hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Klaus Stürmer
Klaus Stürmer (9 August 1935 – 1 June 1971) was a German football player. He represented Germany on two occasions, including a 1962 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Northern Ireland. On his debut on 16 October 1954 against France he became the youngest player of the post-war era to score for Germany at age 19 years 68 days, a record that was equalled in 2011 by Mario Götze

Post-war
A post-war or postwar period is the period immediately following the end of a war. The term usually refers to a varying period of time after World War II, which ended in 1945. A post-war period can become an interwar period or interbellum, when a war between the same parties resumes at a later date (such as the period between World War I and World War II). By contrast, a post-war period marks the cessation of armed conflict entirely.
Deafness in Uzbekistan
Deafness in Uzbekistan has cultural and medical implications. In 2019, the Society of the Deaf of Uzbekistan recorded that approximately 21,212 people, adults and children, are deaf or hard-of-hearing. The primary sign language of Uzbekistan is Russian Sign Language (RSL).

In most post-Soviet countries, RSL is the primary language used within deaf communities. However, research shows that many post-Soviet countries also have their own language. This change can be traced to different location or cultural differences between these countries.

Uzbek Sign Language (UZL) is a dialect of RSL, and while it has many phrases different from RSL, it is not recognized by the government as an official language in Uzbekistan.

Russian Sign Language
Russian Sign Language (RSL) is the sign language used by the Deaf community in Russia, with what is possibly additional presence in Belarus and Tajikistan. It belongs to the French Sign Language family.

RSL is a natural language with a grammar that differs from spoken or written Russian language. Signed Russian is an artificial form of communication used in schools and differs from RSL in strictly following Russian grammar.

Although RSL is legally recognized in Russia, it does not enjoy state support and there is a lack of skilled RSL interpreters in the country.
Lowder, Illinois
Lowder is an unincorporated community in Sangamon County, Illinois, United States. Lowder is located along a railroad line 5.5 miles (8.9 km) northwest of Virden. Lowder had a post office, which closed on October 24, 2010.

Virden, Illinois
Virden is a city in Macoupin and Sangamon counties in the U.S. state of Illinois. The population was 3,231 at the 2020 census.

The Macoupin County portion of Virden is part of Greater St. Louis, while the Sangamon County portion is part of the Springfield, Illinois metropolitan area.

Virden was the scene of an 1898 coal miners' strike, during which Mary Harris "Mother" Jones played a major role.
Congressional-Executive Commission on China
The Congressional-Executive Commission on China (CECC) is an independent agency of the U.S. government which monitors human rights and rule of law developments in the People's Republic of China. The commission was given the mandate by the U.S. Congress to monitor and report on human rights issues with a particular focus on compliance with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Its reporting covers developments in freedom of expression, the right to peaceful assembly, religious freedom, freedom of movement, freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention or torture, and the right to a fair trial, among others. The commission publishes an annual report to the President of the United States and Congress, typically in the fall of each year. It also maintains a database of prisoners of conscience, holds regular roundtables and hearings, and issues letters to other institutions concerning human rights matters.

Right to a fair trial
A fair trial is a trial which is "conducted fairly, justly, and with procedural regularity by an impartial judge". Various rights associated with a fair trial are explicitly proclaimed in Article 10 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution, Magna Carta upon which the prior amendments are based, and Article 6 of the European Convention of Human Rights, in addition to numerous other constitutions and declarations throughout the world. There is no binding international law that defines what is not a fair trial; for example, the right to a jury trial and other important procedures vary from nation to nation.
Adam McKinlay
Adam Storey McKinlay (27 December 1887 – 17 March 1950) was a Scottish Labour Party politician. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1929 to 1931, and from 1941 to 1950.

McKinlay was born in Govan, Glasgow in December 1887 to Hugh McKinlay and Lizzie Storey.

At the 1929 general election, McKinlay was elected as MP for Glasgow Partick.  He was defeated in 1931 and was unsuccessful when he stood again in 1935. He also stood unsuccessfully in the 1935 Perth by-election.  He returned to the House of Commons when he won a by-election in on 27 February 1941 for the Dunbartonshire constituency.  He was re-elected in 1945 and when that constituency was abolished at the 1950 general election, he was returned for the new West Dunbartonshire constituency, holding that seat until his death the following month. McKinlay died in Anniesland, Glasgow from coronary artery thrombosis at the age of 62.

Dunbartonshire (UK Parliament constituency)
Dunbartonshire was a county constituency of the House of Commons of Great Britain (at Westminster) from 1708 to 1801 and of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (also Westminster) from 1801 to 1950.
Luis Zwick
Luis Maria Zwick (born 24 May 1994) is a German professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for VSG Altglienicke.

Zwick rose to prominence at the age of 21 after winning the starting spot at Dundee United, making 17 appearances in the Scottish Premiership. Following the arrival of Japanese international Eiji Kawashima, Zwick moved to German 3. Liga club Hansa Rostock. With playing time limited, he joined Hertha Berlin II on loan and in 2018, parted ways with parent club, Rostock. After a season with Optik Rathenow, he signed for Bayern powerhouses, Schweinfurt.

Hertha BSC
Hertha, Berliner Sport-Club e. V., commonly known as Hertha BSC (German pronunciation: [ˈhɛʁtaː beː ʔɛs t͡seː]) or Hertha Berlin, is a German professional football club based in Berlin. Hertha BSC plays in the 2. Bundesliga, the second tier of German football, following relegation from the Bundesliga in 2022–23. Hertha BSC was founded in 1892, and was a founding member of the German Football Association in Leipzig in 1900.

The team won the German championship in 1930 and 1931. Since 1963, Hertha's stadium has been the Olympiastadion. The club is known as Die Alte Dame in German, which translates to "The Old Lady". In 2002, the sports activities of the professional, amateur, and under-19 teams were separated into Hertha BSC GmbH & Co. KGaA.
Des Broomfield
Desmond Stretton Broomfield (6 October 1921 – 5 June 2007) was an English footballer who played as a wing half in the Football League for Brighton & Hove Albion.

Broomfield was born in 1921 in Hove, Sussex, and attended Shoreham Grammar School. He joined Brighton & Hove Albion as a 16-year-old amateur, but his career was interrupted by the outbreak of war, during which he served in the Royal Air Force. He returned to Albion in time to play in the first post-war league match, still as an amateur, signed on semi-professional terms in 1947, and went on to make 26 first-team appearances. He later played non-league football for Hastings United and Shoreham. Broomfield died in Burgess Hill in 2007 at the age of 85.

Shoreham College
Shoreham College is a private day school for boys and girls aged 3 to 16, which is located in Shoreham-by-Sea on the Sussex coast between Brighton and Worthing.

The school is a charitable trust whose trustees form the College Council. The current principal is Mrs Sarah Bakhtiari..
Charleston station (Missouri)
Missouri Pacific Depot is a historic train station located at Charleston, Mississippi County, Missouri.  It was built in 1916–1917 by the Missouri Pacific Railroad, and is a one-story, rectangular brick building with white, smooth-cut limestone wainscotting. The building measures 24 by 149 feet (7.3 m × 45.4 m). It had a red tile hipped roof with a seven foot wide overhang.: 2, 6,

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.

Missouri Pacific Railroad
The Missouri Pacific Railroad (reporting mark MP), commonly abbreviated as MoPac, was one of the first railroads in the United States west of the Mississippi River. MoPac was a Class I railroad growing from dozens of predecessors and mergers. In 1967, the railroad operated 9,041 miles of road and 13,318 miles of track, not including DK&S, NO&LC, T&P, and its subsidiaries C&EI and Missouri-Illinois.

Union Pacific Corporation, the parent company of the Union Pacific Railroad, agreed to buy the Missouri Pacific Railroad on January 8, 1980. Lawsuits filed by competing railroads delayed approval of the merger until September 13, 1982. After the Supreme Court denied a trial to the Southern Pacific, the merger took effect on December 22, 1982. However, due to outstanding bonds of the Missouri Pacific, its full merger into the Union Pacific Railroad did not become official until January 1, 1997.
1923–24 City Cup
The 1923–24 City Cup was the 26th edition of the City Cup, a cup competition in Northern Irish football.

The tournament was won by Queen's Island for the 2nd time and 2nd consecutive year. They defeated Glentoran 3–2 in a test match at Windsor Park after both teams finished level on points in the group standings.

City Cup (Northern Ireland)
The City Cup was a football cup competition which involved teams from Northern Ireland (and prior to 1921, teams from Ireland). The tournament ran from 1894 and ceased to exist in 1976. The physical trophy the teams played for was called the Dunville Cup and this trophy is now presented to the winners of the Northern Ireland Football League Cup, which began in 1987.
Matrika Prasad Koirala
Matrika Prasad Koirala (Nepali: मातृका प्रसाद कोइराला Listenⓘ; 1 January 1912 – 11 September 1997) was the Prime Minister of Nepal for two separate terms from 16 November 1951 to 14 August 1952 and again from 15 June 1953 to 11 April 1955.

Prime Minister of Nepal
The prime minister of Nepal (Nepali: नेपालको प्रधानमन्त्री, romanized: Nēpālakō pradhānamantrī) is the head of government of Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal. The prime minister leads the Council of Ministers and holds the chief executive authority in the country. The prime minister must command majority support and maintain the confidence of the Pratinidhi Sabha to remain in office. If the prime minister loses this support, they are required to resign.

The official residence of the prime minister is located in Baluwatar, Kathmandu. The seat of the prime minister's office has been at Singha Darbar since Chandra Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana's reign (1901–1929).

The sitting prime minister ranks third in the order of precedence in Nepal.

Prime Minister KP Sharma Oli resigned on September 9, 2025, following the Gen Z protests. During the interim, Sushila Karki has been serving as prime minister since September 12, 2025.
Valbjarnarvöllur
Valbjarnarvöllur (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈvalˌpja(r)tnaˌvœtlʏr̥], lit. 'Valbjörn Field' or more precisely 'Valbjörn Stadium', named after the track and field athlete Valbjörn Þorláksson), also known as Eimskipsvöllurinn ([ˈeimˌscɪpsˌvœtlʏrɪn], lit. 'Eimskip Field' or 'Eimskip Stadium') for sponsorship reasons, is a football stadium in Reykjavík, Iceland.  It is the home stadium of Þróttur Reykjavík who play in the Úrvalsdeild. The stadium has a capacity of 5,478 fans.

In December 2016, Þróttur Reykjavík announced a three-year sponsorship deal with local shipping company Eimskip until 2019, which would see the stadium name changed to Eimskipsvöllurinn for the duration of the deal.

Knattspyrnufélagið Þróttur
Knattspyrnufélagið Þróttur (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈkʰnahtˌspɪ(r)tnʏˌfjɛːˌlaijɪð ˈθrouhtʏr̥], lit. 'Strength Football Club'), also referred to as Þróttur Reykjavík or Throttur, is a professional sports club from Reykjavík in Iceland. The club runs a football department as well as handball, volleyball and tennis departments. The club has enjoyed tremendous success in men's volleyball, winning a total of 14 Icelandic Championships since 1974. The handball department enjoyed great success in the early 1980s, winning its major honour, the Icelandic handball cup, in 1981. Football has been played by the club from start, and is the biggest of the four departments.
Eupithecia penablanca
Eupithecia penablanca is a moth in the family Geometridae first described by Clifford D. Ferris in 2007. It is found in Carr Canyon in the US state of Arizona. The habitat consists of oak chaparral forests.

The length of the forewings is 7–8 mm for males and 7–9 mm for females. Adults have been recorded on wing in August.

Chaparral
Chaparral (/ˌʃæpəˈræl, ˌtʃæp-/ SHAP-ə-RAL, CHAP-) is a shrubland plant community found primarily in California, southern Oregon, and northern Baja California, part of the California floristic province. It is shaped by a Mediterranean climate (mild wet winters and hot dry summers) and infrequent, high-intensity crown fires. Many chaparral shrubs have hard sclerophyllous evergreen leaves, as contrasted with the associated soft-leaved, drought-deciduous, scrub community of coastal sage scrub, found often on drier, southern-facing slopes.

Three other closely related chaparral shrubland systems occur in southern Arizona, western Texas, and along the eastern side of central Mexico's mountain chains, all having summer rains in contrast to the Mediterranean climate of other chaparral formations.
Bjälbo runestones
The Bjälbo runestones are three Viking Age memorial runestones, one of which has been lost, located at Bjälbo, which is a village in Mjölby Municipality, Östergötland, Sweden. One of the inscriptions provides evidence of the existence of guilds in Sweden during this period.

Guild
A guild (/ɡɪld/, GHILD) is a professional association of artisans and merchants who oversee the practice of their craft/trade in a particular territory. The word derived from medieval Europe where guilds were probably at their most extensive, but it has been used to describe similar groups before and after that period and in other parts of the world.  Typically the key "privilege" was that only guild members were allowed to sell their goods or practice their skill within a city. There might be controls on minimum or maximum prices, hours of trading, numbers of apprentices, and many other things. Critics argued that these rules reduced free competition, but defenders maintained that they protected professional standards.
Neustrelitz-Land
Neustrelitz-Land is an Amt in the Mecklenburgische Seenplatte district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. The seat of the Amt is in Neustrelitz, itself not part of the Amt.

The Amt Neustrelitz-Land consists of the following municipalities:

Blankensee

Blumenholz

Carpin

Godendorf

Grünow

Hohenzieritz

Klein Vielen

Kratzeburg

Möllenbeck

Userin

Wokuhl-Dabelow

53°21′00″N 13°03′00″E﻿ / ﻿53.350°N 13.050°E﻿ / 53.350; 13.050

Amt
Amt is a type of administrative division governing a group of municipalities, today only in Germany, but formerly also common in other countries of Northern Europe. Its size and functions differ by country and the term is roughly equivalent to a British or U.S. county.
2003 European Nations Cup
The European Nations Cup returned in 2003, being the first tournament since England last won it in 1996. The last European Nations Cup held, in 1996, followed traditional structures presented from previous tournaments, involving just three nations, England, France and Wales, all teams only playing each other once.

The 2003 tournament saw a revised structure, with Ireland, Scotland and Russia all joining. The new structure formed the basis of two groups of three, each nation playing a total of two games, where the winner of each group meets in a final.

Pre-tournament favourites England easily won the final against France.

Russia national rugby league team
The Russia national rugby league team, nicknamed The Bears (Russian: Медведи), represents Russia in international rugby league tournaments and other rugby league fixtures.

The national team formed in 1991, with their first international against France a few months later. The team, under the governance of the Russian Rugby League Federation gained observer status with the Rugby League International Federation in 1993, before being promoted to affiliate member ahead of the 2000 Rugby League World Cup and gaining full membership a three years later.

In 2010, Russia was expelled for a series of rule breaches and readmitted under the Association of Rugby League Clubs, they regained full member status three years later. After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the International Rugby League and European Rugby League suspended Russia's membership thus preventing them from competing in all international rugby league competitions. They were later downgrade to affiliate status.
George Read (American politician, born 1733)
George Read (September 18, 1733 – September 21, 1798) was an American politician from New Castle in New Castle County, Delaware. He was a Continental Congressman from Delaware, a delegate to the U.S. Constitutional Convention of 1787, president of Delaware, and a member of the Federalist Party. In addition, Read served as U.S. Senator from Delaware and chief justice of Delaware.

Read was a Founding Father of the United States, one of only two statesmen who signed four of the great state papers on which the country's founding is based: Petition to the King and Continental Association, both passed by the Congress of 1774, as well as the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and Constitution of the United States in 1787.

Petition to the King
The Petition to the King was a petition sent to King George III by the First Continental Congress in 1774, calling for the repeal of the Intolerable Acts. The King's rejection of the petition was one of the causes of the later United States Declaration of Independence and American Revolutionary War. The Continental Congress had hoped to resolve conflict without a war. The Congress did not send a petition to the British Parliament, a deliberate omission since they did not acknowledge Parliament's authority.
FIDE titles
FIDE titles are awarded by the international chess governing body FIDE (Fédération Internationale des Échecs) for outstanding performance. The highest such title is Grandmaster (GM). Titles generally require a combination of Elo rating and norms (performance benchmarks in competitions including other titled players). Once awarded, titles are held for life except in cases of fraud or cheating. Open titles may be earned by all players, while women's titles are restricted to female players. Many strong female players hold both open and women's titles. FIDE also awards titles for arbiters, organizers and trainers. Titles for correspondence chess, chess problem composition and chess problem solving are no longer administered by FIDE.

A chess title, usually in an abbreviated form, may be used as an honorific. For example, Magnus Carlsen may be styled as "GM Magnus Carlsen".

Honorific
An honorific is a title that conveys esteem, courtesy, or respect for position or rank when used in addressing or referring to a person. Sometimes, the term "honorific" is used in a more specific sense to refer to an honorary academic title. It is also often conflated with systems of honorific speech in linguistics, which are grammatical or morphological ways of encoding the relative social status of speakers. Honorifics can be used as prefixes or suffixes depending on the appropriate occasion and presentation in accordance with style and customs.

Typically, honorifics are used as a style in the grammatical third person, and as a form of address in the second person. Some languages have anti-honorific (despective or humilific) first person forms (expressions such as "your most humble servant" or "this unworthy person") whose effect is to enhance the relative honor accorded to the person addressed.
Potter Creek (Nipissing District)
Potter Creek (French: ruisseau Potter) is a stream in the Unorganized South Part of Nipissing District in Northeastern Ontario, Canada. It is a tributary of Canoe Lake, is in the Lake Huron drainage basin, and lies within Algonquin Provincial Park.

Unorganized South Nipissing District
Unorganized South Nipissing District is an unorganized area in north-central Ontario, in the District of Nipissing. It is almost entirely within and includes most of Algonquin Provincial Park.

The unorganized area is gradually being reduced in size. In 1971, a portion was added to Lake of Bays Township in Muskoka District, and between 1996 and 2001, its area shrunk from 7,792.97 square kilometres (3,008.88 sq mi) to 6,704.68 square kilometres (2,588.69 sq mi), because of annexation by surrounding incorporated townships.
Apeejay Surrendra Group
The Apeejay Surrendra Group is an Indian business conglomerate, established in 1910 in Jalandhar by Lala Pyare Lal. Later, in 1951, the headquarters were relocated to Kolkata. Surrendra Paul was chairman from 1982 until his murder in 1989. Most of the current senior executives are members of his family.

The businesses are tea plantations, fast-moving consumer goods, tea brands, shipping, boutique hotels, commercial real estate, warehousing, business centres, retail brands, bookstores, tea rooms, marine cluster, logistics parks and knowledge parks.

Fast-moving consumer goods
Fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) are products that are sold quickly and at a relatively low cost. Examples include non-durable household goods such as packaged foods, beverages, toiletries, candies, cosmetics, over-the-counter drugs, dry goods, and other consumables.

Fast-moving consumer goods have a high inventory turnover and are contrasted with specialty items, which have lower sales and higher inventory holding costs. Many retailers carry only FMCGs, particularly hypermarkets, big box stores, and warehouse club stores. Small convenience stores also stock fast-moving goods; the limited shelf space is filled with higher-turnover items.
Dave Dolch
Dave Dolch (born April 30, 1955) is an American former football coach. He served as the head football coach at was the head football coach at Bowie State University in Bowie, Maryland from 1986 to 1988 and in Morningside College in Sioux City, Iowa from 1989 to 1992, compiling a career college football coaching record of 28–43–3.

Dolch graduated in 1973 from Northeast High School in Pasadena, Maryland. He then played college football at Western Maryland College—now known as McDaniel College—in Westminster, Maryland and was captain of the Green Terror as a senior.

Bowie State University
Bowie State University (Bowie State or BSU) is a public historically black university in the Prince George's County of the U.S. state of Maryland, north of Bowie. It is part of the University System of Maryland. Founded in 1865, Bowie State is Maryland's oldest historically black university and one of the ten oldest in the country. Bowie State is a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund.