hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Praspel
Praspel (PHP Realistic Annotation and Specification Language) is a formal specification language for PHP. It is based on the design-by-contract paradigm and uses preconditions, postconditions, invariants etc. Specifications are written in the comments of the PHP code (always accessible). Praspel is used for manual or automatic software validation and verification, thanks to realistic domains.

Precondition
In computer programming, a precondition is a condition or predicate that must always be true just prior to the execution of some section of code or before an operation in a formal specification.

If a precondition is violated, the effect of the section of code becomes undefined and thus may or may not carry out its intended work.  Preconditions that are missing, insufficient, or not formally proved (or have an incorrect attempted proof), or are not checked statically or dynamically, can give rise to Security problems, particularly in unsafe languages that are not strongly typed.

Often, preconditions are simply included in the documentation of the affected section of code.  Preconditions are sometimes tested using guards or assertions within the code itself, and some languages have specific syntactic constructions for doing so.
Harlansburg, Pennsylvania
Harlansburg is an unincorporated community located in Scott Township, Lawrence County, Pennsylvania, United States approximately 8 miles (13 km) east of the city of New Castle.

The community is the home of the Harlansburg Station Transportation Museum and the Harlansburg cave, reputedly the longest cave in Pennsylvania.

The following historical information is taken from History of Lawrence County Pennsylvania, 1887, which is now in the public domain.

New Castle, Pennsylvania
New Castle is a city in Lawrence County, Pennsylvania, United States, and its county seat. Located along the Shenango River at the mouth of Neshannock Creek, it is 43 miles (69 km) northwest of Pittsburgh near the Pennsylvania–Ohio border, approximately 17 miles (27 km) southeast of Youngstown, Ohio. The city had a population of 21,926 as of the 2020 census. The commercial center of a fertile agricultural region, New Castle is included in the northwestern fringes of the Pittsburgh metropolitan area.
KCAS
KCAS (91.5 FM) is a non-commercial educational radio station licensed to serve McCook, Texas.  McCook is a dispersed rural community about 20 miles northwest of the county seat, Edinburg, in Hidalgo County, Texas.  The station is owned and operated by Faith Baptist Ministries and the broadcast license is held by Faith Baptist Church, Inc.

KCAS broadcasts a conservative religious radio format to the McAllen, Texas, and the Rio Grande Valley.  News programming on KCAS is provided by SRN News.

Non-commercial educational station
A non-commercial educational station (NCE station) is a radio station or television station that does not accept on-air advertisements (TV ads or radio ads), as defined in the United States by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and was originally intended to offer educational programming as part, or whole, of its programming. NCE stations do not pay broadcast license fees for their non-profit uses of the radio spectrum. Stations which are almost always operated as NCE include public broadcasting, community radio, and college radio, as well as many religious broadcasting stations.
Nearly all non-commercial radio stations derive their support from listener support, grants and endowments, such as the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB) that distributes supporting funds provided by Congress to support public radio.
Estradiol 17beta-dehydrogenase
In enzymology, an estradiol 17beta-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.62) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

The two substrates of this enzyme are estradiol and oxidised nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Its products are estrone, reduced NADH, and a proton. The enzyme can alternatively use nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate as its cofactor.

This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is estradiol-17beta:NAD(P)+ 17-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 17beta,20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 17beta-estradiol dehydrogenase, estradiol dehydrogenase, estrogen 17-oxidoreductase, and 17beta-HSD. This enzyme participates in androgen and estrogen metabolism.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, abbreviated NADP or, in older notation, TPN (triphosphopyridine nucleotide), is a cofactor used in anabolic reactions, such as the Calvin cycle and lipid and nucleic acid syntheses, which require it as a reducing agent ('hydrogen source'). NADPH is the reduced form, whereas NADP+ is the oxidized form. NADP+ is used by all forms of cellular life. NADP+ is essential for life because it is needed for cellular respiration.

NADP+ differs from NAD+ by the presence of an additional phosphate group on the 2' position of the ribose ring that carries the adenine moiety. This extra phosphate is added by NAD+ kinase and removed by NADP+ phosphatase.
National Party of Liberia
The National Party of Liberia (NPL) is a political party in Liberia. It fielded candidates in the 11 October 2005 elections.

NPL candidate Armah Jallah won 0.4% of the vote in the presidential poll. The party failed to win any seats in the Senate or House of Representatives.

The party was disqualified from contesting the 2011 presidential and legislative elections.

Senate of Liberia
The Senate is the upper house of the bicameral legislative branch of Liberia, and together with the House of Representatives comprises the Legislature of Liberia. Each of the fifteen counties are equally represented by two senators, elected to serve staggered nine-year terms. The Senate meets at the Capitol Building in Monrovia.

The Senate is largely modeled on the United States Senate. The Constitution vests the legislative power of Liberia in both the Senate and the House, which must both concur on a bill prior to it being sent to the president. In addition, the Senate possesses several exclusive powers under the Constitution, including the power to advise and consent to the president's appointments to both the executive and judicial branches and the duty to try all public officials impeached by the House of Representatives.
Chromium(II) acetylacetonate
Chromium(II) acetylacetonate is the coordination compound with the formula Cr(O2C5H7)2. It is the homoleptic acetylacetonate complex of chromium(II). It is an air-sensitive, paramagnetic yellow-brown solid. According to X-ray crystallography, the Cr center is square planar.  In contrast to the triplet ground state for this complex, the bis(pyridine) adduct features noninnocent acac2- ligand attached to Cr(III).

Chromium(II) acetylacetonate is prepared by treating chromous acetate with acetylacetone:

Cr2(O2CCH3)4(H2O)2  +  4 H2C(COCH3)2   →   2 Cr(CH3C(O)CHC(O)CH3)2  +  8 HO2CCH3  +  2 H2O

Square planar molecular geometry
In chemistry, the square planar molecular geometry describes the stereochemistry (spatial arrangement of atoms) that is adopted by certain chemical compounds. As the name suggests, molecules of this geometry have their atoms positioned at the corners.
Florence Nature Preserve
Florence Nature Preserve is a publicly-accessible privately owned nature preserve in Gerton, Henderson County, North Carolina in the United States. The 600-acre (2.4 km2) nature preserve is located 18 miles (29 km) southeast of Asheville, North Carolina, and is owned and managed by Conserving Carolina, a local nonprofit, member-supported land trust.

Hickory Nut Gorge State Trail
Hickory Nut Gorge State Trail is a unit of the North Carolina state park system in Rutherford, Buncombe, and Henderson Counties, North Carolina in the United States.  The State Trail is planned as a continuous loop for hikers around Hickory Nut Gorge.  The trail is a collaboration between Conserving Carolina, a nonprofit regional conservation organization, and the state, with development coordinated by the North Carolina Division of Parks and Recreation (NCDPR) and Conserving Carolina.
Pandemis dumetana
Pandemis dumetana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Beijing, Hubei, Sichuan, Qinghai, Yunnan), South Korea, Japan, Russia, northern India, almost all of Europe, Asia Minor, Iran, southern Siberia and Transcaucasia. The habitat consists of woodlands, fruit farms, orchards and gardens.

The wingspan is 18–20 mm for males and 19–22 mm for females. Adults are on wing from June to August.

The larvae feed on Cerylus heterophyllus, Chenopodium album, Dictamnus dasycarpus, Fraxinus mandshurica, Glycine max, Juglans mandschurica, Lysimachia clethroides, Malus pumila, Mentha, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Sanguisarba officinalis, Spiraea salicifolia, Thalictrum and Agastache rugosus.

Mentha
Mentha, also known as mint (from Greek μίνθα míntha, Linear B mi-ta), is a genus of flowering plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae. It is estimated that 18 to 24 species exist, but the exact distinction between species is unclear. Hybridization occurs naturally where some species' ranges overlap. Many hybrids and cultivars are known.

The genus has a subcosmopolitan distribution, growing best in wet environments and moist soils.
Dufour-Lapointe
Dufour-Lapointe is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Maxime Dufour-Lapointe (born 1989), Canadian Olympic freestyle skier

Chloé Dufour-Lapointe (born 1991), Canadian Olympic freestyle skier

Justine Dufour-Lapointe (born 1994), Canadian Olympic freestyle skier

Chloé Dufour-Lapointe
Chloé Dufour-Lapointe (born 2 December 1991) is a Canadian freestyle skier. She was the 2013 FIS World Champion in dual moguls with her winning run at the 2013 World Championships. Dufour-Lapointe was the runner-up and silver medallist at the FIS Freestyle World Ski Championships 2011 as well and placed fifth at the 2010 Olympic Games. She won silver at the 2014 Olympic Games behind her sister Justine.
Judaism and Mormonism
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) has several teachings about Judaism and the House of Israel. The largest denomination in the Latter Day Saint movement, the LDS Church teaches the belief that the Jewish people are God's chosen people and its members (i.e. Mormons) share a common and literal Israelite ancestry with the Jewish people.

Armand Mauss
Armand Lind Mauss (June 5, 1928 – August 1, 2020) was an American sociologist specializing in the sociology of religion. He was Professor Emeritus of Sociology and Religious Studies at Washington State University and was the most frequently published author of Sociology works on Mormons during his long career. A special conference on his work in Mormon studies was held in 2013 at California's Claremont Graduate University (CGU), the papers from which were subsequently published by the University of Utah Press in the format of a Festschrift, where he was honored as "one of the most prominent Mormon intellectuals of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries."
Lazarevsky
Lazarevsky (Russian: Ла́заревский; masculine), Lazarevskaya (Ла́заревская; feminine), or Lazarevskoye (Ла́заревское; neuter) is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia.

Modern rural localities

Lazarevsky (rural locality), a settlement in Lazarevskaya Rural Administration of Gorodovikovsky District in the Republic of Kalmykia; 46°5′N 41°55′E﻿ / ﻿46.083°N 41.917°E﻿ / 46.083; 41.917

Lazarevskoye (rural locality), a village in Yuryev-Polsky District of Vladimir Oblast

Lazarevskaya, Kargopolsky District, Arkhangelsk Oblast, a village in Lodyginsky Selsoviet of Kargopolsky District in Arkhangelsk Oblast

Lazarevskaya, Verkhnetoyemsky District, Arkhangelsk Oblast, a village in Novovershinsky Selsoviet of Verkhnetoyemsky District in Arkhangelsk Oblast

Abolished inhabited localities

Lazarevskoye, a former resort settlement in Krasnodar Krai; merged into the city of Sochi in 1961 as Lazarevskoye Microdistrict

Vladimir Oblast
Vladimir Oblast (Russian: Влади́мирская о́бласть, romanized: Vladimirskaya oblastʹ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Vladimir, which is located 190 kilometers (120 mi) east of Moscow. As of the 2010 Census, the oblast's population was 1,443,693.

The UNESCO World Heritage List includes the 12th-century cathedrals of Vladimir, Suzdal, Bogolyubovo, and Kideksha.
1987 Volvo International
The 1987 Volvo International was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the Stratton Mountain Resort in Stratton Mountain, Vermont, United States, and was part of the 1987 Nabisco Grand Prix. It was the 15th edition of the tournament and was held from August 3 through August 10, 1987.

Stratton Mountain, Vermont
Stratton Mountain is a resort community and census-designated place (CDP) in Bennington and Windham counties, Vermont, United States. Sitting at the northern foot of Stratton Mountain and its ski resort, it was first listed as a CDP prior to the 2020 census.

The southern half of the community, including the base of the ski area, is in the town of Stratton in Windham County, while the northern half, including the Stratton Golf Course, is in the town of Winhall in Bennington County. Stratton Mountain Access Road leads north 3 miles (5 km) to Vermont Route 30 in Bondville, while to the southeast Pikes Falls Road leads 8 miles (13 km) to Route 30 in the village of Jamaica.
Berrys River
The Berrys River is a 12.9-mile-long (20.8 km) river located in southeastern New Hampshire in the United States. It is a tributary of the Isinglass River, part of the Cocheco River/Piscataqua River watershed leading to the Atlantic Ocean.

The river rises in Farmington, New Hampshire, and flows southeast past Blue Job Mountain. Turning south, the river passes through the eastern corner of Strafford and enters Barrington, where it is interrupted by Long Pond. One mile below the pond, the Berrys River reaches the Isinglass.

Farmington, New Hampshire
Farmington is a town in Strafford County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 6,722 at the 2020 census. Farmington is home to Blue Job State Forest, the Tebbetts Hill Reservation, and Baxter Lake.

The town center, where 3,824 people resided at the 2020 census, is defined by the U.S. Census Bureau as the Farmington census-designated place and is located at the junction of New Hampshire routes 75 and 153.
Bohemian wind
The Bohemian wind or böhm (German: Böhmwind or Böhmischer Wind) is a katabatic downslope wind, which occurs in East Bavaria, eastern Upper Franconia, the Vogtland, the Ore Mountains, Upper Lusatia, the Sudetes and the Austrian Granite and Gneiss Highland. It is associated with gusty, dry winds and low temperatures. The böhm carries hazy, often slightly dusty air from the Bohemian Basin.

Upper Franconia
Upper Franconia (German: Oberfranken, pronounced [ˈoːbɐˌfʁaŋkn̩] ⓘ) is an administrative region (Regierungsbezirk) of the state of Bavaria, southern Germany. It forms part of the historically significant region of Franconia, the others being Middle Franconia and Lower Franconia, which are all part of Bavaria.

With more than 200 independent breweries which brew approximately 1000 different types of beer, Upper Franconia has the world's highest brewery-density per capita. A special Franconian beer route (Fränkische Brauereistraße) runs through many popular breweries.
Senate of Bremen
The Senate of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen (German: Senat der Freien Hansestadt Bremen) is the government of the German city-state Free Hanseatic City of Bremen. Various senate-like institutions have existed in Bremen since medieval times. The modern-day Senate is headed by a President, elected by the Parliament of Bremen, and the President's deputy, elected by the Senate. Both officials hold the title of Mayor. The position of President of the Senate corresponds to the position of Minister-President in most other states of Germany, while the senators are cabinet members similarly to ministers in other states.

From 2005 to 2015, Jens Böhrnsen served as President of the Senate and Mayor. In July 2015, Carsten Sieling became new President of the Senate and Mayor. Andreas Bovenschulte took over the position in 2019.

Andreas Bovenschulte
Andreas Bovenschulte (born 11 August 1965) is a German lawyer and politician of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) who has been serving as the President of the Senate and Mayor of Bremen since 2019 and as president of the Bundesrat since 2025.
Vestbjerg
Vestbjerg is a town and satellite community just outside Aalborg, Denmark. Located some 11 km (6.8 mi) north of Aalborg's city centre, it belongs to the Municipality of Aalborg in the North Jutland Region. Vestbjerg has a population of 3,039 (1 January 2025).

Aalborg Municipality
Ålborg Municipality (Danish: Ålborg Kommune) is a municipality in North Jutland Region on the Jutland peninsula in northern Denmark. The municipality straddles the Limfjord, the waterway which connects the North Sea and the Kattegat east-to-west, and which separates the main body of the Jutland peninsula from the island of Vendsyssel-Thy north-to-south. It has a land area of 1,143.99 km2 (441.70 sq mi) and a population of 224,612 (1 January 2025).

It is also the name of the municipality's main city Aalborg and the site of its municipal council, as well as the name of a seaport.

The municipality and the town have chosen to retain the traditional spelling of the name as Aalborg, although the new spelling Ålborg is used in other contexts, such as Ålborg Bight (Ålborg Bugt), the body of water which lies to the east of the Jutland peninsula.
Vestibulocochlear dysfunction progressive familial
Vestibulocochlear dysfunction progressive familial, known also as familial progressive vestibulocochlear dysfunction is an autosomal dominant disease that results in sensorineural hearing loss and vestibular areflexia.  Patients report feelings of vague dizziness, blurred vision, dysequilibrium in the dark, and progressive hearing impairment.

Otolith
An otolith (Ancient Greek: ὠτο-, ōto- ear + λῐ́θος, líthos, a stone), also called otoconium, statolith, or statoconium, is a calcium carbonate structure in the saccule or utricle of the inner ear, specifically in the vestibular system of vertebrates. The saccule and utricle, in turn, together make the otolith organs. These organs are what allows an organism, including humans, to perceive linear acceleration, both horizontally and vertically (gravity). They have been identified in both extinct and extant vertebrates.

Counting the annual growth rings on the otoliths is a common technique in estimating the age of fish.
Mickey Goulet
Michel "Mickey" Goulet (born September 13, 1947) was the head coach for the Italy men's national ice hockey team from 2003 to 2008.

Goulet played college ice hockey for the New Hampshire Wildcats, then played professionaly for the Toledo Hornets of the International Hockey League. He earned his undergraduate degree from the University of New Hampshire and a master's degree from Ohio University.

Goulet began his coaching career at Nasson College. He then spent three seasons at New England College. From 1977 to 1989, he was the head coach at Colby College, where led the Mules to a 126–145–10 record and seven appearences in the ECAC 2 tournament. From 1989 to 2003, he was the coach of the University of Ottawa Gee-Gee's.

From 2003 to 2008, Goulet was the head coach of the Italy men's national ice hockey team. From 2008 to 2009, he was the coach of Italy's U18 and U20 teams.

Italy men's national ice hockey team
The Italian men's national ice hockey team is the national ice hockey team of Italy, and is controlled by the Federazione Italiana Sport del Ghiaccio (FISG), a member of the International Ice Hockey Federation.
Bhalgaon
Bhalgaon is a village situated in the Chohtan Tehsil of Barmer district in the Indian state of Rajasthan, within the Jodhpur division. It is approximately 60 kilometres to the south of the district headquarters, Barmer, and has an elevation of 218 meters above sea level.

Barmer, Rajasthan
Barmer is a city and municipal council in the Barmer district in the state of Rajasthan, India. It is the administrative headquarters of Barmer district. Barmer is a Group 'C' city for living standards and the headquarters of the Barmer tehsil, Rajasthan. Barmer district is located in western part of Rajasthan.
Prosopagnosia
Prosopagnosia, also known as face blindness, is a cognitive disorder of face perception in which the ability to recognize familiar faces, including one's own face (self-recognition), is impaired, while other aspects of visual processing (e.g., object discrimination) and intellectual functioning (e.g., decision-making) remain intact. The term originally referred to a condition following acute brain damage (acquired prosopagnosia), but a congenital or developmental form of the disorder also exists, with a prevalence of 2–2.5%.

A common misconception is that prosopagnosics see faces' contours and details as blurry or distorted. The condition is not characterized by warped visuals. Seeing distorted faces is a common symptom of prosopometamorphopsia, not prosopagnosia.

Intellectual functioning
Intellectual functioning refers to the "general mental ability that includes reasoning, planning, problem solving, abstract thinking, comprehending complex ideas, learning quickly and learning from experience". Significantly limited or impaired intellectual functioning characterizes intellectual disabilities.

Ageing has been shown to cause a decline in intellectual functioning.
Harlan Thompson
Harlan Thompson (24 September 1890 – 29 October 1966) was an American theatre director, screenwriter, lyricist, film director, and film and television producer. He wrote the Broadway hit Little Jessie James (1923–24), and several other Broadway musicals. He moved to Hollywood, where he was in turn a writer, director and producer.

Kiss and Make-Up
Kiss and Make-Up is a 1934 romantic comedy film starring Cary Grant as a doctor who specializes in making women beautiful. Genevieve Tobin and Helen Mack play his romantic entanglements. The film was based on the play Kozmetika by István Békeffy (credited as Stephen Bekeffi). All of the WAMPAS Baby Stars of 1934 were cast in roles in the film.
Latir volcanic field
36°43′N 105°31′W﻿ / ﻿36.72°N 105.51°W﻿ / 36.72; -105.51

The Latir volcanic field is a large volcanic field near Questa, New Mexico, that was active during the late Oligocene to early Miocene, 28 to 22 million years ago (Ma). It includes the Questa caldera, in whose deeply eroded interior is located the Molycorp Questa molybdenum mine.

Questa, New Mexico
Questa is a village in Taos County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 1,770 at the 2010 census. The village has trails into the Rio Grande Gorge, trout fishing, and mountain lakes with trails that access the Sangre de Cristo Mountains that overlook the area. Questa is on the Enchanted Circle Scenic Byway, near the confluence of the Rio Grande and the Red River. The "Gateway to the Rio Grande del Norte Monument", its visitors can drive to an overlook of the Red River meeting the Rio Grande in the depth of the gorge. The Carson National Forest parallels Questa to the east. The Columbine Hondo Wilderness and Latir Peak Wildness are in the Carson National Forest close to Questa.

With a large Hispanic population, the village economy was historically largely dependent on agriculture and income from a now-closed Chevron molybdenum mine. Many residents also commute to Taos, Red River, and Angel Fire to work in the hospitality industries there.