hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Balmaceda family
The Balmaceda family of Chile became politically influential during the 19th century, and played a significant role in Chilean politics. The Balmaceda family is of Basque descent. They are members of the Castilian-Basque aristocracy in Chile.

Basques
The Basques are a Southwestern European ethnic group, characterised by the Basque language, a common culture, shared genetic ancestry to the ancient Vascones and Aquitanians, and are considered among the last remaining direct descendants of Neolithic Europeans populations in Europe. Basques are indigenous to, and primarily inhabit, an area traditionally known as the Basque Country (Basque: Euskal Herria)—a region that is located around the western end of the Pyrenees on the coast of the Bay of Biscay and straddles parts of north-central Spain and south-western France.
Tomoe Makabe
Tomoe Makabe (真壁 友枝, Makabe Tomoe; born 28 November 1974) is a retired Japanese judoka.

Makabe was born in Shōō, Okayama, and began judo at the age of a 2nd grader. She entered the Sumitomo Marine & Fire Insurance after graduating from high-school in 1993.

In 1998, she participated in the Asian Games held in Bangkok and won a gold medal. In 1999, she also participated in the Asian Championships held in Wenzhou.

Makabe retired when she was defeated by Kayo Kitada due to her misjudgment at the semi-final of All-Japan Selected Championships in 2003.

As of 2010, Makabe coaches judo at Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance Group judo club which she belonged to once.

Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance Group
Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance Group Holdings, Inc. (三井住友海上グループホールディングス株式会社, Mitsui Sumitomo Kaijō Gurūpu Hōrudingusu Kabushiki-Kaisha) is a Japanese insurance holding company headquartered in Tokyo, Japan.

MSIG was formed in 2001 from the merger of Mitsui Marine & Fire Insurance Co. (itself descended from the Taishō Marine and Fire Insurance Co. founded in 1918) and The Sumitomo Marine & Fire Insurance. In 2010, April Aioi Insurance Co., Ltd., Nissay Dowa General Insurance Co., Ltd.,  merged into MSIG, making the group's name changed in to MS&AD Insurance Group Holdings, Inc.. According to this business integration, MS&AD has become the largest property insurance company in Japan, with market share of 33% in 2013.

On 8 September 2015, it was announced that Mitsui Sumitomo had agreed to buy the UK insurance firm Amlin for £3.5bn.
DCSS
DCSS could refer to

Dame Commander of Saint Sylvester, female variant of class in one of the orders of knighthood of the Holy See

Delta Cryogenic Second Stage

Discontinuous Saved Segments, a rebasing method in some IBM operating systems

Dougherty County School System

Dungeon Crawl Stone Soup

Dungeon Crawl Stone Soup
Dungeon Crawl Stone Soup (DCSS) is a free and open source roguelike computer game and the community-developed successor to the 1997 roguelike game Linley's Dungeon Crawl, originally programmed by Linley Henzell. It has been identified as one of the "major roguelikes" by John Harris.

Dungeon Crawl Stone Soup was first among roguelikes in ASCII Dreams' Roguelike of the Year in 2008, in a poll of 371 roguelike players. It later polled second in 2009 (behind DoomRL) and 2010 (behind ToME 4), and third in 2011 (behind ToME 4 and Dungeons of Dredmor). The game is released under the GNU GPL-2.0-or-later. "Stone Soup" refers to the European folk story in which hungry strangers convince the people of a town to each share a small amount of their food in order to make a meal that everyone enjoys.
French School of Detroit
The French School of Detroit (FSD; French: École Française de Detroit) is a French school with its administrative offices in West Maple Middle School, in Bloomfield Township, Oakland County, Michigan in Metro Detroit; this facility has a Bloomfield Hills, Michigan mailing address.

The French School of Detroit serves preschool through high school. FSD students reside in the Birmingham Public School District.

Bloomfield Hills, Michigan
Bloomfield Hills is a city in Oakland County in the U.S. state of Michigan. A northern suburb of Detroit on the Woodward Corridor, Bloomfield Hills is located roughly twenty miles (32 km) northwest of downtown Detroit, and is surrounded on most sides by Bloomfield Township. As of the 2020 United States census, the city had a population of 4,470.
Polish units of measurement
The traditional Polish units of measurement included two uniform yet distinct systems of weights and measures, as well as a number of related systems borrowed from neighbouring states. The first attempt at standardisation came with the introduction of the Old Polish measurement [system], also dubbed the Warsaw system, introduced by a royal decree of December 6, 1764. The system was later replaced by the New Polish measurement [system] introduced on January 1, 1819.

The traditional Polish systems of weights and measures were later replaced with those of surrounding nations (due to the Partitions of Poland), only to be replaced with metric system by the end of the 19th century (between 1872 and 1876).

Standardization
Standardization (American English) or standardisation (British English) is the process of implementing and developing technical standards based on the consensus of different parties that include firms, users, interest groups, standards organizations and governments. Standardization can help maximize compatibility, interoperability, safety, repeatability, efficiency, and quality. It can also facilitate a normalization of formerly custom processes.

In social sciences, including economics, the idea of standardization is close to the solution for a coordination problem, a situation in which all parties can realize mutual gains, but only by making mutually consistent decisions. Divergent national standards impose costs on consumers and can be a form of non-tariff trade barrier.
Orange Movement
The Orange Movement (Movimento Arancione, MA) was a political party in Italy.

It was launched on 12 December 2012 by Luigi de Magistris, mayor of Naples and until then member of Italy of Values (IdV). The founding convention of the party was attended by Antonio Ingroia (by telephone) and the leaders of the Communist Refoundation Party, the Party of Italian Communists and the Federation of the Greens.

Luigi de Magistris (politician)
Luigi de Magistris (born 20 June 1967) is an Italian politician and former prosecutor who served as mayor of Naples from 2011 to 2021. He began his prosecutor career in 1995, attracing significant media attention for his investigations, and served in this role between Naples and Catanzaro until 2009. He was also a member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 2009 to 2011. In 2021, he ran for president of Calabria in a snap election but finished third. In 2022, he founded the People's Union (UP), an electoral list and political coalition of which he was leader as its spokesperson until 2024.
Amalgamated Association of Beamers, Twisters and Drawers (Hand and Machine)
The Amalgamated Association of Beamers, Twisters and Drawers (Hand and Machine) (AABTD) was a British trade union which existed between 1866 and 2002. It represented skilled workers in the cotton industry who were responsible for preparing warp yarns prior to weaving.

Warp and weft
In the manufacture of cloth, warp and weft are the two basic components in weaving to transform thread and yarn into textile fabrics. The vertical warp yarns are held stationary in tension on a loom (frame) while the horizontal weft (also called the woof) is drawn through (inserted over and under) the warp thread. In the terminology of weaving, each warp thread is called a warp end; a pick is a single weft thread that crosses the warp thread (synonymous terms are fill yarn and filling yarn).

In the 18th century, the Industrial Revolution facilitated the industrialisation of the production of textile fabrics with the picking stick and the flying shuttle, the latter of which was invented by John Kay, in 1733. The mechanised power loom was patented by Edmund Cartwright in 1785, which allowed sixty picks per minute.
Elämä lyhyt, Rytkönen pitkä
Elämä lyhyt, Rytkönen pitkä ("Life short, Rytkönen long") is a 1991 Finnish novel by Arto Paasilinna, While farcical throughout, from the title's twist on the original saying onwards, it has a somewhat elegiac mood, with a constant undercurrent of tragedy leavened by humor. A film adaptation of the novel by Ere Kokkonen was released in 1996. The film features many well-known Finnish actors, including Santeri Kinnunen as Seppo Sorjonen and Liisa Roine.

Elegiac
The adjective elegiac has two possible meanings.  First, it can refer to something of, relating to, or involving, an elegy or something that expresses similar mournfulness or sorrow.  Second, it can refer more specifically to poetry composed in the form of elegiac couplets.

An elegiac couplet consists of one line of poetry in dactylic hexameter followed by a line in dactylic pentameter. Because dactylic hexameter is used throughout epic poetry, and because the elegiac form was always considered "lower style" than epic, elegists, or poets who wrote elegies, frequently wrote with epic poetry in mind and positioned themselves in relation to epic.
Guru Dutt
Guru Dutt (born Vasanth Kumar Shivashankar Padukone; 9 July 1925 – 10 October 1964; also known as Gurudatta Padukone) was an Indian film actor, director, producer, choreographer, and writer. He is regarded as one of the greatest filmmakers of Indian cinema. He was heavily influenced by Alfred Hitchcock in his initial films and later was compared with Orson Welles due to his works getting a legitimate amount of prominence amongst the cinephiles.

Dutt was lauded for his artistry, notably his usage of close-up shots, lighting, and depictions of melancholia. He directed a total of eight Hindi films, several of which have gained a cult following internationally. This includes Pyaasa (1957), which made its way onto Time magazine's 100 Greatest Movies list, as well as Kaagaz Ke Phool (1959), all of which are frequently listed among the greatest films in Hindi cinema. He was included among CNN's "Top 25 Asian Actors" in 2012.

Close-up
A close-up or closeup in filmmaking, television production, still photography, and the comic strip medium is a type of shot that tightly frames a person or object. Close-ups are one of the standard shots used regularly with medium and long shots (cinematic techniques). Close-ups display the most detail, but they do not include the broader scene. Moving toward or away from a close-up is a common type of zooming. A close up is taken from head to neck, giving the viewer a detailed view of the subject's face.
Hannah Cohoon
Hannah Cohoon (February 1, 1788 – January 7, 1864) was an American painter born in Williamstown, Massachusetts and a member of Hancock Shaker Village. She joined that community in 1817 at the age 29. During a time of revival known as the Era of Manifestations, she produced several drawings known as "gift drawings" — artistic works made through religious inspiration. Her works have become iconic of Shaker religious expression. She died in 1864 and was buried in the cemetery of the Hancock Church Family.

Williamstown, Massachusetts
Williamstown is a town in Berkshire County, Massachusetts, United States. It shares a border with Vermont to the north and New York to the west. Located in Berkshire County, the town is part of the Pittsfield, Massachusetts metropolitan statistical area. The population was 7,513 at the 2020 census. A college town, it is home to Williams College, the Clark Art Institute and the Tony-awarded Williamstown Theatre Festival.
Vali Nasr
Vali Reza Nasr (Persian: ولی‌ رضا نصر, born 20 December 1960) is an Iranian-American academic and political scientist, specializing in Middle Eastern studies and the history of Islam. He is Majid Khaddouri Professor of International Affairs and Middle East Studies at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) in Washington, D.C. He served as the eighth dean of the school from 2012 to 2019. Nasr is also a non-resident senior adviser at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, and has been described by The Economist as "a leading world authority on Shia Islam".

Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy
The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy is the graduate school for international relations at Tufts University in Medford, Massachusetts, United States.

Fletcher is one of America's oldest graduate schools of international relations. Each fall, Fletcher admits an average of 330 students to its various programs, of whom 40 percent are international students and around a quarter are U.S. minorities.
Songs of Travel
Songs of Travel is a song cycle of nine songs originally written for baritone voice and piano, composed by Ralph Vaughan Williams, with poems drawn from the Robert Louis Stevenson collection Songs of Travel and Other Verses. A complete performance of the entire cycle lasts between 20 and 24 minutes.

Vaughan Williams orchestrated the first, third, and eighth songs, and his assistant Roy Douglas later orchestrated the remaining songs using the same instrumentation. The orchestral version has often been recorded but not always with Douglas acknowledged as its co-orchestrator.

Notable performers of this cycle include Sir Bryn Terfel, Sir Thomas Allen, Sir John Tomlinson, Roderick Williams, James Gilchrist, Benjamin Luxon and John Shirley-Quirk.

The first complete recording by a female singer of this traditionally male-performed song cycle was made by Karina Bray and publicly released in August 2025, marking a notable milestone.

John Tomlinson (bass)
Sir John Rowland Tomlinson CBE (born 22 September 1946) is an English operatic bass.

Tomlinson was born in Oswaldtwistle, Lancashire, England. He attended Accrington Grammar School. He trained as a civil engineer at Manchester University before deciding on a career in opera at age 21. He studied with Patrick McGuigan at the Royal Northern College of Music and with Otakar Kraus. He is now President of the RNCM. Whilst studying at the RNCM, he was a member of the Manchester Universities Gilbert and Sullivan Society (MUGSS). He sings regularly with the Royal Opera and English National Opera, and has appeared with all the major British opera companies. He sang at the Bayreuth Festival in Germany every year from 1988 to 2006, as Wotan, the Wanderer, King Marke, Titurel, Gurnemanz, Hagen and the Dutchman. In 2008, he created the title role in Harrison Birtwistle's opera The Minotaur at the Royal Opera House.
Third Cain ministry
The Third Cain Ministry was the 57th ministry of the Government of Victoria (Australia). It was led by the Premier of Victoria, John Cain of the Labor Party. The ministry was sworn in on 17 December 1952, and resigned on 7 June 1955 when it was succeeded by the Bolte Ministry.

Three members of Cain's cabinet—Les Coleman (Minister of Transport), Bill Barry (Minister of Health) and Tom Hayes (Minister-in-Charge of Housing)—were expelled from the Labor Party on 31 March 1955 during the Australian Labor Party split of 1955 and formed the Australian Labor Party (Anti-Communist). They were replaced in their ministerial roles by Don Ferguson, Val Doube and John Sheehan respectively. Frank Scully, a Minister without Portfolio, was also expelled from the party and the cabinet—he was not replaced.

Don Ferguson (Victorian politician)
Donald Patrick John Ferguson (18 September 1907 – 6 December 1987) was an Australian politician.

He was born in Geelong to manager John Edward Ferguson and Mary Catherine McDonald. He attended local Catholic schools and worked for a rope making firm, first as a fitter and turner and eventually as an engineer. From 1930 to 1937 he had a wheat and sheep farm on the Mallee. On 23 August 1942 he married Dorothy Adelaide Preston, with whom he had four children. In 1952 he was elected to the Victorian Legislative Council as a Labor Party member for South Western Province. He was Minister of Forests and Mines from 1954 to 1955 and Minister of Transport briefly in 1955 before the Labor Party lost government. He lost his seat in 1958. After politics he became chairman and managing director of Rodda Manufacturing. Ferguson died in 1987.
Elul
Elul (Hebrew: אֱלוּל‎, Standard ʾElūl, Tiberian ʾĔlūl, Arabic: أيلول‎) is the twelfth month of the civil year and the sixth month of the religious year in the Hebrew calendar. It is a month of 29 days. Elul usually occurs in August–September on the Gregorian calendar.

Shneur Zalman of Liadi
Shneur Zalman of Liadi (Hebrew: שניאור זלמן מליאדי; September 4, 1745 – December 15, 1812 O.S. / 18 Elul 5505 – 24 Tevet 5573), commonly known as the Alter Rebbe or Baal Hatanya, was a rabbi and the founder and first Rebbe of Chabad, a branch of Hasidic Judaism. He wrote many works and is best known for Shulchan Aruch HaRav, Tanya, and his Siddur Torah Ohr, compiled according to the Nusach Ari.
City of Derry Tramways
The City of Derry Tramways was a tramway in Derry, Ireland that operated from 1897 until 1919. This was a standard gauge (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm)) line served by horse trams and was never electrified.

The tramway had only one line. It was 1.5 miles (2.4 km) long and ran along the City side of the River Foyle parallel to the Londonderry Port and Harbour Commissioners' (LPHC) railway on that side of the river. The tramway's southern terminus was by Craigavon Bridge and its northern terminus was between Graving Dock and Pennyburn. Intermediate stops included:

Water St. (loop)

Shipquay Place, Guildhall (loop)

Foyle College (loop)

Depot

It served the GNR's Londonderry Foyle Road station, the LPHC's Middle Quay station and the Londonderry and Lough Swilly Railway's Londonderry Graving Dock station.

City of Derry Tramways ceased operations in 1919.

Great Northern Railway (Ireland)
The Great Northern Railway (Ireland) (GNR(I), GNRI or simply GNR) was an Irish gauge (1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in)) railway company in Ireland. It was formed in 1876 by a merger of the Irish North Western Railway (INW), Northern Railway of Ireland, and Ulster Railway. The governments of Ireland and Northern Ireland jointly nationalised the company in 1953, and the company was liquidated in 1958: assets were split on national lines between the Ulster Transport Authority and Córas Iompair Éireann.
Dava (Dacian)
Dava (Latinate plural davae) was a Geto-Dacian name for a city, town or fortress. Generally, the name indicated a tribal center or an important settlement, usually fortified. Some of the Dacian settlements and the fortresses employed the Murus Dacicus traditional construction technique.

Most of these towns are attested by Ptolemy, and therefore date from at least the 1st century CE.

The dava towns can be found as south as the cities of Sandanski and Plovdiv in present-day Bulgaria. Strabo specified that the Dacians ("Daci") are the Getae. The Dacians, Getae and their kings were always considered as Thracians by the ancients (Dio Cassius, Trogus Pompeius, Appian, Strabo, Herodotus and Pliny the Elder), and were both said to speak the same Thracian language.

Sandanski
Sandanski (Bulgarian: Сандански [sɐnˈdanski]; Greek: Σαντάνσκι, formerly known as Sveti Vrach, Bulgarian: Свети Врач, until 1947) is a town and a recreation center in southwestern Bulgaria, part of Blagoevgrad Province. Named after the Macedonian Bulgarian revolutionary Yane Sandanski, it is situated in Sandanski–Petrich Valley at the foot of the Pirin Mountains, along the banks of the Sandanska Bistritsa River. Sandanski is about 20 km away from the Bulgaria-Greece border and 100 km away from the Aegean Sea.

The town has a convenient location, a mild to warm climate (with the highest average annual temperature in the country, +16°C) and relatively high concentration of thermal water springs, which all make it a popular destination for relaxation and recreation.
Cumberland Mall (Georgia)
Cumberland Mall is a shopping mall in the Cumberland district of Metropolitan Atlanta near the suburbs of Smyrna and Vinings.  It was the largest shopping mall in Georgia when it opened on August 8, 1973. The mall features the traditional retailers Macy's, Dick's Sporting Goods, Costco, in addition to Planet Fitness,  and Round 1 Entertainment.

Rich's (department store)
Rich's was an American department store chain founded in 1867 by Mauritius Reich. It operated in the southern United States, and was headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, until it was dissolved in favor of the Macy's brand in 2005.
Performance Technologies
Performance Technologies, Inc was set up in 1981 and now is based in Rochester, New York. The company engages in network communications, telecommunications, and military, aerospace and government systems. In January 2011, Performance Technologies acquired GENBAND's Universal Signaling Platform (USP) and SP2000 signaling technology.

On December 13, 2013, Sonus Networks, Inc. and Performance Technologies entered into a definitive merger agreement, under which Sonus will acquire PT for $3.75 per share in cash, or approximately $30 million.

Aerospace
Aerospace refers to the technology and industry involved with the atmosphere and outer space collectively. Aerospace activity is very diverse, with a multitude of commercial, industrial, and military applications. Aerospace engineering consists of aeronautics and astronautics. Aerospace organizations research, design, manufacture, operate, maintain, and repair both aircraft and spacecraft.

The border between space and the atmosphere has been proposed as 100 kilometres (62.1 mi) above the ground according to the physical explanation that the air density is too low for a lifting body to generate meaningful lift force without exceeding orbital velocity. This border has been called the Kármán line.
Tetrachlorodinitroethane
Tetrachlorodinitroethane is a chlorinated nitroalkane produced by nitration of tetrachloroethylene with dinitrogen tetroxide or fuming nitric acid. It's a powerful lachrymatory agent and pulmonary agent that is six times more toxic than chloropicrin. Tetrachlorodinitroethane may be used as a fumigant.

Tetrachlorodinitroethane was discovered by Hermann Kolbe in 1869 by reacting tetrachloroethylene and dinitrogen tetroxide.

Dinitrogen tetroxide
Dinitrogen tetroxide, commonly referred to as nitrogen tetroxide (NTO), and occasionally (usually among ex-USSR/Russian rocket engineers) as amyl, is the chemical compound N2O4. It is a useful reagent in chemical synthesis. It forms an equilibrium mixture with nitrogen dioxide. Its molar mass is 92.011 g/mol.

Dinitrogen tetroxide is a powerful oxidizer that is hypergolic (spontaneously reacts) upon contact with various forms of hydrazine, which has made the pair a common bipropellant for rockets.
APNPP
The APNPP, an acronym of "l’association des pays non producteurs de pétrole" (in English: the "Pan-African Non-Petroleum Producers Association"), is an association of 15 African nations that signed a treaty in July 2006.

Their stated aim is to work together to promote biofuel production and reduce the effects of high oil prices.

The APNPP, which was first proposed by Abdoulaye Wade, is being led by the Ministry of Energy and Mines of Senegal. As of January 2008, the acting head is Madické Niang.

Abdoulaye Wade
Abdoulaye Wade (French pronunciation: [abdulaj wad], Wolof: Abdulaay Wàdd; born 29 May 1926) is a Senegalese politician who served as the third president of Senegal from 2000 to 2012. He is also the Secretary-General of the Senegalese Democratic Party (PDS), having led the party since it was founded in 1974. Assuming office at 73, Wade was the oldest person to occupy the post.

A long-time opposition leader, he ran for president four times, beginning in 1978, before he was finally elected in the year 2000. He won re-election in 2007 with a majority in the first round, but was defeated in the second round in 2012 in a controversial bid for a third term. Wade also holds French citizenship.