hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Discourse grammar
Discourse Grammar (DG) is a grammatical framework that grew out of the analysis of spoken and written linguistic discourse on the one hand, and of work on parenthetical expressions, including Simon C. Dik's study of extra-clausal constituents, on the other. Initiated by Gunther Kaltenböck, Bernd Heine and Tania Kuteva, the framework is based on the distinction between two organizing principles of grammar where one concerns the structure of sentences and the other the linguistic organization beyond the sentence.

In accordance with the perspective adopted in this framework, linguistic units such as formulae of social exchange, interjections, discourse markers and other prefabricated expressions, which tend to be assigned a more marginal status in many models of mainstream linguistics, are interpreted as playing an important role in structuring linguistic discourse.

Simon C. Dik
Simon Cornelis Dik  (September 6, 1940 in Delden – March 1, 1995 in Holysloot) was a Dutch linguist, most famous for developing the theory of functional grammar. He occupied the chair of General Linguistics at University of Amsterdam between 1969 and 1994. During these 25 years he developed the theory of functional grammar, the foundations for which had been laid in his 1968 dissertation on coordination.

Two years before his death, Dik fell ill. As much as his illness allowed, he worked on developing his theory until his death. The second part of his work, The Theory of Functional Grammar, was published posthumously in 1997.
Provolt, Oregon
Provolt (/ˈproʊvoʊlt/ PROH-vohlt) is an unincorporated community in Jackson County, Oregon, United States. It is about 15 miles (24 km) southeast of Grants Pass on Oregon Route 238, near the Applegate River on the county line between Jackson and Josephine counties.

Provolt post office was named for a pioneer family of the area. The Provolt Store was started about 1875 by Samuel Provolt. The post office was established in 1895 in what was then Josephine County; Mary E. Provolt was the first postmaster. The office was discontinued in 1955.

According to author Ralph Friedman, Provolt's entire business district consists of the historic country store. Provolt, however, also has a grange hall one block south of the store.

Oregon Route 238
Oregon Route 238 is an Oregon state highway which runs between the cities of Grants Pass, Oregon and  Medford, Oregon, and through the historic town of Jacksonville.  It is known as the Jacksonville Highway No. 272 (see Oregon highways and routes), and is 39 miles (63 km) long.  It lies in Jackson and Josephine County.
Skinny Fabulous
Gamal Doyle, better known as Skinny Fabulous, is a Vincentian musician, singer and songwriter. He is a five-time Soca Monarch winner in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and became the first non-Trinidad and Tobago citizen to win the Carnival Road March title in that country alongside Trinidadian soca artists Ian "Bunji Garlin" Alvarez and Machel Montano with the song "Famalay" in 2019.

Bunji Garlin
Ian Antonio Alvarez (born July 14, 1978), better known by his stage name Bunji Garlin, is a Trinidadian ragga and soca artist. He is also affectionately known as the Viking of Soca. His spouse is Fay-Ann Lyons.
Vulcan salute
The Vulcan salute is a hand gesture popularized by the 1960s television series Star Trek. It consists of a raised hand with the palm forward and the thumb extended, while the fingers are parted between the middle and ring finger. The gesture was devised by Star Trek actor Leonard Nimoy as a salute for the alien Vulcan species, and is popular within the science fiction fandom and nerd culture. The blessing phrase "live long and prosper" (written by Theodore Sturgeon) is frequently spoken alongside it.

Ring finger
The ring finger, third finger, fourth finger, leech finger, or annulary is the fourth digit of the human hand, located between the middle finger and the little finger.

Sometimes the term ring finger only refers to the fourth digit of a left-hand, so named for its traditional association with wedding rings in many societies, although not all use this digit as the ring finger. Traditionally, a wedding ring was worn only by the bride or wife, but in recent times more men also wear a wedding ring. It is also the custom in some societies to wear an engagement ring on the ring finger.

In anatomy, the ring finger is called digitus medicinalis, the fourth digit, digitus annularis, digitus quartus, or digitus IV. In Latin, the word anulus means "ring", digitus means "digit", and quartus means "fourth".
The Black Forest Girl (1929 film)
The Black Forest Girl (German: Schwarzwaldmädel) is a 1929 German silent romance film directed by Victor Janson and starring Liane Haid, Fred Louis Lerch and Walter Janssen.

It was distributed by the German branch of the American company First National Pictures. The film's art direction was by Heinz Fenchel and Jacek Rotmil. The film is based on the 1917 operetta of the same title, composed by Leon Jessel with a libretto by August Neidhart. It is set in the Black Forest region of Germany in the 1840s.

Cinema of Germany
The cinema of Germany can be traced back to the late 19th century. The film industry in Germany made major technical and artistic contributions to early film, broadcasting and television technology. Babelsberg became a household synonym for the early 20th century film industry in Europe, similar to Hollywood later. Early German and German-speaking filmmakers and actors heavily contributed to early Hollywood, many of whom were Jewish refugees fleeing Nazi persecution.

Germany witnessed major changes to its identity during the 20th and 21st century. Those changes determined the periodisation of national cinema into a succession of distinct eras and movements.

German movies and German artists earned 230 Oscar nominations and 54 Oscar wins.
Rhode Island Political Cooperative
The Rhode Island Political Cooperative was a progressive political organization founded in Rhode Island in 2019. It ran a slate of 24 candidates in the 2020 Rhode Island elections for the General Assembly, of which eight won their primaries and eight ran unopposed. The candidates campaigned on a platform of a $15 minimum wage, the Green New Deal, single-payer health care, criminal justice reform, affordable housing, quality public education, immigrants' rights, and getting money out of politics. In the 2022 elections, the cooperative ran 27 candidates for the General Assembly, of which three won their primaries and three ran unopposed.

Single-payer healthcare
Single-payer healthcare is a type of universal healthcare, in which the costs of essential healthcare for all residents are covered by a single public system (hence "single-payer"). Single-payer systems may contract for healthcare services from private organizations (as is the case in Canada) or may own and employ healthcare resources and personnel (as is the case in the United Kingdom). "Single-payer" describes the mechanism by which healthcare is paid for by a single public authority, not a private authority, nor a mix of both.
2014 Fiesta Bowl (December)
The 2014 Fiesta Bowl was a college football bowl game played on December 31, 2014, at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona. It was one of the 2014–15 bowl games that conclude the 2014 FBS football season. The game was sponsored by the Vizio consumer electronics company and is officially known as the Vizio Fiesta Bowl.

The game was televised on ESPN and ESPN Deportes, and broadcast on ESPN Radio and XM Satellite Radio, with  kickoff at 4:00 pm ET (2 pm MT).

Glendale, Arizona
Glendale (/ˈɡlɛndeɪl/) is a city in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States. Located about nine miles northwest of the state capital, as a suburb of Phoenix, Glendale is known for State Farm Stadium, which is the home of the Arizona Cardinals football team. The city also contains the Arrowhead Towne Center shopping mall. As of the 2020 census, Glendale had a population of 248,325.
Sun Temple, Modhera
The  Sun Temple of Modhera is a Hindu temple dedicated to the solar deity Surya located in the village of Modhera in Mehsana district, Gujarat, India. The temple is situated on the bank of the river Pushpavati, and was constructed after 1026-27 CE during the reign of Bhima I of the Chaulukya dynasty. The temple is no longer used for worship and is a protected monument maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India. The temple complex has three components: Gūḍhamanḍapa, the shrine hall; Sabhamanḍapa, the assembly hall and Kunḍa, the reservoir. The halls are noted for the intricately carved exteriors and decorated pillars. The tiered steps of reservoir lead to the bottom and numerous small shrines.

Kirtimukha
Kirtimukha (Sanskrit: कीर्तिमुख ,kīrtimukha, also kīrttimukha, a bahuvrihi compound translating to "glorious face") is the name of a swallowing fierce face with huge fangs, and gaping mouth, very common in the iconography of Hindu temple architecture in South Asia and Southeast Asia, and often also found in Buddhist architecture.

Unlike other Hindu legendary creatures, for example the sea-dwelling makara, the kirtimukha is essentially an ornamental motif in art, which has its origin in a legend from the Skanda Purana and the Shiva Purana.
Jesse Brown (baseball)
Jesse James Brown (June 6, 1914 – May 25, 1980) was an American Negro league pitcher between 1938 and 1944.

A native of Cleveland, Ohio, Brown made his Negro leagues debut in 1938 with the Newark Eagles. He went on to play for the New York Black Yankees and Baltimore Elite Giants. Brown died in Wellesley, Massachusetts in 1980 at age 65.

New York Black Yankees
The New York Black Yankees were a professional Negro league baseball team based in New York City; Paterson, New Jersey; and Rochester, New York. Beginning as the independent Harlem Stars, the team was renamed the New York Black Yankees in 1932 and joined the Negro National League in 1936, and remained in the league through 1948.

The Black Yankees played at Paterson, New Jersey's Hinchliffe Stadium from 1933 to 1935 and from 1937 to 1938. They had no primary home ballpark in 1939. From 1940 to 1947, they primarily played home games at Yankee Stadium. In 1948, they played the majority of their home games at Red Wing Stadium in Rochester.
Mondamon Farm
Mondamon Farm is a historic home and farm complex located near Odessa, New Castle County, Delaware.  The original section was built about 1840. It is a 2+1⁄2-story, five-bay frame dwelling with a two-bay, two-story shed roof service ell. Also on the property is a frame granary, barn, and 19th-century earthfast hay barrack.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

The hay barracks at Mondamon Farm in 1982

New Castle County, Delaware
New Castle County is the northernmost of the three counties of the U.S. state of Delaware (New Castle, Kent, and Sussex). As of the 2020 census, the population was 570,719, making it the most populous county in Delaware, with nearly 60% of the state's population of 989,948. The county seat is Wilmington, which is also the state's most populous city. New Castle County is included in the Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD Metropolitan Statistical Area. The county is named after William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle (c. 1593–1676). New Castle County has the highest population and population density of any Delaware county, and it is the smallest county in the state by area. It has more people than the other two counties, Kent and Sussex, combined. It is also the most economically developed of the three.
North Vietnamese đồng
The đồng (chữ Nôm: 銅; chữ Hán: 元, nguyên) (/ˈdɒŋ/; Vietnamese: [ɗôŋm]) was the currency of North Vietnam from 3 November 1946 to 2 May 1978. It was subdivided into 10 hào, each itself divided into 10 xu.

Chữ Hán
Chữ Hán (Vietnamese: 𡨸漢 [t͡ɕɯ˦ˀ˥ haːn˧˦] ⓘ, lit. 'Han characters') are the Chinese characters that were used to write Literary Chinese (Hán văn; 漢文) and Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary in Vietnamese. They were officially used in Vietnam after the Red River Delta region was annexed into the Han dynasty and continued to be used until the early 20th century.
Jacob Weager
Jacob Weager (September 26, 1755 - July 10, 1827) was a farmer and political figure in Upper Canada. He represented Dundas in the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada from 1800 to 1804.

Jacob Weager, was a British Army Captain and Upper Canadian politician. He was born in the Rhinebeck, Dutchess County, Province of New York, the son of Everhart Weager and married to Mary Hare in 1784. He served in the King's Loyal Regiment of New York during the American Revolution. Weager married Mary Hare, the daughter of Henry Hare of the Indian Department. He lived in Williamsburgh Township. Weager served in the Dundas County Militia, reaching the rank of captain, and was a justice of the peace in the Eastern District.

Weager died in Dundas in 1827.

South Dundas
South Dundas is a municipality in eastern Ontario, Canada, in the United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry along the north shore of the St. Lawrence River. It is located approximately 100 kilometres (62 miles) south of Ottawa and is midway between Kingston and Montreal, Quebec.
2017 in Indonesia
2017 (MMXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar, the 2017th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 17th  year of the 3rd millennium and the 21st century, and the  8th   year of the 2010s decade.

Year 2017 was a major political year for Jakarta as the province held the 2017 gubernatorial election. Indonesia also held local elections across Indonesia simultaneously, the second time since 2015. The gubernatorial election was marred with controversies, particularly when the incumbent Governor of Jakarta Basuki Tjahaja Purnama was caught on tape quoting a certain verse of the Qur'an. This caused anger among residents which ultimately led to his defeat and subsequent mass protests and arrest. The blasphemy case supposedly revealed 'deep intolerance' in Indonesia.

Governor of Jakarta
The Special Region of Jakarta is administratively equal to a province with special status as the largest city of Indonesia. Instead of a mayor, the executive head of Jakarta is a governor. The Governor of Jakarta is an elected politician who, along with the vice governor and 106 members of the Jakarta Regional House of Representatives (DPRD), is accountable for the strategic government of the city of Jakarta.
Pit Bull (TV series)
Pit Bull was a debate show that aired live every Saturday on Speed during the 2004 NASCAR season. The show took place outside of every venue of the NASCAR Cup Series. Host Steve Byrnes moderated debates involving a four-person panel of sportswriters whose columns are mostly about racing. The three primary panelists were Mike Mulhern of the Winston-Salem Journal, David Poole of The Charlotte Observer, and Marty Smith of NASCAR.com. The fourth panelist usually rotated between writers like Ben Blake, Lee Spencer of The Sporting News, and Speed Channel website writer Robin Miller. The panelists eventually became known as the "Pit Hogs."

2004 in NASCAR
The following NASCAR national series were held in 2004:

2004 NASCAR Nextel Cup Series - The top racing series in NASCAR.

2004 NASCAR Busch Series - The second-highest racing series in NASCAR.

2004 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series - The third-highest racing series in NASCAR.
François-Xavier Verschave
François-Xavier Verschave (28 October 1945 – 29 June 2005) was a French economist and activist primarily known as one of the founders of the French NGO Survie ("Survival") and as coiner of the term Françafrique, an expression for France's neocolonialism, a specific type of neocolonialism imposed by France over its former colonies in Africa.

Verschave also researched the concept of global public goods and the economic theories of famous historian Fernand Braudel. Survie was created in 1983 by the Manifeste des 54 prix Nobel ("Manifesto of 54 Nobel Prizes") as an NGO advocating against underdevelopment.

Charles Pasqua
Charles Victor Pasqua (18 April 1927 – 29 June 2015) was a French businessman and Gaullist politician. He was Interior Minister from 1986 to 1988, under Jacques Chirac's cohabitation government, and also from 1993 to 1995, under the government of Edouard Balladur.
SR (programming language)
SR (short for Synchronizing Resources) is a programming language designed for concurrent programming.

Resources encapsulate processes and the variables they share, and can be separately compiled. Operations provide the primary mechanism for process interaction.

SR provides a novel integration of the mechanisms for invoking and servicing operations. Consequently, it supports local and remote procedure call, rendezvous, message passing, dynamic process creation, multicast, semaphores and shared memory.

Version 2.2 has been ported to the Apollo, DECstation, Data General AViiON, HP 9000 Series 300, Multimax, NeXT, PA-RISC, RS/6000, Sequent Symmetry, SGI IRIS, Sun-3, Sun-4 and others.

Encore Computer
Encore Computer Corporation was an American computer company independently active from 1983 to 1997. Based in Marlborough, Massachusetts, the company was an early pioneer in the parallel computing market. Although offering several system designs beginning in 1985, Encore was never as well known as other companies in this field such as Pyramid Technology, Alliant, and the most similar systems Sequent and FLEX.

Encore was founded in 1983 by: Kenneth Fisher, former CEO of Prime Computer; Gordon Bell, an engineering vice president from Digital Equipment Corporation responsible for the development of the VAX; and, Henry Burkhardt III, co-founder of Data General and Kendall Square Research. Their goal was to build massively parallel machines from commodity processors; their first design, the Multimax, was released in September 1985. This was one of the first commercial designs to make use of bus snooping, allowing many processors to share the same memory efficiently.
Malaysia Federal Route 247
Federal Route 247, or Jalan Sungai Tong-Kuala Berang (formerly Terengganu State Route T11), is a federal road in Terengganu, Malaysia. It is a main route to Second East-West Highway (Federal Route 185). The Kilometre Zero is at Sungai Tong in Setiu constituency.

Setiu District
Setiu is one of the districts in Terengganu, Malaysia. This district is bordered by Besut to the north, Hulu Terengganu to the south, and on the east, Kuala Nerus District.

Setiu is the second youngest and least populated district in Terengganu. Its capital is Bandar Permaisuri which also serves as its economic and commercial centre. Other towns are Chalok, Sungai Tong, Guntong and Penarik.
Lakshmibai National College of Physical Education
Lakshmibai National College of Physical Education (LNCPE) is part of the academic wing of the Sports Authority of India, and is situated at Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. It was founded on 17 August 1985 under the auspices of the Department of Youth Affairs and Sports, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India.

The college provide facilities for the promotion of physical education, sports and teacher training by offering undergraduate and post-graduate research courses.

LNCPE has served as training camps for Indian athletes competing in various international competitions including the 2022 Asian Games.

Ministry of Education (India)
The Ministry of Education (MoE) is a ministry of the Government of India, responsible for the implementation of the National Policy on Education. The ministry is further divided into two departments: the Department of School Education and Literacy, which deals with primary, secondary and higher secondary education, adult education and literacy, and the Department of Higher Education, which deals with university level education, technical education, scholarships, etc.

The current education minister is Dharmendra Pradhan, a member of the Council of Ministers. India has had a Ministry of Education since 1947. In 1985, the Rajiv Gandhi government changed its name to the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), and with the newly drafted "National Education Policy 2020" by the Narendra Modi government, the Ministry of Human Resource Development was renamed back to the Ministry of Education.
The Dark Glow of the Mountains
The Dark Glow of the Mountains (German: Gasherbrum – Der leuchtende Berg) is a TV documentary made in 1985 by German filmmaker Werner Herzog.  It is about an expedition made by mountain climber Reinhold Messner and his partner Hans Kammerlander to climb Gasherbrum II and Gasherbrum I all in one trip without returning to base camp.  The film is not so much concerned with showing the climb itself or giving guidelines on mountaineering, but seeks to reveal the inner motivation of the climbers.

Gasherbrum II
Gasherbrum II, originally surveyed as K4, is the 13th highest mountain in the world at 8,035 metres (26,362 ft) above sea level. It is the third-highest peak of the Gasherbrum massif, and is located in the Karakoram, on the border between Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan and Xinjiang, China. The mountain was first climbed on July 7, 1956, by an Austrian expedition which included Fritz Moravec, Josef Larch, and Hans Willenpart.
Eupsophus emiliopugini
Eupsophus emiliopugini is a species of frog in the family Alsodidae. It is found in the temperate Nothofagus forests of Chile between 40°50'S and 45°20'S, and in the Lago Puelo National Park, Chubut Province, Argentina. The specific name emiliopugini honors Professor Emilio Pugín, for "his contribution to knowledge of the reproductive biology and development of the Chilean frogs". Common name Emilio's ground frog has been coined for the species.

Nothofagus
Nothofagus, also known as the southern beeches, is a genus of 43 species of trees and shrubs native to the Southern Hemisphere, found across southern South America (Chile, Argentina) and eastern and southeast Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea, and New Caledonia. The species are ecological dominants in many temperate forests in these regions. Some species are reportedly naturalised in Germany and Great Britain. The genus has a rich fossil record of leaves, cupules, and pollen, with fossils extending into the late Cretaceous period and occurring in Australia, New Zealand, Antarctica, and South America.
Mosely snowflake
The Mosely snowflake (after Jeannine Mosely) is a Sierpiński–Menger type of fractal obtained in two variants either by the operation opposite to creating the Sierpiński-Menger snowflake or Cantor dust i.e. not by leaving but by removing eight of the smaller 1/3-scaled corner cubes and the central one from each cube left from the previous recursion (lighter) or by removing only corner cubes (heavier).

In one dimension this operation (i.e. the recursive removal of two side line segments) is trivial and converges only to single point. It resembles the original water snowflake of snow. By construction the Hausdorff dimension of the lighter snowflake is

and the heavier

.

Jeannine Mosely
Jeannine Mosely (born May 16, 1953 in Pittsburgh, PA) holds a Ph.D. in EECS from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and is known for her work as an origami artist. She is best known for her modular origami designs, especially her work using business cards.  She has organized several crowd-sourced origami projects built from tens of thousands of business cards involving hundred of volunteers for each project. She is also known for her minimalist origami designs (such as her fourfold alphabet), curved crease models, and her invention of "or-egg-ami" models made from egg cartons.