hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Decentralized partially observable Markov decision process
The decentralized partially observable Markov decision process (Dec-POMDP) is a model for coordination and decision-making among multiple agents. It is a probabilistic model that can consider uncertainty in outcomes, sensors and communication (i.e., costly, delayed, noisy or nonexistent communication).

It is a generalization of a Markov decision process (MDP) and a partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP) to consider multiple decentralized agents.

Uncertainty
Uncertainty or incertitude refers to situations involving imperfect or unknown information. It applies to predictions of future events, to physical measurements that are already made, or to the unknown, and is particularly relevant for decision-making. Uncertainty arises in partially observable or stochastic or complex or dynamic environments, as well as due to ignorance, indolence, or both. It arises in any number of fields, including insurance, philosophy, physics, statistics, economics, entrepreneurship, finance, medicine, psychology, sociology, engineering, metrology, meteorology, ecology and information science.
2019 East Hertfordshire District Council election
The 2019 East Hertfordshire District Council election took place on 2 May 2019 to elect all members of East Hertfordshire District Council in England. The Conservatives retained control of the council, but lost 10 seats.

East Hertfordshire
East Hertfordshire is one of ten local government districts in Hertfordshire, England. Its council is based in Hertford, the county town of Hertfordshire. The largest town in the district is Bishop's Stortford, and the other main towns are Ware, Buntingford and Sawbridgeworth. At the 2011 Census, the population of the district was 137,687. By area it is the largest of the ten local government districts in Hertfordshire. The district borders North Hertfordshire, Stevenage, Welwyn Hatfield and Broxbourne in Hertfordshire, and Epping Forest, Harlow and Uttlesford in Essex.

In the 2006 edition of Channel 4's "Best and Worst Places to Live in the UK", East Hertfordshire was rated the seventh-best district to live in. In 2012, East Hertfordshire came ninth in Halifax bank's annual survey of most desirable places to live. It came first in this survey in 2020.
1879 City of Nelson by-election
The 1879 City of Nelson by-election was a by-election held on 6 February 1879 in the City of Nelson electorate during the 6th New Zealand Parliament.

The by-election was caused by the resignation of the incumbent MP John Sharp.

The by-election was won by Acton Adams. He was described as the “Secularist” candidate; as with David Goldie in the 1879 City of Auckland West by-election; both favouring secular not denominational education.

The following table gives the election result:

6th New Zealand Parliament
The 6th New Zealand Parliament was a term of the Parliament of New Zealand.

Elections for this term were held in 69 European electorates between 20 December 1875 and 29 January 1876. Elections in the four Māori electorates were held on 4 and 15 January 1876. A total of 88 MPs were elected. Parliament was prorogued in August 1879. During the term of this Parliament, five Ministries were in power.
DFS Model 6
The DFS Model 6 was a target glider built by Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Segelflug in 1936.  It was intended for anti-aircraft training, but only prototypes were built.  It was assigned the RLM designation 8-6.

RLM aircraft designation system
The German Air Ministry (Reichsluftfahrtministerium; RLM)  had a system for aircraft designation which was an attempt by the aviation authorities of the Third Reich to standardize and produce an identifier for each airframe type produced in Germany.  It was in use from 1933 to 1945 though many pre-1933 aircraft were included and the system had changes over those years.
As well as aircraft of the Luftwaffe, it covered civilian airliners and sport planes, due to the RLM handing all aviation-related matters in the Third Reich, both civilian and military in nature.
Jefferson High School (Indiana)
Jefferson High School (often referred to as "Lafayette Jefferson" or "Lafayette Jeff" or "Jeff") is a high school located in Lafayette, Indiana, United States and administered by the Lafayette School Corporation. Its mascot is the Broncho and its school colors are red and black.

Bucking horse
A bucking horse is any breed of horse, male or female, with a propensity to buck. They have been, and still are, referred to by various names, including bronco, broncho, and roughstock.

The harder they buck, the more desirable they are for rodeo events.  Roughstock breeders have long established strings of bucking horses with broodmares and stallions that have been bred and crossbred to more consistently produce the desired temperaments and athletic ability needed for bareback and saddle bronc riding competition. Bareback broncs are typically smaller and faster athletes, whereas saddle broncs are heavier bodied athletes of great strength and endurance.
2022 African Nations Championship knockout stage
The knockout stage of the 2022 African Nations Championship began on 27 January 2023 with the quarter-finals and ended with the final at the Nelson Mandela Stadium in Algiers on 4 February 2023.

All match times are local, WAT (UTC+1).

West Africa Time
West Africa Time, or WAT, is a time zone used in west-central Africa. West Africa Time is one hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC+01:00), which aligns it with Central European Time (CET) during winter, and Western European Summer Time (WEST) / British Summer Time (BST) during summer.

As most of this time zone is in the tropical region, there is little change in day length throughout the year and therefore daylight saving time is not observed.

West Africa Time is the time zone for the following countries:

Algeria (as Central European Time)

Angola

Benin

Cameroon

Central African Republic

Chad

Democratic Republic of the Congo (western provinces)

Equatorial Guinea

Gabon

Morocco (as Central European Time)

Niger

Nigeria

Republic of the Congo

Tunisia (as Central European Time)

Western Sahara

Countries west of Benin (except Morocco and Western Sahara) are in the UTC+00:00 time zone.
Spartalizumab
Spartalizumab (INN; development code PDR001) is a monoclonal antibody and checkpoint inhibitor that is being investigated for melanoma.

This drug is being developed by Novartis. As of 2018, spartalizumab is undergoing Phase III trials.

Phases of clinical research
The phases of clinical research are the stages in which scientists conduct experiments with a health intervention to obtain sufficient evidence for a process considered effective as a medical treatment. For drug development, the clinical phases start with testing for drug safety in a few human subjects, then expand to many study participants (potentially tens of thousands) to determine if the treatment is effective. Clinical research is conducted on drug candidates, vaccine candidates, new medical devices, and new diagnostic assays.
Life Is a Dream (1986 film)
Life is a Dream (French: Mémoire des apparences) is a 1986 French surrealist art film written and directed by Chilean filmmaker Raúl Ruiz. It is an oneiric,  metafictional, "neo-Baroque" work about the Chilean dictatorship, exile, dream, cinema and mnemonics. It was inspired by Frances A. Yates' book The Art of Memory (1966) and features characters and scenes from Life Is a Dream (1635), a Spanish Golden Age play Ruiz had directed at the Avignon Festival in 1986, in addition to pastiches of B-movies and serials of the 1930s and 1940s.

Neo-Baroque film
Neo-Baroque film is a type of film theory that (while the term "neo-baroque" is borrowed from the writings of semiologist Umberto Eco and philosopher Gilles Deleuze) is used in film studies to describe certain films, television shows and Hollywood blockbusters characterised by the excessively ornate, carnivalesque fragmentation of the film frame and/or narrative, sometimes to the point of spatial and/or narrative incoherence.
Hyloxalus chlorocraspedus
Hyloxalus chlorocraspedus is a species of frogs in the family Dendrobatidae. It is only known from two locations: its type locality near Porto Walter, Acre state in Brazil, and another locality in the Ucayali Region of Peru.

Department of Ucayali
Ucayali (Spanish pronunciation: [ukaˈʝali]) is a department of Peru. Located in the Amazon rainforest, it is the second largest department in Peru, after Loreto. It is administered by a regional government. Its capital is the city of Pucallpa.

The arapaima is depicted on both the flag and the seal of the region.
SILK
SILK is an audio compression format and audio codec developed by Skype Limited, now a Microsoft subsidiary. It was developed for use in Skype, as a replacement for the SVOPC codec. Since licensing out, it has also been used by others. It has been extended to the Internet standard Opus codec.

Royalty-free
Royalty-free (RF) material subject to copyright or other intellectual property rights may be used without the need to pay royalties or license fees for each use, per each copy or volume sold or some time period of use or sales.
Ananino, Kichmengsko-Gorodetsky District, Vologda Oblast
Ananino (Russian: Ананино) is a rural locality (a village) in Gorodetskoye Rural Settlement, Kichmengsko-Gorodetsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 457 as of 2002. There are 6 streets.

Kichmengsko-Gorodetsky District
Kichmengsko-Gorodetsky District (Russian: Ки́чменгско-Городе́цкий райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-six in Vologda Oblast, Russia. It is located in the east of the oblast and borders with Velikoustyugsky District in the north, Podosinovsky District of Kirov Oblast in the northeast, Oparinsky District of Kirov Oblast in the southeast, Vokhomsky District of Kostroma Oblast in the south, Nikolsky and Babushkinsky Districts in the southwest, and with Nyuksensky District in the northwest. The area of the district is 7,025 square kilometers (2,712 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Kichmengsky Gorodok. District's population: 18,485 (2010 Census); 22,187 (2002 Census); 26,170 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Kichmengsky Gorodok accounts for 34.9% of the district's total population.
Sir Charles Douglas, 1st Baronet
Rear-Admiral Sir Charles Douglas, 1st Baronet (1727 – 17 March 1789) was a British naval officer. He is particularly known for his part in the Battle of the Saintes during the American War of Independence where he helped pioneer the tactic of "breaking the line".

Newfoundland Colony
Newfoundland was an English, and later British, colony established in 1610 on the island of Newfoundland. That followed decades of sporadic English settlement on the island, which was at first only seasonal. Newfoundland was made a Crown colony in 1824 and a dominion in 1907. Its economy collapsed during the Great Depression. On 16 February 1934, the Newfoundland legislature agreed to the creation of a six-member Commission of Government to govern the country. In 1949, the country voted to join Canada as the province of Newfoundland.
Heraklion Indoor Sports Arena
Heraklion Indoor Sports Arena, or simply, Heraklion Arena, is a multi-purpose indoor arena that is located in the city of Heraklion, on the island of Crete, in Greece. It is located in a district called Dyo Aorakia (English: Two Aorakia). The arena can be used to host gymnastics, handball, volleyball, basketball, boxing, wrestling, fencing, badminton, table tennis, Judo, MMA, and weightlifting, with its primary use being to host basketball games.

The seating capacity of the arena for basketball games is 5,222 with permanent tier seating, and up to 5,500, including seats for the media, with temporary tier seating. The arena also includes a smaller second sports hall, which is used primarily for training purposes, but that can also host sporting events, a VIP area, a media and press conference room, a weight training room, and a medical room.

2017 FIBA U20 European Championship
The 2017 FIBA U20 European Championship was the 20th edition of the FIBA U20 European Championship. The competition took place in three Greek cities, Chania, Rethymno and Heraklion, on the island of Crete, from 15 to 23 July 2017.
PlatEAU
PlatEAU is an electronic music project featuring cEvin Key and Phil Western. The project resembles a very loose approach to the Download project featuring the same members. The song names and album titles refer to the coffeeshop culture of Amsterdam in The Netherlands implying a "trip" through their musical voyages. The album art also reflects this concept with imagery on their first release on Hypnotic Records in 1997, Music for Grass Bars. This release had a special CD jewel case in order to create a holographic-motion effect with the cover art insert. The genre is most closely related to IDM, experimental, techno and trip hop.

Trip hop
Trip hop is a music genre defined as a psychedelic fusion of hip-hop and electronica with slow tempos and an atmospheric sound. The style emerged as a more experimental variant of breakbeat from the Bristol sound scene of the late 1980s and early 1990s, incorporating influences from jazz, soul, funk, dub, rap, as well as sampling from movie soundtracks and other eclectic sources.

Pioneering trip hop acts include Massive Attack, UNKLE, Tricky, and Portishead. The term was first coined in a 1994 Mixmag piece about American producer DJ Shadow. Trip hop achieved commercial success in the 1990s, and has been described as "Europe's alternative choice in the second half of the '90s".
M2 proton channel
The Matrix-2 (M2) protein is a proton-selective viroporin, integral in the viral envelope of the influenza A virus. The channel itself is a homotetramer (consists of four identical M2 units), where the units are helices stabilized by two disulfide bonds, and is activated by low pH. The M2 protein is encoded on the seventh RNA segment together with the M1 protein. Proton conductance by the M2 protein in influenza A is essential for viral replication.

Influenza B and C viruses encode proteins with similar function dubbed "BM2" and "CM2" respectively. They share little similarity with M2 at the sequence level, despite a similar overall structure and mechanism.

Amphiphile
In chemistry, an amphiphile (from Greek  αμφις (amphis) 'both' and  φιλíα (philia) 'love, friendship'), or amphipath, is a dipolar chemical compound possessing both hydrophilic (water-loving, polar) and lipophilic (fat-loving, nonpolar) properties. Such a compound is called amphiphilic or amphipathic. Amphiphilic compounds include surfactants and detergents. The phospholipid amphiphiles are the major structural component of cell membranes.

Amphiphiles are able to self-assemble to form a wide range of supramolecular structures, including micelles, lamellae, nanofibers, and biological membranes. They serve as the basis for many household soaps and detergents.

Amphiphiles are the basis for a number of areas of research in chemistry and biochemistry, notably that of lipid polymorphism.

Organic compounds containing hydrophilic groups at both ends of the molecule are called bolaamphiphilic. The micelles they form in the aggregate are prolate.
The Day We Caught the Train
"The Day We Caught the Train" is a song by British rock band Ocean Colour Scene. The song was released on 3 June 1996 as the third single from their second studio album, Moseley Shoals (1996), and reached number four on the UK Singles Chart, achieving platinum status for sales and streams exceeding 600,000. The single was also released as an acoustic alternative on a second CD, with additional B-sides including "Justine", which is a re-recording that had originally appeared on Ocean Colour Scene, and "Travellers Tune", which was included on the band's third album, Marchin' Already.

Ocean Colour Scene (album)
Ocean Colour Scene is the 1992 debut album by the British rock group Ocean Colour Scene. It was released during the early Britpop era with far less critical interest than their highly successful second album Moseley Shoals. Ocean Colour Scene themselves largely ignore this album, feeling that the band's and label's conflicting musical views led to a 'watered-down' debut which lacked the edge of the band's live popularity.

The first single from the album was "Sway" in February 1992, followed by "Giving it All Away" in March and finally "Do Yourself a Favour" in May. A  remastered 2CD Deluxe edition of the album was released in February 2014 which included the original album together with A and B sides of early singles and a few outtakes.
Huquier
Huquier is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Gabriel Huquier (1695–1772), French drawer (artist), engraver, printmaker, publisher, and art collector

James Gabriel Huquier (1730–1805), French portrait-painter and engraver

James Gabriel Huquier
James Gabriel Huquier, originally Jacques-Gabriel (1730–1805) was a portrait-painter and engraver.  He was the son of the roccoco engraver Gabriel Huquier and his wife Marie-Ann (Desvignes).  One of Huquier's subjects was Chevalier d'Eon, an early transvestite.
Joseph Freeman Farm
Joseph Freeman Farm is a historic farm complex and national historic district located near Gates, Gates County, North Carolina. The district encompasses six contributing buildings, one contributing site, and three contributing structures.  The main house was built about 1821, and is a two-story, two-bay dwelling in a transitional Georgian / Federal style. A separate two-room kitchen/dining room ell was added about 1915.  Associated with the house are the contributing  smokehouse (c. 1935), privy (c. 1935), pump house (c. 1947), and domestic well (19th century).  Contributing farm outbuildings include the lot well (c. 1915), equipment shelter (c. 1920), feed and livestock barn (c. 1920), and slave / tenant house (mid- to late-19th century).

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.

Outhouse
An outhouse — known variously across the English-speaking world otherwise as bog, dunny, long-drop, or privy — is a small structure, separate from a house or main building, which covers a toilet. This is typically either a pit latrine or a bucket toilet, but other forms of dry (non-flushing) toilets may be encountered. The term may also be used to denote the toilet itself, not just the structure.

Outhouses were in use in cities of developed countries (e.g. Australia) well into the second half of the twentieth century. They are still common in rural areas and also in cities of developing countries. Outhouses that are covering pit latrines in densely populated areas can cause groundwater pollution.
Bashawi
Bashawi (Arabic: بشاوي)  is a Syrian village located in Wadi al-Uyun Nahiyah in Masyaf District, Hama.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Bashawi had a population of 253 in the 2004 census.

Hama Governorate
Hama Governorate (Arabic: مُحافظة حماة Muḥāfaẓat Ḥamā) is one of the fourteen governorates of Syria. It is situated in western-central Syria, bordering Idlib and Aleppo Governorates to the north, Raqqa Governorate to the east, Homs Governorate to the south, and Tartus and Latakia Governorate to the west. It is the only Governorate (excluding Damascus) that does not border a foreign country. Measures of its area vary from 8,844 km2 to 8,883 km2, with its capital being the city of Hama, also notably being the only Governorate with no land borders with any foreign countries.
Hunter's Emporium
Hunter's Emporium is a heritage-listed former department store at 86 McDowell Street, Roma, Maranoa Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed and built in 1916 by John Hill. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 30 October 2008.

Chinchilla, Queensland
Chinchilla is a rural town and locality in the Western Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. Chinchilla is known as the 'Melon Capital of Australia', and plays host to a Melon Festival every second year in February.

In the 2021 census, the locality of Chinchilla had a population of 7,068 people.
Love in a Fallen City (film)
Love in a Fallen City is a 1984 Hong Kong film directed by Ann Hui. It was adapted from the novella of the same name by Eileen Chang, and produced by Shaw Brothers Studio.  The movie stars Chow Yun-fat and Cora Miao as the romantic leads.

The film followed in the trail of Hui's critically acclaimed Vietnam film Boat People but was a much more modest commercial success.   The movie earned HK$8,134,727.  Ann Hui adapted another Eileen Chang novel thirteen years later in Eighteen Springs.

Cora Miao
Cora Miao (simplified Chinese: 缪骞人; traditional Chinese: 繆騫人; pinyin: Miào Qiānrén; Jyutping: Miu6 Hin1jan4; born 21 August 1958) is a Hong Kong actress. She was nominated for four Hong Kong Film Awards and four Golden Horse Awards, winning once.

Miao was born in Shanghai, China, and later studied in the United States, where she graduated before returning to Hong Kong. In 1976, she won the Miss Photogenic title at the Miss Hong Kong Pageant. She began her acting career the following year and became known for her performances in films such as The Story of Woo Viet and Women.

She is married to film director Wayne Wang.
Juan Díaz (friar)
Juan Díaz (died 1651) was a priest and friar of the Dominican Order known for writing the biography Vida y virtudes del venerable fray Andrés del Valle.

Díaz was born in Sonsonate, El Salvador and took his vows in Guatemala. Over the course of his career, he headed the Convento de Santo Domingo in Sonsonate and administered several towns including Escuintla, Guatemala.

Díaz was a follower of the friar Andrés del Valle, and his biography Vida y virtudes del venerable fray Andrés del Valle (Life and Virtues of the Venerable Friar Andrés del Valle) is a principal example of early Salvadoran literature.  The National Library of Guatemala holds the manuscript of this work.

Díaz died at an advanced age in Guatemala on October 17, 1651.

Escuintla
Escuintla (Spanish pronunciation: [esˈkwintla]) is an industrial city in Guatemala, its land area is 4,384 km2, and it is nationally known for its sugar agribusiness. Its capital is a municipality with the same name. Citizens celebrate from December 6 to 9 with a small fair in honor of the Catholic religious holiday of The Immaculate Conception.

In 2002 the city had a population of 86,678. It is located on the border of the central highlands and the Pacific coastal plain.
Willy Bertin
Willy Bertin (born 26 August 1944) is an Italian ski mountaineer and former cross-country skier and biathlete.

Bertin was born in Angrogna. Together with Felice Darioli and Lino Zanon he finished fourth in the 1971, and second in the 1973 Trofeo Mezzalama, and together with Darioli and Fabrizio Pedranzini, he placed third in the military team category in the 1975 edition of the same competition, which was carried out as the first World Championship of Skimountaineering.

Ski mountaineering
Ski mountaineering (abbreviated to skimo) is a skiing discipline that involves climbing mountains either on skis or carrying them, depending on the steepness of the ascent, and then descending on skis. There are two major categories of equipment used: free-heel telemark skis and skis based on alpine skis, where the heel is free for ascents, but is fixed during descent. The discipline may be practiced recreationally or as a competitive sport.

Competitive ski mountaineering is typically a timed racing event that follows an established trail through challenging winter alpine terrain while passing through a series of checkpoints. Racers climb and descend under their own power using backcountry skiing equipment and techniques. More generally, ski mountaineering is an activity that variously combines ski touring, telemark, backcountry skiing, and mountaineering.

Ski mountaineering made its debut as an Olympic Games event in the 2026 Winter Olympics.