hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Simhah Pinsker
Simhah Pinsker (Hebrew: שמחה פינסקר, March 17, 1801 – October 29, 1864) was a Polish-Jewish scholar and archeologist born in Tarnopol, Habsburg East Galicia (now Ternopil, Ukraine). He received his early Hebrew education in a cheder and from his father, Shebaḥ ha-Levi, a noted preacher, who instructed him in mathematics and German language also. He was the father of Leon Pinsker.

Abraham ibn Ezra
Abraham ben Meir Ibn Ezra (Hebrew: ר׳ אַבְרָהָם בֶּן מֵאִיר אִבְּן עֶזְרָא, romanized: ʾAḇrāhām ben Mēʾir ʾibən ʾEzrāʾ, often abbreviated as ראב״ע; Arabic: إبراهيم المجيد ابن عزرا Ibrāhim al-Mājid ibn Ezra; also known as Abenezra or simply ibn Ezra, 1089 / 1092 – 27 January 1164 / 23 January 1167) was one of the most distinguished Jewish biblical commentators and philosophers of the Middle Ages. He was born in Tudela, Taifa of Zaragoza (now Navarre).
Mostuea
Mostuea is one of only three genera of flowering plants belonging to the small family Gelsemiaceae (the other two being Gelsemium and Pteleocarpa). Mostuea and Gelsemium were formerly placed in the family Loganiaceae, while Pteleocarpa was placed variously in the families Icacinaceae, Cardiopteridaceae, Boraginaceae, and others, before the description of the Gelsemiaceae was altered formally to accommodate it in 2014. Mostuea is native to Africa and South America. Anecdotal evidence suggests that the roots of certain Mostuea species are used as ritual aphrodisiacs and entheogens in West Tropical Africa.

Boraginaceae
Boraginaceae, the borage or forget-me-not family, has two significantly different circumscriptions as of December 2025. In the narrower circumscription, Boraginaceae sensu stricto is one of 11 families placed in the order Boraginales and includes about 90–120 genera. This approach was developed by the Boraginales Working Group. In the older, broader circumscription, Boraginaceae sensu lato is the only family in the order Boraginales, and includes about 155 genera.
Aurora Bosch
Aurora de los Ángeles Bosch Fernández (born December 10, 1942) is a Cuban dancer and teacher of ballet. Along with Loipa Araújo, Josefina Méndez, and Mirta Plá, she is regarded as one of the "four jewels of Cuban ballet". She was a principal artist with the Cuban National Ballet (Ballet Nacional de Cuba; BNC).

Cuban National Ballet
The Cuban National Ballet (Spanish: Ballet Nacional de Cuba) is a classical ballet company based at Great Theatre of Havana in Havana, Cuba, founded by the Cuban prima ballerina assoluta, Alicia Alonso in 1948.  The official school of the company is the Cuban National Ballet School.
The Emperor's New Clods
The Emperor's New Clods: Political Cartoons from Zimbabwe is a collection of political cartoons by Tony Namate. The collection features cartoons published by the cartoonist in Zimbabwean newspapers between 1998 and 2005, highlighting some landmark moments in a troubled period of the country's history.

The book, whose title alludes to the tale "The Emperor's New Clothes" by Hans Christian Andersen, is said to have been described by the Association of American Editorial Cartoonists’ Kevin Kallaugher as “...[puncturing] the pomposity of the powerful on behalf of the poor and the powerless.”

Kevin Kallaugher
Kevin Kallaugher (born March 23, 1955, in Norwalk, Connecticut) is a political cartoonist for The Economist. He formerly drew editorial cartoons for The Baltimore Sun. He cartoons using the pen name KAL.
Thomas Foster (author)
Thomas Norman Foster was an Australian Pentecostal minister. He was one of the co-founders of the Christian Revival Crusade and is also associated with British Israelism. He was invited by the London B.B.C. to do the radio news reel broadcast to Australia of the procession for the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II, in 1953. He formerly was a commissioner of the British-Israel-World Federation in Victoria., and a YMCA representative for A.I.F., Australia.

He authored books on British Israelism and the baptism in the Holy Spirit.

British Israelism
British Israelism (also called Anglo-Israelism) is a pseudohistorical belief that the people of Great Britain are "genetically, racially, and linguistically the direct descendants" of the Ten Lost Tribes of ancient Israel. With roots in the 16th century, British Israelism was inspired by several 19th century English writings such as John Wilson's 1840 Our Israelitish Origin. From the 1870s onward, numerous independent British Israelite organizations were set up throughout the British Empire as well as in the United States; as of the early 21st century, a number of these organizations are still active. In the United States, the idea gave rise to the Christian Identity movement.

The central tenets of British Israelism have been regarded as pseudoscientific and refutable by archaeological, ethnological, genetic, and linguistic research by mainstream sources.
Semanín
Semanín (German: Schirmdorf) is a municipality and village in Ústí nad Orlicí District in the Pardubice Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 600 inhabitants.

Semanín lies approximately 13 kilometres (8 mi) south of Ústí nad Orlicí, 52 kilometres (32 mi) east of Pardubice, and 148 kilometres (92 mi) east of Prague.

Pardubice
Pardubice (Czech pronunciation: [ˈpardubɪtsɛ] ⓘ; German: Pardubitz) is a city in the Czech Republic. It has about 92,000 inhabitants. It is the capital city of the Pardubice Region and lies on the Elbe River. The historic centre is well preserved and is protected as an urban monument reservation.

Pardubice is known as a centre of industry, with dominant industries being the chemical industry, electrical engineering and mechanical engineering. The city is also well known for its sporting events, which include the Velká pardubická (a cross-country steeplechase), the Golden Helmet of Pardubice in motorcycle racing, and the Czech Open international chess and board games festival.
John Philip (missionary)
John Philip (14 April 1775 – 27 August 1851), was a missionary in South Africa. Philip was born at Kirkcaldy, Fife, Scotland to a local schoolmaster. After starting as an apprentice to a linen draper in Leven, and working as a clerk in Dundee, he entered the Wesleyan theological college at Hoxton, and in 1804 was appointed minister of the first Scottish Congregational chapel in Aberdeen. On 24 September 1809 he married Jane Ross, the daughter of a prosperous Aberdeen engineer; they had seven children. His daughter, Elizabeth (Eliza), married John Fairbairn, the renowned educator, politician and financier, on 24 May 1831.

Leven, Fife
Leven (Pictish; Scottish Gaelic: Inbhir Lìobhann) is a seaside town in Fife, set in the east Central Lowlands of Scotland. It lies on the coast of the Firth of Forth at the mouth of the River Leven, 8.1 miles (13.0 km) north-east of the town of Kirkcaldy and 6.4 miles (10.3 km) east of Glenrothes.

According to the 2022 Scottish Census, Leven has a population of 10,087. The town forms part of the Levenmouth conurbation, which has a total population of 37,651.
Cladonia parasitica
Cladonia parasitica, commonly known as the fence-rail cladonia, fence-rail cup lichen or parasite club lichen, is a species of fruticose, cup lichen in the family Cladoniaceae. It was first described by Hoffmann in  1784 under the name Lichen parasiticus, until he reclassified it under the genus Cladonia in 1795.

Fruticose lichen
A fruticose lichen is a form of lichen fungi that is characterized by a coral-like shrubby or bushy growth structure. It is formed from a symbiotic relationship of a photobiont such as green algae or less commonly cyanobacteria and one, two or more mycobionts.  Fruticose lichens are not a monophyletic and holophyletic lineage, but are a form encountered in many classes.  Fruticose lichens have a complex vegetation structure, and are characterized by an ascending, bushy or pendulous appearance. As with other lichens, many fruticose lichens can endure high degrees of desiccation. They grow slowly and often occur in habitats such as on tree barks, on rock surfaces and on soils in the Arctic and mountain regions.
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare and often fatal viral disease characterized by progressive damage or inflammation of the white matter of the brain at multiple locations. It is caused by the JC virus, which is normally present and kept under control by the immune system. The JC virus is harmless except in cases of weakened immune systems. In general, PML has a mortality rate of 30–50% in the first few months, and those who survive can be left with varying degrees of neurological disabilities.

PML occurs almost exclusively in patients with severe immune deficiency, most commonly among patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), but people on chronic immunosuppressive medications including chemotherapy are also at increased risk of PML, such as patients with transplants, Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and other autoimmune diseases.

White matter
White matter refers to areas of the central nervous system that are mainly made up of myelinated axons, also called tracts. Long thought to be passive tissue, white matter affects learning and brain functions, modulating the distribution of action potentials, acting as a relay and coordinating communication between different brain regions.

White matter is named for its relatively light appearance resulting from the lipid content of myelin. Its white color in prepared specimens is due to its usual preservation in formaldehyde. It appears pinkish-white to the naked eye otherwise, because myelin is composed largely of lipid tissue veined with capillaries.
Sheerness Steelworks
Sheerness Steelworks was a steel plant located at Sheerness, on the Isle of Sheppey, in Kent, England. The plant opened in 1971 and produced steel via the Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) method rather than as a primary metal by the smelting of iron ore. The plant has closed down twice in its history, first in 2002 and again in 2012. Current owners, Liberty House, had announced plans to reopen part of the site in 2016.

Electric arc furnace
An electric arc furnace (EAF) is a furnace that heats material by means of an electric arc.

Industrial arc furnaces range in size from small units of approximately one-tonne capacity (used in foundries for producing cast iron products) up to about 400-tonne units used for secondary steelmaking. Arc furnaces used in research laboratories and by dentists may have a capacity of only a few dozen grams. Industrial electric arc furnace temperatures can reach 1,800 °C (3,300 °F), while laboratory units can exceed 3,000 °C (5,400 °F).

In electric arc furnaces, the material inside the furnace (referred to as a charge) is directly exposed to an electric arc, and the current from the electrode terminals passes through the charge material.
Arc furnaces differ from induction furnaces, which use eddy currents to heat the charge.
Jo Stone-Fewings
Jonathan Stone-Fewings is an English actor. He studied at Hereford College of Arts and at the Welsh College of Music and Drama, and began his career in 1989. He has been a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC) since 1994. He first performed with the National Theatre playing Barrildo in Declan Donnellan's Fuenteovejuna at the Cottesloe Theatre.

In 2008 he took over the lead role of Richard Hannay in The 39 Steps at the Criterion in London's West End. He performed the role of Gerry in the revival of Brian Friel's Dancing at Lughnasa at the Old Vic in London and has recently performed the role of Orsino in Twelfth Night for the RSC.

In 2015 he was appointed a Fellow of Hereford College of Arts.

Declan Donnellan
Declan Michael Martin Donnellan OBE (born 4 August 1953) is an English film/stage director and author. He co-founded the Cheek by Jowl theatre company with Nick Ormerod in 1981. In addition to his Cheek by Jowl productions, Donnellan has made theatre, opera and ballet with a variety of companies across the world.  In 1992, he received an honorary degree from the University of Warwick and in 2004 he was made a Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres for his work in France. In 2010, he was made an honorary fellow of Goldsmiths' College, University of London. Donnellan was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2017 Birthday Honours for services to theatre.
Marcelo Bustamante
Walter Marcelo Bustamante (born 17 February 1980 in Villa Tesei, Buenos Aires) is an Argentine football left-back currently playing for Club Atlético Sarmiento.

Bustamante made his professional debut in 2000 for Vélez Sársfield, he was loaned out to Olimpo for the 2002–2003 season and had another loan spell with Arsenal de Sarandí in 2004.

In 2005 Sena was part of the squad that won the Clausura 2005 tournament. Bustamante has made over 100 appearances for Velez in all competitions.

In 2008, he joined Banfield and in 2009 he was part of the squad that won the Argentine championship for the first time in the history of the club, featuring in every game of the Apertura 2009 championship, which they won on the final day of the season.

Arsenal de Sarandí
Arsenal Fútbol Club (Spanish pronunciation: [aɾseˈnal ˈfuðβol ˈkluβ]), usually referred as Arsenal de Sarandí [aɾseˈnal de saɾanˈdi], or simply Arsenal, is an Argentine sports club from the Sarandí district of Avellaneda Partido, Greater Buenos Aires.The football team currently plays in Primera B Metropolitana, the third division of the Argentine football league system.

The squad plays its home games at the Estadio Julio H. Grondona, named after one of the founders, which has a capacity of 18,500. It opened in 1964 but was not used in the First Division until 2004. The club's colours are red and light blue, in honour of the traditional teams of Avellaneda (Independiente and Racing). Arsenal won its first Primera División championship in 2012. Until then, club's major title had been the Copa Sudamericana win in 2007.

Apart from football, the club hosts other sports such as field hockey, futsal, and handball.
Harry Flaherty (linebacker)
Harry Edward Flaherty (born December 15, 1961) is an American former professional football player who was a linebacker in the National Football League (NFL) for the Dallas Cowboys. He also was a member of the Tampa Bay Bandits of the United States Football League (USFL). He played college football for the Holy Cross Crusaders.

Holy Cross Crusaders football
The Holy Cross Crusaders football team is the collegiate American football program of the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, Massachusetts. The team is a member of the Patriot League, an NCAA Division I conference that participates in the Football Championship Subdivision (FCS). The team plays its home games at Fitton Field on the college campus.
Soul (The Kentucky Headhunters album)
Soul is the sixth studio album released by American country rock and southern rock band The Kentucky Headhunters. It was released in 2003 on Audium Entertainment. No singles were released from the album; however, one of the tracks, "Have You Ever Loved a Woman?", was first a single for Freddie King in 1960.

Country rock
Country rock is a music genre that fuses rock and country. It was developed by rock musicians who began to record country-flavored records and country musicians who implemented rock flavor into country records in the late 1960s and early 1970s. These musicians recorded records blending rock with country themes, vocal styles, and additional instrumentation, most characteristically pedal steel guitars. Country rock began in the late 60s with artists like the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band, International Submarine Band, The Flying Burrito Brothers, The Byrds, Bob Dylan, Bob Seger and Poco, reaching its greatest popularity in the 1970s with artists such as Eagles, Grateful Dead, Gram Parsons and New Riders of the Purple Sage. Country rock also influenced artists in other genres, including The Band, the Grateful Dead, Creedence Clearwater Revival, The Rolling Stones, and George Harrison's solo work, as well as playing a part in the development of Southern rock.
Maria Grey Training College
Maria Grey Training College was a training college in London, England, for teachers from 1878 to 1976. When it opened, it was the first teacher training college for women in Great Britain. It was named for Maria Georgina Grey, a promoter of women's education and a founder of the organisation that became the Girls' Day School Trust.

Girls' Day School Trust
The Girls' Day School Trust (GDST) is a group of 25 independent schools, including two academies, in England and Wales, catering for girls aged 3 to 18. It is the largest group of private schools in the UK, and educates 20,000 girls each year. It was formed in 1872 to provide affordable day-school (non-boarding) education for girls as The Girls' Public Day School Company (1872–1905), then The Girls' Public Day School Trust (1906–1998).

The GDST is a registered charity. In 2016–17 it had a gross income of £261 million, making it one of the 20 largest charities in the UK.
Buyeo FC
Buyeo Football Club (Korean: 부여 FC) was a South Korean football club based in the county of Buyeo. The club was a member of the K3 League, an semi-professional league and the fourth tier of league football in South Korea, since the 2016 season.

Administrative divisions of South Korea
South Korea is made up of 17 first-tier administrative divisions: 6 metropolitan cities (gwangyeoksi 광역시/廣域市), 1 special city (teukbyeolsi 특별시/特別市), 1 special self-governing city (teukbyeol-jachisi 특별자치시/特別自治市), and 9 provinces (do 도/道), including three special self-governing provinces (teukbyeol jachido 특별자치도/特別自治道) and six claimed by the ROK government. These are further subdivided into a variety of smaller entities, including cities (si 시/市), counties (gun 군/郡), districts (gu 구/區), towns (eup 읍/邑), townships (myeon 면/面), neighborhoods (dong 동/洞) and villages (ri 리/里).
Pope Alexander
There have been nine popes and one antipope named Alexander.

Pope Alexander I (saint; ca. 107–115)

Pope Alexander II (1061–1073)

Pope Alexander III (1159–1181)

Pope Alexander IV (1254–1261)
Antipope Alexander V (1409–1410)

Pope Alexander VI (1492–1503)

Pope Alexander VII (1655–1667)

Pope Alexander VIII (1689–1691)

Pope Alexander I of Alexandria (fl. 313–326)

Pope Alexander II of Alexandria (fl. 704–729)

Pope Alexander II
Pope Alexander II (1010/1015 – 21 April 1073), born Anselm of Baggio, was the head of the Roman Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 1061 to his death in 1073. Born in Milan, Anselm was deeply involved in the Pataria reform movement. Elected according to the terms of his predecessor's bull, In nomine Domini, Anselm's was the first election by the cardinals without the participation of the people and minor clergy of Rome. He also authorized the Norman Conquest of England in 1066.
Eliot Davis
Eliot Rypinski Davis (15 August 1871 – 5 January 1954) was a member of the New Zealand Legislative Council from 22 June 1934 to 21 June 1941 when his term ended; then from 8 September 1941 to 7 September 1948 and 8 September 1948 to 31 December 1950 when the Council was abolished. He was appointed by the United/Reform Coalition Government then the First Labour Government.

United–Reform Coalition
The United–Reform Coalition, also known as the National Political Federation from May 1935, was a coalition between two of the three major parties of New Zealand, the United and Reform parties, from 1931 to 1936.  This United–Reform coalition government of New Zealand was first formed in September 1931 and successfully contested the 1931 general election in December that year.  Then in the form of the National Political Federation, the coalition was defeated at the 1935 general election by Labour. In May 1936, United and Reform formally ceased to exist with their members jointly having decided to form a new party, the New Zealand National Party.

Primarily the coalition was formed to deal with the Great Depression which began in 1929. Despite their earlier support of the United government led by Ward and then Forbes, the Labour Party refused to join the coalition, as it believed that the only solution to the depression was socialism.
Wide Angle (film)
Wide Angle is an Assamese language film directed by Jayanta Nath and produced by Debajyoti Bora under the banner of Swavalamban Media and Entertainment. The story is based on Assamese author Nagen Saikia's story "Staff Photographeror Sobi" which evolves around a photographer from the time of the Assam Movement.

Nagen Saikia
Nagen Saikia (born 11 February 1939) is an Indian writer. He was formerly a professor of Dibrugarh University. Saikia had also been a member of the Rajya Sabha from 1986-1992 and was the vice-chairman of the Upper House from 1990-1992. Saikia started his career as a teacher and went on to serve in different reputed institutions in various categories. He also delivered lectures on various topics about Assamese literature, including in the US and England. He has published numerous literary essays, short stories, novels, books and articles, to his credit. Saikia was conferred with the Sahitya Akademi award in 1997 for his short stories collection Andharat Nizar Mukh and was honoured by the Mohan Chandra Sahitya Sabha in 1980 for Chinta aru Charcha. He was conferred the Fellow of Sahitya Akademi, the highest honour conferred by the   prestigious Literary body of the Nation, the Sahitya Akademi on the most distinguished Indian writers.
Hilbert symbol
In mathematics, the Hilbert symbol or norm-residue symbol is a function (–, –) from K× × K× to the group of nth roots of unity in a local field K such as the fields of reals or p-adic numbers. It is related to reciprocity laws, and can be defined in terms of the Artin symbol of local class field theory. The Hilbert symbol was introduced by David Hilbert (1897, sections 64, 131, 1998, English translation) in his Zahlbericht, with the slight difference that he defined it for elements of global fields rather than for the larger local fields.

The Hilbert symbol has been generalized to higher local fields.

Global field
In mathematics, a global field is one of two types of fields (the other one is local fields) that are characterized using valuations. There are two kinds of global fields:

Algebraic number field: A finite extension of

Global function field: The function field of an irreducible algebraic curve over a finite field, equivalently, a finite extension of , the field of rational functions in one variable over the finite field with  elements.

An axiomatic characterization of these fields via valuation theory was given by Emil Artin and George Whaples in the 1940s.
Brynderwyn
Brynderwyn is a settlement in Northland, New Zealand. It is located at the junction of SH1 and SH12 between Whangārei and Wellsford, and a narrowing of the North Auckland Peninsula between Bream Bay and the upper branches of the Kaipara Harbour. It is most notable as the scene of a 1963 bus crash which killed 15 people in the Brynderwyn Range.

The Welsh name for this locality may have been given by William Wright of Sydney, who received a Crown grant on 13 May 1858.

Kaipara Harbour
Kaipara Harbour is a large enclosed harbour estuary complex on the north western side of the North Island of New Zealand. The northern part of the harbour is administered by the Kaipara District and the southern part is administered by the Auckland Council. The local Māori tribe is Ngāti Whātua.

By area, the Kaipara Harbour is one of the largest harbours in the world. It covers 947 square kilometres (366 sq mi) at high tide, with 409 square kilometres (158 sq mi) exposed as mudflats and sandflats at low tide.

According to Māori tradition, the name Kaipara had its origins back in the 15th century when the Arawa chief, Kahumatamomoe, travelled to the Kaipara to visit his nephew at Pouto. At a feast, he was so impressed with the cooked root of the para fern, that he gave the name Kai-para to the district. Kaipara comes from the Māori kai meaning "food", and  para meaning "king fern".