hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hermann Christ
Konrad Hermann Heinrich Christ (12 December 1833, in Basel – 23 November 1933, in Riehen) was a Swiss botanist who specialized in pteridology (ferns). The standard author abbreviation Christ is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.

He studied law at the universities of Basel and Berlin, receiving his doctorate at Basel in 1856. From 1869 to 1908 he worked as a lawyer and notary in Basel. In his spare time and during retirement he engaged in botanical pursuits, publishing over 300 works on topics such as plant geography, systematics and history of botany.

The fern genus Christella is named in his honour.

Phytogeography
Phytogeography (from Greek  φυτόν, phytón 'plant' and  γεωγραφία, geographía 'geography' meaning also distribution) or botanical geography is the branch of biogeography that is concerned with the geographic distribution of plant species and their influence on the earth's surface. Phytogeography is concerned with all aspects of plant distribution, from the controls on the distribution of individual species ranges (at both large and small scales, see species distribution) to the factors that govern the composition of entire communities and floras. Geobotany, by contrast, focuses on the geographic space's influence on plants.
Vayrann
Vayrann (foaled 7 April 1978) was an Irish-bred, French-trained Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. As a three-year-old in 1981 he won four of his six races including the Prix Jean de Chaudenay, Prix du Prince d'Orange and Champion Stakes. His victory in the latter race was only confirmed at the end of a protracted and controversial process after he failed a post-race drug test. He was injured on his second appearance in 1982 and was retired to stud, where he had moderate success as a sire of winners.

Prix Jean de Chaudenay
The Prix Jean de Chaudenay was a Group 2 flat horse race in France open to thoroughbreds aged four years or older. It was run at Saint-Cloud over a distance of 2,400 metres (about 1½ miles), and it was scheduled to take place each year in May or June.
Ben Jones (halfback)
Benjamin Franklin Hanser Jones (March 18, 1899 – May 17, 1929) was a professional football player during the early years of the National Football League (NFL). Jones won an NFL championship with the Canton Bulldogs in 1923, one with the Cleveland Bulldogs in 1924, and another with the Frankford Yellow Jackets in 1926. He finished his career with the Chicago Cardinals in 1928. Jones died on May 17, 1929, at the age of 30. The cause of death was due to gas inhalation after he was exposed to an explosion at a clinic, located in Cleveland, Ohio, on May 15, 1929.

According to a front-page article in the Simpson Times Leader in Ford City, Pennsylvania, on May 22, 1929, Jim Thorpe, the former All-American football player, attended his funeral. Jones is buried at Woodland Cemetery, located in Grove City, Pennsylvania.

Grove City, Pennsylvania
Grove City is a borough in southeastern Mercer County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is approximately 60 miles (97 km) north of Pittsburgh and 75 miles (121 km) south of Erie. The population was 7,894 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Hermitage micropolitan area.

Historically an industrial center, Grove City has manufactured locomotive engines, carriages, gas engines, foundry products, and motor trucks. It is the home of Grove City College, a private liberal arts college, as well as George Junior Republic. The nearby Grove City Premium Outlets take their name from Grove City.
Aenetus of Amyclae
Ainētos (Ancient Greek: Αἴνητος) was an ancient Greek Olympic champion hailing from the city of Amyklai in Laconia. He lived during an unknown pre-Christian era. According to Pausanias, Ainētos emerged victorious in the pentathlon competition, but while he was being crowned as the winner, he fell dead. His statue existed in his hometown of Amyklai, where Pausanias saw it.

Laconia
Laconia or Lakonia (Greek: Λακωνία, Lakonía, [lakoˈni.a]) is a historical and administrative region of Greece located on the southeastern part of the Peloponnese peninsula. Since 2011, it has been administered as a regional unit, with Sparta as its capital. The word laconic—to speak in a blunt, concise way—is probably derived from the name of this region, a reference to the ancient Spartans who were renowned for their verbal austerity and blunt, often pithy remarks.
Straszów, Łódź Voivodeship
Straszów [ˈstraʂuf] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rozprza, within Piotrków County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 3 km (2 mi) east of Rozprza, 14 km (9 mi) south of Piotrków Trybunalski, and 57 km (35 mi) south of the regional capital Łódź.

The population of the village is 305. In 1975-1998 the village was located in the Kielce Province. Straszów is located in the Konecko-Łopuszniański Area of Protected Landscape.

Piotrków Trybunalski
Piotrków Trybunalski ([ˈpʲɔtrkuf trɨbuˈnalskʲi] ⓘ; also known by alternative names), often simplified to Piotrków, is a city in central Poland with 71,252 inhabitants (2021). It is the capital of Piotrków County and the second-largest city in the Łódź Voivodeship.

Founded in the late Middle Ages, Piotrków was once a royal city and holds an important place in Polish history; the first parliament sitting was held here in the 15th century. It then became the seat of a Crown Tribunal, the highest court of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The city also hosted one of Poland's oldest Jewish communities, which was entirely destroyed by the Holocaust. The old town in Piotrków features many historical and architectural monuments, including tenements, churches, synagogues and the medieval Royal Castle.
Aline and Valcour
Aline et Valcour; ou, Le Roman philosophique is an epistolary novel by the Marquis de Sade. It contrasts a brutal African kingdom, Butua, with a South Pacific island paradise known as Tamoé and led by the philosopher-king Zamé.

Sade wrote the book while incarcerated in the Bastille in the 1780s. Published in 1795, it was the first of Sade's books published under his true name.

Philosopher king
The philosopher king is a hypothetical ruler in whom political skill is combined with philosophical knowledge. The concept of a city-state ruled by philosophers is first explored in Plato's Republic, written around 375 BC. Plato argued that the ideal state – one which ensured the maximum possible happiness for all its citizens – could only be brought into being by a ruler possessed of absolute knowledge, obtained through philosophical study. From the Middle Ages onwards, Islamic and Jewish authors expanded on the theory, adapting it to suit their own conceptions of the perfect ruler.

Several historical figures, including Marcus Aurelius and Ashoka the Great, have been described by ancient and modern writers as embodying the philosopher king ideal.
Governo
Governo is a winemaking technique reportedly invented in Tuscany in the 14th century to help complete fermentation and stabilize the wine. The technique involves saving a batch of harvested grapes and allowing them to partially dry. If fermentation of the main batch starts to slow or appears to be nearing stuck fermentation, the half dried grapes are added to the must which then gives the yeast cells a new source of sugar to enliven the batch. From there, the must can be fermented dry or stopped with the wine having a higher level of residual sugar. The process was widely used in the Chianti zones until the advent of temperature controlled fermentation tanks. From Tuscany the technique spread to Marche and Umbria where it is sometimes used today. In the Marche the technique is most often used on wines made from the Verdicchio grape to counteract the grape's natural bitterness and to add some sweetness and frizzante qualities.

Harvest (wine)
The harvesting of wine grapes (vintage) is one of the most crucial steps in the process of wine-making. The time of harvest is determined primarily by the ripeness of the grape as measured by sugar, acid and tannin levels with winemakers basing their decision to pick based on the style of wine they wish to produce. The weather can also shape the timetable of harvesting with the threat of heat, rain, hail, and frost which can damage the grapes and bring about various vine diseases. In addition to determining the time of the harvest, winemakers and vineyard owners must also determine whether to use hand pickers or mechanical harvesters. The harvest season typically falls between August & October in the Northern Hemisphere and February & April in the Southern Hemisphere. With various climate conditions, grape varieties, and wine styles the harvesting of grapes could happen in every month of the calendar year somewhere in the world. In the New World it is often referred to as the crush.
Phil Leonetti
Philip Michael Leonetti (born March 27, 1953) is an American former mobster who became the underboss of the Philadelphia crime family under his mentor, uncle and former boss, Nicodemo "Little Nicky" Scarfo, before becoming a government informant in 1989 after being sentenced to 45 years for racketeering. At that time, he was the highest-ranking member of the American Mafia to break his blood oath and turn informant. As part of his cooperation, he served just five years in prison, and later authored a book about the mob.

Gangster
A gangster (informally gangsta) is a criminal who is a member of a gang. Most gangs are considered to be part of organized crime. Gangsters are also called mobsters, a term derived from mob and the suffix -ster. Gangs provide a level of organization and resources that support much larger and more complex criminal transactions than an individual criminal could achieve. Gangsters have been active for many years in countries around the world. Gangsters are the subject of many novels, films, television series, and video games.
Stereo Concert
Stereo Concert is the Kingston Trio's second live album, released in 1959 (see 1959 in music). It was never released in monaural—unusual for a record release in 1959.

The original release was issued with the same cover as the group's debut album The Kingston Trio. It was recorded live on December 15, 1958, Liberty Hall, El Paso, TX. Additional material on the expanded CD reissue actually was recorded at the hungry i in San Francisco. The liner notes do not acknowledge this.

The album was recorded by a private party and later purchased by Capitol for release.

Frank Miller (singer)
Frank Miller (July 29, 1918 – December 15, 2015) was an American singer and songwriter. He was born in Brooklyn, New York. He is best known for being part of a band called "The Easy Riders", with Richard Dehr and Miller: they accompanied Terry Gilkyson on the best-selling recording of their hit song "Marianne" as a single in 1956. Subsequently, Miller, Jerry Yester, and Doug Myres formed another "Easy Riders" group. His wife Juanita died in 2005 at the age of 81. Miller died in Durham, North Carolina in December 2015 at the age of 97.
4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate aldolase
The enzyme 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate aldolase (EC 4.1.3.16) catalyzes the chemical reaction

4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate  pyruvate + glyoxylate

This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the oxo-acid-lyases, which cleave carbon-carbon bonds.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate glyoxylate-lyase (pyruvate-forming). Other names in common use include 2-oxo-4-hydroxyglutarate aldolase, hydroxyketoglutaric aldolase, 4-hydroxy-2-ketoglutaric aldolase, 2-keto-4-hydroxyglutaric aldolase, 4-hydroxy-2-ketoglutarate aldolase, 2-keto-4-hydroxyglutarate aldolase, 2-oxo-4-hydroxyglutaric aldolase, DL-4-hydroxy-2-ketoglutarate aldolase, hydroxyketoglutarate aldolase, 2-keto-4-hydroxybutyrate aldolase, and 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate glyoxylate-lyase.  This enzyme participates in arginine and proline metabolism and glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism.

Lyase
In biochemistry, a lyase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breaking (an elimination reaction) of various chemical bonds by means other than hydrolysis (a substitution reaction) and oxidation, often forming a new double bond or a new ring structure. The reverse reaction is also possible (called a Michael reaction). For example, an enzyme that catalyzed this reaction would be a lyase:

ATP → cAMP + PPi

Lyases differ from other enzymes in that they require only one substrate for the reaction in one direction, but two substrates for the reverse reaction.
Bourtie Parish Church
Bourtie Parish Church is a church in Bourtie, near Oldmeldrum in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Now a Category A listed building, it was built in 1806, to a design by William and Andrew Clerk, and is a near-square form.

Its ogee-canopied pulpit is original, with precentor's box and other fittings. The church's bell was made in 1760 by John Mowat.

Oldmeldrum
Oldmeldrum (commonly known as Meldrum) is a village and parish in the Formartine area of Aberdeenshire, not far from Inverurie in North East Scotland. Oldmeldrum is home to one of the oldest whisky distilleries in Scotland, Glen Garioch, which was built in 1797. Local industries are agriculture and engineering services connected to the oil industry in Aberdeen.
Monterey, Missouri
Monterey is an unincorporated community in northern Reynolds County, in the U.S. state of Missouri.

The community is on Missouri Route MM just east of Johnson's Shut-Ins State Park. Shut-in Creek flows past the community.

Missouri supplemental route
A supplemental route is a state secondary road in the U.S. state of Missouri, designated with letters. Supplemental routes were various roads within the state which the Missouri Department of Transportation was given in 1952 to maintain in addition to the regular routes, though lettered routes had been in use from at least 1932. The four types of roads designated as Routes are:

Farm to market roads

Roads to state parks

Former alignments of U.S. or state highways

Short routes connecting state highways from other states to routes in Missouri

Supplemental routes make up 19,064 miles (30,681 km) (59%) of the state highway system.
Jefferson Griffin
Jefferson Griffin is a judge of the North Carolina Court of Appeals.

Griffin grew up in Red Oak, North Carolina and graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the North Carolina Central University School of Law. He was appointed by North Carolina Governor Pat McCrory to be a District Court Judge in Wake County in 2015. Judge Griffin was elected to a four-year term in the 2016 general election to retain his seat. He served there until his election to the North Carolina Court of Appeals in 2020.

Wake County, North Carolina
Wake County, officially the County of Wake, is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2020 census, its population was 1,129,410, making it North Carolina's most populous county. From July 2005 to July 2006, Wake County was the 9th-fastest growing county in the United States, with Cary and Raleigh being the 8th- and 15th-fastest growing communities, respectively.

Its county seat is Raleigh, which is also the state capital. Eleven other municipalities are in Wake County, the largest of which is the town of Cary, the third-most populous city of the Research Triangle region and the seventh-most populous municipality in North Carolina.

It is governed by the Wake County Board of Commissioners, coterminous with the Wake County Public School System, with law enforcement provided by the Wake County Sheriff's Department. It is also part of the wider Triangle J Council of Governments, which governs regional planning.
Teteven Municipality
Teteven Municipality (Bulgarian: Община Тетевен) is a municipality (obshtina) in Lovech Province, Central-North Bulgaria, located from the northern slopes  of the central Stara planina mountain to the area of the Fore-Balkan. It is named after its administrative centre - the town of Teteven.

The municipality embraces a territory of 697 km2 (269 sq mi) with a population of 22,016 inhabitants, as of December 2009.

The main road E772 crosses the area through the northernmost parts of the municipality.

Opština
Opština, općina, občina, obshtina or obshchina (Cyrillic: општина, опћина or община), is a local government unit in Slavic-speaking countries, most commonly translated as municipality in English. It is used by the following countries:
Sub-Rosa Subway
"Sub-Rosa Subway" is a song written by the Canadian rock band Klaatu, from their album 3:47 EST, describing the efforts of Alfred Ely Beach to create the Beach Pneumatic Transit, the New York City Subway's precursor. His work is described as secretive (hence sub rosa). The song peaked at No. 62 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1977.

Two minutes and fifty seconds into the song, a long message in Morse code plays in the background. John Woloschuk, in an article in the fan magazine The Morning Sun, finally provided a translation of the code:

"From Alfred, heed thy sharpened ear — A message we do bring — Starship appears upon our sphere — Through London's sky come spring."

The harpsichord sound on the song was created by recording a tack piano with the tape recorder running at half-normal speed.

Tack piano
A tack piano (also known as a harpsipiano, jangle piano, and junk piano) is an altered version of an ordinary piano, in which objects such as thumbtacks or nails are placed on the felt-padded hammers of the instrument at the point where the hammers hit the strings, giving the instrument a tinny, more percussive sound. It is used to evoke the feeling of a honky-tonk piano.

Tack pianos are commonly associated with ragtime pieces, often appearing in Hollywood Western saloon scenes featuring old upright pianos. The instrument was originally used for classical music performances as a substitute for a harpsichord.
Reba Place Fellowship
Reba Place Fellowship is a Christian intentional community in Evanston, Illinois, within the Chicago metro area. Founded in 1957, Reba Place Fellowship is the oldest urban Christian commune in the United States. Families and singles share life together in houses and apartments owned by Reba Place in two different Chicago neighborhoods, one in Evanston and the other in Rogers Park. The community shares a common purse, where paychecks are pooled, and members are given monthly allowances. After distributing personal and family living expenses, Reba uses the remainder "to further God's Kingdom," by meeting needs within the group, or furthering ministries outside of the community.

Common purse
A common purse is any fund of money shared by a group for shared group purposes. The term is most frequently used by communes and Christian intentional communities who have adopted this practice based on Acts 2.
Miss Brazil CNB 2026
Miss Brazil CNB 2026 was the 35th edition of a competition specifically for the election of the most beautiful Brazilian woman seeking the title of Miss World, as well as Brazil's 64th year in the pageant. This year's pageant culminated on January 31th with 25 candidates vying for the title at the CAESB Theater in Águas Claras, in the Federal District of Brazil. The event is led by dermatologist Juliano Crema, along with businessmen and producers Mayck Carvalho and Miro Sampaio. Jéssica Pedrosa, Miss World Americas 2025, crown her successor at the end of the event, she was Gabriela Botelho, the contestant from Sergipe.

Miss World
Miss World is the oldest existing international beauty pageant. It was created in the United Kingdom by Eric Morley in 1951. Since his death in 2000, Morley's widow, Julia Morley, has chaired the pageant. Along with Miss Universe, Miss International, and Miss Earth, it is one of the Big Four beauty pageants.

The current Miss World is Suchata Chuangsri of Thailand who was crowned on 31 May 2025 in Hyderabad, India.
25th Daytime Emmy Awards
The 25th Daytime Emmy Awards were held in 1998 to commemorate excellence in daytime programming from the previous year (1997).

Winners in each category are in bold. Just like the previous year, the 25th Daytime Emmy Awards were held at Radio City Music Hall in New York City.

Nick News
Nick News (formerly titled Nick News W/5 and later Nick News with Linda Ellerbee) is an American educational television news magazine aimed at children and teenagers. It originally aired on Nickelodeon from 1992 to 2015. It also aired on Nickelodeon's sister network Noggin from 1999 to 2002. Nick News took the form of a news program discussing social, political and economic issues in a format intended to be accessible to both children and adults. In June 2020, the show was revived, and in 2024 TikTok and Instagram accounts under the Nick News banner were created.

The show is known for allowing normal American teenagers to speak out on their own personal opinions on a number of past and current worldwide issues and topics, including events such as Black History Month.
Racer (simulator)
Racer, fully named Racer Free Car Simulator, is a freeware and source available video game simulator that runs on Microsoft Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X.

Although Racer started out as a driving simulator, it also has features that are usually seen in racing games, such as racing against AI cars, or against human opponents in multiplayer mode. Its weak points, when compared with commercial racing games, is the absence of wear/damage physics or a career mode.

Simulation video game
Simulation video games are a diverse super-category of video games, generally designed to closely simulate real world activities. A simulation game attempts to copy various activities from real life in the form of a game for various purposes such as training, analysis, prediction, or entertainment. Usually there are no strictly defined goals in the game, and the player is allowed to control a character or environment freely. Well-known examples are war games, business games, and role play simulation. From three basic types of strategic, planning, and learning exercises: games, simulations, and case studies, a number of hybrids may be considered, including simulation games that are used as case studies. Comparisons of the merits of simulation games versus other teaching techniques have been carried out by many researchers and a number of comprehensive reviews have been published.
Tieste Wilmant
Tieste Wilmant (1859-1937) was an Italian operatic baritone. He made his professional opera debut in 1878 in Chiari. In 1896 he originated the role of Marcello in the original production of Giacomo Puccini's La bohème at the Teatro Regio Torino. He made his debut at La Scala in the 1893–1894 season where he appeared in productions of Alfredo Catalani's Loreley and in Puccini's Manon Lescaut. He appeared in performances at La Scala several more times over the next decade including portraying the role of Alberich in the Italy's first performance of Richard Wagner's Siegfried and the role of Iago in Verdi's Otello. Wilmant made four records on the Zonophone record label in 1904.

Siegfried (opera)
Siegfried (German: [ˈziːk.fʀiːt] ⓘ), WWV 86C, is the third of the four epic music dramas that constitute Richard Wagner's cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen (English: The Ring of the Nibelung). It premiered at the Bayreuth Festspielhaus on 16 August 1876, as part of the first complete performance of The Ring cycle.

The autograph manuscript of the work is preserved in the Richard Wagner Foundation.