hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Peter Richardson (engineer)
Professor Peter Damian Richardson FCGI, FRS (1935–2020) was a British biomedical engineer and academic.

He studied at Imperial College London, on a scholarship awarded to him at the age of 16.

He was appointed Professor of Engineering and Physiology at Brown University in 1984, becoming Emeritus upon retirement. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1986, and was awarded a Humboldt Prize in 1976, and the Ernst Jung Prize in Medicine in 1986.

City and Guilds Foundation
The City and Guilds Foundation is an educational organisation in the United Kingdom. Founded on 11 November 1878 by the City of London and 16 livery companies to develop a national system of technical education, the institute has been operating under royal charter, granted by Queen Victoria, since 1900. The Prince of Wales, later King Edward VII, was appointed the first president of the institute.

It is also a registered charity and was the awarding body for City & Guilds and ILM qualifications, offering many accredited qualifications mapped onto the Regulated Qualifications Framework until October 2025 when City and Guilds Ltd was formed as a commercial organisation. The institute's president is the Princess Royal who accepted this role in June 2011 (following her father the Duke of Edinburgh, who held the position for nearly 60 years), and the Chair of Council is Dame Ann Limb, who took office in 2021.
Yuliya Shamshurina
Yuliya Mikhailovna Shamshurina (Russian: Ю́лия Михаловна Шамшу́рина, née Stepanova; born 16 July 1962) is a Soviet cross-country skier who competed from 1982 to 1989, training at VSS Urozhay in Ustinov. She won a silver medal in the 4x5 km at the 1989 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Lahti and had her best individual finish of fourth in the 10 km event at those same championships.

At the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo, Shamshurina (then known as Yuliya Stepanova), she finished fourth in the 4 × 5 km relay and had her best individual finish of eighth in the 10 km event.

Her lone career victory was in a 10 km event in Switzerland in 1988.

Izhevsk
Izhevsk or Ijevsk (Russian: Иже́вск, IPA: [ɪˈʐɛfsk] ⓘ; Udmurt: Ижкар, romanized: Ižkar, or Иж, Iž) is the capital city of Udmurtia, Russia. It is situated along the Izh River, west of the Ural Mountains in Eastern Europe. It is the 21st-largest city in Russia, and the most populous in Udmurtia, with over 600,000 inhabitants.

From 1984 to 1987, the city was called Ustinov (Russian: Усти́нов), named after Soviet Minister of Defence Dmitry Ustinov. The city is a major hub of industry, commerce, politics, culture and education in the Volga Region. It is known for its defense, engineering and metallurgy industries. Izhevsk has the titles of the Armory Capital of Russia and the City of Labor Glory.
2025 Suleja fuel tanker explosion
On 18 January 2025, a fuel tanker carrying roughly 60,000 liters of petrol overturned at the Dikko junction near Suleja, Niger State, northern Nigeria, where after crashing local residents gathered to collect spilled fuel. The fuel promptly caused an explosion which killed over 100 people and injured another 69, including at least 52 critically.

Federal Road Safety Corps
Federal Road Safety Corps is the government agency with statutory responsibilities for road safety administration in Nigeria.  Founded in 1988, the Federal Road Safety Corps (FRSC) operates in all Nigerian states as well as the Federal Capital Territory and is the leading agency in Nigeria on road safety administration and management. The statutory functions include: Making the highways safe for motorists and other road users as well as checking road worthiness of vehicles, recommending works and infrastructure to eliminate or minimize accidents on the highways, and educating motorists and members of the public on the importance of road discipline on the highways.

The FRSC is headed by a Corps Marshal who is appointed by the President with a four (4) year tenure renewable once.

The current Corps Marshal is Shehu Mohammed. He is the 3rd career officer to head the Corps after Boboye Oyeyemi OFR mni NPoM and Dauda A. Biu NPoM.
Hidekazu Kawano
Hidekazu Kawano (河野 秀数, Kawano Hidekazu) is a Japanese professional baseball player. He played two seasons with Hokkaido Nippon Ham Fighters in 2013 and 2014. He was born on December 14, 1987. He debuted in 2013. He had 24 strikeouts.

Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters
The Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters (北海道日本ハムファイターズ, Hokkaidō Nippon-Hamu Faitāzu) are a Japanese professional baseball team based in Kitahiroshima, Hokkaidō, in the Sapporo metropolitan area. They compete in the Pacific League of Nippon Professional Baseball, playing the majority of their home games at ES CON Field Hokkaido. The Fighters also host a select number of regional home games in cities across Hokkaidō, including Hakodate, Asahikawa, Kushiro, and Obihiro. The team's name comes from its parent organization, Nippon Ham, a major Japanese food-processing company.

Founded in 1946, the Fighters called Tokyo home for 58 years, as co-tenants of the Tokyo Dome and Korakuen Stadium with the Central League's Yomiuri Giants near the end of their tenure in the capital city. The franchise has won three Japan Series titles, in 1962, 2006, and, most recently, 2016.
Jiang Chuan
Jiang Chuan (Chinese: 江川; born August 9, 1994, in Beijing) is a male Chinese volleyball player. He is the captain of China men's national volleyball team. On club level he plays for JT Thunders Hiroshima in V.League Division 1.

V.League (Japan)
The V.League (Japanese: Vリーグ) is the second-level professional volleyball league for both men and women in Japan. The league started in 1994.

The competitions are organized by the Japan Volleyball League Organization. The league was called V.Premier League before the reform took place in 2018. The SV.League succeeded the V.League as the premier volleyball tournament in Japan in 2024.
William Morris (Church of Scotland minister)
William James Morris KCVO JP (22 August 1925 – 31 October 2013) was a Church of Scotland minister and an author.

He was born in Cardiff  on 22 August 1925 and educated at Cardiff High School and the University of Edinburgh, where he gained a PhD in 1954. He was Assistant Minister at  Canongate Kirk and then Minister at the Presbyterian Church of Wales at Cadoxton and Barry Island. He then held further ministries at Buckhaven, St David's, Peterhead and Glasgow Cathedral.

While Minister of the Old Parish Church (or Muckle Kirk) in Peterhead, he was chaplain to Peterhead Prison.

He married Jean Howie, daughter of Rev. D. P. Howie Minister of The Laigh Kirk, Kilmarnock 1916–1966, on 3 September 1952. They had 1 son, David, born in 1960.

He was  Dean of the Chapel Royal in Scotland from 1991 to 1996. An Honorary Chaplain to the Queen from 1969, he was also Chaplain to the Queen's Body Guard for Scotland (The Royal Company of Archers) from 1994 to 2007.

He died on 31 October 2013.

Peterhead
Peterhead (listenⓘ; Scottish Gaelic: Ceann Phàdraig, Scots: Peterheid listenⓘ) is a town in Aberdeenshire, Scotland.  It is the largest settlement in the council area, with a population of 19,060 at the 2022 Census. It is the busiest fishing port in the United Kingdom for total landings by UK vessels, according to a 2019 survey.

Peterhead sits at the easternmost point in mainland Scotland. It is often referred to as The Blue Toun (locally spelled "The Bloo Toon") and locals are known as Bloo Touners. They are also referred to as blue mogganers (locally spelled "bloomogganners"), supposedly from the blue worsted moggans or stockings that the fishermen originally wore.
Norse mythology in popular culture
The Norse mythology, preserved ancient Icelandic texts such as the Poetic Edda, the Prose Edda, and other lays and sagas, was little known outside Scandinavia until the 19th century. With the widespread publication of Norse myths and legends at this time, references to the Norse gods and heroes spread into European literary culture, especially in Scandinavia, Germany, and Britain. In the later 20th century, references to Norse mythology became common in science fiction and fantasy literature, role-playing games, and eventually other cultural products such as Japanese animation. Storytelling was an important aspect of Norse mythology and centuries later, with the rediscovery of the myth, Norse mythology once again relies on the impacts of storytelling to spread its agenda.

Poetic Edda
The Poetic Edda is the modern name for an untitled collection of Old Norse anonymous narrative poems in alliterative verse.  It is distinct from the closely related Prose Edda, although both works are seminal to the study of Old Norse poetry. Several versions of the Poetic Edda exist; especially notable is the medieval Icelandic manuscript Codex Regius, which contains 31 poems.
Zhao Dejun
Zhao Dejun (Chinese: 趙德鈞) (died 937), né Zhao Xingshi (趙行實), known as Li Shaobin (李紹斌) during the reign of Li Cunxu, formally the Prince of Beiping (北平王), was a general of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period state Later Tang (and Later Tang's predecessor state Former Jin). Toward the end of Later Tang, he was ordered by Later Tang's final emperor Li Congke to combat Li Congke's brother-in-law, Shi Jingtang, who had rebelled against Li Congke's reign and established his own Later Jin, as well as Shi's Khitan allies, led by Khitan's Emperor Taizong.  However, after failed negotiations in which Zhao himself tried to get Emperor Taizong's support to overthrow Later Tang, the joint Khitan/Later Jin forces defeated him, forcing him to surrender to Khitan.  He died in captivity.

Cangzhou
Cangzhou is a prefecture-level city in China forming the southeastern extension of Hebei Province to the coast of the Bohai Sea between Tianjin and Shandong. At the 2020 census, Cangzhou's built-up (or metro) area made of Yunhe district, Xinhua district, and Cang County is largely conurbated with a population of 1,421,843 inhabitants, while the prefecture-level administrative unit in total has a population of 7,300,783. The resident population at the end of 2024 was 7,227,700, a decrease of 36,900 from the end of the previous year. It lies approximately 90 kilometres (56 mi) from the major port city of Tianjin, and 180 km (110 mi) from Beijing.
2012 Asian Junior Badminton Championships – Mixed doubles
The Mixed doubles tournament of the 2012 Asian Junior Badminton Championships was held from July 3–7 in Gimcheon, South Korea. The gold medalist in the last edition were Lukhi Apri Nugroho and Ririn Amelia from Indonesia. The top seeded Edi Subaktiar / Melati Daeva Oktavianti from Indonesia beaten by Chinese pair, eventual silver medalist Wang Yilyu / Huang Dongping in the quarterfinals round. Vietnamese and Chinese pairs Do Tuan Duc / Le Thu Huyen and Liu Yuchen / Chen Qingchen finished in the semifinals round, settle for the bronze medal. Host players, the second seeded Choi Sol-gyu / Chae Yoo-jung emerged as the champion after beat Wang / Huang of China in the finals with the rubber games 17–21, 25–23, 23–21.

Gimcheon
Gimcheon (Korean: 김천; lit. gold spring; Korean pronunciation: [kim.tɕʰʌn]) is a city in North Gyeongsang Province, South Korea.  It is situated on the major land transportation routes between Seoul and Busan, namely the Gyeongbu Expressway and Gyeongbu Line railway.

In ancient times, Gimcheon was famous for its three mountains (Geumo, Daedeok, Hwangak) and two rivers (Gamcheon, Jikjicheon). During the Chosun Dynasty, Gimcheon had one of the five largest markets in the region. The town has also served as the gateway and traffic hub of the Yeongnam region and is particularly proud of its patriots, history and conservative lifestyle.

The slogan of Gimcheon is 'Central Gimcheon', a recognition of the fact that it is situated almost at the center of South Korea.
Yunus Jaunpuri
Muhammad Yunus Jaunpuri (2 October 1937 – 11 July 2017) was an Indian Islamic hadith scholar who served as the senior professor of hadith at the Mazahir Uloom in Saharanpur. He was one of the senior students and disciples of Zakariyya Kandhlawi. He taught at the Mazahir Uloom and authored books such as Al-Yawaqit al-Ghaliyah, Kitab at-Tawhid and Nawadir al-Hadith.

Saharanpur
Saharanpur is a city and a municipal corporation in Uttar Pradesh, India. It is also the administrative headquarters of Saharanpur district.

Saharanpur city's name was given after the Saint Shah Haroon Chishti.

Saharanpur is declared as one among the 100 Smart Cities by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs as a part of Smart Cities Mission of the Government of India.
Demetrios of Tarsus
Demetrius of Tarsus (Ancient Greek: Δημήτριος, Latin: Demetrius) was a Greek grammarian known only from Plutarch's work De Oraculorum Defectu (περὶ τῶν ἐκλελοιπότων χρηστηρίων). He is Demetrios 107 in Pauly's Encyclopedia. He is thought to have made a voyage to the British Isles around the 1st century AD.

His life is dated by him arriving Delphi a short time before the Pythian Games in A.D. 83–84.

Pythian Games
The Pythian Games (Ancient Greek: Τὰ Πύθια, romanized: Ta Pythia) were one of the four Panhellenic Games of Ancient Greece. Founded circa the 6th century BCE, the festival was held in honor of the god Apollo and took place at his sanctuary in Delphi to commemorate the mytho-historic slaying of Python and the establishment of the Oracle at Delphi. The Pythian Games took place every four years, two years after the Olympic Games, and between each Nemean and Isthmian Games. They continued until the 4th century AD.

The Pythian Games, which were ranked second in importance behind the Olympics, primarily and originally focused on competitions for art and dance. As the Pythian Games evolved over time athletic events were added and some events allowed for the participation of women.
Effects of long-term contact lens wear on the cornea
Long-term contact lens use can lead to alterations in corneal thickness, stromal thickness, curvature, corneal sensitivity, cell density, and epithelial oxygen uptake. Other structural changes may include the formation of epithelial vacuoles and microcysts (containing cellular debris), corneal neovascularization, as well as the emergence of polymegethism in the corneal endothelium. Functional changes from long-term contact lens use include decreased corneal sensitivity, vision loss, and photophobia. Many contact lens-induced changes in corneal structure are reversible if contact lenses are not used for an extended period of time.

Knowledge about the form and function of the cornea and the various types of contact lenses and their common complications is important to understanding this article.

Photophobia
Photophobia is a medical symptom of abnormal intolerance to visual perception of light. As a medical symptom, photophobia is not a morbid fear or phobia, but an experience of discomfort or pain to the eyes due to light exposure or by presence of actual physical sensitivity of the eyes, though the term is sometimes additionally applied to abnormal or irrational fear of light, such as heliophobia. The term photophobia comes from Greek  φῶς (phōs) 'light' and  φόβος (phóbos) 'fear'.
Electoral district of Thuringowa
Thuringowa is an electorate in the Legislative Assembly of the state of Queensland, Australia.

The division encompasses suburbs of the former City of Thuringowa on the western edge of  Townsville in North Queensland, stretching from Deeragun in the north to Kelso in the south. It includes the suburbs of Bushland Beach, Shaw, Thuringowa Central, Rasmussen, Condon and Kirwan.

The Electorate is bordered by the Hinchinbrook (North and West), Burdekin (South), Mundingburra and Townsville (both East) Electorates.

Electorates in Australia
Electorates in Australia are geographically defined areas represented by a single elected Member of Parliament. Known officially as divisions at the federal level and electoral districts at the state and territory level, "electorates" are also commonly referred to as seats or constituencies. Electorates are designed so that there is approximately the same number of voters in each electorate.
Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1348–1526)
King John's eldest son Charles IV was elected King of the Romans in 1346 and succeeded his father as King of Bohemia in the same year. Charles IV created the Bohemian Crown lands on the foundation of the original Czech lands ruled by the Přemyslid dynasty until 1306, together with the incorporated provinces in 1348. By linking the territories, the interconnection of crown lands thus no more belonged to a king or a dynasty but to the Bohemian monarchy itself, symbolically personalized by the Crown of Saint Wenceslas.

Crown of Saint Wenceslas
The crown of Saint Wenceslas (Czech: Svatováclavská koruna, German: Wenzelskrone) is a crown forming part of the Bohemian crown jewels, made in 1346. Charles IV, king of Bohemia and Holy Roman Emperor, had it made for his coronation, dedicating it to the first patron saint of the country St. Wenceslas and bequeathed it as a state crown for the coronation of (future) Bohemian kings. On the orders of Charles IV, the new royal crown was deposited in St. Vitus Cathedral, then later transferred to Karlštejn Castle. It was used for the last time in the coronation of Ferdinand V in 1836.
Fry v. Napoleon Community Schools
Fry v. Napoleon Community Schools, 580 U.S. 154 (2017), is a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that the Handicapped Children's Protection Act of 1986 does not command exhaustion of state-level administrative remedies codified in the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) when the gravamen of the plaintiff's lawsuit is not related to the denial of free appropriate public education (FAPE).

United States Code
The United States Code, formally The Code of Laws of the United States of America, is the official codification of the general and permanent federal statutes of the United States. It contains 53 titles organized into numbered sections.

The U.S. Code is published by the U.S. House of Representatives' Office of the Law Revision Counsel. New editions are published every six years, with cumulative supplements issued each year. The official version of these laws appears in the United States Statutes at Large, a chronological, uncodified compilation.
Ninety-five Theses
The Ninety-five Theses or Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences is a list of propositions for an academic disputation written in 1517 by Martin Luther, then a professor of moral theology at the University of Wittenberg, Germany. The Theses are retrospectively considered to have launched the Protestant Reformation and the birth of Protestantism, despite various quasi- or proto-Protestant groups having existed previously.

The Theses are framed as propositions to be argued in an academic debate rather than necessarily representing Luther's opinions. They aired contemporary theological misgivings about the theory and practice of indulgences and their relation to repentance, penance and papal authority: this was triggered by the scandal of certain Catholic clergy, who were supposedly selling plenary indulgences in Germany, which were certificates supposed to reduce the temporal punishment in purgatory for sins committed by the saved  purchasers or their loved ones.

Sylvester Mazzolini
Sylvester Mazzolini, in Italian Silvestro Mazzolini da Prierio, in Latin Sylvester Prierias (1456/1457–1527), was a theologian born at Priero, Piedmont; he died at Rome. Prierias perished when the imperial troops forced their way into the city, leading to the Sack of Rome.
Rui Matsukawa
Rui Arai (新居 るい, Arai Rui, née Matsukawa, 松川; February 26, 1971) is a Japanese politician and diplomat who serves as a member of the House of Councillors representing the Liberal Democratic Party. She previously served as Parliamentary Vice-Minister of Defense and Parliamentary Vice-Minister of Cabinet Office. She is the wife of diplomat Yūsuke Arai.

Cabinet Office (Japan)
The Cabinet Office (内閣府, Naikaku-fu) (CAO) is an agency of the Cabinet of Japan. It is responsible for handling the day-to-day affairs of the Cabinet.

The Cabinet Office is formally headed by the Prime Minister.
Nyo
Nyo is a Burmese name. Notable people with this name include:

Aung Moe Nyo, Burmese politician

Ba Saw Nyo (1435–1494), Burmese king

Chit Oo Nyo (born 1947), Burmese writer

Kale Kye-Taung Nyo, Burmese king

Khin Nyo

Min Nyo San

Mingyi Nyo

Moe Nyo (born 1973), Burmese painter

Nyo Min Lu, Burmese writer

Nyo Min Lwin (born 1979), Burmese film director, scriptwriter and actor

Nyo Mya, Burmese writer

Nyo Nyo Thin (born 1967), Burmese lawyer and politician

Nyo Twan Awng (born 1981)

Saw Nyo Win, Burmese politician

Nyo Wai Lwin (born 1995), Burmese CFD broker

Nyo Twan Awng
Brig. Gen. Nyo Twan Awng (Burmese: ညိုထွန်းအောင်; also spelled Nyo Tun Aung, born Zaw Myo Thet on 4 March 1981) is the deputy leader of the United League of Arakan and the Vice Commander-in-Chief of the Arakha Army.
Hugh Prosser
Hugh Prosser (March 2, 1907 – November 8, 1952) was a Hollywood actor who appeared in over 90 films between 1936 and 1953.

A native of Illinois, Prosser was a versatile supporting performer particularly adept at playing unscrupulous villains, but also satisfactory in character roles and the occasional sympathetic part. Also very prolific on early television shows, he played bit parts in some renowned films but excelled both in B-movies and several cliffhanger serials.

Prosser was killed in an automobile accident near Gallup, New Mexico at the age of 52. An Associated Press story about his accident gave his age as 46.

Gallup, New Mexico
Gallup is a city in McKinley County, New Mexico, United States, with a population of 21,899 as of the 2020 census. A substantial percentage of its population is Native American, with residents from the Navajo, Hopi, and Zuni tribes. Gallup is the county seat of McKinley County and the most populous city between Flagstaff and Albuquerque, along historic U.S. Route 66.

Gallup is known as the "Heart of Indian Country" because it is on the edge of the Navajo reservation and is also home to members of many other tribes.

The city is on the Trails of the Ancients Byway, one of the designated New Mexico Scenic Byways.

Because of the nearby rugged terrain, it was a popular location in the 1940s and 1950s for Hollywood Westerns.
Rammal Rammal
Rammal Rammal (Arabic: رمال رمال; September 30, 1951 – May 31, 1991) was a Lebanese condensed matter physicist. He was born in Doueir, South Lebanon. He lived and went to school in Beirut. He was the top student in his class. He graduated high school and ranked first place in the official exams of the baccalaureate Section II (general science) in Lebanon. At 18 years old, he traveled to France to continue his education and start his scientific career. He studied at the Joseph Fourier University in France and got his baccalaureate in mathematics and physics. In 1981, he achieved his international doctorate there and started working at CNRS in Grenoble. Rammal continued working in France for most of his professional life.

Le Point
Le Point (French pronunciation: [ləˈpwɛ̃]) is a French weekly political and conservative news magazine published in Paris. It is one of the three major French news magazines.

Le Point was founded in 1972 by former journalists of L'Express and quickly rose to become a major competitor. The magazine has changed ownership multiple times since its inception and is currently owned by Artémis, an investment group of billionaire businessman François Pinault.