hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Fisher's z-distribution
Fisher's z-distribution is the statistical distribution of half the logarithm of an F-distribution variate:

It was first described by Ronald Fisher in a paper delivered at the International Mathematical Congress of 1924 in Toronto. Nowadays one usually uses the F-distribution instead.

The probability density function and cumulative distribution function can be found by using the F-distribution at the value of . However, the mean and variance do not follow the same transformation.

The probability density function is

where B is the beta function.

When the degrees of freedom becomes large (), the distribution approaches normality with mean

and variance

Empirical distribution function
In statistics, an empirical distribution function (a.k.a. an empirical cumulative distribution function, eCDF) is the distribution function associated with the empirical measure of a sample. This cumulative distribution function is a step function that jumps up by 1/n at each of the n data points. Its value at any specified value of the measured variable is the fraction of observations of the measured variable that are less than or equal to the specified value.

The empirical distribution function is an estimate of the cumulative distribution function that generated the points in the sample. It converges with probability 1 to that underlying distribution, according to the Glivenko–Cantelli theorem. A number of results exist to quantify the rate of convergence of the empirical distribution function to the underlying cumulative distribution function.
Ulrich II, Count of Württemberg
Ulrich II (c. 1254 – 18 September 1279) was Count of Württemberg from 1265 until 1279.

Ulrich was the son of Ulrich I and Mechthild of Baden. He acceded power in 1265, at the age of 11 and, thus, was most likely under the tutelage of Count Hartmann II of Grüningen. He is first mentioned in documents around 1270. It's unknown if Ulrich was married.

His half-brother Eberhard I succeeded him. His body rested in the church of Beutelsbach. In 1316 or 1320 his remains were moved to the Stiftskirche in Stuttgart.

Tutoring
Tutoring is private academic help, usually provided by an expert teacher; someone with deep knowledge or defined expertise in a particular subject or set of subjects.

A tutor, formally also called an academic tutor, is a person who provides assistance or tutelage to one or more people on certain subject areas or skills. The tutor spends a few hours on a daily, weekly, or monthly basis to transfer their expertise on the topic or skill to the student (also called a tutee). Tutoring can take place in different settings.
MaxMyInterest
MaxMyInterest (Max) is a financial technology (FinTech) service operated by Six Trees Capital LLC. Max is a software platform that allocates individuals' cash among their own bank accounts so that they earn the most interest possible while staying within the limits for FDIC government-deposit insurance. The service works for both individuals and their financial advisors. Headquartered in New York City, Six Trees was founded by former Citigroup investment banker Gary E. Zimmerman in 2013.

Financial technology
Financial technology (abbreviated as fintech) refers to the application of innovative technologies to products and services in the financial industry. This broad term encompasses a wide array of technological advances in financial services, including mobile banking, online lending platforms, digital payment systems, robo-advisors, and blockchain-based applications such as cryptocurrencies. Financial technology companies include both startups and established technology and financial firms that aim to improve, complement, or replace traditional financial services.
Harry Everington
Harry Everington (21 February 1929 – 2000) was a British sculptor, the co-founder of the former Frink School of Figurative Sculpture based in the towns of Stoke-on-Trent (latterly Tunstall), Staffordshire.

Tunstall, Staffordshire
Tunstall is one of the six towns that, along with Burslem, Longton, Fenton, Hanley and Stoke-upon-Trent, amalgamated to form the City of Stoke-on-Trent in Staffordshire, England. It was one of the original six towns that federated to form the city. Tunstall is the most northern, and fourth largest town of the Potteries. It is situated in the very northwest of the city borough, with its north and west boundaries being the city limit. It stands on a ridge of land between Fowlea Brook to the west and Scotia Brook to the east, surrounded by old tile-making and brick-making sites, some of which date back to the Middle Ages.
Flag of Mecklenburg
The flag that serves as the symbol of the historical and geographical region of the Mecklenburg is divided horizontally into two stripes: light blue on the top and white on the bottom. It originated as the flag of the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, adopted in 1813. Since 1996, it is officially recognized as the symbol of the historical region of Mecklenburg within Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.

Flag
A flag is a piece of fabric (most often rectangular) with distinctive colours and design, often flown from a pole and used for symbolic, signalling, or decorative purposes. The term flag is also used to refer to the graphic design employed on such pieces of fabric. The study of flags is known as "vexillology" from the Latin vexillum, meaning "flag" or "banner".

The first flags were used to aid military coordination on the battlefield, and flags have since evolved into a common tool for basic signalling and identification, especially in environments where communication is challenging (such as maritime environments where semaphore is used). The national flag is a common patriotic symbol of a country, and many national or other flags may be assigned to flag families based on similarities in their designs that demonstrate a shared history, culture, or influence. Flags are also used in messages, advertising, or for other decorative purposes.
Lucyna Śliwa
Lucyna Elżbieta Śliwa (born 20 February 1964) is a Polish lichenologist and mycologist known for her extensive work on the taxonomy and biogeography of the lichen genus Lecanora. She is currently the head of the Władysław Szafer Institute of Botany at the Polish Academy of Sciences, where she has made significant contributions to the understanding of lichen biodiversity and the impact of anthropogenic factors on lichen biota, particularly in the Polish Carpathian Mountains.

Lecanora
Lecanora is a genus of lichen commonly called rim lichens.: 279  Lichens in the genus Squamarina are also called rim lichens. Members of the genus have roughly circular fruiting discs (apothecia) with rims that have photosynthetic tissue similar to that of the nonfruiting part of the lichen body (thallus). Other lichens with apothecia having margins made of thallus-like tissue are called lecanorine.

It is in the  family Lecanoraceae in the suborder Lecanorineae.
Sindelfingen
Sindelfingen (German pronunciation: [ˈzɪndl̩ˌfɪŋən] ⓘ; Swabian: Sendlfenga) is a city in Baden-Württemberg in south Germany. It lies near Stuttgart at the headwaters of the Schwippe (a tributary of the river Würm), and is home to a Mercedes-Benz assembly plant. The current mayor of the city of Sindelfingen is Dr. Bernd Vöhringer.

Swabian German
Swabian (German: Schwäbisch [ˈʃvɛːbɪʃ] ⓘ) is one of the dialect groups of Upper German, sometimes one of the dialect groups of Alemannic German (in the broad sense), that belong to the High German dialect continuum. It is mainly spoken in Swabia, which is located in central and southeastern Baden-Württemberg (including its capital Stuttgart and the Swabian Jura region) and the southwest of Bavaria (Bavarian Swabia). Furthermore, Swabian German dialects are spoken by Caucasus Germans in Transcaucasia. The dialects of the Danube Swabian population of Hungary, the former Yugoslavia and Romania are only nominally Swabian and can be traced back not only to Swabian but also to Franconian, Bavarian and Hessian dialects, with  locally varying degrees of influence of the initial dialects.
Grand Prix of Moscow
The Grand Prix of Moscow was a one-day road cycling race held annually in Moscow, Russia between 2004 and 2015. From 2005 to 2015, it was held as part of the UCI Europe Tour as a 1.2 category race. The most successful rider was Alexander Khatuntsev, who has two victories.

UCI race classifications
The Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), the world's governing body in the sport of bicycle racing, classifies races according to a rating scale.

The rating is represented by a code made of two or three parts and indicates both the type or style of race (the first part), and its importance or difficulty (the second and third parts, lower being harder). The first part can be an integer or an abbreviation, and the second part, when present, are usually integers. Both parts are separated by a period or decimal point (.).

A higher rated race will result in the successful riders receiving more world ranking points.
Sammy Hughes (footballer)
Sammy Hughes (1925/1926 – 28 April 2011) was a footballer who played in the Irish League with Glentoran in the 1950s. He signed from Larne in September 1949, He won two Irish League championships (1950/51 and 1952/53), one Irish Cup (1950/51), one Gold Cup, three City Cups and two Ulster Cups. He was capped eight times by the Irish League and scored five goals. He was the Ulster Footballer of the Year for the 1952/53 season. He later played for Larne and Carrick Rangers, winning the B Division title with the latter in 1961/62.

Hughes was a top scorer in the Irish League in the 1949–50, 1950–51 and 1952–1953 seasons.

He died on 28 April 2011, aged 85.

Irish Cup
The Irish Football Association Challenge Cup, commonly referred to as the Irish Cup (currently known as the Clearer Water Irish Cup for sponsorship purposes) is the primary football knockout cup competition in Northern Ireland. Inaugurated in 1881, it is the fourth-oldest national cup competition in the world. Prior to the break-away from the Irish Football Association by clubs from what would become the Irish Free State in 1921, the Irish Cup was the national cup competition for the whole of Ireland.

Since 3 October 2023, the cup has been sponsored by Clearer Water. It was previously sponsored by Nationwide Building Society, Bass Ireland Ltd, JJB Sports, Tennent's Lager and Sadler's Peaky Blinder and Samuel Gelston's Irish Whiskey.

Dungannon Swifts are the current holders after defeating Cliftonville 4–3 on penalties in the 2025 final.
Hastings Adobe
The Hastings Adobe near Collinsville, California is a ranch dwelling made of adobe that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.  It is currently on private property, in a state of disrepair and inaccessible to the public.

The structure was erected by Lansford Hastings, a lawyer and the author of The Emigrant's Guide to Oregon and California; Hastings' book promoted the Hastings Cutoff, which was a major factor in the Donner Party disaster.

It is located about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) northeast of Collinsville on the south side of County Road 493.

Hastings Cutoff
The Hastings Cutoff was an alternative route for westward emigrants to travel to California, as proposed by Lansford Hastings in The Emigrant's Guide to Oregon and California. The ill-fated Donner Party infamously took the route in 1846.  Hastings himself did not travel the cutoff prior to writing the guide.
Bishop of Bristol
Christianity portal

The Bishop of Bristol heads the Church of England Diocese of Bristol in the Province of Canterbury, in England.

The present diocese covers parts of the counties of Somerset and Gloucestershire together with a small area of Wiltshire.  The see is in the City of Bristol where the seat is located at Bristol Cathedral. The bishop's residence is a house in Winterbourne, Gloucestershire, north of Bristol.

The most recent bishop was Vivienne Faull (previously Dean of York), from the confirmation of her election on 25 June 2018. She was consecrated at St Paul's Cathedral on 3 July 2018 and enthroned in her Cathedral Church of the Holy and Undivided Trinity, Bristol on 20 October 2018. On 6 February 2025, Faull announced that she intended to retire effective 1 September. In the ensuing vacancy, Neil Warwick, Bishop of Swindon (as sole suffragan bishop of the diocese) is acting diocesan bishop.

Canonical election
A canonical election, in the canon law of the Latin Church of the Catholic Church, is the designation of a suitable candidate to a vacant ecclesiastical office by a vote of a collegial body. One example for a canonical election would be the election of a pope by the cardinals in the conclave.

Usually confirmation of the election by a competent authority is required. The competent authority cannot withhold confirmation if the designated candidate is canonically suitable for the office and the election has been conducted validly.
Dr. Stephen H. Chism House
The Dr. Stephen H. Chism House is a historic house in rural Logan County, Arkansas north of Booneville, on the east side of Arkansas Highway 23 about 0.5 miles (0.80 km) south of its junction with Arkansas Highway 217.  A two-story log dogtrot house, it has two log pens flanking an open breezeway and a gable roof for cover.  Built about 1844–45, it is believed to be the oldest log building in the county. The Arkansas Archives have a negative of the home. Log Builder Paul Glidewell completed the complete restoration of the house in late 2013.

It was home to Dr. Stephen Howard Chism (December 14, 1815 -1883). He was the father of Benjamin Boone Chism. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.

Chism married Jeanetta Logan, daughter of James Logan for whom Logan County, Arkansas is named.

Arkansas Highway 23
Arkansas Highway 23 (AR 23) is a north–south state highway in north Arkansas. The route runs 133.9 miles (215.5 km) from U.S. Route 71 (US 71) north of Elm Park north to the Missouri state line through Ozark and Eureka Springs. Between Highway 16 at Brashears and Interstate 40 (I-40) north of Ozark, Highway 23 winds through the Ozark National Forest and is designated as the Pig Trail Scenic Byway due to its steep hills and hairpin turns. The route has a strong connection with the University of Arkansas Razorbacks, connecting fans in Central Arkansas with the Northwest Arkansas area.
Army Cooper
Alfred Mayart Cooper Jr. (November 1, 1899 – March 19, 1966), better known as Army Cooper, was an American professional baseball pitcher in the Negro leagues between 1928 and 1932.

A native of Kansas City, Kansas, Cooper made his Negro leagues debut in 1928 with the Kansas City Monarchs. He played three seasons with Kansas City, and finished his career in 1932 with the Cleveland Stars. Cooper died in Kansas City in 1966 at age 66.

Kansas City, Kansas
Kansas City (commonly known as KCK) is the third-most populous city in the U.S. state of Kansas and the county seat of Wyandotte County. It is an inner suburb of the older and more populous Kansas City, Missouri, after which it is named. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 156,607, making it one of four principal cities in the Kansas City metropolitan area. It is situated at Kaw Point, the junction of the Missouri and Kansas rivers. It is part of a consolidated city-county government known as the "Unified Government". It is the location of the University of Kansas Medical Center and Kansas City Kansas Community College.
ISO 3166-2:YE
ISO 3166-2:YE is the entry for Yemen in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1.

Currently for Yemen, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for one municipality and 21 governorates. The municipality Sanaa is the capital of the country and has special status equal to the governorates.

Each code consists of two parts separated by a hyphen. The first part is YE, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Yemen. The second part is two letters.

Standardization
Standardization (American English) or standardisation (British English) is the process of implementing and developing technical standards based on the consensus of different parties that include firms, users, interest groups, standards organizations and governments. Standardization can help maximize compatibility, interoperability, safety, repeatability, efficiency, and quality. It can also facilitate a normalization of formerly custom processes.

In social sciences, including economics, the idea of standardization is close to the solution for a coordination problem, a situation in which all parties can realize mutual gains, but only by making mutually consistent decisions. Divergent national standards impose costs on consumers and can be a form of non-tariff trade barrier.
William Bullokar
William Bullokar was a 16th-century printer who devised a 40-letter phonetic alphabet for the English language.  Its characters were presented in the black-letter or "gothic" writing style commonly used at the time and also in Roman type.  Taking as his model a Latin grammar by William Lily, Bullokar wrote the first published grammar of the English language, in a book titled Brief Grammar for English, which appeared in 1586.

Phonetic transcription
Phonetic transcription (also known as phonetic alphabet, phonetic script or phonetic notation) is the visual representation of speech sounds (or phonetics) by means of symbols. The most common type of phonetic transcription uses a phonetic alphabet, such as the International Phonetic Alphabet.
Subaru Legacy (fourth generation)
The fourth generation of the Subaru Legacy was introduced in 2003 and saw a complete redesign of the Legacy on an all-new platform. Development began by the beginning of 1999, with styling freeze in early 2001 and engineering sign-off in 2003.

International Car of the Year
The International Car of the Year (ICOTY) awards are one of several annual "car of the year" awards around the world for new automobile models judged to be the best of their generation. This one is presented by the United States magazine Road & Travel Magazine. Awards are given under ten different categories to new vehicles manufactured internationally and available on the US market.  The awards ceremony is attended by 600 industry leaders and media on the evening before Press Days at the North American International Auto Show (NAIAS). The awards have been presented annually since 1997.
Abdulmalik Dagaci Usman
Abdulmalik Dagaci Usman, also known as Usman Cheche, is a Nigerian politician who served as a member of the 7th National House of Representatives, representing the Bida/Gbako/Katcha Federal Constituency in Niger State from 2011 to 2015.

House of Representatives (Nigeria)
The House of Representatives (also called Green Chamber) is the lower chamber of Nigeria's bicameral National Assembly. The Senate is the upper chamber.

The Green Chamber has 360 members who are elected in single-member constituencies using the plurality (or first-past-the-post) system, most recently in 2023. Members serve four-year terms. The presiding officer of the house is the Speaker, currently Tajudden Abbas (as of May 2024).
Dronningens Tværgade 11
Dronningens Rværgade 11/Store Kongensgade 56 is a Neoclassical architecture apartment building situated at the corner of Dronningens Tværgade and Store Kongensgade in central Copenhagen, Denmark. Originating in the two-storey, half-timbered townhouse from before 1754, it owes its current appearance to a renovation in 1846. It was listed in the Danish registry of protected buildings and places in 1974.

Store Kongensgade
Store Kongensgade (Danish pronunciation: [ˈstoːɐ ˈkʰʌŋn̩sˌkɛːðə]; lit. 'Great King's Street') is the longest street in central Copenhagen, Denmark. It extends northeast from Kongens Nytorv to Esplanaden, running parallel to Bredgade, where it breaks left, continuing northwest to Grønningen.

Store Kongensgade is part of the Ring 2 thoroughfare. Traffic is one-way, moving from Østerport station to Kongens Nytorv, while traffic moving in the opposite direction goes by Bredgade which is also one-way.
Adleman–Pomerance–Rumely primality test
In computational number theory, the Adleman–Pomerance–Rumely primality test is an algorithm for determining whether a number is prime. Unlike other, more efficient algorithms for this purpose, it avoids the use of random numbers, so it is a deterministic primality test. It is named after its discoverers, Leonard Adleman, Carl Pomerance, and Robert Rumely. The test involves arithmetic in cyclotomic fields.

It was later improved by Henri Cohen and Hendrik Willem Lenstra, commonly referred to as APR-CL. It can test primality of an integer n in time:

Computational number theory
In mathematics and computer science, computational number theory, also known as algorithmic number theory, is the study of 
computational methods for investigating and solving problems in number theory and arithmetic geometry, including algorithms for primality testing and integer factorization, finding solutions to diophantine equations, and explicit methods in arithmetic geometry.
Computational number theory has applications to cryptography, including RSA, elliptic curve cryptography and post-quantum cryptography, and is used to investigate conjectures and open problems in number theory, including the Riemann hypothesis, the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture, the ABC conjecture, the modularity conjecture, the Sato-Tate conjecture, and explicit aspects of the Langlands program.
2009–10 Maltese Second and Third Division Knock-Out
The 2009–10 Second and Third Division Knock-Out (known as quick Keno Second and Third Division Knock-Out for sponsorship reasons) was a knockout tournament for Maltese football clubs playing in the Second and Third Division. The competition was held between 31 August 2009 and 22 May 2010, with the winners being Third Division side Żejtun Corinthians.

Maltese Second Division
The Maltese Second Division (also known as the BOV Second Division due to sponsorship reasons) was the third-highest division in Maltese football until 2020 when it was merged with the Maltese Third Division to create the National Amateur League.
Marine Insurance Act 1745
The Marine Insurance Act 1745 (19 Geo. 2. c. 37) was an act of the Parliament of Great Britain.  The act has been described as "the first significant statutory intervention in substantive marine insurance law".

Parliament of Great Britain
The Parliament of Great Britain was formed in May 1707 following the ratification of the Acts of Union by both the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland. The Acts ratified the treaty of Union which created a new unified Kingdom of Great Britain and created the parliament of Great Britain located in the former home of the English parliament in the Palace of Westminster, near the City of London. This lasted nearly a century, until the Acts of Union 1800 merged the separate British and Irish Parliaments into a single Parliament of the United Kingdom with effect from 1 January 1801.
Santaji Jagnade
Shri Santaji Jagnade Maharaj (8 December 1624–1688) was one of fourteen cymbal players employed by Shri Tukaram Maharaja, a prominent Marathi Sant. Jagnade wrote their own Abhangs and also recorded several of Tukaram's Abhangs, He belonged to the Teli caste of oil producers. Jagnade was born and brought up in Chakan in the khed tehsil in the Pune District. He was a Varkari, a devotee of Lord Vittala (or Vithobā), an incarnation of Lord Krishna, who in turn, is considered in Hinduism to be an incarnation of Lord Vishnu. A stamp commemorating Jagnade was released in February 2009 by the Indian Postal Service.

Sant (religion)
A sant (Sanskrit: सन्त्; IAST: Sant; [sɐn̪t̪]) is a human being revered as a "truth-exemplar" for their abnormal level of "self, truth, [and] reality" in Indian religions, particularly Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism, and Buddhism. In Sikhism it is used to describe a being who has attained spiritual enlightenment and divine knowledge and power through union with God.