hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Utica greens
Utica greens is an Italian American dish made of escarole sauteed with garlic and olive oil. Most recipes include hot cherry peppers, pecorino cheese, bread crumbs, prosciutto or another cured meat, and sometimes chicken broth. In the 1980s, Italian restaurants in Utica, New York began serving this variation on traditional Sicilian and Southern Italian sauteed greens; the dish has since spread to other cities in the United States. Other variations include greens with potatoes, romaine, kale, Swiss chard, and pignoli nuts.

Chard
Chard (/tʃɑːrd/ ⓘ; Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris, Cicla Group and Flavescens Group) is a green leafy vegetable. It is also called silver beet, perpetual spinach, beet spinach, seakale beet, and leaf beet, but because it is the same species as beetroot, these other common names may overlap.

In the cultivars of the Flavescens Group, or Swiss chard, the leaf stalks are large and often prepared separately from the leaf blade; the Cicla Group is the leafier spinach beet. The leaf blade can be green or reddish; the leaf stalks are usually white, yellow or red. Chard, like other green leafy vegetables, has highly nutritious leaves. Chard has been used in cooking for centuries.
Eustahija Arsić
Eustahija Arsić (Serbian Cyrillic: Еустахија Арсић; 14 March 1776, in Irig – 17 February 1843, in Arad) was a Serbian writer, translator, and salonist. She was the first female member of Matica srpska and contributor to its periodical Letopis. She also promoted the works of Serbian and Romanian writers, including Dositej Obradović, Joakim Vujić and Vuk Karadžić.

Salon (gathering)
A salon is a gathering of people held by a host. These gatherings often consciously followed Horace's definition of the aims of poetry, "either to please or to educate" (Latin: aut delectare aut prodesse). Salons in the tradition of the French literary and philosophical movements of the 17th and 18th centuries are still being conducted.
John Grigson
Air Commodore John William Boldero Grigson DSO, DFC** (26 January 1893 – 3 July 1943) was a highly decorated British pilot who served in the Royal Naval Air Service and Royal Air Force in World War I, continuing his service and serving in World War II until his death in an air crash in 1943.

No. 55 Squadron RAF
Number 55 Squadron was a flying squadron of the Royal Air Force (RAF). First formed in April 1917, the squadron saw action on the Western Front during the First World War. Based in the Middle East during the interwar period and the Second World War, No. 55 Squadron saw action over Iraq, Egypt, Libya and Italy. Between 1960 and 1993, the unit flew the Handley Page Victor. Initially on the Victor B.1A before becoming a tanker squadron in 1965 with the Victor B(K).1A/K.1/K.1A before converting to the Victor K.2 in 1975. Disbanding in October 1993, No. 55 Squadron were the last RAF unit to operate the Victor. Between 1996 and 2011, No. 55(Reserve) Squadron operated the Hawker Siddeley Dominie T.1 from RAF Cranwell, Lincolnshire, helping to train navigators for the RAF.
East Papuan languages
The East Papuan languages is a defunct proposal for a family of Papuan languages spoken on the islands to the east of New Guinea, including New Britain, New Ireland, Bougainville, Solomon Islands, and the Santa Cruz Islands. There is no evidence that these languages are related to each other, and the Santa Cruz languages are no longer recognized as Papuan.

All but two of the starred languages below (Yélî Dnye and Sulka) make a gender distinction in their pronouns. Several of the heavily Papuanized Austronesian languages of New Britain do as well. This suggests a pre-Austronesian language area in the region.

Sprachbund
A sprachbund (/ˈsprɑːkbʊnd/ ⓘ SPRAHK-buund, from German: Sprachbund [ˈʃpʁaːxbʊnt] ⓘ, lit. 'language federation'; pl. sprachbünde or sprachbunds), also known as a linguistic area, area of linguistic convergence, or diffusion area, is a group of languages that share areal features resulting from geographical proximity and language contact. The languages may be genetically unrelated, or only distantly related, but the sprachbund characteristics might give a false appearance of relatedness.

A grouping of languages that share features can only be defined as a sprachbund if the features are shared for some reason other than the genetic history of the languages. Without knowledge of the history of a regional group of similar languages, it may be difficult to determine whether sharing indicates a language family or a sprachbund.
Investor Program for Residence and Citizenship in Bulgaria
The Investor Program for Residence and Citizenship in Bulgaria (also known as the Bulgarian Immigrant Investor Program) was founded in 2009 and implemented following the decisive legislation actions of the Bulgarian Government to attract foreign investment and business interest in the country. In return, investors and their families obtain Permanent Residence Permits and become eligible for Bulgarian citizenship.

Immigrant investor programs
Immigrant investor programs are immigration programs offered by countries or territories that allow individuals to more quickly obtain residence or citizenship of a country in return for making qualifying and substantive investments. Broadly, the programs offer either citizenship by investment ("golden passport" or "cash-for-passports"), residence by investment ("golden visa"), or a hybrid with immediate residence followed by accelerated citizenship.

Program applicants must usually fulfill multiple qualification criteria. Investment can take a variety of forms including a contribution to government funds; purchase of qualifying real estate (for example, in specific government-sanctioned projects); investment in a qualifying business (for example, in a specific industry); or creation of a set number of jobs.
Steven Schend
Steven E. Schend (born 1967 in Madison, Wisconsin) is an American game designer and editor who has worked on a number of products for the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game from TSR throughout the 1990s.

Game design
Game design is the process of creating and shaping the mechanics, systems, rules, and gameplay of a game. Game design processes apply to board games, card games, dice games, casino games, role-playing games, sports, war games, or simulation games.

In Elements of Game Design, game designer Robert Zubek defines game design by breaking it down into three elements:

Game mechanics and systems, which are the rules and objects in the game.

Gameplay, which is the interaction between the player and the mechanics and systems. In Chris Crawford on Game Design, the author summarizes gameplay as "what the player does".

Player experience, which is how users feel when they are playing the game.

In academic research, game design falls within the field of game studies (not to be confused with game theory, which studies strategic decision making, primarily in non-game situations).
Corticobasal degeneration
Corticobasal degeneration (CBD) is a rare neurodegenerative disease involving the cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia. CBD symptoms typically begin in people from 50 to 70 years of age, and typical survival before death is eight years. It is characterized by marked disorders in movement and cognition, and is classified as one of the Parkinson plus syndromes. Diagnosis is difficult, as symptoms are often similar to those of other disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, and dementia with Lewy bodies, and a definitive diagnosis of CBD can only be made upon neuropathologic examination.

Movement disorder
Movement disorders are clinical syndromes with either an excess of movement or a paucity of voluntary and involuntary movements, unrelated to weakness or spasticity. Movement disorders present with extrapyramidal symptoms and are caused by basal ganglia disease. Movement disorders are conventionally divided into two major categories- hyperkinetic and hypokinetic.

Hyperkinetic movement disorders refer to dyskinesia, or excessive, often repetitive, involuntary movements that intrude upon the normal flow of motor activity.

Hypokinetic movement disorders fall into one of four subcategories: akinesia (lack of movement), hypokinesia (reduced amplitude of movements), bradykinesia (slow movement), and rigidity. In primary movement disorders, the abnormal movement is the primary manifestation of the disorder. In secondary movement disorders, the abnormal movement is a manifestation of another systemic or neurological disorder. Treatment depends upon the underlying disorder.
2011 Richmond Raiders season
The 2011 Richmond Raiders season was the second season as a professional indoor football franchise and their first in the Southern Indoor Football League (SIFL). One of 16 teams competing in the SIFL for the 2011 season.

Chris Simpson became the head coach of the Raiders for the 2011 season, coming over from the defunct Baltimore Mariners. Simpson didn't make it to opening day, though, as he "relocated to Texas to pursue family business opportunities". He was replaced by James Fuller, who was the interim head coach for the AFL Dallas Vigilantes in 2010.

Former Richmond Revolution head coach Steve Criswell signed with the Raiders as a senior consultant for the 2011 season. Criswell brought several former Revolution players along, including QB Bryan Randall and DL Lawrence Lewis.

The Raiders earned a 6-6 record, placing 1st in the Mid-Atlantic division, but due to league playoff qualifying rules, did not make the playoffs, as 4 other Eastern Conference teams had a better record.

Richmond Raiders
The Richmond Raiders were a professional indoor football team located in Richmond, Virginia the Richmond Coliseum as their home arena. The Raiders began play in the 2010 as an expansion team of the American Indoor Football Association (AIFA). The Raiders moved to the Southern Indoor Football League (SIFL) when the Eastern Division of the AIFA merged with the SIFL in the winter of 2010, beginning SIFL play in the 2011 season. After just a single season in the SIFL the Raiders, along with four other members of the SIFL, became the charter members of the Professional Indoor Football League (PIFL). The team was then a member the PIFL from 2012 to 2015.
Tachū Naitō
Tachū Naitō (内藤 多仲, Naitō Tachū; 12 June 1886 – 25 August 1970) was a Japanese architect, engineer, and professor. He was a father of earthquake-proof design and built many broadcasting and observation towers, including the Tokyo Tower.

Observation tower
An observation tower is a tower used to view events from a long distance and to create a full 360 degree range of vision to conduct long distance observations. Observation towers are usually at least 20 metres (66 ft) tall and are made from stone, iron, and wood. Many modern towers are also used as TV towers, restaurants, or churches. The towers first appeared in the ancient world, as long ago as the Babylonian Empire.

Observation towers that are used as guard posts or observation posts over an extended period to overlook an area are commonly called watchtowers instead.

Similar instances of observation towers are recognised as crow's nests, observatories, viewing platforms, etc.
Maengjungri station
Maengjungri station (Korean: 맹중리역) is a railway station in Maengjung-rodongjagu, Pakch'ŏn County, North P'yŏngan Province, North Korea. It is on located on the P'yŏngŭi Line of the Korean State Railway. It is the starting point of the Namhŭng Line, which leads to the important Namhŭng Youth Chemical Complex in Namhŭng. It is also the junction point between the P'yŏngŭi Line and the Pakch'ŏn Line.

Nanxiong
Nanxiong (Chinese: 南雄; pinyin: Nánxióng), historically Namyung, Namhung, and Nanhsiung, is a county-level city of northern Guangdong province, People's Republic of China, bordering Jiangxi to the north, east and southeast. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Shaoguan.
Frankfort and Kokomo Railroad
The Frankfort and Kokomo Railroad was a small railroad company that operated approximately 25 miles (40 km) of track between the Indiana cities of Frankfort and Kokomo.  The F&K's rail line, laid down in 1873, was generally of poor condition and made the cars that traveled along it jog from side to side, leading to its nickname "The Rabbit Track Line".  The first train cars made the trip between the two cities on May 28, 1874.

In 1881 the F&K Railroad was converted from 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge to 3 ft (914 mm) narrow gauge and consolidated into the Toledo, Cincinnati and St. Louis Railroad.  In 1886, it was returned to 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge under the ownership of the Toledo, St. Louis and Kansas City Railroad, later renamed the Toledo, St. Louis and Western Railroad and commonly known as the "Clover Leaf".

3 ft gauge railways
Three foot gauge railways have a track gauge of 3 ft (914 mm) or 1 yard. This gauge is a narrow gauge and is generally found throughout North, Central, and South America. In Ireland, many secondary and industrial lines were built to 3 ft gauge, and it is the dominant gauge on the Isle of Man, where it is known as the Manx Standard Gauge. Modern 3 ft gauge railways are most commonly found in isolated mountainous areas, on small islands, or in large-scale amusement parks and theme parks (see table below). This gauge is also popular in model railroading (particularly in G scale), and model prototypes of these railways have been made by several model train brands around the world, such as Accucraft Trains (US), Aristo-Craft Trains (US), Bachmann Industries (Hong Kong), Delton Locomotive Works (US), LGB (Germany), and PIKO (Germany).
1990–91 Swiss 1. Liga
The 1990–91 Swiss 1. Liga was the 59th season of this league since its creation in 1931. At this time, the 1. Liga was the third tier of the Swiss football league system and it was the highest level of amateur football.

2. Liga Interregional
2. Liga Interregional (2nd League Interregional in English) is the fifth tier of the Swiss football league system. From 2000 to 2012, it was the country's fourth level. From 2013, the league was demoted to fifth level. The division is split into 5 groups of 14 teams since 2025–26 season onwards, by geographical region.
KNDR
KNDR (104.7 FM) is a Christian radio station founded in 1977 in Mandan, North Dakota. Before KLBE-LP signed on, it was the only local source in Bismarck-Mandan for contemporary Christian music, along with Bible-based talk and teaching programming. Though licensed commercially, KNDR operates as a non-profit 501(c)(3) organization under the name Central Dakota Enterprises, Inc. The organization's founding year is listed as 1975, and it has maintained its tax-exempt status since October 1981.

As a non-profit, Central Dakota Enterprises relies heavily on listener and public support. In recent financial years, contributions and grants accounted for over 80% of its total revenue. While KNDR is licensed by the FCC as a commercial station, it uses commercial advertisements and business underwriting to supplement its primary funding from donations.

Bismarck metropolitan area
Bismarck–Mandan, colloquially referred to as BisMan, is the metropolitan area composed of Burleigh, Morton, and Oliver counties in the state of North Dakota.

Its core cities, Bismarck and Mandan, are located on opposite sides of the upper Missouri River. Lincoln is a suburb located immediately south-east of Bismarck. The 2023 population of the MSA was estimated at 135,786. The area grew considerably with the addition of Oliver and Sioux counties in 2013. However, with relatively sparse populations, the addition of Oliver and Sioux counties only added approximately 6,300 people to the metropolitan population, many of whom were later excluded when Sioux county was removed in 2018. The 2020 Bismarck–Mandan–Lincoln urban population is estimated at 98,198.
Von Trapp Brewing
von Trapp Brewing is an American brewery that was founded in 2010, as Trapp Lager, at von Trapp Family Lodge & Resort in Stowe, Vermont. The resort was founded by Georg and Maria von Trapp in 1950. Von Trapp Brewing was established by their youngest son, Johannes von Trapp.

In 2015, the Trapp Family built the 30,000 square foot brewery to expand its distribution from Vermont, New Hampshire and Massachusetts to 17 states as of April 2025.

In September 2016, the family opened the von Trapp Bierhall, a mile from the von Trapp Family Lodge & Resort, serving von Trapp specialty, seasonal and year-round beers and Austrian inspired cuisine. After initially being available only in Vermont, in 2015 they expanded sales into New Hampshire and Massachusetts. von Trapp is available in Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Colorado, Florida, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee and Virginia.

Johannes von Trapp
Johannes von Trapp (born January 17, 1939) is an American singer and former member of the Trapp Family Singers, whose lives were the inspiration for the musical and movie The Sound of Music. The tenth and youngest child, he is the last surviving sibling of the von Trapp family.
Hendrik Goeman Borgesius
Hendrik Goeman Borgesius (11 January 1847, Schildwolde, Slochteren – 18 January 1917, The Hague) was a Dutch politician. He was a member of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands from 1877 until 1917, representing respectively Winschoten, Veendam, Zutphen, Enkhuizen, Rotterdam and finally Emmen. In 1885 he became leader of the Liberal Union. He was Minister of the Interior from 1897 to 1901 and was Speaker of the House of Representatives in the period from 17 September 1913 to 18 January 1917. After being a minister he became a member of the Council of State.

The University of Groningen gave him an honorary doctorate in medicine for his work concerning public health.

University of Groningen
The University of Groningen (abbreviated as UG; Dutch: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, abbreviated as RUG) is a public research university of more than 30,000 students in the city of Groningen, Netherlands. Founded in 1614, the university is the second oldest in the country (after Leiden).

The University of Groningen has eleven faculties, nine graduate schools, 27 research centres and institutes, and more than 175-degree programmes. The university's alumni and faculty include Johann Bernoulli, Aletta Jacobs, four Nobel Prize winners, nine Spinoza Prize winners, one Stevin Prize winner, various members of the Dutch royal family, several politicians, the first president of the European Central Bank, and a secretary general of NATO.
James W. McHenry
James Wilson McHenry was mayor of Murray, Utah from 1916 to 1917.  McHenry was born in Nashville, Tennessee and moved to Murray in 1881. He worked for the LDS Church supervising its tithing yard in Salt Lake City.
He helped organize the Murray Commercial Club and later formed the Salt Lake Commercial Club. He later oversaw the foundation of a West Jordan sugar beet factory.

McHenry’s tenure in office was noted for the expansion of the cities’ sewer and irrigation lines. McHenry, previous to being elected, pushed for municipally owned power generation.

Sugar beet
A sugar beet is a plant whose root contains a high concentration of sucrose and is grown commercially for sugar production. In plant breeding, it is known as the Altissima cultivar group of the common beet (Beta vulgaris). Together with other beet cultivars, such as beetroot and chard, it belongs to the subspecies Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris but is classified as var. saccharifera. Its closest wild relative is the sea beet (Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima).

Sugar beets are grown in climates that are too cold for sugarcane. In 2024, Russia and  Germany were the two largest sugar beet producers contributing to a world total of 294 million tonnes. Sugarcane accounts for most of the rest of sugar produced globally.
Hauyne
Hauyne or haüyne, also called hauynite or haüynite (/ɑːˈwiːnaɪt/ ah-WEE-nyte), old name Azure spar,: 571  is a rare  tectosilicate sulfate mineral with endmember formula Na3Ca(Si3Al3)O12(SO4).  As much as 5 wt % K2O may be present, and also H2O and Cl. It is a feldspathoid and a member of the sodalite group. Hauyne was first described in 1807 from samples discovered in Vesuvian lavas in Monte Somma, Italy, and was named in 1807 by Brunn-Neergard for the French crystallographer René Just Haüy (1743–1822). It is sometimes used as a gemstone.

Mount Somma
Mount Somma (Italian: Monte Somma, lit. 'Mount Summit') is a mountain located in the Province of Naples, in the Campania region of southern Italy. It is 1,132 metres (3,714 ft) high. It is an integral part of the Somma–Vesuvius volcanic complex and of the larger Campanian volcanic arc, which is known for its high levels of seismic and volcanic activity.

The volcano is believed to have formed over 25,000 years ago. It has a collapsed caldera of an older volcano, with Mount Vesuvius rising up from the center. Despite the potential dangers associated with living near an active volcano, the Somma volcano and its surroundings are a popular tourist destination. The mountain lends its name to somma volcanoes, which have a cone rising from within an older caldera.
2008 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Junior men's race
The Junior men's race at the 2008 IAAF World Cross Country Championships was held at the Holyrood Park in Edinburgh, United Kingdom, on March 30, 2008.  Reports of the event were given in The New York Times, in the Herald, and for the IAAF.

Complete results for individuals, and for teams were published.

The Herald (Glasgow)
The Herald is a Scottish broadsheet newspaper founded in 1783. The Herald is the longest running national newspaper in the world and is the eighth oldest daily paper in the world. The title was simplified from The Glasgow Herald in 1992. Following the closure of the Sunday Herald, the Herald on Sunday was launched as a Sunday edition on 9 September 2018.
Joseph B. Bennett
Joseph Bentley Bennett (April 21, 1859 – November 7, 1923) was a U.S. Representative from Kentucky.

Born in Greenup County, Kentucky, Bennett attended the common schools and Greenup Academy, Greenup, Kentucky.
He taught in the public schools.
He studied law.
He was admitted to the bar in 1878 and commenced practice in 1880.
He entered the mercantile business in 1885.
He served as judge of Greenup County 1894–1897.
He was reelected in 1897 and served until 1901.
He served as member of the Republican State central committee in 1900 and 1904.

Bennett was elected as a Republican to the Fifty-ninth, Sixtieth, and Sixty-first Congresses (March 4, 1905 – March 3, 1911).
He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1910 to the Sixty-second Congress.
He continued the practice of his profession until his death in Greenup, Kentucky, November 7, 1923.
He was interred in Riverview Cemetery.

59th United States Congress
The 59th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1905, to March 4, 1907, during the fifth and sixth years of Theodore Roosevelt's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the 1900 United States census. Both chambers had a Republican majority.