hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Revised simplex method
In mathematical optimization, the revised simplex method is a variant of George Dantzig's simplex method for linear programming.

The revised simplex method is mathematically equivalent to the standard simplex method but differs in implementation. Instead of maintaining a tableau which explicitly represents the constraints adjusted to a set of basic variables, it maintains a representation of a basis of the matrix representing the constraints. The matrix-oriented approach allows for greater computational efficiency by enabling sparse matrix operations.

Basis (linear algebra)
In mathematics, a set B of elements of  a vector space V is called a basis (pl.: bases) if every element of V can be written in a unique way as a finite linear combination of elements of B. The coefficients of this linear combination are referred to as components or coordinates of the vector with respect to B. The elements of a basis are called basis vectors.

Equivalently, a set B is a basis if its elements are linearly independent and every element of V is a linear combination of elements of B. In other words, a basis is a linearly independent spanning set.

A vector space can have several bases; however all the bases have the same number of elements, called the dimension of the vector space.

This article deals mainly with finite-dimensional vector spaces. However, many of the principles are also valid for infinite-dimensional vector spaces.

Basis vectors find applications in the study of crystal structures and frames of reference.
Arab Muslims
Arab Muslims (Arabic: ﺍﻟْمُسْلِمون ﺍﻟْﻌَﺮَﺏ, romanized: al-Muslimūn al-ʿArab) are the Arabs who adhere to Islam. They are the largest subdivision of the Arab people and the largest ethnic group among Muslims globally, followed by Bengalis and Punjabis. Likewise, they comprise the majority of the population of the Arab world. Currently, around 93% of Arabs are Muslims, while the rest are mainly Arab Christians, as well as Druze and Baháʼís.

Although Arabs account for the largest ethnicity among the world's adherents of Islam, they are a minority in the Muslim world in terms of sheer numbers. Muhammad, the founder of Islam, was an ethnic Arab belonging to the Banu Hashim of the Quraysh, and most of the early Muslims were also Arabs.

Early Muslims
From 613 to 619 CE, the Islamic prophet Muhammad gathered in his hometown of Mecca a small following of those who embraced his message of Islam and thus became Muslims. The first person who professed Islam was his wife, Khadija bint Khuwaylid. The identity of the second male Muslim, after Muhammad himself, is disputed largely along sectarian lines, as Shia and some Sunni sources identify him as the first Shia imam Ali ibn Abi Talib, a child at the time, who grew up in the household of his cousin, Muhammad. Other sources report that the first male convert was Abu Bakr, who later succeeded Muhammad as the first Sunni caliph, or Muhammad's foster son, Zayd ibn Haritha. While it is difficult to establish the chronological order of early conversions, the identities of early Muslims are known with some certainty.
In the Palace of the King
In the Palace of the King is a 1923 American silent historical romantic drama film based on the novel of the same name by F. Marion Crawford. Directed by Emmett J. Flynn, the film stars Blanche Sweet, Pauline Starke, and Edmund Lowe.

A previous silent version had been made and released in 1915 by the Essanay company and starred Richard Travers and Nell Craig.  Prior to the films, the novel was adapted into a Broadway play in 1900 starring Viola Allen and her father C. Leslie Allen.

Blanche Sweet
Sarah Blanche Sweet (June 18, 1896 – September 6, 1986) was an American silent film actress who began her career in the early days of the motion picture film industry. Throughout her career, Sweet appeared in 121 silent films and three sound films.
John Nash (cricket administrator)
John Henry Nash (1906 – 7 April 1977, in Pudsey, near Leeds) was an English cricket administrator.

John Nash was Secretary of Yorkshire County Cricket Club from 1931 until his retirement in 1971, when he was succeeded by Joe Lister. He became one of the most respected figures in cricket, making a host of friends throughout the world. He joined the clerical staff at Yorkshire in 1922 and in his time as secretary he rarely saw a full day's cricket because of the complexity of administrative duties, but his efficiency became a by-word. He was joint-manager with Brigadier M. A. Green of the M.C.C. team captained by F. R. Brown that toured Australia and New Zealand in 1950-51.

Outside of cricket, he led a full life. He was an organist of great ability, playing for many years at Farsley Parish Church, where he was also secretary of the Church Council. He died from a heart attack in April 1977.

Pudsey
Pudsey is a market town in the City of Leeds in West Yorkshire, England. It is located midway between Bradford city centre and Leeds city centre. Historically in the West Riding of Yorkshire, it has a population of 25,393.
Pinpin Uy
Roberto Tan Uy Jr., known as Pinpin Uy (born August 29, 1978), is a Filipino politician from the province of Zamboanga del Norte, currently serving as Congressman in the House of Representatives of the Philippines representing the 1st legislative district of Zamboanga del Norte since November 13, 2023. He previously served as mayor of Polanco, Zamboanga del Norte from 2013 to 2016.

In February 2025, Uy was one of the 95 Lakas–CMD members who voted to impeach vice president Sara Duterte.

Member of congress
A member of congress (MOC), also known as a congressman, congresswoman or congressperson is a person who has been appointed or elected and inducted into an official body called a congress, typically to represent a particular constituency in a legislature. The term member of parliament (MP) is an equivalent term within a parliamentary system of government.
Sandwith
Sandwith is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Arnold Sandwith Ward (1876–1950), British journalist and Conservative politician

Bill Sandwith (1922–99), Australian politician

Charles Sandwith Campbell (1858–1923), Canadian benefactor, Montreal's Campbell Concerts and Campbell Parks

Eamon Sandwith, vocalist and bassist of The Chats

Elizabeth Sandwith Drinker, American Quaker diarist

Humphry Sandwith, English army physician, writer and activist

Humphry Sandwith (1792–1874), English physician and prominent Methodist

Kevin Sandwith (born 1978), English football player

Noel Yvri Sandwith (1901–1965), British botanist whose standard author abbreviation is Sandwith

Noelle Sandwith (1927–2006), English artist

Terran Sandwith (born 1972), Canadian ice hockey player

Thomas Backhouse Sandwith, British diplomat

Thomas Backhouse Sandwith
Thomas Backhouse Sandwith (1831-1900) was a member of the British consular service in the Levant. He was a Vice Consul in Syria 1857 to 1865, and then Vice Consul in Cyprus between 1865 and 1870. He was Consul in Chania, Crete from 1870 to 1885, in Tunis 1885 to 1888 and Consul-General in Odessa 1888 to 1891.
Canton of Saint-Amour
The canton of Saint-Amour is an administrative division of the Jura department, eastern France. Its borders were modified at the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. Its seat is in Saint-Amour.

Jura (department)
Jura (/ˈ(d)ʒʊərə/ JOOR-ə, ZHOOR-ə; French: [ʒyʁa] ⓘ) is a department in the northeastern French region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. The department takes its name from the Jura Mountains. Its prefecture is Lons-le-Saunier; subprefectures are Dole and Saint-Claude. In 2019, Jura had a population of 259,199. It has a short portion of the border of Switzerland.
Prestige (film)
Prestige is a 1932 American pre-Code drama film directed by Tay Garnett and written by Tay Garnett, Rollo Lloyd and Francis Edward Faragoh. The film stars Ann Harding, Adolphe Menjou, Melvyn Douglas and Guy Bates Post. The film was released on January 22, 1932, by RKO Pictures.

Tay Garnett
William Taylor "Tay" Garnett (June 13, 1894 – October 3, 1977) was an American film director, writer, and producer. He made nearly 50 films in various genres during his 55-year career, The Postman Always Rings Twice and China Seas being two of the most commercially successful. In his later years, he focused mainly on television.
Postage stamps and postal history of Gabon
Gabon is a country in west central Africa sharing borders with the Gulf of Guinea to the west, Equatorial Guinea to the northwest, and Cameroon to the north, with the Republic of the Congo curving around the east and south. Its size is almost 270,000 km2 with an estimated population of 1,500,000. The capital and largest city is Libreville.

Gulf of Guinea
The Gulf of Guinea (French: Golfe de Guinée; Spanish: Golfo de Guinea; Portuguese: Golfo da Guiné) is the northeasternmost part of the tropical Atlantic Ocean from Cape Lopez in Gabon, north and west to Cape Palmas in Liberia. Null Island, defined as the intersection of the Equator and Prime Meridian (zero degrees latitude and longitude), is in the gulf.

Among the many rivers that drain into the Gulf of Guinea are the Niger and the Volta. The coastline on the gulf includes the Bight of Benin and the Bight of Bonny.
Paca (mountain)
Nevado Paka (Quechua for 'eagle', Hispanicized spelling Paca) is a mountain in the Paryaqaqa mountain range in the Andes of Peru, about 5,510 m (18,080 ft) high. It is situated in the Lima Region, Huarochiri Province, San Mateo District. Paka lies southwest of Wayllakancha, northwest of Pachanqutu and northeast of Tata Qayqu.

Department of Lima
Lima (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈlima]; Jaqaru: Nimaja, [niˈmaxa]) is a department of Peru. Located in the country's central coast, it is administered by a regional government based in Huacho, whose jurisdiction does not include the quasi-autonomous special regime of the province of Lima, coterminous with the country's capital, Lima.
Juho Mielonen
Juho Mielonen (born 1 March 1987) is a Finnish professional ice hockey defenceman who currently plays for HPK of the SM-liiga. Mielonen was drafted 175th overall by the Detroit Red Wings in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft.

2005 NHL entry draft
The 2005 NHL entry draft was the 43rd entry draft for the National Hockey League. Originally scheduled to be held on June 25, it was postponed to July 30 due to the 2004–05 NHL lockout.

Special procedures were required to determine the order of picks, because the previous season had been cancelled due to the lockout. The first overall pick was won in a lottery by the Pittsburgh Penguins, who selected Sidney Crosby.

As of 2025, the remaining active players in the NHL from this draft are Sidney Crosby, Jack Johnson, Anze Kopitar, Kris Letang, Jonathan Quick, Ryan Reaves, and Marc-Edouard Vlasic.
Dicing
Dicing is a culinary knife cut in which the food item is cut into small blocks or dice. This may be done for aesthetic reasons or to create uniformly sized pieces to ensure even cooking. Dicing allows for distribution of flavour and texture throughout the dish, as well as a somewhat quicker cooking time.  Dicing usually applies to vegetables prepared in this way but it can also apply to the preparation of meat or fish and fruit. Brunoise is an especially small size, produced from further cutting of julienne-style food.

Dice
A die (pl.: dice, sometimes also used as sg.) is a small, throwable object with marked sides that can rest in multiple positions. Dice are used for generating random values, commonly as part of tabletop games, including dice games, board games, role-playing games, and games of chance.

A traditional die is a cube with each of its six faces marked with a different number of dots (pips) from 1 to 6. When thrown or rolled, the die comes to rest showing a random integer from one to six on its upper surface, with each value being equally likely. Dice may also have other polyhedral or irregular shapes, may have faces marked with numerals or symbols instead of pips and may have their numbers carved out from the material of the dice instead of marked on it. Loaded dice are specifically designed or modified to favor some results over others, for cheating or entertainment purposes.
Bill Hoskins (baseball)
William Charles Hoskins (March 14, 1914 – death date unknown), nicknamed "Big Bill", was an American Negro league baseball outfielder in the 1930s and 1940s, spending the majority of his career with the Baltimore Elite Giants.

A native of Tallahatchie County, Mississippi, Hoskins broke into the Negro leagues in 1937, splitting time between the St. Louis Stars, Chicago American Giants, and Detroit Stars. He joined the Baltimore Elite Giants in 1938, and continued to play for Baltimore through 1946. He has the highest postseason batting average in baseball history, having batted .487 (19-for-39) in twelve postseason games played (1937, 1939). Hoskins was selected to play in the 1941 East–West All-Star Game, and went 1-for-5 in the contest.

Chicago American Giants
The Chicago American Giants were a Chicago-based Negro league baseball team. From 1910 until the mid-1930s, the American Giants were the most dominant team in black baseball. Owned and managed from 1911 to 1926 by player-manager Andrew "Rube" Foster, they were charter members of Foster's Negro National League. The American Giants won five pennants in that league, along with another pennant in the 1932 Negro Southern League and a second-half championship in Gus Greenlee's Negro National League in 1934.
Phonological awareness
Phonological awareness is an individual's awareness of the phonological structure, or sound structure, of words. Phonological awareness is an important and reliable predictor of later reading ability and therefore has been the focus of much research.

Phonology
Phonology (formerly also phonemics or phonematics) is the branch of linguistics that studies how languages systematically organize their phonemes or, for sign languages, their constituent parts of signs. The term can also refer specifically to the sound or sign system of a particular language variety. At one time, the study of phonology related only to the study of the systems of phonemes in spoken languages, but now it may relate to any linguistic analysis either:

Sign languages have a phonological system equivalent to the system of sounds in spoken languages. The building blocks of signs are specifications for movement, location, and handshape. At first, a separate terminology was used for the study of sign phonology ("chereme" instead of "phoneme", etc.), but the concepts are now considered to apply universally to all human languages.
Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Economic Policy
The assistant secretary of the treasury for economic policy is the head of the Office of Economic Policy in the United States Department of the Treasury. The position is held by Ben Harris. President Joe Biden announced he would nominate Ben Harris to the role on March 11, 2021. Harris was confirmed by the Senate on November 3, 2021 and sworn in on November 15, 2021

According to U.S. statute, there are ten assistant secretaries of the treasury appointed by the president of the United States with the advice and consent of the United States Senate.  The assistant secretary of the treasury for economic policy reports directly to the United States secretary of the treasury and the United States deputy secretary of the treasury.

Advice and consent
Advice and consent is an English phrase frequently used in enacting formulae of bills and in other legal or constitutional contexts. It describes either of two situations: where a weak executive branch of a government enacts something previously approved of by the legislative branch or where the legislative branch concurs and approves something previously enacted by a strong executive branch.
Public opinion
Public opinion, or popular opinion, is the collective opinion on a specific topic or voting intention relevant to society. It is the people's views on matters affecting them.

In the 21st century, public opinion is heavily influenced by the media; many studies have been undertaken which look at the different factors which influence public opinion. Politicians and other people concerned with public opinion often attempt to influence it using advertising or rhetoric. Opinion plays a vital role in uncovering some critical decisions. Sentiment analysis or opinion mining is a method used to mine the thoughts or feelings of the general population. One of the struggles of public opinion is how it can be influenced by misinformation.

Gabriel Almond
Gabriel Abraham Almond (January 12, 1911 – December 25, 2002) was an American political scientist best known for his pioneering work on comparative politics, political development, and political culture.
Giuseppe Partini
Giuseppe Partini (5 May 1842 – 14 November 1895) was an Italian architect, mostly involved in reconstructions in his native Siena. He was active with the sculptor Tito Sarocchi in the reconstruction of the Fonte Gaia in Piazza del Campo in Siena Italy, replacement of its original panels with copies.  He also helped in the reconstruction of the Palazzo Marsili and the Palazzo Tantucci in Siena. He was an architects involved with maintenance of the Siena Cathedral. He reconstructed the Palazzo di Giustizia in Chiavari.

Quinciano
Quinciano is a village in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively a frazione of the comune of Monteroni d'Arbia, province of Siena. At the time of the 2001 census its population was 17.

Quinciano is about 20 km from Siena and 5 km from Monteroni d'Arbia.
First Win
The First Win is a Thai Mine-Resistant Ambush Protected Vehicle with an all-welded steel monocoque V-hull produced by Thai defense contractor Chaiseri. The First Win is designed to provide high level protection against a variety of battlefield threats, including mines and improvised explosive devices. Gross vehicle weight is about 9 tonnes (20,000 lb) and it can carry up to 10 troops plus the driver.

Chaiseri hopes to export the First Win to foreign customers.

Royal Thai Navy
The Royal Thai Navy (Abrv: RTN, ทร.; Thai: กองทัพเรือไทย, RTGS: kong thap ruea thai) is the naval warfare force of Thailand. Established in 1906, it was modernised by the Admiral Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse (1880–1923) who is known as the father of the Royal Navy. It has a structure that includes the naval fleet, Royal Thai Marine Corps, and Air and Coastal Defence Command. The RTN headquarters is at Sattahip Naval Base.

The navy operates three naval area commands (NAC): Northern Gulf of Thailand (First NAC); Southern Gulf of Thailand (Second NAC); and the Andaman Sea (Indian Ocean) (Third NAC). RTN also has two air wings and one flying unit on its aircraft carrier.
À Nos Amours
À Nos Amours (French pronunciation: [a noz‿amuʁ], To Our Loves) is a 1983 French coming-of-age drama film directed by Maurice Pialat, who co-wrote the screenplay with Arlette Langmann. It stars Sandrine Bonnaire, Dominique Besnehard, Évelyne Ker, Anne-Sophie Maillé, Cyr Boitard, Christophe Odent, Maïté Maillé, Pierre-Loup Rajot and Cyril Collard. The plot follows a 16-year-old girl, Suzanne (Bonnaire), as she experiences her sexual awakening and becomes promiscuous to escape her troubled home life. À Nos Amours won the César Award for Best Film in 1984.

Coming-of-age story
In genre studies, a coming-of-age story is a genre of literature, theatre, film, and video game that focuses on the growth of a protagonist from childhood to adulthood, or "coming of age". Coming-of-age stories tend to emphasize dialogue or internal monologue over action and are often set in the past. The subjects of coming-of-age stories are typically teenagers. The Bildungsroman is a specific subgenre of coming-of-age story.

The plot points of coming-of-age stories are usually emotional changes within the character(s) in question.
Kyung-won (name)
Kyung-won, also spelled Kyong-won, is a Korean given name.

People with this name include:

Park Kyung-won (1901–1933), Korea's first female aviator

K. W. Lee (born 1928), Korean-born American male journalist

Kyongwon Ahn (born 1937), Korean-born American male taekwondo master

Na Kyung-won (born 1963), South Korean female politician and lawyer

Moon Kyungwon (born 1969), South Korean female artist

Lee Kyung-won (born 1980), South Korean female badminton player

Yoon Kyung-won (born 1982), South Korean male ice hockey player

Kwon Kyung-won (born 1992), South Korean male footballer

Yoon Kyung-won
Yoon Kyung-won (Korean: 윤경원; born 1 January 1982 in South Korea) is a Korean professional ice hockey defenceman. He is playing in his sixth year for Anyang Halla after returning from serving his 2 years military service.
Hopewell, Somerset County, Maryland
Hopewell is an unincorporated community in Somerset County, Maryland, United States. It is located at the southern intersection of Maryland routes 413 and 667. St. Peter's Methodist Episcopal Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

Somerset County, Maryland
Somerset County is the southernmost county in the U.S. state of Maryland. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 24,620, making it the second-least populous county in Maryland. The county seat is Princess Anne. The county is part of the Lower Eastern Shore region of the state.

The county was named for Mary, Lady Somerset, the wife of Sir John Somerset and daughter of Thomas Arundell, 1st Baron Arundell of Wardour (c. 1560–1639). She was also the sister of Anne Calvert, Baroness Baltimore (1615–1649), who later lent her name to Anne Arundel County, which was erected in 1650 as the Province of Maryland's third county.

Somerset County is located on the state's Eastern Shore. It is included in the Salisbury, MD-DE Metropolitan Statistical Area.

The University of Maryland Eastern Shore is located in Princess Anne.
River John, Nova Scotia
River John is an unincorporated community in Pictou County, Nova Scotia, Canada.

It is located near the mouth of the River John on the Northumberland Strait, halfway between Pictou and Tatamagouche near the boundary with Colchester County. It is on Nova Scotia Trunk 6 and the designated tourist route, the Sunrise Trail.

River John was colonized by Europeans during the 18th century and its port and the proximity of plentiful timber led to the development of a small shipbuilding industry.

Today the local economy is based on the seasonal industries of fishing, agriculture, and tourism. The area is a popular summer cottage location for residents of Halifax and other urban areas in the province.  The village supports a few local shops, a library, several churches, a post office and a volunteer fire department. The K-9 school was closed in 2015.

Colchester County
Colchester County (Scottish Gaelic: Siorramachd Dhùn Chamuluis) is a county in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. With a population of 51,476 the county is the fourth largest in Nova Scotia.  Colchester County is located in north central Nova Scotia.

The majority of the county is governed by the Municipality of the County of Colchester, the county also is home to two independent incorporated towns, Stewiacke and Truro, two village commissions in Bible Hill and Tatamagouche, and the Millbrook 27 First Nations reserve.