hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Heavy NP shift
Heavy NP shift is an operation that involves re-ordering (shifting) a "heavy" noun phrase (NP) to a position to the right of its canonical position under certain circumstances. The heaviness of the NP is determined by its grammatical complexity; whether or not shifting occurs can impact the grammaticality of the sentence.

Ross (1967) is thought to have been the first to systematically investigate the properties of heavy NP shift. Although the term heavy NP shift derives from the theoretical framework of transformational grammar, which describes the process in terms of movement of the NP, linguists working in other frameworks also use this term. And in approaches to syntax where NP is analyzed as a determiner phrase (DP), heavy NP shift is called heavy DP shift.

Noun phrase
A noun phrase – or NP or nominal (phrase) – is a phrase that usually has a noun or pronoun as its head, and has the same grammatical functions as a noun. Noun phrases are very common cross-linguistically, and they may be the most frequently occurring phrase type.

Noun phrases often function as verb subjects and objects, as predicative expressions, and as complements of prepositions. One NP can be embedded inside another NP; for instance, some of his constituents has as a constituent the shorter NP his constituents.

In some theories of grammar, noun phrases with determiners are analyzed as having the determiner as the head of the phrase, see for instance Chomsky (1995) and Hudson (1990).
Platytropius siamensis
Platytropius siamensis was a species of schilbid catfish (order Siluriformes) family Schilbeidae. It originated from the Chao Phraya and Bang Pakong Rivers in Thailand. It inhabited lower to middle reaches, mainstreams, tributaries, and larger marshlands. The species has been declared extinct in 2011 by the IUCN Red List, because despite periodic surveys it has not been encountered since 1977–1979.

P. siamensis was carnivorous, feeding on insects and shrimps. This species was oviparous and eggs were unguarded. It could grow to a length of 20.0 cm (7.9 in) TL.

Centimetre
A centimetre (International spelling) or centimeter (American English), with SI symbol cm, is a unit of length in the International System of Units (SI) equal to one hundredth of a metre, centi- being the SI prefix for a factor of ⁠1/100⁠. Equivalently, there are 100 centimetres in 1 metre. The centimetre was the base unit of length in the now deprecated centimetre–gram–second (CGS) system of units.

Though for many physical quantities, SI prefixes for factors of 103—like milli- and kilo-—are often preferred by technicians, the centimetre remains a practical unit of length for many everyday measurements; for instance, human height is commonly measured in centimetres. A centimetre is approximately the width of the fingernail of an average adult person.
Bratko Menaion
Bratko Menaion (Serbian: Братков минеј, romanized: Bratkov minej) is a 13th-century Serbian liturgical calendar book (menaion), written Serbian Orthodox monk-scribe by the name of Bratko. It is the oldest menaion in Serbian literature, written in the Serbian recension of Old Church Slavonic (Old Serbian).

The book is composed of four parts, grouped in "services" of September and November (last fourth of the 13th century), and "festivity" for the rest of the months (first half of the 14th century). The first section (pp. 1–123) was written by presbyter Bratko (thence the name of the manuscript) during the reign of the Serbian king Stefan Vladislav (1234) for a feudal lord by the name of Obrad. The number of russisms and Russian orthography suggests it was made on Russian proposition.

Fragments of a poem of Saint Naum of Ohrid (ca 830–910) is in the book.

Saint Naum
Naum (Bulgarian and Macedonian: Свети Наум, romanized: Sveti Naum), also known as Naum of Ohrid or Naum of Preslav (c. 830 – December 23, 910), was a medieval Bulgarian writer and missionary among the Slavs, considered one of the Seven Apostles of the First Bulgarian Empire. He was among the disciples of Cyril and Methodius and is associated with the creation of the Glagolitic and Cyrillic script. Naum was among the founders of the Pliska Literary School. Afterwards Naum worked at the Ohrid Literary School. He was among the first saints declared by the Bulgarian Orthodox Church after its foundation in the 9th century. The mission of Naum played significant role by transformation of the local Early Slavs into Bulgarians.
Para surfing
Para surfing or adaptive surfing is a form of surfing in which a disabled individual uses a board or waveski to ride on a breaking wave. Competitively, the International Surfing Association (ISA) has hosted the World Para Surfing Championships annually since 2015. In addition, the Association of Adaptive Surfing Professionals (AASP) was formed in 2022 as the international governing body of professional adaptive surfing, and administers the AASP World Tour including events in Hawaii, Australia and California for its inaugural year.

Adaptive surfers are classified into different competitive divisions based on their respective disabilities, with classification generally certified by medical professionals for professional competitions. There are currently nine separate divisions recognized by the ISA and AASP.

Waveski
The Waveski, previously known as the "Paddle Ski”, is a surfboard that the rider 'sits' on top of. Waveski surfing is a dynamic sport combining paddle power with the maneuverability and performance of a surfboard. A Waveski resembles a large volume surfboard, with the addition of a hollowed out seat that has a seat belt, feet straps enable the rider to be attached to the board for weight transfer for maneuvers. A double ended paddle is used for paddle propulsion out to the waves and to catch waves, the paddle is also used to turtle /Eskimo roll/ to flip upright if the Waveski and rider is rolled over. The waveski rider or surfer uses the double-ended paddle for paddle to assist in turns. To turn, the rider uses their weight to lean on the side rail with the and paddle to pivot or propel the board up the wave. The sport is categorized under the International Canoe Federation and holds biennial World championship events.
Dream Keeper
Dream Keeper is an album by jazz bassist Charlie Haden with his Liberation Music Orchestra, recorded in 1990 and released in Japan on DIW Records and in the US through Polydor Records. It was reissued in the US the following year on Blue Note Records.

This album is the first by Haden's Liberation Music Orchestra since The Ballad of the Fallen (1983).

DIW Records
DIW Records is a Japanese record label specializing in avant-garde jazz. It is a subsidiary of Disk Union. Kazunori Sugiyama was an executive producer for the label before starting Tzadik Records with John Zorn.

DIW's name stands for "Discs in the World" and is from a music magazine sold at Disk Union stores that announced the latest releases from American and European labels. Wilber Morris recorded the first album for DIW in 1983 in New York City. The catalogue includes music by the Art Ensemble of Chicago, Lester Bowie, James Carter, Steve Grossman, Harold Mabern, David Murray, James Blood Ulmer, David S. Ware, Rodney Whitaker, and John Zorn.
Gunmen of the Rio Grande
Gunmen of the Rio Grande (Spanish: Desafío en Río Bravo, Italian: Sfida a Rio Bravo, French: Duel à Rio Bravo) is a 1964  Spaghetti Western film directed by Tulio Demicheli. An Italian, Spanish and French international co-production, it was filmed at Almería, Spain and shot in Techniscope. It stars Guy Madison as Wyatt Earp in his first leading spaghetti western role.

Co-production (media)
A co-production is a joint venture between two or more different production companies for the purpose of film production, television production, video game development, and so on. In the case of an international co-production, production companies from different countries (typically two to three) are working together.

Co-production also refers to the way services are produced by their users, in some parts or entirely.
Michel Heinrich
Michel Heinrich (born February 15, 1946, in Thann, Haut-Rhin) was a member of the National Assembly of France.  He represented Vosges' 1st constituency from 2002 to 2017, as a member of the Union for a Popular Movement.

Thann, Haut-Rhin
Thann (French pronunciation: [tan] ⓘ; Alsatian: Dànn, pronounced [tɔn], German: Thann) is a commune in the northeastern French department of Haut-Rhin, in Grand Est. It is the sous-préfecture of the arrondissement of Thann-Guebwiller and part of the canton of Cernay. Its inhabitants are known as Thannois.
Ninebanks
Ninebanks is a small village in south west Northumberland, England in the North Pennines Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty 8 miles (13 km) north-east of Alston by road. It is noted for the early sixteenth century Ninebanks Tower, sometimes described as a pele tower, but possibly built as a watchtower.  It is made of sandstone and has four floors, the lowest of which is now below the level of the road.
There is an independently run Ninebanks Youth Hostel, which is actually in nearby Mohope.

Alston, Cumbria
Alston is a town in Westmorland and Furness, Cumbria, England, within the civil parish of Alston Moor. It is located at about 1,000 feet (300 m) above sea level in the North Pennines, the River South Tyne, and shares the title of 'highest market town in England', with Buxton, Derbyshire. Despite its relative isolation, the town has road connections to the Tyne Gap to the north, Weardale and Teesdale to the south-east, and Penrith to the south-west.

Much of the town centre is a designated conservation area which includes several listed buildings. It was  historically within the county of Cumberland. Alston was historically a centre for mining, with lead, zinc, iron, copper, and coal found in the vicinity.
Strychnos ignatii
Strychnos ignatii is a tree in the family Loganiaceae, native to the Philippines, particularly in Catbalogan and parts of China. The plant was first described by the Moravian (Czech) Jesuit working in the Philippines, brother Georg Kamel who named its seeds "the beans of St. Ignatius", in honour of the founder of his religious order.

Religious order
A religious order is a subgroup within a larger confessional community that has members who lead a contemplative lifestyle devoted to prayer and service. Religious orders often trace their lineage from their founders and have a text describing their lifestyle called a rule of life. Such orders exist in a number of the world's religions and their denominations.
Amnesty International Thailand
Amnesty International Thailand (AITH), also known as Amnesty Thailand or AI Thailand, is a non-governmental organisation (NGO) focused on the protection of human rights in Thailand and worldwide with more than 1,000 members across Thailand. Amnesty Thailand is one of more than 70 "sections" that make up Amnesty International worldwide.

Amnesty International, as a whole, is an organisation of more than seven million supporters, activists and volunteers in over 150 countries, independent of government, corporate, and other interest groups. It works to mobilise public opinion to put pressure on governments that let abuse take place. The organisation was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1977.

Amnesty International Thailand was established in 1993 and registered with the Thai government ten years later in 2003 as an association. Its headquarters are in Chatuchak, Bangkok. In 2016, Amnesty International opened its South East Asia and Pacific Regional Office in Pathum Wan, Bangkok.

Pathum Wan district
Pathum Wan  (Thai: ปทุมวัน, pronounced [pā.tʰūm.wān]) is one of the fifty districts (khet) of Bangkok, Thailand. It lies just beyond the old city boundary of Khlong Phadung Krung Kasem and was a rural area on the eastern outskirts of the city when royal villas were built there in the late nineteenth century. The district was officially established in 1915, and covers an area of 8.37 square kilometres (3.23 sq mi). A large part of the district area is taken up by the campus of Chulalongkorn University and the green expanses of Lumphini Park and the Royal Bangkok Sports Club. By the turn of the 20th–21st centuries, the district had become known as the modern-day city centre, home to the prominent shopping areas of Siam and Ratchaprasong.
2008–09 American Eagles men's basketball team
The 2008–09 American Eagles men's basketball team represented American University during the 2008–09 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Eagles, led by ninth-year head coach Jeff Jones, played their home games at Bender Arena and were members of the Patriot League. They finished the season 24–8, 13–1 in Patriot League play, to finish first in the conference regular season standings. They were champions of the Patriot League tournament to earn an automatic bid to the NCAA tournament—the school's second straight appearance—where they lost in the first round to Villanova.

2008–09 Villanova Wildcats men's basketball team
The 2008–09 Villanova Wildcats men's basketball team represented Villanova University in the 2008–09 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. They were led by Jay Wright in his eighth year as head coach of the Wildcats. The Wildcats played their home games at The Pavilion on the school's campus as members of the Big East Conference. They finished the season 30–8, 13–5 in Big East play to finish in fourth place. They lost in the semifinals of the Big East tournament to Louisville. The Wildcats received an at-large bid to the NCAA tournament as the No. 3 seed in the East region. They defeated American, UCLA, Duke, and Pittsburgh to advance to the Final Four. In the Final Four they were defeated by the eventual national champion for the second straight year, North Carolina.
Merdanya Monastery
Merdanya Monastery "Holy Forty Martyrs"  is medieval Bulgarian monastery located in Veliko Tarnovo Province. The Monastery were established in XIII century. The monastery was demolished and rebuilt several times. In the middle of the 19th century, Hadji Kesariy Khorozov from the near town Elena bought the former monastery properties. In 1853 he built the church and the residential buildings with his own funds and became abbot of the newly opened monastery.

Veliko Tarnovo Province
Veliko Tarnovo (Bulgarian: Област Велико Търново, romanized: Oblast Veliko Tǎrnovo) is a province in the middle of the northern part of Bulgaria. Its capital city, Veliko Tarnovo, is of historical significance as it was the capital of the Second Bulgarian Empire. The province is divided into ten municipalities with a total population, as of December 2009, of 275,395.

Other towns in the province include Gorna Oryahovitsa, which is within 10 km (6.2 mi) of Veliko Tarnovo, Svishtov, set on the Danube River and famous for its Tsenov Academy of Economics, and Suhindol, the hometown of Lovico — an internationally recognised label for fine wines and spirits. Another notable place is the village of Arbanasi, set between Veliko Tarnovo and Gorna Oryahovitsa. The combination of old style and modern architecture, as well as its churches and monasteries, present the spirit of Bulgaria. Real estate is among the most expensive in the country.
NSS Training College, Pandalam
NSS Training College, Pandalam was established in 1957 and managed by Nair Service Society. It was founded by Bharatha Kesari Mannath Padmanabhan and is situated at Pandalam, Kerala, India, affiliated to Kerala University.

Mannathu Padmanabha Pillai
Mannathu Padmanabha Pillai (2 January 1878  – 25 February 1970), better known as Mannathu Padmanabhan was an Indian social reformer and agitator from the south-western state of Kerala. He is recognised as the founder of the Nair Service Society (NSS), which represents the Nair community. His birthday (2 January) is observed as Mannam Jayanti every year. Padmanabhan is considered a visionary reformer who organised the Nair community under the NSS.
Zero marker
A zero marker is a null morpheme being used as linguistic marker, see:

Zero (linguistics)

Zero-marking language

Zero-marking in English

Zero marker is not to be confused with Kilometre zero, frequently represented by a ceremonial marker.

Null morpheme
In morphology, a null morpheme or zero morpheme is a morpheme that has no phonetic form. In simpler terms, a null morpheme is an "invisible" affix. It is a concept useful for analysis, by contrasting null morphemes with alternatives that do have some phonetic realization. The null morpheme is represented as either the figure zero (0) or the empty set symbol ∅.

In most languages, it is the affixes that are realized as null morphemes, indicating that the derived form does not differ from the stem. For example, plural form sheep can be analyzed as combination of sheep with added null affix for the plural. The process of adding a null affix is called null affixation, null derivation or zero derivation.  The concept was first used by the 4th century BCE Sanskrit grammarian from ancient India, Pāṇini, in his Sanskrit grammar.
Boeing YC-14
The Boeing YC-14 is a twinjet short take-off and landing (STOL) tactical military transport aircraft. It was Boeing's entrant into the United States Air Force's Advanced Medium STOL Transport (AMST) competition, which aimed to replace the Lockheed C-130 Hercules as the USAF's standard STOL tactical transport. Although both the YC-14 and the competing McDonnell Douglas YC-15 were successful, neither aircraft entered production. The AMST project was ended in 1979 and replaced by the C-X program.

Pima Air & Space Museum
The Pima Air & Space Museum is an aerospace museum in Tucson, Arizona, US. It features a display of nearly 400 aircraft spread out over 80 acres (32 ha) on a campus occupying 127 acres (51 ha). It has also been the home to the Arizona Aviation Hall of Fame since 1991.
African American resorts
During the decades of segregation in the United States, African Americans established various resorts. The resorts were self-contained commercial establishments. Varying resort accommodations included rooms for rent, meals and fine food, cocktail bars, dancing, sporting facilities (such as golf, horseback riding, tennis, swimming pools, fishing, badminton), and beaches. Entire communities (or towns) became resort areas for African Americans. The Negro Motorist Green Book helped guide African Americans to accommodating and safe places, including Idlewild, Michigan, which was among the most well known.

Wisconsin Dells, Wisconsin
Wisconsin Dells (formerly Kilbourn) is a city in Columbia, Sauk, Adams and Juneau counties in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. The population was 2,942 at the 2020 census. The city takes its name from the Dells of the Wisconsin River, a scenic gorge that features sandstone formations along the banks of the Wisconsin River. It is a popular Midwestern tourist destination, home to several water parks and tourist attractions. Wisconsin Dells is about 42 miles (68 km) northwest of Madison, the state's capital city.
Cathedral of the Nativity
Cathedral of the Nativity, and its variants, can refer to:

Albania

Shkodër Orthodox Cathedral (Nativity of Christ Orthodox Cathedral)

Egypt

Cathedral of the Nativity of Christ (Cairo)

Latvia

Nativity Cathedral, Riga

Moldova

Nativity Cathedral, Chișinău

Church of the Nativity, Tiraspol, also known as the Cathedral of the Birth of Christ

Russia

Cathedral of the Nativity in Suzdal

South Africa

Cathedral of the Holy Nativity, Pietermaritzburg

United States

Cathedral Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania

Cathedral Church of the Nativity
The Cathedral Church of the Nativity is an Episcopal cathedral in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. It was the seat of the former Diocese of Bethlehem, and is now a co-cathedral of the Diocese of the Susquehanna, formed in 2026 from a reunion between the Diocese of Bethlehem and the Diocese of Central Pennsylvania. In 1988 it was listed as a contributing property in the Fountain Hill Historic District on the National Register of Historic Places.
2008 Kehoe Cup
The 2008 Kehoe Cup was an inter-county and colleges hurling competition in the province of Leinster. The competition is ranked below the Walsh Cup and features second and third tier counties from Leinster and Connacht and selected university teams. The winners were Meath who defeated Carlow 1–20 to 0–17 in the final.

Meath GAA
The Meath County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) (Irish: Cumann Lúthchleas Gael Coiste na Mí) or Meath GAA is one of the 32 county boards of the GAA in Ireland, and is responsible for Gaelic games in County Meath, as well as for Meath county teams.
Little Ann
Little Ann is an English hamlet attached to Abbotts Ann, approximately two miles south-west of Andover in the north-west of Hampshire.

The Poplar Farm Inn in the hamlet is part of the Vintage Inns chain, a trading name of Mitchells & Butlers.

Pennymarsh is a Grade II* listed thatched cottage at the western end of the village, dating back to the 15th century.

Mitchells & Butlers
Mitchells & Butlers plc (also referred to as "M&B") runs a chain of pubs, bars and restaurants in the United Kingdom. The company's headquarters are in Birmingham, England. The company is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index.

Its branded restaurants and bars include All Bar One, Miller & Carter, Nicholson's, Toby Carvery, Harvester, Browns Restaurants, Vintage Inns, Ember Inns, Son of Steak, Stonehouse Pizza & Grill, Crown Carveries, O'Neill's, Premium Country Pubs, and Sizzling Pubs. The company also owns the ALEX brand based in Germany.
Heidi Schreck
Heidi Schreck (born September 26, 1971) is an American playwright, screenwriter, and actress from Wenatchee, Washington. Her play What the Constitution Means to Me, which she also performs in, was a finalist for the 2019 Pulitzer Prize for Drama and Tony Awards for 2019 Best Play and Best Actress in a Play.

I Love Dick (TV series)
I Love Dick is an American television series released on Amazon Prime. Based on the novel of the same name by Chris Kraus, it was created by Joey Soloway and Sarah Gubbins. The pilot premiered on August 19, 2016, and the first season was released on May 12, 2017. On January 17, 2018, the series was canceled after one season due to failure to connect with a limited audience.
Bill Ramsey (singer)
William McCreery Ramsey (17 April 1931 – 2 July 2021) was an American-German jazz and pop singer, journalist and actor famous for his German-language hits. He returned to Germany a year after he had served compulsory military service with the U.S. Air Force there. Active as a singer of jazz and pop already as a soldier, he made a career in different fields of musical entertainment. He sang and recorded German schlager, also German-language cover versions of English hits, jazz and swing. He appeared in films and television series, and ran popular series on radio and television as presenter.

Jacqueline Boyer
Eliane Ducos (born 23 April 1941), known professionally as Jacqueline Boyer (French pronunciation: [ʒaklin bwaje]), is a French singer and actress. She is also the daughter of performers Jacques Pills and Lucienne Boyer.

In 1960, she won the Eurovision Song Contest for France singing "Tom Pillibi", with music composed by André Popp and lyrics by Pierre Cour. The resulting single reached #33 in the UK Singles Chart in May 1960. At 18 years and 341 days of age at the time of her victory, Boyer was the first teenager to win the contest and the youngest until 1964. Following the death of Lys Assia in 2018, Boyer as of 2025, 65 years after her victory, is the longest surviving winning singer of the Eurovision Song Contest (although not the oldest by age).