hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Essen Cathedral Treasury Hs. 1
The manuscript Essen Cathedral Treasury Hs. 1, often referred to as the Great Carolingian Gospels or Altfrid Gospels, is a parchment manuscript from the Essen Cathedral Treasury. It was created around the year 800 and has possibly been in Essen since the foundation of the Essen convent around 850. The Gospels contain over a thousand glosses in Latin, Old Saxon, and Old High German.

Parchment
Parchment is a writing material made from specially prepared untanned skins of animals—primarily sheep, calves and goats. It has been used as a writing medium in West Asia and Europe for more than two millennia. By 400 AD many of the written works intended for preservation in these regions had been transferred from papyrus to parchment. Vellum is a type of fine-quality parchment made from the skins of young animals such as lambs and young calves.

The generic term animal membrane is sometimes used by libraries and museums that wish to avoid distinguishing between parchment and vellum.
Microsoft Live
The following Microsoft services have been branded with the word "Live":

Windows Live, a set of services and software products mainly aimed at individuals

Microsoft Office Live, a set of services aimed at small businesses

The Live Anywhere initiative, aimed to bring a unified online gaming and entertainment network together
Xbox Live, for Xbox and Xbox 360
Games for Windows – Live, for various Windows platforms.

Live Services, a set of tools for developers of Windows Live and Azure Services Platform
Live Mesh, a software as a service platform that enables PCs and other devices to connect with each other through the internet
Live Framework, a REST-based application programming interface for accessing the Live Mesh services over HTTP

Play Anywhere
Xbox Play Anywhere, formerly Live Anywhere, is an ongoing initiative by Microsoft Gaming to bring the cross-platform Xbox network (formerly Xbox Live) service to a wide variety of Microsoft platforms and devices, chiefly the Xbox Series X|S, Windows 11, Xbox One, and Windows 10.
Minato-ku, Nagoya
Minato-ku (港区, Minato-ku) is one of the 16 wards of the city of Nagoya in Aichi Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 October 2019, the ward had an estimated population of 143,913 and a population density of 3,153 persons per km². The total area was 45.64 km². It is geographically the largest of the wards of Nagoya in terms of land area.

Port of Nagoya
The Port of Nagoya (名古屋港, Nagoyakō), located in Ise Bay, is the largest and busiest trading port in Japan, accounting for about 10% of the total trade value of Japan. Notably, this port is the largest exporter of cars in Japan and where the Toyota Motor Corporation exports most of its cars. It has piers in Nagoya, Tōkai, Chita, Yatomi, and Tobishima.

Its mascots are Potan and Mitan.

According to Japanese media sources, Kodo-kai, a yakuza faction in the Yamaguchi-gumi group, earns large revenues by controlling the stevedoring and warehousing companies at the port.
Attorney-General of Zimbabwe
The Office of the Attorney-General of Zimbabwe (AG) falls under the Ministry of Justice, Legal and Parliamentary Affairs of Zimbabwe. The Attorney-General is the chief legal advisor of the government of Zimbabwe.

Historically the Attorney-General sat as a member of the Senate, but under the current Constitution may sit and speak in either the Senate or the National Assembly, but may not vote. The Attorney-General may also attend Cabinet - but has no vote on Cabinet matters - and, with the leave of the court concerned, appear as a friend of the court in any civil
proceedings to which the Government is not a party.

The current Attorney-General since 2023 is Virginia Mabiza, the first woman to hold the position.

Senate of Zimbabwe
The Senate of Zimbabwe is the upper of the two chambers in Zimbabwe's Parliament. It existed from independence in 1980 until 1989, and was re-introduced in November 2005. The other chamber of Parliament is the National Assembly.

In its current form, the Senate has 80 members. Of these, 60 members are elected from 10 six-member constituencies (based on the provinces) by proportional representation using party lists; the lists must have a woman at the top and alternate between men and women. The other 20 seats include two reserved for people with disabilities and 18 for traditional chiefs.
Cacholong
Cacholong, also known as Kalmuck agate, is a form of common opal, although it is often mistaken for agate or chalcedony, and Parker Cleaveland claimed it was a variety of chalcedony.: 249  It has a milky white colour that can also be described as bluish white or cream. With a Mohs hardness of about 6, it is used for carving, cameos, etc. The word "cacholong" has also been used as a synonym for actinolite.

Found in Austria, Czech Republic, Mongolia and Uzbekistan, its name possibly comes from the Cach River in Bukhara.: 249  It is also known to occur in Iceland; in the town of Huttenberg, Austria; in Deerfield: 249  and Pittsfield, Massachusetts, U.S.; in the Faroe Islands; in Elba, Italy; and in Spain; and in Nova Scotia, Canada.

The gemstone sculpture Sultry Midday by Vasily Konovalenko, which depicted two women having tea, incorporated a cacholong teacup.

Pittsfield, Massachusetts
Pittsfield is the most populous city in and the county seat of Berkshire County, Massachusetts, United States. It is the principal city of the Pittsfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area which encompasses Berkshire County. Pittsfield’s population was 43,927 at the 2020 census. Although its population has declined in recent decades, Pittsfield remains the third-largest municipality in Western Massachusetts, behind only Springfield and Chicopee.

In 2017, the Arts Vibrancy Index compiled by the National Center for Arts Research ranked Pittsfield and Berkshire County as the number-one medium-sized community in the nation for the arts.
David Weiss Halivni
David Weiss Halivni (Hebrew: דָּוִד וַיְיס הַלִּבְנִי; September 27, 1927 – June 28, 2022) was a European-born American-Israeli rabbi, scholar in the domain of Jewish sciences, and professor of Talmud. He served as Reish Metivta of the Institute of Traditional Judaism, the Union for Traditional Judaism's rabbinical school.

Jewish studies
Jewish studies (Hebrew: מדעי היהדות, romanized: madʿê ha-yahadut, lit. 'sciences of Judaism'), or Judaic studies, is an academic discipline centered on the study of Jews and Judaism. Jewish studies is interdisciplinary and combines aspects of history (especially Jewish history), Middle Eastern studies, Asian studies, Oriental studies, religious studies, archeology, sociology, languages (Jewish languages), political science, area studies, women's studies, and ethnic studies. Jewish studies as a distinct field is mainly present at colleges and universities in North America.

Related fields include Holocaust research and Israel studies, and in Israel, Jewish thought. Bar-Ilan University has the world's largest school of Jewish studies, while Harvard University was the first American university, and perhaps the first in the world, to appoint a full-time scholar of Judaica to its faculty.
Montjean-sur-Loire
Montjean-sur-Loire (French pronunciation: [mɔ̃ʒɑ̃ syʁ lwaʁ] ⓘ, literally Montjean on Loire) is a former commune in the Maine-et-Loire department in western France. On 15 December 2015, it was merged into the new commune Mauges-sur-Loire.

Maine-et-Loire
Maine-et-Loire (French pronunciation: [mɛn e lwaʁ] ⓘ) is a department in the Loire Valley in the Pays de la Loire region in Western France. It is named after the two rivers, Maine and the Loire. It borders Mayenne and Sarthe to the north, Loire-Atlantique to the west, Indre-et-Loire to the east, Vienne and Deux-Sèvres to the south, Vendée to the south-west, and Ille-et-Vilaine to the north-west. Its prefecture is Angers; its subprefectures are Cholet, Saumur and Segré-en-Anjou Bleu. Maine-et-Loire had a population of 818,273 in 2019.
Francis Willis (academic)
Francis Willis D.D. (a.k.a. Francis Wyllis; died 1597) was an academic administrator at the University of Oxford and Dean of Worcester.

In 1577, Willis was elected President of St John's College, Oxford, a post he held until 1590.
While President at St John's College, he was also Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University from 1587 until 1588. He was also a canon of Bristol Cathedral, of which city he was said to be a native.

Willis was Dean of Worcester from 1586 until his death in 1597.

St John's College, Oxford
St John's College is a constituent college of the University of Oxford. Founded as a men's college in 1555, it has been coeducational since 1979. Its founder, Sir Thomas White, intended to provide a source of educated Roman Catholic clerics to support the Counter-Reformation under Queen Mary.

St John's is the wealthiest college in Oxford, with assets worth over £790 million as of 2022, largely due to nineteenth-century suburban development of land in the city of Oxford of which it is the ground landlord.

The college occupies a site on St Giles' and in 2024 had a student body of 419 undergraduates and 244 postgraduates. There are over 100 academic staff, and a like number of other staff. In 2018 St John's topped the Norrington Table, the annual ranking of Oxford colleges' final results, and in 2021, St John's ranked second with a score of 79.8.
Chaetostoma stannii
Chaetostoma stannii is a freshwater species of catfish in the family Loricariidae.  It is a demersal fish with a distribution entirely within tropical South America, where it is native to the basins of the Aroa River, the Tocuyo River, the Urama River, and the Yaracuy River in Venezuela. It has a maximum reported total length of 20.5 cm (8.1 inches).

Aroa River (Venezuela)
The Aroa River (Spanish: Río Aroa) is a river in northwestern Venezuela. It runs parallel and west of the Yaracuy River. The Aroa River empties into the Caribbean Sea.

The river drains part of the Lara-Falcón dry forests ecoregion.

In the 16th century it was known that there was gold in the Yaracuy, Santa Cruz and Aroa rivers, and in 1605 gold deposits were found in a small valley leading to the Aroa River.
The king gave the Aroa mines in perpetuity to Dr. Francisco Marín de Narváez and his heirs in exchange for 40,000 pesos.

In 1824 the mines were leased to British entrepreneurs who exploited deposits of copper.
They used the Aroa River to carry the ore by barge to the coast, where it was loaded onto ships.
The town of Aroa was the first town in the country to obtain electricity and telephone service.
A cableway was built linking the mines to the town.
Khwae Noi railway station
Khwae Noi railway station is a railway station located in Makham Sung Subdistrict, Phitsanulok City, Phitsanulok. It is located 405.313 km from Bangkok railway station and is a class 3 railway station. It is on the Northern Line of the State Railway of Thailand. About 500 m north of the railway station is a railway bridge once bombed by Allied planes during the Second World War. A monument to the bombing exists at the station.

Northern Line (Thailand)
The Northern Line (Thai: ทางรถไฟสายเหนือ) is a railway line in Thailand, running between the capital Bangkok (at Krung Thep Aphiwat Central Terminal) and the northern city of Chiang Mai (Chiang Mai railway station). It is the second longest railway line in Thailand at 751 kilometres (467 mi) long, has 130 operational stations and halts, and is operated by the State Railway of Thailand. The line first opened in 1896. Major cities served by the line include Bangkok, Ayutthaya, Nakhon Sawan, Phitsanulok, Lampang, and Chiang Mai.
Mazzeo
Mazzeo is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Fabio Mazzeo (born 1983), Italian footballer

Edward Mazzeo (born 1980), American Sporting Arms Executive

Rafe Mazzeo (born 1961), American mathematician

Rosario Mazzeo (1911–1997), American clarinetist

Vince Mazzeo (born 1964), American politician

Tilar J. Mazzeo (born 1971), American writer

Larry Mathews (born Mazzeo 1955), American child actor: The Dick Van Dyke Show

Larry Mathews
Larry Mathews (born Larry Mazzeo August 15, 1955) is an American actor known for his role as Ritchie Petrie on The Dick Van Dyke Show.

After the series ended in 1966, Larry Mathews left acting to pursue a more conventional childhood and graduated from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1976. He has worked as an account executive and appeared on numerous television programs to discuss his role on The Dick Van Dyke Show.

Mathews reprised the role of Ritchie on The Dick Van Dyke Show Revisited (2004).
2020 Thindown Challenger Biella – Doubles
Tomislav Brkić and Ante Pavić were the defending champions but chose not to defend their title.

Harri Heliövaara and Szymon Walków won the title after defeating Lloyd Glasspool and Alex Lawson 7–5, 6–3 in the final.

Szymon Walków
Szymon Walków (Polish pronunciation: [ˈʂɨmɔn ˈvalkuf]; born 22 September 1995) is a Polish tennis player who specializes in doubles. He has a career high ATP doubles ranking of World No. 86 achieved on 13 June 2022. He has reached one ATP doubles final. Walków has also reached 43 career doubles finals with a record of 24 wins and 19 losses, including a 12–9 record in ATP Challenger Tour finals. He also has a career high singles ranking of No. 818 achieved on 3 December 2018.
Weibo Gaming
Weibo Gaming is a Chinese esports organization owned by the Weibo Corporation.

Its League of Legends team competes in the LPL, the top-level league for the game in China. It was owned by e-commerce company Suning.com for most of its history and was previously known as Suning.

Weibo are also members of the Esports World Cup Foundation Club Support Program, funded by Saudi Arabia's Public Investment Fund, which gives teams monetary rewards for painting the Esports World Cup tournament series in a positive light and driving engagement to the tournament, which is seen to some as a sportswashing tool that Saudi Arabia is using to distract the public from their poor human rights record.

Sportswashing
Sportswashing is a term used to describe the practice of governments, individuals, corporations, or other groups using sports to improve reputations tarnished by wrongdoing. A form of propaganda, sportswashing can be accomplished through hosting sporting events, purchasing or sponsoring sporting teams, or participating in a sport.

At the international level, it is believed that sportswashing has been used to direct attention away from poor human rights records and corruption scandals. At the individual and corporate levels, it is believed that sportswashing has been used to cover up vices, crimes, and scandals. Sportswashing is an example of reputation laundering.
Plechavičius
Plechavičius is the masculine form of a Lithuanian family name. Its feminine forms are: Plechavičienė (married woman or widow) and Plechavičiūtė (unmarried woman).

According to the Lithuanian surname database, the surname was mostly found within northern Samogitia (Papilė, Seda, Skuodas, and Pakruojis).

In addition, cf. Lithuanian: Plekavičius and Plekys, Polish: Plech, Piechowski and Flakowicz, and Russian: Плехов, romanized: Plekhov (Plekhov).

Notable people with the surname include:

Aleksandras Plechavičius (1897–1942), Lithuanian military officer in the Imperial Russian Army and then the Lithuanian Army.

Povilas Plechavičius (1890–1973), Lithuanian general and statesman, military officer in the Imperial Russian Army and then the Lithuanian Army.

Skuodas
Skuodas (pronunciationⓘ; Samogitian: Skouds) is a city located in Klaipėda County, in northwestern Lithuania, on the border with Latvia. The Bartuva river flows through the town. Is currently the capital of Skuodas District Municipality.
Alverson
Alverson is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Charles Alverson (1935–2020), American novelist, editor, and screenwriter

Rick Alverson (born 1971), American film director and screenwriter

Tommy Alverson (1950–2024), American singer-songwriter

Rick Alverson
Patrick James Alverson Jr. (born June 25, 1971) is an American film director, screenwriter and musician, living in Richmond, Virginia. His films have been characterized by their confrontational nature and unconventional dramatic structure.
Wang Zhenghua
Wang Zhenghua (born 1944) is a Chinese billionaire whose wealth derives from the airline he founded, Spring Airlines. He is a formal civil servant renowned in China's business community for his frugality. As of July 2024, his net worth is $1.8 billion.

Spring Airlines
Spring Airlines Co., Ltd. (Chinese: 春秋航空股份有限公司; pinyin: Chūnqiū Hángkōng Gǔfèn Yǒuxiàn Gōngsī; lit. 'Spring-Autumn Airline Limited Share/Stock Company') is a low-cost carrier headquartered in Changning, Shanghai, China. While the company adopted the English name "Spring Airlines", the Chinese name literally means "Spring-Autumn Airlines."

Spring Airlines is the aviation subsidiary of Shanghai Spring International Travel Service. It reported a net profit of 950 million yuan ($143 million) in 2016.
Mạc dynasty
The Mạc dynasty (Vietnamese: Nhà Mạc/triều Mạc; Hán-Nôm: 茹莫/朝莫) (1527–1677), officially Đại Việt (Chữ Hán: 大越), was a Vietnamese dynasty which ruled over a unified Vietnam between 1527 and 1540, and northern Vietnam from 1540 until 1593. The Mạc dynasty lost control over the capital Đông Kinh (modern Hanoi) for the last time in its wars against the Later Lê dynasty and the Trịnh Lords in 1592. Subsequent members of the Mạc dynasty ruled over the province of Cao Bằng with the direct support of the Chinese Ming and Qing dynasties until 1677 (with members of the Mạc dynasty accepted as officials of the Later Lê dynasty from 1627).

Thanh Hóa
Thanh Hóa (Vietnamese: [tʰajŋ̟ hwǎː] ⓘ) is the capital of Thanh Hóa Province. The city is situated in the east of the province on the Ma River (Sông Mã), about 150 kilometers (93 miles) south of capital Hanoi and 1560 kilometers (969 miles) north of Ho Chi Minh City. Thanh Hoa became one of the most populous cities in North Central Coast after expanding in 2012, with a population of approximately 400,000. Thanh Hoa township was upgraded to Thanh Hoa City in 1994 and has been the historical center of politics, economy, culture, education and entertainment of Thanh Hóa Province.
Paul Harkin
Paul Harkin (born 8 March 1958) is an English former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, and coached in the 1990s. He played at representative level for Great Britain, and at club level for Bradford Northern (two spells), Featherstone Rovers, Hull Kingston Rovers, Leeds, Halifax, and Hunslet, as a scrum-half, and coached at club level for Wakefield Trinity.

Headingley Rugby Stadium
Headingley Rugby Stadium (known as AMT Headingley Rugby Stadium due to sponsorship) is a rugby league stadium in Headingley, Leeds and shares the same site as Headingley Cricket Ground. It is the home ground of the Leeds Rhinos, and is the fifth largest rugby league stadium in England.
Public policy doctrines for the exclusion of relevant evidence
In the law of evidence in the United States, public policy doctrines for the exclusion of relevant evidence encompass several types of evidence that would be relevant to prove facts at issue in a legal proceeding, but which are nonetheless excluded because of public policy concerns. There are five major areas of exclusion that arise out of the Federal Rules of Evidence ("FRE"): subsequent remedial measures, ownership of liability insurance, offers to plead guilty to a crime, offers to settle a claim, and offers to pay medical expenses.  Many states have modified versions of the FRE under their own state evidence codes which widen or narrow the public policy exclusions in state courts.

The exclusionary rule, under which evidence gathered by the police from an illegal search is excluded, is of similar operation but is typically considered separately.

Court
A court is an institution, often a government entity, with the authority to adjudicate legal disputes between parties  and administer justice in civil, criminal, and administrative matters in accordance with the rule of law.

Courts generally consist of judges or other judicial officers, and are usually established and dissolved through legislation enacted by a legislature. Courts may also be established by constitution or an equivalent constituting instrument.

The practical authority given to the court is known as its jurisdiction, which describes the court's power to decide certain kinds of questions, or petitions put to it. There are various kinds of courts, including trial courts, appellate courts, administrative courts, international courts, and tribunals.
Otaq Sar
Otaq Sar (Persian: اطاق سر, also Romanized as Oţāq Sar) is a village in Sajjadrud Rural District, Bandpey-ye Sharqi District, Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 149, in 38 families.

Babol County
Babol County(Persian: شهرستان بابل) is the most populous county in Mazandaran province and the second most populous county in northern Iran. The capital of the county is the city of Babol. Babol County consists of six districts, seven cities, and nearly 700 villages.

The elevation of the city of Babol is 2 meters below sea level, making it the "lowest" city in Mazandaran province. The elevation in the county, from the north to 10 kilometers south, is below sea level. The city of Babol is divided into two urban areas. The population of Babol in 2016 was 250,217, and that of Babol County 531,930.
John Austin Gray
John Austin Gray MC (16 April 1892 – 6 May 1939) was an Australian politician.

Gray was born in Warracknabeal to storekeeper Archibald Gray and Hannah Isabella Hutchinson. He attended state schools before working for the State Savings Bank of Victoria. During the First World War he served with the 6th Light Trench Mortar Battery, being awarded the Military Cross. On his return he became an accountant. On 3 November 1920 he married Jessie Millicent Harris, with whom he had four children. He served on Hawthorn City Council from 1927 to 1939 and was mayor from 1937 to 1938. A founding member and president of the Young Nationalists, he won a by-election for the Victorian Legislative Assembly seat of Hawthorn in September 1930. He was briefly a minister without portfolio from 20 May 1935 to 2 April 1935. Gray held his seat until his death in Hawthorn in 1939.

Electoral district of Hawthorn
Hawthorn is an electoral district of the Victorian Legislative Assembly. It was first proclaimed in 1888, taking effect at the 1899 election.

The seat is located in eastern Melbourne and is centred on the suburbs of Hawthorn and Hawthorn East. It also includes Camberwell and parts of Canterbury, Glen Iris, and Surrey Hills.
BookBrunch
BookBrunch is a British subscription-based website and digital newsletter for the international publishing industry. It is jointly edited by Nicholas Clee and Neill Denny, both former editors of The Bookseller. Nicholas Clee is a former judge of the Booker Prize and author. Neill Denny was previously editor of Retail Week.

As well as a daily news email, BookBrunch produces print Show Dailies for both the London Book Fair and the Frankfurt Book Fair in partnership with Publishers Weekly, the American weekly book trade news magazine, as well as a magazine to accompany the Sharjah International Book Fair.

Frankfurt Book Fair
The Frankfurt Book Fair (German: Frankfurter Buchmesse, abbr. FBM) is the world's largest trade fair for books, based on the number of publishing companies represented. The five-day annual event in mid-October is held at the Frankfurt Trade Fair grounds in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. The first three days are restricted exclusively to professional visitors; the general public attend the fair on the weekend.

Several thousand exhibitors representing book publishing, multimedia and technology companies, as well as content providers from all over the world gather in order to negotiate international publishing rights and license fees. The fair is organised by Frankfurter Buchmesse GmbH, a subsidiary of the German Publishers and Booksellers Association. More than 7,300 exhibitors from over 100 countries and more than 286,000 visitors took part in the year 2017.