hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Charthaval
Charthawal is a city and a nagar panchayat in Muzaffarnagar district in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. It acts as the administrator of 59 surrounding villages. The current chairman is Mohammed Islamuddin.

This town is located at a distance of 16 km from the district headquarters, which is on the Muzaffarnagar to Thana Bhawan road.

Nagar panchayat
A nagar panchayat (transl. 'town council') or town panchayat or Notified Area Council (NAC) in India is a settlement in transition from rural to urban and therefore a form of an urban political unit comparable to a municipality. An urban centre with more than 12,000 and less than 40,000 inhabitants is classified as a nagar panchayat. The population requirement for a town panchayat can vary from state to state.

Such councils are formed under the panchayati raj administrative system. In census data, the abbreviation T.P. is used to indicate a "town panchayat". Tamil Nadu was the first state to introduce the panchayat town as an intermediate step between rural villages and urban local bodies (ULB). The structure and the functions of the nagar panchayat are decided by the state government.
Loxa, Illinois
Loxa is an unincorporated community in Coles County, Illinois, United States. Loxa is located north of Illinois Route 16, halfway between Charleston and Mattoon.

The community may have been named for Loja, Granada, Spain or a shortening of Loxahatchee, Florida.

Loja, Granada
Loja (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈloxa]; locally also [ˈlohɐ, ˈloɐ]), formerly Loxa, is a town in southern Spain, situated at the western limit of the province of Granada. It is in the valley of the River Genil, overlooked by the so-called Sierra de Loja, of which the highest peak, Sierra Gorda, stands 1,671 metres above sea-level.
At-Taqwa Mosque
Masjid At-Taqwa or At-Taqwa Mosque may relate to:

At-Taqwa Mosque, Taiwan

At-Taqwa Mosque, Cirebon, Jawa, Indonesia

Masjid Al-Taqua, Singapore

At-Taqwa Mosque (Ketapang)

Akbar At-Taqwa Grand Mosque, Indonesia

Masjid Taqwa Muhammadiyah

At-Taqwa Mosque, Medan Area University

Masjid Al-Taqwa (Altadena, California)

Masjid Al-Taqwa (Altadena, California)
Masjid Al-Taqwa was a mosque located in Altadena, California, United States. It was located on Lake Ave across from the Eliot Arts Magnet Academy. Founded as a historical African American masjid, the mosque became more multicultural in subsequent decades. Its origins date back to the 1970s. It was the first mosque in the Pasadena-Altadena area. The building was destroyed by the Eaton Fire in early January 2025.

It began as a meeting place for members of the Nation of Islam in the 1970s but became a multicultural Islamic center in the following decades.
Permeation
In physics and engineering, permeation (also called imbuing) is the penetration of a permeate (a fluid such as a liquid, gas, or vapor) through a solid. It is directly related to the concentration gradient of the permeate, a material's intrinsic permeability, and the materials' mass diffusivity. Permeation is modeled by equations such as Fick's laws of diffusion, and can be measured using tools such as a minipermeameter.

Gas
Gas is a state of matter with neither fixed volume nor fixed shape. It is a compressible form of fluid, in contrast to a liquid. A pure gas consists of individual atoms (e.g. a noble gas like neon), or molecules (e.g. oxygen (O2) or carbon dioxide). Pure gases can also be mixed together such as in the air. What distinguishes gases from liquids and solids is the vast separation of the individual gas particles. This separation can make some gases invisible to the human observer.

The gaseous state of matter occurs between the liquid and plasma states, the latter of which provides the upper-temperature boundary for gases. Bounding the lower end of the temperature scale lie degenerative quantum gases which are gaining increasing attention.
High-density atomic gases super-cooled to very low temperatures are classified by their statistical behavior as either Bose gases or Fermi gases. For a comprehensive listing of these exotic states of matter, see list of states of matter.
Wowza Streaming Engine
Wowza Streaming Engine (known as Wowza Media Server prior to version 4) is a unified streaming media server software developed by Wowza. The server is used for streaming of live and on-demand video, audio, and rich Internet applications over IP networks to desktop, laptop, and tablet computers, mobile devices, IPTV set-top boxes, internet-connected TV sets, game consoles, and other network-connected devices. The server is a Java application deployable on most operating systems.

WebRTC
WebRTC (Web Real-Time Communication) is a free and open-source project providing web browsers and mobile applications with real-time communication (RTC) via application programming interfaces (APIs). It allows audio and video communication and streaming to work inside web pages by allowing direct peer-to-peer communication, eliminating the need to install plugins or download native apps.

Supported by Apple, Google, Microsoft, Mozilla, and Opera, WebRTC specifications have been published by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).

ICE, STUN and TURN are the NAT traversal techniques used to connect to remote peers.
Chili Gulch
Chili Gulch (also spelled Chile Gulch) is a gulch in Calaveras County, California. This five-mile gulch was the richest placer mining section in Calaveras County. It received its name from Chileans who worked it in 1848 and 1849, and was the scene of the so-called Chilean War. The largest known quartz crystals were recovered from a mine on the south side of the gulch.

Chili Gulch is registered as California Historical Landmark #265.

Gulch
A gulch is a deep V-shaped valley formed by erosion. It may contain a small stream or dry creek bed and is usually larger in size than a gully. Sudden intense rainfall upstream may produce flash floods in the bed of the gulch.

In eastern Canada, gulch refers to:

a narrow deep cove (Newfoundland)

a narrow saltwater channel (Nova Scotia)
1979 in Soviet football
The 1979 Soviet football championship was the 48th seasons of competitive football in the Soviet Union. Spartak Moscow won the Top League championship becoming the Soviet domestic champions for the tenth time.

FC Spartak Moscow
FC Spartak Moscow (Russian: Футбольный клуб «Спартак» Москва, romanized: Futbolʹnyy klub «Spartak» Moskva, pronounced [spɐrˈtak mɐˈskva]) is a Russian professional football club based in Moscow. Having won 12 Soviet championships (second only to Dynamo Kyiv) and 10 Russian championships (a record jointly held with Zenit St Petersburg), it is the country's most successful club. They have also won a record 10 Soviet Cups, 4 Russian Cups and one Russian Super Cup. Spartak have also reached the semi-finals of UEFA Europa League, UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Cup Winner's Cup.
Stadhampton
Stadhampton is a village and civil parish about 7 miles (11 km) southeast of Oxford in South Oxfordshire, England. Stadhampton is close to the River Thame, a tributary of the River Thames. The village was first mentioned by name in 1146, and was in the ownership of the bishops of Lincoln, the crown, and various Oxford colleges for most of subsequent history. The village includes several buildings of historical and architectural interest, including a parish church with features dating back to the 12th-century.

South Oxfordshire
South Oxfordshire is a local government district in the ceremonial county of Oxfordshire, England. Its council is temporarily based outside the district at Abingdon-on-Thames pending a planned move to Didcot, the district's largest town. The areas located south of the River Thames are within the historic county of Berkshire.
2023 Menards 250
The 2023 Menards 250 was the 7th stock car race of the 2023 ARCA Menards Series season, and the 8th iteration of the event. The race was held on Saturday, June 24, 2023, in Elko New Market, Minnesota at Elko Speedway, a 0.375 mile (0.604 km) permanent oval shaped racetrack. The race took the scheduled 250 laps to complete. In a wild and controversial race that had an exciting battle between Jesse Love and William Sawalich, Jesse Love, driving for Venturini Motorsports, would hold off a fast-charging Sawalich in the final 20 laps of the race to earn his sixth career ARCA Menards Series win, and his fourth of the season. Love dominated the entire race as well, leading 235 of the 250 laps. Sawalich, who started on pole, led 15 laps of the race until getting spun by Sean Hingorani on lap 150. To fill out the podium, Sawalich, driving for Joe Gibbs Racing, and Hingorani, driving for Venturini Motorsports, would finish 2nd and 3rd, respectively.

2023 ARCA Menards Series
The 2023 ARCA Menards Series was the 71st season of the ARCA Menards Series, a stock car racing series sanctioned by NASCAR in the United States. The season began at Daytona International Speedway with the BRANDT 200 on February 18 and ended with the Shore Lunch 200 at Toledo Speedway on October 7.

Nick Sanchez, the 2022 series champion, did not return to run full-time in the ARCA Menards Series in 2023 and defend his title as he moved up to the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series full-time driving for Rev Racing, the same team he won the ARCA championship with in 2022. After taking the green flag for the Atlas 200, Jesse Love of Venturini Motorsports claimed the ARCA Menards Series championship.
Limnobacter litoralis
Limnobacter litoralis is a Gram-negative, oxidase- and catalase-positive, non-spore-forming, thiosulfate-oxidizing, anaerobic bacterium of the genus Limnobacter and family Burkholderiaceae, isolated from a 22-year-old volcanic deposit on the island of Miyake-jima in Japan.

Catalase
Catalase is a common enzyme found in nearly all living organisms exposed to oxygen (such as bacteria, plants, and animals) which catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. It is a very important enzyme in protecting the cell from oxidative damage by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Catalase has one of the highest turnover numbers of all enzymes; one catalase molecule can convert millions of hydrogen peroxide molecules to water and oxygen each second.

Catalase is a tetramer of four polypeptide chains, each over 500 amino acids long. It contains four iron-containing heme groups that allow the enzyme to react with hydrogen peroxide. The optimum pH for human catalase is approximately 7, and has a fairly broad maximum: the rate of reaction does not change appreciably between pH 6.8 and 7.5. The pH optimum for other catalases varies between 4 and 11 depending on the species. The optimum temperature also varies by species.
Alessandro Cagno
Alessandro Umberto Cagno, Umberto Cagno, nicknamed Sandrin (2 May 1883 – 23 December 1971) was an Italian racing driver, Aviation pioneer and powerboat racer.

Apprenticed at 13 to a Turin engineering factory he was later recruited by Giovanni Agnelli as employee number 3 at F.I.A.T., where he progressed to be a test driver, Agnelli's personal driver and works racing team driver. In 1906 he won the inaugural Targa Florio in Sicily after switching to the Itala team.

Cagno co-founded 'AVIS-Voisin' (Atelier Voisin Italie Septentrionale) to build Voisin aircraft under licence. He designed and tested aircraft, founded Italy's first flying school in Pordenone, and was the first person to fly above Venice. After volunteering as a pilot for the Italo-Turkish War (1911–1912) in Libya he invented a bomb aiming device.

Test driver
In motorsport, it is common to have one or more test drivers who work with the mechanics to help develop the vehicle by testing new systems on the track. A reserve driver may fulfil these roles whilst also being prepared to replace a team's main drivers in their absence.
Jarzeński Młyn
Jarzeński Młyn [jaˈʐɛɲski ˈmwɨn] is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Lelkowo, within Braniewo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia.

Braniewo County
Braniewo County (Polish: powiat braniewski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, northern Poland, on the border with Russia. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Braniewo, which lies 80 kilometres (50 mi) north-west of the regional capital Olsztyn. The county also contains the towns of Pieniężno, lying 27 km (17 mi) south-east of Braniewo, and Frombork, 11 km (7 mi) west of Braniewo.

The county covers an area of 1,204.54 square kilometres (465.1 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 41,223, out of which the population of Braniewo is 17,875, that of Pieniężno is 2,271, that of Frombork is 2,332, and the rural population is 19,130.
Angel in Blue Jeans
"Angel in Blue Jeans" is a song recorded by American rock band Train for their seventh studio album Bulletproof Picasso. The song was written by Pat Monahan, Amund Bjørklund, and Espen Lind, and was produced by the latter two as well as Butch Walker. It was released on June 9, 2014 as the lead single from the album.

Butch Walker
Bradley Glenn Walker (born November 14, 1969) is an American singer-songwriter, musician, and record producer. He is the current lead guitarist for Train since 2025. He was lead guitarist for the glam metal band, SouthGang from the late 1980s to early 1990s. From 1997 to 2001, he became the lead vocalist and guitarist for the rock band, Marvelous 3.
Murad (Golden Horde)
Murād Khan (Turki/Kypchak: مرید خان; Persian: مراد خان; called Amurat and Murut in Russian sources, and sometimes Murīd, Mürid, Burut, and Murdād in eastern sources) was Khan of at least part of the Golden Horde from 1361 to 1363.

Cuman language
Cuman or Kuman (also called Kipchak, Qypchaq or Polovtsian, self referred to as Tatar (tatar til) in Codex Cumanicus) was a West Kipchak Turkic language spoken by the Cumans (Polovtsy, Folban, Vallany, Kun) and Kipchaks; the language was similar to today's various languages of the West Kipchak branch. Cuman is documented in medieval works, including the Codex Cumanicus, and in early modern manuscripts, like the notebook of Benedictine monk Johannes ex Grafing.
Unfinished Business (1977 film)
Asignatura pendiente (English: Unfinished Business) is a 1977 Spanish drama film co-written and directed by José Luis Garci.

The film was one of the most successful films in the 1970s with 2,305,924 admissions. It was the highest-grossing Spanish film in 1977 grossing 193 million pesetas ($2.5 million).

Nowadays, it is viewed as a portrayal of society during the Spanish transition to democracy.

Spanish peseta
The peseta (/pəˈseɪtə/, Spanish: [peˈseta]) was the currency of Spain between 1868 and 2002. Along with the French franc, it was also a de facto currency used in Andorra (which had no national currency with legal tender).
1986 Belfast East by-election
The 1986 Belfast East by-election was one of the fifteen 1986 Northern Ireland by-elections held on 23 January 1986, to fill vacancies in the Parliament of the United Kingdom caused by the resignation in December 1985 of all sitting Unionist Members of Parliament (MPs). The MPs, from the Ulster Unionist Party, Democratic Unionist Party and Ulster Popular Unionist Party, did this to highlight their opposition to the Anglo-Irish Agreement. Each of their parties agreed not to contest seats previously held by the others, and each outgoing MP stood for re-election.

Belfast East (UK Parliament constituency)
Belfast East is a parliamentary constituency in the United Kingdom House of Commons. The MP since 2015 is Gavin Robinson of the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP). Since the 2024 general election, the seat is centred on the east section of Belfast and also contains part of the district of Lisburn and Castlereagh.
Patricia Heights, Edmonton
Patricia Heights is a neighbourhood in west Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It is bounded by the Patricia Ravine of the North Saskatchewan River valley and ravine system to the south and southwest, the Westridge neighbourhood to the west, the Elmwood and Lynnwood neighbourhoods across Whitemud Drive to the north, and the Rio Terrace neighbourhood across 156 Street to the east.

The community is represented by the Rio Terrace Community League, established in 1960, which maintains a community hall, outdoor rink and tennis courts located at 155 Street and 76 Avenue.

North Saskatchewan River
The North Saskatchewan River is a glacier-fed river that flows from the Canadian Rockies continental divide east to central Saskatchewan, where it joins with the South Saskatchewan River to make up the Saskatchewan River. Its water flows into the Hudson Bay via Lake Winnipeg and the Nelson River.

The Saskatchewan River system is the largest shared between the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. Its watershed includes most of southern and central Alberta and Saskatchewan.
Luis Ernesto Mendoza Cerrato
Luis Ernesto Mendoza Cerrato  (1972? – 19 May 2011) was the owner of the Channel 24 broadcast facilities in Danli, Honduras. Mendoza was murdered outside the TV station and became one of 13 Honduran media workers and journalists to be murdered in a years time, only two of which were resolved. He was considered a prominent business person in Danli.

Danlí, El Paraíso
Danlí is a city and a municipality in Honduras. It is currently the fourth most populated municipality in Honduras, located approximately 92 kilometers southeast of Tegucigalpa, in the Honduran department of El Paraíso known for its production of cigars and corn (maize). The city is situated at an altitude of 814 meters (2,673 feet) above sea level and has a population of 80,200 (2023 calculation) The population of the municipality (2018) is 214,566 people which is composed of 105,929 men and 108,637 women.  With a population in the urban area of 85,075 people and in the rural area of 129,491 people.
Man Dandan
Man Dandan (simplified Chinese: 满丹丹; traditional Chinese: 滿丹丹; pinyin: Mǎn Dāndān; born May 5, 1989, in Harbin, Heilongjiang) is a Chinese cross-country skier who has competed since 2006. Competing in two Winter Olympics, she earned her best finish of 17th in the team sprint event at Vancouver in 2010 and earned her best individual finish of 51st in the individual sprint event at the same games.

Man's best finish at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships was tenth twice (team sprint, 4 x 5 km) at Sapporo in 2007 while her best individual finish was 44th in the individual sprint event at those same championships.

Her best World Cup finish was eighth in an individual sprint event at China in 2007.

Man won gold in individual sprint event at the 2017 Asian Winter Games in Sapporo, Japan.

FIS Nordic World Ski Championships
The FIS Nordic World Ski Championships is a biennial Nordic skiing event organized by the International Ski Federation (FIS). The World Championships was started in 1924 for men and opened for women's participation in 1954. World Championship events include Nordic skiing's three disciplines: cross-country skiing, ski jumping, and Nordic combined (the latter being a combination sport consisting of both cross-country and ski jumping). The Winter Olympics from 1924 to 1980 were also the Nordic World Ski Championships. This meant that the Olympic champions were also World champions and received an additional medal from the International Ski Federation (FIS). Since 1985, the World Championships have been held in odd-numbered years.
Warmen
Warmen is a Finnish heavy metal band assembled by keyboardist Janne "Warman" Wirman. Wirman had played with Children of Bodom since 1997, and in 2000 created the neoclassical/melodic power metal project Warmen focused on instrumental work in the first two albums, with the next three albums heavily relying on guest singers. In 2023, the band added full-time singer Petri Lindroos and moved towards a melodic death metal style similar to Children of Bodom.

Neoclassical metal
Neoclassical metal is a subgenre of heavy metal that is heavily influenced by classical music and usually features very technical playing, consisting of elements borrowed from both classical and speed metal music. Yngwie Malmsteen became one of the most notable musicians in the subgenre, and contributed greatly to the development of the style in the 1980s. Other notable players in the genre are Randy Rhoads, Luca Turilli, Michael Romeo, George Bellas, Luke Fortini, Jason Becker, Vinnie Moore, Alexi Laiho, Jani Liimatainen, Kiko Loureiro, Uli Jon Roth, Stéphan Forté, Wolf Hoffmann, Timo Tolkki, Syu and Marty Friedman.

Although the genre is mainly associated with guitarists (especially lead guitarists), keyboardists like Jens Johansson, Vitalij Kuprij, Michael Pinnella, Alex Staropoli and Janne Wirman are also found playing in this style.
Henry Montgomery (American politician)
Henry Warren Montgomery (June 16, 1858 – March 8, 1917) was a member of the South Dakota House of Representatives from 1903 to 1906.

Montgomery was born in Columbia County, Wisconsin and lived in Alexandria, South Dakota. He married Caroline Douglas (1860–1917), and they had seven children. He was a Democrat. He died on March 8, 1917.

South Dakota House of Representatives
The South Dakota House of Representatives is the lower house of the South Dakota Legislature. It consists of 70 members, two from each legislative district. Two of the state's 35 legislative districts, Districts 26 and 28, are each subdivided into two single-member districts (26A/26B and 28A/28B). The South Dakota House of Representatives meets at the South Dakota State Capitol in Pierre.
Permease
The permeases are membrane transport proteins, a class of multipass transmembrane proteins that allow the diffusion of a specific molecule in or out of the cell in the direction of a concentration gradient, a form of facilitated diffusion.

The permease binding is the first step of translocation. LacY protein from Escherichia coli is an example of a permease.

Fick's laws of diffusion
Fick's laws of diffusion describe diffusion and were first posited by Adolf Fick in 1855 on the basis of largely experimental results. They can be used to solve for the diffusion coefficient, D. Fick's first law can be used to derive his second law, which in turn is identical to the diffusion equation.

Fick's first law: Movement of particles from high to low concentration (diffusive flux) is directly proportional to the particle's concentration gradient.

Fick's second law: Prediction of change in concentration gradient with time due to diffusion.

A diffusion process that obeys Fick's laws is called normal or Fickian diffusion; otherwise, it is called anomalous diffusion or non-Fickian diffusion.