hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Beauharnois scandal
The Beauharnois scandal was a Canadian political scandal around 1930. The Beauharnois Light, Heat and Power Company had given $700,000 to the ruling Liberal Party of Canada in the run-up to the 1930 federal election in exchange for the right to change the flow of the St. Lawrence River through building a hydroelectric power station.

The scandal "tainted" the reputation of Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King, although it was not discovered until the year after he had lost the election. Later commentators have suggested it was the "most famous" example of political bribery in the decade.

Montreal Light, Heat & Power
The Montreal Light, Heat and Power Company (MLH&P) was a utility company operating the electric and gas distribution monopoly in the area of Montreal, Quebec, Canada, until its nationalization by the government of Quebec in 1944, under a law creating the Quebec Hydroelectric Commission, also known as Hydro-Québec.

Hydro-Québec ran both of MLH&P's electric and gas operations until 1957, when its gas properties were sold to the Corporation de gaz naturel du Québec, known today as Énergir.

The company was established in 1901 as a result of the merger of Rodolphe Forget's Royal Electric Company and Herbert Samuel Holt's Montreal Gas Company. Its name became Montreal Light, Heat and Power Consolidated in 1918 after a merger and corporate reorganization.
Vlachs in medieval Bosnia and Herzegovina
Vlachs in medieval Bosnia and Herzegovina were a Western Balkans based population descending from a mixture of Romanized pre-Slavic Romance-speaking peoples and the South Slavs. From the 14th century the ethnic meaning of the term "Vlach" was replaced with a more societal understanding, often referring to a specific lifestyle and social structure common to some local Slavic communities. These groups practiced transhumance as herdsmen, shepherds, farmers, and in time developed peculiar socio-political organizational units known as katuns. With their caravans, Vlach carried out much of the traffic between Bosnian inland and coastal cities such as Dubrovnik. They also had close contacts and militarily served various Bosnian noble families and kings.

Sanković noble family
The Sanković family was a powerful Bosnian noble family active in the 14th and start of the 15th century in Hum, serving the Serbian and Bosnian monarchies. Their seat was in Glavatičevo, where the family burial place is also located (hamlet Biskupi), and their estates included Nevesinje and Popovo Polje in what is today Herzegovina and Konavle in southern Dalmatia.
The Big One (TV series)
The Big One is a 1992 British comedy-drama television series starring Sandi Toksvig as Deddie Tobert and Mike McShane as James Howard.

Seven episodes were broadcast on Channel 4 from 5 March to 16 April 1992. The series was written by Elly Brewer and Toksvig, and directed by John Henderson. Guest actors included Mel Martin, Jim Sweeney and Dexter Fletcher. The title theme was "I Close My Eyes and Count to Ten" by Dusty Springfield.

The show is referenced negatively in Bottom Live by Ade Edmondson.

Dexter Fletcher
Dexter Fletcher (born 31 January 1966) is a British film director and actor. He has appeared in Guy Ritchie's Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels, as well as in television shows such as the comedy drama Hotel Babylon and the HBO series Band of Brothers and, earlier in his career, starred as Spike Thomson in the comedy drama Press Gang. His earliest acting role was in Steptoe and Son Ride Again.

Fletcher made his directorial debut with Wild Bill  (2011), and also directed Sunshine on Leith (2013) and Eddie the Eagle (2015). He replaced Bryan Singer as director of Bohemian Rhapsody, a biopic about the band Queen, released in October 2018; due to DGA rules, he received executive producer credit. In 2019, he directed Rocketman, a biographical film based on the life and music of performer Elton John.
Adenylosuccinate synthase
In molecular biology, adenylosuccinate synthase (or adenylosuccinate synthetase) (EC 6.3.4.4) is an enzyme that plays an important role in purine biosynthesis, by catalysing the guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-dependent conversion of inosine monophosphate (IMP) and aspartic acid to guanosine diphosphate (GDP), phosphate and  N(6)-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)-AMP. Adenylosuccinate synthetase has been characterised from various sources ranging from Escherichia coli (gene purA) to vertebrate tissues. In vertebrates, two isozymes are present: one involved in purine biosynthesis and the other in the purine nucleotide cycle.

Guanosine diphosphate
Guanosine diphosphate, abbreviated GDP, is a nucleoside diphosphate. It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleoside guanosine. GDP consists of a pyrophosphate group, a pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase guanine.

GDP is the product of GTP dephosphorylation by GTPases, e.g., the G-proteins that are involved in signal transduction.

GDP is converted into GTP with the help of pyruvate kinase and phosphoenolpyruvate.
Moog Little Phatty
The Little Phatty is a monophonic analog synthesizer manufactured by Moog Music from 2006 to 2013, preceded by the Voyager and succeeded by Voyager Old School. Its design was conceived, in part, by Robert Moog himself, and is the last instrument to have that distinction, although the primary engineer was Cyril Lance. It is also the first Moog product to be produced following his death. Jordan Rudess of the band Dream Theater also assisted with the design of the product.

It is one of the few Moog synthesizers to utilize MIDI from the factory (the others being the Minimoog Voyager and the earlier Memorymoog+). This allows for better integration in the modern studio and for live performance.

On 9 September 2013, Moog Music announced the discontinuation of the Little Phatty analog synthesizer.

Polyphony and monophony in instruments
Polyphony is a property of musical instruments that means that they can play multiple independent melody lines simultaneously. Instruments featuring polyphony are said to be polyphonic. Instruments that are not capable of polyphony are monophonic or paraphonic.

An intuitively understandable example for a polyphonic instrument is a (classical) piano, on which the player plays different melody lines with the left and the right hand - depending on music style and composition, these may be musically tightly interrelated or may even be totally unrelated to each other, like in parts of Jazz music. An example for monophonic instruments is a trumpet which can generate only one tone (frequency) at a time, except when played by extraordinary musicians.
The Ragamuffin Gospel
The Ragamuffin Gospel is a book about Christianity by former Franciscan priest Brennan Manning. Manning argues that Jesus' gospel was one of grace, and that efforts to earn salvation are misguided, as it is impossible. He laments that the true meaning of God's grace has been lost in society amidst a constant search to please God. Manning explains that we see God "as a small-minded bookkeeper, tallying our failures and successes on a score sheet." Citing numerous biblical references and illustrative anecdotes, Manning argues that we need only accept the freedom of God's grace and its power to change lives. Rather than attempt to earn salvation, evangelism requires only to say to another: "you, too, are loved by God in the Lord Jesus.” The book was first published in 1990.

The book title was the inspiration for Christian musical artist Rich Mullins' band name A Ragamuffin Band. It also inspired TobyMac to write "Speak Life".

Salvation
Salvation (from Latin: salvatio, from salva, 'safe, saved') is the state of being saved or protected from harm or a dire situation. In religion and theology, salvation generally refers to the deliverance of the soul from sin and its consequences. The academic study of salvation is called soteriology.
Cantellated 7-simplexes
In seven-dimensional geometry, a cantellated 7-simplex is a convex uniform 7-polytope, being a cantellation of the regular 7-simplex.

There are unique 6 degrees of cantellation for the 7-simplex, including truncations.

Cantellation (geometry)
In geometry, a cantellation is a 2nd-order truncation in any dimension that bevels a regular polytope at its edges and at its vertices, creating a new facet in place of each edge and of each vertex. Cantellation also applies to regular tilings and honeycombs. Cantellating a polyhedron is also rectifying its rectification.

Cantellation (for polyhedra and tilings) is also called expansion by Alicia Boole Stott: it corresponds to moving the faces of the regular form away from the center, and filling in a new face in the gap for each opened edge and for each opened vertex.
Blinded (song)
"Blinded" (also known as "Blinded (When I See You)") is a song by American rock band Third Eye Blind. It was released in April 2003 as the lead single from their 2003 album, Out of the Vein. It was written by Stephan Jenkins, Arion Salazar, and Tony Fredianelli. The song received positive reviews from music critics and peaked at number 34 on the Billboard Pop Songs chart.

Out of the Vein
Out of the Vein is the third studio album by American rock band Third Eye Blind. Released on May 13, 2003, Out of the Vein is the band's first album with guitarist Tony Fredianelli, who replaced longtime guitarist Kevin Cadogan in 2000. It would also be Third Eye Blind's final album with Elektra Records as well as their final album with bassist Arion Salazar.
1947 Bulgarian Cup
The 1947 Bulgarian Cup was the 7th season of the Bulgarian Cup (in this period the tournament was named Cup of the Soviet Army). In the tournament entered the 10 winners of regional cup competitions. Levski Sofia won the competition, beating Botev Plovdiv 1–0 in the final at the Yunak Stadium in Sofia.

Bulgarian Cup
The Bulgarian Cup (Bulgarian: Купа на България, romanized: Kupa na Bŭlgariya) is a Bulgarian annual football competition. It is the country's main cup competition and all officially registered Bulgarian football teams take part in it.

The tournament's format is single-elimination, with all matches being one-legged, except the semi-finals. The competition's winner gets the right to take part in the UEFA Europa League. If the winner has already secured a place through the Bulgarian A Professional Football Group, the team that has come fourth in the championship substitutes it.

The competition has been dominated by Sofia-based clubs. They have won together a total number of 65 titles. The three most successful clubs are Levski Sofia (26 cups), CSKA Sofia (21 cups) and Slavia Sofia (8 cups). The current cup holders are Ludogorets Razgrad, who beat CSKA Sofia 1–0 in the 2025 final.
Northwest University, Kano
Northwest University (formerly Yusuf Maitama Sule University, Kano) is a Nigerian public university owned by the Kano State Government. It has two campuses: City Campus located in Kano City, and the main campus located along General Buhari Way, Kofar Ruwa.

In 2017, the university initially renamed Yusuf Maitama Sule University as a tribute to Maitama Sule, the influential 20th-century Kano politician, was later renamed back to its original name, Northwest University, Kano.

Hafiz Abubakar
Hafiz Abubakarpronunciationⓘ (born 25 November 1954) is a Nigerian politician, academic and a professor of nutrition science at Bayero University, Kano and he was the deputy governor of Kano State between 2015 and 2018.

Hafiz was sworn-in as the deputy governor of Kano State along with Abdullahi Umar Ganduje as governor on 29 May 2015. Hafiz resigned on 5 August 2018 citing internal differences and humiliation by the governor. He thereafter joined the Peoples Democratic Party and then defected to the People's Redemption Party upon his inability to secure the governorship ticket of the Peoples Democratic Party. finally he returned to the All Progressive Congress on 20 December 2018.
La Musgaña
La Musgaña is a Spanish folk music ensemble, founded in 1986 by Enrique Almendros, José María Climent and Rafa Martin. The band incorporates various instruments such as the salterio, fiddle, hurdy-gurdy, bagpipes, flutes, guitar and bass, and performs traditional music from the Iberian peninsula, mostly from the Spanish regions of Castile, Zamora, Leon, Extremadura and La Mancha. La Musgaña means "water-rat" in Spanish.

Bagpipes
The bagpipe is a woodwind instrument using enclosed reeds fed from a constant reservoir of air in the form of a bag. The Great Highland bagpipe is well known, but people have played bagpipes for centuries throughout large parts of Europe, North Africa, West Asia, around the Persian Gulf and northern parts of South Asia.

The term bagpipes is also used, though pipers usually refer to the bagpipes as "the pipes", "a set of pipes" or "a stand of pipes".

Bagpipes are part of the aerophone group because to play the instrument,  air must be blown into it to produce a sound.
Ernest Morgan (architect)
Ernest Morgan (1881 – 10 August 1954) was a Welsh architect and painter.

As the borough architect of Swansea, buildings he designed include:

Mayhill School

Swansea Technical College extension, c.1910 (the Technical College became the Mount Pleasant campus of Swansea Metropolitan University)

Swansea Central Police Station, 1912-13

Townhill residential district, 1920– (Morgan oversaw the Garden City layout)

Garden city movement
The garden city movement was a 20th-century urban planning movement promoting satellite communities surrounding the central city and separated with greenbelts. These Garden Cities would contain proportionate areas of residences, industry, and agriculture. Ebenezer Howard first posited the idea in 1898 as a way to capture the primary benefits of the countryside and the city while avoiding the disadvantages presented by both. In the early 20th century, Letchworth and Welwyn Garden City were built near London according to Howard's concept and many other garden cities inspired by his model have since been built all over the world.
Mind Eraser, No Chaser
"Mind Eraser, No Chaser" is the second single released by rock supergroup Them Crooked Vultures. "Mind Eraser, No Chaser" was released on November 3, 2009 as the second single from the band's self-titled debut album (2009). It was released as iTunes's Single Of The Week as part of promotion for their debut album.  The song features vocals from both guitarist Josh Homme and drummer Dave Grohl.

On April 20, 2010, Them Crooked Vultures released a picture disc featuring the songs "Mind Eraser, No Chaser" and a live version of the song "HWY 1" recorded in Sydney, plus an interview on the B-side. The release was in aid of Record Store Day. The single was also released on iTunes.

Record Store Day
Record Store Day is a semi-annual event established in 2008 to "celebrate the culture of the independently owned record store". Held on one Saturday (typically the third) every April and every Black Friday in November, the day brings together fans, artists, and thousands of independent record stores around the world. A number of records are pressed specifically for Record Store Day, with a list of releases for each country, and are only distributed to shops participating in the event.

The event originated in the United States and has expanded internationally, with official organizers in the United Kingdom, Canada, Ireland, Mexico, Europe, Japan, and Australia.
Tianjin First Central Hospital
Tianjin First Central Hospital (Chinese: 天津市第一中心医院) is a hospital in the Chinese metropolis of Tianjin. In addition to other medical services and teaching, it is a major center for liver transplants and otorhinolaryngological diagnosis. It was founded in 1949.

Liver transplantation
Liver transplantation or hepatic transplantation is the replacement of a diseased liver with the healthy liver from another person (allograft). Liver transplantation is a treatment option for end-stage liver disease and acute liver failure, although the availability of donor organs is a major limitation. Liver transplantation is highly regulated and only performed at designated transplant medical centers by highly trained transplant physicians. Favorable outcomes require careful screening for eligible recipients, as well as a well-calibrated live or deceased donor match.
Mix Markt
Mix Markt is a German supermarket chain that operates throughout Europe that specializes in the distribution of fresh and canned foods for the Central and Eastern European cuisines. It was founded in 1997 by three Germans from Kazakhstan: Waldemar Völker, Artur Steinhauer, and Peter Schuju, who opened the first shop in Oerlinghausen, Germany.

Mix Markt is a brand of the Monolith Group, which also acts as wholesale supplier for each market, which operate as licensed partnership companies. In 2016, Mix Markt had a turnover of €345 million. As of 2020, there are a total of 345 shops in fifteen European countries.

Oerlinghausen
Oerlinghausen (German pronunciation: [œʁlɪŋˈhaʊzn̩] ⓘ; Low German: Ankhiusen) is a city in the Lippe district of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany located between Bielefeld and Detmold in the Teutoburg Forest. At the end of February 2023, it had 17,314 inhabitants.
Willem Buys
Willem Buys (1661–1749) was acting Grand Pensionary of Holland in the summer of 1746. He was pensionary of Amsterdam (1693–1725) and first secretary of the estates of Holland (1726–1749). He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1706.

He had successes as negotiator of the United Provinces. He improved the diplomatic relationship with England in 1705 and 1706 and he was one of the Dutch negotiators during the peace negotiations in 1710 in Geertruidenberg and 1713 in Utrecht.

When he was 85 years old, he served as acting Grand Pensionary of Holland for 3 months, after the death of Anthonie van der Heim.

Geertruidenberg
Geertruidenberg (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɣeːrtrœydə(m)ˌbɛr(ə)x] ⓘ) is a city and municipality in the province North Brabant in the south of the Netherlands. The city, named after Saint Gertrude of Nivelles, received city rights in 1213 from the count of Holland. The fortified city prospered until the 15th century.

Today, the municipality of Geertruidenberg includes the population centres Raamsdonk and Raamsdonksveer. The municipality has a total area of 29.64 km2 (11.44 sq mi) and had a population of 21,770 in 2021. The city government consists of the mayor and three aldermen.
Ra.One (soundtrack)
Ra.One is the soundtrack album composed by the duo Vishal–Shekhar, to the 2011 Indian superhero film of the same name, written and directed by Anubhav Sinha, and starring Shahrukh Khan, Kareena Kapoor, Armaan Verma and Arjun Rampal in the lead roles. It also stars Shahana Goswami, Dalip Tahil and Chinese-british actor Tom Wu in supporting roles, along with Rajinikanth, Sanjay Dutt and Priyanka Chopra making cameo appearances.

The film is jointly produced by Eros International and Khan's production company, Red Chillies Entertainment, and was originally scheduled to release on 3 June 2011. However, due to extensive post-production work involving special effects and the 3D conversion, its release was postponed, and saw a worldwide opening during the Diwali weekend of 26 October 2011. The album features fifteen tracks, and was released on 21 September 2011 by T-Series.

Shahana Goswami
Shahana Goswami (born 6 May 1986) is an Indian actress. She became known for her supporting role in the musical drama film Rock On!! (2008), which won her the Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress. She was nominated for the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in Firaaq (2009). She subsequently featured in films such as Heroine and Midnight's Children (both 2012) as well as the series A Suitable Boy (2020). Goswami has since taken on lead roles in the independent films Zwigato (2023) and Santosh (2024), the latter of which earned her the Asian Film Award for Best Actress.
American University of Kurdistan
The American University of Kurdistan (AUK) (Sorani Kurdish: زانكۆی ئەمریکی لە کوردستان, Zanîngeha Emrîkî ya Kurdistanê; Arabic: الجامعة الأمريكية في كردستان) is a public, not-for-profit, university in Duhok, Kurdistan Region of Iraq. It was founded in 2014 to provide comprehensive liberal arts education and to encourage cross-disciplinary research in the region.

Not-for-profit organization
A not-for-profit organisation (NFPO) is a legal entity that does not distribute surplus funds to its members and is formed to fulfill specific objectives.

While not-for-profit organizations and nonprofit organizations (NPO) are distinct legal entities, the terms are sometimes used interchangeably. An NFPO must be differentiated from a NPO as they are not formed explicitly for the public good as an NPO must be, and NFPOs are considered "recreational organizations", meaning that they do not operate with the goal of generating revenue as opposed to NPOs.
Carbine Williams
Carbine Williams is a 1952 American drama film directed by Richard Thorpe and starring James Stewart, Jean Hagen and Wendell Corey. The film follows the life of its namesake, David Marshall Williams, who invented the operating principle for the M1 Carbine while in a North Carolina prison. The M1 Carbine was used extensively by the U.S. military during World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War.

Originally filmed in black-and-white, it is also shown in a computer-colorized version.

Wendell Corey
Wendell Reid Corey (March 20, 1914 – November 8, 1968) was an American stage, film, and television actor. He was President of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and a board member of the Screen Actors Guild, and also served on the Santa Monica City Council.
Akachi Adimora-Ezeigbo
Akachi Adimora-Ezeigbo // ⓘ is a Nigerian author and educator, whose published work includes novels, poetry, short stories, books for children, essays and journalism. She is the winner of several awards, including the Nigeria Prize for Literature.

Nigeria Prize for Literature
The Nigeria Prize for Literature is a literary award given annually to honour literary works of excellence by Nigerian authors. Founded in 2004, the award rotates among four genres; fiction, poetry, drama and children's literature, repeating the cycle every four years. With the total prize value of US$100,000 to individual winner, it is the biggest literary award in Africa and one of the richest literary awards in the world.
Cecily Wong
Cecily Wong is a writer best known for her novel Diamond Head, published by HarperCollins in 2015. Her work has also appeared in The Wall Street Journal, the LA Review of Books, Self Magazine, and Bustle.

Wong is the co-author of Gastro Obscura: An Explorer’s Guide to Food and a writer at Atlas Obscura. Her second novel, Kaleidoscope, was published in 2022.

Los Angeles Review of Books
The Los Angeles Review of Books (LARB) is a literary review magazine covering the national and international book scenes. A preview version launched on Tumblr in April 2011, and the official website followed one year later in April 2012. A print edition premiered in May 2013.

Founded by Tom Lutz, Chair of the Creative Writing Department at the University of California, Riverside, the Review seeks to redress the decline in Sunday book supplements by creating an online “encyclopedia of contemporary literary discussion.”