hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
First Chilean Navy Squadron
The First Chilean Navy Squadron was the heterogeneous naval force that terminated Spanish colonial rule in the Pacific and protagonized the most important naval actions of in the Latin American wars of independence. The Chilean revolutionary government organized the squadron in order to carry the war to the Viceroyalty of Perú, then the center of Spanish power in South America, and thus secure the independence of Chile and Argentina.

Manuel Blanco Encalada
Manuel José Blanco y Calvo de Encalada (Latin American Spanish: [maˈnwel ˈβlaŋko eŋkaˈlaða]; April 21, 1790 – September 5, 1876) was a vice-admiral in the Chilean Navy, a political figure, and Chile's first President (Provisional) (1826).
Arctia buddenbrocki
Arctia buddenbrocki is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by Hans Kotzsch in 1929. It is found in Gansu and southern Shaanxi, both in China.

The species of the genus Preparctia, including this one, were moved to Arctia as a result of phylogenetic research published by Rönkä et al. in 2016.

Hans Kotzsch
Hans Kotzsch (24 April 1901, Dresden (Loschwitz) - 25 July 1950  Dresden (Blasewitz)) was a German entomologist who specialised in Lepidoptera.

From 1925 Kotzsch owned the entomological dealership "Hermann Wernicke" in Dresden. From here he sold insects collected on his many collecting trips (Rybachy Peninsula (1933), Armenia (1934), Hindu Kush (1936), Iran and Afghanistan (1939) Turkey and China. Many of his specimens are in  Museum Alexander Koenig in  Bonn and in Museum für Naturkunde Berlin.
In 1948 two years before his death he purchased the business collection "Staudinger" - Bang-Haas from the widow of Otto Bang-Haas. Like most dealers of his time Kotzsch described many new subspecies of "exotic" butterflies, particularly from South America. Most are these are unsound but his taxonomic work on Palaearctic fauna is much better.
Hennings
Hennings is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Artur Hennings (1940–2003), German chess master

Chad Hennings (born 1965), American football defensive lineman

Emmy Hennings (1885–1948), German performer and poet

Ernest Martin Hennings (1886–1956), American painter, member of Taos Society of Artists

Fred Hennings (1895–1981), Austrian actor

John Hennings (c. 1833–1898), theatrical scene painter in Australia

Margit Hennings (born 1943), Austrian chess master

Rouwen Hennings (born 1987), German football player

Thomas C. Hennings Jr. (1903-1960), American politician, Congressional Representative and Senator from Missouri

Andrew Hennings and Kate Hennings, fictional characters

Sam Hennings, American Actor

Artur Hennings
Artur Hennings (11 July 1940 – 12 November 2003) was a German chess International Master (IM) (1965), East Germany Chess Championships medalist (1965, 1969, 1970), European Team Chess Championship team medalist (1970).
Kidnapped (2023 film)
Kidnapped (Italian: Rapito), released in the US as Kidnapped: The Abduction of Edgardo Mortara, is a 2023 historical drama film co-written and directed by Marco Bellocchio, about Edgardo Mortara, a young Jewish boy who was taken from his family by the Papal States and raised as a Catholic. It is loosely based on Daniele Scalise's book Il caso Mortara. It is a co-production between Italy, France and Germany.

The film was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or at the 76th Cannes Film Festival, where it premiered on 23 May 2023. It was theatrically released in Italy on 25 May. It received 11 nominations at the 69th David di Donatello, and won 5 awards, including Best Adapted Screenplay.

69th David di Donatello
The 69th David di Donatello ceremony, presented by the Accademia del Cinema Italiano, was held on 3 May 2024 at Cinecittà Studios in Rome, to honour the best Italian films of 2023. It was hosted by Rai presenters Carlo Conti and Alessia Marcuzzi.
Marcia Muller
Marcia Muller (born September 28, 1944) is an American author of mystery and thriller novels.

Muller has written many novels featuring her Sharon McCone female private detective character.  Vanishing Point won the Shamus Award for Best P.I. Novel. Muller had been nominated for the Shamus Award four times previously.

In 2005, Muller was awarded the Mystery Writers of America's Grand Master award.

She was born in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Birmingham, Michigan, and graduated in English from the University of Michigan and worked as a journalist at Sunset magazine. She is married to detective fiction author Bill Pronzini with whom she has collaborated on several novels.

Sunset (magazine)
Sunset is a lifestyle magazine in the United States. Sunset focuses on homes, cooking, gardening, and travel, with a focus almost exclusively on the Western United States. The magazine is published six times per year by the Sunset Publishing Corporation which was sold by Time Inc. in November 2017 to Regent, a private equity firm led by investor Michael Reinstein. Regent formed the publisher Archetype in 2019 for its media holdings.
Vital Têtu
Vital Têtu (February 15, 1799 – December 2, 1883) was a political figure in Lower Canada. He represented Montmorency in the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada from 1836 until the suspension of the constitution in 1838.

He was born in Saint-Thomas, the son of François Têtu and Charlotte Bonenfant, was educated at the Petit Séminaire de Québec and worked as a clerk in the Lower Town of Quebec City before entering business on his own in 1826. In 1835, he married Virginie Ahier. Têtu was elected to the assembly in an 1836 by-election held after a second seat was added to Montmorency. From 1840 to 1842, he served as a member of the municipal council for Quebec City. Têtu was president of Assurance de Québec from 1866 to 1872. He died in Quebec City at the age of 84.

His uncle Félix Têtu also served in the assembly.

Collège François-de-Laval
Collège François-de-Laval (French pronunciation: [kɔlɛʒ fʁɑ̃swa də laval]), previously known as the Petit Séminaire de Québec ([pəti seminɛʁ də kebɛk]), is a private French-language Catholic secondary school in Vieux-Québec, Quebec City, Quebec.
Patrick Lawrence, 5th Baron Trevethin
Patrick John Tristram Lawrence, 5th Baron Trevethin and 3rd Baron Oaksey, KC (born 29 June 1960) is a British barrister, hereditary peer and crossbench member of the House of Lords. He was educated at Christ Church, Oxford.

He is a barrister practising from 4 New Square Chambers and was elected to sit in the House at a crossbench hereditary peers' by-election in October 2015, following the retirement of David Montgomery, 2nd Viscount Montgomery of Alamein.

In 1987 he married Lucinda, a daughter of businessman Demetri Marchessini. They have a son and two daughters.

He is the son of Tory Lawrence and John Oaksey, who split in public fashion in the mid-1980s when Tory Lawrence began a relationship with artist Maggi Hambling.

Maggi Hambling
Margaret J. Hambling CBE (born 23 October 1945) is a British artist. Though principally a painter, her best-known public works are the sculptures A Conversation with Oscar Wilde and A Sculpture for Mary Wollstonecraft in London, and the 4-metre-high steel Scallop on Aldeburgh beach. All three works have attracted controversy.
Castronno
Castronno is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Varese in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 40 kilometres (25 mi) northwest of Milan and about 10 kilometres (6 mi) southwest of Varese.

It is served by Castronno railway station.

Province of Varese
The province of Varese (Italian: provincia di Varese) is a province in the Lombardy region of Italy. Its capital is Varese, but the largest city is Busto Arsizio. The headquarters of AgustaWestland, the company merged into Leonardo since 2016 and the world's largest producer of helicopters, is based in Samarate, a comune (municipality) of the province. The province has 139 municipalities.

It has a population of 881,907 in an area of 1,198.11 square kilometres (462.59 sq mi), making it the 6th most densely populated province of Italy.
SSH File Transfer Protocol
In computing, the SSH File Transfer Protocol, also known as Secure File Transfer Protocol (SFTP), is a network protocol that provides file access, file transfer, and file management over any reliable data stream. It was designed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) as an extension of the Secure Shell protocol (SSH) version 2.0 to provide secure file transfer capabilities, and is seen as a replacement of File Transfer Protocol (FTP) due to superior security. The IETF Internet Draft states that, even though this protocol is described in the context of the SSH-2 protocol, it could be used in a number of different applications, such as secure file transfer over Transport Layer Security (TLS) and transfer of management information in VPN applications.

This protocol assumes that it is run over a secure channel, such as SSH, that the server has already authenticated the client, and that the identity of the client user is available to the protocol.

The official URI scheme is sftp.

Secure channel
In cryptography, a secure channel is a means of data transmission that is resistant to overhearing and tampering. A confidential channel is a means of data transmission that is resistant to overhearing, or eavesdropping (e.g., reading the content), but not necessarily resistant to tampering (i.e., manipulating the content). An authentic channel is a means of data transmission that is resistant to tampering but not necessarily resistant to overhearing.

In contrast to a secure channel, an insecure channel is unencrypted and may be subject to eavesdropping and tampering. Secure communications are possible over an insecure channel if the content to be communicated is encrypted prior to transmission.
Wailua Falls
Wailua Falls is a waterfall on the island of Kauai, part of the US state of Hawaii. The 173 foot (52.7 m)  falls are located on the South Fork Wailua River near Lihue. The waterfall is prominently featured on the opening credits of the television series Fantasy Island.

There are paths to the bottom of the falls, but it is often muddy and slippery. The "trail" further from the parking lot is less steep than the closer one. In ancient times, Hawaiian men would jump from the top of the falls to prove their manhood. Some people still leap off the top of the falls, though it is dangerous and illegal. In 2016, a man jumped from the falls and was knocked unconscious but narrowly avoided death when someone swam out into the pool to save him. The pool is great for swimming, but there are swift currents close to the waterfall. There is another waterfall nearby named 'Opaeka'a Falls.

Līhuʻe, Hawaii
Līhuʻe (Hawaiian pronunciation: [liːˈhuʔe]) is an unincorporated community, census-designated place (CDP) and the county seat of Kauai County, Hawaii, United States. Līhuʻe is the second-largest town on the Hawaiian island of Kauaʻi, following Kapaʻa. As of the 2010 census, the CDP had a population of 6,455, up from 5,694 at the 2000 census.
Kusunoki
Kusunoki (written: 楠 or 楠木, lit. "camphor tree") is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Kei Kusunoki (楠 桂, born 1966), Japanese manga artist

Kusunoki Masahide (楠木 正秀, died 1446), Japanese samurai

Kusunoki Masaie (楠木 正家, died 1348), Japanese samurai

Kusunoki Masanori (楠木 正儀, died 1390), Japanese samurai

Kusunoki Masashige (楠木 正成, 1294–1336), Japanese samurai

Kusunoki Masatsura (楠木 正行, 1326–1348), Japanese samurai

Michiharu Kusunoki (楠 みちはる, born 1957), Japanese manga artist

Shigeto Kusunoki (楠 成人, born 1934), Japanese sport shooter

Taiten Kusunoki (楠 大典, born 1967), Japanese voice actor and actor

Tomori Kusunoki (楠木 ともり, born 1999), Japanese voice actress

Tsuneo Kusunoki (楠 恒男), Japanese businessman

Michiharu Kusunoki
Michiharu Kusunoki (Japanese: 楠 みちはる, Hepburn: Kusunoki Michiharu, born 25 January 1957) is a Japanese manga artist from Tosa, Kōchi. He is most known for the street racing series Wangan Midnight serialized in Kodansha's weekly Young Magazine and which has been adapted into a 26 episode anime series, a series of video games, and a movie.

Other manga series created by Michiharu Kusunoki include J Monogatari and Shakotan Boogie, also published by Kodansha.
2017 BS5
2017 BS5 is a sub-kilometer asteroid, classified as near-Earth object that belongs to the  Apollo group. It measures approximately 40–90 meters. During a close approach to Earth, it was first observed 25 January 2017, by the ATLAS survey at Haleakala Observatory, Hawaii, United States.

Haleakalā Observatory
The Haleakalā Observatory, also known as the Haleakalā High Altitude Observatory Site, is Hawaii's first astronomical research observatory. It is located on the island of Maui and is owned by the Institute for Astronomy of the University of Hawaiʻi, which operates some of the facilities on the site and leases portions to other organizations. Tenants include the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) and the Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network (LCOGTN). At over 3,050 meters (10,010 ft) in elevation, the summit of Haleakalā is above one third of the Earth's troposphere and has excellent astronomical seeing conditions.
Pidakkozhi Koovunna Noottandu
Pidakkozhi Koovunna Noottandu (transl. The century when the hen crows) is a 1994 Indian Malayalam-language comedy-drama film directed by Viji Thampi and written by Sasidharan Arattuvazhi from a story by Urvashi, who also produced the film. Starring Urvashi, Manoj K. Jayan, Dileep, Jagathy Sreekumar, Kalpana, K. P. A. C. Lalitha, Vinaya Prasad, Janardhanan, Ratheesh and Sai Kumar. The story revolves around paying guests in a female-only homestay who identify themselves as misandrists.

The film was a commercial success at the box office. It was remade in Telugu as Adalla Majaka in the next year.

Manoj K. Jayan
Manoj Kadampoothramadam Jayan, also known as Manoj K. Jayan, is an Indian actor who works in Malayalam films and has also appeared in a few Tamil films. Manoj has won the Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actor three times for his portrayals of Hariharan's "Kuttan Thampuran" in Sargam (1992), "Thalakkal Chandu" in Pazhassi Raja (2009) and "Kunjiraman" in Farook Abdul Rahiman's Kaliyachan. He has played "Kuttan Thampuran" (Sargam), "Thirumangalath Neelakandan Namboothiri" (Perumthachan), "Kunjunni Namboothiri" (Parinayam), "Unnikrishnan" (Venkalam), "Ananthakrishna Warrier" (Sopanam), "Digambaran" (Anandabhadram) and "Thalakkal Chandu" (Pazhassi Raja).
Swimming at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 400 metre individual medley
The women's 400 metre individual medley event at the 2014 Commonwealth Games as part of the swimming programme took place on 24 July at the Tollcross International Swimming Centre in Glasgow, Scotland. Defending champion Hannah Miley retained her title, breaking her own Commonwealth Games record twice. Aimee Willmott took second and bronze was won by Australian Keryn McMaster.

The medals were presented by Prince Haji Sufri Bolkiah, President of the Brunei Darussalam National Olympic Council and the quaichs were presented by Michael Cavanagh, Chairman of Commonwealth Games Scotland.

Tollcross International Swimming Centre
The Tollcross International Swimming Centre is a swimming pool and leisure centre in Glasgow. It hosted the Swimming events at the 2014 Commonwealth Games, and will host it once more in 2026. The centre hosted the IPC Swimming World Championships during July 2015.
David Bivar
Adrian David Hugh Bivar, FRAS (abbreviated A.D.H. Bivar) (1926 - 2015) was a British numismatist and archaeologist, who was Emeritus Professor of Iranian Studies at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. He specialized in Sasanian seals and rock reliefs, Kushano-Sasanian coins and chronology, Mithraic iconography, Arsacid history and pre-Islamic folklore. His written works include book chapters written for the Fischer Weltgeschichte (vol.16, 1966) and The Cambridge History of Iran (1983).

Mithra
Mithra (Avestan: 𐬨𐬌𐬚𐬭𐬀 Miθra; Old Persian: 𐎷𐎰𐎼 Miθraʰ‍) is an ancient Iranian deity (yazata) of covenants, light, oaths, justice, the Sun, contracts, and friendship. In addition to being the divinity of contracts, Mithra is also a judicial figure, an all-seeing protector of Truth (Asha), and the guardian of cattle, the harvest, and the Waters.

The Romans attributed their Mithraic mysteries to Zoroastrian Persian sources relating to Mithra. Since the early 1970s, the dominant scholarship has noted dissimilarities between the Persian and Roman traditions, making it, at most, the result of Roman perceptions of Zoroastrian ideas.
Cabin Pressure (film)
Cabin Pressure (also known as Hijack'd and Autopilot) is a 2002 Canadian action film. The television film was broadcast in 2003 and released to home media shortly after. Cabin Pressure stars Craig Sheffer, John Pyper-Ferguson, and Michael Kopsa.

Michael Kopsa
Michael Kopsa (January 22, 1956 – October 23, 2022) was a Canadian actor, best known for his role as Char Aznable in the English dub of Mobile Suit Gundam, Commander Volcott O'Huey in Galaxy Angel, and Roger Baxter in Littlest Pet Shop.
Quantum heterostructure
A quantum heterostructure is a heterostructure in a substrate (usually a semiconductor material), where size restricts the movements of the charge carriers forcing them into a quantum confinement. This leads to the formation of a set of discrete energy levels at which the carriers can exist. Quantum heterostructures have sharper density of states than structures of more conventional sizes.

Quantum heterostructures are important for fabrication of short-wavelength light-emitting diodes and diode lasers, and for other optoelectronic applications, e.g. high-efficiency photovoltaic cells.

Examples of quantum heterostructures confining the carriers in quasi-two, -one and -zero dimensions are:

Quantum wells

Quantum wires

Quantum dots

Density of states
In condensed matter physics, the density of states (DOS) of a system describes the number of allowed modes or states per unit energy range. The density of states is defined as , where  is the number of states in the system of volume  whose energies lie in the range from  to . It is mathematically represented as a distribution by a probability density function, and it is generally an average over the space and time domains of the various states occupied by the system. The density of states is directly related to the dispersion relations of the properties of the system. High DOS at a specific energy level means that many states are available for occupation.

Generally, the density of states of matter is continuous. In isolated systems however, such as atoms or molecules in the gas phase, the density distribution is discrete, like a spectral density. Local variations, most often due to distortions of the original system, are often referred to as local densities of states (LDOSs).
Macrocnemus
Macrocnemus is an extinct genus of archosauromorph reptile known from the Middle Triassic (Late Anisian to Ladinian) of Europe and China. Macrocnemus is a member of the Tanystropheidae family and includes three species. Macrocnemus bassanii, the first species to be named and described, is known from the Besano Formation and adjacent paleontological sites in the Italian and Swiss Alps. Macrocnemus fuyuanensis, on the other hand, is known from the Zhuganpo Formation in southern China. A third species, Macrocnemus obristi, is known from the Prosanto Formation of Switzerland and is characterized by gracile limbs. The name Macrocnemus is Greek for "long tibia".

Besano Formation
The Besano Formation is a geological formation in the southern Alps of northwestern Italy and southern Switzerland. This formation, a thin but fossiliferous succession of dolomite and black shale, is famous for its preservation of Middle Triassic (Anisian–Ladinian) marine life including fish and aquatic reptiles. It is exposed in the Monte San Giorgio and Besano area. It is among the formations responsible for the area being designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In Switzerland, it is also known as the Grenzbitumenzone. The Anisian-Ladinian boundary lies in the upper part of the Besano Formation.
Polyommatus myrrha
Polyommatus myrrha is a species of butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It was first described as Lycaena myrrha by Gottlieb August Wilhelm Herrich-Schäffer in 1851 in the six volume Systematische Bearbeitung der Schmetterlinge von Europa (Systematic research on the butterflies of Europe). This rare species has been found in Anatolia area of Turkey. and in the Zangezur Mountains (including both Armenian and Nakhichivan sides), which is inhabited by subspecies P. m. cinyraea Nekrutenko & Effendi, 1979.

Zangezur Mountains
The Zangezur Mountains (Armenian: Զանգեզուրի լեռներ or Սյունյաց լեռներ, Azerbaijani: Zəngəzur dağları) are a mountain range that defines the border between Armenia's southern provinces of Syunik, Vayots Dzor, and Azerbaijan's  Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. The Zangezur region has the second-largest tract of forests in Armenia. Additionally, located in the Zangezur Mountains, the forests cover more than 20% of the territory of Armenian Syunik province and reach an elevation of 2,200 metres (7,200 ft)-2,400 metres (7,900 ft).
Morning in America (EP)
Morning in America is a vinyl and download only EP by American rock band Mudhoney, released on September 20, 2019, by Sub Pop. It contains tracks recorded during the sessions for 2018's Digital Garbage, but not included on that album, plus a couple completed at a later time.

Mudhoney
Mudhoney is an American rock band formed in Seattle, Washington, on January 1, 1988, following the demise of Green River. Its members are singer and rhythm guitarist Mark Arm, lead guitarist Steve Turner, bassist Guy Maddison and drummer Dan Peters. Original bassist Matt Lukin left the band in 1999, but rejoined the band in December 2000 for a tour that lasted through January 2001.

Mudhoney's early releases on the Sub Pop label, particularly their debut single "Touch Me I'm Sick" and the Superfuzz Bigmuff EP, were instrumental in the creation of the grunge genre. Although the band found little commercial success and remained somewhat 'underground' and non-mainstream, Mudhoney has released eleven studio albums and inspired countless grunge and alternative rock musicians during their long career.
Cannabis in Chad
Cannabis in Chad is illegal.

In 2024, 15,000 one troy ounce, .9999 fine silver coins, with a face value of 5000 CFA each, were minted, backed by the Republic of Chad, with Chad's coat of arms on the obverse side and a seven-fingered cannabis leaf on the reverse side.

Coat of arms of Chad
The coat of arms of Chad was adopted in 1970. The center has a shield with jagged blue and yellow lines (barry dancetty), with  a sun rising over it. The shield is supported by a goat and a lion. Below the shield is a medal and a scroll with the national motto in French, Unité, Travail, Progrès ("Unity, Work, Progress" in English). The shield supporters as well as the scroll feature a red arrow pointing upwards.
Watlington and Pyrton Hills
Watlington and Pyrton Hills is a 112.7-hectare (278-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest east of Watlington in Oxfordshire. An area of 1.6 hectares (4.0 acres) is Watlington Chalk Pit, which is a Local Nature Reserve.

This site has floristically diverse chalk grassland, chalk scrub, broadleaved woodland and yew woodland. Watlington Hill has short turf which is grazed by rabbits, with flowering plants including yellow-wort, dropwort, horseshoe vetch, squinancywort and the nationally rare candytuft.

Filipendula vulgaris
Filipendula vulgaris, commonly known as dropwort or fern-leaf dropwort, is a perennial herbaceous plant in the family Rosaceae, closely related to meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria). It is found in Europe, western Siberia, Asia Minor, the Caucusus and North Africa. It prefers dry pastures, mostly on lime rich soils.

The leaves and roots are a source of methyl salicylate (oil of wintergreen).