hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Publication right
Publication right is a type of copyright granted to the publisher who first publishes a previously unpublished work after that work's original copyright has expired.  It is in almost all respects the same as standard copyright, but excludes moral rights. Publication right is mainly found in the law of European countries and has no direct correspondence in US copyright law.  Within the European Union, not all countries originally had such a right and, where they did, terms varied, but in 1993 national laws were required to be harmonized by EU Directive 93/98/EEC to provide a standardised period of protection of 25 years from first publication.

Publication
To publish is to make content available to the general public. While specific use of the term may vary among countries, it is usually applied to text, images, or other audio-visual content, including paper (newspapers, magazines, catalogs, etc.). Publication means the act of publishing, and also any copies issued for public distribution.
Banker Margayya
Banker Margayya (pronunciationⓘ) is 1983 Indian Kannada-language film directed by T. S. Nagabharana, based on the novel The Financial Expert by R. K. Narayan, and starring Lokesh in the lead role.

The film won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada in 1984 and at the 1983–84 Karnataka State Film Awards, Lokesh was awarded the Best actor.

T. S. Nagabharana
Talakadu Srinivasaiah Nagabharana (born 23 January 1953), commonly known as T. S. Nagabharana, is an Indian film director, in the Kannada film industry and a pioneer of parallel cinema. He is one of the few film directors to have straddled the mainstream and parallel cinema worlds.
Candelariella immarginata
Candelariella immarginata is a species of parasitic, saxicolous (rock-dwelling) lichen in the family Candelariaceae. Found in the United States, it was formally described as a new species in 2007 by Swedish lichenologist Martin Westberg. The type specimen was collected in the desert west of Grantsville, Utah at an elevation of 4,300 ft (1,300 m); here it was found growing on dry exposed quartzite. At the time of publication, it had also been found in another location in Utah, and two locations in Nevada; its general geographic range is the Great Basin in western North America. In 2015, it was recorded from the White Mountains of California. The species is lichenicolous on Aspicilia species and pyrenocarpous lichens. The specific epithet immarginata refers to the lack of a thalline margin on the apothecia. Secondary compounds that have been detected in the lichen (using high-performance liquid chromatography) include calycin, pulvic acid lactone, vulpinic acid, and pulvinic acid.

White Mountains (California)
The White Mountains of California and Nevada are a triangular fault-block mountain range facing the Sierra Nevada across the upper Owens Valley. They extend for approximately 60 mi (97 km) as a greatly elevated plateau about 20 mi (32 km) wide on the south, narrowing to a point at the north, with elevations generally increasing south to north. The range's broad southern end is near the community of Big Pine, where Westgard Pass and Deep Springs Valley separate it from the Inyo Mountains. The narrow northern end is at Montgomery Pass, where U.S. Route 6 crosses. The Fish Lake Valley lies east of the range; the southeast part of the mountains are separated from the Silver Peak Range by block faulting across the Furnace Creek Fault Zone, forming a feeder valley to Fish Lake Valley. The range lies within the eastern section of the Inyo National Forest.
Masked-man fallacy
In philosophical logic, the masked-man fallacy (also known as the intensional fallacy or epistemic fallacy) is the false assumption that knowledge or a belief about an object (an intension) can be used to correctly tell it apart from another object (as opposed to facts, that can be used to correctly tell two objects apart). It is committed when one makes an illicit use of Leibniz's law in an argument. Leibniz's law states that if A and B are the same object, then A and B are indiscernible (that is, they have all the same properties). By modus tollens, this means that if one object has a certain property, while another object does not have the same property, the two objects cannot be identical. The fallacy is epistemic because it posits an immediate identity between a subject's knowledge of an object with the object itself, failing to recognize that Leibniz's Law is not capable of accounting for intensional contexts.

Modus tollens
In propositional logic, modus tollens (/ˈmoʊdəs ˈtɒlɛnz/) (MT), also known as modus tollendo tollens (Latin for "mode that by denying denies") and denying the consequent, is a deductive argument form and a rule of inference. Modus tollens is a mixed hypothetical syllogism that takes the form of "If P, then Q. Not Q. Therefore, not P." It is an application of the general truth that if a statement is true, then so is its contrapositive. The form shows that inference from P implies Q to the negation of Q implies the negation of P is a valid argument.

The history of the inference rule modus tollens goes back to antiquity. The first to explicitly describe the argument form modus tollens was Theophrastus.

Modus tollens is closely related to modus ponens. There are two similar, but invalid, forms of argument: affirming the consequent and denying the antecedent.  See also contraposition and proof by contrapositive.
Statue of Hugh Myddelton, Islington Green
The Statue of Hugh Myddelton in Islington Green, London, England, commemorates Hugh Myddelton (1560–1631) near the site of the original terminus of the New River in whose construction he had played a major role.

John Thomas (1813–1862) was commissioned to create the sculpture which was unveiled by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, William Gladstone, in 1862. It was presented jointly by Sir Samuel Morton Peto, MP for Finsbury, the New River Company, by then a significant local landowner, and the local authority.

The statue is made from Sicilian marble supported by a granite plinth. The plinth is flanked by two putti with urns, which form part of a fountain.

On 29 September 2013 representatives of the Welsh Mines Preservation Trust and New River Action Group laid a wreath at the statue to mark the 400th anniversary of the opening of the New River.

Morton Peto
Sir Samuel Morton Peto, 1st Baronet (4 August 1809 – 13 November 1889) was an English entrepreneur, civil engineer and railway developer, and, for more than 20 years, a Member of Parliament (MP). A partner in the firm of Grissell and Peto, he managed construction firms that built many of London's major buildings and monuments, including the Reform Club, The Lyceum Theatre, Nelson's Column and the replacement Houses of Parliament - commissions which brought him great wealth. The scale of his operations, and that of the workforce needed to undertake them, made him the world's largest employer.

As a partner in Peto and Betts, he then became one of the major contractors in the building of the rapidly expanding railways of the time. Along with a small group of other Master Builders in London he is credited as a founding member of the Chartered Institute of Building in 1834.
Khay Ma Naw
Khay Ma Naw (Burmese: ခေမနော, Burmese pronunciation: [kʰè mə nɔ́]) was the chief queen of King Tabinshwehti of Toungoo Dynasty from 1545 to 1550. The ethnic Mon queen was an adopted daughter of wealthy woman in Pegu (Bago), who had found her as a young child in the field by her cattle.

Bago, Myanmar
Bago (formerly spelled Pegu; Burmese: ပဲခူးမြို့, MLCTS: pai: khu: mrui., IPA: [bəɡó mjo̰]), formerly known as Hanthawaddy, is the capital of the Bago Region in Myanmar. It is located 91 kilometres (57 mi) north-east of Yangon. The city had a population of 179,505 people in 2019 and was a historical capital of the Taungoo Dynasty and is known for its large pagodas.
Upaban Express
Upaban Express (Bengali: উপবন এক্সপ্রেস) is an intercity train running from Dhaka to Sylhet under Bangladesh Railway. Upaban Express was inaugurated on 4 May 1988. Three other intercity trains, Parabat Express, Jayantika Express and Kalni Express run on this route.

Bangladesh Railway
Bangladesh Railway (Bengali: বাংলাদেশ রেলওয়ে) is the state-owned rail transport agency of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Railway was not established under a specific new act, but rather operates under the framework of The Railways Act, 1890 (Act No. IX of 1890). It operates and maintains all railways in the country, and is overseen by the Directorate General of Bangladesh Railway. The Bangladesh Railway is governed by the Ministry of Railways and the Bangladesh Railway Authority with a reporting mark known as "BR".

The Bangladesh Railway system has a total length of 3,600 kilometres (2,200 mi). In 2009, it had 34,168 employees working for the operations. In the year 2014, Bangladesh Railway recorded a ridership of 65 million passengers for a total of 8,135 million passenger-kilometres, and transported 2.52 million tonnes of freight racking up to 677 million tonne-kilometres.
Japan Air Lines Flight 813
On December 25, 1965, Japan Air Lines Flight 813 en route from San Francisco International Airport to Haneda Airport experienced an uncontained engine failure in its number one engine shortly after takeoff. The crew made an emergency landing at Metropolitan Oakland International Airport across the San Francisco Bay. All 41 passengers and crew managed to survive without any injuries.

Takeoff
Takeoff or take-off is the phase of flight during which an aerial vehicle leaves the ground and becomes airborne. For space vehicles that launch vertically, this is known as liftoff.

For fixed-wing aircraft that take off horizontally (conventional takeoff), this usually involves an accelerating ground run (known as the roll) on a runway to build up speed so the wings can generate enough lift. For aerostats (balloons and airships), helicopters, tiltrotors (e.g. the V-22 Osprey) and thrust-vectoring STOVL fixed-wing aircraft (e.g. the Harrier jump jet and F-35B), a helipad/STOLport is sufficient and no runway is needed.
Radmir Faizov
Radmir Faizov (born March 4, 1977) is a Russian former ice hockey goaltender.

Faizov played a total of three games in the Russian Superleague for Torpedo Yaroslavl. He featured in two games during the 1996–97 season and one game during the 1997–98 season.

Faizov played in the 1997 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships for Russia.

Lokomotiv Yaroslavl
Hockey Club Lokomotiv (Russian: ХК Локомотив, English: Locomotive HC), also known as Lokomotiv Yaroslavl, is a professional ice hockey club based in Yaroslavl, Russia. It is a member of the Tarasov Division in the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). The name of the team is derived from its owner, Russian Railways, the national railroad operator.

On 7 September 2011, nearly the entire team perished in a plane crash. The team's flight to a game in Minsk crashed during takeoff, killing all of the team's roster (except forward Maxim Zyuzyakin, who was not on the flight), all coaching staff (except goaltending coach Jorma Valtonen, not on the flight) and four players from the Loko 9 juniors squad of the Minor Hockey League (MHL). The tragedy forced Lokomotiv Yaroslavl to cancel their participation in the 2011–12 KHL season. In their 16th season in the KHL in 2024–25, Lokomotiv captured the Gagarin Cup, their first in franchise history.
Fanagmore
Fanagmore (Scottish Gaelic: An Fheannag Mhòr) is a hamlet in Sutherland, Highland, in far northwestern Scotland. It lies on the south shore of Loch Laxford, an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean.  Fanagmore consists of three properties, a few farm buildings, a boat launch and a small harbour.  There are tourist cruises from the nearby hamlet of Tarbet to Handa Island.

Laxford
Laxford is a remote area in the far Northwest Highlands of Scotland around the River Laxford which runs northwest from Loch Stack to Laxford Bay. This bay is an inlet of Loch Laxford, a sea loch and a Special Area of Conservation. The river is well known for its salmon fly fishing, indeed the name "Laxford" derives from the Norse for "salmon fjord".  The area is important geologically, being a region of shear in the Moine Thrust. A road bridge, Laxford Bridge, crosses the river adjacent to the A838 and A894 roads, the road junction making the spot well known to tourists. Laxford is in Sutherland, in the Highland council area of Scotland; Scourie, 12 kilometres (7.5 miles) away, is the nearest village. The area forms part of the North West Sutherland National Scenic Area, one of 40 such areas in Scotland, which are defined so as to identify areas of exceptional scenery and to ensure its protection by restricting certain forms of development.
007: Road to a Million
007: Road to a Million is a reality competition show spin-off of the James Bond franchise. Hosted by Brian Cox, it features teams of two competing in a race to win £1 million each through a series of spy-themed challenges. The series was made by 72 Films and MGM Television in association with Eon Productions for release on Amazon Prime Video on 10 November 2023.

On 13 September 2023, it was announced that the show was renewed for a second series before the first series was even released on the service. The 8-part second series released onto Prime Video on 22 August 2025, but with a new format, and eight teams instead of nine participating.

Eon Productions
Eon Productions Limited is a British film production company that primarily produced the James Bond film series. The company is based in London's Piccadilly and also operates from Pinewood Studios in the UK.
Rose Lamb
Rosanna "Rose" Duncan Lamb (1843 – 1927) was an American portrait painter.

Rose Lamb was born in 1843 in Boston to a prominent family.

Lamb was a student of William Morris Hunt in the 1870s.  She exhibited infrequently, but her portraits were in high demand from members of the Boston elite and she particularly excelled at painting children.  She made several trips to Europe and beginning in 1884 she was a drawing instructor at the South Boston School of Art.  Around 1900, she gave up painting after an illness.

She was friends with the poet Celia Thaxter and after Thaxter's death, she and Annie Adams Fields edited and published Thaxter's letters.

Her papers are at the Archives of American Art.

Annie Adams Fields
Annie Adams Fields (June 6, 1834 – January 5, 1915) was an American writer.  Among her writings are collections of poetry and essays as well as several memoirs and biographies of her literary acquaintances. She was also interested in philanthropic work, in which she found her greatest pleasure. Her later years were spent as a companion to author Sarah Orne Jewett.
University of Toronto Homophile Association
The University of Toronto Homophile Association (UTHA) was Canada's first gay and lesbian student organization, and one of the first gay liberation organizations in the country. Founded in 1969 at the University of Toronto, the UTHA paved the way for similar student groups across the province of Ontario and led to the establishment of the Community Homophile Association of Toronto.

University College, Toronto
University College, popularly referred to as UC, is a constituent college of the University of Toronto, located on its St. George campus in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was created in 1853 specifically as an institution of higher learning free of religious affiliation. It was the founding member of the university's modern collegiate system, and its non-denominationalism contrasted with contemporary colleges at the time, such as Trinity College and St. Michael's College, both of which later became part of the University of Toronto. It is one of the seven colleges in the university's Faculty of Arts and Science.

University College is one of two places in the University of Toronto that has been designated a National Historic Site of Canada, along with Annesley Hall of Victoria College. It is home to the oldest student government in Canada, the Literary and Athletic Society.
Roadrunner Records
Roadrunner Records is a Dutch-American record label focused on heavy metal and hard rock music. Founded in the Netherlands in 1980, it is now a division of Warner Music Group and is based in New York City. Formerly seen as one of the most powerful independent metal labels of the 1980s and 1990s, it would eventually become a massive host of metal acts, most seen in Roadrunner United and the following live concert. Since then, the label continued to put out major releases. However, by the 2020s, most major acts had left the label; it was also acquired by Warner, being relegated to something much smaller than before.

Down (band)
Down is an American heavy metal supergroup that formed in New Orleans, Louisiana, in 1991. The current lineup consists of vocalist Phil Anselmo (Pantera and Superjoint Ritual), drummer Jimmy Bower (Crowbar, Eyehategod, Superjoint Ritual), guitarists Pepper Keenan (Corrosion of Conformity) and Kirk Windstein (Crowbar, Sun Don't Shine), and bassist Pat Bruders (Goatwhore, Crowbar).

Since their formation, Down has gone on hiatus twice and has released five studio albums. The first three were LPs entitled NOLA (1995), Down II: A Bustle in Your Hedgerow (2002), and Down III: Over the Under (2007). In 2008, the band began working on additional material, which resulted in two EPs entitled Down IV – Part I, released in September 2012, and Down IV – Part II, released in May 2014.
Solar eclipse of November 10, 1920
A partial solar eclipse occurred at the Moon's ascending node of orbit on Wednesday, November 10, 1920, with a magnitude of 0.742. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A partial solar eclipse occurs in the polar regions of the Earth when the center of the Moon's shadow passes above or below the Earth.

A partial eclipse was visible for parts of Canada, the United States, Northwest Africa, and Western Europe.

Magnitude of eclipse
The magnitude of eclipse is the fraction of the angular diameter of a celestial body being eclipsed. This applies to all celestial eclipses. The magnitude of a partial or annular solar eclipse is always between 0.0 and 1.0, while the magnitude of a total solar eclipse is always greater than or equal to 1.0, and has a theoretically maximum value of around 1.12.

This measure is strictly a ratio of diameters and should not be confused with the covered fraction of the apparent area (disk) of the eclipsed body. Neither should it be confused with the astronomical magnitude scale of apparent brightness.
South African Military Academy
The South African Military Academy is based on similar principles to that of the military academy system of the United States (United States Military Academy United States Naval Academy United States Air Force Academy). The academy is a military unit of the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) housing the Faculty of Military Science of the University of Stellenbosch. It provides officers of all the arms of service an opportunity to earn a BMil or more advanced degrees.
See Military science § University studies.

Pierre Steyn
Lieutenant-General Pierre Derksen Steyn SD SM MMM (born 25 November 1942) is a retired South African Air Force officer who served as Secretary for Defence from 1994 to 1998, and as Chief of Defence Force Staff from 1990 to 1993. He is also known as the chair of the Steyn Commission, which from 1992 to 1993 investigated allegations of criminal and third force activity by the apartheid-era South African Defence Force.
Wellbach
The Wellbach is a 13-kilometre-long (8.1 mi) stream in the Palatine Forest in Germany. It rises near Eschkopf and flows towards the south. In doing so, it passes the eastern edge of Hofstätten (Pfalz) in the municipality of Wilgartswiesen. It then flows under the B 10 federal highway before discharging into the Queich, as its largest tributary.

The B 48 follows the stream for its entire length.

In its upper reaches, the Wellbach forms a municipal boundary, in places, of the town of Landau, which owns extensive areas of woodland in the Palatine Forest.

Landau
Landau (Palatine German: Landach), officially Landau in der Pfalz (German pronunciation: [ˈlandaʊ ʔɪn deːɐ̯ ˈpfalts], lit. 'Landau in the Palatinate'), is an autonomous (kreisfrei) town surrounded by the Südliche Weinstraße ("Southern Wine Route") district of southern Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is a university town (since 1990), a long-standing cultural centre, and a market and shopping town, surrounded by vineyards and wine-growing villages of the Palatinate wine region. Landau lies east of the Palatinate forest, on the German Wine Route.

It contains the districts (Ortsteile) of Arzheim, Dammheim, Godramstein, Mörlheim, Mörzheim, Nussdorf, Queichheim, and Wollmesheim.
Surprise (Crystal Waters album)
Surprise is the debut studio album by American singer-songwriter Crystal Waters released on June 25, 1991, by Mercury Records. It includes the hit singles "Makin' Happy", "Surprise" and the top ten hit "Gypsy Woman (She's Homeless)", which peaked at number 8 on the US Billboard Hot 100, and number 2 on the UK Singles Chart.

Although the album stalled at number 197 on the US Billboard 200, it performed better in both the club/dance and urban music markets, peaking at number 65 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. It also peaked at number 23 on the Top Heatseekers chart.

Crystal Waters
Crystal Waters (born November 19, 1961) is an American house and dance music singer and songwriter, best known for her 1990s dance hits "Gypsy Woman", "100% Pure Love", and 2007's "Destination Calabria" with Alex Gaudino. All three of her studio albums produced a Top 40 hit on the Billboard Hot 100. In December 2016, Billboard magazine ranked her as one of the most successful dance artists of all time. Her accolades include six ASCAP Songwriter awards, three American Music Award nominations, an MTV Video Music Award nod, four Billboard Music Awards and twelve No. 1 Billboard Dance Chart hits. Her hit song "Gypsy Woman” has been sampled hundreds of times. Though her music sales have yet to be re-certified, Waters has sold over 7 million records worldwide.
Eddie Novak
Eddie Novak (August 3, 1897 – July 1984) was an American professional football player who was a wide receiver for five seasons for the Rock Island Independents and Minneapolis Marines. He is credited for scoring the first touchdown in National Football League history.

Rock Island Independents
The Rock Island Independents were a professional American football team, based in Rock Island, Illinois, from 1907 to 1926. The Independents were a founding National Football League franchise. They hosted what has been retrospectively designated the first National Football League game on September 26, 1920, at Douglas Park. The Independents were founded in 1907 by Demetrius Clements as an independent football club. Hence, the team was named the "Independents."

In 1926, the Independents left the NFL to become a charter member of the first American Football League, the only NFL team to do so. The Independents then folded along with the entire league in 1927.

Pro Football Hall of Fame alumni Jimmy Conzelman (1920–1921), Joe Guyon (1924), Ed Healey (1920–1922), Duke Slater (1922–1926), and Jim Thorpe (1924–1925) played for the Independents.

A second, unrelated, "Rock Island Independents" played at the Northwest Football League in 1936.