hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Periodisation of Roman civilisation
The periodisation of Roman Civilisation covers historical interpretations developed during the modern era of the Roman res publica, (known as Rome). This incorporates the Roman Kingdom, Roman Republic, Roman Empire, the Western Roman Empire, and the Eastern Roman Empire.

Differing opinions exist on what type of continuity existed across the two-millennia era of Rome's history, as well as when different periods start, what they are called and why they are different. Although Rome the state started in the City of Rome, over time it would expand outside of the city and eventually the city was not part of the state. The dominance and control of the city of Rome underlined some of the contemporary disputes of who could claim to be representing the Roman people, and which continues today in disputes over modern historiography. Competing interpretations have been motivated to define the origin of Western civilization.

Anthony Kaldellis
Anthony Kaldellis (Greek: Αντώνιος Καλδέλλης Antonios Kaldellis; born 29 November 1971) is a Greek-American historian and Byzantinist who is Gaylord Donnelly Distinguished Service Professor in the Department of Classics and the College at the University of Chicago. He is a specialist in Greek historiography, Plato, and Byzantine studies.

As the author of monographs on classical antiquity and the Byzantine Empire, Kaldellis has called into question a commonly accepted view of Byzantium as an absolutist world; he considers instead the Byzantine Empire a "bottom-up monarchy", where the common people have a good share in government, since emperors impose laws by acknowledging their customs and demands.
Avening Valley
The Avening Valley is located in the South Cotswolds in England, running roughly east from Nailsworth and through the village of Avening.

During the 17th century, the cloth industry developed in the Avening Valley, with mills powered by the Avening Stream. One of the larger cloth mills was named the Holcombe Mill (an old "gig" mill), which was adapted in 1879 for the manufacture of bedding. Another mill was located at Longfords Mills, Minchinhampton.

Gig-mill
A gig-mill (gigging machine, napping machine) was a type of raising machine that used teasels to produce a nap on cloth. Examples of the results of gigging are woolen fabrics such as chinchilla, beaver cloth, and melton. The process involved gradual teasing of the surface to raise the nap. Spelling in some localities is "Gigg".
Dennis Young (curator)
Dennis Young (October  1, 1928 –  2021) was a curator of contemporary art at the Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto who afterwards established the art history program at the Nova Scotia College of Art (NSCAD), Halifax.

Jack Chambers (artist)
John Richard Chambers RCA (March 25, 1931 – April 13, 1978) was an artist and filmmaker. Born in London, Ontario, Chambers' painting style shifted from surrealist-influenced to photo-realist-influenced. He used the term "Perceptual Realism" and later "perceptualism" to describe his style. He began working with film in the 1960s, completing six by 1970. Stan Brakhage proclaimed Chambers' The Hart of London as "one of the greatest films ever made."
Hiroshi Saitō (governor)
Hiroshi Saitō (斎藤 弘, Saitō Hiroshi, born October 18, 1957) is a Japanese politician who served as the governor of Yamagata Prefecture.

Saitō was born in Yamagata. After graduating from Tokyo University of Foreign Studies in 1981, he worked at the Bank of Japan. He received Master of International Public Policy and Master of Arts degrees from the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies at the Johns Hopkins University in 1989 and 1990, respectively.

He was elected as governor of Yamagata in 2005, and then defeated for reelection in an upset by Mieko Yoshimura.

Yamagata (city)
Yamagata (山形市, Yamagata-shi) is the capital city of Yamagata Prefecture located in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan. As of 1 August 2023, the city had an estimated population of 242,505 in 103,165 households, and a population density of 636 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 381.58 square kilometres (147 sq mi).
2020 Hungarian Grand Prix
The 2020 Hungarian Grand Prix (officially known as the Formula 1 Aramco Magyar Nagydíj 2020) was a Formula One motor race held on 19 July 2020 at the Hungaroring in Mogyoród, Hungary. The race was the third round of the 2020 Formula One World Championship, the 36th running of the Hungarian Grand Prix and the 35th time the race had been run as a World Championship event since the inaugural season in 1950. Lewis Hamilton was the defending race winner and the eventual winner of this Grand Prix, Hamilton's second successive win of the 2020 season and his eighth at the Hungaroring.

Mogyoród
Mogyoród is a village in Pest County, Hungary. The Battle of Mogyoród took place here on 14 March 1074, between Solomon, King of Hungary and his cousins Géza and Ladislaus, who were claiming rights to the throne. To commemorate the victory, László Benchmarks were installed, establishing a monastery on Klastrom mountain. Among the sights of the village is the Roman Catholic church, built between 1745 and 1749, the statue of St John of Nepomuk, carved from stone, and the Baroque parish built by the Bishop of Vác. The Hungaroring race track is located in the town, home to the Hungarian Grand Prix.
Asian Men's Volleyball Championship
The Asian Men's Volleyball Championship is an international volleyball competition in Asia and Oceania contested by the senior men's national teams of the members of Asian Volleyball Confederation (AVC), the sport's continent governing body. The initial gap between championships was four years, but since 1987 they have been awarded every two years. The top three teams qualified for the FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship. The current champion is Japan, which won its tenth title at the 2023 tournament.

Asian Volleyball Confederation
The Asian Volleyball Confederation (AVC) is one of five continental governing bodies in volleyball. It governs indoor volleyball, beach volleyball, and other disciplines in Asia and Oceania, excluding the transcontinental countries of Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russia, and Turkey, as well as the West Asian countries of Armenia, Cyprus, and Israel. The AVC consists of 65 national association members.

The AVC consists of the national volleyball federations of Asia and Oceania, and club competitions including the Asian Volleyball Championships, Nations Cup, and Champions League, and also controls the prize money, regulations, as well as media rights to those competitions.

Masaichi Nishikawa acted as the first president. The current president is Ramon Suzara, a Philippine National Volleyball Federation president, who was elected as AVC's ninth president at the 25th AVC General Assembly in Bangkok in August 2024.
Louis I, Duke of Bourbon
Louis I, called the Lame (1279 – 1341) was a French prince du sang, Count of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis and La Marche and the first Duke of Bourbon, as well as briefly the titular King of Thessalonica from 1320 to 1321.

Prince du sang
A prince du sang (French pronunciation: [pʁɛ̃s dy sɑ̃]) or prince of the blood is a person legitimately descended in male line from a sovereign. The female equivalent is princesse du sang (princess of the blood), being applied to the daughter of a prince of the blood. The most prominent examples include members of the French royal line, but the term prince of the blood has been used in other families more generally, for example among the British royal family and when referring to the Shinnōke in Japan.

In some European kingdoms, especially France, this appellation was a specific rank in its own right, with a more restricted use than other titles.  In France, such rank recognised succession to the throne, should the main male royal line fail, as with the House of Valois succeeded by the House of Bourbon.
2019 Russian National Freestyle Wrestling Championships
The Russian National Freestyle Wrestling Championships 2019 (also known as the Russian Nationals 2019) was held in Sochi, Krasnodar Krai by the Russian Wrestling Federation at the Iceberg Skating Palace between 5 July to 7 July 2019.

All of the members of the European Games 2019 were released from Russian Nationals (Zaur Uguev, Akhmed Chakaev, Zaurbek Sidakov, Dauren Kurugliev, Abdulrashid Sadulaev and Anzor Khizriev). They faced Russian National champions for making World Team.

Zaurbek Sidakov
Zaurbek Sidakov (born 14 March 1996) is a Russian freestyle wrestler, who competes at 74 kilograms. Sidakov is the 2020 Olympic champion in the 74 kg and a three-time World Champion, claiming his titles in 2018 and 2019 and 2023.

Sidakov is also a European Games Gold medalist, World Cup champion, three-time Russian National Champion, three-time Ivan Yarygin International champion (four-time finalist, five-time medalist), Military World Champion and U23 European Champion (two-time finalist).

Sidakov has supported the Russian invasion of Ukraine by participating in a pro-war rally in Luzhniki Stadium in March 2022.
Sam J. Miller
Sam J. Miller (born February 7, 1979) is an American science fiction, fantasy and horror short fiction author.  His stories have appeared in publications such as Clarkesworld, Asimov's Science Fiction, and Lightspeed, along with over 15 "year's best" story collections.  He was finalist for multiple Nebula Awards along with the World Fantasy and Theodore Sturgeon Awards. He won the 2013 Shirley Jackson Award for his short story "57 Reasons for the Slate Quarry Suicides." His debut novel, The Art of Starving, was published in 2017 and his novel Blackfish City won the 2019 John W. Campbell Memorial Award.

Locus Award for Best Short Story
The Locus Award for Best Short Story is one of a series of Locus Awards given every year by Locus Magazine. Awards presented in a given year are for works published in the previous calendar year.

Originally known as the Locus Award for Best Short Fiction, the first award in this category was presented in 1971.
Boxpok
A Boxpok is a steam locomotive wheel that gains its strength through being made of a number of box sections rather than having traditional solid spokes (the name is a variation on "box-spoke").  Being hollow, they allow better counterbalancing and stability  than conventional drivers, which is important for fast locomotives.  The Boxpok wheel was patented by General Steel Castings Corporation of Granite City, Illinois.

Spoke
A spoke is one of some number of rods radiating from the center of a wheel (the hub where the axle connects), connecting the hub with the round traction surface.

The term originally referred to portions of a log that had been riven (split lengthwise) into four or six sections. The radial members of a wagon wheel were made by carving a spoke (from a log) into their finished shape. A spokeshave is a tool originally developed for this purpose. Eventually, the term spoke was more commonly applied to the finished product of the wheelwright's work than to the materials they used.
Fort Aguada
Fort Aguada is a seventeenth-century Portuguese-era fort, built in 1612, along with a lighthouse, standing in Goa, India, on Sinquerim Beach, overlooking the Arabian Sea. It is an ASI protected Monument of National Importance in Goa.

Mandovi River
The Mandovi (IPA: Konkani pronunciation: [maːɳɖɔwĩː]) or Mahadayi (IPA: Kannada pronunciation: [məɦəd̪ɑːji]),  formerly known as the Rio de Goa, is a river described as the lifeline of the Indian state of Goa. The Mandovi and the Zuari are the two principal rivers in the state of Goa. The Mandovi joins the Zuari at a common creek at Cabo Aguada, forming the Mormugao harbour. Panaji, the state capital, and Old Goa, the former capital of Goa, are both situated on the left bank of the Mandovi.
Sanjay Narvekar
Sanjay Narvekar (born 1962) is an Indian actor who works in Hindi and Marathi cinema. He mainly is a Marathi actor, who works in TV shows, plays and films.

His portrayal of Raghu (Sanjay Dutt)'s sidekick, "Dedh Footia" (lit. One and a half-footer, referring to the short stature of his character) in the popular Hindi film Vaastav (1999) was praised by critics and audiences.

StarPlus
StarPlus is an Indian Hindi-language general entertainment pay television channel owned by JioStar, a joint venture between Reliance Industries, Viacom18 and Disney India. Its programming consists of family dramas, romantic comedies, youth-oriented reality shows, shows on crime and television films.
Joseph Clayton Clark
Joseph Clayton Clark (1857— 8 August 1937), who worked under the pseudonym "Kyd", was a British artist best known for his illustrations of characters from the novels of Charles Dickens. The artwork was published in magazines or sold as watercolor paintings, rather than included in an edition of the novels.

The Old Curiosity Shop
The Old Curiosity Shop is the fourth novel by English author Charles Dickens; being one of his two novels (the other being Barnaby Rudge) published along with short stories in his weekly serial Master Humphrey's Clock, from 1840 to 1841. It was so popular that New York readers reputedly stormed the wharf when the ship bearing the final instalment arrived in 1841.

The Old Curiosity Shop was printed in book form in 1841 in two volumes. Queen Victoria read the novel that year and found it "very interesting and cleverly written".

The plot follows the journey of Nell Trent and her grandfather, both residents of The Old Curiosity Shop in London, whose lives are thrown into disarray and destitution due to the machinations of an evil moneylender and the grandfather's addiction to gambling.
Loco (Fun Lovin' Criminals album)
Loco is the third studio album by American rap rock band Fun Lovin' Criminals. It was released on March 6, 2001, via Chrysalis Records. Recording sessions took place at The Magic Shop in New York and at Hyperbolic Studios in Maui. Production was handled by the band themselves, with Tim Latham serving as additional producer.

Chrysalis Records
Chrysalis Records (/ˈkrɪsəlɪs/) is a British independent record label that was founded in 1968. The name is both a reference to the pupal stage of a butterfly and a combination of its founders' names, Chris Wright and Terry Ellis. It started as the Ellis-Wright Agency.
Bill Hennessy (Kilkenny hurler)
William Hennessy (born 13 May 1968) is an Irish former hurler. At club level he played with Tullaroan and was also a member of the Kilkenny senior hurling team. After beginning his career at wing-back he later lined out at midfield.

1992 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship
The All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship of 1992 was the 106th staging of Ireland's premier hurling knock-out competition. Kilkenny won the championship, beating Cork 3–10 to 1–12 in the final at Croke Park, Dublin.
Indian Journal of Human Genetics
The Indian Journal of Human Genetics is a peer-reviewed open access medical journal published by Medknow Publications on behalf of the Indian Society of Human Genetics. It covers all aspects of human genetics.

Medknow Publications
Medknow Publications also known as Wolters Kluwer Medknow or simply Medknow, is a publisher of academic journals on behalf of learned societies and associations. Previously an independent Indian publisher, Medknow is now part of Wolters Kluwer's Health Division, under Wolters Kluwer India.

Medknow is not a member of the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association. Some, but not all of its journals are listed in the Directory of Open Access Journals. The publisher briefly appeared on Beall's list in 2011, but was taken down, being described as "[a] publisher for many well-respected Indian professional societies and is disseminating abundant, high-quality research."
Corcovado (song)
"Corcovado" (known in English as "Quiet Nights of Quiet Stars") is a bossa nova song and jazz standard written by Antônio Carlos Jobim in 1960. English lyrics were later written by Gene Lees. The Portuguese title refers to the Corcovado mountain in Rio de Janeiro.

Tony Bennett recorded the first popular English cover of "Quiet Nights" with new lyrics by Buddy Kaye in 1963. Numerous English cover recordings then followed sometimes credited to Lees and/or Kaye and Lees, including the Andy Williams recording of the song with English lyrics, reaching #92 in the Billboard Hot 100 and #18 in the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart in 1965. Also receiving air-play, contemporaneously with Andy Williams' recording of "Quiet Nights," was Kitty Kallen's version. Her album, titled "Quiet Nights," was released by 20th Century-Fox Records in 1964.

João Gilberto
João Gilberto do Prado Pereira de Oliveira (/ˈʒwaʊn ʒɪlˈbɛərtoʊ/ ZHWOWN zhil-BAIR-toh; Portuguese: [ʒuˈɐ̃w ʒiwˈbɛʁtu]; 10 June 1931 – 6 July 2019), known as João Gilberto,  was a Brazilian guitarist, singer, and composer who was a pioneer of the musical genre of bossa nova in the late 1950s. Around the world, he was often called the "father of bossa nova"; in his native Brazil, he was referred to as "O Mito" (The Myth).
In 1965, the album Getz/Gilberto was the first jazz record to win the Grammy Award for Album of the Year. It also won Best Jazz Instrumental Album – Individual or Group and Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical.
Gilberto's Amoroso was nominated for a Grammy in 1978 in the category Best Jazz Vocal Performance. In 2001 he won in the Best World Music Album category with João voz e violão.
Cuban Spanish
Cuban Spanish is the variety of the Spanish language as it is spoken in Cuba.  As a Caribbean variety of Spanish, Cuban Spanish shares a number of features with nearby varieties, including coda weakening and neutralization, non-inversion of Wh-questions, and a lower rate of dropping of subject pronouns compared to other Spanish varieties. As a variety spoken in Latin America, it has seseo and lacks the vosotros pronoun.

Spanish personal pronouns
Spanish personal pronouns have distinct forms according to whether they stand for the subject (nominative) or object, and third-person pronouns make an additional distinction for direct object (accusative) or indirect object (dative), and for reflexivity as well. Several pronouns also have special forms used after prepositions.

Spanish is a pro-drop language with respect to subject pronouns, and, like many European languages, Spanish makes a T-V distinction in second person pronouns that has no equivalent in modern English. Object pronouns can be both clitic and non-clitic, with non-clitic forms carrying greater emphasis.  With clitic pronouns, proclitic forms are much more common, but enclitic forms are mandatory in certain situations. There is significant regional variation in the use of personal pronouns, especially second-person pronouns.
Al-Erada Square
Al-Erada Square (also known as Erada Square) is a public gathering square in Kuwait City, Kuwait, located in front of the Kuwait National Assembly Building. It is notable for being the location of Arab Spring protests in Kuwait. Among other events, it was the site of assembly of protesters who entered parliament calling for the resignation of prime minister Nasser Al-Sabah.

Kuwait National Assembly Building
The Kuwait National Assembly Building is the building that housed the National Assembly of Kuwait.

Designed by Danish architect Jørn Utzon in 1972, it was completed in 1982 under the direction of his son Jan. The structural design was by Max Walt. The building was seriously damaged in February 1991 when retreating Iraqi troops set it on fire but has since been restored.
Talipariti
Talipariti was a genus of plants in the mallow family Malvaceae. It is now considered to be a synonym of Hibiscus, in which case its species form the section Hibiscus sect. Azanzae. There were about 22 species, exclusively tropical except for one species whose range extends into temperate areas of Japan and Korea.

Malvaceae
Malvaceae (/mælˈveɪsi.iː, -ˌaɪ/), or the mallows, is a family of flowering plants estimated to contain 244 genera with 4225 known species. Well-known members of economic importance include cacao, cola, cotton, okra, roselle and durian. There are also some genera containing familiar ornamentals, such as Alcea (hollyhock), Malva (mallow), and Tilia (lime or linden tree). The genera with the largest numbers of species include Hibiscus (434 species), Pavonia (291 species), Sida (275 species), Ayenia (216 species), Dombeya (197 species), and Sterculia (181 species).
Academic ranks in Russia
Academic ranks in Russia (also called scientific ranks) are the conferred titles, indicating relative importance and power of professors, researchers, and administrative personnel in Russian academia and scientific institutions. The rank “certifies” the demonstrated ability of an individual to function in the specific academic position(s).

Candidate of Sciences
A Candidate of Sciences is a PhD-equivalent academic research degree established by the Soviet Union. Since the 1990s, it has been replaced by a Doctor of Philosophy degree in many post-soviet Central and Eastern European countries, but is still offered in others, particularly Russia. It is officially classified by UNESCO as ISCED level 8: doctoral or equivalent. In countries that confer a Candidate of Sciences degree, a more advanced degree, Doctor of Sciences, is usually conferred as a higher doctorate.

The Candidate of Sciences degree may be recognized as a Doctor of Philosophy, usually in natural sciences, by scientific institutions in other countries.
Comp (command)
In computing, comp is a command used on DEC OS/8, DOS, DR FlexOS, IBM OS/2, Microsoft Windows and related computer operating systems such as ReactOS. It is used to perform comparisons of multiple computer files to show the differences between them.

Computer file
A computer file is a named collection of data treated as a unit by the system that manages it. Today, this system is called a file system. Many older computer systems lacked a distinct file system per se, yet a management feature is required in order to provide a file abstraction.

Files can be shared with and transferred between computers and mobile devices via removable media, networks, or the Internet.

Different types of computer files are designed for different purposes. A file may be designed to store a written message, a document, a spreadsheet, an image, a video, a program, or any wide variety of other kinds of data. Certain files can store multiple data types at once.

By using computer programs, a person can open, read, change, save, and close a computer file. Computer files may be reopened, modified, and copied an arbitrary number of times.
Caulk
Caulk (also known as caulking and calking) is a material used to seal joints or seams against leakage in various structures and piping.

The oldest form of caulk consisted of fibrous materials driven into the wedge-shaped seams between boards on wooden boats or ships. Cast iron sewerage pipes were formerly caulked in a similar way. Riveted seams in ships and boilers were formerly sealed by hammering the metal.

Modern caulking compounds are flexible sealing compounds used to close up gaps in buildings and other structures against water, air, dust, and insects, or as a component in firestopping. In the tunneling industry, caulking is the sealing of joints in segmental precast concrete tunnels, commonly by using concrete.

Ship
A ship  is a large watercraft designed for travel across the surface of a body of water, carrying cargo or passengers, or in support of specialized tasks such as warfare, oceanography and fishing. Ships are generally distinguished from boats, based on size, shape, load capacity and purpose. Ships have supported exploration, trade, warfare, migration, colonization, and science. Ship transport is responsible for the largest portion of world commerce.

The word ship has meant, depending on era and context, either simply a large vessel or specifically a full-rigged ship with three or more masts, each of which is square rigged.

The earliest historical evidence of boats is found in Egypt during the 4th millennium BC. In 2024, ships had a global cargo capacity of 2.4 billion tons, with the three largest classes being ships carrying dry bulk (43%), oil tankers (28%) and container ships (14%).