hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Kermit Staggers
Kermit LeMoyne Staggers II (November 2, 1947 – November 28, 2019) was an American politician. He served in the South Dakota Senate from 1995 to 2002. He unsuccessfully ran for Mayor of Sioux Falls, South Dakota in 2010.

South Dakota Senate
The South Dakota Senate is the upper house of the South Dakota Legislature, the state legislature of the U.S. state of South Dakota. The lower house is the South Dakota House of Representatives. It consists of 35 members, one representing each legislative district, who can serve up to four consecutive two-year terms. It meets at the South Dakota State Capitol in Pierre.
Giovanni Emanuele Bidera
Giovanni Emanuele Bidera (or Bideri) (4 October 1784 – 8 April 1858) was an Italian writer.

He is primarily known as the librettist of Gaetano Donizetti's operas Gemma di Vergy and Marino Faliero, but he also wrote many other librettos for lesser known composers as well as plays, essays, books about Naples, and a treatise on acting. Bidera was born in the small Sicilian town of Palazzo Adriano and spent most of his career in Naples. In 1850 he retired to Palermo where he died at the age of 73.

Teatro di San Carlo
The Real Teatro di San Carlo ("Royal Theatre of Saint Charles"), as originally named by the Bourbon monarchy but today known simply as the Teatro (di) San Carlo, is a historic opera house in Naples, Italy, connected to the Royal Palace and adjacent to the Piazza del Plebiscito. It is the oldest continuously active venue for opera in the world, having opened in 1737, decades before either Milan's La Scala or Venice's La Fenice.

The opera season runs from late November to July, with the ballet season from December to early June. The house once had a seating capacity of 3,285, but has now been reduced to 1,386 seats. Given its size, structure and antiquity, it was the model for theatres that were later built in Europe.
Pacificus–Helvidius Debates
The Pacificus–Helvidius Debates were a series of newspaper disputes between American Founding Fathers Alexander Hamilton and James Madison regarding the nature of presidential authority in the wake of George Washington's controversial Proclamation of Neutrality.

Penned between 1793 and 1794, the debates consisted of seven essays by Hamilton, writing as "Pacificus," and five essays by Madison, writing as "Helvidius," published intermittently in the Philadelphia newspaper, Gazette of the United States. The writings serve as a source on the original intent of the Founding Fathers concerning the exercise of executive war powers and as an early basis for the foreign policy of the United States.

Original intent
Original intent is a theory in law concerning constitutional and statutory interpretation. It is frequently used as a synonym for originalism; while original intent is one theory in the originalist family, it has some salient differences which has led originalists from more predominant schools of thought such as original meaning to distinguish original intent as much as legal realists do.
Cimitarra Fault
The Cimitarra Fault (Falla de Cimitarra) is a sinistral oblique thrust fault located in the departments of Antioquia, Bolívar, and Santander in central Colombia.

The fault extends for approximately 136.5 km (84.8 mi), trending in a general northeast to southwest direction, with an average strike of 323° ± 3°. It traverses the Middle Magdalena Valley and the Central Ranges of the Colombian Andes.

Santander Department
Santander (Spanish pronunciation: [santanˈdeɾ]) is a department of Colombia. Santander inherited the name of one of the nine original states of the United States of Colombia. It is located in the central northern part of the country, borders the Magdalena River to the east, Boyacá to the south and southeast, the Norte de Santander Department to the northeast, the Cesar Department to the north, the Bolivar and Antioquia Departments to the west. Its capital is the city of Bucaramanga.
Samuel Jacob Rabinowitz
Samuel Jacob Rabinowitz (Yiddish: שמואל יעקב בן שמעון מאיר ראבינאוויץ; 1857–1921) was a Lithuanian rabbi, writer, and Zionist leader. He has been described as the "greatest spokesman of religious Zionism before Reines."

Rabinowitz was born in Kelme, Kovno Governorate, in 1857. He became rabbi at Ivye in 1887, and was called in the same year to Aleksot. He was an early member of Ḥovevei Zion, and was a delegate to the Second Zionist Congress at Basel. He became rabbi of Sopotkin in 1900, and of Liverpool in 1906.

Aleksotas Eldership
The Aleksotas Eldership (Lithuanian: Aleksoto Seniunija) is an eldership in the southern section of the city of Kaunas, Lithuania, bordering the left bank of the Nemunas River. Its population in 2006 was 21,694. The elderate borders Vilijampolė and Centras in the north, Šančiai and Panemunė in the east, Garliava in the south as well as Akademija in the west.
Kramp
Kramp is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Christian Kramp (1760–1826), French mathematician who worked primarily with factorials

Daryl Kramp (1947–2024), Canadian politician

Paul L. Kramp (1887–1975), Danish zoologist who worked extensively on jellyfish

Daryl Kramp
Daryl Kramp (June 14, 1947 – February 8, 2024) was a Canadian politician. He served as the Conservative member of the Member of Parliament for the riding of Prince Edward—Hastings. He also served as the Progressive Conservative Member of Provincial Parliament for the riding of Hastings—Lennox and Addington.
Lake Meredith (Colorado)
Lake Meredith is a lake in Crowley County, Colorado, just south of Sugar City.

Sources differ on its name, with some calling it Lake Meredith, Lake Meredith Reservoir, or Meredith Reservoir.

The lake is shallow, so the constant winds in the area make it turbid. The average depth is six feet.

Turbidity
Turbidity is the cloudiness or haziness of a fluid caused by large numbers of individual particles that are generally invisible to the naked eye. The measurement of turbidity is a key test of both water clarity and water quality.

Fluids can contain suspended solid matter consisting of particles of many different sizes. While some suspended material will be large enough and heavy enough to settle rapidly to the bottom of the container if a liquid sample is left to stand (the settable solids), very small particles will settle only very slowly or not at all if the sample is regularly agitated or the particles are colloidal. These small solid particles cause the liquid to appear turbid.

Turbidity (or haze) is also applied to transparent solids such as glass or plastic. In plastic production, haze is defined as the percentage of light that is deflected more than 2.5° from the incoming light direction.
1971 Queen's Club Championships – Men's singles
Rod Laver was the defending champion, but lost in the quarterfinals this year against Tom Gorman.

Stan Smith won the men's singles title at the 1971 Queen's Club Championships tennis tournament, defeating John Newcombe 8–6, 6–3 in the final.

Tom Gorman (tennis)
Tom Gorman (born January 19, 1946) is a retired ATP tour American tennis player and coach. He won 7 singles and 9 doubles titles and reached semi-finals in the 3 of the 4 ATP tour grand slam events. His ATP ranking peaked at 8 in 1973.
Count Arthur Strong's Radio Show!
Count Arthur Strong's Radio Show! is a sitcom broadcast on BBC Radio 4, written by Steve Delaney. It features Count Arthur Strong, a former variety star who has malapropisms, memory loss and other similar problems, played by Delaney. Each episode follows the Count in his daily business and causing confusion in almost every situation. First broadcast on 23 December 2005, Count Arthur Strong's Radio Show! has had one pilot episode, seven series and eleven specials. In 2009 the show won the Gold Sony Radio Academy Award for comedy, the highest honour for a British radio comedy. A television adaptation, Count Arthur Strong, premiered on BBC Two in July 2013.

Malapropism
A malapropism (/ˈmæləprɒpɪzəm/; also called a malaprop, acyrologia or Dogberryism) is the incorrect use of a word in place of a word with a similar sound, either unintentionally or for comedic effect, resulting in a nonsensical, often humorous utterance. An example is the statement attributed to baseball player Yogi Berra, regarding switch hitters, "He hits from both sides of the plate. He's amphibious", with the accidental use of amphibious rather than the intended ambidextrous. Malapropisms often occur as errors in natural speech and are sometimes the subject of media attention, especially when made by politicians or other prominent individuals.
Rahway High School
Rahway High School is a four-year public high school that serves students in ninth through twelfth grades from Rahway, in Union County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, operating as the lone secondary school of the Rahway Public Schools. The high school's present location was built in 1941. The school has been accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Elementary and Secondary Schools since 1931; the school's current accreditation extends until July 2029.

As of the 2023–24 school year, the school had an enrollment of 1,270 students and 103.1 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.3:1. There were 619 students (48.7% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 108 (8.5% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch.

Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools
The Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools (also referred to as the Middle States Association or MSA) is an accreditor in the United States. Historically, it has accredited schools in the Mid-Atlantic states region of the Northeastern United States. The peer-based, Philadelphia-based non-profit association was founded in 1887. It is a voluntary organization that performs peer evaluation and regional accreditation of public and private schools (including parochial / religious-owned and independent secular schools).

The association has two commissions, the Middle States Commission on Elementary Schools (MSCES) and Middle States Commission on Secondary Schools (MSCSS). A higher education commission, the Middle States Commission on Higher Education (MSCHE), operates completely independently of the other two commissions. MSCSS also accredits some institutions that offer postsecondary education but only those that do not confer academic degrees or offer technical programs.
Salim Moazenzadeh Ardabili
Salim Moazenzadeh Ardabili (Persian: سليم مؤذن‌زاده اردبیلی; October 7, 1936 – November 22, 2016) was an Iranian maddah and muezzin, known for religious singing in Azerbaijani, Persian, and Arabic, all of which he was fluent in.

Moazenzadeh was born in 1936 in Tazeh Shahr, Ardabil to a religious Azeri-Iranian family. His father, Abdolkarim Moazenzadeh Ardabili, was the first muezzin on Iranian radio, and his brother, Rahim Moazenzadeh Ardabili, was also a revered muezzin who died in 2005.

In his youth and middle age, Moazenzadeh often performed for Muharram ceremonies at mosques and husayniyya in Ardabil and Tabriz. In his later years, he also performed in mosques in Tehran.

Ardabil
Ardabil (Persian: اردبیل, pronunciationⓘ) is a city in northwestern Iran. It is in the Central District of Ardabil County, Ardabil province, Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county, and the district.

The city of Ardabil lies close to the borders of the Republic of Azerbaijan, 40 kilometers from the village of Diqo.

As of the 2022 census, Ardabil's population was 588,000. The population of Ardabil County is about 650,000 with the majority Shia Muslim.

For a brief period in the 10th century, Ardabil was the principal city of Azerbaijan, but it was eventually replaced by Tabriz.

Ardabil is known for its trade in silk and carpets. Ardabil rugs are renowned and the ancient Ardabil carpets are considered among the best of classical Persian carpets. Ardabil is also home to a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Sheikh Safi al-Din Khanegah and Shrine Ensemble, the sanctuary and tomb of Shaikh Safi ad-Din, and the tomb of Ismail I, founder of the Safavid Empire.
Severnside Sirens
The Severnside Sirens are a system of civil defense sirens by Federal Signal Corporation located along the South Severn Estuary coastline from Redcliffe Bay to Pilning, northwest of Bristol. They are activated by Avon and Somerset Police in the event of a potential incident at one of the COMAH sites located in the area, mainly in and near Avonmouth. The system was set up in 1997 following a fire at the Albright and Wilson site in 1996.

Severn Estuary
The Severn Estuary (Welsh: Aber Hafren) is the estuary of the River Severn, flowing into the Bristol Channel between South West England (from North Somerset, Bristol and South Gloucestershire) and South Wales (from Cardiff, Newport to Monmouthshire). Its very high tidal range, approximately 50 feet (15 m), creates valuable intertidal habitats and has led to the area  being at the centre of discussions in the United Kingdom regarding renewable tidal energy.
Goodenia armstrongiana
Goodenia armstrongiana is a species of flowering plant in the family Goodeniaceae and is native to northern Australia and New Guinea. It is an erect to low-lying herb with egg-shaped to narrow elliptic leaves, sometimes with small teeth on the edges, racemes of white or yellow flowers with leaf-like bracts at the base, and oval fruit.

Goodeniaceae
Goodeniaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Asterales. It contains about 404 species in twelve genera. The family is distributed mostly in Australia, except for the genus Scaevola, which is pantropical. Its species are found across most of Australia, being especially common in arid and semi-arid climates.
2024 Slovak Open – Women's doubles
Estelle Cascino and Jesika Malečková were the defending champions, but Malečková chose not to participate. Cascino partnered with Emily Appleton, but they lost in the first round to Martyna Kubka and Alicja Rosolska.

Isabelle Haverlag and Elena Pridankina won the title, defeating Katarína Kužmová and Nina Vargová in the final, 7–5, 6–2.

Emily Appleton (tennis)
Emily Appleton (born 1 September 1999) is a British tennis player.
She has career-high rankings by the WTA of world No. 348 in singles, achieved on 22 July 2024, and No. 77 in doubles, set on 22 September 2025.
Lycée la Providence
Lycée la Providence is a private Catholic lycée, collège and technical college, located in Amiens, Hauts-de-France, in the Somme department of France. Founded and run by the Society of Jesus, the facility offers education from kindergarten through professional and technological training.

Institute of technology
An institute of technology (also referred to as technological/technology university/college, technical university/college, university/college of technology, polytechnic university) is an institution of tertiary education that specializes in engineering, technology, applied science, and natural sciences.
Carol Evans
Carol Anne Evans, (first name may also be spelt Carole; 29 November 1938 – 14 October 2007) was a Welsh former cricketer who played primarily as a pace bowler. She appeared in 3 Test matches for England between 1968 and 1969. She mainly played domestic cricket for West of England, as well as one match for West Midlands.

Women's Test cricket
Women's Test cricket is the longest format of women's cricket and is the female equivalent to men's Test cricket. Matches comprise four-innings and are held over a maximum of four days between two of the leading cricketing nations. The rules governing the format differ little from those for the men's game, with differences generally being technicalities surrounding umpiring and field size.

The first women's Test match was played by England women and Australia women in December 1934, a three-day contest held in Brisbane which England won by nine wickets. A total of 149 Women's Test matches have been played. Far fewer matches are played each year in favour of Women's One Day Internationals and Women's Twenty20 Internationals, with the international calendar revolving around the shorter formats of the game.
Stremoukhovo-Bobrik
Stremoukhovo-Bobrik (Russian: Стремоухово-Бобрик) is a rural locality (Russian: село, lit. 'village') in Vyshnederevensky Selsoviet Rural Settlement, Lgovsky District, Kursk Oblast, Russia. Population:  140 (2010 Census); 266 (2002 Census);

Kursk Oblast
Kursk Oblast (Russian: Курская область, romanized: Kurskaya oblastʹ, IPA: [ˈkurskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ]) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Kursk. As of the 2021 census, Kursk Oblast had a population of 1,082,458.
Dirkou
Dirkou is a town in the Bilma Department, Agadez Region of north-eastern Niger. It lies in the northern Kaouar escarpment, a north–south line of cliffs which form an isolated oasis in the Sahara desert.  As of 2011, the commune had a total population of 14,998 people. Apart from the main city of Dirkou, the rural communities of Achénouma, Aney, and Emi Tchouma lie within the borders of the commune.

The town is just south of Séguédine, and around 90 km north of Departmental capital Bilma. While isolated in modern Niger, it once lay on the important central soudan route of the Trans-Saharan trade which linked coastal Libya and the Fezzan to the Kanem–Bornu Empire near Lake Chad.  Its population is made up primarily of traditionally sedentary Kanuri people, as well as semi-nomadic Tuareg and Toubou people.

The Central Intelligence Agency operates an armed drone base near Dirkou, targeting Islamic State militants in southern Libya.

Séguédine
Séguédine is a town in central eastern Niger, lying at the far northern tip of the Kaouar escarpment, an inhabited oasis in the midst of the Sahara Desert.  It is a Commune of Bilma Department, Agadez Region.

While isolated in modern Niger, it once lay on the important central soudan route of the Trans-Saharan trade which linked coastal Libya and the Fezzan to the Kanem–Bornu Empire near Lake Chad. Its population is made up primarily of traditionally sedentary Kanuri people, as well as semi-nomadic Tuareg and Tubu people.
Stuhlmann's starling
Stuhlmann's starling (Poeoptera stuhlmanni) is a species of starling in the family Sturnidae. It is native to the Albertine rift montane forests, the East African montane forests and the southwestern Ethiopian montane forests. Their length is usually around 19 cm, and they feed on seed, grain, arthropods and larvae. Fruits of the genus Ficus are also notable inclusions in their diet.

Ficus
Ficus (/ˈfaɪkəs/ or /ˈfiːkəs/) is a genus of about 850 species of woody trees, shrubs, vines, epiphytes and hemiepiphytes in the family Moraceae. Collectively known as fig trees or figs, they are native throughout the tropics with a few species extending into the semi-warm temperate zone. Many Ficus species are grown for their fruits, though only two species, the common fig (F. carica) and sycamore fig (F. sycomorus), are cultivated to any extent, with common fig being the type species and by far the most important. The fruit of most other species are also edible though they are usually of only local economic importance or eaten as bushfood. However, they are extremely important food resources for wildlife. Figs are also of considerable cultural importance throughout the tropics, both as objects of worship and for their many practical uses.
Nooravathu Naal
Nooravathu Naal (transl. The 100th Day) is a 1984 Indian Tamil-language mystery thriller film written and directed by Manivannan. The film stars Vijayakanth, Mohan and Nalini, with Thengai Srinivasan, Janagaraj, Sathyaraj and Y. Vijaya in supporting roles. It revolves around a woman who has premonitions of murders and seeks to stop them.

Nooravathu Naal is an unofficial adaptation of the 1977 Italian giallo film Sette note in nero. The film was released on 23 February 1984 and became a box office success. It was remade in Malayalam as Aayiram Kannukal (1986) and in Hindi as 100 Days (1991).

Giallo
In Italian cinema, giallo (Italian: [ˈdʒallo]; pl.: gialli; from giallo, lit. 'yellow') is a genre that often contains slasher, thriller, psychological horror, psychological thriller, sexploitation, and, less frequently, supernatural horror elements.

This particular style of Italian-produced murder mystery horror-thriller film usually blends the atmosphere and suspense of thriller fiction with elements of horror fiction (such as slasher violence) and eroticism (similar to the French fantastique genre), and often involves a mysterious killer whose identity is not revealed until the final act of the film. The genre developed in the mid-to-late 1960s, peaked in popularity during the 1970s, and subsequently declined in commercial mainstream filmmaking over the next few decades, though examples continue to be produced. It was a predecessor to, and had significant influence on, the later slasher film genre.
Michelago
Michelago /mɪkəˈleɪɡoʊ/ is a village in the Monaro region of New South Wales, Australia. The village is in the Snowy Monaro Regional Council local government area, 54 kilometres (34 mi) south of Canberra on the Monaro Highway. It was founded in the 1820s, on the main route from Sydney to the Snowy Mountains. Its name is also applied to the surrounding area, for postal and statistical purposes. At the 2021 census, Michelago had a population of 642.

Queanbeyan
Queanbeyan (/ˈkwiːnbiən/ KWEEN-bee-ən) is a city in south-eastern New South Wales, Australia, located adjacent to the Australian Capital Territory in the Southern Tablelands region. Located on the Queanbeyan River, the city is the council seat of the Queanbeyan-Palerang Regional Council. At the 2021 census, the Queanbeyan part of the Canberra–Queanbeyan built-up area had a population of 37,511.

Queanbeyan's economy is based on light construction, manufacturing, service, retail and agriculture. Canberra, Australia's capital, is located 15 kilometres (9 miles) to the west, and Queanbeyan is a commuter town. The word Queanbeyan is the anglicised form of Quinbean or *Kuwinbiyan, a Ngarigo word meaning "clear waters".
Undercurrent (1946 film)
Undercurrent is a 1946 American film noir drama directed by Vincente Minnelli and starring Katharine Hepburn, Robert Taylor, and Robert Mitchum. The screenplay was written by Edward Chodorov, based on the story "You Were There'" by Thelma Strabel, and allegedly contained uncredited contributions from Marguerite Roberts.

Marguerite Roberts
Marguerite Roberts (September 21, 1905 – February 17, 1989) was an American screenwriter, one of the highest paid in the 1930s. After she and her husband John Sanford refused to testify in 1951 before the House Un-American Activities Committee, she was blacklisted for nine years and unable to get work in Hollywood. She was hired again in 1962 by Columbia Pictures.
Subprime mortgage crisis solutions debate
The Subprime mortgage crisis solutions debate discusses various actions and proposals by economists, government officials, journalists, and business leaders to address the subprime mortgage crisis and broader 2008 financial crisis.

American Enterprise Institute
The American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, known simply as the American Enterprise Institute (AEI), is a center-right think tank based in Washington, D.C., that researches government, politics, economics, and social welfare. AEI is an independent nonprofit organization supported primarily by contributions from foundations, corporations, and individuals.

Founded in 1938, the organization is aligned with conservatism. AEI advocates in favor of private enterprise, limited government, and democratic capitalism. It is governed by a 29-member Board of Trustees. Approximately 185 authors are associated with AEI. Arthur C. Brooks served as president of AEI from January 2009 through July 1, 2019. He was succeeded by Robert Doar.