hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Catenary ring
In mathematics, a commutative ring R is catenary if for any pair of prime ideals p, q, any two strictly increasing chains

p = p0 ⊂ p1 ⊂ ... ⊂ pn = q

of prime ideals are contained in maximal strictly increasing chains from p to q of the same (finite) length.  In a geometric situation, in which the dimension of an algebraic variety attached to a prime ideal will decrease as the prime ideal becomes bigger,  the length of such a chain n is usually the difference in dimensions.

A ring is called universally catenary if all finitely generated algebras over it are catenary rings.

The word 'catenary' is derived from the Latin word catena, which means "chain".

There is the following chain of inclusions.

Universally catenary rings ⊃  Cohen–Macaulay rings ⊃ Gorenstein rings ⊃ complete intersection rings ⊃ regular local rings

Local ring
In mathematics, more specifically in ring theory, local rings are certain rings that are comparatively simple, and serve to describe what is called "local behaviour", in the sense of functions defined on algebraic varieties or manifolds, or of algebraic number fields examined at a particular place, or prime. Local algebra is the branch of commutative algebra that studies commutative local rings and their modules.

In practice, a commutative local ring often arises as the result of the localization of a ring at a prime ideal.

The concept of local rings was introduced by Wolfgang Krull in 1938 under the name Stellenringe.  The English term local ring is due to Zariski.
Easy (Ice MC song)
"Easy" is a song by Italy-based British Eurodance rapper Ice MC. It features vocals by German singer Jasmin Heinrich and was also his first single, produced and written by Italian music producer and composer Roberto Zanetti (credited as Robyx). Released in 1989 by ZYX Records as the lead single from his debut album, Cinema (1990), the song enjoyed success all over Europe, reaching number two in Spain, number three in West Germany, and the top 5 in Italy and Switzerland. In the US, "Easy" peaked at number four on MTV's Video Rap Chart. There were produced two different versions of the music video for the song; the latter version was directed by Jessica and filmed in New York, the US. It features dancers Stretch and Peter Paul.

Savage (musician)
Roberto Zanetti (born 28 November 1956) is an Italian singer, music producer and businessman from Massa, Tuscany. As a singer, he is known under the stage name Savage and as a music producer he uses the alias Robyx.
Noord-Waddinxveen
Noord-Waddinxveen is a former municipality in the Dutch province of South Holland. It covered the northern half of the village Waddinxveen.

The municipality existed between 1817 and 1870, when it merged with Zuid-Waddinxveen.

South Holland
South Holland (Dutch: Zuid-Holland [ˌzœyt ˈɦɔlɑnt] ⓘ) is a province of the Netherlands with a population of over 3.8 million as of January 2023 and a population density of about 1,410/km2 (3,700/sq mi), making it the country's most populous province and one of the world's most densely populated areas. Situated on the North Sea in the west of the Netherlands, South Holland covers an area of 3,308 km2 (1,277 sq mi), of which 609 km2 (235 sq mi) is water. It borders North Holland to the north, Utrecht and Gelderland to the east, and North Brabant and Zeeland to the south. The provincial capital is the Dutch seat of government The Hague, while its largest city is Rotterdam. The Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta drains through South Holland into the North Sea. Europe's busiest seaport, the Port of Rotterdam, is located in South Holland.
Stutsman County Courthouse and Sheriff's Residence/Jail
The Stutsman County Courthouse and Sheriff's Residence/Jail in Jamestown, North Dakota was built in 1883. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.

It was designed by architect Henry C. Koch.

The west wing of the building was added in 1926, and was designed by architect Gilbert R. Horton.

Its NRHP listing was consistent with a later statewide study of North Dakota courthouses.

The building was used as the courthouse for Stutsman County until the 1980s, when it was replaced by a newer building. Though plans called for the original building's destruction, ownership instead transferred to the State Historical Society of North Dakota, who is working to restore the courthouse and has listed the building as Stutsman County Courthouse State Historic Site.

Stutsman County, North Dakota
Stutsman County is a county in the U.S. state of North Dakota. As of the 2020 census, the population was 21,593, and was estimated to be 21,546 in 2024, making it the 8th-most populous county in North Dakota. The county seat and the largest city is Jamestown.

Stutsman County comprises the Jamestown, North Dakota micropolitan statistical area.
Polatlı–Menemen high-speed railway
The Polatlı–Menemen high-speed railway is a 505 km (313.79 mi) long high-speed railway currently under construction in Turkey.

The railway will split from the Polatlı-Konya high-speed railway about 27 km (17 mi) south of Polatlı junction, where the Polatlı-Konya HSR splits from the Istanbul-Ankara HSR, and head west to Afyonkarahisar, then it will parallel the İzmir–Afyon railway to Menemen. Travel times between Ankara-Afyon and Ankara–İzmir are expected to be 1h 30min and 3h 30min, respectively.

Construction of the initial section began in 2012, but was suspended in 2018 when almost 50% of the works had been completed on some sections. The construction was restarted in 2022, and planned to be completed in 2027.

İzmir–Afyon railway
The İzmir–Afyon railway (Turkish: İzmir–Afyon demiryolu) is a mostly single-track railway in the Aegean Region of Turkey, connecting Afyonkarahisar to the port city of İzmir. The railway is the main freight and passenger train route from the Aegean region to Central Anatolia. It was built between 1865–90 by the Smyrna Cassaba Railway and is the second oldest railway in Turkey. Today the line is owned by the Turkish State Railways.
Karlče
Karlče (pronounced [ˈkaːɾltʃɛ]) is a small settlement on the right bank of the Krka River in the Municipality of Kostanjevica na Krki in eastern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola. It is now included in the Lower Sava Statistical Region.

Lower Sava Statistical Region
The Lower Sava Statistical Region (Slovene: posavska statistična regija; until December 31, 2014 spodnjeposavska statistična regija) is a statistical region in Slovenia. It has good traffic accessibility and is located in the Sava and Krka Valleys, with hilly areas with vineyards and an abundance of water. It is the second-smallest statistical region in Slovenia. The only nuclear power plant in the country and Čatež spa are located in the region. The region annually spends EUR 22 million on environmental protection. In 2013, the employment rate in the region was 57.5%. The region was characterized by the largest difference between the employment rate for men and for women (for men it was 12 percentage points higher than for women). In 2013 this region also stood out in number of convicted persons per 1,000 population (8.3).
2022 Liga 3 (Georgia)
The 2022 Liga 3 was the sixth season under its current title and the 34th season of third tier football in Georgia. The regular two-round tournament began on 4 April and ended on 1 December with promotion play-offs completed in 10 December.

FC Zestaponi
Football Club Zestaponi is a Georgian football club based in Zestaponi. They play their home games at David Abashidze Stadium. Zestaponi was founded on 18 June 2004 by the initiative of the shareholders of JSC Giorgi Nikoladze Zestaponi Ferro-Alloy Plant.

At that time Zestaponi have their own club FC Metallurg Zestaponi. A new club was formed as Margveti Zestaponi joined Pirveli Liga and promoted in the first season. Margveti was a member of Umaglesi Liga and achieved their best result in 1995–96 by finishing runner-up.
2025 Bommarito Automotive Group 500
The 2025 Bommarito Automotive Group 500 was the eighth round of the 2025 IndyCar season. The race was held on June 15, 2025, in Madison, Illinois at World Wide Technology Raceway. The race was contested of 260 laps. Kyle Kirkwood won the race, his first on an oval, Pato O'Ward finished 2nd, and Christian Rasmussen finished 3rd, his best finish. Scott Dixon and Santino Ferrucci rounded out the top five, while Conor Daly, Rinus VeeKay, Álex Palou, Marcus Armstrong, and Robert Shwartzman rounded out the top ten.

Kyle Kirkwood
Kyle MacLean Kirkwood (born October 19, 1998) is an American auto racing driver. He competes in the IndyCar Series, driving the No. 27 Dallara-Honda for Andretti Global. He is a two-time victor of the Grand Prix of Long Beach, winning in 2023 and 2025.
Giustina Rocca
Giustina Rocca (died 1502) was an Italian Renaissance lawyer, judge and diplomat. She has been called the world's first female lawyer, and claimed as an inspiration for the character of Portia in Shakespeare's play Merchant of Venice.

The Merchant of Venice
The Merchant of Venice is a play by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between 1596 and 1598. A merchant in Venice named Antonio defaults on a large loan taken out on behalf of his dear friend, Bassanio, and provided by a Jewish moneylender, Shylock, with seemingly inevitable fatal consequences.

Although classified as a comedy in the First Folio and sharing certain aspects with Shakespeare's other romantic comedies, the play is most remembered for its dramatic scenes, and it is best known for the character Shylock and his famous demand for a "pound of flesh".

The play contains two famous speeches, that of Shylock, "Hath not a Jew eyes?" on the subject of humanity, and that of Portia on "the quality of mercy". Debate exists on whether the play is antisemitic, with Shylock's insistence on his legal right to the pound of flesh being in opposition to his seemingly universal plea for the rights of all people suffering discrimination.
Home Sweet Home (Entourage)
"Home Sweet Home" is the first episode of the eighth season of the American comedy-drama television series Entourage. It is the 89th overall episode of the series and was written and directed by series creator Doug Ellin. It originally aired on HBO on July 24, 2011.

The series chronicles the acting career of Vincent Chase, a young A-list movie star, and his childhood friends from Queens, New York City, as they attempt to further their nascent careers in Los Angeles. In the episode, Vince leaves rehabilitation and sets out to improve his personal and professional life with the boys. Meanwhile, Ari tries to win Melissa back after their separation.

According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by an estimated 2.49 million household viewers and gained a 1.4 ratings share among adults aged 18–49. The episode received mixed reviews from critics, who criticized the multiple subplots.

Entourage (American TV series)
Entourage is an American satirical comedy-drama television series that premiered on HBO on July 18, 2004, and ended on September 11, 2011, after eight seasons. The series was created and largely written by Doug Ellin and chronicles the acting career of Vincent Chase, a young A-list movie star, and his childhood friends from Queens, New York City, as they attempt to further their nascent careers in Los Angeles.

Mark Wahlberg and Stephen Levinson served as the show's executive producers, and its premise is loosely based on Wahlberg's experiences as an up-and-coming film star.
Pherendates
Pherendates (Old Persian: *Farnadātaʰ; Ancient Greek: Φερενδάτης Pherendā́tēs) was an Achaemenid satrap of ancient Egypt in the early 5th century BCE, at the time of the Achaemenid 27th Dynasty of Egypt.

Old Persian
Old Persian is one of two directly attested Old Iranian languages (the other being Avestan) and is the ancestor of Middle Persian (the language of the Sasanian Empire). Like other Old Iranian languages, it was known to its native speakers as ariya (Iranian). Old Persian is close to both Avestan and Vedic Sanskrit, and all three languages are highly inflected.

Old Persian appears primarily in the inscriptions, clay tablets and seals of the Achaemenid era (c. 600 BCE to 300 BCE). Examples of Old Persian have been found in what is now Iran,  Armenia, Bahrain, Iraq, Turkey and Egypt, with the most important attestation by far being the contents of the Behistun Inscription (dated to 522 BCE).

In 2007, research into the vast Persepolis Administrative Archives at the Oriental Institute at the University of Chicago unearthed Old Persian tablets, which suggest Old Persian was a written language in use for practical recording and not only for royal display.
1966 United States House of Representatives election in Delaware
The 1966 United States House of Representatives election in Delaware took place on November 8, 1966, to decide who would represent Delaware's at-large congressional district in the United States House of Representatives. Incumbent Representative Harris McDowell ran for re-election to a sixth term but lost to Republican challenger William Roth by 11 percentage points. Prior to the election, the seat was regarded as being a safe Democratic seat. With the loss, Harris McDowell became the last Democrat to represent Delaware in the House until Tom Carper in 1982. The election was held during Democratic President Lyndon B. Johnson's second term; his party lost 47 seats in the House.

Roth and McDowell both ran again in 1968 with Roth increasing his margin of victory.

Lieutenant Governor of Delaware
The lieutenant governor of Delaware is the second-ranking executive officer of the U.S. state of Delaware. Lieutenant governors are elected for a term of four years in the same general election as the U.S. president, and assume the office on the third Tuesday in January following their election.

Among the primary responsibilities of the lieutenant governor is to assume the governorship in the event it becomes vacant. Lieutenant governors serve as the president of the Delaware Senate, where they are tasked with casting tie-breaking votes. They also hold a seat on the Delaware Board of Pardons.

Lieutenant governors are elected separately from governors in Delaware, though historically nominees of the same party have run as a unified ticket. The office's current occupant, Kyle Evans Gay, was sworn in on January 21, 2025.
Orzech (surname)
Orzech is a Polish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Artur Orzech (born 1964), Polish journalist

Dominik Orzech (born 1982), Polish chess master

Matt Orzech (born 1995), American football player

Maurycy Orzech (1891–1943), Polish economist and journalist

Maurycy Orzech
Maurycy Orzech (Polish pronunciation: [mawˈrɨt͡sɨ ˈɔʐɛx]; nom de guerre: Janczyn; 1891 – August 1943 in Pawiak, Warsaw) was a Polish Jewish economist, journalist, politician and a leader of the Jewish Bund in interwar Poland. He was one of the commanders of the Bund during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.
C. Rangarajan
Chakravarthi Rangarajan (born 1932) is an Indian economist, a former Member of Parliament and 19th governor of the Reserve Bank of India. He is the former chairman of the Prime Minister's Economic Advisory Council; he resigned the day the UPA lost power. He is also the Chairman of the Madras School of Economics; former president of the Indian Statistical Institute; the founding chairman of the CR Rao Advanced Institute of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science; former chancellor of the University of Hyderabad; and a professor in Ahmedabad University.

United Progressive Alliance
The United Progressive Alliance (UPA) was a political alliance in India led by the Indian National Congress. It was formed after the 2004 general election with support from left-leaning political parties when no single party got the majority.

The UPA subsequently governed India from 2004 until 2014 for two terms before losing power to their main rivals, the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance. The UPA used to rule seven States and union territories of India before it was dissolved to form the Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance on 18 July 2023 ahead of the 2024 general election.
Gordon Becker
Gordon Charles Becker (born 14 March 1936) is a former Australian cricketer. A wicketkeeper-batsman, he played 52 first-class matches, mostly for Western Australia, between 1963/64 and 1968/69. He toured South Africa with the Australian team in 1966–67, but did not play in any of the Test matches.

Becker began his career as a batsman at Perth Boys High School, only taking up wicket-keeping after a few seasons of club cricket. His highest first-class score was 195, when Western Australia defeated the touring Indian team in 1967–68 by an innings.

After his playing career ended, Becker coached club and junior state teams, and served as a state selector.

Indian cricket team in Australia in 1967–68
The India national cricket team toured Australia in the 1967–68 season and played a four-match Test series against Australia. Australia won the Test series 4–0.

India could not win any first-class matches on the tour either, losing to Western Australia and South Australia, and drawing with Victoria, Tasmania and New South Wales. The first-class match against Queensland was abandoned without a ball being bowled.

The Indians went on after this tour to play four Test matches and two other games in New Zealand – see Indian cricket team in New Zealand in 1967-68.
2021 Teréga Open Pau–Pyrénées – Doubles
Benjamin Bonzi and Antoine Hoang were the defending champions but chose not to defend their title.

Romain Arneodo and Tristan-Samuel Weissborn won the title after defeating Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi and David Vega Hernández 6–4, 6–2 in the final.

David Vega Hernández
David Vega Hernández (Spanish pronunciation: [daˈβið ˈβeɣa eɾˈnandeθ]; born 23 June 1994) is a Spanish professional tennis player.
He has a career-high ATP doubles ranking of world No. 28 achieved on 21 July 2014. He also has a career high ATP singles ranking of No. 403 achieved on 13 February 2023. Hernández has won five ATP Tour doubles titles.  He competes mainly on the ATP Challenger Tour where he has won 13 doubles titles.
Dowty Propellers
Dowty Propellers is a British engineering company based in Brockworth, Gloucestershire that specialises in the manufacture, repair and overhaul of propellers and propeller components for customers around the world.  It is owned by GE Aerospace.

Propeller (aeronautics)
In aeronautics, an aircraft propeller, also called an airscrew, converts rotary motion from an engine or other power source into a swirling slipstream which pushes the propeller forwards or backwards. It comprises a rotating power-driven hub, to which are attached several radial airfoil-section blades such that the whole assembly rotates about a longitudinal axis. The blade pitch may be fixed, manually variable to a few set positions, or of the automatically variable "constant-speed" type.

The propeller attaches to the power source's driveshaft either directly or through reduction gearing. Propellers can be made from wood, metal or composite materials.

Propellers are only useful at subsonic airspeeds generally below about 480 mph (770 km/h), although a speed of Mach 1.01 in a dive was achieved, with a propeller efficiency of 78%, by the McDonnell XF-88B experimental propeller-equipped aircraft.
Ghab basin
The Ghab basin or Al-Ghab basin is a sedimentary basin in western Syria that lies beneath the Ghab Plain. It is developed between two of the main fault strands of the Dead Sea Transform (DST), the Missyaf fault to the south extending along its eastern flank and the Hacıpaşa fault to the north extending along its western flank. The left-stepping offset between these two faults has produced local transtension, creating a pull-apart basin. Based on the interpretation of limited seismic reflection data and a single hydrocarbon exploration borehole, the basin is understood to be filled by up to 3,400 m of Pliocene to recent sediments.

Hydrocarbon exploration
Hydrocarbon exploration (or oil and gas exploration) is the search by petroleum geologists and geophysicists for hydrocarbon deposits, particularly petroleum and natural gas, in the Earth's crust using petroleum geology.
Elizabeth Fussell
Elizabeth Fussell is an American sociologist and Professor of Population Studies and Environment and Society at Brown University. Since 2017, she is the editor-in-chief of the academic journal Population and Environment. She has researched population change in response to hurricanes, notably in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina.

Fussell received her B.A. in sociology with a concentration in Latin American studies from Bryn Mawr College and M.S. and Ph.D. in sociology from the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

She was an assistant professor in the Sociology Department at Tulane University from 2001 to 2007. From 2009 to 2014, she was associate professor in the Sociology Department at Washington State University. Since 2014, she has worked as a professor at Brown University.

Bryn Mawr College
Bryn Mawr College (/brɪn ˈmɑːr/ brin MAR, Welsh: [brɨn ˈmaur]) is a private women's liberal arts college in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, United States. Founded as a Quaker institution in 1885, Bryn Mawr is one of the Seven Sister colleges, a group of historically women's colleges in the United States. The college has an enrollment of about 1,350 undergraduate students and 450 graduate students. It was one of the first women's colleges in the United States to offer graduate education through a PhD.
Mirajul Islam
Mirajul Islam (Bengali: মিরাজুল ইসলাম; born 1 October 2006), commonly known as Miraj, is a Bangladeshi professional footballer who plays as a striker for Bangladesh Premier League club Abahani Limited Dhaka and the Bangladesh national team.

2022 SAFF U-17 Championship
The 2022 SAFF U-17 Championship was the seventh edition of the SAFF U-17 Championship, an international football competition for men's under-17 national teams organized by South Asian Football Federation (SAFF). The tournament took place in Sri Lanka from September 5 to 14, 2022. Six teams from the region  took part.

India is the defending champion. They have won previous season title by beating Nepal 7−0 on 31 August 2019.
Society of Petroleum Engineers
The Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit professional organization.

SPE provides a worldwide forum for oil and natural gas exploration and production (E&P) professionals to exchange technical knowledge and best practices. SPE manages OnePetro and PetroWiki, in addition to publishing magazines, peer-reviewed journals, and books. SPE also hosts more than 100 events each year across the globe as well as providing online tools and in-person training opportunities. SPE's technical library (OnePetro) contains more than 314,000 technical papers—products of SPE conferences and periodicals, made available to the entire industry.

SPE has offices in Dallas, Houston, Calgary, Dubai and Kuala Lumpur. SPE is a professional association for more than 127,000 engineers, scientists, managers, and educators. There are about 59,000 student members of SPE.

Professional association
A professional association (also called  a professional body, professional organization, or professional society) is a group that usually seeks to further a particular profession, the interests of individuals and organisations engaged in that profession, and the public interest. In the United States, such an association is typically a nonprofit business league for tax purposes. In the UK, they may take a variety of legal forms.