hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Villa, Viljandi County
Villa is a village in Viljandi Parish, Viljandi County, Estonia. Until the 2017 administrative reform of Estonian municipalities the village was located in Tarvastu Parish. It is located 20 km (12 miles) southeast of the town of Viljandi and 3.8 km (2 miles) north of the small borough of Mustla, near the western shore of Lake Võrtsjärv. Neighboring villages include Holstre and Tarvastu. The population of Villa as of 2011 was 148, a decrease from 161 during the 2000 census.

Viljandi
Viljandi (Estonian pronunciation: [ˈvilʲːjɑnʲːdi]) is a city and municipality in southern Estonia with a population of 17,255 in 2024. It is the capital of Viljandi County and is geographically located between two major Estonian cities, Pärnu and Tartu.

The town was first mentioned in 1283, upon being granted its town charter by Wilhelm von Endorpe. The town became a member of the Hanseatic League at the beginning of the 14th century, and is one of five Estonian cities and cities in the league. The once influential Estonian newspaper Sakala was founded in Viljandi in 1878.
Boxing at the 1955 Pan American Games
The Men's Boxing Tournament at the 1955 Pan American Games was held in Mexico City, Mexico, from March 12 to March 26, with the inclusion of two new weight divisions (Light Welterweight and Light Middleweight) to the existing eight.

1955 Pan American Games
The 1955 Pan American Games, officially known as II Pan American Games (Spanish: II Juegos Panamericanos) and commonly known as Mexico 1955 (Spanish: México 1955), opened on March 12, 1955, at University Stadium in Mexico City, Mexico, in front of a capacity crowd of 100,000 spectators.

A total of 2,583 athletes from 22 nations marched in review and formed ranks upon the infield. The nations paraded into the stadium in Spanish alphabetical order:  Argentina, Bahamas, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Chile, El Salvador, United States, Guatemala, Haiti, Jamaica, Netherlands Antilles, Panama, Paraguay, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela, and Mexico. The hot sun, combined with the high altitude, caused two members of the U.S. team to collapse. Both quickly recovered.
Berlin–Szczecin railway
The Berlin–Szczecin railway, also known in German as the Stettiner Bahn (Stettin Railway), is a mainline railway connecting the German capital of Berlin with the Polish port city of Szczecin. It is one of the oldest lines in Germany.

It was built by the Berlin-Stettin Railway Company under the Kingdom of Prussia in 1842 and 1843 and was the company's trunk line. The line was duplicated between Berlin and Angermünde in 1863 and between Angermünde and Szczecin in 1873.

The line is still used by regional trains on the Berlin–Angermünde route (some to or from Stralsund) and on the Angermünde–Szczecin route as well as the long-distance trains on the entire Berlin–Szczecin line. Between central Berlin and the suburban station of Bernau the line also has its own suburban tracks used by the Berlin S-Bahn. The line is also a major route for the transport of freight between Germany and Poland. Except for the section between Passow and Szczecin Gumieńce the entire route is electrified.

Berlin Bornholmer Straße station
Berlin Bornholmer Straße (German: Bahnhof Bornholmer Straße) is a railway station in the Prenzlauer Berg district of Berlin, Germany. It is served by the Berlin S-Bahn and the M13 and 50 lines of the Berlin Straßenbahn.
Georg Semper
Georg Semper (August 3, 1837 in Altona, Hamburg – February 21, 1909) was a German entomologist who specialised in Lepidoptera.

His Philippine Lepidoptera are in Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt am Main and his Indomalaya and Australasia specimens are in Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde Dresden. His European insects are in Museum Schleswig-Holstein, Landesk and in the zoological collections of the University of Hamburg. 
He wrote "Beitrag zur Rhopalocerenfauna von Australien" in the Journal des Museum Godeffroy 14: 138-194, pls 8, 9 (1878) and Die Schmetterlinge der Philippinischen Inseln. Beitrage zur Indo-Malayischen Lepidopteren-fauna. Zweiter Band. Die Nachtfalter. Heterocera Reisen Archipel. Philipp. 2: 381-728 (1896–1902). He worked in association with Museum Godeffroy.

Otto Semper and Carl Semper were his half brothers by their father's first wife.

Naturmuseum Senckenberg
The Naturmuseum Senckenberg (SMF) is a museum of natural history, located in Frankfurt am Main. It is the second-largest natural history museum in Germany. In the two years 2022–2023, 874,276 people visited the museum, which is owned by the Senckenberg Nature Research Society. Senckenberg's slogan is "world of biodiversity". As of 2019, the museum exhibits 18 reconstructed dinosaurs.
Masha (woreda)
Masha is one of the woredas in the South West Ethiopia Peoples' Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Sheka Zone, Masha is bordered on the south by Anderacha, on the west and north by the Oromia Region, and on the east by the Keffa Zone. Towns in Masha include Masha. Masha was part of former Masha Anderacha woreda.

Districts of Ethiopia
Districts of Ethiopia, also called woredas (Amharic: ወረዳ; Oromo: woreda), are the third level of the administrative divisions of Ethiopia – after zones and the regional states.

These districts are further subdivided into a number of wards called kebele neighbourhood associations, which are the smallest unit of local government in Ethiopia.
2017–18 Damehåndboldligaen
The 2017–18 Damehåndboldligaen (known as HTH GO Ligaen for sponsorship reasons) was the 82nd season of Damehåndboldligaen, Denmark's premier handball league. Nykøbing Falster Håndboldklub were the defending champions. Following SK Aarhus's bankruptcy, Aarhus United overtook their license and therefore their position in the league.

København Håndbold won their first ever title, when they beat Odense Håndbold in the final. There were no relegated teams, as Ajax København won the relegation play off against SønderjyskE Håndbold.

Ajax København
Ajax København is a handball club based in southwestern Copenhagen, Denmark, consisting of both a women's and a men's team. As of the 2025–26 season, the women's team compete in 1st Division, the second highest women's league in Denmark. The men's team went bankrupt in 2022, and were therefore relegated to the 3rd Division, the fourth tier of Danish handball. Ajax København play their home matches in Bavnehøj-Hallen.
Aviation in France
Aviation in France dates back to the early 1900s the country's first flight was recorded by Louis Blériot in 1909. There were approximately 478 airports in France as of 2004.

Among the airspace governance authorities active in France, one is Aéroports de Paris, which has authority over the Paris region, managing 14 airports including the two busiest in France, Charles de Gaulle Airport and Orly Airport. The former, located in Roissy near Paris, is the fifth busiest airport in the world with 60 million passenger movements in 2008, and France's primary international airport, serving over 100 airlines.

The national carrier of France is Air France, a full service global airline which flies to 20 domestic destinations and 150 international destinations in 83 countries (including Overseas departments and territories of France) across all 6 major continents.

Paris Aéroport
Paris Aéroport (French pronunciation: [paʁi aeʁɔpɔʁ]), formerly Aéroports de Paris (ADP), is the passenger brand subsidiary of Groupe ADP which operated the airports of Paris and its region, including Paris–Charles de Gaulle, Paris–Orly and Paris–Le Bourget. The company is headquartered at Charles de Gaulle Airport, Tremblay-en-France, Seine-Saint-Denis, in the Paris metropolitan area.
Hsaing waing
The hsaing waing (Burmese: ဆိုင်းဝိုင်း, pronounced [sʰáiɰ̃ wáiɰ̃]; also spelt hsaing waing), commonly known as the Burmese traditional orchestra (မြန်မာ့ဆိုင်း), is a traditional Burmese folk musical ensemble that accompanies numerous forms of rituals, performances, and ceremonies in modern-day Myanmar (Burma).

Hsaing waing musicians use a hemitonic and anhemitonic scale similar to the one used by Indonesian gamelan musicians. The ensemble's principal instruments, including the pat waing, kyi waing, and hne, each play variations on a single melody (heterophony).

Pentatonic scale
A pentatonic scale is a musical scale with five notes per octave, in contrast to heptatonic scales, which have seven notes per octave (such as the major scale and minor scale).

Pentatonic scales were developed independently by many ancient civilizations and are still used in various musical styles to this day. As Leonard Bernstein put it: "The universality of this scale is so well known that I'm sure you could give me examples of it, from all corners of the earth, as from Scotland, or from China, or from Africa, and from American Indian cultures, from East Indian cultures, from Central and South America, Australia, Finland ... now, that is a true musico-linguistic universal." There are two types of pentatonic scales: those with semitones (hemitonic) and those without (anhemitonic).
Musica Nova Festival, Glasgow
Musica Nova is a triennial festival of contemporary music presented jointly by Glasgow University and the Scottish National Orchestra. The new music festival in Glasgow was founded in 1961 as Musica Viva by Alexander Gibson with help from Scottish composer and Professor of Music at Glasgow Robin Orr. It was later transformed into the triennial festival of modern music Musica Nova, with Gibson working this time with Orr's successor, Professor Frederick Rimmer.

Contemporary classical music
Contemporary classical music is Western art music composed close to the present day. At the beginning of the 21st century, it commonly referred to the post-1945 post-tonal music after the death of Anton Webern, and included serial music, electronic music, experimental music, and minimalist music. Newer forms of music include spectral music and post-minimalism.
European Cemetery
The European Cemetery or Ambala Christian Cemetery, established around 1843, is a state protected monument at Ambala district in Haryana. The occupancy right and management of the Cemetery is with the British High Commission. There are 66 graves of martyrs of World War I. The war graves comes under the protection of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission ( CWGC). It is also known as a military cemetery, as there are many graves and monuments erected in the memory of soldiers served in the Indian Army of the British era. The graves found here are in the European Architecture. After Independence, the Cemetery is taken care by Ambala Cemetery Committee  and the Honorary Secretary of the Committee is the Parish Priest of Holy Redeemer Church (Catholic Church) and maintains approximately 200,000 graves in the cemetery.

Ambala district
Ambala district is one of the 22 districts of Haryana state in the country of India with Ambala town serving as the administrative headquarters of the district. District Ambala lies on the North-Eastern edge of Haryana and borders Punjab and Himachal Pradesh. Ambala district is a part of Ambala Division.
Scartezzini
Scartezzini is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Jean-Louis Scartezzini (born 1957),  Swiss building physicist

Mariano Scartezzini (born 1954), Italian long-distance runner

Michele Scartezzini (born 1992), Italian cyclist

Mariano Scartezzini
Mariano Scartezzini (born 7 November 1954) is a retired long-distance runner from Italy, who mainly competed in the men's 3,000 metres Steeplechase event.

He won seven medals, at senior level, at the International athletics competitions.
Ecophysiology
Ecophysiology (from Greek οἶκος, oikos, "house(hold)"; φύσις, physis, "nature, origin"; and -λογία, -logia), environmental physiology or physiological ecology is a biological discipline that studies the response of an organism's physiology to environmental conditions.  It is closely related to comparative physiology and evolutionary physiology. Ernst Haeckel's coinage bionomy is sometimes employed as a synonym.

Photoinhibition
Photoinhibition is light-induced reduction in the photosynthetic capacity of a plant, alga, or cyanobacterium. Photosystem II (PSII) is more sensitive to light than the rest of the photosynthetic machinery, and most researchers define the term as light-induced damage to PSII. In living organisms, photoinhibited PSII centres are continuously repaired via degradation and synthesis of the D1 protein of the photosynthetic reaction center of PSII. Photoinhibition is also used in a wider sense, as dynamic photoinhibition, to describe all reactions that decrease the efficiency of photosynthesis when plants are exposed to light.
Harvard Psilocybin Project
The Harvard Psilocybin Project was a series of experiments aimed at exploring the effects of psilocybin intake on the human mind conducted by Timothy Leary and Richard Alpert. The founding board of the project consisted of Leary, Aldous Huxley, David McClelland (Leary's and Alpert's superior at Harvard University), Frank Barron, Ralph Metzner, and two graduate students who were working on a project with mescaline.

Ralph Metzner
Ralph Metzner (May 18, 1936 – March 14, 2019) was a German-born American psychologist, writer and researcher, who participated in psychedelic research at Harvard University in the early 1960s with Timothy Leary and Richard Alpert (later named Ram Dass). Metzner was a psychotherapist, and Professor Emeritus of psychology at the California Institute of Integral Studies in San Francisco, where he was formerly the Academic Dean and Academic Vice-president.
Dromolaxia
Dromolaxia (Greek: Δρομολαξιά) is a village in the Larnaca District of Cyprus. In 2011, it had a population of 5,064. It is known for being the actual location of Larnaca International Airport, the island's main airport.

Larnaca International Airport
Larnaca International Airport – Glafcos Clerides (IATA: LCA, ICAO: LCLK) is an international airport located 4 km (2.5 mi) southwest of Larnaca, Cyprus. Larnaca International Airport is Cyprus' main international airport and the larger of the two commercial airports in the area controlled by the Republic of Cyprus (the other being Paphos International Airport on the island's southwestern coast) and one of the busiest airports in the Middle East. The airport was given its current name in July 2016, in honour of former President of Cyprus (1993–2003) Glafcos Clerides.
Rhosneigr
Rhosneigr (Welsh: [r̥oːsˈnɛiɡr] ⓘ) is a village in the south-west of  Anglesey, north Wales. It is situated on the A4080 road. It is south-east of Holyhead, and is on the Anglesey Coastal Path. From the clock tower in the village centre, RAF Valley and Holyhead Mountain (Mynydd Twr) can be seen. The towns of Holyhead and Llangefni and the city of Bangor are all within easy travelling distance.

The village contains four caravan sites, three campsites, holiday homes and bungalows, pubs, hotels, cafes, a village hall, a chapel, residential homes, a school, a fire station, a convenience store and post office, a pharmacy and a fish and chip shop. It is served by Rhosneigr railway station.

Holyhead Mountain
Holyhead Mountain (Welsh Mynydd Twr, from mynydd 'mountain, unenclosed land' and twr 'a heap, pile') is the highest point on Holy Island, Anglesey, and in the county of Anglesey, north Wales. It lies about two miles west of the town of Holyhead, and slopes steeply down to the Irish Sea on two sides. Ireland can be seen from here on a clear day and the cliffs below are an important site for seabirds.
Nazzareno Carusi
Nazzareno Carusi (born 9 November 1968) is an Italian pianist. A pupil of Alexis Weissenberg and Victor Merzhanov, he also studied with Lucia Passaglia and Adriano Vendramelli. The classical studies with Ugo Maria Palanza and Vittoriano Esposito and the meetings with the Dominican theologian F. Innocenzo Colosio, pupil of Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange, and Isaac Stern were decisive for his formation.

He is considered among the piano virtuosos, in which, however, strong elements of musical research go beyond the mere domain of the keyboard  and his pianism has been described either as a synthesis between the Russian school of Gilels and Richter and the German tradition of Claudio Arrau, or as the personal expression of a sovereign musical freedom.

Claudio Arrau
Claudio Arrau León (Spanish: [ˈklawðjo aˈraw]; February 6, 1903 – June 9, 1991) was a Chilean and American pianist known for his interpretations of a vast repertoire spanning the baroque to 20th-century composers, especially Bach, Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert, Chopin, Schumann, Liszt and Brahms. He is widely considered one of the greatest pianists of the twentieth century.
Comet Pajdušáková
Comet Pajdušáková or Pajdušáková's Comet, is the name of five comets discovered or co-discovered between 1946 and 1953 by the Czech astronomer, Ludmila Pajdusakova, below:

45P/Honda–Mrkos–Pajdušáková

C/1946 K1 (Pajdušáková–Rotbart–Weber)

C/1948 E1 (Pajdušáková–Mrkos)

C/1951 C1 (Pajdušáková)

C/1953 X1 (Pajdušáková)

45P/Honda–Mrkos–Pajdušáková
45P/Honda–Mrkos–Pajdušáková is a short-period comet discovered by Minoru Honda December 3, 1948. It is named after Minoru Honda, Antonín Mrkos, and Ľudmila Pajdušáková. The object revolves around the Sun on an elliptical orbit with a period of 5.25 years. The nucleus is 1.3 kilometers in diameter. On August 19 and 20, 2011, it became the fifteenth comet detected by ground radar telescope.

During the 1995 perihelion passage, the comet was visible to Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) on January 16, 1996, when the comet was around apparent magnitude 7 and 4.3° from the Sun.

It is green because it emits diatomic carbon which glows green in the near vacuum of space.
USS Pollux (AKS-4)
USS Pollux (AKS-4) was a Castor-class general stores issue ship commissioned by the U.S. Navy for service in World War II. She was responsible for delivering and disbursing goods and equipment to locations in the war zone.

The third ship to be named Pollux by the Navy, AKS–4 was laid down by the Federal Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Co., Kearney, New Jersey as SS Nancy Lykes for Lykes Brothers Steamship Company, 2 October 1941; launched 5 February 1942; acquired by the Navy 19 March; transferred to the Robins Dry Dock and Repair Company, Brooklyn, New York, for conversion; and commissioned 27 April 1942.

China Service Medal
The China Service Medal was a service medal awarded to U.S. Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard personnel. The medal was instituted by Navy Department General Order No. 176 on 1 July 1942.  The medal recognized service in and around China before and after World War II.
Rakovlje
Rakovlje (pronounced [ɾaˈkoːu̯ljɛ]) is a settlement in the Municipality of Braslovče in Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. The municipality is now included in the Savinja Statistical Region.

A small roadside chapel-shrine in the settlement dates to the early 20th century.

Wayside shrine
A wayside shrine is a religious image, usually in some sort of small shelter, placed by a road or pathway, sometimes in a settlement or at a crossroads, but often in the middle of an empty stretch of country road, or at the top of a hill or mountain.  They have been a feature of many cultures, including Chinese folk religious communities, Catholic and Orthodox Europe and some Asian regions.
Donald Rubin
Donald Bruce Rubin (born December 22, 1943) is an Emeritus Professor of Statistics at Harvard University, where he chaired the department of statistics for 13 years. He also works at Tsinghua University in China and at Temple University in Philadelphia.

He is most well known for the Rubin causal model, a set of methods designed for causal inference with observational data, and for his methods for dealing with missing data.

In 1977 he was elected as a Fellow of the American Statistical Association.

Observational study
In fields such as epidemiology, social sciences, psychology  and statistics, an observational study draws inferences from a sample to a population where the independent variable is not under the control of the researcher because of ethical concerns or logistical constraints. One common observational study is about the possible effect of a treatment on subjects, where the assignment of subjects into a treated group versus a control group is outside the control of the investigator. This is in contrast with experiments, such as randomized controlled trials, where each subject is randomly assigned to a treated group or a control group. Observational studies, for lacking an assignment mechanism, naturally present difficulties for inferential analysis.
Cycling at the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games – Men's road race
The men's road race at the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games, was part of the cycling programme, which took place in 1962.

The road race consisted of 40 laps of a 3-mile circuit of Kings Park, Western Australia, although Pathé News states 117 miles.

Wes Mason won the gold medal.

1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
The 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games were held in Perth, Western Australia, from 22 November to 1 December 1962. Athletic events were held at Perry Lakes Stadium in the suburb of Floreat and swimming events at Beatty Park in North Perth. It was held after the 1962 Commonwealth Paraplegic Games for wheelchair athletes.
Michael Naranjo
Michael Naranjo is a Native American blind sculptor. Born in Santa Clara Pueblo in Northern New Mexico in 1944, he is a member of the Tewa Tribe. He was raised in Taos, New Mexico. The son of the ceramic artist Rose Naranjo, he made first contact with pottery and art by the side of his mother. He was drawn into the army and served in Vietnam War. During the patrol the Viet Cong soldier threw the grenade that took his sight and maimed his right hand. During the convalescence period he started sculpting in clay. Gradually sculpting became his passion and profession. The first models were made in clay, wax and papier-mache, some were cast in bronze. Later, he used stone in his art. His favorite topics are Native American warrior, a hoop dancer, a female nude, a child, a soldier, a bear or fish or bird.

Northern New Mexico
Northern New Mexico in cultural terms usually refers to the area of heavy-Spanish settlement in the north-central part of New Mexico. However, New Mexico state government also uses the term to mean the northwest and north central, but to exclude both the northeastern high plains counties and Sandoval County. The five largest cities in northern New Mexico are: Santa Fe, Las Vegas, Española, Los Alamos, and Taos.
Bossiaea bombayensis
Bossiaea bombayensis, commonly known as bombay bossiaea, is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to a small area of New South Wales. It is an erect shrub with flattened cladodes, small, scale-like leaves, and pea-like yellow to red flowers.

Papilionaceous flower
Papilionaceous flowers (from Latin: papilion, a butterfly) are flowers with the characteristic irregular and butterfly-like corolla found in many, though not all, plants of the species-rich Faboideae subfamily of legumes. Tournefort suggested that the term Flores papilionacei originated with Valerius Cordus, who applied it to the flowers of the bean.