorest non-slaves, practical social benefit for the society as a whole, and slavery being a time-proven practice by multiple great civilizations.
Philip Michael Thomas
Philip Michael Thomas (born May 26, 1949) is a retired American actor and musician and composer best known for his role as detective Ricardo Tubbs on the hit 1980s TV series Miami Vice. His first notable roles were in Coonskin (1975) and opposite Irene Cara in the 1976 film Sparkle. After his success in Miami Vice, he appeared in numerous made-for-TV movies and advertisements for telephone psychic services. He also voiced the character Lance Vance in the video games Grand Theft Auto: Vice City (2002) and Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories (2006).

Irene Cara
Irene Cara Escalera (March 18, 1959 – November 25, 2022) was an American singer, songwriter and actress who rose to prominence for her role as Coco Hernandez in the 1980 musical film Fame, and for recording the film's title song "Fame", which reached No. 1 in several countries. In 1983, Cara co-wrote and sang the song "Flashdance... What a Feeling" (from the film Flashdance), for which she shared an Academy Award for Best Original Song and won a Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance in 1984.

Before her success with Fame, Cara portrayed the title character Sparkle Williams in the original 1976 musical drama film Sparkle. She died as a result of hypertensive heart disease after hypercholesterolemia at age 63 in 2022.
Mort Shuman
Mortimer Shuman (November 12, 1938 – November 2, 1991) was an American singer, pianist and songwriter, best known as co-writer of many 1960s rock and roll hits, including "Viva Las Vegas". He also wrote and sang many songs in French, such as "Le Lac Majeur", "Papa-Tango-Charly", "Sha Mi Sha", "Un Été de Porcelaine", and "Brooklyn by the Sea" which became hits in France and several other European countries. Shuman wrote over 500 songs, including those for Ben E. King, Elvis Presley, Ray Charles, Andy Williams, and Janis Joplin. He was also responsible for the English-language production of Jacques Brel is Alive and Well and Living in Paris. Shuman was posthumously inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1992 and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2010.

A Day at the Beach
A Day at the Beach is a 1970 British film directed by Simon Hesera, in his directorial debut, and produced by Gene Gutowski. The film is based on the 1962 book Een dagje naar het strand (translation: A Day at the Beach), by Dutch author Heere Heeresma.

The film stars Mark Burns, Beatie Edney, Maurice Roëves, Jack MacGowran, Eva Dahlbeck, Graham Stark, Fiona Lewis and Peter Sellers. The screenplay was written by Roman Polanski, who was originally intended to be the director, but instead, he recommended Hesera for the job. In August 1969, Polanski withdrew from any further involvement with the project after the murder of his wife, Sharon Tate in California.

The film premiered on 6 May 1970 at the Cannes Film Festival. After a disappointing screening at Cannes, the film was thought to have been lost, with no known release to theaters.
Little Iyu Island
Little Iyu Island (Pulau Iyu Kecil in Indonesian) is a small island in the Strait of Malacca, about 4.5 km north-west of Little Karimun Island, about 50 km west of Singapore, and about 800 m north-east of the Great Iyu Island. The two Iyu islets are known as The Brothers.

Little Iyu measures about 200 by 70 m and its highest point is about 45 m above sea level. The island belongs to the Karimun Regency of the Riau Islands Province of Indonesia. The northern tip of Little Iyu is one of the baseline points that define the legal boundaries of Indonesia (1°11′30″N 103°21′08″E﻿ / ﻿1.19167°N 103.35222°E﻿ / 1.19167; 103.35222).

Territorial waters of Indonesia
The territorial waters of Indonesia are defined according to the principles set out in Article 46 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.  Their boundary consists of straight lines ("baselines") linking 195 coordinate points located at the outer edge of the archipelago ("basepoints").
Golden Awards
The Golden Awards (金视奖) was an award show presented by ntv7 to recognise excellence in the production and performance of Malaysian Chinese television before the channel's rebranding. The first awards show took place on 25 September 2010 at the Putrajaya International Convention Centre in Putrajaya and was hosted by Malaysian Cheryl Lee and Singaporean Bryan Wong.

There are 19 awards which will be presented at the first annual awards show. These awards are divided into three categories, namely Drama, non-Drama and Viewers' Choice.

The nominees for this awards show will be assessed by a judging panel consisting of experts within the Malaysian Chinese entertainment industry. All Malaysian Chinese television programmes qualify for nomination. Singapore-based Malaysian actors and actresses contracted to MediaCorp who have acted in co-productions are also eligible.

NTV7
Natseven TV Sdn Bhd, operating as NTV7 is a Malaysian free-to-air television channel owned by Media Prima Berhad. The third private commercial TV station in Malaysia at the time of its launch, the network focused on the urban area with various types of programmes, dramas and news. As of October 2021, NTV7 is now become the second most-watched television station in Malaysia with about 15% of its viewing share, together with TV9, despite the declining viewership of 2 free-to-air television channels.
Ong Chew Bee
Ong Chew Bee (25 May 1924 – 18 March 2018) was a Malayan tennis player from Singapore. He was the first Singaporean player to compete at both Wimbledon and the French championships in 1951. He was active from 1949 to 1961 and won 13 career singles titles. In addition he won the bronze medal in singles at the 1959 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games held in Bangkok, Thailand.

Federation of Malaya
Malaya, officially the Federation of Malaya, was a country in Southeast Asia from 1948 to 1963. It succeeded the Malayan Union and, before that, British Malaya. It comprised eleven states – nine Malay states and two of the Straits Settlements, Penang and Malacca. It was established on 1 February 1948.

Initially a self-governing colony of the United Kingdom, Malaya became fully sovereign on 31 August 1957, and on 16 September 1963, Malaya was superseded by Malaysia when it united with Singapore, North Borneo (Sabah) and Sarawak. Singapore was expelled on 9 August 1965, leaving the original states of Malaya along with Sarawak and Sabah – now collectively known as East Malaysia – to form modern-day Malaysia, while the former Federation of Malaya is now referred to as Peninsular Malaysia or West Malaysia.
Awa-Handa Station
Awa-Handa Station (阿波半田駅, Awa-Handa-eki) is a passenger railway station located in the Handa neighborhood of the town of Tsurugi, Mima District, Tokushima Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by JR Shikoku and has the station number "B19".

Mima District, Tokushima
Mima (美馬郡, Mima-gun) is a district located in Tokushima Prefecture, Japan.

As of June 1, 2019, the district has an estimated population of 7,715 and a density of 40.4 persons per km2. The total area is 194.84 km2.
VLM Airlines
VLM Airlines, short for Vlaamse Luchttransport Maatschappij – "Flemish Air Transport Company", was a Belgian airline offering scheduled, charter and ACMI (aircraft, crew, maintenance and insurance) services. It was headquartered at Antwerp International Airport in Deurne. It ceased operations on 31 August 2018. It is not to be confused with its Belgian sister airline VLM Airlines Brussels, which operated leisure charters and ceased operations in December 2018. A new airline known as Air Antwerp which was owned by CityJet (75%) and KLM (25%) launched operations on 9 September 2019 and consisted of ex-employees and fleet of VLM Airlines until its closure in 2021.

DAT (airline)
DAT A/S, formerly named Danish Air Transport, is a Danish airline headquartered in Vamdrup, Kolding Municipality, operating scheduled and chartered passenger flights mainly from airports in Denmark, Norway, Italy and Germany.
Capacitated minimum spanning tree
Capacitated minimum spanning tree is a minimal cost spanning tree of a graph that has a designated root node  and satisfies the capacity constraint . The capacity constraint ensures that all subtrees (maximal subgraphs connected to the root by a single edge) incident on the root node  have no more than  nodes. If the tree nodes have weights, then the capacity constraint may be interpreted as follows: the sum of weights in any subtree should be no greater than . The edges connecting the subgraphs to the root node are called gates. Finding the optimal solution is NP-hard.

NP-hardness
In computational complexity theory, a computational problem H is called NP-hard if, for  every problem L which can be solved in non-deterministic polynomial-time, there is a polynomial-time reduction from L to H. That is, assuming a solution for H takes 1 unit time, H's solution can be used to solve L in polynomial time. As a consequence, finding a polynomial time algorithm to solve a single NP-hard problem would give polynomial time algorithms for all the problems in the complexity class NP. As it is suspected, but unproven, that P≠NP, it is unlikely that any polynomial-time algorithms for NP-hard problems exist.

A simple example of an NP-hard problem is the subset sum problem.

Informally, if H is NP-hard, then it is at least as difficult to solve as the problems in NP. However, the opposite direction is not true: some problems are undecidable, and therefore even more difficult to solve than all problems in NP, but they are provably not NP-hard (unless P=NP).