hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Slavery during the American Civil War
Slavery played the central role during the American Civil War. The primary catalyst for secession was slavery, especially Southern political leaders' resistance to attempts by Northern antislavery political forces to block the expansion of slavery into the western territories. Slave life went through great changes, as the Southern United States saw Union Armies take control of broad areas of land. During and before the war, enslaved people played an active role in their own emancipation, and thousands of enslaved people escaped from bondage during the war.

Project Muse
Project MUSE, a non-profit collaboration between libraries and publishers, is an online database of peer-reviewed academic journals and electronic books. As of 2024, Project Muse hosts over 800 journals and 100,000 books in digital humanities and social sciences, sourced from approximately 400 university presses and scholarly societies worldwide. It is an aggregator of digital versions of academic journals, all of which are free of digital rights management (DRM). It operates as a third-party acquisition service like EBSCO, JSTOR,  OverDrive, and ProQuest. Project Muse's online journal collections are available on a subscription basis to academic, public, special, and school libraries.
2024 European Parliament election in the Czech Republic
Elections were held in the Czech Republic from 7 to 8 June 2024 to elect 21 Czech representatives for the European Parliament, alongside the EU-wide 2024 European Parliament election. This was the fifth parliamentary election since the Czech Republic's EU accession in 2004, and the first to take place after Brexit.

Dita Charanzová
Dita Charanzová  (born 30 April 1975) is a Czech politician, consultant and former senior civil servant, focusing on European Union issues. She was a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from July 2014  to July 2024 and its vice-president from July 2019 to July 2024.
Everything and Nothing Less
Everything and Nothing Less is the first live album by Chris McClarney. Sparrow Records and Jesus Culture Music released the album on June 9, 2015. McClarney worked with Jeremy Edwardson, in the production of this album.

Jesus Culture
Jesus Culture is a Christian revivalist youth-oriented organization that was formed at the Bethel Church of Redding, California, in the United States. Jesus Culture Ministry hosts conferences and operates a record label, Jesus Culture Music. In 2013, Jesus Culture moved to plant a church in Sacramento. Meetings started on September 14, 2014.
John Reeves (judge)
John Edward Reeves QC (born 2 January 1952) is a former Australian politician, lawyer and judge. He was a Labor member of the Australian House of Representatives from 1983 to 1984, a prominent barrister in Darwin afterwards, the author of the controversial 1999 Reeves Report on Aboriginal land rights in Australia. He served as a Judge of the Federal Court of Australia from November 2007 to January 2022.

From 2007 to 2012 (until the appointment of Duncan Kerr), he was the only former politician serving on the Federal Court, and the only former politician serving on an Australian appellate court.

Indigenous land rights in Australia
In Australia, Indigenous land rights or Aboriginal land rights are the rights and interests in land of Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islander people; the term may also include the struggle for those rights. Connection to the land and waters is vital in Australian Aboriginal culture and to that of Torres Strait Islander people, and there has been a long battle to gain legal and moral recognition of ownership of the lands and waters occupied by the many peoples prior to colonisation of Australia starting in 1788, and the annexation of the Torres Strait Islands by the colony of Queensland in the 1870s.

As of 2020, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples’ rights and interests in land are formally recognised over around 40 per cent of Australia’s land mass, and sea rights have also been asserted in various native title cases.
Sindicato Angolano dos Camponeses e Operários
Sindicato Angolano dos Camponeses e Operários ('Angolan Trade Union of Peasants and Workers', abbreviated SINDACO) was a trade union in Angola. SINDACO was linked to UNITA.

SINDACO was founded at a congress held April 24–25, 1975 where the CNTA and  merged with the UNITA-aligned UGTA. The International Confederation of Free Trade Unions was represented at the event.

SINDACO remained based mainly in the Ovimbundu-dominated cities of Huambo and Lobito, whilst being marginalized in Luanda (where MPLA was monopolizing control over the trade union movement). SINDACO activities were disrupted by the Angolan Civil War. In Lobito SINDACO was led by Jorge Valemtim.

International Confederation of Free Trade Unions
The International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) was an international trade union. It came into being on 7 December 1949 following a split within the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU), and was dissolved on 31 October 2006 when it merged with the World Confederation of Labour (WCL) to form the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC).

Prior to being dissolved, the ICFTU had a membership of 157 million members in 225 affiliated organisations in 148 countries and territories.
Government of India Act 1833
The Government of India Act 1833 (3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 85), sometimes called the East India Company Act 1833 or the Charter Act 1833, was an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, later retitled as the Saint Helena Act 1833. It extended the royal charter granted to the East India Company for an additional twenty years, and restructured the governance of British India.

Legislation.gov.uk
legislation.gov.uk, formerly known as the UK Statute Law Database, is the official Web-accessible database of the statute law of the United Kingdom, hosted by The National Archives. Established in the early 2000s, it contains all primary legislation in force since 1267 and all secondary legislation since 1823; it does not include legislation which was fully repealed prior to 1991. The contents have been revised to reflect legislative changes up to 2002, with material that has been amended since 2002 fully updated and searchable.
Wingaroo Nature Reserve
Wingaroo Nature Reserve is a protected natural area in the northern part of Flinders Island. Covering 9144 hectares, it contains heath, woodland and wetland, and is home to rare populations of horny cone-bush (Isopogon ceratophyllus), saw banksia (Banksia serrata) and Oyster Bay pine (Callitris rhomboidea), as well as New Holland mouse (Pseudomys novaehollandiae). Initially 202 hectares were established as a protected area in November 1988, before it became Wingaroo Nature Reserve in September 1991 with an  additional 8942 hectares were added, bringing it to its current size.

New Holland mouse
The New Holland mouse (Pseudomys novaehollandiae) also known as a Pookila is a species of rodent in the family Muridae. It was first described by George Waterhouse in 1843. It vanished from view for over a century before its rediscovery in Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park north of Sydney in 1967. It is found only in south east Australia, within the states of New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, and Tasmania.
Adrian Kekec
Adrian Kekec (born May 28, 1985) is a Canadian soccer player of Slovenian descent, who currently plays for FK Pelister in the First Macedonian Football League. Kekec is a versatile attacker who can play both as a winger and forward.

FK Pelister
FK Pelister (Macedonian: ФК Пелистер) is a professional football club based in the city of Bitola, North Macedonia. They are currently competing in the Macedonian First League.The club was re established after the liberation in 1945,its predecessors in Bitola have existed since 1924. Pelister's club colors are green and white. The club plays at the Petar Miloshevski stadium.
Debajit Chetia
Debajit Chetia (Assamese: দেৱজিত চেতিয়া) (born 31 July 1963) was an Indian cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman who played for Assam. He was born in Gauhati.

Having represented the Under-22s team between 1980 and 1985, Chetia made a single first-class appearance for the side, during the 1987–88 season, against Orissa. From the upper-middle order, Chetia scored a single run in the first innings in which he batted, and, when switched to the lower order for the second innings, he scored a duck.

Assam cricket team
The Assam cricket team is a domestic cricket team represents the Indian state of Assam, run by the Assam Cricket Association. The team competes in the first-class tournament Ranji Trophy, limited-overs tournament Vijay Hazare Trophy and the Twenty20, Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy.
Léonard Bourdon
Louis Jean Joseph Léonard Bourdon de la Cronière (6 November 1754, Alençon – 29 May 1807, Breslau) was a French politician of the French Revolution. He was president of the National Constituent Assembly and substitute for the procureur of the Commune de Paris.

Despite his depiction in the traditional historiography, where he is presented as "a fanatical Montagnard, a fierce terrorist, a violent man, thirsty for blood, corrupt and decadent", he is depicted more sympathetically by modern historians.

Alençon
Alençon (UK: /æˈlɒ̃sɒ̃/, US: /ˌælɒ̃ˈsoʊn/, French: [alɑ̃sɔ̃] ⓘ; Norman: Alençoun) is a commune in Normandy, France, and the capital of the Orne department. It is situated between Paris and Rennes (about 173 kilometres (107 mi) west of Paris) and a little over 50 kilometres (31 mi) north of Le Mans. Alençon belongs to the intercommunality of Alençon (around 56,000 people in 2018, of which around 26.000 lived in Alençon).
Euphrates Viaduct
The Euphrates Viaduct is a motorway bridge across the Euphrates between Belkıs, Nizip, Gaziantep Province and Birecik, Şanlıurfa Province in Turkey. Built up to 2007, it is the longest river bridge in Turkey. Buses and other cars going from the three big cities (Istanbul, Ankara and İzmir) to Diyarbakır, play an important role on this viaduct. Cars going to Diyarbakır can also use the Kömürhan Bridge which carries  D.300 state roadway between Malatya and Elazığ.

Şanlıurfa Province
Şanlıurfa Province (Turkish: Şanlıurfa ili; Kurdish: Parêzgeha Rihayê), also known as Urfa Province, is a province and metropolitan municipality in southeastern Turkey. The city of Şanlıurfa is the capital of the province which bears its name. Its area is 19,242 km2, and its population is 2,170,110 (2022). The province is considered part of Turkish Kurdistan and has a Kurdish majority with a significant Arab and Turkish minority.
Swedish Radio Choir
The Swedish Radio Choir is a professional choir. It is part of Sveriges Radio, the public radio broadcasting company of Sweden. The choir consists of 32 singers and their chorus master Marc Korovitch. Peter Dijkstra is the choir's most recent chief conductor. He left the position after eleven years, in 2018. Since 1979 the Swedish Radio Choir has been based at the Swedish Radio Concert Hall, Berwaldhallen, in Stockholm.

In 2010 the Swedish Radio Choir was included in Gramophone magazine's special feature article where an international jury was asked to name the world's leading choirs.

Gramophone (magazine)
Gramophone (known as The Gramophone prior to 1970) is a magazine published monthly in London, devoted to classical music, particularly to reviews of recordings. It was founded in 1923 by the Scottish author Compton Mackenzie who continued to edit the magazine until 1961. It was acquired by Haymarket in 1999. In 2013 the Mark Allen Group became the publisher.

The magazine presents the Gramophone Awards each year to the classical recordings which it considers the finest in a variety of categories.

On its website Gramophone claims to be: "The world's authority on classical music since 1923."  This used to appear on the front cover of every issue; recent editions have changed the wording to "The world's best classical music reviews."

Its circulation, including digital subscribers, was 24,380 in 2014.
C15 road (Namibia)
C15 is an untarred road in eastern Namibia travelling 448 kilometres (278 mi) through the Khomas, Hardap, and ǁKaras Regions. It starts in Dordabis and ends at the Mata Mata border post, leading into South Africa.

A feasibility study about upgrading the road to bitumen between Stampriet and Mata Mata was planned for the 2020/2021 financial year.

Hardap Region
Hardap is one of the fourteen regions of Namibia. Its capital is Mariental. Hardap contains the municipality of Mariental, the towns of Rehoboth and Aranos, and the self-governed villages of Gibeon, Gochas, Kalkrand, Stampriet, and Maltahöhe. The Hardap Dam is located in the region.
Smolęcin, Gryfice County
Smolęcin [smɔˈlɛnt͡ɕin] (German: Schmalentin) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gryfice, within Gryfice County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 6 km (4 mi) south-east of Gryfice and 67 km (42 mi) north-east of the regional capital Szczecin.

Before 1637 the area was part of Duchy of Pomerania. For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania and History of Gryfice.

Gryfice
Gryfice (pronounced Gri-fitse [ɡrɨˈfʲit͡sɛ] ⓘ; German: Greifenberg) is a historic town in Pomerania, north-western Poland, with 16,600 inhabitants (2017). It is the capital of Gryfice County in West Pomeranian Voivodeship. The town is situated approximately 22 kilometres from the Baltic Sea coast and seaside resorts.
Col des Montets
Col des Montets (elevation 1,461 m or 4,793 ft) is a mountain pass in the French Alps in the Haute-Savoie department of France. It is on the road between Chamonix, the Swiss Col de la Forclaz and Martigny in the canton of Valais, Switzerland.

The pass is generally open in winter, but it can be closed in extreme weather and frequently requires snow chains and/or winter tires. Conditions can be checked with Chamonix tourist office. The railway tunnel of the Saint-Gervais–Vallorcine railway
has been modified to also carry road traffic on a convoy basis between trains when the pass is closed.

Elizabeth Robins Pennell bicycled through the pass in the 1890s.

The pass appeared in the Tour de France five times from 1959 to 1977: Charly Gaul was the first rider to cross the pass in 1959.

Charly Gaul
Charly Gaul /ˈɡaʊl/ (8 December 1932 – 6 December 2005) was a Luxembourgish professional cyclist. He was a national cyclo-cross champion, an accomplished time triallist and superb climber. His ability earned him the nickname of Angel of the Mountains in the 1958 Tour de France, which he won with four stage victories. He also won the Giro d'Italia in 1956 and 1959.  Gaul rode best in cold, wet weather. In later life, he became a recluse and lost much of his memory.
Toru Terasawa
Toru Terasawa (寺沢 徹, Terasawa Tōru; January 4, 1935 – March 23, 2025) was a Japanese long-distance runner who on February 17, 1963 set a world record in the marathon with a time of 2:15:16 at the Beppu Marathon. Terasawa placed second in the marathon at the 1964 Japanese Olympic trials and 15th at the 1964 Summer Olympics. Terasawa is also a two-time champion of the Fukuoka Marathon; he set a Japanese national record during his 1962 victory (2:16:18.4) and improved on it when he won in 1964 (2:14:48.2). At Fukuoka in 1966, he finished fifth (2:15:51.2) after colliding with Jim Hogan, the 1966 European marathon champion, and falling to the pavement just before the halfway mark.

When Morio Shigematsu set the world record at the 1965 Polytechnic Marathon, Terasawa finished second. His 2:13:41 performance was the third best ever at the time In 1965, he set his second world record, in the 30 km, and in 1969 he won the Nagano Marathon. He died on March 23, 2025, at the age of 90.

Nagano Olympic Commemorative Marathon
The Nagano Olympic Commemorative Marathon (Japanese: 長野オリンピック記念 長野マラソン) is an annual marathon road race which takes place in mid-April in Nagano, Japan. It is an IAAF Bronze Label Road Race competition.  The Nagano Marathon has races for both elite and amateur runners. It is named in honour of the 1998 Winter Olympics which were held in Nagano.

The course has a point-to-point style and it has received accreditation from the Japan Association of Athletics Federations and AIMS. The route begins at the Nagano Sports Park and heads in a generally southern direction, passing the Zenkō-ji temple before finishing at the Nagano Olympic Stadium. The route incorporates four of the former Olympic venues into the race.
Sworawa
Sworawa [sfɔˈrava] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Poddębice, within Poddębice County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 2 km (1 mi) east of Poddębice and 36 km (22 mi) west of the regional capital Łódź.

Poddębice
Poddębice [pɔdːɛmˈbʲit͡sɛ] is a town in central Poland, in Łódź Voivodeship. It is the capital of Poddębice County. It lies approximately 40 km (25 mi) northwest of Łódź. Population is 7,245 (2020). It is located within the historic Łęczyca Land.
Henry Irby
Henry Irby (January 26, 1807 – February 20, 1879) was an American landowner and entrepreneur credited with founding the settlement that developed into Buckhead, a prominent neighborhood in Atlanta, Georgia. In 1838, he purchased property at a rural junction north of the city, established an inn and general store, and is traditionally associated with the origin of the name “Buckhead.”

Inn
Inns are generally establishments or buildings where travelers can seek lodging, and usually, food and drink. Inns are typically located in the country or along a highway. Before the advent of motorized transportation, they also provided accommodation for horses.

An innkeeper is the person who runs an inn.
British Library Coptic Language Collection
The British Library Coptic Language Collection is a collection of about 1600 manuscripts in the Coptic language dating from 350 to 2000 AD. The collection was one of the first to reach Europe, and the texts are written on papyrus, leather, vellum and paper. The British Library also holds a collection of about 1500 printed books and serials in Coptic.

Vellum
Vellum is prepared animal skin or membrane, typically used as writing material. It is often distinguished from parchment, either by being made from calfskin, rather than the skin of other animals or simply by being of a higher quality. Vellum is prepared for writing and printing on single pages, scrolls, and codices.

Vellum is generally smooth and durable, but there can be great variations in texture due to the way it is made and the quality of the skin used. The making of vellum involves the cleaning, bleaching, stretching on a frame, and scraping of the skin with a lunellum.

Modern paper vellum is made of plant cellulose fibers and gets its name from having a similar use to actual vellum, as well as its high quality.
Christian Wilhelm Andresen
Christian Wilhelm Andresen (13 June 1811 – 28 October 1886) was a Norwegian judge.

He was born in Christiania to merchant Nicolai Andresen and Engel Johanne Christiane Reichborn. He graduated as cand.jur. in 1832, and was named as a Supreme Court Justice from 1859 to 1883 (acting from 1855). He was decorated as Knight of the Order of St. Olav in 1860, and as Commander in 1873.

Supreme Court of Norway
The Supreme Court of Norway (Norwegian Bokmål: (Norges) Høyesterett; Norwegian Nynorsk: (Noregs) Høgsterett; lit. 'Highest Court') is the highest court in the Norwegian judiciary. It was established in 1815 on the basis of section 88 in the Constitution of the Kingdom of Norway, which prescribed an independent judiciary. It is located in the capital Oslo. In addition to serving as the court of final appeal for civil and criminal cases, it can also rule whether the Cabinet has acted in accordance with Norwegian law and whether the Parliament has passed legislation consistent with the Constitution.
Chinglish (play)
Chinglish is a play by Tony Award winner David Henry Hwang. It is a comedy about an American businessman desperate to launch a new enterprise in China, which opened on Broadway in 2011 with direction by Leigh Silverman.

Goodman Theatre
Goodman Theatre is a professional theater company located in Chicago's Loop. A major part of the Chicago theatre scene, it is the city's oldest currently active nonprofit theater organization. Part of its present theater complex occupies the landmark Harris and Selwyn Theaters property.
WN postcode area
The WN postcode area, also known as the Wigan postcode area, is a group of eight postcode districts in North West England, within three post towns. These cover most of the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan in Greater Manchester (including Wigan itself and Leigh), plus small parts of West Lancashire (including Skelmersdale) and the Metropolitan Borough of St Helens in Merseyside.

Mail for the WN postcode area is processed at Warrington Mail Centre, along with mail for the CW, L and WA postcode areas.

Post town
A post town is a required part of all postal addresses in the United Kingdom and Ireland, and a basic unit of the postal delivery system. Including the correct post town in the address increases the chance of a letter or parcel being delivered on time. Post towns in general originated as the location of delivery offices. As of 2004, their main function is to distinguish between localities or street names in addresses not including a postcode.
Shin-ichi Sakamoto
Shin-ichi Sakamoto (Japanese: 坂本眞一, Hepburn: Sakamoto Shin-ichi, born July 19, 1972) is a Japanese manga artist known for his seinen manga series The Climber and the Innocent duology. Both The Climber and Innocent were awarded an Excellence Award at the Japan Media Arts Festival. His newest series #DRCL midnight children began serialization in Grand Jump in 2021.

One-shot (comics)
In comics, a one-shot is a work composed of a single standalone issue or chapter, contrasting a limited series or ongoing series, which are composed of multiple issues or chapters. One-shots date back to the early 19th century, published in newspapers, and today may be in the form of single published comic books, parts of comic magazines/anthologies or published online on websites. In the marketing industry, some one-shots are used as promotion tools that tie in with existing productions, films, video games or television shows.
Wogo people
The Wogo people are a small subgroup of the broader Songhai people. They are found primarily in Niger and Mali on the banks and islands of the Niger river, a territory they share with the Zarma, the Kurtey and the Songhay. The main Wogo communities are found on the islands in the Tillabery region of Niger with the largest being Ayorou in Niger and Boura in Mali. They speak the Wogo Ciine songhay dialect.

Niger River
The Niger River (/ˈnaɪdʒər/ NY-jər; French: (le) fleuve Niger [(lə) flœv niʒɛʁ]) is the main river of West Africa, extending about 4,180 kilometres (2,600 miles). Its drainage basin is 2,117,700 km2 (817,600 sq mi) in area. Its source is in the Guinea Highlands in south-eastern Guinea near the Sierra Leone border. It runs in a crescent shape through southwest Mali and through southwest Niger, on the border with Benin, and then through Nigeria, discharging through a massive delta, known as the Niger Delta, into the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean. The Niger is the 14th-longest river in the world and the third-longest river in Africa, exceeded by the Nile and the Congo River. Its main tributary is the Benue River.