hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Contractual terms in English law
Contractual terms in English law is a topic which deals with four main issues.

which terms are incorporated into the contract

how are the terms of the contract to be interpreted

whether terms are implied into the contract

what controls are placed on unfair terms

The terms of a contract are the essence of a contract, and tell the reader what the contract will do. For instance, the price of a good, the time of its promised delivery and the description of the good will all be terms of the contract.

Legislation
Legislation is the process or result of enrolling, enacting, or promulgating laws by a legislature, parliament, or analogous governing body. Before an item of legislation becomes law it may be known as a bill, and may be broadly referred to as "legislation" while it remains under consideration to distinguish it from other business. Legislation can have many purposes: to regulate, to authorize, to outlaw, to provide (funds), to sanction, to grant, to declare, or to restrict. It may be contrasted with a non-legislative act by an executive or administrative body under the authority of a legislative act.
Albanian Literary Commission
The Albanian Literary Commission (Albanian: Komisija Letrare Shqipe), also known as the Literary Commission of Shkodër, was a scholarly committee established in Shkodër, north Albania in 1916. It gathered major personalities of Albanian literature and writing of the time, and was formed with the aim of defining a fixed literary standard and orthographic rules for the Albanian language which were lacking at the time, in order to encourage the publication of schooltexts.

Textbook
A textbook is a book containing a comprehensive compilation of content in a branch of study serving to explain the subject. Textbooks are produced to meet the needs of educators, usually at educational institutions, as well as learners (who could be independent learners outside of formal education). Schoolbooks are textbooks and other books used in schools. Today, many textbooks are published in both print and digital formats.
USS Ben Morgan
USS Ben Morgan was a schooner acquired by the Union Navy during the American Civil War. She was used by the Union Navy as a hospital ship in support of the Union Navy blockade of Confederate waterways.

Hospital ship
A hospital ship is a ship designated for primary function as a floating medical treatment facility or hospital. Most are operated by the military forces (mostly navies) of various countries, as they are intended to be used in or near war zones. In the 19th century, redundant warships were used as moored hospitals for seamen.

The Second Geneva Convention of 1949 prohibits military attacks on hospital ships that meet specified requirements, though belligerent forces have right of inspection and may take  patients, but not staff, as prisoners of war.
Juice Wrld: Into the Abyss
Juice Wrld: Into the Abyss is a 2021 documentary film, directed by Tommy Oliver. Focusing on the life and death of rapper Juice Wrld, the documentary is the sixth and final part of the HBO Max documentary series Music Box. It premiered at the AFI Fest on November 12, 2021, where it won the AFI Fest Documentary Audience Award, and it officially debuted on December 16, 2021, with an exclusive preview at the Juice Wrld Day event held at Chicago's United Center on December 9.

Cole Bennett
Cole Michael Bennett (born May 14, 1996) is an American music video director and record executive. He is the founder of Lyrical Lemonade. He has worked with artists including Eminem, Justin Bieber, Juice WRLD, Kanye West, Drake, Tyler, The Creator, Clipse, Sienna Spiro, Jennie, Jack Black, J. Cole, Cardi B and many others. In 2024, he released the album All Is Yellow, through Lyrical Lemonade and Def Jam Recordings.
Smyle Again
Smyle Again (stylized in all caps) is the fourth studio album by American rapper and singer Kyle, released on March 8, 2024 by Independently Popular and APG. The album was executive produced by Nate Fox and Sushi Ceej; with production by Nate Fox, Sushi Ceej, Natra Average, Ricci Riera, Seno, Alex Goldblatt, Khris Riddick, A. Lau, Charley Cooks, ELIWTF, Waverunner, Blazin Beats, TWLVE, Tiggi, and Shaan Ramaprasad; and guest appearances from Guapdad 4000, Teezo Touchdown, Lay Bankz, and Tinashe. Smyle Again spawned five singles: "Who's Taking You Home", "Woah", "Suddenly", "Somethin Bout U", and "Forever & Ever & Ever & Even After That".

Guapdad 4000
Akeem Ali Douglas Hayes (born July 26, 1992), professionally known as Guap aka Guapdad4000, is an American rapper, singer, and songwriter. He is also a member of the hip hop supergroup Zoink Gang, with JID, Smino, and Buddy. He released his first mixtape Scamboy Color on December 6, 2017. His debut studio album Dior Deposits was released on October 25, 2019.
Murder of Gordon Church
Gordon Ray Church (September 14, 1960 – November 22, 1988) was an American man who was murdered in Millard County, Utah. Church, who was gay, was kidnapped, raped, tortured, and killed by Michael Anthony Archuleta and Lance Conway Wood, primarily because of his sexual orientation. Archuleta was sentenced to death, while Wood received a life sentence. In 2020, the case received renewed attention following the release of Dog Valley, a documentary film about Church's life and the circumstances of his murder. The filmmakers stated that the documentary was intended to promote greater understanding and support for the LGBTQ community.

Gay men
Gay men are male homosexuals. Historic terminology for gay men has included inverts and uranians.

Gay men continue to face significant discrimination in large parts of the world, particularly in parts of Asia and Africa. In the Western world, many gay men still experience discrimination in their daily lives, though some openly gay men have reached national success and prominence, including Apple CEO Tim Cook and heads of state or government such as Edgars Rinkēvičs (president of Latvia since 2023).

The word gay is recommended by LGBTQ groups and style guides to describe all people exclusively attracted to members of the same sex, while lesbian refers specifically to female homosexuals, and gay men to male homosexuals.
Shine over Babylon
"Shine over Babylon" is a song recorded by American rock singer Sheryl Crow. It was the first single released from Crow's album Detours. The song gained some radio airplay and was only released as a digital download, becoming a Triple A - top 5 hit in the United States.

In the summer of 2007, well before its release, Crow told Billboard that the song "is very environmentally conscious, in the tradition of Bob Dylan." She said:

I'm really encouraging artists to write about what's going on, because we seem to be very distracted by some lightweight topics. I think it's time to start writing about the reality of what's around us.

In additional comments on her website, Crow describes the single as "in every way a desperate cry for understanding. Perhaps it is even a battle song in the face of fear."

Adult album alternative
Adult album alternative (also triple-A, AAA, or adult alternative) is a radio format. Its roots trace to both the "classic album stations of the '70s as well as the alternative rock format that developed in the '80s." AAA programming is carried on more than 150 broadcast outlets in the United States, with a roughly even split between commercial and public stations.
EHC Hoensbroek
EHC Norad (also known as EHC Hoensbroek Norad or simply EHC) is a Dutch Football Club based in Hoensbroek, Netherlands. The club was founded on 27 September 1917. Its first squad currently plays in the Hoofdklasse.

Vierde Divisie
The Vierde Divisie (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈviːrdə diˈvisi]; "Fourth Division"), formerly known as Hoofdklasse (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɦoːftklɑsə]) is the third-highest league of amateur football in the Netherlands, and the fifth tier in general.
Artec
Artec Consultants Inc, is an acoustics design and theater planning firm located in New York City.  The company was founded by Frederick Russell Johnson in 1970.  In 2013, Artec was integrated into the acoustic design and theater consulting practice Arup Group.

Artec has done the acoustics design and theater planning for over 140 projects worldwide including the Esplanade – Theatres on the Bay, Salle Pleyel renovation in Paris, France, the Mariinsky II Opera House Basic Design for Valery Gergiev, Kravis Center for the Performing Arts, Jazz at Lincoln Center, New Jersey Performing Arts Center, Pikes Peak Center, the Montreal Symphony House, Centre in the Square, Chan Centre for the Performing Arts and acoustical upgrade of the Roy Thomson Hall.

The New York firm has been referred to as the field-leader in acoustic design, and Time called their design of the Esplanade complex in Singapore "one of the best anywhere".

Chan Centre for the Performing Arts
The Chan Centre for the Performing Arts is located on the campus of the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It is situated within the natural landscape of the campus and is surrounded by evergreens and rhododendrons. This state of the art performing arts venue holds the 1,200-seat Chan Shun Concert Hall, the flexible-seating Telus Studio Theatre, the 160-seat Royal Bank Cinema, the Great Performers Lounge, and a glass lobby. Completed in 1997, the Chan Centre hosts classes, rehearsals and performances for a variety of the UBC departments of music, film and theatre as well as a diverse, yearly performing arts season that attracts audiences from all over the Lower Mainland.
Lawn sweeper
A lawn sweeper, also known as a leaf sweeper or lawn brush, is a garden tool for the mechanical removal of debris, such as fallen leaves, pine needles, twigs, grass clippings or litter, from a lawn or paved area. Lawn sweepers operate via a rotating brush mechanism that sweeps up the debris and deposits it in a collection hopper for disposal.

Brush
A brush is a common tool with bristles, wire or other filaments. It generally consists of a handle or block to which filaments are affixed in either a parallel or perpendicular orientation, depending on the way the brush is to be gripped during use. The material of both the block and bristles or filaments is chosen to withstand hazards of its intended use, such as corrosive chemicals, heat or abrasion. It is used for cleaning, grooming hair, make up,   painting,  surface finishing and for many other purposes.   It is one of the most basic and versatile tools in use today, and the average household may contain several dozen varieties.
St. Mary's Catholic Church (Riverside, Iowa)
St. Mary's Catholic Church is a parish church of the Diocese of Davenport. The church is located at the corner of St. Mary's and Washburn Streets in the town of Riverside, Iowa, United States. The entire parish complex forms an historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places as St. Mary's Parish Church Buildings. The designation includes the church building, rectory, the former church (now a parish hall), and former school building. The former convent, which was included in the historical designation, is no longer in existence.

Diocese of Davenport
The Diocese of Davenport (Latin: Diœcesis Davenportensis) is a diocese of the Catholic Church for the southeastern quarter of the state of Iowa in the United States. The bishop is Dennis Gerard Walsh. The see city for the diocese is Davenport, where Sacred Heart Cathedral is located.
Wilson Siding
Wilson Siding, also known as Wilson, is a locality in southern Alberta, Canada within the Lethbridge County. It is located at the intersection of Highway 4 and Highway 845, approximately 13 km (8.1 mi) southeast of Lethbridge. Wilson Siding gets its name from E.H. Wilson of the Alberta Railway and Irrigation Company (ARIC) when a train stop was added in 1908 after Canadian Pacific Railway bought out ARIC. It was used a watering stop for steam-powered trains.

Lethbridge County
Lethbridge County is a municipal district in southern Alberta, Canada. It is in Census Division No. 2 and part of the Lethbridge census agglomeration. It was known as the County of Lethbridge prior to December 4, 2013. Its name was changed in time for 2014 to coincide with its 50th anniversary.
Robert Spottiswood
Sir Robert Spottiswood (Spottiswoode, Spotiswood, Spotswood), Lord Newabbey of New Abbey and Dunipace (1596 – 16 January 1646), was a Scottish lawyer, Lord President of the Court of Session and member of the Privy Council to James VI of Scotland, and Lord President of the College of Justice and Secretary for Scotland, appointed by Charles I of Scotland.

Dunipace
Dunipace (Scottish Gaelic: Dùn a' Phais "The hill-fort of the pass") is a village in the west of the Falkirk council area of Scotland. The village is 6.3 miles (10.1 km) south of Stirling and 5.3 miles (8.5 km) north-west of Falkirk. The village is situated on the north bank of the River Carron and adjoins the town of Denny, to the south of the river. Dunipace is part of the historic county of Stirlingshire.

The main road through Dunipace is the A872 road between Denny and Stirling. Based on the 2001 census, Falkirk council reported the population of Dunipace as being 2,444 residents.
Eva-Lena Lundgren
Eva-Lena Lundgren (born 1961) is a Swedish model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Sweden 1981.
Later in 1981 she finished in third place at the Miss Universe 1981 pageant and fourth place at Miss Europe. Lundgren was awarded the Miss Scandinavia crown the same year in Helsinki, Finland.

She later became Eva-Lena Pilotti. As of 2007, she was a Montessori Latin and Greek teacher in Amsterdam, Netherlands, and had three children.

Miss Universe 1981
Miss Universe 1981 was the 30th anniversary of the Miss Universe pageant, held at the Minskoff Theatre in New York City, New York, United States, on 20 July 1981. At the conclusion of the event, Irene Sáez of Venezuela was crowned by Shawn Weatherly of the United States. There were 77 contestants competing for the crown, but Miss Mauritius got homesick and withdrew. The pageant originally was scheduled to be held in Guatemala City, Guatemala. However, for financial and political reasons, Miss Universe was moved to New York City.
Hex Heroes
Hex Heroes is an unreleased party, real-time strategy game. Originally in development for Wii U since 2014, it failed to release before the console's eShop closed in March 2023. The game remains unfinished, with plans to release on Microsoft Windows, macOS and Linux. It is ostensibly being developed by Prismatic Games, and designed by Mario Castañeda, who previously co-created The Bridge. The game has received no updates since September 2021, leading to speculation that it is in development hell or has been cancelled.

Party video game
A party video game is a genre of video game that stems from in-person party games, involving player-to-player interaction as the central gameplay element. These games are often defined by simple controls which can be easily picked up and understood by players of any skill level.

Party video games generally consist of short-term experiences which may be played in succession, and are sometimes characterized in the form of minigames. These experiences may be played singularly or in a group, and usually feature several players competing simultaneously.
Unholy Confessions
"Unholy Confessions" is a song by American heavy metal band Avenged Sevenfold, released as the lead single from their second album, Waking the Fallen, although "Eternal Rest" and "Chapter Four" were previously released as a promotional double A-side single. It is the band's first official single after their 2001 debut EP release Warmness on the Soul, and was the first single by the band to receive mainstream exposure, being heavily rotated on MTV2's Headbangers Ball.

The song appeared on the Metal=Life compilation in 2005.

The song has been called "one of its era’s most beloved tracks."

M. Shadows
Matthew Charles Sanders (born July 31, 1981), known by his stage name M. Shadows, is an American singer who is the lead vocalist and a founding member of heavy metal band Avenged Sevenfold. In 2017, he was voted third in the list of Top 25 Greatest Modern Frontmen by Ultimate Guitar.
Pitcairn (play)
Pitcairn is a 2014 play by the English playwright Richard Bean, based on the 1788 mutiny aboard the ship Bounty and the subsequent colonisation of the Pitcairn Islands by the mutineers. It is a co-production between the Chichester Festival Theatre (at whose Minerva auditorium it will premiere from 22 August to 20 September 2014), Shakespeare's Globe (where it will transfer from 22 September to 11 October 2014) and Out of Joint.

After its Chichester and London runs, it went on a regional tour to the Plymouth Theatre Royal, the Warwick Arts Centre, the Yvonne Arnaud Theatre, Devonshire Park Theatre, the Oxford Playhouse and Malvern Theatres between 14 October and 22 November 2014.

Festival Theatre, Malvern
The Festival Theatre, now known as Malvern Theatres, is a theatre complex on Grange Road in Malvern, Worcestershire, England.  Malvern Theatres, housed in the Winter Gardens complex in the town centre of Great Malvern, has been a provincial centre for the arts since 1885. The theatre became known for its George Bernard Shaw productions in the 1930s and from 1977 onwards, along with the works of Edward Elgar. Up until 1965, 19 different plays of Shaw were produced at the Malvern Festival Theatre, and six premiered here, including  The Apple Cart at the opening Malvern Festival in 1929, Geneva, a Fancied Page of History in Three Acts in August 1938 and In Good King Charles's Golden Days in August 1939.

Over its history the theatre and festival has closed several times, including during World War II, in the early 1960s, in the early 1970s, and in the late 1990s when a new complex was built with an 850-seat Festival Theatre, a Forum Theatre, a 400-seat cinema, and a bar and restaurant.
2017 Stockton Challenger – Singles
The Women’s Singles tournament of the 2017 Stockton Challenger tennis championship took place in Stockton, US, between 17 July and 23 July 2017. 32 players from 10 countries took part in the 5-round tournament. The final winner was Sofia Kenin of the US, who defeated Ashley Kratzer of the US. The defending champion from 2016, Alison Van Uytvanck of Belgium, did not compete.

Ashley Kratzer
Ashley Kratzer (born February 8, 1999) is an American tennis player. She has a career-high singles ranking by the WTA of 200, and a best doubles ranking of world No. 317.

In 2017, Kratzer won the USTA National Girls' Championships, securing a wildcard in the main draw of the 2017 US Open.

Kratzer served a four-year ban from 2020 to 2024 for an anti-doping rule violation after testing positive for the growth hormone GHRP-6. Her appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport was dismissed in June 2021.
Andy Griffin (cricketer)
Andrew Declan Griffin (born 9 January 1972) is a former English cricketer. Griffin played for Hertfordshire County Cricket Club as a wicket-keeper. He was born at Hammersmith in London in 1972.

Griffin made his debut for Hertfordshire against Cumberland in the 1993 Minor Counties Championship. He played Minor counties cricket for Hertfordshire from 1993 to 2000, making 48 Minor Counties Championship and eight MCCA Knockout Trophy appearances.  He made his List A cricket debut against the Leicestershire Cricket Board in the 1999 NatWest Trophy before going on to make a further three List A appearances for the county, the last of which came against Cambridgeshire in the 2000 NatWest Trophy.

Cambridgeshire County Cricket Club
Cambridgeshire County Cricket Club is one of twenty minor county clubs within the domestic cricket structure of England and Wales. It represents the historic county of Cambridgeshire including the Isle of Ely.

The original Cambridgeshire club, established in 1844, is classified as important from 1857 to 1863, and as first-class from 1864 to 1871.

The present club, founded in 1891, has always had minor status. It did play List A matches occasionally from 1964 until 2004, but it is not classified as a List A team per se. The club is based at The Avenue Sports Club Ground, March, though they have played a number of matches at Fenner's, Cambridge University's ground, and occasionally play games there still. In recent years, matches have also been held at Wisbech and Saffron Walden (in northeastern Essex).
Michael John Bennett
Michael John Bennett (January 8, 1860 – October 10, 1944) was an American farmer, teacher, and Republican politician from the U.S. state of Wisconsin.  He was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1887 and 1889, representing the western half of Iowa County.  He was the author of the controversial Bennett Law (1889 Wisc. Act 519), which provoked a massive backlash from the German American community against the Republican Party.

Iowa County, Wisconsin
Iowa County is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2020 census, the population was 23,709. Its county seat and largest city is Dodgeville. When created, it was part of the Michigan Territory. Iowa County is part of the Madison, Wisconsin, Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Canzibe
Canzibe is a village of 1,000 inhabitants in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. It is situated near the R61 road (future N2 Wild Coast Toll Route) from Port St. Johns to Mthatha in the Nyandeni Local Municipality, which is part of the OR Tambo District Municipality. As a small village it features some primary schools and a hospital, the Canzibe Hospital.

Port St. Johns
Port St. Johns (or Port Saint Johns) is a town of about 6,500 people on the Wild Coast in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. It is situated at the mouth of the Umzimvubu River, 220 kilometres (140 mi) northeast of East London and 70 kilometres (40 mi) east of Mthatha. Port St. Johns was the birthplace of Capital Radio 604.
Leo Tschoell
Dr. Leo Tschoell (born 1893) has been awarded the title “Righteous Among the Nations.”

After the annexation of Austria to Germany in 1938 he immigrated to Yugoslavia and established his own business in Belgrade. After the occupation of Yugoslavia in 1941 he fled to Hungary and founded a new firm in Budapest.

In 1944 the situation of the Hungarian Jews started to worsen. In this year the national socialistic “Arrow Cross Party- Hungarian Movement” which supported the deportation of Jews came into power. Tschoell provided a hideout on his property in Gödöllő for numerous Jews who asked for his help.

Later he started to print hundreds of fake documents in his printing shop, founded an antifascist underground organisation, provided a hideout for more and more people, and saved their lives by providing them fake IDs.

In 1968 he received the title “Righteous Among the Nations” from the Yad Vashem remembrance authority in Jerusalem.

Gödöllő
Gödöllő, officially the City of Gödöllő, is a city in Pest County, Budapest metropolitan area, Hungary, about 30 km (20 mi) northeast from the outskirts of Budapest. Its population is 34,396 according to the 2010 census and is growing rapidly. It can be easily reached from Budapest with the suburban railway (HÉV), and national railway (MÁV-START).

Gödöllő is home to the Szent István University, the main education institute of agriculture in Hungary. The palace at Gödöllő was originally built for the aristocratic Grassalkovich family; Franz Josef, Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary and his wife Elisabeth ("Sisi") later had their summer residence here.

Communism saw much of the town's original one-storey housing levelled to make way for the blocks of flats which continue to dominate the town centre, as well as much of the Royal Forest and Elisabeth's Park levelled for industrial use.