hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Dafydd Ddu o Hiraddug
Dafydd Ddu o Hiraddug (died 1371), also known as Dafydd Ddu Athro o Hiraddug, was a Welsh language poet, grammarian, and Roman Catholic priest in the diocese of Llanelwy (St Asaph). He was once believed to be the son of a certain Hywel ap Madog of Tremeirchion, but this has now been disproven.

Dafydd composed poems on religious themes; his surviving work includes poems on the Ten Commandments, Salvation, and on the ephemeracy of human life and of God's judgement to come after death. Dafydd is also thought to be the composer of the "Gwasanaeth Mair" (Mary's Service), a poetical translation of the Latin "Horae beatae Mariae virginis" (a Book of Hours) into Welsh.

Dafydd's greatest fame lies with his revised edition of the llyfr cerddwriaeth or bardic grammar of Einion Offeiriad.

Dafydd was probably buried in Dyserth, north Wales.

St Asaph
St Asaph (/ˈæsəf/; Welsh: Llanelwy [ɬanˈɛlʊɨ̯] "church on the Elwy") is a cathedral city and community on the River Elwy in Denbighshire, Wales. At the 2021 census the community had a population of 3,485, making it the second-smallest city in the United Kingdom in terms of population. It was historically in Flintshire.

The city of St Asaph is surrounded by countryside and views of the Vale of Clwyd. It is situated close to a number of towns including Denbigh, Rhuddlan, Rhyl, Holywell and Abergele.
Positive polynomial
In mathematics, a positive polynomial (respectively non-negative polynomial) on a particular set is a polynomial whose values are positive (respectively non-negative) on that set. Precisely, Let  be a polynomial in  variables with real coefficients and let  be a subset of the -dimensional Euclidean space . We say that:

is positive on  if  for every  in .

is non-negative on  if  for every  in .

Set (mathematics)
In mathematics, a set is a collection of different things; the things are called elements or members of the set and are typically mathematical objects: numbers, symbols, points in space, lines, geometric shapes, variables, or other sets.  A set may be finite or infinite. There is a unique set with no elements, called the empty set; a set with a single element is a singleton.

Mathematics typically does not define precisely what constitutes a "set" or "collection", because such a definition would have to be in terms of something else previously defined.  Instead, sets serve as foundational objects whose behavior is described by axioms modeled on intuition about collections, and then essentially all other mathematical objects are rigorously defined in terms of sets.

Set theory studies possible axiom systems and their consequences.
Since the first half of the 20th century, ZFC (Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory with the axiom of choice) has been the axiom system most commonly used.
Hopton's Almshouses
Hopton's Almshouses are almshouses and a committee room in Southwark, London, SE1 at Hopton Gardens, 10–11 Hopton Street, all of which are Grade II* listed.

They were built in 1746–49 by Thomas Ellis and William Cooley to the designs of the builder Mr Batterson, trustee of Charles Hopton's will.

Originally built as 26 homes for poor men of Southwark of good character, in particular those from the Parish of Christchurch, Southwark, the buildings were extensively reconfigured in the 1980s and now comprise 20 single bedroom homes for older people from Southwark. The Committee Room is still used by residents and the extensive gardens are an oasis of green in a heavily built up part of London.

The Almshouses were transferred from Hopton's Charity into the management and trusteeship of historic Southwark charity, United St Saviour's Charity in 2012.

United St Saviour's Charity
United St Saviour's Charity is a charity in the London Borough of Southwark, London, England. The charity supports the people and communities of Southwark through grant-making programmes, which provides funding to local charities and organisations, as well as providing housing for older people in their almshouses. It was founded as the Corporation of Wardens of the Parish of St Saviour, Southwark in 1541.
Quoted-printable
The Quoted-Printable encoding is an escape syntax that uses printable ASCII characters (alphanumeric and the equals sign =) to represent arbitrary binary data to enable transmission of 8-bit data over a 7-bit data path or, generally, over a medium which is not 8-bit clean. Historically, because of the wide range of systems and protocols that could be used to transfer messages, e-mail was often assumed to be non-8-bit-clean – however, modern SMTP servers are in most cases 8-bit clean and support the 8BITMIME extension. It can also be used with data that contains non-permitted octets or line lengths exceeding SMTP limits. It is defined as a MIME content transfer encoding for use in e-mail.

The Quoted-Printable encoding works by using the equals sign = as an escape character. It also limits line length to 76, as some software has limits on line length.

Alphanumericals
Alphanumeric characters or alphanumerics are characters belonging to the English alphabet or Arabic numerals. It includes both lower and uppercase characters. The complete list of alphanumeric characters in lexicographically ascending order is: 0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz.

Different alphanumeric characters have similar appearances, such as I (upper case i), l (lowercase L), and 1 (one), and O (uppercase o), Q (uppercase q) and 0 (zero). Other similarities can include 5 and S, Z and 2.
Novaculite
Novaculite, also called Arkansas Stone, is a microcrystalline to cryptocrystalline rock type that consists of silica in the form of chert or flint. It is commonly white to grey or black in color, with a specific gravity that ranges from 2.2 to 2.5. It is used in the production of sharpening stones. It occurs in parts of Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas, as well as in Japan and parts of the Middle East. The name novaculite is derived from the Latin word novacula, meaning a sharp knife, dagger, or razor, in reference to its use in sharpening.

Microcrystalline
A microcrystalline material is a crystallized substance or rock that contains small crystals visible only through microscopic examination. There is little agreement on the range of crystal sizes that should be regarded as microcrystalline, but the extreme range of values suggested is 1 to 200 microns.
Kawish Television Network
Kawish Television Network (KTN) is the first private Sindhi TV channel in Pakistan. It is the most-watched private Sindhi-language general entertainment television channel worldwide. The channel is part of the Kawish Group.

Alif Laila
Alif Laila is an Indian television series based on the One Thousand and One Nights, also known as the Arabian Nights. It was produced by Sagar Arts. It was made in two seasons. The series from 1993 to 2002 for 303 episodes on DD National and later on SAB TV.

The plotline of the series starts from the very beginning when Shahrzad starts telling stories to Shahryar and contains both the well-known and the lesser-known stories from the One Thousand and One Nights which are mentioned here. The name Alif Laila is a short form of the original Arabic title of the One Thousand and One Nights - Alif Layla wa-Layla (Arabic: ألف ليلة وليلة).
Jim Mitchell (politician)
Jim Mitchell (19 October 1946 – 2 December 2002) was an Irish Fine Gael politician who served as deputy leader of Fine Gael from 2001 to 2002, Minister for Communications from 1984 to 1987, Minister for Transport and Minister for Posts and Telegraphs from 1982 to 1984, Minister for Justice from 1981 to 1982 and Lord Mayor of Dublin from 1976 to 1977. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) from 1977 to 2002.

Leader of Fine Gael
The Leader of Fine Gael is the most senior politician within the Fine Gael political party in Ireland. The party leader is Simon Harris, who took up the role on 24 March 2024 after the resignation of Leo Varadkar.

The deputy leader of Fine Gael is Helen McEntee, whom Harris appointed on 19 October 2024 after her predecessor, Heather Humphreys, declared she would not contest the 2024 general election.
Memory-bound function
In computer science, a computational problem is memory-bound when the time it takes for it to complete is decided primarily by the amount of free memory required to hold the working data. This is in contrast to algorithms that are compute-bound, where the number of elementary computation steps is the deciding factor.

Memory and computation boundaries can sometimes be traded against each other, e.g. by saving and reusing preliminary results or using lookup tables.

Recursion
Recursion occurs when the definition of a concept or process depends on a simpler or previous version of itself. Recursion is used in a variety of disciplines ranging from linguistics to logic. The most common application of recursion is in mathematics and computer science, where a function being defined is applied within its own definition. While this apparently defines an infinite number of instances (function values), it is often done in such a way that no infinite loop or infinite chain of references can occur.

A process that exhibits recursion is recursive. Video feedback displays recursive images, as does an infinity mirror.
1995 Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race
The 1995 Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race, sponsored by Telstra, was the 51st annual running of the "blue water classic" Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race. As in past editions of the race, it was hosted by the Cruising Yacht Club of Australia based in Sydney, New South Wales.  As with previous Sydney to Hobart Yacht Races, the 1995 edition began on Sydney Harbour, at noon on Boxing Day (26 December 1995), before heading south for 630 nautical miles (1,170 km) through the Tasman Sea, past Bass Strait, into Storm Bay and up the River Derwent, to cross the finish line in Hobart, Tasmania.

The 1995 fleet comprised 98 starters of which 92 completed the race and 6 yachts retired.

Storm Bay
The Storm Bay is a large bay in the south-east region of Tasmania, Australia.

The bay is the river mouth to the Derwent River estuary and serves as the main port of Hobart, the capital city of Tasmania.

The bay is bordered by Bruny Island to the west, the South Arm Peninsula to the north, and the Tasman Peninsula to the east; with its outflow to the Tasman Sea, and thereafter to the South Pacific Ocean.

The first European to reach Storm Bay was Abel Tasman in 1642.
1980 United States Senate election in North Dakota
The 1980 U.S. Senate election for the state of North Dakota was held November 4, 1980. The incumbent, Republican Senator Milton Young, was retiring.  Republican Mark Andrews defeated North Dakota Democratic-NPL Party candidate Kent Johanneson to fill the vacated seat.

Andrews, who had served as a Representative since 1963, easily received the Republican nomination, and the endorsed Democratic-NPL candidate was Kent Johanneson. Andrews and Johanneson won the primary elections for their respective parties.

Two independent candidates, Harley McLain and Don J. Klingensmith also filed before the deadline under the Chemical Farming Banned and Statesman parties respectively. McLain would later run for the same seat in 1998 against then incumbent Byron Dorgan.

North Dakota Republican Party
The North Dakota Republican Party is the North Dakota affiliate of the United States Republican Party.

Its platform is conservative. It is currently the dominant party in the state, controlling North Dakota's at-large U.S. House seat, both U.S. Senate seats and the governorship, and it has supermajorities in both houses of the state legislature.
Blåtinden
Blåtinden is the name of many mountains in Norway:

Blåtinden, Dyrøya (562 metres or 1,844 feet), on the island of Dyrøya in Øksnes Municipality

Blåtinden, Hareidlandet (697 metres or 2,287 feet), on the island of Hareidlandet in Ulstein Municipality

Blåtinden, Målselv (1,378 metres or 4,521 feet), in Målselv Municipality

Blåtinden, Fjord (1,664 metres or 5,459 feet), in Fjord Municipality

Blåtinden, Uløya (1,142 metres or 3,747 feet), on the border of Skjervøy Municipality and Nordreisa Municipality

Blåtinden, Vestnes (1,166 metres or 3,825 feet), in Vestnes Municipality

Vestnes Municipality
Vestnes is a municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. Vestnes is part of the  traditional district of Romsdal. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Vestnes. Other villages in the municipality include Vikebukt, Vik, Vågstranda, Øverås, Fiksdal, Tomrefjord, and Tresfjord.

The area is known for nature and outdoor pursuits, and has a long history in ship building and maritime crafts. The village of Vestnes (Helland) dates back to early medieval times, and has 24-hour ferry and water taxi service with the town of Molde to the northeast. The ferry takes about 35-minutes each way.

The 405-square-kilometre (156 sq mi) municipality is the 238th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Vestnes Municipality is the 144th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 7,147. The municipality's population density is 17.7 inhabitants per square kilometre (46/sq mi) and its population has increased by 8% over the previous 10-year period.
North Carolina A&T–North Carolina Central rivalry
The North Carolina A&T–North Carolina Central rivalry is an ongoing series of athletic competitions between North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University and North Carolina Central University, both of which are located in North Carolina.

The intensity of the rivalry is driven by the proximity of the two schools, as both are only 55 miles apart via U.S. Interstate 85, the size of the two schools, as North Carolina A&T is one of the largest Historically Black College and University in the nation and North Carolina Central is the second largest in the state, and the fact that both schools are competing for many of the same students and athletes. Fans of both Universities tend to place great emphasis on this rivalry.

Student
A student is a person enrolled in a school or other educational institution, or more generally, a person who takes a special interest in a subject.

In the United Kingdom and most commonwealth countries, a "student" attends a secondary school or higher (e.g., college or university); those in primary or elementary schools are "pupils".
Cooston, Oregon
Cooston is an unincorporated community in Coos County, Oregon, United States. It is located on the east shore of Coos Bay across from North Bend, about eight miles from the city of Coos Bay.

The origin of the name Cooston is the same of that of Coos County, after the Coos people. Cooston post office was established in 1908 and closed in 1939. The post office was named by town founder William E. Homme, who was also the first postmaster. Homme's father was the founder of Wittenberg, Wisconsin. The post office was in Homme's store. Before moving to Cooston, Homme published the Glendale News in Glendale.

Coos people
Coos people are an indigenous people of the Northwest Plateau, living in Oregon. They live on the southwest Oregon Pacific coast. Today, Coos people are enrolled in the following federally recognized tribes:

Confederated Tribes of the Coos, Lower Umpqua and Siuslaw Indians of Oregon

Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians of Oregon

Coquille Indian Tribe.
Naval history of World War II
At the start of World War II, the Royal Navy was the strongest navy in the world, with the largest number of warships built and with naval bases across the globe. It had over 15 battleships and battlecruisers, 7 aircraft carriers, 66 cruisers, 164 destroyers and 66 submarines. With a massive merchant navy, a third of the world total, the British also dominated shipping. The Royal Navy fought in every theatre from the Atlantic, Mediterranean, freezing Northern routes to Russia and the Pacific Ocean.

Over the course of the war the United States Navy grew tremendously as the United States was faced with a two-front war on the seas. By the end of World War II the U.S. Navy was by far the largest and most powerful navy in the world with 6,768 ships, including 28 aircraft carriers, 23 battleships, 71 escort carriers, 72 cruisers, 232 submarines, 377 destroyers, and thousands of amphibious, supply and auxiliary ships.

Romanian Navy during World War II
The Romanian Navy during World War II was the main Axis naval force in the Black Sea campaigns and fought against the Soviet Union's Black Sea Fleet from 1941 to 1944. Operations consisted mainly of mine warfare, but there were also escort missions and localized naval engagements. The largest naval action fought by the Romanian Navy was the 26 June 1941 Raid on Constanța, and its most extensive operation was the 1944 evacuation of the Crimea.
QAGOMA
The Queensland Art Gallery and Gallery of Modern Art, colloquially known as QAGOMA, is an art museum in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The state’s premier institution for the visual arts consists of the Queensland Art Gallery (QAG), and its neighbouring gallery, the Gallery of Modern Art (GOMA), situated 150 m (490 ft) away. Both are located within the Queensland Cultural Centre in South Bank. QAGOMA holds a collection of historical and contemporary Australian art and is a leading institution in the Asia-Pacific with a significant collection built through the exhibition ‘The Asia Pacific Triennial of Contemporary Art’.

E. Phillips Fox
Emanuel Phillips Fox (12 March 1865 – 8 October 1915) was an Australian impressionist painter.

Born and raised in Melbourne, Victoria, Fox studied at the National Gallery of Victoria Art School. He travelled to Paris to study in 1886 and remained in Europe until 1892, when he returned to Melbourne and led what is considered the second phase of the Heidelberg School, an impressionist art movement which had developed in the city during his absence. He spent over a decade in Europe in the early 20th century before finally settling in Melbourne, where he died.

Fox's wife Ethel Carrick was also a noted impressionist painter.
Da Khop Shop
Da Khop Shop is the only studio album by American rapper Mr. Short Khop. It was released on March 20, 2001, via Heavyweight Records and TVT Records. Recording sessions took place at Cherokee Studios. It features guest appearances from Ice Cube, Kokane, Kurupt, Mack 10, WC and Shaquille O'Neal among others. The album peaked at No. 154 on the Billboard 200. The single "Dollaz, Drank & Dank" reached No. 2 on Billboard's Hot Rap Singles chart.

Hot Rap Songs
Hot Rap Songs (formerly known as Hot Rap Tracks and Hot Rap Singles) is a chart released weekly by Billboard in the United States. It lists the 25 most popular hip-hop/rap songs, calculated weekly by airplay on rhythmic and urban radio stations and sales in hip hop-focused or exclusive markets. Streaming data, digital downloads and All-Format radio stations were added to the methodology of determining chart rankings in 2012. From 1989 through 2001, it was based on how much the single sold in that given week.
Venture philanthropy
Venture philanthropy is a type of impact investment that takes concepts and techniques from venture capital finance and business management and applies them to achieving philanthropic goals. The term was first used in 1969 by John D. Rockefeller III to describe an imaginative and risk-taking approach to philanthropy that may be undertaken by charitable organizations.

John D. Rockefeller III
John Davison Rockefeller III (March 21, 1906 – July 10, 1978) was an American philanthropist. Rockefeller was the eldest son and second child of John D. Rockefeller Jr. and Abby Aldrich Rockefeller as well as a grandson of Standard Oil co-founder John D. Rockefeller. He was engaged in a wide range of philanthropic projects, many of which his family had launched, as well as supporting organizations related to East Asian affairs. Rockefeller was also a major supporter of the Population Council, and the committee that created the Lincoln Center in Manhattan.
Maria Teresa Gargano
Maria Teresa Gargano (born 23 November 1986) is an Italian female artistic gymnast, representing her nation at international competitions.

She won the silver medal in the team event at the 2002 European Women's Artistic Gymnastics Championships, and participated at the 2003 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships. She participated at the 2004 Summer Olympics.

2003 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships
The 37th World Artistic Gymnastics Championships were held in Anaheim, California, United States, from 16 to 24 August 2003.

Tie-breakers were not used at this competition. If two gymnasts received identical scores in the event finals, they were both awarded medals for their placement.
Football Hour
Football Hour (フットボールアワー, Futtobōru Awā) is a Japanese comedy duo (kombi) consisting of Terumoto Gotō (tsukkomi) and Nozomu Iwao (boke), both from Osaka. They are performers for the entertainment company Yoshimoto Kogyo. They graduated from the Yoshimoto NSC Osaka 14th generation class.

The unit's material is created by both Goto and Iwao.

Autobacs Seven
Autobacs Seven Co., Ltd. (株式会社オートバックスセブン, Kabushiki-gaisha Ōtobakkusu Sebun) (TYO: 9832) is a retailer of automotive parts and accessories based in Japan, with branches primarily in Asia and stores also located in France.
John Scrimgeour (Canadian politician)
John Gow Scrimgeour (9 September 1842 – 21 August 1917) was a Scottish-born farmer and political figure in Prince Edward Island. He represented 3rd Kings in the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island from 1871 to 1872 and from 1876 to 1878 as a Liberal member. He was a member of the Legislative Council for the province from 1886 to 1894.

He was born in Glasgow, the son of John Scrimgeour, came to Prince Edward Island with his parents in 1843 and was educated there. In 1885, he married Charlotte Sencabaugh. He served as Usher of the Black Rod for the Legislative Council from 1879 to 1880.

Scrimgeour died in Cardigan at the age of 74.

Prince Edward Island Liberal Party
The Prince Edward Island Liberal Party, officially the Prince Edward Island Liberal Association, is a political party in the province of Prince Edward Island, Canada.  It is one of the three parties currently represented in the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island, and along with its primary rival the Progressive Conservative Party of PEI, one of only two parties with continual presence in the provincial legislature since confederation.

The PEI Liberals has formed the government of Prince Edward Island for 90 of the approximately 160 years since PEI became a province of Canada.
2002 CAF Champions League final
The 2002 CAF Champions League final was a football match that took place on Friday, 13 December 2002 at 17:00 UTC (19:00 local time). The match was played at the Cairo Stadium, in Cairo, Egypt, to determine the winner of the 2002 CAF Champions League. The final was contested by Zamalek and Raja CA. The game was won by Zamalek 1–0 by Abdelhamid's Goal, after a 0–0 draw in Casablanca.

ASEC Mimosas
ASEC Mimosas (short for Association Sportive des Employés de Commerce Mimosas; lit. 'Mimosas Commerce Employees' Sporting Association') is an Ivorian professional football club based in Abidjan. The club is also known as ASEC Abidjan, especially in international club competitions. Founded in 1948, they are the most successful side in Ivorian football, having won the Ivorian Premier Division 29 times and the 1998 CAF Champions League. In addition, ASEC's youth academy, known as Académie MimoSifcom, has produced a number of famous players predominantly based in top foreign leagues, including Bonaventure Kalou, Didier Zokora, Emmanuel Eboué, Bakari Koné, Gervinho, Salomon Kalou, Romaric, Boubacar Barry, Didier Ya Konan, Kolo Touré, Yaya Touré and Odilon Kossounou, all of whom have played internationally.