hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bundesautobahn 559
Bundesautobahn 559 (translates from German as Federal Motorway 559, short form Autobahn 559, abbreviated as BAB 559 or A 559) is an autobahn in Germany.

The A 559 is a former alignment of the A 59. The A 59 was rerouted in the 1980s to relieve congestion at the Gremberg four-way interchange with the A 4.

The primary function of the A 559, besides relieving traffic at the A 4 interchange, is to connect the Cologne-Bonn Airport to Cologne proper. The airport is along the A 59, one junction south of the A 559's southern terminus.

The section of road from the junction Köln-Vingst (just after the A 4) to the end of the freeway at Köln-Deutz is up to autobahn standards, but is only designated as the L 124. This stretch of road was signed at one time as the A 559, although the autobahn designation never officially covered the entire freeway.

Landesstraße
Landesstraßen (singular: Landesstraße [ˈlandəsˌʃtʁaːsə]) are roads in Germany and Austria that are, as a rule, the responsibility of the respective German or Austrian states. The term may therefore be translated as "state road". They are roads that cross the boundary of a rural or urban district (Landkreis or Kreisfreie Stadt). A Landesstraße is thus less important than a Bundesstraße or federal road, but more significant than a Kreisstraße or district road. The classification of a road as a Landesstraße is a legal matter (Widmung). In the free states of Bavaria and Saxony – but not, however, in the Free State of Thuringia – Landesstraßen are known as Staatsstraßen.
Armenian Khachkar
The Armenian Khachkar is a khachkar and monument dedicated to the victims of genocide, installed outside the Colorado State Capitol, in Denver. The memorial was dedicated in 2015. It was defaced in May 2020 as part of the George Floyd protests.

Khachkar
A khachkar (also spelled as khatchkar) or Armenian cross-stone (Armenian: խաչքար, pronounced [χɑtʃʰˈkʰɑɾ], խաչ xačʿ "cross" + քար kʿar "stone") is a carved, memorial stele bearing a cross, and often with additional motifs such as rosettes, interlaces, and botanical motifs. Khachkars are characteristic of medieval Christian Armenian art.

Since 2010, khachkars, their symbolism and craftsmanship are inscribed in the UNESCO list of Intangible Cultural Heritage.
Thomas Geoghegan
Thomas H. Geoghegan (/ˈɡeɪɡən/ GAY-gən; born January 22, 1949, in Cincinnati, Ohio) is an American labor lawyer and author based in Chicago.

He has represented several unions and union groups, and written six books on labor unions, law, politics and his personal experiences. He has written for The New Republic magazine and contributed to several newspapers, and had commentaries on a number of radio and TV stations. Geoghegan ran in the Democratic primary for the Illinois's 5th congressional district in 2009 and came in a three-way tie for third.

The American Prospect
The American Prospect is a daily online and bimonthly print American political and public policy magazine dedicated to American modern liberalism and progressivism. Based in Washington, D.C., The American Prospect says it "is devoted to promoting informed discussion on public policy from a progressive perspective." Its motto is "Ideas, Politics, and Power".
Yitzhak Suknik
Yitzhak Suknik (Yiddish: יצחק סוקניק, 1920 – 8 May 1943), frequently known as Koza, was a fighter in the Jewish Combat Organization (Polish: Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa ŻOB). and a member of Hashomer Hatzair. He played a crucial role in the organisation and building of small arms to be used in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. He took part in the first action of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising on January 18, 1943, saving the life of Mordechai Anielewicz. During the Uprising in April, he was a member of the fighting unit led by Mordechai Growas  in the Central Ghetto, and known as an excellent marksman. He was killed on 8 May 1943 while trying to escape to the Aryan side of the city, via the sewers.

Hashomer Hatzair
Hashomer Hatzair (Hebrew: הַשׁוֹמֵר הַצָעִיר, lit. 'The Young Guard', IPA: [haʃoˈmeʁ hatsaˈʔiʁ]) is a Labor Zionist, secular Jewish youth movement founded in 1913 in the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, Austria-Hungary. It was also the name of the Hashomer Hatzair Workers Party, the group's political party in the Yishuv in  Mandatory Palestine.

Hashomer Hatzair, along with HaNoar HaOved VeHaLomed of Israel, is a member of the International Falcon Movement – Socialist Educational International.
Subepithelial mucinous corneal dystrophy
Subepithelial mucinous corneal dystrophy (SMCD), a condition of the eye, is a rare form of corneal dystrophy. It was first described in 1993 by Feder et al. Anterior to Bowman layer, deposits of glycosaminoglycan were detected and identified as chondroitin-4-sulfate and dermatan sulfate.

Dermatan sulfate
Dermatan sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan (formerly called a mucopolysaccharide) found mostly in skin, but also in blood vessels, heart valves, tendons, and lungs.

It is also referred to as chondroitin sulfate B, although it is no longer classified as a form of chondroitin sulfate by most sources. The formula is C14H21NO15S. This carbohydrate is composed of linear polymers of disaccharide units that contain, iduronic acid (IdoA) and N-acetyl galactosamine (GalNAc). These repeating units are sulfated at a variety of positions. Dermatan sulfate is a component of the compound sulodexide.
Corriebaatar
Corriebaatar is an extinct genus of multituberculate mammals. It contains the single species Corriebaatar marywaltersae and represents the first evidence of Australian multituberculates. It is known from fossils found in the Wonthaggi Formation date back to the Early Cretaceous (latest Barremian ~ 125 million years ago).

Wonthaggi Formation
The Wonthaggi Formation is an informal geological formation in Victoria, Australia whose strata date back to the Early Cretaceous. It is part of the Strzelecki Group within the Gippsland Basin. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation. It is partially equivalent to the Eumeralla Formation.
Afropolitan Vibes
Afropolitan Vibes is a live music concert series & annual music festival in Lagos, Nigeria. The show was created by  Ade Bantu and Abby Ogunsanya in 2013 as a platform to showcase alternative music. Every edition features three or four contemporary singer/songwriters, vocalists or musicians who perform mostly original works that are firmly rooted in African musical origins of Afrobeat, Afrofunk, Afro-hiphop, Afro-pop, and Highlife. 
All acts perform with the 13-piece BANTU collective No miming is allowed at the shows. From 2013 to 2017 Afropolitan Vibes had a monthly residency at Freedom Park, a former British Colonial Prison on Lagos Island. In May 2017 the producers of the show announced a change of venue to Muri Okunola Park in Lagos and that the concert series would now hold every third Friday of each quarter

Afrobeat
Afrobeat (also known as Afrofunk) is a West African music genre, fusing influences from Nigerian (such as Yoruba) and Ghanaian (such as highlife) music with American funk, jazz, and soul influences. With a focus on chanted vocals, complex intersecting rhythms, and percussion, the style was pioneered in the 1960s by Nigerian multi-instrumentalist and bandleader Fela Kuti, who popularised it both within and outside Nigeria. At the height of his popularity, he was referred to as one of Africa's most "challenging and charismatic music performers."

Distinct from Afrobeat is Afrobeats, a combination of sounds originating in West Africa in the 21st century. This takes on diverse influences and is an eclectic combination of genres such as hip hop, house, jùjú, ndombolo, R&B, soca, and dancehall. The two genres, though often conflated, are not the same.
Alkali metal nitrate
Alkali metal nitrates are chemical compounds consisting of an alkali metal (lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and caesium) and the nitrate ion. Only two are of major commercial value, the sodium and potassium salts. They are white, water-soluble salts with melting points ranging from 255 °C (LiNO3) to 414 °C (CsNO3) on a relatively narrow span of 159 °C

The melting point of the alkali metal nitrates tends to increase  from 255 °C to 414 °C (with an anomaly for rubidium being not properly aligned in the series) as the atomic mass and the ionic radius (naked cation) of the alkaline metal increases, going down in the column. Similarly, but not presented here in the table, the solubility of these salts in water also decreases with the atomic mass of the metal.

Melting point
The melting point (or, rarely, liquefaction point) of a substance is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid. At the melting point the solid and liquid phase exist in equilibrium. The melting point of a substance depends on pressure and is usually specified at a standard pressure such as 1 atmosphere or 100 kPa.

When considered as the temperature of the reverse change from liquid to solid, it is referred to as the freezing point or crystallization point. Because of the ability of substances to supercool, the freezing point can easily appear to be below its actual value. When the "characteristic freezing point" of a substance is determined, in fact, the actual methodology is almost always "the principle of observing the disappearance rather than the formation of ice, that is, the melting point."
Bracket matching
Bracket matching, also known as brace matching or parentheses matching, is a syntax highlighting feature of certain text editors and integrated development environments that highlights matching sets of brackets (square brackets, curly brackets, or parentheses) in languages such as Java, JavaScript, and C++ that use them. The purpose is to help the programmer navigate through the code and also spot any improper matching, which would cause the program to not compile or malfunction. If a closing bracket is left out, for instance, the compiler will not know that the end of a block of code has been reached. Bracket matching is particularly useful when many nested if statements, program loops, etc. are involved.

Text editor
A text editor is interactive software that allows a user to edit plain text, such as Notepad.

As with any software, a text editor can be installed onto a  system, but often a relatively simple text editor is included in a default installation of an operating system (OS) since editing text files is a relatively basic need for any system and since a simple text editor can be provided at relatively low cost.

As source code is text, any text editor can be used to edit code, but a source-code editor is designed with features specifically intended for editing code. Some provide integration with software development tools and provide a debugging environment.
Leskov Island (Antarctica)
Leskov Island is an ice-covered island in the West Ice Shelf of Antarctica, rising to 185 metres (600 ft), 11 kilometres (6 nmi) northwest of Mikhaylov Island. It was discovered by the First Russian Antarctic Expedition of 1819–21, and named after Lieutenant Leskov, one of the members of that expedition.

West Ice Shelf
The West Ice Shelf is a prominent ice shelf extending about 350 km (220 mi) in an east–west direction along the Leopold and Astrid Coast in East Antarctica between Barrier Bay and Posadowsky Bay,  and up to 120 km northwards from the continental margin.
Kayak fishing
Kayak fishing is fishing from a kayak, a type of light human-powered watercraft propelled by handheld double-paddles or pedalled fins/propellers. Recreational rod angling is the predominant form of kayak fishing, although other fishing techniques such as handlining, netting, trapping, spearing, snagging or even shooting can also be used.

Having long been a traditional means of waterborne transport and seal hunting by the Eskaleut indigenous people of North American Arctic and the Bering Sea, kayaks have been adopted by European settlers and gained popularity as a form of lightweight recreational boat fishing in recent times due to its convenience of deployment, agility and versatility in narrow waterways, and small draft that allows access into shallow, snag-prone waters that are typically risky and thus unnavigable to motorboats and yachts.

Bicycle pedal
The pedal is the part of a bicycle that the rider pushes with their foot to propel the vehicle. It provides the connection between the cyclist's foot or shoe and the crank allowing the leg to turn the bottom bracket spindle and propel the bicycle's wheels. A pedal usually consists of a spindle that threads into the end of the crank, and a body on which the foot rest is attached, that is free to rotate on bearings with respect to the spindle.

Pedals were initially attached to cranks connecting directly to the driven (usually front) wheel. The safety bicycle, as it is known today, came into being when the pedals were attached to a crank driving a sprocket that transmitted power to the driven wheel by means of a roller chain.
USS Brandywine
USS Brandywine (formerly named Susquehanna) was a wooden-hulled, three-masted frigate of the United States Navy bearing 44 guns which had the initial task of conveying the Marquis de Lafayette back to France. She was later recommissioned a number of times for service in various theaters, such as in the Mediterranean, in China and in the South Atlantic Ocean.

During several instances she served as a role player in American gunboat diplomacy, a role she was well suited for with her large long-range 32-pounder guns and her short-range carronades which produced fragmentation and fire damage to the ship fired upon, as well as splinter and shrapnel injury to its crew.

Carronade
A carronade is a short, smoothbore, cast-iron cannon which was used by the Royal Navy. It was first produced by the Carron Company, an ironworks in Falkirk, Scotland, and was used from the last quarter of the 18th century to the mid-19th century. Its main function was to serve as a powerful, short-range, anti-ship and anti-crew weapon. The technology behind the carronade was greater dimensional precision, with the shot fitting more closely in the barrel, thus transmitting more of the propellant charge's energy to the projectile, allowing a lighter gun using less gunpowder to be effective.

Carronades were initially found to be very successful, but they eventually disappeared as naval artillery advanced, with the introduction of rifling and consequent change in the shape of the projectile, exploding shells replacing solid shot, and naval engagements being fought at longer ranges.
Moore's Crossing, Texas
Moore's Crossing is an unincorporated community in Travis County, in the U.S. state of Texas. According to the Handbook of Texas, the community had a population of 25 in 2000. It is located within the Greater Austin metropolitan area.

Greater Austin
The Austin–Round Rock–San Marcos metropolitan statistical area, or Greater Austin, is a five-county metropolitan area in the U.S. state of Texas, as defined by the Office of Management and Budget. The metropolitan area is situated in Central Texas on the western edge of the American South and on the eastern edge of the American Southwest, and borders Greater San Antonio to the south. It forms part of the larger San Antonio-Austin Metroplex.

As of the 2020 U.S. census, the Austin–Round Rock–San Marcos MSA is the 26th-largest metropolitan area in the United States, with a total population of 2,352,426. The metropolitan area contains the city of Austin—the fourth-largest city in Texas and the 10th-largest city in the United States with a population of 974,447 people. Austin's largest suburbs are Round Rock, Cedar Park, Georgetown, San Marcos, Leander, and Pflugerville.
Gozdzki-de Nassau Palace
The Gozdzki-de Nassau Palace, originally known as the Lubomirski Palace and also called the Dynasowski Palace, was formerly a palace in Warsaw, Poland. The building was located within the jurydyka of Aleksandria, near Krakowskie Przedmieście street. Today, its site is occupied by two tenement houses at Sewerynów Street, numbers 4 and 6.

Krakowskie Przedmieście
Krakowskie Przedmieście (Polish) (Polish pronunciation: [kraˈkɔfskʲɛ pʂɛdˈmjɛɕt͡ɕɛ] ⓘ, lit. 'Kraków Fore-town') is one of the best known
streets of Poland's capital Warsaw, surrounded by historic palaces, churches and manor-houses. It constitutes the northernmost part of Warsaw's Royal Route, and links the Old Town and Royal Castle (at Castle Square) with some of the most notable institutions in Warsaw, including, proceeding southward, the Presidential Palace, Warsaw University, and the Polish Academy of Sciences headquartered in the Staszic Palace. The immediate southward extension of the street along the Royal Route is New World Street.

Several other Polish cities also have streets named Krakowskie Przedmieście. In Lublin, it is the main and most elegant street. Other cities include Piotrków Trybunalski, Bochnia, Krasnystaw, Olkusz, Sieradz and Wieluń.
Khao Chi Chan Junction railway station
Khao Chi Chan Junction railway station is a railway station located in Bang Sare Subdistrict, Sattahip District, Chon Buri. It is a class 3 railway station located 180.0 km (111.8 mi) from Bangkok railway station. The station opened in July 1989 as part of the Eastern Line Chachoengsao Junction–Sattahip Port section. It is the junction for the Chuk Samet Main Line and the Map Ta Phut Port Line.

Chachoengsao Junction railway station
Chachoengsao Junction station (Thai: สถานีชุมทางฉะเชิงเทรา, RTGS: Sathani Chumthang Chachoengsao) is a railway station in eastern Thailand on the State Railway of Thailand's Eastern Line. It is located in Na Mueang Sub-district, Mueang Chachoengsao District, Chachoengsao Province. Its former name was Paet Riu. The station is a class 1 railway station 70 km (43.5 mi) from Bangkok railway station.
Thomas Herbert Johnson
Thomas Herbert Johnson (April 27, 1902 – January 3, 1985) was an American scholar, teacher, editor, and bibliographer who specialized in American literature.

His primary contributions include the rediscovery of the Puritan poet Edward Taylor (c. 1664–1729), whose poems he edited and published as The Poetical Works of Edward Taylor (1939). Johnson also served as co-editor of Literary History of the United States (1948, 3 vols.), for which he compiled the third volume, the Bibliography; and his editions of the writings of Emily Dickinson (1830–1886) comprising the Poems (1955, 3 vols.) and the Letters (1958, 3 vols.). In 1955, he published Emily Dickinson: An Interpretive Biography. Before Johnson’s work, no accurate and complete edition of Dickinson’s poems or letters had been published. He also authored The Oxford Companion to American History (1966).

Edward Taylor
Edward Taylor (c.1642 – June 29, 1729) was a colonial American poet, pastor and physician of English origin. His work remained unpublished for some 200 years but since then has established him as one of the foremost writers of his time. His poetry has been characterized as "American Baroque" as well as Metaphysical.
Howard Weinstein
Howard M. Weinstein (born 1953) is an American bridge player from Chicago, Illinois. He is a graduate of University of Minnesota. He is related to Josh (J. Elvis) Weinstein from Mystery Science Theater 3000.

J. Elvis Weinstein
Joshua Stuart "Josh" Weinstein (born May 21, 1971), known professionally as J. Elvis Weinstein, is an American writer and performer, best known for his roles as Dr. Laurence Erhardt and the original puppeteer and voice for Tom Servo and Gypsy on Mystery Science Theater 3000.
Linear dynamical system
Linear dynamical systems are dynamical systems whose evolution functions are linear.  While dynamical systems, in general, do not have closed-form solutions, linear dynamical systems can be solved exactly, and they have a rich set of mathematical properties.  Linear systems can also be used to understand the qualitative behavior of general dynamical systems, by calculating the equilibrium points of the system and approximating it as a linear system around each such point.

Closed-form expression
In mathematics, a closed form expression or formula is one that is formed with constants, variables, and a set of functions considered as basic and connected by arithmetic operations (+, −, ×, /, and integer powers) and function composition. Commonly, the basic functions that are allowed in closed forms are nth root, exponential function, logarithm, and trigonometric functions. However, the set of basic functions depends on the context. For example, if one adds polynomial roots to the basic functions, the functions that have a closed form are called elementary functions.

The closed-form problem arises when new ways are introduced for specifying mathematical objects, such as limits, series, and integrals: given an object specified with such tools, a natural problem is to find, if possible, a closed-form expression of this object; that is, an expression of this object in terms of previous ways of specifying it.
Janusz Karweta
Janusz Karweta (born 20 March 1988 in Oświęcim, Poland) is a Polish former competitive pair skater. He competed with Krystyna Klimczak. They are the 2007 Polish national silver medalists. They have competed internationally on the junior level at both Junior Grand Prix events and at the World Junior Figure Skating Championships and received the host wildcard entry to the 2007-2008 Junior Grand Prix Final, where they placed 9th. He also competed as a singles skater at the national level.

Although they placed ninth on the day, they were later moved up a spot to an eighth-place finish at the 2007-2008 Junior Grand Prix Final following the retroactive disqualification of first-place-finishers Vera Bazarova & Yuri Larionov due to a positive doping sample from Larionov.

Vera Bazarova
Vera Yevgenyevna Bazarova (Russian: Ве́ра Евге́ньевна База́рова, born 28 January 1993) is a Russian pair skater. With former partner Yuri Larionov, she is the 2012–13 Grand Prix Final silver medalist, a three-time European medalist (silver in 2012; bronze in 2011 and 2014), the 2007 World Junior silver medalist, and the 2012 Russian national champion. They won six senior Grand Prix series medals outside the final, including gold at the 2012 NHK Trophy. After their partnership ended, Bazarova competed with Andrei Deputat.
School of Psychology and Sport Science, Bangor University
The School of Psychology and Sport Science is the school of psychology, clinical psychology, and sports science at Bangor University and is one of the largest psychology departments of any university in the United Kingdom. The school forms a large part of the College of Medicine and Health. In the latest Research Assessment Exercise, the School's Ph.D. program placed 9th overall within the UK.

The PsyPag Annual Conference of 2011 was held at Bangor University, hosted by the School.

Research Assessment Exercise
The Research Assessment Exercise (RAE) was an exercise undertaken approximately every five years on behalf of the four UK higher education funding councils (HEFCE, SHEFC, HEFCW, DELNI) to evaluate the quality of research undertaken by British higher education institutions. RAE submissions from each subject area (or unit of assessment) are given a rank by a subject specialist peer review panel. The rankings are used to inform the allocation of quality weighted research funding (QR) each higher education institution receives from their national funding council.  Previous RAEs took place in 1986, 1989, 1992, 1996 and 2001. The most recent results were published in December 2008. It was replaced by the Research Excellence Framework (REF) in 2014.

Various media have produced league tables of institutions and disciplines based on the 2008 RAE results. Different methodologies lead to similar but non-identical rankings.