hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Normal basis
In mathematics, specifically the algebraic theory of fields, a normal basis is a special kind of basis for Galois extensions of finite degree, characterised as forming a single orbit for the Galois group.  The normal basis theorem states that any finite Galois extension of fields has a normal basis. In algebraic number theory, the study of the more refined question of the existence of a normal integral basis is part of Galois module theory.

Galois extension
In mathematics, a Galois extension is an algebraic field extension E/F that is normal and separable; or equivalently, E/F is algebraic, and the field fixed by the automorphism group Aut(E/F) is precisely the base field F. The significance of being a Galois extension is that the extension has a Galois group and obeys the fundamental theorem of Galois theory.

A result of Emil Artin allows one to construct Galois extensions as follows: If E is a given field, and G is a finite group of automorphisms of E with fixed field F, then E/F is a Galois extension.

The property of an extension being Galois behaves well with respect to  field composition and intersection.
Hirosakigakuindaimae Station
Hirosakigakuindaimae Station (弘前学院大前駅, Hirosakigakuindaimae-eki) is a railway station in the city of Hirosaki, Aomori Prefecture, Japan, operated by the private railway operator, Kōnan Railway Company. It is located in front of Hirosaki Gakuin University.

Kōnan Railway Company
The Kōnan Railway Company (弘南鉄道株式会社, Kōnan Tetsudō Kabushiki-gaisha), also known as Konan Tetsudo, is a railway company that provides transportation services in western Aomori Prefecture, Japan. The company operates two regional railway lines: the Kōnan Line, which connects Hirosaki Station in the city of Hirosaki and Kuroishi Station in the city of Kuroishi, and the Ōwani Line, which connects Hirosaki with Ōwani Station on the JR Ōu Main Line. The company also operates an extensive bus network. It is headquartered in the city of Hirakawa.

Between November 1, 1984, and April 1, 1998, the company also operated the Kuroishi Line, a former line of Japanese National Railways.
Akiko Omae
Akiko Omae (大前 綾希子, Ōmae Akiko; born 29 January 1993) is a Japanese former professional tennis player.

On 3 April 2017, she reached her best singles ranking of world No. 188. On 21 November 2016, she peaked at No. 95 in the doubles rankings. Omae has won seven titles in singles and twenty-three in doubles on the ITF Circuit.

Her biggest title for Omae to date was when she won the doubles event at the 2015 Dunlop World Challenge, partnering with Peangtarn Plipuech.

Omae announced her retirement from professional tennis in September 2025.

Peangtarn Plipuech
Peangtarn "Earth" Plipuech (Thai: เพียงธาร ผลิพืช; born 15 November 1992) is a Thai tennis player.
She has a career-high singles ranking by the WTA of world No. 175, achieved on 31 July 2017. On 7 October 2024, she peaked at No. 95 in doubles.

Plipuech has won three doubles titles on the WTA Challenger Tour, along with seven singles and 34 doubles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit.
2025 Go Bowling at The Glen
The 2025 Go Bowling at The Glen was a NASCAR Cup Series race that was held on August 10, 2025, at Watkins Glen International in Watkins Glen, New York. Contested over 90 laps on the 2.45-mile (3.94 km) road course, it was the 24th race of the 2025 NASCAR Cup Series season.

Shane van Gisbergen won the race. Christopher Bell finished 2nd, and Chris Buescher finished 3rd. William Byron and Chase Briscoe rounded out the top five, and Ryan Blaney, Daniel Suárez, Bubba Wallace, Tyler Reddick, and Ross Chastain rounded out the top ten.

Chris Buescher
Christopher William Buescher (born October 29, 1992) is an American professional stock car racing driver. He competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series, driving the No. 17 Ford Mustang Dark Horse for RFK Racing. He is the 2012 ARCA Racing Series and 2015 NASCAR Xfinity Series champion and the cousin of 2012 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series champion James Buescher.
Bianconi
Bianconi is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Carlo Bianconi (1732–1802), Italian painter, sculptor and architect

Charles Bianconi (1786–1875), Irish businessman

Diego Bianconi (born 1957), Swiss painter

Franca Bianconi (born 1962), Italian figure skater and coach

Ginestra Bianconi, Italian network scientist

Giovanni Giuseppe Bianconi (1809–1878), Italian zoologist, herpetologist, botanist and geologist

Giovanni Ludovico Bianconi (1717–1781), Italian doctor and antiquarian

Marcelo Bianconi (1956–2025), Brazilian journalist

Miguel Bianconi (born 1992), Brazilian footballer

Niko Bianconi (born 1991), Italian footballer

Philippe Bianconi (born 1960), French classical pianist

Roberta Bianconi (born 1989), Italian water polo player

Stefano Bianconi (born 1968), Italian footballer

Diego Bianconi
Diego Bianconi (born 1957 in Muralto, Locarno, Canton Ticino, Switzerland) is a Swiss painter.

From 1972 to 1973 Bianconi attended the C.S.I.A. Art School in Lugano.  He received private instruction in painting and design with Leo Maillet, a master pupil of Max Beckmann, in 1982, and studied at the Academy of Fine Arts Nuremberg from 1988 to 1995.  From 1995 to 1999 he taught life drawing at AdBK Nuremberg.  In 2001 he created the Chalkografi Research Lab.

Bianconi is a member of the Schwabach Artists' Federation.
Emanuel Vogel Gerhart
Emanuel Vogel Gerhart (Freeburg, Pennsylvania, 13 June 1817 – Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 6 May 1904) was an American minister of the German Reformed Church and first president of Franklin and Marshall College. Some consider Gerhart the systematizer of Mercersburg Theology. He wrote the first complete Christocentric theology in nineteenth century America.

Mercersburg theology
Mercersburg theology was a German-American theological movement that began in the mid-19th century. It draws its name from Mercersburg, Pennsylvania, home of Marshall College from 1836 until its merger with Franklin College (Lancaster, Pennsylvania) in 1853, and also home to the seminary of the Reformed Church in the United States (RCUS) from 1837 until its relocation to Lancaster in 1871.
Arbeiter Ring Publishing
Arbeiter Ring Publishing, now known as ARP Books, is a worker-owned and operated independent book publisher and distributor that specializes in progressive, radical and anarchist literature (both fiction and non-fiction). Founded by Todd Scarth and John K. Samson in Winnipeg in 1996, the publishing company was originally based in The Old Market Autonomous Zone (or A-Zone), which also housed Mondragon Bookstore and Coffee House, and other radical and worker-run organizations.  Named after Arbeiter Ring (meaning "Workers' Circle"), a radical Jewish workers' organization (which had a strong presence in Winnipeg at the outset of the 20th century and helped promote Emma Goldman's early visits to the city), Arbeiter Ring also shares a commitment to workers' self-management.  One aspect of this is the organization's promotion of participatory economics (or parecon), an alternative economic model first articulated by Michael Albert and Robin Hahnel.

Michael Albert
Michael Albert (born April 8, 1947) is an American economist, speaker, writer, and political critic. Since the late 1970s, he has published on a variety of subjects. He has set up his own media outfits, magazines, and podcasts. He is known for helping to develop the socioeconomic theory of participatory economics.
The Essential Guy Clark
The Essential Guy Clark is a compilation album by American singer-songwriter Guy Clark, released in 1997.

RCA had previously released Guy Clark – Greatest Hits in 1983 which included nearly all the songs from Clark's first two albums. This compilation includes the missing tracks. In addition, it contains the previously unreleased "Don't Let the Sunshine Fool You" (composed by Clark, but first released by Townes Van Zandt on The Late Great Townes Van Zandt in 1972). All the tracks have been re-mastered.

The compilation was re-released by Audiophile Classics in 2004 with different cover art.

Guy Clark
Guy Charles Clark (November 6, 1941 – May 17, 2016) was an American country singer-songwriter and luthier. He released more than 20 albums, and his songs have been recorded by other artists, including Townes Van Zandt, Bobby Bare, Jerry Jeff Walker, George Strait, Jimmy Buffett, Kathy Mattea, Lyle Lovett, Ricky Skaggs, Steve Wariner, Emmylou Harris, Rodney Crowell, Steve Earle, Johnny Cash, Willie Nelson, Nanci Griffith and Chris Stapleton. He won the 2014 Grammy Award for Best Folk Album: My Favorite Picture of You.
Prolation canon
In music, a prolation canon (also called a mensuration canon or proportional canon) is a type of canon, a musical composition wherein the main melody is accompanied by one or more imitations of that melody in other voices.  Not only do the voices sing or play the same melody, they do so at different speeds (or prolations, a mensuration term that dates to the medieval and Renaissance eras). Accompanying voices may enter either simultaneously or successively.

If voices extend the rhythmic values of the leader (for example, by doubling all note values), a procedure known as augmentation, the resulting canon can be called an augmentation canon or canon by augmentation (canon per augmentationem) or sloth canon (recalling the slow movement of the sloth). Conversely, if they reduce the note values in diminution, it can be called a diminution canon or canon by diminution (canon per diminutionem).

Augmentation (music)
In Western music and music theory, augmentation (from Late Latin augmentare, to increase) is the lengthening of a note or the widening of an interval.

Augmentation is a compositional device where a melody, theme or motif is presented in longer note-values than were previously used. Augmentation is also the term for the proportional lengthening of the value of individual note-shapes in older notation by coloration, by use of a sign of proportion, or by a notational symbol such as the modern dot. A major or perfect interval that is widened by a chromatic semitone is an augmented interval, and the process may be called augmentation.
London Cabinet
London Cabinet can refer to a number of Second World War government-in-exile cabinets based in the United Kingdom capital of London:

Nygaardsvold's Cabinet, the Norwegian government-in-exile between 7 June 1940 and 31 May 1945

One of the four Dutch governments-in-exile between 13 May 1940 and May 1945:
Second De Geer Cabinet
First Gerbrandy Cabinet
Second Gerbrandy Cabinet
Third Gerbrandy Cabinet

Third Gerbrandy cabinet
The Third Gerbrandy cabinet, also called the Fourth London cabinet, was the Dutch government-in-exile from 23 February 1945 until 25 June 1945. The cabinet was formed by the political parties Roman Catholic State Party (RKSP), Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP) and the Free-thinking Democratic League (VDB) following the resignation of the Second Gerbrandy cabinet on 27 January 1945. The national unity government (war cabinet) was the last of four war cabinets of the government-in-exile in London during World War II.
Alone (i-Ten song)
"Alone" is a song composed by Billy Steinberg and Tom Kelly, who recorded it under the name i-Ten on their 1983 album Taking a Cold Look. It was later recorded by actress Valerie Stevenson and actor John Stamos on the original soundtrack of the CBS sitcom Dreams in 1984. American rock band Heart covered it on their 1987 album Bad Animals, and this version reached number one in the US and Canada. In 2007, Celine Dion recorded it for her album Taking Chances. In 2010, Alyssa Reid used the music and lyrics for the chorus of her song "Alone Again".

Ben Moody
Benjamin Moody (born January 22, 1981) is an American guitarist, songwriter and record producer. He co-founded rock band Evanescence, which he departed in 2003 after the release of their debut album Fallen (2003). After leaving Evanescence, Moody co-wrote and co-produced songs for Kelly Clarkson, Avril Lavigne, Anastacia, Lindsay Lohan, Bo Bice, Daughtry, and Celine Dion.
HMS Fancy
Three vessels of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Fancy:

HMS Fancy (1806) was a 12-gun gun brig launched in 1806. She foundered off Montrose in 1811.

HMS Fancy (1855) was a Dapper-class gunboat launched in 1855. In 1876 she was placed on harbour service before being sold in 1905.

HMS Fancy (J308) was an Algerine-class minesweeper launched in 1943. She was sold to the Belgian Navy in 1951, renamed A. F. Dufour and then hulked in 1959 as Nzadi. She was abandoned and sunk in the Belgian Congo in 1960.

Hulk (ship type)
A hulk is a ship that is afloat, but incapable of going to sea. 'Hulk' may be used to describe a ship that has been launched but not completed, an abandoned wreck or shell, or a ship whose propulsion system is no longer maintained or has been removed altogether. The word hulk also may be used as a verb: a ship is "hulked" to convert it to a hulk. The verb was also applied to crews of Royal Navy ships in dock, who were sent to the receiving ship for accommodation, or "hulked". Hulks have a variety of uses such as housing, prisons, salvage pontoons, gambling sites, naval training, or cargo storage.

In the age of sail, many hulls served longer as hulks than they did as functional ships. Wooden ships were often hulked when the hull structure became too old and weak to withstand the stresses of sailing.

More recently, ships have been hulked when they become obsolete or when they become uneconomical to operate.
Dollu
The dollu is a double-headed drum native to Karnataka, India. It is classified as a membranophone. The heads are made of sheep or goat skin and the frame is made of honne or mango tree wood. The instrument is used mostly in theatrical dances with religious or mythological themes. It is carried by means of a belt or harness and struck with the hand or a short stick. It is loud, low pitched and not particularly tonal.

Membranophone
A membranophone  is any musical instrument which produces sound primarily by way of a vibrating stretched membrane. It is one of the four main divisions of instruments in the original Hornbostel-Sachs scheme of musical instrument classification.

According to Sachs,

The sound is produced by a membrane ["skin" or "head"] stretched over an opening. Most, but not all, membranophones are generally called drums. They are classified according to material,  if it's single or double headed, shape, skin(s), skin fastening, playing positions, and manner of playing.
2013 Bulgarian Supercup
The 2013 Bulgarian Supercup was played on 10 July 2013 at Vasil Levski National Stadium in Sofia, between the winners of the previous season's A group and Bulgarian Cup competitions. The match was contested by the champions of the 2012–13 A PFG, Ludogorets Razgrad, and the 2013 Bulgarian Cup winners, Beroe Stara Zagora.

This was the second Supercup final for both teams with Ludogorets winning their first one against Lokomotiv Plovdiv in 2012 and Beroe losing to Litex Lovech in 2010 after extra time. Beroe won their first ever Supercup after defeating Ludogorets on penalties.

PFC Lokomotiv Plovdiv
PFC Lokomotiv Plovdiv (Bulgarian: ПФК Локомотив Пловдив), commonly known as Loko Plovdiv, is a Bulgarian professional association football club based in Plovdiv. Lokomotiv's home ground is the Lokomotiv Stadium which is situated in Lauta Park and has a capacity of 14,500 spectators.

Founded on 25 July 1926, Lokomotiv is one of the most popular teams in Bulgaria and currently competes in the top-flight First Professional Football League, which they have won once (in 2004). Lokomotiv Plovdiv has won also 2 Bulgarian Cups, 2 Bulgarian Supercups and 1 Cup of the Soviet Army. The biggest success of the club in Europe is reaching the third round of the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in 1965, after narrowly losing to the Italian Juventus in a play-off match.

Lokomotiv have a fierce local rivalry with fellow Plovdiv-based team Botev Plovdiv. Matches between the two sides are known as the Plovdiv derby.
South Jordan Downtown station
South Jordan Downtown is a light rail station in the Daybreak community of South Jordan, Utah, served by the Red Line of the Utah Transit Authority's (UTA) TRAX light rail system. The station is the penultimate station southwestern end of the Red Line, which provides service from Daybreak Parkway station to the University of Utah.

Red Line (TRAX)
The Red Line is a light rail line on the TRAX system in the Salt Lake Valley of Utah operated by the Utah Transit Authority (UTA). It originally began operation in December 2001 as the peak-hour-only Sandy/University Line, running from the University of Utah south to Sandy Civic Center on the Blue Line. It was later rerouted to South Jordan and renamed the Red Line in August 2011, running as an all-day route. The current line runs from the University of Utah Medical Center in Salt Lake City through the south end of Downtown Salt Lake City, South Salt Lake, Murray, Midvale, West Jordan, and South Jordan to the University of Utah's South Jordan Medical Center in Daybreak.
Hot stain
A hot stain is a region of the world where safe drinking water has been depleted.  The term may have been coined by Goldman Environmental Prize winning hydrologist Michal Kravcik. Hot stains can be found on every continent, except for Antarctica.  The biggest reason for a hot stain to develop is population pressure. As the population grows, water demand increases. Although the earth is covered in 97% water, only 1% of that water is available for human consumption. Hot stains can cause great harm to a regions agricultural ability and can lead to food scarcity, famine, and even the abandonment of the region.

Maude Barlow an environmental activist, head of the Council of Canadians, and founder of the Blue Planet Project has used the term 'hot stain' in regard to water resources. In 2005, Maude Barlow received Sweden's Right Livelihood Award.

Michal Kravčík
Michal Kravčík (Slovak pronunciation: [ˈmixal ˈkrawtʂiːk]; born 3 February 1956) is a Slovak hydrologist and environmentalist. He was awarded the Goldman Environmental Prize in 1999, for his contributions to the management of the Torysa River.
Full Speed Ahead (1936 film)
Full Speed Ahead is a 1936 British drama film directed by Lawrence Huntington and starring Paul Neville, Moira Lynd and Richard Norris. The film was made at Wembley Studios as a quota quickie for distribution by the Hollywood company Paramount Pictures. It is also known by the alternative title Full Steam Ahead.

Fountain Studios
Fountain Studios was an independently owned television studio in Wembley Park, north-west London, England. The company was last part of the Avesco Group plc.

Several companies owned the site before it was bought by Fountain in 1993. Originally a film studio complex, as Wembley Studios it was formerly the base for the ITV London weekday franchise holder Rediffusion from 1955 to 1968, and London Weekend Television from 1968 to 1972. More recently, the studios were best known for being the venue for the live stages of ITV British shows The X Factor and Britain's Got Talent.

The last show to be broadcast live (and recorded) at the studios was The X Factor on 4 December 2016, after which the studio was closed, and the site sold to property developer Quintain. It is now known as Troubadour Wembley Park Theatre.
Irakleides
Irakleides (Greek: Ηρακλείδες) is a former municipality on the island of Kos, in the Dodecanese, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform, it is part of the municipality Kos, of which it is a municipal unit. Population 7,467 (2021). It is the largest in area of the three municipal units on the island, at 160.538 km², and comprises 55.3% of the island's territory. The seat of the municipality was in Antimacheia. The largest village is Kefalos. Kardamaina, Mastichari, Kampos, Onia, and Kamarion are the other villages in the municipal unit. It shares the island of Kos with the municipal units of Kos and Dikaios.

Dodecanese
The Dodecanese (UK: /ˌdoʊdɪkəˈniːz/, US: /doʊˌdɛkəˈniːz/; Greek: Δωδεκάνησα, Dodekánisa [ðoðeˈkanisa], lit. 'twelve islands') are a group of 15 larger and 150 smaller Greek islands in the southeastern Aegean Sea and Eastern Mediterranean, off the coast of Anatolia, of which 26 are inhabited. This island group generally defines the eastern limit of the Sea of Crete. They belong to the wider Southern Sporades island group.

Rhodes has been the area's dominant island since antiquity. Of the others, Kos and Patmos are historically the most important; the remaining 12 are Agathonisi, Astypalaia, Halki, Kalymnos, Karpathos, Kasos, Leipsoi, Leros, Nisyros, Symi, Tilos, and Megisti. Other islands in the chain include Alimia, Arkoi, Farmakonisi, Gyali, Kinaros, Levitha, Marathos, Nimos, Pserimos, Saria, Strongyli and Syrna.
Witten William Harris
Witten William Harris (August 17, 1872 – January 28, 1958) was an American newspaper publisher and politician who served two terms in the California State Assembly for the 56th district from 1915 to 1919. Harris was one of three Socialists elected to the California State Assembly in 1914, the other two being George W. Downing and Lewis A. Spengler. Harris also served as a vice president of the California Labor Federation.

While he was first elected as a Socialist, Harris also won the nominations of the Democratic, Republican, and Progressive parties, leaving him unopposed in the general election. Despite having been previously active in the Socialist Party of California, upon being sworn in Harris immediately joined the Non-Partisan caucus. He was expelled from the party as a result. Two years later, he ran for re-election and won as a Democrat. In 1918, he chose to run for Congress in the 7th district, again as a Democrat, but lost the primary.

California's 7th congressional district
California's 7th congressional district is a United States congressional district in California. Doris Matsui, a Democrat, has represented the district since January 2023.

Currently, it encompasses southern Sacramento County, part of Yolo County, and a tiny portion of Solano County. It includes all of Sacramento south of the American River, including Downtown Sacramento, and its suburbs of West Sacramento, Elk Grove, and Galt. It is a heavily Democratic district. Prior to redistricting in 2021, it was entirely in Sacramento County and included the eastern and southern suburbs of Sacramento.
1907 Marshall Thundering Herd football team
The 1907 Marshall Thundering Herd football team represented Marshall College (now Marshall University) in the 1907 college football season. Marshall posted a 3–2–1 record, outscoring its opposition 38–35. Home games were played on a campus field called "Central Field" which is presently Campus Commons.

1907 college football season
The 1907 college football season saw the increased use of the forward pass, which had been legalized the year before.  Football remained a dangerous game, despite the "debrutalization" reforms, and an unprecedented eleven players were killed (9 high school and 2 college), while 98 others were seriously injured. However, there were no serious injuries reported among the major colleges.  The Yale Bulldogs, unbeaten with a record of 9–0–1, had the best record.  The Helms Athletic Foundation, founded in 1936, declared retroactively that Yale had been the best college football team of 1907. Yale and Penn both claim 1907 as a national championship season.  Although Yale was named as champion by 6 different entities, Penn was not named champion by any.  Penn's claim to the championship is only by the university itself.