hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
History of Wuhan
The prefecture-level city of Wuhan, the capital city of Hubei province, China, has a long and rich history that dates back over 3,500 years. Starting out from the Shang dynasty-era archaeological site at Panlongcheng associated with Erligang culture, the region would become part of the E state and Chu state during the Zhou dynasty. The region evolved into an important port on the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, and the cities of Hanyang, Hankou and Wuchang were united into the city of Wuhan in 1926. Wuhan briefly serving as the capital city of China in 1927 and in 1937. Modern-day Wuhan is known as 'China's Thoroughfare' (九省通衢) due to its status as a major transportation hub, with dozens of railways, roads and expressways passing through the city and connecting to other major cities.

Han River (Hubei and Shaanxi)
The Han River, also known by its Chinese names Hanshui and Hanjiang, is a major river in Central China. A left tributary of the Yangtze, the longest river in Asia, it has a length of 1,532 km (952 mi) and is the longest tributary of the Yangtze system.

The river gave its name to the ancient Chinese Han dynasty, which marked one of ancient China's first golden ages and through it, to the Han Chinese, the dominant ethnic group in modern China and the most populous ethnic group in the world.  It is also the namesake of the city of Hanzhong on its upper course.
Badger, Newfoundland and Labrador
Badger is a town in north-central Newfoundland, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada on the Exploits River. It supplied pulp and paper for the mills in Grand Falls for many years and was famous for its large spring log drives. The town is located in the interior of the island, twenty miles west of Grand Falls in Division No. 6. Badger was incorporated as a Town on September 30, 1963.

Log driving
Log driving is a means of moving logs (sawn tree trunks) from a forest to sawmills and pulp mills downstream using the current of a river. It was the main transportation method of the early logging industry in Europe and North America.
Polish National Committee (1917–1919)
Polish National Committee (Polish: Komitet Narodowy Polski) was a political organization representing Polish interests during the World War I. It was formed in Lausanne on 15 August 1917 by Polish National Democracy politician Roman Dmowski, and was first recognized by the French as the legitimate representative of Poland in September 1917. The British and the Americans were less enthusiastic, but likewise recognized it in 1918.

Its aim was to create a Polish Army (the Blue Army under Józef Haller) to fight alongside the Allies of World War I, in exchange for their support for an independent Poland. In addition to Dmowski its chief activists included Ignacy Jan Paderewski, August Zaleski, Erazm Piltz, Marian Seyda and Maurycy Zamoyski. In January 1919 the Committee recognized the government of Ignacy Jan Paderewski and dissolved itself.

National Independence Day (Poland)
Independence Day (Polish: Narodowe Święto Niepodległości) is a national day in Poland celebrated on 11 November to commemorate the anniversary of the restoration of Poland's sovereignty as the Second Polish Republic in 1918 from the German, Austro-Hungarian and Russian Empires. Following the partitions in the late 18th century, Poland ceased to exist as a sovereign and unified state for 123 years until the end of World War I, when the destruction of the neighbouring powers allowed the country to reemerge. It is a non-working day and a flag flying day in Poland.
Howard E. Johnson
Howard William "Swan" Johnson (January 1, 1908 – December 28, 1991) was an American swing alto saxophonist.

In New York City Johnson was a member of bands led by Billy Cato, James P. Johnson, and Fess Williams. In the 1930s he worked with Benny Carter and Teddy Hill, followed in the 1940s by Claude Hopkins and Maxine Sullivan. From 1946 to 1948 he was in Dizzy Gillespie's band. He recorded with Gillespie and with Red Norvo and Bessie Smith. He also worked with the Harlem Blues and Jazz Band led by Clyde Bernhardt and the Savoy Sultans led by Panama Francis. Born in 1908, he continued to work through the 1980s. He should not be confused with tuba player Howard Johnson.

Red Norvo
Red Norvo (born Kenneth Norville; March 31, 1908 – April 6, 1999) was an American musician, one of jazz's early vibraphonists, known as "Mr. Swing". He helped establish the xylophone, marimba, and vibraphone as jazz instruments. His recordings included "Dance of the Octopus", "Bughouse", "Knockin' on Wood", "Congo Blues", and "Hole in the Wall".
Kiskunhalas District
Kiskunhalas (Hungarian: Kiskunhalasi járás) is a district in south-eastern part of Bács-Kiskun County. Kiskunhalas is also the name of the town where the district seat is found. The district is located in the Southern Great Plain Statistical Region.

Southern Great Plain
The Southern Great Plain (Hungarian: Dél-Alföld ['deːl 'ɒlføld]) is a statistical (NUTS 2) region of Hungary. It is part of Great Plain and North (NUTS 1) region. The Southern Great Plain includes the counties of Bács-Kiskun, Békés, and Csongrád-Csanád. The region is in the southern part of Hungary. It borders Central Hungary and the Northern Great Plain regions to the north, Romania to the east, Serbia to the south, and the Southern Transdanubia and Central Transdanubia regions to the west. The regional centre, and capital city is Szeged, the third largest city of Hungary.
Salt River (House of Assembly of South Africa constituency)
Salt River (Afrikaans: Soutrivier) was a constituency in the Cape Province of South Africa, which existed from 1920 to 1938 and again from 1943 to 1974. It covered parts of the inner suburbs of Cape Town, centred on its namesake suburb of Salt River. Throughout its existence it elected one member to the House of Assembly and one to the Cape Provincial Council.

House of Assembly (South Africa)
The House of Assembly (known in Afrikaans as the Volksraad, or "People's Council") was the lower house of the Parliament of South Africa from 1910 to 1981, the sole parliamentary chamber between 1981 and 1984, and latterly the white representative house of the Tricameral Parliament from 1984 to 1994, when it was replaced by the current National Assembly. Throughout its history, it was composed exclusively of white members who were elected to office predominantly by white citizens, though until 1960 and 1970, respectively, some Black Africans and Coloureds in the Cape Province voted under a restricted form of suffrage.

The old House of Assembly chamber was severely damaged in a fire in January 2022.
GSTM2
Glutathione S-transferase Mu 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GSTM2 gene.

Cytosolic and membrane-bound forms of glutathione S-transferase are encoded by two distinct supergene families. At present, eight distinct classes of the soluble cytoplasmic mammalian glutathione S-transferases have been identified: alpha, kappa, mu, omega, pi, sigma, theta and zeta.

This gene encodes a glutathione S-transferase that belongs to the mu class. The mu class of enzymes functions in the detoxification of electrophilic compounds, including carcinogens, therapeutic drugs, environmental toxins and products of oxidative stress, by conjugation with glutathione. The genes encoding the mu class of enzymes are organized in a gene cluster on chromosome 1p13.3 and are known to be highly polymorphic. These genetic variations can change an individual's susceptibility to carcinogens and toxins as well as affect the toxicity and efficacy of certain drugs.

Toxin
A toxin is a naturally occurring poison produced by metabolic activities of living cells or organisms. They occur especially as proteins, often conjugated. The term was first used by organic chemist Ludwig Brieger (1849–1919), derived from toxic.

Toxins can be small molecules, peptides, or proteins that are capable of causing disease on contact with or absorption by body tissues interacting with biological macromolecules such as enzymes or cellular receptors. They vary greatly in their toxicity, ranging from usually minor (such as a bee sting) to potentially fatal even at extremely low doses (such as botulinum toxin).
1972 Australian Open
The 1972 Australian Open was a tennis tournament played on grass courts at the Kooyong Lawn Tennis Club in Melbourne in Australia and was held from 26 December 1971 to 3 January 1972.  It was the 60th edition of the Australian Open and the first Grand Slam of the year.

Kooyong Stadium
Kooyong Stadium, at the Kooyong Lawn Tennis Club, is an Australian tennis venue, located in the Melbourne suburb of Toorak, adjacent to the namesake suburb of Kooyong. The stadium was built in 1927, and has undergone several renovations.

It has a seating capacity of slightly more than 5,000. At its peak the stadium was capable of hosting up to 15,000 patrons.
1967 Davis Cup
The 1967 Davis Cup was the 56th edition of the Davis Cup, the most important tournament between national teams in men's tennis. 32 teams entered the Europe Zone, 9 teams entered the Eastern Zone, and 7 teams entered the America Zone.

Ecuador defeated the United States in the Americas Inter-Zonal final, India defeated Japan in the Eastern Inter-Zonal final, and Spain and South Africa were the winners of the two Europe sub-zones, defeating the Soviet Union and Brazil respectively.

In the Inter-Zonal Zone, Spain defeated Ecuador and South Africa defeated India in the semifinals, and then Spain defeated South Africa in the final. Spain were then defeated by the defending champions Australia in the Challenge Round. The final was played at the Milton Courts in Brisbane, Australia on 26–28 December.

South Africa Davis Cup team
The South Africa men's national tennis team represents South Africa in Davis Cup tennis competition and are governed by the Tennis South Africa. South Africa won the Davis Cup in 1974 by default as India withdrew from the finals as a protest against apartheid policies. They currently compete in Group II of the Europe/Africa Zone. They competed in the World Group from 1995 to 1998.
Etheostoma corona
Etheostoma corona , the crown darter, is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. It is endemic to the eastern United States, where it is found in Tennessee and Alabama.  This species can reach a length of 7.8 cm (3.1 in). The crown darter was first formally described in 1992 by Lawrence M. Page and Patrick A. Ceas with its type locality given as the Little Cypress Creek, which is part of the Tennessee River drainage, 2.4 kilometres (1.5 miles) northwest of Crossroads, Wayne County, Tennessee.

Tennessee River
The Tennessee River is a 652 mi (1,049 km) long river located in the southeastern United States. Flowing through the Tennessee Valley in the states of Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, and Kentucky, it begins at the confluence of French Broad and Holston rivers at Knoxville, and drains into the Ohio River near Paducah, Kentucky. It is the largest tributary of the Ohio, and drains a basin of 40,876 sq mi (105,870 km2).

Its tributary, the Little Tennessee River, flows into it from Western North Carolina and northeastern Georgia.
French ship Comète
At least three ships of the French Navy have borne the name Comète:

French frigate Comète (1752), a frigate launched in 1752

French frigate Comète (1796), a frigate launched in 1796 and scrapped in 1810

French gunboat Comète, a gunboat that saw action in the 1893 Franco-Siamese crisis

1893 Franco-Siamese crisis
The Franco-Siamese crisis of 1893, known in Thailand as the Incident of Rattanakosin Era 112 (Thai: วิกฤตการณ์ ร.ศ. 112,
RTGS: wikrittakan roso-roisipsong, [wí krít tàʔ kaːn rɔː sɔ̌ː rɔ́ːj sìp sɔ̌ːŋ]) was a conflict between the French Third Republic and the Kingdom of Siam. Auguste Pavie, French vice-consul in Luang Prabang in 1886, was the chief agent in furthering French interests in Laos.

His intrigues, which took advantage of Siamese weakness in the region and periodic invasions by Vietnamese rebels from Tonkin, increased tensions between Bangkok and Paris. The conflict concluded with the Paknam Incident, in which French gunboats sailed up the Chao Phraya River to blockade Bangkok. The Siamese subsequently agreed to cede the area that constitutes most of present-day Laos to France, an act that led to the significant expansion of French Indochina. This conflict succeeded the Haw wars (1865–1890), in which the Siamese attempted to pacify northern Siam and Tonkin.
First cabinet of Louis Napoleon
The First cabinet of Louis Napoleon was formed by President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte the day after the coup of 2 December 1851, replacing the Last cabinet of the French Second Republic. It was replaced by the Second cabinet of Louis Napoleon on 22 January 1852. The ministers were:

Justice : Eugène Rouher

Foreign Affairs: Louis Félix Étienne, marquis de Turgot

Interior and Beaux-Arts: Charles de Morny, Duke of Morny

Finance : Achille Fould

War: Jacques Leroy de Saint Arnaud

Navy and Colonies: Théodore Ducos

Education and Religious Affairs: Hippolyte Fortoul

Public Works: Pierre Magne

Agriculture and Commerce: Lefebvre-Duruflé

Achille Fould
Achille Marcus Fould (17 November 1800 – 5 October 1867) was a French financier and politician who was four times minister of finance between 1849 and 1867. A major figure of the Second French Empire, his politics have been described as "conservative by instinct, liberal by reflection."
2025 Chongqing anti-CCP protest
At approximately 22:00 on August 29, 2025 (Beijing time), in Xijie, Chongqing University Town, Shapingba District, Chongqing, China, an individual used a projector to display slogans critical of the Chinese Communist Party onto the exterior wall of a building. The projection lasted about 50 minutes before being stopped by the authorities, and attracted considerable public attention.

The event occurred on the eve of the 2025 China Victory Day Parade (also called the 'September 3 Parade'), and was described by commentators as notable given the Chinese government's strict suppression of any public displays of dissent under CCP General Secretary Xi Jinping. Observers have drawn comparisons between this incident and the 2022 Beijing Sitong Bridge protest.

Chongqing University
Chongqing University (CQU; 重庆大学) is a public university in Chongqing, China. It is affiliated with the Ministry of Education of China. The university is part of Project 211, Project 985, and the Double First-Class Construction.

Chongqing University is especially highly recognized in Architecture, Electrical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Metallurgical Engineering, and Management Science. According to Academic Ranking of World Universities 2024, CQU is ranked 151-200 in the world.
Stagecoach East
Stagecoach East is a bus operator providing local and regional services across the East of England, operating in the counties of Bedfordshire and Cambridgeshire. The company is a subsidiary of the Stagecoach Group and is headquartered and registered in Cambridge.

Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Combined Authority
The Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Combined Authority is a combined authority covering the ceremonial county of Cambridgeshire in the East of England. The authority was established on 3 March 2017. The authority is led by the directly elected mayor of Cambridgeshire and Peterborough.
Suzano Maranhão Thermal Power Plant
The Suzano Maranhão Thermal Power Plant (Portuguese: Usina Termelétrica Suzano Maranhão) is a biomass-fired power station inaugurated in April 2014 and located in the city of Imperatriz, in Maranhão, Brazil. It supplies energy to the Suzano Papel e Celulose factory in Imperatriz, which has an annual production capacity of 1.65 million tons of pulp.

Pulp (paper)
Pulp is a fibrous lignocellulosic material prepared by chemically, semi-chemically, or mechanically isolating the cellulosic fibers of wood, fiber crops, waste paper, or rags. Mixed with water and other chemicals or plant-based additives, pulp is the major raw material used in papermaking and the industrial production of other paper products.
Viamala
Viamala or Via Mala (Romansh: literally, "bad path") is a narrow gorge along the river Hinterrhein between Zillis-Reischen and Thusis in the Canton of Graubünden, Switzerland, as well as the ancient and notorious pathway which traverses the gorge. Historically the Viamala was the most serious obstacle on the approach to the Splügen and San Bernardino mountain passes.

Thusis
Thusis (Italian: Tosana, Romansh: Tusàn) is a municipality in the Viamala Region in the Swiss canton of the Grisons. On 1 January 2018 the former municipality of Mutten merged into the municipality of Thusis.
Paramsacta marginata
Paramsacta marginata, also called Donovan's tiger moth or Donovan's amsacta, is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found in most of Australia, New Guinea, Fergusson Island and the Louisiade Archipelago. The species was first described by Edward Donovan in 1805.

The larvae feed on Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Plantaginaceae, Polygonaceae and Portulacaceae species.

Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae (/juːˈfɔːrbiˌeɪsi.iː, -ˌaɪ/), the spurge family, is a large family of flowering plants. In English, they are also commonly called euphorbias, which is also the name of the type genus of the family. Most spurges, such as Euphorbia paralias, are herbs, but some, especially in the tropics, are shrubs or trees, such as Hevea brasiliensis. Some, such as Euphorbia canariensis,: 206  are succulent and resemble cacti because of convergent evolution. This family has a cosmopolitan global distribution. The greatest diversity of species is in the tropics; however, the Euphorbiaceae also have many species in nontropical areas of all continents except Antarctica.
Talmadge Nunnari
Talmadge Raphael Nunnari (born April 9, 1975) is an American former Major League Baseball player. Nunnari played first base and outfield for the Montreal Expos in 2000 and was the assistant coach for the Jacksonville University Dolphins baseball team. Nunnari played his college ball at Jacksonville University.

In the 2009 and 2010 seasons, Nunnari was manager of the independent club the Pensacola Pelicans after having worked in the team's front office first as a corporate sales executive and hitting coach and then general manager since 2003. Nunnari worked with the organization's transition from the independent American Association to the affiliated AA Southern League but left to accept the position at JU.

Jacksonville University
Jacksonville University (JU) is a private university in Jacksonville, Florida, United States. Located in the city's Arlington district, the school was founded in 1934 as a two-year college and was known as Jacksonville Junior College until September 5, 1956, when it shifted focus to building four-year university degree programs and later graduated its first four-year degree candidates as Jacksonville University in June 1959.

The university is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS). JU's student body currently represents more than 40 U.S. states and approximately 45 countries around the world. As a Division I institution, it fields 18 varsity athletics teams, known as the JU Dolphins, as well as intramural sports and clubs. Among the top majors declared by JU students are aviation management, biology, nursing, business, and marine science.
Pinckneyville, Mississippi
Pinckneyville is an unincorporated community in Wilkinson County, Mississippi. Its elevation is 239 feet (73 m).

The town was named for the prominent Pinckney family of South Carolina, from which many of its settlers came. Charles Pinckney helped draft the US Constitution and served as governor of the state of South Carolina; other members of his family were also political leaders. The settlement of Pinckneyville was mapped by James Wilkinson on his survey of what became the Natchez Trace following the 1801 Treaty of Fort Adams. The Kempers of the so-called Kemper Rebellion (actually a series of minor border skirmishes and shootings) had an inn at Pinckneyville.

In 1815, the Pinckneyville Academy was established here.

Charles Pinckney (governor)
Charles Pinckney Jr. (October 26, 1757 – October 29, 1824) was an American Founding Father, planter, and politician who was a signer of the United States Constitution. He was elected and served as the 37th governor of South Carolina, later serving two more non-consecutive terms. He also served as a U.S. Senator and a member of the House of Representatives. He was a first cousin once removed of fellow signer Charles Cotesworth Pinckney.

Pinckney's descendants included seven future South Carolina governors, including men related to the Maybank and Rhett families.
Arturo Huerta
Arturo S. Huerta (born 30 March 1964) is a Canadian retired athlete who specialised in race walking. He represented his country at two Summer Olympics, in 1996 and 2000, as well as two World Championships. In addition, he won the silver medal at the 1998 Commonwealth Games.

He has personal bests of 1:21:03 in 20 kilometres walk (Toronto 2000) and 3:58:02 in the 50 kilometres walk (Poza Rica 2000).

50 kilometres race walk
The 50 kilometre race walk was an Olympic athletics event that first appeared in 1932 and made its final Olympic appearance in 2021. The racewalking event is competed as a road race. Athletes must always keep in contact with the ground and the supporting leg must remain straight until the raised leg passes it.

50 kilometres is approximately 31 miles.

The 50 kilometres race walk was dropped from the Olympic program after the 2020 Tokyo Games in 2021 and was replaced by a mixed team race, the marathon race walk mixed relay in order to achieve gender equality.
Alexandra Emilianov
Alexandra "Sasha" Emilianov (born 19 September 1999) is a Moldovan female discus thrower, who won an individual gold medal at the 2015 Youth World Championships and at the 2018 IAAF World U20 Championships.

Emilianov was an All-American discus thrower for the Kansas Jayhawks track and field team, finishing runner-up in the discus at the 2022 NCAA Division I Outdoor Track and Field Championships.

She competed for Moldova at the 2020 Summer Olympics and 2024 Summer Olympics.

Kansas Jayhawks track and field
The Kansas Jayhawks track and field team is the track and field program that represents University of Kansas. The Jayhawks compete in NCAA Division I as a member of the Big 12 Conference. The team is based in Lawrence, Kansas, at the Rock Chalk Park.

The program is coached by Stanley Redwine. The track and field program officially encompasses four teams because the NCAA considers men's and women's indoor track and field and outdoor track and field as separate sports.

The Kansas men won their first national team title at the 1959 NCAA Division I Outdoor Track and Field Championships. Karl Salb won the most NCAA individual titles, with six in the shot put from 1969 to 1971.

The track and field program hosts the Kansas Relays annually since 1923. They also participate in the KU-KSU-WSU Triangular since 2015.
1st Wisconsin Infantry Regiment
The 1st Wisconsin Infantry Regiment was a volunteer infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.  The regiment was originally raised as for a three-month term under President Lincoln's April 1861 call for 75,000 volunteers, and served briefly in the eastern theater during that enlistment.  After the three-month term expired, however, the regiment was re-established for a three-year term and spent most of the remainder of its service in the western theater of the war, serving in many of the major battles in Tennessee, Kentucky, and Georgia.

Proclamation 80
Proclamation 80, titled "A Proclamation by the President of the United States, April 15, 1861," was a presidential proclamation signed by Abraham Lincoln, the 16th president of the United States. It called for 75,000 militiamen to suppress the rebellion in the states that had formed the Confederacy.