hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Stereotypes of Africa
Stereotypes about Africa, Africans, and African culture are common, especially in the Western world. European imperialism was often justified on paternalistic grounds, portraying Africa as less civilized, and Africans as less capable of civilizing themselves. As of the 2010s, these stereotypes persisted in European media.

Jungle
A jungle is land covered with dense forest and tangled vegetation, usually in tropical climates. Application of the term has varied greatly during the past century. Because jungles occur on all inhabited landmasses and may incorporate numerous vegetation and land types in different climatic zones, the wildlife of jungles cannot be straightforwardly defined.
Forward observers in the U.S. military
Forward observers in the U.S. military are artillery observers who carry the Military Occupational Specialty designator of 13F in the United States Army and  0861 in the United States Marine Corps. They are officially called "joint fire support specialists" in the U.S. Army and "fire support marines" in the U.S. Marine Corps. They are colloquially known as "FiSTers", regardless of whether they are members of a FiST (fire support team). A battalion fire support officer (FSO) is the officer in charge of a battalion fire support element.

Naval gunfire support
Naval gunfire support (NGFS), also known as naval surface fire support (NSFS), or shore bombardment, is the use of naval artillery to provide fire support for amphibious assault and other troops operating within their range. NGFS is one of several disciplines encompassed by the term naval fires. Modern naval gunfire support is one of the three main components of amphibious warfare assault operations support, along with aircraft and ship-launched land-attack missiles. Shipborne guns have been used against shore defences since medieval naval warfare.
Syzygium branderhorstii
Syzygium branderhorstii, commonly known as the Lockerbie satinash, is a small tree in the family Myrtaceae found in New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago, Solomon Islands, Santa Cruz Islands, and northern Queensland, Australia. It is cauliflorous, producing large inflorescences from the trunk. The fruits are eaten by brush turkeys (Alectura lathami).

Bismarck Archipelago
The Bismarck Archipelago (German: Bismarck-Archipel, pronounced [ˈbɪsmaʁk ˌaʁçiˈpeːl]) is a group of islands located just off the northeastern coast of New Guinea in the western Pacific Ocean, part of the Islands Region of Papua New Guinea. Its area is about 50,000 square kilometres (19,000 sq mi).
Marree Subgroup
The Marree Subgroup, previously described as Maree Formation and Marree Formation, is a geological subgroup in the Eromanga Basin of South Australia whose strata date back to the Aptian. The subgroup was first described as a formation by Forbes in 1966. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation.

An opalised plesiosaur specimen of the genus Umoonasaurus has been nicknamed 'Eric' and was described in 1998 by Schroeder. The decapod crab Dioratiopus salebrosus was described in 1980.

Decapod
The Decapoda or decapods (from Ancient Greek δεκάς (dekás), meaning "ten", and πούς (poús), meaning "foot") is a large order of crustaceans within the class Malacostraca, and includes crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, and prawns. Most decapods are scavengers. The order is estimated to contain nearly 15,000 extant species in around 2,700 genera, with around 3,300 fossil species. Nearly half of these species are crabs, with the shrimp (about 3,000 species) and Anomura including hermit crabs, king crabs, porcelain crabs, squat lobsters (about 2500 species) making up the bulk of the remainder. The earliest fossils of the group date to the Devonian.
James H. Windrim
James Hamilton Windrim (January 4, 1840 – April 26, 1919) was a Philadelphia architect who specialized in public buildings, including the Masonic Temple in Philadelphia and the U.S. Treasury.  A number of the buildings he designed are on the National Historic Landmarks and/or the National Register of Historic Places, including the Masonic Temple in Philadelphia and the National Savings and Trust Company building in Washington, DC.

Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania
The Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania, officially  The Right Worshipful Grand Lodge of the Most Ancient and Honorable Fraternity of Free and Accepted Masons of Pennsylvania and Masonic Jurisdictions Thereunto Belonging, sometimes referred to as Freemasons of Pennsylvania, is the premier masonic organization in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The Grand Lodge claims to be the oldest in the United States, and the third-oldest in the world after England (est. 1717) and Ireland (est. 1725), having been originally established as the Provincial Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania in 1731. This claim is disputed by both the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts and the Grand Lodge of Virginia.

The Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania has the most number of members in the United States, claiming approximately 76,000 members at the end of 2023.
Acantholimon zakirovii
Acantholimon zakirovii is a species of flowering plant in the family Plumbaginaceae. The native range of this species is Uzbekistan. It is a subshrub and grows primarily in the subalpine or subarctic biome and was described by Beshko.

Plumbaginaceae
Plumbaginaceae is a family of flowering plants, with a cosmopolitan distribution. The family is sometimes referred to as the leadwort family or the plumbago family.

Most species in this family are perennial herbaceous plants, but a few grow as lianas or shrubs. The plants have perfect flowers and are pollinated by insects. They are found in many different climatic regions, from arctic to tropical conditions, but are particularly associated with salt-rich steppes, marshes, and sea coasts.

The family has been recognized by most taxonomists. The APG II system (2003; unchanged from the APG system of 1998), recognizes this family and assigns it to the order Caryophyllales in the clade core eudicots. It includes c. 30 genera and about 725 species.

The 1981 Cronquist system placed the family in a separate order Plumbaginales, which included no other families. The Dahlgren system had segregated some of these plants as family Limoniaceae.
Kjersti Buaas
Kjersti Østgaard Buaas (born 5 January 1982) is a Norwegian snowboarder from Trondheim. She placed 4th in women's half-pipe at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, United States. She received a bronze medal at the 2006 Winter Olympics in women's half-pipe in Turin, Italy. Buaas recovered from a broken leg only a week before her bronze-winning ride.

In 2007/2008 she finished World No.3 on the Swatch TTR World Snowboard Tour (Ticket to Ride (World Snowboard Tour))

Snowboarding
Snowboarding is a recreational and competitive activity that involves descending a snow-covered surface while standing on a snowboard that is always attached to a rider's feet. It features in the Winter Olympic Games and Winter Paralympic Games.

Snowboarding was developed in the United States, inspired by skiing and skateboarding, which itself was inspired by surfing. Snowboarding became popular around the world in the late 20th century and was introduced as a Winter Olympic Sport at Nagano in 1998 and featured in the Winter Paralympics at Sochi in 2014. As of 2015, its popularity (as measured by equipment sales) in the United States peaked in 2007 and has been in a decline since.
Anton Grbac
Anton Grbac (born 16 January 1961) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Essendon in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

Grbac, a defender, was recruited from St. Bernard's College. He made two league appearances for Essendon, late in the 1982 VFL season, in wins over St Kilda at Moorabbin Oval and Geelong at Windy Hill.

He went to South Australian National Football League club West Torrens in 1984.

West Torrens Football Club
West Torrens Football Club was an Australian rules football club that competed in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL) from 1895 to 1990. In 1991, the club merged with neighbouring Woodville Football Club to form the Woodville-West Torrens Eagles.

With the proposed introduction of representative Districts for clubs in the SAFA the Native Club in 1897 derived its name from Electoral district of West Torrens and based itself in the inner western suburbs of Adelaide, around the reaches of the River Torrens at Thebarton and Hindmarsh.
Forwood Preserve
Forwood Preserve is a nature preserve in northern Delaware near Lynnfield, Delaware. It includes old growth Forrest and has a branch of Stoney Creek (Delaware River tributary in Delaware) in it called Fox Run (Delaware). It is 11 acres and is surrounded by mostly suburban development. It has one connection to Carcroft Crest Park near Stony Run Drive.

The Forwoods were a prominent family that settled in Delaware. The preserve property was slated for development until neighbors rallied to save it in 1968.

The preserve has lots of mature trees with a mixture of deciduous and evergreen trees. Some tree species include eastern white pine, Norway spruce, American holly, eastern hemlock, pitch pine, eastern red cedar, red maple, white oak, northern red oak, swamp oak, American beech, American sycamore, and river birch.

Quercus alba
Quercus alba, the white oak, is one of the preeminent hardwoods of eastern and central North America. It is a long-lived oak, native to eastern and central North America and found from Minnesota, Ontario, Quebec, and southern Maine south as far as northern Florida and eastern Texas. Specimens have been documented to be over 450 years old.

Although called a white oak, it is very unusual to find an individual specimen with white bark; the usual colour is a light gray. The name comes from the colour of the undersides of the leaves. In the forest it can reach a magnificent height and in the open it develops into a massive broad-topped tree with large branches striking out at wide angles.
History of Indian Singaporeans
The history of Singaporean Indians refers to the pattern of ethnic Indian migration and settlement in Singapore from 1819 to the present day. It also includes the social and political history of the Indian community in Singapore during this period.

Fort Canning Hill
Fort Canning Hill, or simply known as Fort Canning, is a prominent hill, about 48 metres (157 ft) high, in the southeast portion of Singapore, within the Central Area that forms Singapore's central business district.

The hill has a long history intertwined with that of the country due to its location as the highest elevation within walking distance to the city's civic district, within the Downtown Core. It is also a popular location for exhibitions, concerts, and outdoor recreation.
Ophelia (John William Waterhouse)
Ophelia is a 1894 oil on canvas painting by the English painter John William Waterhouse, depicting a character in William Shakespeare's drama Hamlet. She is a young noblewoman of Denmark, a potential wife for Prince Hamlet. In the 1894 version by Waterhouse, Ophelia is depicted, in the last moments before her death, sitting on a willow branch extending out over a pond of lilies. Her royal dress strongly contrasts with her natural surroundings. Waterhouse has placed flowers on her lap and in her hair, tying her into her natural surroundings.

Prince Hamlet
Prince Hamlet is the title character and protagonist of William Shakespeare's tragedy Hamlet (1599–1601). He is the Prince of Denmark, nephew of the usurping Claudius, and son of King Hamlet, the previous King of Denmark. At the beginning of the play, he is conflicted whether, and how, to avenge the murder of his father, and struggles with his own sanity along the way. By the end of the tragedy, Hamlet has caused the deaths of Polonius, Laertes, Claudius, and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, two acquaintances of his from childhood. He is also indirectly involved in the deaths of his love Ophelia (drowning) and of his mother Gertrude (mistakenly poisoned by Claudius).
Déjenme Llorar
Déjenme Llorar (English: Let Me Cry), is the debut studio album by Mexican singer and songwriter Carla Morrison, released on March 27, 2012, through Cosmica Records. It was produced by Morrison alongside Juan Manuel Torreblanca and Andrés Landon.

The album was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Latin Rock, Urban or Alternative Album at the 55th Annual Grammy Awards, being Morrison's first Grammy nomination. At the 13th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, the project was nominated for Album of the Year and won Best Alternative Music Album, while the title track was nominated for Song of the Year and won Best Alternative Song, being Morrison's first Latin Grammy wins.

Déjenme Llorar topped the Mexican Albums chart and peaked at numbers 15 and 56 at the Latin Pop Albums and Top Latin Albums charts, respectively. It was certified platinum in Mexico, being Morrison's first and only album to date to achieve that.

Billboard Latin pop charts
The Billboard Latin pop charts began in 1985 when an album chart were introduced as Latin Pop Albums in the June 29 issue of the magazine.  In October 1994, Billboard then established Latin Pop Airplay, which initially rank the most-played songs played on Latin pop radio stations before switching to a genre-based methodology in August 2020. As the music and radio industries, as well as the technology to monitor and measure sales and airplay, have evolved, Billboard currently publishes three different Latin pop charts. On April 8, 2025, Billboard debuted the Hot Latin Pop Songs chart, which ranks the best-performing Latin pop songs across streaming, digital, and airplay from all radio stations in the United States.

By "Latin pop", Billboard generally refers to the genre as Spanish-speaking pop music, including pop ballads, mid-tempo or up-tempo pop as well as "young pop sounds", "the new Spanish-language rock", pop-rhythmic and pop-dance tunes.
First government of Javier Lambán
The first government of Javier Lambán was formed on 6 July 2015, following the latter's election as President of the Government of Aragon by the Cortes of Aragon on 3 July and his swearing-in on 5 July, as a result of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) and the Aragonese Union (CHA) being able to muster a majority of seats in the Cortes with external support from Podemos and United Left (IU) following the 2015 Aragonese regional election. It succeeded the government of Luisa Fernanda Rudi and was the Government of Aragon from 6 July 2015 to 6 August 2019, a total of 1,492 days, or 4 years and 1 month.

The cabinet comprised members of the PSOE and the CHA. It was automatically dismissed on 27 May 2019 as a consequence of the 2019 regional election, but remained in acting capacity until the next government was sworn in.

Javier Lambán
Francisco Javier Lambán Montañés (Spanish: [fɾanˈθisko xaˈβjeɾ lamˈbam montaˈɲes]; 19 August 1957 – 15 August 2025) was a Spanish politician who was a member of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) and served as President of the Government of Aragon from 5 July 2015 to 11 August 2023.
Bailey Solo
The Bailey Solo is a British paramotor that was designed and produced by Bailey Aviation of Bassingbourn, Royston for powered paragliding. Now out of production, when it was available the aircraft was supplied complete and ready-to-fly.

Royston, Hertfordshire
Royston is a town and civil parish in the District of North Hertfordshire and county of Hertfordshire in England.

It is situated on the Greenwich Meridian, which brushes the town's eastern boundary, and at the northernmost apex of the county on the same latitude as towns such as Milton Keynes and Ipswich.  It is about 43 miles (69 km) north of central London in a rural area.

Until 1896, the boundary between Hertfordshire and Cambridgeshire ran east–west through the centre of town along the middle of Baldock Street and Melbourn Street. At the 2021 census, the parish had a population of 17,444.
Resinomycena
Resinomycena is a genus of fungi in the mushroom family Mycenaceae. The genus contains at least eight species found in North America, Europe (including the United Kingdom and the Canary Islands) and eastern Asia (including Japan). This genus of small white to tan colored agarics is saprophytic and colonizes leaf litter, bark, small twigs and decaying monocot vegetation. The fruitbodies are small and resemble Mycena or Marasmius or Hemimycena and are distinguished by amyloid spores, poorly dextrinoid tissues, and the abundant oily, resinous cystidia on the pileus, lamellae edges and stipes. One recently described species, Resinomycena fulgens from Japan that is a synonym of Resinomycena japonica, has luminescent fruitbodies.

Pileus (mycology)
In mycology, the pileus (pl.: pilei) is the cap or cap-like part of a basidiocarp or ascocarp (fungal fruiting body) that supports a spore-bearing surface, the hymenium. The hymenium (hymenophore) may consist of lamellae, tubes, or teeth, on the underside of the pileus. A pileus is characteristic of agarics, boletes, some polypores, tooth fungi, and some ascomycetes.

The word pileus comes from the Latin for a type of felt cap.
Spring (company)
Spring (previously known as SpringSource) was a software company founded by Rod Johnson, who also created the Spring Framework, an open-source application framework for enterprise Java applications. VMware purchased Spring for $420 million in August 2009.

Application framework
In computer programming, an application framework consists of a software framework used by software developers to implement the standard structure of application software.

Application frameworks became popular with the rise of graphical user interfaces (GUIs), since these tended to promote a standard structure for applications. Programmers find it much simpler to create automatic GUI creation tools when using a standard framework, since this defines the underlying code structure of the application in advance. Developers usually use object-oriented programming (OOP) techniques to implement frameworks such that the unique parts of an application can simply inherit from classes extant in the framework.
Vertigo Deluxe
Vertigo Deluxe is a Los Angeles-based music production team consisting of Matthew Ferry and Roger Wade. They began in 1996 releasing a variety of Trance music and Electronica singles with modest success. In August 2002 they released a self-titled debut CD on their own Tranquility Recordings label. The new sound contained many elements of the Chill out music and Downtempo genres.

Their most notable success was co-writing the song "You Won't See Me Cry" with artist/DJ Markus Schulz, which spent 9 weeks on the Billboard magazine Dance Club Play charts in 1999, peaking for 3 weeks at #38.

Markus Schulz
Markus Schulz (/ʃʊlts/ SHUULTS, German: [ˈmaʁkʊs ˈʃʊlts]; born 3 February 1975) is a German DJ and record producer based in Miami, Florida. Best known for his weekly radio show titled Global DJ Broadcast that airs on Digitally Imported radio, ah.fm and other online stations, Schulz is also the founder of the label Coldharbour Recordings and Schulz Music Group (SMG), an artist management company that manages rising stars in the industry. In September 2012, Schulz was crowned America's number one DJ by DJ Times.

In early 2013, after several spontaneous back-to-back performances, Schulz and Ferry Corsten announced they would be producing and touring together as the new EDM group New World Punx. Their debut arena show was held at Madison Square Garden.
Second expedition to Palembang
The second expedition to Palembang  was a punitive expedition by the Dutch against the Palembang Sultanate in 1821. The commander of the expedition, Hendrik Merkus de Kock, succeeded in coming to an agreement with Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II.

Hendrik Merkus de Kock
Hendrik Merkus, Baron de Kock (25 May 1779 – 12 April 1845) was a Dutch military officer, colonial administrator and politician who served as lieutenant governor-general of the Dutch East Indies from 1826 to 1830. He also served as Minister of the Interior from 1836 to 1841.
Property P conjecture
In geometric topology, the Property P conjecture is a statement about 3-manifolds obtained by Dehn surgery on a knot in the 3-sphere. A knot in the 3-sphere is said to have Property P if every 3-manifold obtained by performing (non-trivial) Dehn surgery on the knot is not simply-connected. The conjecture states that all knots, except the unknot, have Property P.

Research on Property P was started by R. H. Bing, who popularized the name and conjecture.

This conjecture can be thought of as a first step to resolving the Poincaré conjecture, since the Lickorish–Wallace theorem says any closed, orientable 3-manifold results from Dehn surgery on a link.
If a knot  has Property P, then one cannot construct a counterexample to the Poincaré conjecture by surgery along .

A proof was announced in 2004, as the combined result of efforts of mathematicians working in several different fields.

Simply connected space
In topology, a topological space is called simply connected (or 1-connected, or 1-simply connected) if it is path-connected and every path between two points can be continuously transformed into any other such path while preserving the two endpoints in question. Intuitively, this corresponds to a space that has no disjoint parts and no holes that go completely through it, because two paths going around different sides of such a hole cannot be continuously transformed into each other. The fundamental group of a topological space is an indicator of the failure for the space to be simply connected: a path-connected topological space is simply connected if and only if its fundamental group is trivial.
Spline (mechanical)
A spline is a ridge or tooth 
on a drive shaft that matches with a groove in a mating piece and transfers torque to it, maintaining the angular correspondence between them.

For instance, a gear mounted on a shaft might use a male spline on the shaft that matches the female spline on the gear. Adjacent images in the section below show a transmission input shaft with male splines and a clutch plate with mating female splines in the center hub, where the smooth tip of the axle would be supported in a pilot bearing in the flywheel (not pictured). An alternative to splines is a keyway and key, though splines provide a longer fatigue life, and can carry significantly greater torques for the size.

Groove (engineering)
In manufacturing or mechanical engineering a groove is a long and narrow indentation built into a material, generally for the purpose of allowing another material or part to move within the groove and be guided by it. Examples include:

A canal cut in a hard material, usually metal. This canal can be round, oval or an arc in order to receive another component such as a boss, a tongue or a gasket. It can also be on the circumference of a dowel, a bolt, an axle or on the outside or inside of a tube or pipe etc. This canal may receive a circlip, an o-ring, or a gasket.

A depression on the entire circumference of a cast or machined wheel, a pulley or sheave. This depression may receive a cable, a rope or a belt.

A longitudinal channel formed in a hot rolled rail profile such as a grooved rail. This groove is for the flange on a train wheel.

Grooves were used by ancient Roman engineers to survey land.