hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2016 Southern Conference softball tournament
The 2016 Southern Conference softball tournament was held at UNCG Softball Stadium on the campus of the University of North Carolina at Greensboro in Greensboro, North Carolina, from May 6 through May 14, 2016. Chattanooga won their eight tournament championship and earned the SoCon's automatic bid to the 2015 NCAA Division I softball tournament. The Championship game was broadcast on ESPN3 while all other games were broadcast on the SoCon Digital Network.

University of North Carolina at Greensboro
The University of North Carolina at Greensboro (UNCG or UNC Greensboro) is a public research university in Greensboro, North Carolina. It is part of the University of North Carolina system. It is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges to award baccalaureate, master's, specialist, and doctoral degrees.

The university offers over 100 undergraduate, 61 master's, and 26 doctoral programs. UNCG is also home to the Weatherspoon Art Museum.
Suraksan
Suraksan (Korean: 수락산) is a mountain in South Korea. It extends from the Nowon District of Seoul to the cities of Namyangju and Uijeongbu in Gyeonggi Province. It has an elevation of 637.7 m (2,092 ft).

Uijeongbu
Uijeongbu (Korean: 의정부; Korean pronunciation: [ɰi.dʑʌŋ.bu]) is a city in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. It is the tenth-most populous city in the province and a suburb of Seoul within the greater Seoul Metropolitan Area.
Santa Monica, Surigao del Norte
Santa Monica, officially the Municipality of Sta. Monica (Surigaonon: Lungsod nan Santa Monica; Tagalog: Bayan ng Santa Monica), is a municipality in the province of Surigao del Norte, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 9,423 people.

It is also known as Sapao. Santa Monica is one of the two northernmost towns of Siargao Island. The other is the municipality of Burgos.

Although many sources refer to it as "Santa Monica" it is officially named "Sta. Monica".

Poblacion
Poblacion (from Spanish población, meaning "population"), sometimes abbreviated as Pob., is a term used in the Philippines to refer to the administrative center, downtown, old town, or commercial area of a city or municipality. It may consist of a single barangay or multiple barangays. Colloquially, the poblacion area is also referred to as the bayan (see also other definitions of bayan), plaza, or centro.
Interleukin 1-alpha
Interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) also known as hematopoietin 1 is a cytokine of the interleukin 1 family that in humans is encoded by the IL1A gene. In general, Interleukin 1 is responsible for the production of inflammation, as well as the promotion of fever and sepsis. IL-1α inhibitors are being developed to interrupt those processes and treat diseases.

IL-1α is produced mainly by activated macrophages, as well as neutrophils, epithelial cells, and endothelial cells. It possesses metabolic, physiological, haematopoietic activities, and plays one of the central roles in the regulation of the immune responses. It binds to the interleukin-1 receptor. It is on the pathway that activates tumor necrosis factor-alpha.

Endothelium
The endothelium (pl.: endothelia) is a single layer of squamous endothelial cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. The endothelium forms an interface between circulating blood or lymph in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall.

Endothelial cells in direct contact with blood are called vascular endothelial cells whereas those in direct contact with lymph are known as lymphatic endothelial cells. Vascular endothelial cells line the entire circulatory system, from the heart to the smallest capillaries.

These cells have unique functions that include fluid filtration, such as in the glomerulus of the kidney, blood vessel tone, hemostasis, neutrophil recruitment, and hormone trafficking. Endothelium of the interior surfaces of the heart chambers is called endocardium. An impaired function can lead to serious health issues throughout the body.
Dalton Convention Center
The Dalton Convention Center is a multi-purpose venue in Dalton, Georgia built in 1991.  Owned by the city of Dalton and by Whitfield County, the Convention Center is operated by the general manager and director of tourism, Doug Phipps and Margaret Thigpen.

In addition to being home to the Georgia Athletic High School Coaches' Hall of Fame, the Convention Center's arena has a maximum seating capacity of 2,100 and was home to the Georgia Rampage of the X-League Indoor Football. Another indoor football team, the Peach State Cats, also announced the Dalton Convention Center as their home arena for the 2018 season, but became a traveling team and never played a home game in Dalton.

Whitfield County, Georgia
Whitfield County is a county in the Northwest region of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census shows a population of 102,864. The county seat is Dalton. The county was created on December 30, 1851, and named after George Whitefield, Methodist evangelist. The "e" was omitted to reflect the pronunciation of his name.

Whitfield County is part of the Dalton metropolitan area, Georgia, which is also included in the Chattanooga–Cleveland–Dalton combined statistical area.
Harold Putnam (Canadian politician)
Harold Putnam KC (19 November 1868 – 13 November 1945) was a Liberal party member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was born in Onslow, Nova Scotia, and became a lawyer.

The son of Robert Putnam and Elizabeth Hunter Sprott, he was educated at public school in Onslow, then high school in Truro, then at the Pictou Academy and Dalhousie University. He practised law in Truro. In 1900, he married Mary Laurence. From 1900 to 1921, Putnam was registrar of deeds for Colchester County. He was also appointed a King's Counsel.

He was elected to Parliament at the Colchester riding in the 1921 general election. After serving in the 14th Canadian Parliament, Putnam left the House of Commons and did not seek another term in the 1925 federal election.

14th Canadian Parliament
The 14th Canadian Parliament was in session from 8 March 1922 until 5 September 1925.  The membership was set by the 1921 federal election on 6 December 1921, and it changed somewhat due to resignations and by-elections. It was dissolved on 5 September 1925, causing the 1925 election.

It was controlled by a Liberal Party government under Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King and the 12th Canadian Ministry.  The Official Opposition was the Conservative Party, led by Arthur Meighen, although the new Progressive Party led by Thomas Crerar had more seats.  The appearance of the Progressive Party created a three-party system in the House for the first time since the 1867 Anti-Confederation Party.

The Speaker was Rodolphe Lemieux.  See also List of Canadian electoral districts 1914-1924 for a list of the ridings in this parliament.

There were four sessions of the 14th Parliament:
Gallician
Gallician (French pronunciation: [ɡalisjɑ̃]) is a village in the commune of Vauvert in the département of Gard, in the region of Languedoc-Roussillon, southern France. It has a population of about 1,000 people. It is located 6 km south of Vauvert, on the Canal du Rhône à Sète, which links the river Rhône with the Canal du Midi at Sète.

Rhône
The Rhône (/roʊn/ ROHN, French: [ʁon] ⓘ; Occitan: Ròse; Arpitan: Rôno) is a major river in France and Switzerland, rising in the Alps and flowing west and south through Lake Geneva and Southeastern France before discharging into the Mediterranean Sea (Gulf of Lion). At Arles, near its mouth, the river divides into the Great Rhône (French: le Grand Rhône; Occitan: Grand Ròse) and the Little Rhône (le Petit Rhône; Pichon Ròse). The resulting delta forms the Camargue region.

The river's source is the Rhône Glacier, at the eastern edge of the Swiss canton of Valais. The glacier is part of the Saint-Gotthard Massif, which gives rise to three other major rivers: the Reuss, Rhine and Ticino.

The Rhône is, with the Po and the Nile, one of the three Mediterranean rivers with the largest water discharge.
9 de Julio de Morteros
Asociación Deportiva 9 de Julio (more often referred as 9 de Julio de Morteros) is an Argentine football club based in the city of Morteros, in the north east of the Córdoba Province, Argentina. The squad currently plays in Zone B of the regionalised 3rd level of Argentine football Torneo Federal A.

Córdoba Province, Argentina
Córdoba (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈkoɾðoβa]) is a province of Argentina, located in the center of the country. Its neighboring provinces are (clockwise from the north) Santiago del Estero, Santa Fe, Buenos Aires, La Pampa, San Luis, La Rioja, and Catamarca. Together with Santa Fe and Entre Ríos, the province is part of the economic and political association known as the Center Region.

Córdoba is the second-most populous Argentine province, with 3,978,984 inhabitants, and the fifth by size, at about 165,321 km2 (63,831 sq mi). Almost 41% of its inhabitants reside in the capital city, Córdoba, and its surroundings, making it the second most populous metro area in Argentina.
Prophysaon andersonii
Prophysaon andersonii, common name the reticulate taildropper, is a species of air-breathing land slug, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Ariolimacidae endemic to Western North America.

These slugs are notable for being able to self-amputate (autotomy) a portion of their tail.

Autotomy
Autotomy ('self-amputation', from the Greek auto-, "self-" and tome, "severing") is the behaviour whereby an animal sheds or discards an appendage, usually as a self-defense mechanism to elude a predator's grasp or to distract the predator and thereby allow escape. Some animals are able to regenerate the lost body part later. Autotomy is thought to have evolved independently at least nine times. The term was coined in 1883 by Leon Fredericq.
Zeta Tau Alpha
Zeta Tau Alpha (ΖΤΑ), also known as  Zeta, is an international women's fraternity. It was founded in 1898 at the State Female Normal School (now Longwood University) in Farmville, Virginia. Its international office is located in Carmel, Indiana. It is a member of the National Panhellenic Conference and currently has more than 312,000 initiated members.

Viola canadensis
Viola canadensis is a flowering plant in the Violaceae family. It is commonly known as Canadian white violet, Canada violet, tall white violet, or white violet. It is widespread across much of Canada and the United States, from Alaska to Newfoundland, south as far as Georgia and Arizona. It is a perennial herb and the Latin-specific epithet canadensis means of Canada.

Viola canadensis bears white blooms with yellow bases and sometimes streaks of purple. The petals are purple-tinged on the backside. The leaves are heart-shaped, with coarse, rounded teeth.

Subspecies and varieties

Viola canadensis var. canadensis

Viola canadensis subsp. canadensis

Viola canadensis var. rugulosa (Greene) C.L. Hitchc.

Viola canadensis subsp. scopulorum (A. Gray) House
Giuseppe Mariotti
Giuseppe Mariotti (1963-Broni) is an Italian classical pianist..

2003~  University of Music and Performing Arts, Vienna, dispatch professor at the music faculty of the Tokushima Bunri University. Since 2007 full-time professor and dean of the music faculty.

2008~2010 Guest professor at the Kobe College of Music.

1982~1989 studied and graduated under Hans Graf in piano performance and under Georg Ebert in chamber music (with master's degree) at the Hochschule für Musik und darstellende Kunst (now University of Music and Performing Arts) in Vienna, Austria.

1997~2003 Generalmusikdirektor of the Minoritenkirche in Vienna, as indirect successor of Antonio Salieri.

1995~1998 recording of the complete original piano works by Ferruccio Busoni for the Italian label foné.

2009~ yearly summer course at the Wiener Musikseminar.

Performed more than 600 concerts worldwide since age 14, as a soloist and with chamber music groups.

Bösendorfer artist since 1994.

Kobe College
Kobe College (神戸女学院大学, Kōbe jogakuin daigaku), abbreviated to KC, is a private non-sectarian liberal arts college located in Nishinomiya, Hyōgo, Japan. Chartered in 1948, it is the first women's college with university status in West Japan.
Ruff Trigger: The Vanocore Conspiracy
Ruff Trigger: The Vanocore Conspiracy is a 2006 action-platform video game developed by Playstos Entertainment and published by Natsume Inc. in North America and by Zoo Digital Publishing in Europe and Africa for the PlayStation 2. The game was released in North America on June 27, 2006, and in Europe on August 25, 2006. It was later released as a "PS2 Classic" port for the PlayStation 3.

Zushi Games
Zushi Games was a British video game publisher. Based in Sheffield, Zushi is the owner of the multi-million-selling Premier Manager series and best known for Alien Hominid. Zushi published titles for the Nintendo DS, Wii, Game Boy Advance, PlayStation 2, PC and Xbox.
Psychoanalytic conceptions of language
Language has been an integral component of the psychoanalytic framework since its inception, and psychoanalytic theory intersects with linguistics and psycholinguistics.

Language is relevant to psychoanalysis in two key respects. First, it is important with respect to the supposed therapeutic process, serving as the principal means by which unconscious mental processes are given expression through the verbal exchange between analyst and patient, e.g. free association, dream analysis, transference-countertransference dynamics. Secondly, psychoanalytic theory is linked in many ways to linguistic phenomena, such as parapraxes. According to Sigmund Freud the essential difference between modes of thought characterized by primary (irrational, governed by the id) as opposed to secondary (logical, governed by the ego and external reality) thought processes is one of preverbal vs. verbal ways of conceptualizing the world.

Countertransference
Countertransference is a widely established concept originating in Freudian psychotherapy, in which a therapist's own history and emotions affect how they feel about and treat the patient. It can be a response to transference, in which the patient's history affects how they feel about and react to the therapist.
Grosbeak
Grosbeak /ˈɡroʊsbiːk/ is a form taxon containing various species of seed-eating passerine birds with large beaks. Although they all belong to the superfamily Passeroidea, these birds are not part of a natural group but rather a polyphyletic assemblage of distantly related songbirds. Some are cardueline finches in the family Fringillidae, while others are cardinals in the family Cardinalidae; one is a member of the weaver family Ploceidae. The word "grosbeak", first applied in the late 1670s, is a partial translation of the French grosbec, where gros means "large" and bec means "beak".

The following is a list of grosbeak species, arranged in groups of closely related genera. These genera are more closely related to smaller-billed birds than to other grosbeaks. Exceptions are the three genera of "typical grosbeak finches", which form a group of closest living relatives and might thus be considered the "true" grosbeaks.

Blue bunting
The blue bunting (Cyanocompsa parellina) is a species of passerine in the family Cardinalidae, the cardinals or cardinal grosbeaks. It is found in Belize, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, and Nicaragua.
Neurotrichus
Neurotrichus is a genus of shrew-like moles. It is classified, together with the fossil genus Quyania, in the tribe Neurotrichini of the subfamily Talpinae. The only living species is the American shrew-mole (N. gibbsii) of the northwestern United States and British Columbia. A fossil species, Neurotrichus columbianus from the Hemphillian of Oregon, was placed in the genus in 1968, but this animal is now thought to be more closely related to the Chinese fossil genus Yanshuella.

Two fossil species from the Plio-Pleistocene of Poland known as Neurotrichus polonicus and Neurotrichus skoczeni were placed in a new genus, Rzebikia.

Hemphillian
The Hemphillian North American Stage on the geologic timescale is a North American  faunal stage according to the North American Land Mammal Ages chronology (NALMA), typically set from 10,300,000 to 4,900,000 years BP. It is usually considered to overlap the Tortonian age of the Late Miocene and Zanclean age of the Early Pliocene. The Hemphillian is preceded by the Clarendonian and followed by the Blancan NALMA stages.

The Hemphillian can be further divided into the substages of:

Late/Upper Hemphillian: Lower boundary source of the base of the Hemphillian (approximate).

late Early Hemphillian: Lower boundary source of the base of the Hemphillian (approximate). Upper boundary source: base of Blancan (approximate).

early Early Hemphillian: Upper boundary source: base of Blancan (approximate).
Ideoblothrus milikapiti
Ideoblothrus milikapiti is a species of pseudoscorpion in the Syarinidae family. It is endemic to Australia. It was described in 1991 by Australian arachnologists Mark Harvey and Karen Edward. The specific epithet milikapiti refers to the type locality.

Arachnology
Arachnology (from Ancient Greek ἀράχνη (arákhnē), meaning "spider", and λόγος (lógos), meaning "study") is the scientific study of arachnids, which comprise spiders and related invertebrates such as scorpions, pseudoscorpions, harvestmen, ticks, and mites. Those who study spiders and other arachnids are arachnologists. More narrowly, the study of spiders alone (order Araneae) is known as araneology.

The word "arachnology" from Ancient Greek ἀράχνη (arákhnē), meaning "spider", and λόγος (lógos), meaning "study". The Ancient Greek word for "spider" itself refers to Arachne, the female protagonist of an ancient tale of the Greek Mythology.
1994 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election
The 1994 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1994. The incumbent governor, Bob Casey, Sr. (Democrat), was barred from seeking a third term by the state constitution. The Republican Party nominated Congressman Tom Ridge, while the Democrats nominated Mark Singel, Casey's lieutenant governor. Ridge went on to win the race with 45% of the vote. Singel finished with 39%, and Constitution Party candidate Peg Luksik finished third, garnering 12% of the vote.

Catherine Baker Knoll
Catherine Baker Knoll (September 3, 1930 – November 12, 2008) was an American politician and member of the Democratic Party. She was the 30th lieutenant governor of Pennsylvania, serving under Governor Ed Rendell from 2003 to 2008, when she died in office. Prior to that, she served as the 72nd Pennsylvania treasurer from 1989 to 1997. She was the first woman to be lieutenant governor of Pennsylvania.
Dodge Brook State Forest
Dodge Brook State Forest is a protected area in the town of Lempster, New Hampshire. It was purchased by the state in 1919 for reforestation. It is located on both sides of New Hampshire Route 10 with a larger parcel on the east side. The west parcel abuts Dodge Brook and has been home to stands of larch. The area was logged for spruce a couple years before it was originally purchased.

New Hampshire Route 10
New Hampshire Route 10 is a 122.25-mile-long (196.74 km) north–south state highway in western New Hampshire, United States. Its southern terminus is in Winchester at the Massachusetts state line, where it continues south as Massachusetts Route 10. Administratively, the northern terminus is at a junction with U.S. Route 302 in Haverhill.

In the field, however, NH 10 is cosigned along US 302 for an additional 19.8 miles (31.9 km) from Haverhill to an intersection with New Hampshire Route 18 in Littleton. However, this is not officially part of the route.

NH 10 is a multi-state route along with Massachusetts Route 10 and Connecticut Route 10. Its number is derived from its original 1922 designation as New England Interstate Route 10.
Urmas Varblane
Urmas Varblane (born 20 July 1961) is an Estonian economist and academic. He is Professor of International Business and Innovation at the University of Tartu and a member of the Estonian Academy of Sciences (elected 2009).
In 2023, he became chair of the supervisory board of the Bank of Estonia (Eesti Pank), appointed by the Riigikogu.

Bank of Estonia
The Bank of Estonia (Estonian: Eesti Pank) is the national central bank for Estonia within the Eurosystem. It was the Estonian central bank from 1919 to 2010 (albeit with a long suspension between 1940 and 1989), issuing the kroon.

The Bank of Estonia is not itself a financial supervisory authority but participates in European banking supervision as a member of the Supervisory Board of the European Central Bank, alongside the Financial Supervisory Authority. It is also a member of the European Systemic Risk Board (ESRB).
Utricularia steyermarkii
Utricularia steyermarkii is a small, probably perennial, bryophilous lithophyte carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus Utricularia. U. steyermarkii is endemic to Venezuela and is only known from three locations: the type location in the Venezuelan state of Bolívar, one other location from Bolívar, and also from Acopán-tepuí. It grows as a terrestrial lithophyte at the base of moist mossy bluffs. It has been collected in flower or fruit in February and May. It was originally described and published by Peter Taylor in 1967. It was named in honor of Julian Alfred Steyermark.

Bolívar (state)
Bolívar (Spanish: Estado Bolívar, IPA: [esˈtaðo βoˈliβaɾ]) is the largest of the 23 states of Venezuela in area. The state capital city is Ciudad Bolívar and the largest city is Ciudad Guayana. Bolívar State covers a total surface area of 242,801 km2 (93,746 sq mi) and as of the 2011 census, had a population of 1,410,964. The state contains Angel Falls.
Frequency offset
In radio engineering, a frequency offset is an intentional slight shift of the broadcast radio frequency (RF), to reduce interference with other transmitters. Carrier frequency offset arises from mismatches between the received signal’s carrier frequency and the receiver’s local oscillator, often due to synchronization errors and Doppler shifts.

Radio frequency
Radio frequency (RF) is the oscillation rate of an alternating electric current or voltage or of a magnetic, electric or electromagnetic field or mechanical system in the frequency range from around 20 kHz to around 300 GHz. These are the frequencies at which energy from an oscillating current can radiate off a conductor into space as radio waves, so they are used in radio technology, among other uses.  Different sources specify different upper and lower bounds for the frequency range.
Bandar Putra Kulai
1°39′23.0″N 103°37′54.9″E﻿ / ﻿1.656389°N 103.631917°E﻿ / 1.656389; 103.631917

Bandar Putra Kulai is a medium-sized mixed-development township, built by IOI Group from 2001, in the Kulai District, Johor, Malaysia. The IOI Mall Kulai shopping complex is located here, as well as the Palm Villa Golf Resort, the Kulai fire brigade station and Hutan Bandar Putra park.

Township
A township is a form of human settlement or administrative subdivision. Its exact definition varies among countries.

Although the term is occasionally associated with an urban area, this tends to be an exception to the rule. In Australia, Canada, Scotland, and parts of the United States, the term refers to settlements too small or scattered to be considered urban.
Hagdale Chromate Railway
The Hagdale Chromate Railway was a 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) narrow-gauge railway on the Isle of Unst, in the Shetland Islands.
Built in 1907, it connected the chromite quarries at Hagdale with a pier at Baltasound.  None of Shetland's few narrow-gauge railways were preserved.

2 ft 6 in gauge railways
2 ft 6 in (762 mm) gauge railways are narrow gauge railways with track gauge of 2 ft 6 in (762 mm). That gauge was particularly promoted by Thomas Hall and Everard Calthrop during the second half of the nineteenth century, especially in colonies of the British Empire.

Several Bosnian-gauge railways with 760 mm (2 ft 5+15⁄16 in) are found in south-eastern Europe. 760 mm (29.92 in) is well within engineering tolerance of 762 mm (30.0 in).