hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bombing of Ancona in World War II
The bombing of Ancona was a series of attacks by the United States Air Force  on the city of Ancona in the Marche, Italy during World War II. The raids caused heavy civilian casualties and destroyed or damaged nearly 70 % of the city.

Ancona
Ancona (/æŋˈkoʊnə/, also US: /ænˈ-, ɑːnˈ-/; Italian: [aŋˈkoːna] ⓘ) is a city and a seaport in the Marche region of central Italy. The city of Ancona has an estimated population of around 99,469 as of 2025. Ancona is the capital of the homonymous province and of the region. The city is located 280 km (170 mi) northeast of Rome, on the Adriatic Sea, between the slopes of the two extremities of the promontory of Monte Conero, Monte Astagno and Monte Guasco. The hilly nature around Ancona is a strong contrast to the flatter coastline in areas further north.

Ancona is one of the main ports on the Adriatic Sea, especially for passenger traffic, and is the main economic and demographic centre of the region.

As a result of Ancona's unique elbow shape facing the sea, Ancona is one of the few cities in the world and the only city in Italy where it is possible to see both sunrise and sunset over the sea.
Olympic Medical Center
Olympic Medical Center is a medical organization located in Port Angeles and Sequim, Washington which provides services to patients in Clallam and Jefferson counties.  The principal operating location is Olympic Memorial Hospital  in Port Angeles.  This location consists of 126 in-patient hospital beds and many other hospital services and has one of two Level III trauma centers in the state.

Olympic Medical Center was established on November 1, 1951, with the founding of the hospital.  The organization has grown into the largest employer on the Olympic Peninsula with over 1500 employees.

Olympic Peninsula
The Olympic Peninsula is a large peninsula in Western Washington that lies across Puget Sound from Seattle, and contains Olympic National Park. It is bounded on the west by the Pacific Ocean, the north by the Strait of Juan de Fuca, and the east by Hood Canal. Cape Alava, the westernmost point in the contiguous United States, and Cape Flattery, the northwesternmost point, are on the peninsula. Comprising about 3,600 square miles (9,300 km2), the Olympic Peninsula contained many of the last unexplored places in the contiguous United States. It remained largely unmapped until Arthur Dodwell and Theodore Rixon mapped most of its topography and timber resources between 1898 and 1900.
Ida Storm
Ida Storm (born 11 October 1991) is a Swedish hammer thrower. She competed in the women's hammer throw at the 2017 World Championships in Athletics.

Storm was an All-American thrower for the UCLA Bruins track and field team, finishing runner-up in the weight throw at the 2012, 2013, and 2015 NCAA Division I Indoor Track and Field Championships.

2013 NCAA Division I Indoor Track and Field Championships
The 2013 NCAA Division I Indoor Track and Field Championships was the 48th NCAA Men's Division I Indoor Track and Field Championships and the 31st NCAA Women's Division I Indoor Track and Field Championships, held at the Randal Tyson Track Center in Fayetteville, Arkansas near the campus of the host school, University of Arkansas. In total, thirty-two different men's and women's indoor track and field events were contested from March 8 to March 9, 2013.
Fuzhou people
Fuzhou people (Chinese: 福州人; Foochow Romanized: Hók-ciŭ-nè̤ng), also known as Foochowese, Hokchew, Hokchia, Hokchiu, Fuzhou Shiyi people (福州十邑人), Eastern Min or Mindong are a subgroup of Han Chinese of either Fuzhou and Mindong regions and the Gutian and Pingnan counties of Fujian province and Matsu Islands in Taiwan. Fuzhou people are a part of the Min Chinese-speaking group that speaks Eastern Min or specifically Fuzhou dialect. There is also a significant overseas Fuzhou population, particularly distributed in Japan, United States (Fuzhou Americans), Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia,  Indonesia and the United Kingdom.

Bàng-uâ-cê
Bàng-uâ-cê (abbr. BUC; Chinese: 平話字) or Fuzhou romanization (福州話羅馬字), is a Latin alphabet for the Fuzhou dialect of Eastern Min adopted in the middle of the 19th century by Western missionaries. It had varied at different times, and became standardized in the 1890s. Bàng-uâ-cê was mainly used inside of church circles, and was taught in some mission schools in Fuzhou. However, unlike its counterpart Pe̍h-ōe-jī for Hokkien, even in its prime days Bàng-uâ-cê was by no means universally understood by Christians.
2018 Swedish Open
The 2018 Swedish Open (also known as the SkiStar Swedish Open for sponsorship reasons) was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts as part of the ATP World Tour 250 Series of the 2018 ATP World Tour. It took place in Båstad, Sweden, from 15 July until 22 July 2018. The women's tournament was discontinued this year and replaced by the Moscow River Cup.

Henri Laaksonen
Henri Joona Julius Laaksonen (Finnish: [ˈhenri ˈlɑːksonen],Swiss Standard German: [ˈhɛnriː ˈlaːksonɛn]; born 31 March 1992) is a Swiss former professional tennis player. His highest singles ranking is world No. 84, which he achieved on 14 February 2022, and his highest doubles ranking is world No. 191, achieved on 24 December 2018.
The Bachelor (American TV series) season 15
The fifteenth season of ABC reality television series The Bachelor premiered on January 3, 2011. 38-year-old Brad Womack, who previously appeared as the Bachelor in season 11, where he rejected both of his final two women, returned as the Bachelor for this season. Womack became the first lead to appear on The Bachelor franchise twice.

The season concluded on March 14, 2011, with Womack choosing to propose to 24-year-old single mother Emily Maynard. The couple announced that they ended their engagement on June 29, 2011.

Wipeout (2008 game show)
Wipeout is an American television game show that features contestants competing in (what was billed as) the "World's Largest" obstacle course which originally aired on ABC from June 24, 2008, to September 7, 2014. In 2021, the show was rebooted on TBS, with John Cena, Nicole Byer, and Camille Kostek as hosts.

The show was originally hosted and commentated by John Henson and John Anderson, while Jill Wagner acted as the "on-location" reporter. The interim reporter for one season was Vanessa Lachey. The creators and executive producers are Matt Kunitz and Scott Larsen. Distribution of the show was handled by Endemol Shine. The show was taped at Sable Ranch in Canyon Country, California, north of Los Angeles.
HLA-A29
HLA-A29 (A29) is a human leukocyte antigen serotype within HLA-A serotype group. The serotype is determined by the antibody recognition of α29 subset of HLA-A α-chains. For A29, the alpha "A" chain are encoded by the HLA-A*29 allele group and the β-chain are encoded by B2M locus. This group currently is dominated by A*2902. A29 and A*29 are almost synonymous in meaning.
A29 is a split antigen of the broad antigen serotype A19. A29 is a sister serotype of A30, A31, A32, A33, and A74.

A29 is more common in Western Africa and Southwestern Europe.

Beta-2 microglobulin
β2 microglobulin (B2M) is a component of MHC class I molecules. MHC class I molecules have α1, α2, and α3 proteins which are present on all nucleated cells (excluding red blood cells).  In humans, the β2 microglobulin protein is encoded by the B2M gene.
2008 Quadrangular Twenty20 Series in Canada
The 2008 Quadrangular Twenty20 Series in Canada was a tournament of Twenty20 International cricket matches that was held in Canada from 10 to 13 October 2008. The four participating teams are Canada, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe. The matches were played at the North-West ground of Maple Leaf Cricket Club in King City, Ontario. Sri Lanka defeated Pakistan by five wickets in the final.

Zimbabwe national cricket team
The Zimbabwe men's national cricket team, also known as the Chevrons, represents Zimbabwe in men's international cricket and is overseen by Zimbabwe Cricket. Zimbabwe has been a full member of the International Cricket Council (ICC) since 1992. As of October 2025, Zimbabwe was ranked 11th by the ICC in all three formats of the game: Tests, One Day Internationals (ODIs) and Twenty20 internationals (T20Is).
2018 Craven District Council election
The 2018 Craven District Council election took place on 3 May 2018 to elect members of Craven District Council in North Yorkshire, England. One third of the council was up for election and the Conservative party stayed in overall control of the council.

Craven District
Craven was a non-metropolitan district in the west of North Yorkshire, England, centred on the market town of Skipton. The name Craven is much older than the modern district and encompassed a larger area. This history is also reflected in the way the term is still commonly used, such as by the Church of England.

From 1974 until 2023, the name Craven was used for a separate local government district, formed originally as the merger of Skipton urban district, Settle Rural District and most of Skipton Rural District; all were historically in the West Riding of Yorkshire. Since 1 April 2023, the area has formed part of the new North Yorkshire Council unitary authority. The population of the Local Authority area at the 2011 Census was 55,409; it comprised the upper reaches of Airedale, Wharfedale, Ribblesdale, and includes most of the Aire Gap and Craven Basin.
Main Square Festival
The Main Square Festival is an annual international music festival organized by Live Nation which takes place in the first week-end of July in Arras, France.

Created in 2004 by France Leduc Productions, the festival rose to one of the major music events of the country, attracting worldwide famous bands and stars like Coldplay, Depeche Mode, Placebo, Muse, Indochine, and Pearl Jam.

The Chemical Brothers
The Chemical Brothers are an English electronic music duo formed by Ed Simons and Tom Rowlands in Manchester in 1992. They were pioneers in bringing the big beat genre to the forefront of pop culture.

Originally known as The Dust Brothers, they changed their name due to the existence of another band with the same name. Their first album Exit Planet Dust sold over one million copies and debuted at No. 9 on the UK Albums Chart. After attracting Virgin Records, the duo achieved further success with their second album Dig Your Own Hole (1997), which topped the UK chart. They have had six No. 1 albums and 13 top-20 singles in the UK, including two chart-toppers. They have won six Grammy Awards, including Best Rock Instrumental Performance, Best Dance Recording, and Best Dance/Electronic Album.
Snake Island Lake
Snake Island Lake is a lake in the Ottawa River drainage basin in Strathy Township, Municipality of Temagami, Nipissing District of Northeastern Ontario, Canada.

The primary outflow is a navigable channel to Cassels Lake, which flows via Rabbit Lake, the Matabitchuan River and Lake Timiskaming into the Ottawa River.

Ottawa River drainage basin
The Ottawa River drainage basin is the drainage basin in northern North America where surface water empties into the Ottawa River and adjoining waters. Spanning an area of about 146,300 km2 (56,500 sq mi), it is the 12th largest drainage basin in Canada, occupying the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec. It accounts for about 11% of the total Saint Lawrence River drainage area.
Ayacha
Ayacha is a small town and rural commune in Larache Province of the Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima region of Morocco. At the time of the 2004 census, the commune had a total population of 8678 people living in 1563 households.

Tangier-Tétouan-Al Hoceima
Tangier-Tétouan-Al Hoceima (Arabic: طنجة - تطوان - الحسيمة, romanized: ṭanja - tiṭwān - al-ḥusayma) is the northernmost of the twelve regions of Morocco. It covers an area of 15,090 km2 and recorded a population of 4,030,222 in the 2024 Moroccan census. The capital of the region is Tangier.
Marlan (fabric)
Marlan is a registered trademark of a permanently flame retardant fabric (certified according to the UNE EN 11612) used for protective clothing for workers in foundries.

It was developed in 1997 and has been marketed by Marina Textil since 1998, designed to protect against splashes of molten metal splashes including aluminium, cryolite, iron, steel, copper, magnesium, glass and others.

Its compositions is a blend of fibers, primarily featuring
wool and FR flame retardant cellulose fiber.

Cellulose fiber
Cellulose fibers or Cellulose fibres (/ˈsɛljʊloʊs, -loʊz/) are fibers made with ethers or esters of cellulose, which can be obtained from the bark, wood or leaves of plants, or from other plant-based material. In addition to cellulose, the fibers may also contain hemicellulose and lignin, with different percentages of these components altering the mechanical properties of the fibers.

The main applications of cellulose fibers are in the textile industry, as chemical filters, and as fiber-reinforcement composites, due to their similar properties to engineered fibers, being another option for biocomposites and polymer composites.
Jock Stewart (rugby union)
John Livingstone Stewart (6 May 1894 — 6 August 1971) was a Scottish international rugby union player.

Born in Hawick, Stewart was the son of a minister and during his teenage years moved to Edinburgh.

Stewart served as an officer in the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders during World War I, suffering a gun shot wound to his shoulder in the Second Battle of Arras. He was awarded the Military Cross in 1918.

A strongly-built forward, Stewart played his rugby for Edinburgh Academicals. He was capped once for Scotland, appearing as wing-forward against Ireland at Lansdowne Road during the 1921 Five Nations tournament.

Stewart was a veterinarian and lived for 26 years in Ghana through his work in the Colonial service. During this period he helped to vaccinate cattle to prevent an outbreak of the deadly rinderpest disease and was involved in assisting local farmers with cattle breeding. He lived the remainder of his life in South Africa.

1921 Five Nations Championship
The 1921 Five Nations Championship was the seventh series of the rugby union Five Nations Championship following the inclusion of France into the Home Nations Championship. Including the previous Home Nations Championships, this was the thirty-fourth series of the annual northern hemisphere rugby union championship. Ten matches were played between 15 January and 9 April. It was contested by England, France, Ireland, Scotland and Wales.
Głębokie-Pilchowo
Głębokie-Pilchowo is a municipal neighbourhood of the city of Szczecin, Poland situated on the left bank of Oder river, north-west of the Szczecin Old Town, in Zachód (West) District. As of January 2011 it had a population of 1,216.

Głębokie-Pilchowo comprises Głębokie and Pilchowo.

Oder
The Oder (/ˈoʊ.dər/ OH-dər; Czech and Polish: Odra) is a river in Central Europe. It is Poland's second-longest river and third-longest within its borders after the Vistula and its largest tributary the Warta. The Oder rises in the Czech Republic and flows 742 kilometres (461 mi) through western Poland, later forming 187 kilometres (116 mi) of the border between Poland and Germany as part of the Oder–Neisse line. The river ultimately flows into the Szczecin Lagoon north of Szczecin and then into three branches (the Dziwna, Świna and Peene) that empty into the Bay of Pomerania of the Baltic Sea.
Raids of Huáscar
The Raids of the Huáscar were a series of raids that occurred by the Peruvian ironclad Huáscar under the command of Miguel Grau Seminario during the War of the Pacific. The actions kept the Chilean government in check for nearly five months which ended after the Battle of Angamos.

Coquimbo
Coquimbo [koˈkimbo] is a port city, commune and capital of the Elqui Province, located on the Pan-American Highway, in the Coquimbo Region of Chile. Coquimbo is situated in a valley 10 km (6 mi) south of La Serena, with which it forms Greater La Serena with more than 400,000 inhabitants. The commune spans an area around the harbor of 1,429.3 km2 (552 sq mi). The average temperature in the city lies around 14 °C (57 °F), and precipitation is low.
Operation of computed tomography
X-ray computed tomography operates by using an X-ray generator that rotates around the object; X-ray detectors are positioned on the opposite side of the circle from the X-ray source.

A visual representation of the raw data obtained is called a sinogram, yet it is not sufficient for interpretation. Once the scan data has been acquired, the data must be processed using a form of tomographic reconstruction, which produces a series of cross-sectional images. In terms of mathematics, the raw data acquired by the scanner consists of multiple "projections" of the object being scanned. These projections are effectively the Radon transformation of the structure of the object. Reconstruction essentially involves solving the inverse Radon transformation.

Attenuation coefficient
The linear attenuation coefficient, attenuation coefficient, or narrow-beam attenuation coefficient characterizes how easily a volume of material can be penetrated by a beam of light, sound, particles, or other energy or matter. A coefficient value that is large represents a beam becoming 'attenuated' as it passes through a given medium, while a small value represents that the medium had little effect on loss. The (derived) SI unit of attenuation coefficient is the reciprocal metre (m−1). Extinction coefficient is another term for this quantity, often used in meteorology and climatology. 
The attenuation length is the reciprocal of the attenuation coefficient.
Piergiorgio Odifreddi
Piergiorgio Odifreddi (born 13 July 1950, in Cuneo) is an Italian mathematician, logician, scholar of the history of science, and popular science writer and essayist, especially on philosophical atheism as a member of the Italian Union of Rationalist Atheists and Agnostics. He is philosophically and politically near to Bertrand Russell and Noam Chomsky.

Italian Mathematical Union
The Italian Mathematical Union (Italian: Unione Matematica Italiana) is a mathematical society based in Italy.

It was founded on December 7, 1922, by Luigi Bianchi, Vito Volterra, and most notably, Salvatore Pincherle, who became the Union's first President.
Władysław Aleksander Łubieński
Władysław Aleksander Łubieński (1 November 1703 – 21 June 1767) was archbishop of Lwów (1758–59) and primate of Poland (1759–1767). He was an ally of the Czartoryski Familia and of the Russian Empire and an opponent of religious tolerance. He acted as interrex in 1763–1764, after the death of King Augustus III of Poland and prior to the election of Stanisław August Poniatowski as king of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Familia (political party)
The Familia ("The Family", from Latin familia) was the name of an 18th-century Polish political faction led by the House of Czartoryski and allied families. It was formed towards the end of the reign of King of Poland Augustus II the Strong (reign. 1697–1706, 1709–1733). The Familia's principal leaders were Michał Fryderyk Czartoryski, Grand Chancellor of Lithuania, his brother August Aleksander Czartoryski, Voivode of Ruthenia (Rus), their sister Konstancja Czartoryska, and their brother-in-law (from 1720), Stanisław Poniatowski, Castellan of Kraków.
Tad Schmaltz
Tad M. Schmaltz (born 1960) is a professor of philosophy at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Prior to that, he was a professor of philosophy at Duke University, where he began his teaching career in 1989. He graduated magna cum laude with a BA in philosophy from Kalamazoo College in 1983, received his doctorate in 1988 from the University of Notre Dame. He is the author of Malebranche's Theory of the Soul (Oxford University Press, 1996) and Radical Cartesianism (Cambridge University Press, 2002). He is editor of the Journal of the History of Philosophy.

Schmaltz spent his early childhood in Ft. Wayne, Indiana, before moving to Ann Arbor, Michigan, where he attended St. Paul Lutheran School on Earhart Road.

Journal of the History of Philosophy
The Journal of the History of Philosophy is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal. It was established in 1963 after the Eastern Division of the American Philosophical Association passed a motion to this effect in 1957. The journal is published by the Johns Hopkins University Press and covers the history of Western philosophy. Time periods covered include everything from the ancient period to modern developments in the study of philosophy. The editor-in-chief is Deborah Boyle (College of Charleston).
Liffey Descent Canoe Race
The Liffey Descent Canoe Race is an annual down river canoe and kayak race, of some 18 miles in length, that has been held on the River Liffey in Dublin, Ireland since 1960.  It starts by the K Club above Straffan weir in County Kildare, and historically finished by the Dublin University Boat Club adjacent to the Irish National War Memorial Gardens at Islandbridge in Dublin city centre.  It is organised by the Irish Canoe Union and is normally timed to coincide with The Liffey Swim. 2009 saw the 50th anniversary of the event.

In 2012, the event was added to the Classic Marathon Series of the International Canoe Federation. The race is aided by volunteer rescue divers from the Irish Underwater Council (principally from Aquatec Sub Aqua Club) who swim into the turbulent waters below several of the tougher weirs on the route to rescue struggling or overturned canoeists.

Islandbridge
Island Bridge (Irish: Droichead na hInse), formerly Sarah or Sarah's Bridge, is a road bridge spanning the River Liffey, in Dublin, Ireland which joins the South Circular Road to Conyngham Road at the Phoenix Park.

Island Bridge and the surrounding area (often known as Islandbridge) are so named because of the island formed here by the creation of a mill race towards the right bank while the main current flows to the left. The River Camac emerges from a tunnel further downstream towards Dublin Heuston railway station.
Volume ray casting
Volume ray casting, sometimes called volumetric ray casting, volumetric ray tracing, or volume ray marching, is an image-based volume rendering technique. It computes 2D images from 3D volumetric data sets (3D scalar fields). Volume ray casting, which processes volume data, must not be mistaken with ray casting in the sense used in ray tracing, which processes surface data. In the volumetric variant, the computation doesn't stop at the surface but "pushes through" the object, sampling the object along the ray. Unlike ray tracing, volume ray casting does not spawn secondary rays. When the context/application is clear, some authors simply call it ray casting. Because ray marching does not necessarily require an exact solution to ray intersection and collisions, it is suitable for real-time computing for many applications for which ray tracing is unsuitable.

Scalar field
In mathematics and physics, a scalar field is a function associating a single number to each point in a region of space – possibly physical space. The scalar may either be a pure mathematical number (dimensionless) or a scalar physical quantity (with units).

In a physical context, scalar fields are required to be independent of the choice of reference frame. That is, any two observers using the same units will agree on the value of the scalar field at the same absolute point in space (or spacetime) regardless of their respective points of origin.  Examples used in physics include the temperature distribution throughout space, the pressure distribution in a fluid, and spin-zero quantum fields, such as the Higgs field.  These fields are the subject of scalar field theory.