hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Attentional shift
Attentional shift (or shift of attention) occurs when directing attention to a point increases the efficiency of processing of that point and includes inhibition to decrease attentional resources to unwanted or irrelevant inputs. Shifting of attention is needed to allocate attentional resources to more efficiently process information from a stimulus. Research has shown that when an object or area is attended, processing operates more efficiently. Task switching costs occur when performance on a task suffers due to the increased effort added in shifting attention. There are competing theories that attempt to explain why and how attention is shifted as well as how attention is moved through space in attentional control.

Task switching (psychology)
Task switching, or set-shifting, is an executive function that involves the ability to unconsciously shift attention between one task and another.  In contrast, cognitive shifting is a very similar executive function, but it involves conscious (not unconscious) change in attention.  Together, these two functions are subcategories of the broader cognitive flexibility concept.

Task switching allows a person to rapidly and efficiently adapt to different situations. It is often studied by cognitive and experimental psychologists, and can be tested experimentally using tasks like the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Deficits in task switching are commonly observed in patients with Parkinson's disease, and in those on the autism spectrum.
Jazzgroove Mothership Orchestra
Jazzgroove Mothership Orchestra is an Australian large jazz ensemble. Together with Kristin Berardi they were nominated for the 2011 ARIA Award for Best Jazz Album with Kristin Berardi Meets The Jazzgroove Mothership Orchestra. The ensemble consists of Daryl Pratt (vibraphone), Brendan Clarke (contrabass), Tom Botting (contrabass), Jamie Cameron (drums, cymbals), Evan Mannell (drums), and Phil South (percussion).

Jazz band
A jazz band (jazz ensemble or jazz combo) is a musical ensemble that plays jazz music. Jazz bands vary in the quantity of its members and the style of jazz that they play but it is common to find a jazz band made up of a rhythm section and a horn section.

The size of a jazz band is closely related to the style of jazz they play as well as the type of venues in which they play. Smaller jazz bands, also known as combos, are common in night clubs and other small venues and will be made up of three to seven musicians; whereas big bands are found in dance halls and other larger venues.

Jazz bands can vary in size from a big band, to a smaller trio or quartet. Some bands use vocalists, while others are purely instrumental groups.

Jazz bands and their composition have changed many times throughout the years, just as the music itself changes with personal interpretation and improvisation of its performers.
Arthur Snowden
Sir Arthur Snowden (29 July 1829 – 18 June 1918) was an Australian lawyer, politician and mayor of Melbourne from 1892 to 1895.

Snowden was born in Dartford, Kent, England, and migrated to Australia in 1852. He joined the Melbourne City Council in 1891, and was elected mayor three times. Following his stint on the Melbourne City Council, he served in the Victorian Legislative Council representing Melbourne Province from 1895 until 1904. Knighted in the 1895 Birthday Honours, Snowden died at his Collingwood home on 18 June 1918.

Melbourne Province
Melbourne Province was an electorate of the Victorian Legislative Council (Australia).

Melbourne Province was created in 1882 when Central Province was abolished in the redistribution of Provinces. Its area included central Melbourne, Carlton, Fawkner Park and Richmond.

William Hearn and James Lorimer transferred from Central to Melbourne Province that year.

In 1904, another redistribution occurred and Melbourne East Province, Melbourne North Province, Melbourne South Province, Melbourne West Province were created. The number of members representing Melbourne Province were reduced from four to two that year.

Melbourne Province was abolished at the 2006 state election in the wake of the Bracks Labor government's reform of the Legislative Council.
Edward Kidder
Edward Kidder (1665/66–1739) was an 18th century British pastry chef. He worked in Queen Street, Cheapside in London and opened two cooking schools.

Kidder is remembered for his cookbook Receipts of Pastry and Cookery For the Use of his Scholars, based upon classes taught at his London cooking school. The book was printed using engraved copper plates. The frontispiece showed a portrait of Kidder in a full wig and period attire.

Cheapside
Cheapside is a street in the City of London, the historic and modern financial centre of London, England, which forms part of the A40 London to Fishguard road. It links St Martin's Le Grand with Poultry. Near its eastern end at Bank Junction, where it becomes Poultry, is Mansion House, the Bank of England, and Bank station. To the west is St Paul's Cathedral, St Paul's tube station and square.

In the Middle Ages, it was known as Westcheap, as opposed to Eastcheap, another street in the City, near London Bridge. The boundaries of the wards of Cheap, Cordwainer and Bread Street run along Cheapside and Poultry; prior to boundary changes in 2003 the road was divided amongst Farringdon Within and Cripplegate wards in addition to the current three.

The contemporary Cheapside is the location of a range of retail and food outlets and offices, as well as the City's only major shopping centre, One New Change.
David L. Hoof
David L. Hoof (born December 2, 1945 in Washington, D.C.) is an American novelist.

Hoof is a graduate of Deerfield Academy, where he was a successful swimmer, serving as his team's captain one year and earning All American honors three years. He took his bachelor's degree in Chemistry at Cornell University as a Meinig National Scholar.  Undertaking graduate and post-graduate studies, Hoof matriculated at Purdue University, earning his doctorate.  His National Science Foundation postdoctoral fellowship was completed at Georgetown University. Following a stint as a teacher at Montgomery College, Hoof was employed by the United States Department of Energy, where he was part of the nuclear reactor fuel reprocessing program.

Deerfield Academy
Deerfield Academy (often called Deerfield or DA) is an independent college-preparatory boarding and day school in Deerfield, Massachusetts. Chartered in 1797 and opening to students in 1799, it is one of the oldest secondary schools in the United States. It is a member of the Eight Schools Association and the Ten Schools Admission Organization.
Jukia Yoshimura
Jukia Yoshimura (born 18 February 1993) is a Japanese male  BMX rider, representing his nation at international competitions. He competed in the time trial event at the 2015 UCI BMX World Championships.

BMX racing
BMX racing is a type of bicycle racing which features BMX riders sharing a short single-lap circuit or point-to-point course, with multiple banked corners, jumps and rollers. The format of BMX was derived from motocross racing, and sanctioned internationally by the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), facilitated by a number of continental, national and local sanctioning bodies.
Astrophytum capricorne
Astrophytum capricorne, the goat's horn cactus, is a species of flowering plant in the cactus family Cactaceae, that is native to the Coahuila regions of Northern Mexico. Growing to 50 centimetres (20 in) tall by 10 centimetres (3.9 in) wide in a ball or oval shape, it is grey-green in colour with 7 to 9 prominent ribs, very long twisted spines and yellow flowers with a red centre in summer.

The common name of goat's horn cactus corresponds to the species identifier capricorne (capri meaning "goat" and corne meaning "horn")  referring to the curved spines that are said to resemble a goat's horns.

This species is designated as of "least concern" by the IUCN as it is widely distributed in the Chihuahuan desert.

Chihuahuan Desert
The Chihuahuan Desert (Spanish: Desierto de Chihuahua, Desierto Chihuahuense) is a desert ecoregion designation covering parts of northern Mexico and the southwestern United States. It occupies much of far West Texas, the middle to lower Rio Grande Valley and the lower Pecos Valley in New Mexico, and a portion of southeastern Arizona, as well as the central and northern portions of the Mexican Plateau. It is bordered on the west by the Sonoran Desert, the Colorado Plateau, and the extensive Sierra Madre Occidental range, along with northwestern lowlands of the Sierra Madre Oriental range. Its largest, continual expanse is located in Mexico, covering a large portion of the state of Chihuahua, along with portions of Coahuila, north-eastern Durango, the extreme northern part of Zacatecas, and small western portions of Nuevo León. With an area of about 501,896 km2 (193,783 sq mi), it is the largest hot desert in North America. The desert is fairly young, existing for only 8,000 years.
Angela Wozniak
Angela Wozniak (born March 11, 1987) is a former member of the New York State Assembly, serving from 2015 to 2016. She represented the 143rd district, which included Cheektowaga, Lancaster, and Depew, New York. A registered Conservative, Wozniak caucused with the Republican minority in the Assembly.

In March 2016, Wozniak was admonished by the Assembly Ethics Committee for having retaliated against a staffer with whom she had engaged in a sexual relationship, in violation of the Assembly's Policy Prohibiting Harassment, Discrimination and Retaliation. In May 2016, Wozniak announced that she would not seek reelection to the Assembly.

Depew, New York
Depew (/dəˈpju/) is a village in Erie County, New York. The population was 15,303 at the time of the 2010 census. It is part of the Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area. The village is named for Chauncey Depew, a politician and one of the original investors who bought the land for the village, which was incorporated in 1894.

The village extends across the boundary between the towns of Lancaster and Cheektowaga. The village lies on both sides of NY Route 78 (Transit Road), a major north-south route.

Village residents voted on January 17, 2017, to not dissolve the Village of Depew into the Towns of Lancaster and Cheektowaga, by a margin of 3,006–1,165.
Hiram Y. Smith
Hiram Ypsilanti Smith (March 22, 1843 – November 4, 1894) was a nineteenth-century Republican politician, lawyer and clerk from Iowa. For three months, he represented Iowa's 7th congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives, after winning election to serve out the term of John A. Kasson following Kasson's appointment as U.S. Envoy to Germany.

Iowa's 7th congressional district
Iowa's 7th congressional district is a former congressional district in Iowa. It was eliminated after the 1970 election, leaving Iowa with six congressional districts. The state has since been reduced to four congressional districts.
Security checkpoint
Civilian checkpoints or security checkpoints are distinguishable from border or frontier checkpoints in that they are erected and enforced within contiguous areas under military or paramilitary control. Civilian checkpoints have been employed within conflict-ridden areas all over the world to monitor and control the movement of people and materials in order to prevent violence. They have also been used by police during peacetime to help counter terrorism.

Violence
Violence is characterized as the use of physical force by humans to cause harm to other living beings, such as pain, injury, disablement, death, damage and destruction. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines violence as "the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, which either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment, or deprivation"; it recognizes the need to include violence not resulting in injury or death.
St Dunstan's School, Glastonbury
St Dunstan's School is a secondary school in Glastonbury, Somerset, England. The school is for students between the ages of 11 and 16 years. It is named after St. Dunstan, an abbot of Glastonbury Abbey, who went on to become Archbishop of Canterbury in 960AD.

The school was a 'new-build' in 1958 with major building work, at a cost of £1.2 million, in 1998, adding the science block and the sports hall. It was designated as a specialist Arts College in 2004 and the £800,000 spent at this time paid for the Performing Arts studio and facilities to support pupils with special educational needs. In 2011, the school became an academy.

Arts College (United Kingdom specialist schools programme)
An Arts College, in the United Kingdom, was part of the 2011-defunct Specialist Schools Programme. It specialises in the subject fields of the performing, visual, digital and/or media arts. They were announced in 1996 and introduced alongside Sports Colleges to England in 1997, being one of the five "practical specialisms" of the specialist schools programme. They were then introduced to Scotland in 2005 and Northern Ireland in 2006. By 2011, when the programme ended, there were over 491 Arts Colleges in England. More have been introduced since then, however schools must be an academy, free school or use the Dedicated Schools Grant to become one.

Arts Colleges are entitled by the School Standards and Framework Act 1998 to select 10% of its yearly pupil intake based on academic aptitude, however this partial selection is optional.

Arts Colleges act as a local point of reference for other schools and businesses in the area, with an emphasis on promoting art within the community.
Chari-Baguirmi (province)
11°24′N 16°10′E﻿ / ﻿11.400°N 16.167°E﻿ / 11.400; 16.167

Chari-Baguirmi (Arabic: شاري باقرمي) is one of the 23 provinces of Chad. Its capital is Massenya. It is composed of part of the former Chari-Baguirmi Prefecture (sub-prefectures of Massenya and Bousso) and parts of the sub-prefecture of N'Djamena).

Chari-Baguirmi (prefecture)
Chari-Baguirmi was one of the 14 prefectures of Chad. This was before Chad's further reorganisation in 2002 into 18 regions and an even further division as of 2024, into 23 provinces. Located in the west of the country, Chari-Baguirmi prefecture covered an area of 82,910 square kilometers and had a population of 720,941 in 1993. Its capital was Ndjamena.
Kim So-ra
Kim So-ra (Korean: 김소라; born 18 July 1998) is a South Korean handball player for the Korea National Sport University and the South Korean national team.

She participated at the 2017 World Women's Handball Championship.

2017 World Women's Handball Championship
The 2017 IHF World Women's Handball Championship, the 23rd event hosted by the International Handball Federation, was held in Germany from 1 to 17 December 2017. Germany was the only applicant for this championship. Germany was host of the World Championships in 1965 and 1997.

France won their second title after 2003, by defeating reigning champions Norway 23–21 in the final.
Telestory
Telestory is an Australian television series which aired 1961–1962. Produced by Artransa Park and aired on ATN-7, it was a 15-minute series in which an actor would read from a book. The first season consisted of Leonard Teale reading The Sundowners, while the second season consisted of Gordon Glenwright reading from They're a Weird Mob. Very basic television, it aired towards the end of the day's schedule, at time slots such as 10:10PM on Monday and 11:35PM on Friday. Additional episodes were planned but do not seem to have been produced.

The version of The Sundowners utilised stills from the film to illustrate the story.

A similar series was produced in Melbourne during 1961 called Let Me Read to You.

Leonard Teale
Leonard George Thiele AO (26 September 1922 – 14 May 1994), professionally Leonard Teale, was an Australian actor of radio, television and film and radio announcer, presenter and narrator known for his resonant baritone voice. He is best remembered for his role in the long-running Australian police procedural drama Homicide as David "Mac" MacKay.

As a professional actor he adopted Teale – a homophone of his birth surname, Thiele – as a stage name.
Normand Lockwood
Normand Lockwood (March 19, 1906 – March 9, 2002) was an American composer born in New York, New York. He studied composition at the University of Michigan from 1921 to 1924, and then traveled to Rome and studied composition under Ottorino Respighi from 1925 to 1926, and during this time he also had composition lessons with Nadia Boulanger in Paris.  He won a Prix de Rome in 1929 that allowed him to continue his work in Rome.  He was a National Patron of Delta Omicron, an international professional music fraternity.

Prix de Rome
The Prix de Rome (pronounced [pʁi də ʁɔm]) or Grand Prix de Rome was a French scholarship for arts students, initially for painters and sculptors, that was established in 1663 during the reign of Louis XIV of France. Winners were awarded a bursary that allowed them to stay in Rome for three to five years at the expense of the state. The prize was extended to architecture in 1720, music in 1803 and engraving in 1804. The prestigious award was abolished in 1968 by André Malraux, then Minister of Culture, following the May 68 riots that called for cultural change.
Giovanni Troupée
Giovanni Dennis Vito Troupée (born 20 March 1998) is a professional footballer who plays as a right-back for Bosnian Premier League club Željezničar. Born in the Netherlands, he played for the Curaçao national team.

FC Utrecht
Football Club Utrecht (Dutch pronunciation: [ɛfˈseː ˈytrɛxt]) is a Dutch professional football club based in Utrecht. The club competes in the Eredivisie, the top tier of Dutch football, and plays its home matches at the Stadion Galgenwaard.

The club was formed in 1970 as a merger between local clubs VV DOS, USV Elinkwijk and Velox. Since then, the club has won three national cup tournaments: in 1985, 2003 and 2004, also winning the Johan Cruyff Shield in 2004 as the first club outside the traditional Dutch Big Three. Utrecht is also the only club outside the Big Three which has never suffered relegation from the top-flight Eredivisie.

Utrecht have competed in 15 European campaigns, reaching the group stages of the 2004–05 UEFA Cup and the 2010–11 UEFA Europa League, their best European results.
Ju-Jitsu Federation of the Philippines
Ju-Jitsu Federation of the Philippines (abbreviated as JFP) is the national sports association (NSA) for Jujitsu in the Philippines. It was formed in 2015 and represented by 50 jujitsu clubs in the country. Currently, JFP is a member of Ju-Jitsu International Federation, Ju-Jitsu Asian Union and the Philippine Olympic Committee (POC).

It was admitted as the 50th regular member of the Philippine Olympic Committee in November 2015.

Sports governing body
A sports governing body is a sports organization that has a regulatory or sanctioning function.

Sports governing bodies come in various forms and have a variety of regulatory functions, including disciplinary procedure for rule infractions and deciding on rule
changes in the sport that they govern. Governing bodies have different scopes. They may cover a range of sport at an internationally acceptable level, such as the International Olympic Committee and the International Paralympic Committee, or only a single sport at a national level, such as the Rugby Football League. National bodies will largely have to be affiliated with international bodies for the same sport. The first international federations were formed at the end of the 19th century.
High-quality dual carriageway
A high-quality dual carriageway (HQDC) is a road category in Ireland. It is defined as an all-purpose dual carriageway road type built to near motorway standards, but without motorway classification or motorway restrictions. High-quality dual carriageways have full grade-separated access and do not have junctions with minor roads. Such roads in the Republic of Ireland have been built as part of the 2000–2006 and 2007–2013 National Development Plans, including interurban routes from Dublin to other cities.

While HQDCs or roads of similar type exist in a number of countries this article concentrates mainly on such roads in Ireland.

Regional road (Ireland)
A regional road (Irish: bóthar réigiúnach) in the Republic of Ireland is a class of road not forming a major route (such as a national primary road or national secondary road), but nevertheless forming a link in the national route network. There are over 11,600 kilometres (7,200 miles) of regional roads. Regional roads are numbered with three-digit route numbers, prefixed by "R" (e.g. R105). The equivalent road category in Northern Ireland are B roads.
2014 Copa Gobierno de Córdoba – Doubles
The 2014 Copa Gobierno de Córdoba doubles was a professional tennis competition. This was the first edition of the tournament.

Marcelo Demoliner and Nicolás Jarry won the title by defeating Hugo Dellien and Juan Ignacio Londero 6–3, 7–5 in the final.

Hugo Dellien
Hugo Dellien Velasco (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈuɣo ðeˈljen]; born 16 June 1993) is a Bolivian professional tennis player. He has a career-high ATP singles ranking of No. 64, achieved on 1 August 2022, becoming the highest-ranked Bolivian since Mario Martínez (No. 60) in November 1983. He is the current No. 1 Bolivian tennis player. He also has a career-high ATP doubles ranking of No. 185 achieved on 2 February 2015. In juniors, Dellien had a career-high combined ranking of No. 2 in March 2011.
Stranger Things (franchise)
Stranger Things is a multimedia franchise based on the American series created by the Duffer Brothers for Netflix. The titular series, Stranger Things, debuted in July 2016, attracting record viewership and widespread critical acclaim. Set in the 1980s, the original show follows supernatural events in the fictional town of Hawkins, Indiana. Its blend of government-lab conspiracy, child protagonists, and 1980s pop culture nostalgia has earned praise for its writing, atmosphere, ensemble cast, and homage to 1980s genre films. The first four seasons garnered multiple award nominations (including 12 Primetime Emmy Awards) and numerous accolades.

The franchise includes a stage play, planned spin-off series, a line of novels and comics, several video games, and extensive licensed merchandise.

Genre fiction
In the book-trade, genre fiction, also known as formula fiction, or commercial fiction, encompasses fictional works written with the intent of fitting into a specific literary genre in order to appeal to readers and fans already familiar with that genre.  These labels commonly imply that this type of fiction places more value on plot and entertainment than on character development, philosophical themes, or artistic depth. This distinguishes genre fiction from literary fiction.

Popular genres include crime, fantasy, romance, science fiction and horror—as well as Western, inspirational and historical fiction.

Slipstream genre is sometimes thought to be in between genre and non-genre fiction.
1839 in India
This article details events occurring in the year 1839 in India. Major events include the reduction of the Khanate of Kalat to a subsidiary ally of the British, and the capture of Aden in Yemen by the East India Company, creating an important stopover for voyages between Europe and India.

Baghal State
Baghal State, also known as Arki State, was one of the Princely states of India during the period of the British Raj. It covers an area of 312 square kilometres (120 sq mi) and  is now part of Arki Tehsil in Solan District of Himachal Pradesh state. Baghal was founded by Rana Aje De in 1310-40 and was acceded to India on 15 April 1948. The capital of Baghal - Arki.