hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
1902 Balmain South state by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Balmain South on 6 December 1902 because of the resignation of Sydney Law from Labour and the parliament. Following the 1901 election, the Progressive Party had formed a government with the support of Labour. In 1902 a man named Moss Friedman had been found guilty by a jury, however the judge disagreed with the guilty verdict. The Attorney General, Bernhard Wise, remitted Friedman's sentence and Joseph Carruthers, the Leader of the Opposition, moved a motion in the Legislative Assembly to censure Wise. Law voted in support of the motion despite a Labour decision to oppose it. Law chose to resign and recontest the seat as an Independent Labour candidate.

Leader of the Opposition (New South Wales)
The leader of the opposition is a title held by the leader of the second-largest party in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, the lower house of the Parliament of New South Wales. There is also a leader of the opposition in the Legislative Council. The leader acts as the public face of the opposition, leading the opposition on the floor of parliament. They act as a chief critic of the government and ultimately attempt to portray the opposition as a feasible alternate government. They are also given certain additional rights under parliamentary standing orders, such as extended time limits for speeches.
Amietia wittei
Amietia wittei (common names: Molo frog, De Witte's river frog) is a species of frog in the family Pyxicephalidae. It is found in Kenya and Tanzania, including Mount Elgon in the Kenya/Uganda border region. Its type locality is in Molo, Kenya, located near the top of the Mau Escarpment. The specific name wittei honours Gaston-François de Witte, a Belgian naturalist.

Gaston-François de Witte
Gaston-François de Witte (12 June 1897, in Antwerp – 1 June 1980, in Brussels) was a Belgian herpetologist who discovered and described at least 24 different species of reptiles.
During his career, he was associated with the Royal Museum for Central Africa in Tervuren (from 1920) and the Museum of Natural Sciences in Brussels (from 1937). He is best known for his research of amphibians and reptiles found in the Belgian Congo, from where he collected thousands of specimens. While in central Africa, he also collected botanical specimens.
2024 Kozerki Open – Doubles
Théo Arribagé and Luca Sanchez were the defending champions but only Sanchez chose to defend his title, partnering Divij Sharan. They lost in the first round to Michael Geerts and Szymon Walków.

Charles Broom and David Stevenson won the title after defeating Daniel Cukierman and Johannes Ingildsen 6–3, 7–6(7–3) in the final.

Charles Broom
Charles Broom (born 24 April 1998) is a British tennis player. He has a career high singles ranking of world No. 235 achieved on 17 June 2024, and a career high doubles ranking of No. 129 achieved on 23 September 2024.
Cliff-former
A cliff-former is a geological unit of bedrock that is more resistant to erosion than overlying or underlying strata and consequently produces outcrops with high slope angles.  It is more or less equivalent to ridge-former, and may be contrasted with slope-former.  In humid environments, sandstones are typically cliff-formers.  In arid environments, limestones are often cliff-formers also.  Recent lavas may be cliff-formers as well.

In the Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians of the eastern United States the major ridge-formers are the Tuscarora, Pocono, and Pottsville Formations.

Stratum
In geology and related fields, a stratum (pl.: strata) is a layer of rock or sediment characterized by certain lithologic properties or attributes that distinguish it from adjacent layers from which it is separated by visible surfaces known as either bedding surfaces or bedding planes. Prior to the publication of the International Stratigraphic Guide, older publications have defined a stratum as being either equivalent to a single bed or composed of a number of beds; as a layer greater than 1 cm in thickness and constituting a part of a bed; or a general term that includes both bed and lamina. Related terms are substrate and substratum (pl.substrata), a stratum underlying another stratum.
Toomas Tõnise
Toomas Tõnise (born 24 October 1952 in Tallinn) is an Estonian modern pentathlete and sports professional.

In 1976 he graduated from Tallinn Pedagogical Institute.

In the 1970s he become several times Estonian champion in modern pentathlon. From 1971-1979 he was a member of the Estonian national team.

In 1990 he was the principal of Estonian Sport Gymnasium. From 1990-2000 he was the executive secretary of Estonian Sport Central Union (Estonian: Eesti Spordi Keskliit). Since 1991 he has been a member of Estonian Olympic Committee. From 2000-2012 he was executive secretary of Estonian Olympic Committee.

Awards:

2004: Order of the White Star, V class.

Tallinn University
Tallinn University (TLU; Estonian: Tallinna Ülikool, TLÜ) is a public research university in Estonia. Located in the centre of Tallinn, the capital city of Estonia, Tallinn University is one of the three largest institutions of higher education in the country. Both QS World University and Times Higher Education rankings place it among the top 1000 universities in the world.
Wheeler, California
Wheeler was a company town in Mendocino County, California. Located 8.5 miles (14 km) southwest of Piercy, at an elevation of 43 feet (13 m), it was built adjacent to Jackass Creek for logging operations in 1948 and survived until 1959.  Sinkyone Wilderness State Park acquired the Lost Coast property after 1975.  No structures remain at the location, now used as a campground.

Sinkyone Wilderness State Park
Sinkyone Wilderness State Park is a state park in Mendocino County, California.  The wilderness area borders the Pacific Ocean to the west and the King Range National Conservation Area to the north.  The nearest settlement is the unincorporated town of Leggett.  The lack of major road and highway access has led to the Sinkyone Wilderness area being referred to as the Lost Coast.
1958 Minnesota Attorney General election
The 1958 Minnesota Attorney General election was held on November 4, 1958, in order to elect the attorney general of Minnesota. Democratic–Farmer–Labor nominee and incumbent attorney general Miles Lord defeated Republican nominee Gaylord A. Saetre.

Minnesota Attorney General
The attorney general of Minnesota is a constitutional officer in the executive branch of the U.S. state of Minnesota. Thirty individuals have held the office of Attorney General since statehood. The incumbent is Keith Ellison, a Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party member.
Pollitzer
Pollitzer is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Adolf Pollitzer (1832–1900), a Hungarian Jewish violinist

Alois Pollitzer, original name of Louis Treumann (1872–1943), Austrian actor and operetta tenor

Anita Pollitzer, American photographer

Mabel Pollitzer (1885–1979), American educator and suffragist

Marcel Pollitzer, French writer

William S. Pollitzer, American anatomist

William S. Pollitzer
Dr. William Sprott Pollitzer (May 6, 1923 – March 12, 2002) was an American anatomist. He was a professor of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and past president of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists (from 1979 to 1981), and the Human Biology Council (1986–1988).

Pollitzer was born on May 6, 1923, in Charleston, South Carolina. He grew up in Greenville, South Carolina. He died on March 12, 2002, at UNC Hospital. He was survived by his wife, brother, two daughters, and six grandchildren.

Since 2013, Pollitzer has been listed on the Advisory Council of the National Center for Science Education.

The William S. Pollitzer Prize was created in honor of him.
Armaria
Armaria (singular armarium) are a kind of closed, labeled cupboards that were used for book storage from ancient history until the Middle Ages.

They were probably used in the library of Alexandria. They were also used for storage of important papal documents in the Vatican Archives.

Preservation (library and archive)
In conservation, library and archival science, preservation is a set of preventive conservation activities aimed at prolonging the life of a record, book, or object while making as few changes as possible. Preservation activities vary widely and may include monitoring the condition of items, maintaining the temperature and humidity in collection storage areas, writing a plan in case of emergencies, digitizing items, writing relevant metadata, and increasing accessibility. Preservation, in this definition, is practiced in a library or an archive by a conservator, librarian, archivist, or other professional when they perceive a collection or record is in need of maintenance.

Preservation should be distinguished from interventive conservation and restoration, which refers to the treatment and repair of individual items to slow the process of decay, or restore them to a usable state. "Preventive conservation" is used interchangeably with "preservation".
Strathewen
Strathewen is a town in Victoria, Australia, 45 km north-east of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the Shire of Nillumbik local government area. Strathewen recorded a population of 198 at the 2021 census.

Strathewen is located near the Kinglake National Park. It is an apple and pear producing area and is home to small local vineyards and wineries.

Strathewen was badly damaged in the Black Saturday bushfires.

Local government areas of Victoria
This is a list of local government areas (LGAs) in Victoria, sorted by region.

Also referred to as municipalities, the 79 Victorian LGAs are classified as cities (34), shires (38), rural cities (6) and boroughs (1). In general, an urban or suburban LGA is called a city and is governed by a city council, while a rural LGA covering a larger rural area is usually called a shire and is governed by a shire council. Local councils have the same administrative functions and similar political structures, regardless of their classification.

Local elections are held in Victoria every four years with the most recent elections held in 2024.
Alva Baptiste
Alva Romanus Baptiste is a Saint Lucian politician who represents the constituency of Laborie for the Saint Lucia Labour Party. Baptiste won the seat at the general election held on 11 December 2006. He also won convincingly in the 2011, 2016 and 2021 general elections. He is currently the Minister for External Affairs, International Trade, Civil Aviation and Diaspora Affairs.

Laborie
Laborie is a village on the south coast of Saint Lucia. It was originally called l'Islet a Caret after the Loggerhead sea turtles that were found in the area. The name Laborie is named after Baron de Laborie who was the French governor of Saint Lucia from 1784–1789. At that time the village had a population of 712.  Laborie is the seat of the Laborie District.
G2 manifold
In differential geometry, a G2 manifold or Joyce manifold is a seven-dimensional Riemannian manifold with holonomy group contained in G2. The group  is one of the five exceptional simple Lie groups. It can be described as the automorphism group of the octonions, or equivalently, as a proper subgroup of special orthogonal group SO(7) that preserves a spinor in the eight-dimensional spinor representation or lastly as the subgroup of the general linear group GL(7) which preserves the non-degenerate 3-form , the associative form. The Hodge dual,  is then a parallel 4-form, the coassociative form. These forms are calibrations in the sense of Reese Harvey and H. Blaine Lawson, and thus define special classes of 3- and 4-dimensional submanifolds.

Automorphism group
In mathematics, the automorphism group of an object X is the group consisting of automorphisms of X under composition of morphisms.  For example, if X is a finite-dimensional vector space, then the automorphism group of X is the group of invertible linear transformations from X to itself (the general linear group of X).  If instead X is a group, then its automorphism group  is the group consisting of all group automorphisms of X.

Especially in geometric contexts, an automorphism group is also called a symmetry group. A subgroup of an automorphism group is sometimes called a transformation group.

Automorphism groups are studied in a general way in the field of category theory.
County of Montone
The County of Montone was a noble fiefdom in Italy, formed of the town of Montone and its territory. That territory was turned into a county by Antipope John XXIII on 28 August 1414 and granted by him to Braccio da Montone, a condottiero. Pope Martin V refounded it and on Braccio's death in 1424 confirmed it to Braccio's son Carlo. It was under the jurisdiction of the Papal States until 1519, when pope Leo X granted it to Vitello Vitelli, a member of the Vitelli family of Città di Castello. That family held it until 1573 and then from 1598 to 1646, when their line went extinct.

Città di Castello
Città di Castello (Italian pronunciation: [tʃitˈta ddi kasˈtɛllo], lit. 'Castle Town') is a city and comune (municipality) in the province of Perugia, in the northern part of Umbria. It is situated on a slope of the Apennines, on the flood plain along the upper part of the river Tiber. The city is 56 km (35 mi) north of Perugia and 104 km (65 mi) south of Cesena, Emilia-Romagna, on the highway SS 3 bis. It is connected by the SS 73 with Arezzo, Tuscany, and the A1 highway, situated 38 km (23 mi) west. The comune of Città di Castello has an exclave named Monte Ruperto within Marche.
Nicolae L. Lupu
Nicolae L. Lupu (November 4, 1876 – December 4, 1946) was a Romanian left-wing politician and social physician. Originally a leader of the Labor Party, which was joined with the Peasants' Party, Lupu served as Interior Minister in 1919–1920. He formed his own Peasants' Party–Lupu in 1927, and also steered the creation of a League Against Usury; the party dissolved in 1934. His group became a dissident faction of the National Peasants' Party, and was reestablished, after World War II, as the Democratic Peasants' Party–Lupu.

He was born in Arsura, Vaslui County, the son of a priest, Gheorghe Lupu, in a family with 10 children; his younger brother, Nicolae Gh. Lupu, became a physician.

Ministry of Internal Affairs (Romania)
The Ministry of Internal Affairs of Romania (Romanian: Ministerul Afacerilor Interne) is one of the eighteen ministries of the Government of Romania.

From 23 August 1944 to 18 March 1975 the ministry held the title of Minister of Internal Affairs, between 2004 and 2007, held the title of Minister of Administration and Interior, and since April 2007, Minister of Interior and Administrative Reform. In December 2008, the Boc government changed the name back to Ministry of Administration and Interior.

Until 2006, the ministry was housed near Lipscani in Palatul Vama Poştei, built between 1914 and 1926 according to the architect Statie Ciortan's plans. In 2006 the ministry moved into the former building of the Senate on Revolution Square.
Rasipuram
Rasipuram is a Municipality in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and suburb of city of Salem located in Namakkal District. It is the headquarters for the Rasipuram taluk. As of 2015, the town had a population of 88,584 and an area of 24 km2 (9.3 sq mi). It has 27 wards and steps have been taken to increase the wards to 33. Rasipuram is known for ghee and tapioca sago.

Rasipuram Assembly constituency
11°28′N 78°10′E﻿ / ﻿11.47°N 78.17°E﻿ / 11.47; 78.17

Rasipuram is a state assembly constituency in Namakkal district of Tamil Nadu, India. Its State Assembly Constituency number is 92. It comprises a portion of Rasipuram taluk and is a part of the wider Namakkal Lok Sabha constituency for national elections to the Parliament of India. The seat is reserved for candidates from the Scheduled Castes. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India. Elections and winners in the constituency are listed below.
Copeland Islands (Nunavut)
The Copeland Islands are members of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago in the territory of Nunavut. They are located in western Gulf of Boothia at the mouth of Thom Bay, east of the Boothia Peninsula. The Martin Islands are to the north; the Hecla and Fury Islands are to the east.

Arctic Archipelago
The Arctic Archipelago, also known as the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, is an archipelago lying to the north of the Canadian continental mainland, excluding Greenland (an autonomous territory of the Danish Realm, which is, by itself, much larger than the combined area of the archipelago), and Iceland (an independent country).

Situated in the northern extremity of North America and covering about 1,424,500 km2 (550,000 sq mi), this group of 36,563 islands, surrounded by the Arctic Ocean, comprises much of Northern Canada, predominately Nunavut and the Northwest Territories. The archipelago is showing some effects of climate change, with some computer estimates determining that melting there will contribute 3.5 cm (1.4 in) to the rise in sea levels by 2100.
Coccymys
Coccymys is a genus of rodent in the family Muridae endemic to Indonesia and Papua New Guinea.
It contains the following species:

Coccymys kirrhos

Rümmler's brush mouse (Coccymys ruemmleri)

Coccymys shawmayeri

The genus previously included the White-toothed brush mouse (Brassomys albidens).

Muridae
The Muridae, or murids, are either the largest or second-largest family of rodents and of mammals, containing approximately 870 species, including many species of mice, rats, and gerbils found naturally throughout Eurasia, Africa, and Australia.

The name Muridae comes from the Latin mus (genitive muris), meaning "mouse", since all true mice belong to the family, with the more typical mice belonging to the genus Mus.
Managed detection and response
Managed detection and response (or MDR) is a type of cybersecurity service providing customers with a cyberdefense technology and the associated remotely delivered human expertise. Those services help organizations monitor, detect, analyze and respond to advanced cyber threats. MDR is a form of managed security service (MSS).

Endpoint detection and response
Endpoint detection and response (EDR), also known as endpoint threat detection and response (ETDR), is a cybersecurity technology that continually monitors an "endpoint" (e.g. a client device such as a mobile phone, laptop, Internet of things device) to mitigate malicious cyber threats.
Trisecphora
Trisecphora is a genus of extinct predatory ocenebrinid murexes indigenous to the Miocene coastline of what is now Maryland, North Carolina, and Virginia from the Aquitanian epoch until their extinction near the end of the Serravallian epoch.  The common name for this genus and their relatives is "ecphora"(s).

Serravallian
The Serravallian is, in the geologic timescale, an age or a stage in the middle Miocene Epoch/Series, which spans the time between 13.82 Ma and 11.63 Ma (million years ago). The Serravallian follows the Langhian and is followed by the Tortonian.

It overlaps with the middle of the Astaracian European Land Mammal Mega Zone, the upper Barstovian and lower Clarendonian North American Land Mammal Ages and the Laventan and lower Mayoan South American Land Mammal Ages. It is also coeval with the Sarmatian and upper Badenian Stages of the Paratethys time scale of Central and eastern Europe.
Kovrov
Kovrov (Russian: Ковро́в) is a city in Vladimir Oblast, Russia, located on the right bank of the Klyazma River, a tributary of the Oka. Kovrov's population as of the 2021 Census was 132,417, down from 145,214 recorded in the 2010 Census, and further down from 155,499 recorded in the 2002 Census and 159,942 recorded in the 1989 Census. In terms of population, it is the second-largest city in Vladimir Oblast after Vladimir. In 1977, Kovrov's population had been estimated at 140,000.

Vladimir, Russia
Vladimir (Russian: Влади́мир, IPA: [vlɐ'dʲimʲɪr] ⓘ) is a city and the administrative center of Vladimir Oblast, Russia, located on the Klyazma River, 200 kilometers (120 mi) east of Moscow. It is served by a railway and the M7 highway. Its population is 349,951 (2021 census).
Pymmes Brook
Pymmes Brook is located in North London and named after William Pymme, a local landowner. It is a minor tributary of the River Lea. The brook  mostly flows through urban areas and is particularly prone to flooding in its lower reaches. To alleviate the problem the brook has been culverted in many areas. Part of it is a Site of Borough Importance for Nature Conservation, Grade II.

Palmers Green
Palmers Green is a suburban area in north London, England, within the London Borough of Enfield. It is located within the N13 postcode district, around 8 miles (13 km) north of Charing Cross. It is home to the largest population of Greek Cypriots outside Cyprus and is often nicknamed "Little Cyprus" or "Palmers Greek".
General Register Office for Scotland
The General Register Office for Scotland (GROS) (Scottish Gaelic: Oifis Choitcheann a' Chlàraidh na h-Alba) was a non-ministerial directorate of the Scottish Government that administered the registration of births, deaths, marriages, divorces and adoptions in Scotland from 1854 to 2011. It was also responsible for the statutes relating to the formalities of marriage and conduct of civil marriage in Scotland.  It administered the census of Scotland's population every ten years. It also kept the Scottish National Health Service Central Register.

On 1 April 2011 it was merged with the National Archives of Scotland to form National Records of Scotland. All the former department's functions continue as part of the new body.

Adoption
Adoption is a process whereby a person assumes the parenting of another, usually a child, from that person's biological or legal parent or parents. Legal adoptions permanently transfer all rights and responsibilities, along with filiation, from the biological parents to the adoptive parents.

Unlike guardianship or other systems designed for the care of the young, adoption is intended to effect a permanent change in status and as such requires societal recognition, either through legal or religious sanction. Historically, some societies have enacted specific laws governing adoption, while others used less formal means (notably contracts that specified inheritance rights and parental responsibilities without an accompanying transfer of filiation). Modern systems of adoption, arising in the 20th century, tend to be governed by comprehensive statutes and regulations.
Sirobasidium
Sirobasidium is a genus of fungi in the order Tremellales. Basidiocarps (fruit bodies) are gelatinous and appear to be parasitic on ascomycetous fungi on wood. Microscopically they are distinguished by producing septate basidia in chains which give rise to deciduous sterigmata. Species are distributed worldwide.

Basidiocarp
In fungi, a basidiocarp, basidiome, or basidioma (pl. basidiomata) is the sporocarp of a basidiomycete, the multicellular structure on which the spore-producing hymenium is borne. Basidiocarps are characteristic of the hymenomycetes; rusts and smuts do not produce such structures. As with other sporocarps, epigeous (above-ground) basidiocarps that are visible to the naked eye (especially those with a more or less agaricoid morphology) are commonly referred to as mushrooms, while hypogeous (underground) basidiocarps are usually called false truffles.