hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Abu Dali, Idlib
Abu Dali, Idlib (Arabic: أبو دالي)  is a Syrian village located in Al-Tamanah Nahiyah in Maarrat al-Nu'man District, Idlib.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Abu Dali had a population of 1168 in the 2004 census.

During the Syrian Civil War, it was controlled by tribal leaders loyal to the government. It did not see much violence in the first years of the war, and had functioned as a local economic hub between rebel-run areas and those under government forces. A National Defence Forces (pro-government militia) garrison was located there from 2014. The garrison was besieged by Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) forces in October 2017. The attack, filmed by HTS, shows a unit of hundred soldiers, few motos, vehicles and tanks, overrunning the local defense. The attack sparked a protracted ground battle between the government and HTS, with government and Russian warplanes attacking HTS targets in the area. The Syrian Army recaptured it in late December 2017.

Idlib Governorate
Idlib Governorate (Arabic: مُحافظة ادلب, romanized: Muḥāfaẓat Idlib) is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria. It is situated in northwestern Syria, bordering Turkey's Hatay province to the north, Aleppo Governorate to the east, Hama Governorate to the south, and Latakia Governorate to the west. Reports of its area vary, depending on the source, from 5,933 square kilometres (2,291 sq mi)2 to 6,097 square kilometres (2,354 sq mi)2. The provincial capital is Idlib.
Location efficient mortgage
A location efficient mortgage (LEM) is a mortgage available to people who buy a home in locations where public transportation is readily available. Location efficient mortgages allow people to buy more expensive homes than they normally would be able by factoring in the money they'll save on transportation costs. As of April 2006, LEMs were available in Seattle, Washington, Chicago, Illinois, Los Angeles, California and San Francisco, California.

The concept was developed by the Center for Neighborhood Technology and the Natural Resources Defense Council and is backed by Fannie Mae.

Natural Resources Defense Council
The Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) is a United States–based 501(c)(3) non-profit international environmental advocacy group, with its headquarters in New York City and offices in Washington, D.C., San Francisco, Los Angeles, Chicago, Bozeman, India, and Beijing. The group was founded in 1970 in opposition to a hydroelectric power plant in New York.

As of 2019, the NRDC had over three million members, with online activities nationwide, and a staff of about 700 lawyers, scientists and other policy experts.
Polish Logic
Polish Logic is an anthology of papers by several authors—Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz, Leon Chwistek, Stanislaw Jaskowski, Zbigniew Jordan, Tadeusz Kotarbinski, Stanisław Leśniewski, Jan Łukasiewicz, Jerzy Słupecki, and Mordchaj Wajsberg—published in 1967 and covering the period 1920–1939. The work focuses on the contributions of Polish logicians, more particularly, mathematical logicians, to modern logic.

Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz
Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz (Polish: [ajduˈkʲɛvʲit͡ʂ]; 12 December 1890 – 12 April 1963) was a Polish philosopher and logician, a prominent figure in the Lwów–Warsaw school of logic.

He originated many novel ideas in semantics. Among these was categorial grammar, a highly flexible framework for the analysis of natural language syntax and (indirectly) semantics that remains a major influence on work in formal linguistics.

Ajdukiewicz's fields of research were model theory and the philosophy of science.
Ludwig Peter Kowalski
Ludwig Peter Kowalski (1 August 1891 - 5 July 1967) was a German painter. He was an artistic companion and close friend of the Expressionist Otto Mueller, exhibiting alongside him from 1926 in the 1922 Group. He produced portraits, still lives, landscapes and cityscapes. His watercolours are particularly noteworthy and are held in collections such as the 20th Century Gallery in Berlin.

From 1947 until his death he focussed on works in glass, designing the window in the Sitzungssaal of Berlin's Bundeshaus, the five round windows in Berlin's Kaiser-Friedrich-Gedächtniskirche, the ground-glass wall in the Schillertheater's foyer, windows in the Berlin churches of St. Rita, the Herz-Jesu-Kirche, the Luisenkirche, St. Elisabeth and St. Ansgar, windows in the Wilhelm-Weskamm-Haus in Berlin and the coloured glass wall in the Deutschen Heimat des Ostens.

Schiller Theater
The Schiller Theater is a theatre building in Berlin, Germany. It is located in the central Charlottenburg district at Bismarckstraße 110, near Ernst-Reuter-Platz.

Opened in 1907, the building served as a second venue for the Prussian State Theatre company in the 1920s and 1930s. After post-war rebuilding, it was the main stage of the Berlin State Theatres from 1951, until in 1993, the City Senate decided to close it for financial reasons. Since then, it has been rented out for theatre performances and other events, and was used by the Berlin State Opera as an interim venue during extensive renovation work from 2010 to 2017.
Sheoganj
Sheoganj is a town in Sirohi District of Rajasthan state in India located on the bank of Jawai River. Sheoganj is the tehsil headquarters of Sheoganj Tehsil by the same name.

Nearby is the Erinpura Chhavani, which was the military base station of the British soldiers. The nearest railway station is Jawai Bandh. Jawai River separates Sumerpur and Sheoganj. Falna is within one hour, while Ranakpur is within two-hour drive from here. Even Bamnera which is just 12 km. from Sheoganj is also very close for visiting ancient temples.
The district is known for its large pomegranate, papaya, lemon, guava and grapefruit plantations.

Ranakpur
Ranakpur is a village located in Desuri tehsil near Pali city in the Pali district  of Rajasthan in western India. The nearest Municipality is Sadri. Ranakpur is located between Jodhpur and Udaipur, 162 km from Jodhpur and 91 km from Udaipur, in a valley on the western side of the Aravalli Range. The nearest railway station to reach Ranakpur is Falna and Rani railway station. Ranakpur is easily accessed by road from Udaipur, Pali district in Rajasthan. Ranakpur is one of the most famous places to visit in Pali, Rajasthan and is widely known for its marble Jain temple, which is said to be one of the most spectacular Jain temples.
Beth Edmonds
Betheda G. Edmonds (born October 27, 1950, in Keene Valley, New York) is a librarian and former Democratic member of the Maine Senate, representing the 10th District from 2001 to 2009. She became the president of the Maine Senate after winning re-election in 2004. Her former district includes the towns of Brunswick, Freeport, Harpswell and Pownal.

Brunswick, Maine
Brunswick is a town in Cumberland County, Maine, United States. Brunswick is included in the Lewiston-Auburn, Maine metropolitan New England city and town area. The population was 21,756 at the 2020 United States Census. Part of the Portland-South Portland-Biddeford metropolitan area, Brunswick is home to Bowdoin College, the Bowdoin International Music Festival, the Bowdoin College Museum of Art, the Peary–MacMillan Arctic Museum, and the Maine State Music Theatre. It was formerly home to the U.S. Naval Air Station Brunswick, which was permanently closed on May 31, 2011, and has since been partially released to redevelopment as "Brunswick Landing".
Tower of Villanañe
The Tower of Varona (Spanish: Torre de los Varona) is a tower located in Villanañe, Valdegovia, Spain. It was declared Bien de Interés Cultural in 1984.

The origin of this tower dates back to the end of the 14th or start of the 15th century. The surname Varona dates back to the 7th century and came into being with Doña María Ruiz Pérez. From then until the present day, the tower has been inhabited by her direct descendants.

The whole building has been restored by the Provincial Council of Álava. Its interior has several areas that still retain their traditional character, and it is possible to see good examples of furniture throughout the various living rooms, which belongs to the owners of the Tower-Mansion. The wallpapers and the collection of ceramics are also very interesting.

The tower stands out on one side of the complex. The whole building is defended by a crenellated barbican and walls with arrow slits, as well as a wide moat filled with water.

Álava
Álava (Spanish: [ˈalaβa]) or Araba (Basque pronunciation: [aˈɾaba]), officially Araba/Álava, is a province of Spain and a historical territory of the Basque Country, heir of the ancient Lordship of Álava, former medieval Catholic bishopric and now Latin titular see.

Its capital city, Vitoria-Gasteiz, is also the seat of the political main institutions of the Basque Autonomous Community. It borders the Basque provinces of Biscay and Gipuzkoa to the north, the community of La Rioja to the south, the province of Burgos (in the community of Castile and León) to the west and the community of Navarre to the east. The Enclave of Treviño, surrounded by Alavese territory, is however part of the province of Burgos, thus belonging to the autonomous community of Castile and León, not Álava.

It is the largest of the three provinces in the Basque Autonomous Community in geographical terms, with 3,037 km2, but also the least populated with 331,700 inhabitants (2019).
Tonzang Township
Tonzang Township (Burmese: တွန်းဇံမြို့နယ်) is a township in Tedim District, Chin State of Myanmar. The 3,471.24-square-kilometre Tonzang Township is bordered by Tedim Township in the south, Kale Township of the Sagaing Division in the south-east, Tamu Township of the Sagaing Division in the north-east, the Indian state of Manipur in the north and the Indian state of Mizoram in the west. The township is primarily inhabited by the indigenous Zo and Zomi people.

Zo people
The Zo people is a term to denote the ethnolinguistically related speakers of the Kuki-Chin languages who primarily inhabit northeastern India, western Myanmar, and southeastern Bangladesh.

The dispersal across international borders resulted from a British colonial policy that drew borders on political, rather than ethnic, grounds.
2013–14 ISU Speed Skating World Cup – Women's 1500 metres
The 1500 meters distance for women in the 2013–14 ISU Speed Skating World Cup was contested over six races on six occasions, out of a total of six World Cup occasions for the season, with the first occasion taking place in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, on 8–10 November 2013, and the final occasion taking place in Heerenveen, Netherlands, on 14–16 March 2014.

Ireen Wüst of the Netherlands won the cup, while compatriot Lotte van Beek came second, and Brittany Bowe of the United States came third. The defending champion, Marrit Leenstra of the Netherlands, ended up in fifth place.

Heerenveen
Heerenveen (Dutch pronunciation: [ˌɦeːrə(ɱ)ˈveːn] ⓘ, West Frisian: It Hearrenfean [ət ˌjɛrn̩ˈfɪən] ⓘ, Stellingwerfs: et Vene) is a town and municipality in the province of Friesland (Fryslân), in the Northern Netherlands. In 2021, the town had a population of 29,790 (1 January) while the municipality had a population of 50,859 (1 July).

The town itself is located southeast of Sneek and southwest of Drachten. Heerenveen is the oldest peat canal village in the Netherlands. Heerenveen is the fourth-largest place in Friesland in terms of population, but is not one of the eleven Frisian cities.

The municipality was formed on 1 July 1934, from parts of former municipalities Aengwirden and Schoterland, and a portion of the municipality of Haskerland. Boarnsterhim also merged into Heerenveen on 1 January 2014.
Mary Ammirato-Collins
Mary Ammirato-Collins (or Mary Collins Ammirato, born April 3, 1908, date of death unknown) was an American artist from Houston, Texas.

Ammirato-Collins was a student at the Académie Julian in Paris. She exhibited at the Salon des Indépendants in 1937. Mary also had a showing of her enamels on copper during a visit to the US in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Mary lived in the Canary Islands with husband Claudio Ammirato, who was an artist and composer, and a physicist. Both who were long time friends of heiress Eleanor Post Hutton.  Mary was a travel companion of Eleanor's and also a Ziegfeld Follies girl in New York City where she met Claudio.

Ammirato-Collins wrote the libretto for her husband's opera, Paradise Lost (A comedy for Modern Times).

Académie Julian
The Académie Julian (French pronunciation: [akademi ʒyljɑ̃]) was a private art school for painting and sculpture founded in Paris, France, in 1867 by French painter and teacher Rodolphe Julian (1839–1907). The school was active from 1868 through 1968. It remained famous for the number and quality of artists who attended during a great period of effervescence in the arts in the early twentieth century. After 1968, it integrated with the École supérieure de design, d'art graphique et d'architecture intérieure
(ESAG) Penninghen.
Tanioka
Tanioka (written: 谷岡) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Kumi Tanioka (谷岡 久美, born 1974), Japanese video game music composer and pianist

Kuniko Tanioka (谷岡 郁子, born 1954), Japanese politician

Shinichi Tanioka (谷岡 慎一, born 1987), Japanese announcer

Kumi Tanioka
Kumi Tanioka (谷岡久美, Tanioka Kumi; born August 29, 1974) is a Japanese composer and pianist. Born in Hiroshima, Japan, she graduated from Kobe University with a degree in musical performance, and began working as a video game composer in 1998. She joined video game developer and publisher Square that same year, and worked on over 15 games for them before leaving to work as an independent composer in 2010.

Tanioka is best known for composing for the Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles series. She also likes to incorporate piano music into her soundtracks, which she typically performs herself, as she has done as a part of The Star Onions, a musical group focusing on arrangements of Final Fantasy XI music as well at various concerts.
Amritpal Singh
Amritpal Singh Sandhu (born 17 January 1993) is an Indian pro-Khalistan separatist, self-styled Sikh preacher, and politician. He is a Member of the Indian Parliament in the Lok Sabha representing the constituency of Khadoor Sahib since 2024.

After living in Dubai for a decade, he returned to Punjab in September 2022, having been controversially appointed as the leader of Waris Punjab De; he started an anti-drugs campaign, encouraging the youth to adopt a traditionalist form of Sikhism and advocated for a sovereign Sikh state in Punjab called Khalistan.

Indian intelligence sources claim that Singh has been supported by the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), and that he has stockpiled arms while raising a private militia called Anandpur Khalsa Fauj (AKF). In March 2023, the state government, acting in coordination with the central government, launched an intense crackdown on Singh and his associates. He was arrested on 23 April 2023 under the National Security Act (India).

Punjab Police (India)
The Punjab Police (PP) is the police agency responsible for law enforcement and investigations within the state of Punjab, India. The Punjab Police has a broad array of specialised services, including the prevention and detection of crime, maintenance of law and order and the enforcement of the Constitution of India.
Its headquarters are located at Jan Marg, Chandigarh. On 7 September 2011, Punjab Police started a video conferencing service to redress problems of NRIs. The present DGP of the Punjab Police is Gaurav Yadav. He is an Indian Police Service (IPS) officer of the 1992 batch.
Igor Shchyogolev
Igor Olegovich Shchyogolev (Russian: Игорь Олегович Щёголев, IPA: [ˈiɡərʲ ɐˈlʲeɡəvʲɪtɕ ˈɕːɵɡəlʲɪf]; born 10 November 1965) is a Russian politician. From May 2008 to 20 May 2012, he has served as the Russian Minister of Telecommunications. He has the federal state civilian service rank of 1st class Active State Councillor of the Russian Federation.

1st class Active State Councillor of the Russian Federation
1st class Active State Councillor of the Russian Federation (Russian: действительный государственный советник Российской Федерации 1 класса) is the highest federal state civilian service rank of Russia.

The rank of the 1st class Active State Councillor of the Russian Federation was first introduced with enactment of the Federal Law of 31 July 1995 No.119-FZ "About fundamentals of state service of Russian Federation" (as qualification class) and was retained with enactment of the Federal Law of 27 July 2004 No.79-FZ "About state civilian service of Russian Federation" (as state civilian service rank).

The rank is assigned by the President of Russia. This rank is one step above the rank of 2nd class Active State Councillor of the Russian Federation.

According to the Table approved by the Presidential Decree of 1 February 2005 No.113, the rank of the 1st class Active State Councillor of the Russian Federation is equal to the military rank of the Army general/Fleet admiral.
Lobkovo
Lobkovo (Russian: Лобково) is a rural locality (a village) in Krasnoplamenskoye Rural Settlement, Alexandrovsky District, Vladimir Oblast, Russia. The population was 240 as of 2010. There are 6 streets.

Alexandrovsky District, Vladimir Oblast
Alexandrovsky District (Russian: Алекса́ндровский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the sixteen in Vladimir Oblast, Russia. It is located in the west of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,834 square kilometers (708 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Alexandrov. Population: 105,927 (2021 Census); 113,900 (2010 Census); 55,207 (2002 Census); 26,258 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Alexandrov accounts for 53.9% of the total district's population.
John G. Webb
John G. Webb is a Canadian interventional cardiologist and the McLeod Professor of Heart Valve Intervention at the University of British Columbia. He is most well known for performing the first transfemoral and the first transapical transcatheter aortic valve implantation in the world both in 2005. He completed the first ever transcatheter mitral valve-in-valve replacement in 2009 and the first in-human TMVR (transcatheter mitral valve replacement) to be completed with the Neovasc Tiara device in 2014. In addition, he was an investigator in the PARTNER trial, a randomized clinical trial demonstrating the efficacy of TAVI compared to aortic valve replacement and medical intervention.

Aortic valve replacement
Aortic valve replacement is a cardiac surgery procedure whereby a failing aortic valve is replaced with an artificial heart valve. The aortic valve may need to be replaced because of aortic regurgitation (back flow), or if the valve is narrowed by stenosis.

Current methods for aortic valve replacement include open-heart surgery, minimally invasive cardiac surgery (MICS), surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR), percutaneous or transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR; also PAVR, PAVI, TAVI), and robotic aortic valve replacement (RAVR).

A cardiologist can evaluate whether a heart valve repair or valve replacement would be of benefit.
Molly R. Morris
Molly R. Morris is an American behavioral ecologist who has worked with treefrogs and swordtail fishes in the areas of alternative reproductive tactics and sexual selection.

Morris received a Bachelor of Arts from Earlham College in 1978 and a PhD from Indiana University Bloomington in 1987. As a National Science Foundation postdoctoral fellow at the University of Texas at Austin, her work with Mike Ryan demonstrated equal fitnesses between alternative reproductive tactics in a species of swordtail fish. She joined the faculty at Ohio University in 1997, where she is now a professor in the Department of Biological Sciences. She is also the Associate Editor for the journal Behavior. Her publication credits include multiple papers on Animal behavior and Ecology. Her current research relates to diabetes, as well as behavioral ecology, using the swordtail fish Xiphophorus as a model organism.

Hylidae
Hylidae is a wide-ranging family of frogs commonly referred to as "tree frogs and their allies". However, the hylids include a diversity of frog species, many of which do not live in trees, but are terrestrial or semiaquatic.
Asynchronous system
The primary focus of this article is asynchronous control in digital electronic systems.   In a synchronous system, operations (instructions, calculations, logic, etc.)  are coordinated by one, or more, centralized clock signals.  An asynchronous system, in contrast, has no global clock.  Asynchronous systems do not depend on strict arrival times of signals or messages for reliable operation.   Coordination is achieved using event-driven architecture triggered by network packet arrival, changes (transitions) of signals,  handshake protocols, and other methods.

Modular programming
Modular programming is a programming paradigm that emphasizes organizing the functions of a codebase into independent modules – each providing an aspect of a computer program in its entirety without providing other aspects.

A module interface expresses the elements that are provided and required by the module. The elements defined in the interface are detectable by other modules. The implementation contains the working code that corresponds to the elements declared in the interface.
Elizabeth Sterling Haynes Award
The Elizabeth Sterling Haynes Award (also known as the Sterling Award) is a local Edmonton, Alberta award presented annually which honours excellence in theatre. The award covers a number of categories, including production, performance, direction, writing, choreography, and design, as well as a special award recognizing achievement in theatre administration.

Named after Elizabeth Sterling Haynes, who helped establish and nurture Edmonton professional theatre in the early 20th century, the award was established in 1987. Each winner receives a metal statuette, plated in silver.

Past winners have included Loretta Bailey, Ronnie Burkett, Tantoo Cardinal, Brent Carver, Guys in Disguise, Marty Chan, Jeff Haslam, Martha Henry, Stewart Lemoine, Mary Kerr and Stephen Ouimette.

Martha Henry
Martha Kathleen Henry CC OOnt (née Buhs; February 17, 1938 – October 21, 2021) was an American-Canadian actress and director of stage and screen. During her lifetime, she was considered one of her country’s most acclaimed and accomplished thespians. She was the first graduate of the National Theatre School of Canada in 1961, and was most noted for her theatre work at the Stratford Festival. She was the recipient of numerous accolades, including three Genie Awards for Best Actress, and the Governor General's Performing Arts Award for her contributions to Canadian theatre.
Legislative districts of Pasay
The legislative districts of Pasay are the representations of the highly urbanized city of Pasay in the Congress of the Philippines. The city is currently represented in the lower house of the Congress through its lone congressional district.

Pasay
Pasay, officially the City of Pasay (Filipino: Lungsod ng Pasay; IPA: [ˈpaː.saɪ̯]), is a highly urbanized city in the National Capital Region of the Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 453,186 people.

Due to its location just south of Manila, Pasay quickly became an urban town during the American colonial period. It is now best known for being the site of most of Ninoy Aquino International Airport and of complexes such as Newport City and the SM Central Business Park.