hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
15th Louisiana Infantry Regiment
The 15th Louisiana Infantry Regiment was a unit of volunteers recruited in Louisiana that fought in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. Formed in June 1861 as the 2nd Regiment, Polish Brigade, the unit was sent to fight in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War. As the 3rd Louisiana Infantry Battalion, the unit served at Beaver Dam Creek and Glendale. After two companies from the 7th Louisiana Infantry Battalion were added in July 1862, the unit reorganized as the 15th Louisiana Infantry Regiment. It joined the 2nd Louisiana Brigade and fought at Cedar Mountain, Second Bull Run, Antietam, and Fredericksburg in 1862. It served at Chancellorsville, Second Winchester, Gettysburg, and Mine Run in 1863. The regiment fought at the Wilderness, Spotsylvania, Cold Harbor, Monocacy, Third Winchester, Fisher's Hill, Cedar Creek, and Petersburg in 1864. A handful of survivors surrendered at Appomattox in 1865.

Battle of Fisher's Hill
The Battle of Fisher's Hill was fought September 21–22, 1864, near Strasburg, Virginia, as part of the Valley Campaigns of 1864 during the American Civil War. Despite its strong defensive position, the Confederate army of Lt. Gen. Jubal Early was defeated by the Union Army of the Shenandoah, commanded by Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan.
Komar mass
The Komar mass of a system is one of several formal concepts of mass that are used in general relativity.  The Komar mass can be defined in any stationary spacetime, which is a spacetime in which all the metric components can be written so that they are independent of time. Alternatively, a stationary spacetime can be defined as a spacetime which possesses a timelike Killing vector field. It is named after Arthur Komar who developed the concept in 1962.

The following discussion is an expanded and simplified version of the motivational treatment in Wald (1984, p. 288).

Stress–energy tensor
The stress–energy tensor, sometimes called the stress–energy–momentum tensor or the energy–momentum tensor, is a tensor field quantity that describes the density and flux of energy and momentum at each point in spacetime, generalizing the stress tensor of Newtonian physics. It is an attribute of matter, radiation, and non-gravitational force fields. This density and flux of energy and momentum are the sources of the gravitational field in the Einstein field equations of general relativity, just as mass density is the source of such a field in Newtonian gravity.
Pankaj Advani (director)
Pankaj Advani (Hindi: पंकज आडवाणी) (1 August 1965 – 11 November 2010) was an Indian film director, editor, screenwriter, photographer, theatre director, and painter, known for his works in Bollywood, and cross over cinema. Pankaj made his Hindi film screenwriting debut with Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa (1993) which went on to win the Filmfare Critics Award for Best Movie.

In 1994, he scripted, and directed the short film Sunday which won the Children's Film Society of India Award for best writing, and the National Film Award for Best Short Fiction Film. The film was screened at the Indian Panorama Section of the 25th International Film Festival of India, Calcutta; the Asian Panorama section of 8th International Children's Film Festival, Udaipur; and has participated in other festivals including Cairo International Children's Film Festival and 11th Annual Chicago International Children's Film Festival. The same year Pankaj won an award for best writing for Shadow Boxer at NFDC.

National Film Development Corporation of India
The National Film Development Corporation of India (NFDC) based in Mumbai is the central agency established in 1975, to encourage high quality Indian cinema. It functions in areas of film financing, production and distribution and under the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. The primary goal of the NFDC is to plan, promote and organise an integrated and efficient development of the Indian film industry and foster excellence in cinema.
Contempt toward officials
Contempt towards officials is addressed in the Punitive articles, specifically Article 88 of the U.S. Uniform Code of Military Justice in the Manual for Courts-Martial (MCM), United States (2008 Edition) as follows:

Any commissioned officer who uses contemptuous words against the President, the Vice President, Congress, the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of a military department, the Secretary of Homeland Security, or the Governor or legislature of any State, Territory, Commonwealth, or possession in which he is on duty or present shall be punished as a court-martial may direct.

Contempt
In colloquial usage, contempt usually refers to either the act of despising, or having a general lack of respect for something. This set of emotions generally produces maladaptive behaviour. Other authors define contempt as a negative emotion rather than the constellation of mentality and feelings that produce an attitude. Paul Ekman categorises contempt as the seventh basic emotion, along with anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness and surprise. Robert C. Solomon places contempt on the same emotional continuum as resentment and anger, and he argues that the differences between the three are that resentment is anger directed towards a higher-status individual; anger is directed towards an equal-status individual; and contempt is anger directed towards a lower-status individual.
Tenahawa
Tenahawa is a town in the Lumbini Cultural Municipality in Rupandehi District in Lumbini Province of southern Nepal. It was under a village administration and was merged to the municipality following a government decision implemented on 18 May 2014.

At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3,204 living in 477 individual households.

Rupandehi District
Rupandehi District (Nepali: रुपन्देही जिल्ला; pronounced [ɾu.pʌn.de.i; -e.ɦi] ⓘ), a part of Lumbini Province, is one of the seventy-seven districts of Nepal and covers an area of 1,360 km2 (530 sq mi). The district headquarter is Bhairahawa. As per the national census 2021, the population of Rupandehi was 1,118,975.
August Eduard Cunitz
August Eduard Cunitz (29 August 1812, in Strasbourg – 16 June 1886, in Strasbourg) was a French Protestant theologian.

He studied at the University of Strasbourg, becoming a lecturer at the Protestant seminary in 1837. In 1857 he became an associate professor, followed by a full professorship in 1864. From 1872 onward, he held a similar position in the re-organized faculty of theology at the university.

University of Strasbourg
The University of Strasbourg (French: Université de Strasbourg, Unistra) is a public research university located in Strasbourg, France, with over 52000 students and 3300 researchers. Founded in the 16th century by Johannes Sturm, it was a center of intellectual life during the Age of Enlightenment.

In the 1970s, the old university was reorganized into three distinct institutions, which were consolidated in 2009. The current University of Strasbourg comprises 35 academic faculties, schools, and institutes, as well as 71 research laboratories spread across six campuses, including the historic site in the Neustadt.

Throughout its existence, Unistra alumni, faculty, or researchers have included 18 Nobel laureates, two Fields Medalists and a wide range of notable individuals in their respective fields. Among them are Goethe, statesman Robert Schuman, historian Marc Bloch and several chemists such as Louis Pasteur.
Rugby union in Argentina
Rugby union in Argentina is a hugely popular team sport. The first rugby match played in the country dates back to 1873, as the game was introduced by the British. The Argentina national team, sometimes referred to as the Pumas, have competed at the Rugby World Cup, and are considered a tier one nation by the sport's governing body, World Rugby.

Hugo Porta
Hugo Porta (born 11 September 1951) is an Argentine retired rugby union player. Considered one of the best fly-halves the sport has seen, he is an inductee of both the International Rugby Hall of Fame and IRB Hall of Fame. During the 1970s and 1980s, he played 58 times for Argentina, captaining them on 34 occasions, including leading them during the first World Cup in 1987.

Porta made his international debut in 1971. His best performances for Los Pumas came in the late 1970s and early 1980s, with a draw with France in 1977, a 24–13 win against Australia in 1979, and a 21–21 draw with New Zealand in 1985.

In December 2018, Porta was elected as president of Argentine sports club Banco Nación, where he spent his entire career as player.
Las Palmas Cathedral
The Cathedral of Santa Ana (Holy Cathedral-Basilica of Canary or Cathedral of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria) is a Roman Catholic church located in Las Palmas, Canary Islands. The cathedral is the see of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Canarias. It is situated within the Vegueta neighborhood, next to the Plaza Mayor of Santa Ana.

The feast of the cathedral's dedication is celebrated every November 26. The structure is considered the most important monument of Canarian religious architecture.

Diocese of Canarias
The Diocese of Canarias or Diocese Canariense-Rubicense (Latin: Dioecesis Canariensis) is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church located in the Canary Islands in the ecclesiastical province of Seville in Spain. The dioceses includes the islands of Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura and Lanzarote (Oriental Province). However, it does not include the whole archipelago, since the Roman Catholic Diocese of San Cristóbal de La Laguna (or Tenerife or Nivariense) includes the Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife.
Skeleton at the 2022 Winter Olympics – Men's
The men's competition in skeleton at the 2022 Winter Olympics was held on 10 February (runs 1 and 2) and 11 February (runs 3 and 4), at the Xiaohaituo Bobsleigh and Luge Track in Yanqing District of Beijing. Christopher Grotheer of Germany won the event, with Axel Jungk, also of Germany, being the silver medalist, and Yan Wengang of China the bronze medalist. For each of them, these were their first Olympic medals.

Yanqing National Sliding Centre
The Yanqing National Sliding Centre is a bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track in Yanqing District, a suburban district in Beijing. Also known as "The House of Speed" this venue hosted the bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton events for the 2022 Winter Olympics. The track has 16 curves with different angles and slopes.
Mount Gilliland
Mount Gilliland, is a 1,940-metre (6,365 ft) mountain in the Solitude Range, a subrange of the Misinchinka Ranges of the Hart Ranges in northern British Columbia, Canada.

Named for Canadian Army Battery Quartermaster Sergeant Norman Walter Gilliland, originally from Bowden, Alberta but enlisted at Dawson Creek, British Columbia; serving with 3 Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery, attached to the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division when he died 29 September 1944, age 44. He is buried in Wijnegem Communal Cemetery, Belgium.

Bowden, Alberta
Bowden /ˈboʊdən/ is a town in central Alberta, Canada. It is located in Red Deer County on the Queen Elizabeth II Highway, approximately 45 km (28 mi) south of Red Deer.

The community may take its name from Bowdon, Greater Manchester, in England. A provincial Alberta Land Surveyor reference relates this alternate name source, "The most widely accepted version says that a surveyor named Williamson suggested that this siding on the Edmonton-Calgary Trail take the maiden name of his wife."
Party of Kanak Liberation
The Party of Kanak Liberation (French: Parti de libération kanak, Palika) is a socialist pro-independence political party in New Caledonia. It is a component of the National Union for Independence, which in turn is one of the two components of the Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front (FLNKS).

Secession
Secession (from Latin: sēcessiō, lit. 'a withdrawing') is a term and a concept which is used in reference to the formal withdrawal of a group from a political entity.

In international law, secession is understood as a process in which an integral part of a state's territory unilaterally withdraws without the consent of the original state.

The process begins once a group proclaims an act of secession (such as a declaration of independence). A secession attempt might be violent or peaceful, but the goal is the creation of a new state or entity independent of the group or territory from which it seceded. Threats of secession can be a strategy for achieving more limited goals. There is some academic debate about this definition, and in particular how it relates to separatism.
Topolnița Cave
Topolnița Cave (Romanian: Peștera Topolnița) is a karst cave located in Mehedinți County, Romania. It is the fourth-longest cave in Romania: only Peștera Vântului, Humpleu-Poienița Cave, and Hodobana Cave are longer. Most speleological sources estimate its length at 20.5 km (12.7 mi), although a length of 22 km (14 mi) has also been reported. Some Romanian news sources report a more conservative 11,000 metres (36,000 feet). It is considered a natural monument of Romania.

The cave was first historically documented in 1880 by V. Dumitrescu. The first serious attempt at scientific exploration was made in 1956 by Sever Popescu of Turnu Severin. Finally, specialists from the Emil Racoviță Institute of Speleology at the Romanian Academy began true systematic exploration in 1962.

Romanian Academy
The Romanian Academy (Romanian: Academia Română [akadeˈmi.a roˈmɨnə]) is a cultural forum founded in Bucharest, Romania, in 1866. It covers the scientific, artistic and literary domains. The academy has 181 active members who are elected for life.

According to its bylaws, the academy's main goals are the cultivation of Romanian language and Romanian literature, the study of the national history of Romania and research into major scientific domains. Some of the academy's fundamental projects are the Romanian language dictionary (Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române), the dictionary of Romanian literature, and the treatise on the history of the Romanian people.
William T. Miller
William Taylor Miller (August 24, 1911 – November 15, 1998) was an American professor of organic chemistry at Cornell University. His experimental research included investigations into the mechanism of addition of halogens, especially fluorine, to hydrocarbons. His work focused primarily on the physical and chemical properties of fluorocarbons and chlorofluorocarbons, and the synthesis of novel electrophilic reagents.

Miller carried out research into chemically resistant materials from which he developed the chlorofluorocarbon polymer used in K-25, the first gaseous diffusion plant constructed for the separation of uranium isotopes. The K-25 plant was a crucial factor in the development of "Little Boy" and other early nuclear weapons. Miller was also the first to synthesize methoxyflurane, a volatile inhalational anesthetic.

Isotope separation
Isotope separation is the process of concentrating specific isotopes of a chemical element by removing other isotopes. The use of the nuclides produced is varied. The largest variety is used in research (e.g. in chemistry where atoms of "marker" nuclide are used to figure out reaction mechanisms). By tonnage, separating natural uranium into enriched uranium and depleted uranium is the largest application. This process is crucial in the manufacture of uranium fuel for nuclear power plants and is also required for the creation of uranium-based nuclear weapons (unless uranium-233 is used). Plutonium-based weapons use plutonium produced in a nuclear reactor, which must be operated in such a way as to produce plutonium already of suitable isotopic mix or grade.

While chemical elements can be purified through chemical processes, isotopes of the same element have nearly identical chemical properties which makes this type of separation impractical, except for separation of deuterium.
Music at Plush
Plush Festival is a concert series that takes place each summer in the village of Plush, situated in the county of Dorset, southwest England. The festival runs over selected weekends from June to September and features programmes of classical, contemporary and jazz music. It has a resident Plush Ensemble.

Alfred Brendel
Alfred Brendel (5 January 1931 – 17 June 2025) was a Czech-born Austrian classical pianist, poet, author, composer and lecturer, based in London. He is noted for his performances of music by Ludwig van Beethoven, Franz Schubert, and Franz Liszt. He made three recordings of Beethoven's 32 piano sonatas and was the first pianist to record Beethoven's complete works for solo piano.
Tammy Martin
Tammy Martin is a Canadian politician, who was elected to the Nova Scotia House of Assembly in the 2017 provincial election. A member of the Nova Scotia New Democratic Party, she represented the electoral district of Cape Breton Centre.

Before her election, Martin was employed by the Nova Scotia Health Authority and the Canadian Union of Public Employees. She resides in New Waterford, Nova Scotia.

Martin first attempted to enter provincial politics in a 2015 byelection, but was defeated by Liberal David Wilton. She ran again in the 2017 election, this time defeating Wilton.

In January 2020, Martin announced her resignation as MLA, effective February 6, 2020.

2017 Nova Scotia general election
The 2017 Nova Scotia general election was held on May 30, 2017, to elect members to the Nova Scotia House of Assembly.

The Liberals under Premier Stephen McNeil won re-election with a reduced majority, falling from 34 seats at dissolution to 27 seats.
Steve Laws
Steve Laws (born 31 January 1991) is an English far-right and white nationalist political activist. A self-proclaimed citizen-journalist, Laws helped to popularize the "migrant hunting" form of anti-immigrant activism in the United Kingdom and is a radical advocate for remigration. He is primarily known for his online activism on X, with his account having over 140,000 followers.

Opposition to immigration
Opposition to immigration is a political position that seeks to restrict or ban legal and illegal immigration. In the modern sense, immigration refers to the entry of people from one state or territory into another state or territory in which they are not citizens. Illegal immigration occurs when people immigrate to a country without having official permission to do so. Opposition to immigration ranges from calls for various immigration reforms, to proposals to completely restrict immigration, to calls for repatriation of existing immigrants.
Ramón Auñón y Villalón
Ramón Auńón y Villalón (25 August 1844 – 20 May 1925) was a Spanish Navy officer and politician who served as Minister of the Navy during the Spanish–American War, replacing Segismundo Bermejo y Merelo. He had joined the Spanish Navy at the age of 15 and fought in the Hispano–Moroccan War and Cuba, later commanding a battleship and gaining a reputation for being an efficient administrator. Upon becoming Minister of the Navy, Auńon was forced to make a decision of whether or not Pascual Cervera y Topete's squadron in Santiago de Cuba should attack the United States Navy or not. He ultimately decided in favor of attacking, resulting in the disastrous Battle of Santiago de Cuba. Afterwards, he would serve as a member of the Congress of Deputies and as civil governor of the Province of Barcelona.

Province of Barcelona
Barcelona (Catalan: [bəɾsəˈlonə] ⓘ; Spanish: [baɾθeˈlona]) is a province in northeastern Spain, in the center of the autonomous community of Catalonia. The province is bordered by the provinces of Tarragona, Lleida, and Girona, and by the Mediterranean Sea. The area of the province is 7,726.37 km2 (2,983.17 sq mi), and the population is 5,877,672, of which 28.7% is in the city of Barcelona itself, which itself is contained in the Barcelona metropolitan area. It is both the 2nd most populous and 2nd most densely populated province in the country.
Shirley A. Walters
Shirley Ann Walters (born November 12, 1948) is a former member of the Arkansas House of Representatives from Greenwood in Sebastian County, Arkansas. She is a Republican.

Born in Lonoke, Arkansas, Walters graduated from Arkansas Tech University in Russellville and was a teacher, business owner, and was engaged in the real estate business. From 2003 to 2008, she served in the Arkansas House. Her husband, Bill Walters, served as a Republican in the Arkansas State Senate from 1983 to 2000. In 2008, Bill Walters ran as a Democrat to succeed his term-limited wife for the District 62 seat in the Arkansas House, but he was defeated by the Republican nominee, Terry Rice of Waldron in Scott County.

Nomination
Nomination is part of the process of selecting a candidate for either election to a public office, or the bestowing of an honor or award. A collection of nominees narrowed from the full list of candidates is a short list.
Sander Skotheim
Sander Aae Skotheim (born 31 May 2002) is a Norwegian multi-event athlete. He is a European Championships silver medallist in decathlon, and a World Indoor Championships and European Indoor Championships gold and silver medallist in heptathlon. Skotheim is also a European U20 and U23 silver medallist, and a European Youth Olympic Festival gold medallist in decathlon. He competed in the decathlon event at the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris.

European Youth Olympic Festival
The European Youth Olympic Festival (EYOF) is a biennial multi-sport event for youth (14 to 18 years old) athletes from the 50 member countries of the association of European Olympic Committees. The festival has a summer edition, held for the first time in Brussels in 1991, and a winter edition, which began two years later in Aosta. It was known as the European Youth Olympic Days from 1991 to 1999.
John Wesley Powell
John Wesley Powell (March 24, 1834 – September 23, 1902) was an American geologist, U.S. Army soldier, explorer of the American West, professor at Illinois Wesleyan University, and director of major scientific and cultural institutions. He is famous for his 1869 geographic expedition, a three-month river trip down the Green and Colorado rivers, including the first official U.S. government-sponsored passage through the Grand Canyon.

Powell was appointed by US president James A. Garfield to serve as the second director of the U.S. Geological Survey (1881–1894) and proposed, for development of the arid West, policies that were prescient for his accurate evaluation of conditions. Two years prior to his service as director of the U.S. Geological Survey, Major Powell had become the first director of the Bureau of Ethnology at the Smithsonian Institution where he supported linguistic and sociological research and publications.

Cape Girardeau, Missouri
Cape Girardeau (/dʒɪˈrɑːrdoʊ/ jirr-AR-doh, French: Cap-Girardeau [kap ʒiʁaʁdo] ⓘ; colloquially referred to as "Cape") is a city in Cape Girardeau and Scott counties in the U.S. state of Missouri. The population was 39,540 at the 2020 census, making it the 17th-largest city in the state. It is a principal city of the Cape Girardeau–Jackson metropolitan area with 97,517 residents. Cape Girardeau is the economic center of southeastern Missouri and the home of Southeast Missouri State University. It is located approximately 100 miles (160 km) southeast of St. Louis and 150 miles (240 km) north of Memphis, Tennessee.
Synanthedon conopiformis
Synanthedon conopiformis,  Dale's oak clearwing, is a moth of the family Sesiidae. It is found in almost all of Europe, except the north.

The wingspan is 16–19 mm. Adults are on wing from June to August.

The larvae feed on Quercus robur, Quercus petraea and Quercus rubra. They bore into the stem of their host plant.

Quercus robur
Quercus robur, the pedunculate (or "English") oak, is a species of flowering plant in the beech and oak family, Fagaceae. It is a large tree, native to most of Europe, North Africa and western Asia, and is widely cultivated in other temperate regions. It grows on soils of near neutral acidity in the lowlands and is notable for its value to natural ecosystems, supporting a very wide diversity of herbivorous insects and other pests, predators and pathogens.