hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Providence Care
Providence Care is a teaching hospital affiliated with Queen's University located in Kingston, Ontario that was built in 1861. Providence Care is a not-for-profit organization governed by a volunteer Board of Directors and sponsored by the Catholic Health Corporation of Ontario. The Worship Centre overlooks Lake Ontario and was designed with input from faith leaders from the Kingston, Ontario community. Providence Care has 585 patient beds. Providence Care is a partner within Kingston's University hospitals in the Southeast LHIN, delivering health care, conducting research and training health care professionals.

Teaching hospital
A teaching hospital or university hospital is a hospital or medical center that provides medical education and training to future and current health professionals. Teaching hospitals are almost always affiliated with one or more universities and are often co-located with medical schools.

Teaching hospitals use a residency program to educate qualified physicians, podiatrists, dentists, and pharmacists who are receiving training after attaining the degree of MD, DO, DPM, DDS, DMD, PharmD, BDS, BDent, MBBS, MBChB, or BMed. Those that attend a teaching hospital or clinic practice medicine under the direct or indirect supervision of a senior medical clinician registered in that specialty, such as an attending physician or consultant. The purpose of these residency programs is to create an environment where new doctors can learn to practice medicine in a safe setting which is supervised by physicians that provide both oversight and education.
Aminosalicylate
An aminosalicylate is a class of medications that is often used to treat ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. The class includes among others:

4-Aminosalicylic acid

Balsalazide

Olsalazine

Sulfasalazine

Mesalazine (5-Aminosalicylic acid)

Side effects may include abdominal pain, diarrhea, headaches, and nausea.

Balsalazide
Balsalazide is an anti-inflammatory drug used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. It is sold under the brand names Giazo, Colazal in the US and Colazide in the UK. It is also sold in generic form in the US by several generic manufacturers.

It is usually administered as the disodium salt. Balsalazide is a prodrug of mesalazine, also known as 5-aminosalicylic acid, or 5-ASA. The advantage of balsalazide over mesalazine in the treatment of ulcerative colitis is believed to be due to balsalazide not being metabolized in the small intestine; it can thus reach the large intestine intact, where it is then metabolized to mesalazine. It is in the category of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) family of medications. It is unclear exactly how it works.
Glenn Humphries
Glenn Humphries (born 11 August 1964) is an English former footballer who played as a defender in the Football League for Doncaster Rovers, Lincoln City, Bristol City, Scunthorpe United and Hull City, and in the Hong Kong First Division League for Golden. He was part of the Doncaster team promoted from the Fourth Division in the 1983–84 season.

Hong Kong First Division League
The Hong Kong First Division League (Chinese: 香港甲組聯賽) is the second-highest division in the Hong Kong football league system. Established in 1908, it is the third oldest in Asia, after Calcutta and Bombay. Moreover, it is the oldest top-flight league system in Asia. The league was formerly the highest division in Hong Kong until the formation of the Hong Kong Premier League in 2014.

Since 1908, a total of 29 clubs have been crowned champions of the Hong Kong football system. South China are the most successful club, having won 41 times since their first participation in 1941.
K. N. Palanisamy Gounder
K. N. Palanisamy Gounder was an Indian politician and former member of the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu. He was elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly as an Indian National Congress candidate from Tiruppur constituency in 1957, and 1962 elections.

He did a lot to improve the Tirupur city, with basic infrastructure and brought water to the water scant city. For all his good deeds is regarded as Father of Tirupur.

Tiruppur Assembly constituency
Tiruppur is the legislative Assembly constituency, that includes the city of Tiruppur. Tiruppur Assembly constituency was part of Coimbatore Lok Sabha constituency. It was a two-member constituency in the 1952 election.
Oeceoclades hebdingiana
Oeceoclades hebdingiana is a terrestrial orchid species in the genus Oeceoclades that is endemic to western Madagascar. It was first described by the French botanist André Guillaumin in 1964 as Lissochilus hebdingianus. It was then transferred to the genus Oeceoclades in 1976 by Leslie Andrew Garay and Peter Taylor. Garay and Taylor noted that this species is related to O. calcarata, but differs in the shape of the labellum. Oeceoclades calcarata also has a forward-projecting spur, while O. hebdingiana does not.

Leslie Andrew Garay
Leslie Andrew Garay (August 6, 1924 – August 19, 2016), born Garay László András, was an American botanist. He was the curator of the Oakes Ames Orchid Herbarium at Harvard University, where he succeeded Charles Schweinfurth in 1958.  In 1957 he was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship.
Otocinclus mangaba
Otocinclus mangaba is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is a tropical freshwater species endemic to Brazil, where it occurs in the Madeira River drainage. The species reaches 2.8 cm (1.1 inches) SL. The specific epithet of this fish derives from mangaba, the Portuguese name for the fruit of the plant Hancornia speciosa, which Humaitá, a municipality near where the species is found, is known for.

Madeira River
The Madeira River (Portuguese: Rio Madeira [maˈdejɾɐ]) is a major waterway in South America. It is estimated to be 1,450 km (900 mi) in length, while the Madeira-Mamoré is estimated near 3,250 km (2,020 mi) or 3,380 km (2,100 mi) in length depending on the measuring party and their methods. The Madeira is the biggest tributary of the Amazon, accounting for about 15% of the water in the basin. A map from Emanuel Bowen in 1747, held by the David Rumsey Map Collection, refers to the Madeira by the pre-colonial, indigenous name Cuyari.

The River of Cuyari, called by the Portuguese Madeira or the Wood River, is formed by two great rivers, which join near its mouth. It was by this River, that the Nation of Topinambes passed into the River Amazon.
Alexis Duarte
Alexis David Duarte Pereira (born 12 March 2000) is a Paraguayan professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Libertad, on loan from Campeonato Brasileiro Série A club Santos, and the Paraguay national team.

2020 APF División de Honor
The 2020 División Profesional season (officially the Copa de Primera TIGO-Visión Banco 2020 for sponsorship reasons) was the 86th season of the Paraguayan Primera División, the top-flight professional football league in Paraguay. The season began on 17 January and ended on 30 December. The fixtures for the season were announced on 16 December 2019. Olimpia were the defending champions after winning both tournaments of the 2019 season.

On 26 September, Cerro Porteño won the Torneo Apertura and clinched their thirty-third domestic championship with one match to spare following a 3–1 victory over River Plate, while the Torneo Clausura was won by Olimpia who clinched their forty-fifth domestic championship after defeating Guaraní on penalties in the final played on 30 December.

The tournament was suspended from 13 March to 21 July due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
European Enforcement Order
The European Enforcement Order (EEO) is a method of enforcing foreign judgments within the European Union without the need of any intermediate proceedings, such as exequatur. The procedure was established by Council Regulation (EC) 805/2004 of 21 April 2004 and came into force on 21 October 2005.

Enforcement of foreign judgments
In law, the enforcement of foreign judgments is the recognition and enforcement in one jurisdiction of judgments rendered in another ("foreign") jurisdiction. Foreign judgments may be recognized based on bilateral or multilateral treaties or understandings, or unilaterally without an express international agreement.
Lawrence O. Lawson
Lawrence Oscar Lawson (September 11, 1842	– October 29, 1912) was a station keeper in the United States Life-Saving Service. He was given command of the Evanston, Illinois, Life-Saving Station Number 12, District 11 of the United States Life-Saving Service off the coast of Lake Michigan in 1880. As station keeper, Lawson was responsible for selecting and training Northwestern University students to serve as his surfboat crew.

On November 28, 1889, he led the crew of his surfboat on a heroic rescue of all 18 crewmen of the freighter Calumet. On October 17, 1890, Lawson and his six crewmen were awarded the Gold Lifesaving Medal.

Lifesaving Medal
The Gold Lifesaving Medal and Silver Lifesaving Medal are U.S. decorations issued by the United States Coast Guard. The awards were established by Act of Congress, 20 June 1874; later authorized by 14 U.S.C. § 500. These decorations are two of the oldest medals in the United States and were originally established at the Department of Treasury as Lifesaving Medals First and Second Class. The Department of the Treasury initially gave the award, but today the United States Coast Guard awards it through the Department of Homeland Security. They are not classified as military decorations, and may be awarded to any person.
Colin Nicholson (cricketer)
Colin Ross Nicholson (9 September 1939 – 4 February 2020) was a New Zealand cricketer. He played one first-class cricket match for Canterbury during the 1959–60 season and one for Otago in the 1963–64 season.

Ross Nicholson was born at Oamaru in North Otago in 1939 and educated at Southland Boys' High School in Invercargill. After playing age-group cricket for Otago and other matches for Southland and a New zealand Brabin XI, he made his first-class debut for Canterbury against Wellington at the Basin Reserve in January 1960. An opening bowler, Nicholson took one wicket on debut. His other first-class match was also against Wellington at the Basin Reserve. Playing for Otago in December 1963 Nicholson went wicketless as Otago lost by an innings.

Nicholson died at Waipu in 2020 aged 80. His older brother Kenneth also played cricket for Otago.

North Otago
North Otago is an area in New Zealand that covers the area of the Otago region between Shag Point and the Waitaki River, and extends inland to the west as far as the village of Omarama (which has experienced rapid growth as a developing centre for astronomy and for gliding).
Battle of Ushant (1778)
The Battle of Ushant (also called the First Battle of Ushant) took place on 27 July 1778, and was fought during the American Revolutionary War between French and British fleets 100 miles (160 km) west of Ushant, an island at the mouth of the English Channel off the westernmost point of France. "Ushant" is the anglicised pronunciation of "Ouessant".

The French commander was under orders to avoid battle if possible, in order to maintain a fleet in being. The commanders of the two squadrons of the British fleet were already personally and politically at odds with each other, and failed to make a concerted attack on the French.

The battle, which was the first major naval engagement in the Anglo-French War of 1778, ended indecisively with no ships lost on either side and led to recriminations and political conflicts in both countries.

France in the early modern period
During the early modern period, from the Renaissance (c. 1500–1550) to the Revolution (1789–1804), the Kingdom of France was a monarchy ruled by the House of Bourbon (a Capetian cadet branch). This corresponds to the so-called Ancien Régime ("old rule"). The territory of France during this period increased until it included essentially the extent of the modern country, and it also included the territories of the first French colonial empire overseas.

The period is dominated by the figure of the "Sun King", Louis XIV (his reign of 1643–1715 being one of the longest in history), who managed to eliminate the remnants of medieval feudalism and established a centralized state under an absolute monarch, a system that would endure until the French Revolution and beyond.
2016–17 Copa del Rey
The 2016–17 Copa del Rey was the 115th staging of the Copa del Rey (including two seasons where two rival editions were played).

Barcelona were the two-time defending champions, and successfully defended their title following a 3–1 win over Alavés in the final.

As winners, Barcelona would have been assured a place for the 2017–18 UEFA Europa League group stage; however, since they already qualified for the Champions League by finishing 2nd in La Liga, the berth was instead passed down the league. Times up to 29 October 2016 and from 26 March 2017 are CEST (UTC+2). Times from 30 October 2016 to 25 March 2017 are CET (UTC+1).

La Ciudad del Fútbol
La Ciudad del Fútbol de la Real Federación Española de Fútbol (English: The Football City of the Royal Spanish Football Federation) is a football training facility opened in 2003, serving as the headquarters of the Royal Spanish Football Federation as well as the official training centre of the Spanish football team. It is located in the municipality of Las Rozas de Madrid around 20 km northwest of the capital Madrid, within the Community of Madrid.
Marani, Georgia
Marani (Georgian: მარანი) is a village in Abasha Municipality of Georgia. It is situated on the right bank of Tskhenis-Tsqali river, which serves as a border between Abasha and Samtredia Municipalities. Population: 1153 (2014 census).

Tskhenistsqali
The Tskhenistsqali (Georgian: ცხენისწყალი, Cxenisċqali [t̪͡s̪ʰχe̞n̪is̪t͡s'χ'äli], also: Tskhenistskali) is a river in northern Georgia. Its source is in the main range of the Caucasus Mountains, in the easternmost part of the Lentekhi Municipality, lower Svaneti. A tributary of the river Rioni, it is 176 km (109 mi) long, and has a drainage basin of 2,120 km2 (820 sq mi). It flows through the small towns Lentekhi and Tsageri and joins the Rioni near the town of Samtredia.
The main tributaries of Tskhenistskali are: Zsekho, Kheleldula, Janolula ( from the right ), Kobishuri, Leuseri, Khopuri (from the left).

From etymological standpoint the name is derived from the Georgian words ცხენი (Cxeni, "horse") and წყალი (Tsqali,   "water"), thereby meaning "horse water" and is therefore identified with the ancient Hippus river mentioned by Arrian (Periplus, 13).
Dionisio Point Provincial Park
Dionisio Point Provincial Park is a marine-accessed provincial park campground in the southern Gulf Islands of British Columbia, Canada. It is located at the northwestern tip of Galiano Island, across Porlier Pass from Valdes Island.

The park name originates from the arrival of Captain Dionisio Alcalá Galiano on ship Sutil to the Gulf Islands in 1792.

Shell middens and berms in the park indicate human use for at least 3,000 years prior to present day. The park also contains fenced archaeological sites of the Penelakut First Nation.

Dionisio Alcalá Galiano
Dionisio Alcalá Galiano (8 October 1760 – 21 October 1805) was a Spanish Navy officer, cartographer, and explorer. He mapped various coastlines in Europe and the Americas with unprecedented accuracy using new technology such as chronometers. He commanded an expedition that explored and mapped the Strait of Juan de Fuca and the Strait of Georgia, and made the first European circumnavigation of Vancouver Island. He reached the rank of brigadier and died during the Battle of Trafalgar.

He sometimes signed his full surname, Alcalá-Galiano, but often used just Galiano. The published journal of his 1792 voyage uses just the name Galiano, and this has become the name by which he is most known.
Algebraic function field
In mathematics, an algebraic function field (often abbreviated as function field) of  variables over a field  is a finitely generated field extension  which has transcendence degree  over . Equivalently, an algebraic function field of  variables over  may be defined as a finite field extension of the field  of rational functions in  variables over .

Rational function
In mathematics, a rational function is any function that can be defined by a rational fraction, which is an algebraic fraction such that both the numerator and the denominator are polynomials. The coefficients of the polynomials need not be rational numbers; they may be taken in any field K. In this case, one speaks of a rational function and a rational fraction over K. The values of the variables may be taken in any field L containing K. Then the domain of the function is the set of the values of the variables for which the denominator is not zero, and the codomain is L.

The set of rational functions over a field K is a field, the field of fractions of the ring of the polynomial functions over K.
Catalpa Creek
Catalpa Creek is a stream in the U.S. state of Mississippi.

Catalpa Creek is a name derived from the Choctaw language purported to mean "dammed up or obstructed creek". Variant names are "Red Bull Creek" and "Tullapa Creek".

Choctaw language
The Choctaw language (Choctaw: Chahta), spoken by the Choctaw, an Indigenous people of the Southeastern Woodlands, US, is a member of the Muskogean language family. Chickasaw is a separate but closely related language to Choctaw.

The Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma published the New Choctaw dictionary in 2016.
Cerro Bonete
Cerro Bonete is a mountain in the north of the province of La Rioja, Argentina, near the provincial border with Catamarca.

Its summit is 6,759 m above mean sea level, making it the fifth-highest separate mountain in the Americas (after Aconcagua, Ojos del Salado, Monte Pissis, and Huascaran). SRTM data disproves the frequently-made claim that its summit is 6,872 m above sea level.

Within the last 3.5 million years, volcanic activity at Cerro Bonete has formed lava domes of dacite and rhyodacite.

La Rioja Province, Argentina
La Rioja (Spanish pronunciation: [la ˈrjoxa]), officially Province of La Rioja is a province of Argentina located in the west of the country. The landscape of the province consists of a series of arid to semi-arid mountain ranges and agricultural valleys in between. It is in one of these valleys that the capital of the province, the city of La Rioja, lies. Neighboring provinces are, from the north clockwise, Catamarca, Córdoba, San Luis and San Juan. The Triassic sauropodomorph dinosaur Riojasaurus is named after the province.
Museum of Fine Arts railway station (Taiwan)
Museum of Fine Arts railway station (Chinese: 美術館車站; pinyin: Měishùguǎn Chēzhàn) is a railway and light rail station located in Gushan District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. It is served by Taiwan Railway and the Circular light rail of the Kaohsiung Metro.

Kaohsiung Metro
Kaohsiung Metro (Chinese: 高雄大眾捷運系統, 高雄捷運) is a rapid transit and light rail system covering the metropolitan area of Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Its rapid transit network is known as Kaohsiung Mass Rapid Transit System or Kaohsiung Rapid Transit (KRT). Construction of the MRT started in October 2001. The MRT opened in 2008 and the Circular light rail in 2015. Kaohsiung Metro is operated by the Kaohsiung Rapid Transit Corporation (KRTC; Chinese: 高雄捷運公司) under a BOT contract the company signed with the Kaohsiung City Government.

The system uses romanizations derived from Tongyong Pinyin.
Nõmmik
Nõmmik is an Estonian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Salme Nõmmik (1910–1988), Estonian economic geographer and professor

Sulev Nõmmik (1931–1992), Estonian actor and comedian

Raivo Nõmmik (born 1977), Estonian footballer

Estonian name
In Estonia, a person must have a surname and one or more given names. One or two given names are common, whereas the legally permitted maximum number (three) given names is nowadays very rarely used. Surname is inherited from one of the parents, and given names must be chosen by the parents at birth. The calling name, by which the person is normally identified in conversation, is one of the given names, typically the first. For example, the former president Lennart Georg Meri was usually called Lennart, and became widely known as Lennart Meri.

There is no patronymic part and multiple given names are used rarely. During the Soviet occupation,  the official names of Estonians followed the East Slavic naming customs of "given name"/"patronymic"/"family name",  but this custom was abandoned in the post-Soviet Estonia.
Ishigaki, Okinawa
Ishigaki (Japanese: 石垣市, Hepburn: Ishigaki-shi; Yaeyama: Isïgaksï, Ishanagzï) is a city in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. It includes Ishigaki island and the Senkaku Islands territory. The city is the political, cultural, and economic center of the Yaeyama Islands. New Ishigaki Airport serves the city. As of December 2012, the city has an estimated population of 48,816 and a population density of 213 persons per km2. The total area is 229.00 km2.

It is also the seat of the Senkaku Islands administration, those islands being part of the territory of the city.

Kabira Bay
Kabira Bay (川平湾; Okinawan: Kabira wan) is located on the north coast of Ishigaki Island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. Renowned for its white sands, turquoise waters and dense vegetation, the bay forms part of the Iriomote-Ishigaki National Park. Alongside Mount Omoto, it has been designated a Place of Scenic Beauty. Black pearls are cultured in the bay.

Kabira Village is located near the bay. Its traditional culture was studied by American anthropologists in 1950–1952.

Tour boats in Kabira Bay in 2023

Looking towards Kabira Heart Island, 2011

Video of Kabira Bay in 2019
German submarine U-256
German submarine U-256 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II, she also served for a short time as an anti-aircraft submarine under the designation U-flak 2. During her career, U-256 completed five wartime patrols and sank one warship of 1,300 tons.

The submarine was laid down on 15 February 1941 at the Bremer Vulkan yard at Bremen-Vegesack as yard number 21. She was launched on 28 October and commissioned on 18 December under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Odo Loewe.

U-256 was assigned to the 8th U-Boat Flotilla for training, then transferred to the 9th U-boat Flotilla for operational service.

8th U-boat Flotilla
The 8th U-boat Flotilla (German 8. Unterseebootsflottille) was formed in June 1941 in Königsberg under the command of Kapitänleutnant Georg-Wilhelm Schulz, who also at this time commanded the 6th U-boat Flotilla in Danzig. It was primarily a training flotilla but in the last months of the war some flotilla boats were in combat against the Soviet Navy in the Baltic Sea. The flotilla was disbanded in January 1945.
Battle of Tzirallum
The Battle of Tzirallum was part of the civil wars of the Tetrarchy fought on 30 April 313 between the Roman armies of emperors Licinius and Maximinus. The battle location was on the "Campus Serenus" at Tzirallum, identified as the modern-day town of Çorlu, in Tekirdağ Province, in the Turkish region of Eastern Thrace. Sources put the battle between 18 and 36 Roman miles from Heraclea Perinthus, the modern-day town of Marmara Ereğlisi.

Tekirdağ Province
Tekirdağ Province (Turkish: Tekirdağ ili, pronounced [teˈciɾdaː]) is a province and metropolitan municipality of Turkey. Its area is 6,190 km2, and its population is 1,142,451 (2022). It is located in the East Thrace region of the country, also known as European Turkey, one of only three provinces entirely within continental Europe. Tekirdağ Province is bordered by Istanbul Province to the east, Kırklareli Province to the north, Edirne Province to the west, and the Gallipoli peninsula of Çanakkale Province to the south. Tekirdağ is the capital of the province, and the third largest city in European Turkey after Istanbul and Çorlu.