hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Low-rank approximation
In mathematics, low-rank approximation refers to the process of approximating a given matrix by a matrix of lower rank. More precisely, it is a minimization problem, in which the cost function measures the fit between a given matrix (the data) and an approximating matrix (the optimization variable), subject to a constraint that the approximating matrix has reduced rank. The problem is used for mathematical modeling and data compression. The rank constraint is related to a constraint on the complexity of a model that fits the data. In applications, often there are other constraints on the approximating matrix apart from the rank constraint, e.g., non-negativity and Hankel structure.

Low-rank approximation is closely related to numerous other techniques, including principal component analysis, factor analysis, total least squares, latent semantic analysis, orthogonal regression, and dynamic mode decomposition.

Mathematical model
A mathematical model is an abstract description of a concrete  system using mathematical concepts and language. The process of developing a mathematical model is termed mathematical modeling. Mathematical models are used in many fields, including applied mathematics, natural sciences, social sciences and engineering. In particular, the field of operations research studies the use of mathematical modelling and related tools to solve problems in business or military operations. A model may help to characterize a system by studying the effects of different components, which may be used to make predictions about behavior or solve specific problems.
1971 Hong Kong municipal election
The 1971 Hong Kong Urban Council election was held on 3 March 1971 for the five of the ten elected seats of the Urban Council of Hong Kong. 10,047 of the 37,778 eligible voters cast their votes, the turnout rate was 26.6 per cent, slightly better than the previous election in 1969.

Cecilia Yeung of the Reform Club of Hong Kong won the seat onto the Urban Council, becoming the first Chinese woman ever elected to this Council, edging out incumbent Solomon Rafeek with a margin of 139 votes. Elsie Elliott, who was dubbed as the "Queen of the Polls", led the field of ten candidates with 7,578 votes, topping her 1967 record by more than 500 votes.

Reform Club of Hong Kong
The Reform Club of Hong Kong was one of the oldest political organisations in Hong Kong, existing from 1949 until the mid-1990s. Established by expatriates who were concerned about the Young Plan proposed by Governor Mark Aitchison Young in 1949, the Reform Club was the first semi-political party to contest in the Urban Council elections, with its longtime chairman Brook Bernacchi serving on the Council for about forty years.

It demanded expansion of the power of the Urban Council and elected representatives in the Legislative Council for years. Together with the Hong Kong Civic Association, they were the closest to opposition parties in Hong Kong active in the municipal electoral politics during the post-war colonial period. With the expansion of the franchise in the 1980s, the Reform Club gradually declined and was replaced by the more energetic political groups. The Club ceased to function after its chairman Bernacchi retired from the Urban Council in 1995.
Seibel
Seibel or Seibels is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Albert Seibel (1844–1936), French physician and viticulturist

Edwin G. Seibels (1866–1954), the inventor of the vertical filing system

Henry Seibels (1876-1967), American football player

Klauspeter Seibel (1936–2011), German conductor of the Louisiana Philharmonic Orchestra

Cathy Seibel (b. 1960), American federal judge

John Seibel (b. 1970), American journalist who has worked for ESPN

Tara Seibel (b. 1973), American artist (cartoonist)

Phil Seibel (b.1979), former left-handed starting/relief baseball pitcher

Michael Seibel (b. 1982), managing director at Y Combinator

Kevin Seibel (b. 1983), Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman

Edwin G. Seibels
Edwin Grenville Seibels (September 12, 1866 – December 21, 1954) was the inventor in 1898 of the vertical filing system that has been in extensive use for over a century. Although he applied for a patent for his system, it was denied on the ground that it was only an idea, not a device.

He was born in Columbia, South Carolina, grew up in Mount Willing, the family cotton plantation in Edgefield County, now Saluda County and went to work in the family's Columbia-based insurance business, E. W. Seibels and Son (now the Seibels Bruce Group) in 1882 at age 16 while attending South Carolina College (now the University of South Carolina) from which he graduated in 1885. While a student there he was elected to Phi Beta Kappa, Omicron Delta Kappa and the Clariosophic Society. In 1909 he was elected to the South Carolina House of Representatives. His knowledge of cotton family helped him to become successful in exporting and insuring cotton.
Pledge (album)
Pledge (stylized as PL3DGE) is the fourth studio album by American hip hop recording artist Killer Mike. It was released on May 17, 2011, through SMC Recordings, Grind Time Official, Tree Leaf Records and Grand Hustle Records. The album's production was handled by Tha Bizness, No I.D., Flying Lotus, The Beat Bullies, DJ Speedy, Raz of the Beat Billionaire and Grind Time label-mates Smiff & Cash. The album, which is his third in the I Pledge Allegiance to the Grind series, was supported by the lead single "Ready Set Go", featuring Grand Hustle label-boss and fellow American rapper T.I.

Tha Bizness
Tha Bizness is an American record production and songwriting duo from Seattle, Washington, composed of Justin "Henny" Henderson and Christopher John "Dow Jones" Whitacre. Tha Bizness have produced songs for several prominent artists, including Chris Brown, Ne-Yo, Jay-Z, Snoop Dogg, Nas, 8Ball & MJG, Ice Cube, 50 Cent, and Kendrick Lamar, among others. In 2009, they received a Producer of the Year nomination at the BET Hip Hop Awards.
Nagurumi Castle
Nagurumi Castle (名胡桃城, Nagurumi-jō) is a castle structure in Tone, Gunma Prefecture, Japan. The castle played historically important role because invasion of the castle by the Later Hōjō clan caused Siege of Odawara (1590).

The castle is now only ruins, just some moats and earthworks. The castle was listed as one of the Continued Top 100 Japanese Castles in 2017.

Continued 100 Fine Castles of Japan
The Continued 100 Fine Castles of Japan or Continued Top 100 Japanese Castles (日本続百名城, Nihon Zoku Hyaku-Meijō) is a list of 100 castles, intended as a sequel of 100 Fine Castles of Japan.  The castles were chosen for their significance in culture, history, and in their regions by the Japanese Castle Foundation (日本城郭協会, Nihon Jōkaku Kyōkai) in 2017.
Irv Chatman
Irv Chatman was a former professional basketball player. He was considered among the top collegiate player in the New York State area as a Queens August Martin High School senior in 1974-1975. Prior to enrolling as a freshman in the University of Tennessee of Knoxville, Chatman was selected for the outstanding player award at a metropolitan five-star camp. He transferred to the University of Rhode Island at Kingston and attained eligibility in early February 1977, averaging 6.1 points and 5.9 rebounds in seven contests for coach Jack Kraft.

Chatman was not drafted in the NBA but was offered a non-guaranteed pact to play for the New Jersey Nets in the 1979-80 NBA season. He opted to take Crispa Redmanizers' offer to perform in the Philippine Basketball Association instead.

Professional sports
In professional sports, as opposed to amateur sports, participants receive payment for their performance. Professionalism in sport has come to the fore through a combination of developments. Mass media and increased leisure have brought larger audiences, enabling sports organizations and teams to command large incomes. As a result, more sportspeople can afford to make sport their primary career, devoting the training time necessary to increase skills, physical condition, and experience to modern levels of achievement. This proficiency has also helped boost the popularity of sports. In most sports played professionally, there are many more amateurs than professional players, though amateurs and professionals do not usually compete.
Keith Tomlins
Keith Patrick Tomlins (born 23 October 1957 in Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey) is an English former cricketer.

Educated at St Benedict's School and Durham University, Tomlins made his debut for Middlesex as a right-handed middle order batsman in 1977 and earned his highest score of 146 against Oxford University in 1982. He moved to Gloucestershire in 1986, and retired the following year having scored nearly 4,000 runs, including five hundreds. After retraining as a landscape architect he played two seasons of minor county cricket for Wiltshire.

Tomlins was appointed to a coaching role with the ECB in 1998.

St Benedict's School, Ealing
St Benedict's School, usually referred to as St Benedict's, is a British co-educational, independent Catholic day school for pupils aged 3–18 situated in Ealing, West London. A Benedictine school, it accepts and educates pupils of all faiths.
Mendoncia velloziana
Mendoncia velloziana is a species of flowering plant in the family Acanthaceae. It is a liana native to tropical South America, ranging from Colombia and Peru through northern, eastern, and southern Brazil to Paraguay.

native to Atlantic Coast restingas vegetation which is an ecosystem of Atlantic Forest biome. In addition, this plant grows  either in Cerrado vegetation of Brazil. This plant grows in following states of Brazil: Bahia, Ceará Minas Gerais Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná and Santa Catarina, and it is usually visited by the hummingbirds.

Liana
A liana (/liˈænə/ lee-ANN-ə, also /-ɑːnə/ -⁠AH-nə) is a long-stemmed woody vine that is rooted in the soil at ground level and uses trees, as well as other means of vertical support, to climb up to the canopy in search of direct sunlight. The word liana does not refer to a taxonomic grouping, but rather a habit of plant growth—much like tree or shrub. It comes from standard French liane, itself from an Antilles French dialect word meaning 'to sheave'.
R-Line (Capital Area Transit)
The R-Line is a circulator bus service that traverses a three-mile loop in the shape of an inverted U through downtown Raleigh, North Carolina. Service runs every 15 minutes from 7 AM to 11:30 PM Monday through Wednesday, 7 AM to 2:15 AM Thursday through Saturday, and 1 PM to 8 PM Sunday.

The R-line was suspended in January 2021 and resumed in May 2024. The service had been zero-fare since inception, but regular fare collection began on July 1, 2024.

The circulator originally used three green-painted, specially branded hybrid-electric buses that served specially branded bus stops. As of October 2025, however, the circulator uses the generic GoRaleigh branding.

Downtown circulator
In the United States, a downtown circulator is a road, bus or streetcar system to distribute traffic or people through a downtown area.

Examples include:

Miami, Florida's Downtown Distributor

Pawtucket, Rhode Island's Downtown Circulator

The former DC Circulator bus system in Washington, D.C.

Tulsa, Oklahoma's Inner Dispersal Loop formed by I-444 (Unsigned) and I-244.

Kansas City, Missouri's downtown freeway loop

Molly the Trolley of Trinity Metro in downtown Fort Worth. One everyday line and one lunch weekday line.

Lymmo of LYNX (Central Florida Regional Transportation Authority) in Orlando. Four lines.

Music City Circuit of WeGo Public Transit of Nashville. Two free lines.
Louise Mortensen
Louise Mortensen (born December 11, 1979) is a Danish former handballer.

The last club she played for was Aalborg DH and previously she played for Team Esbjerg. She participated in the World Championships in 2005 and 2009. She also played at the 2008 European Women's Handball Championship. She played 97 national games and scored 205 with the Danish national team.

She stopped her career by December 29, 2009.

2009 World Women's Handball Championship
The 2009 World Women's Handball Championship was the 19th edition, second to take place outside Europe, of the international championship tournament in women's team sport handball that is governed by the International Handball Federation (IHF). China hosted the event from 5–20 December 2009. Russia successfully contested France in the final, their fourth title.
2017 Vodafone Gold Coast 600
The 2017 Vodafone Gold Coast 600 was a motor racing event for the Supercars Championship, held on the weekend of 20 to 22 October 2017. The event was held at the Gold Coast Street Circuit in Surfers Paradise, Queensland and consisted of two races, 300 kilometres in length. It is the twelfth event of fourteen in the 2017 Supercars Championship and hosted Races 21 and 22 of the season.

Surfers Paradise Street Circuit
The Surfers Paradise Street Circuit is a temporary street circuit in Surfers Paradise, in Queensland, Australia. The 2.960 km (1.839 mi) beach-side track has several fast sections and two chicanes, having been shortened from an original 4.470 km (2.778 mi) length in 2010. It is the third of three motor racing circuits that have existed in the Gold Coast region, after the Southport Road Circuit (1954–1955) and Surfers Paradise International Raceway (1966–1987).

From 1991 to 2008, the circuit hosted an American Championship car racing event, the Gold Coast Indy 300. The circuit has also hosted touring car races since 1994, with the Supercars Championship currently contesting the annual Gold Coast 500 at the circuit.
Queenstown (House of Assembly of South Africa constituency)
Queenstown was a constituency in the Cape Province of South Africa, which existed from 1910 to 1994. It covered a rural area of the Eastern Cape centred on the town of Queenstown. Throughout its existence it elected one member to the House of Assembly and one to the Cape Provincial Council.

1910 South African general election
General elections were held in South Africa on 15 September 1910 to elect the 121 members of the House of Assembly. They were the first general election after the Union of South Africa was created on 31 May 1910.

The elections were held alongside the first election to the provincial councils of Cape Province and Transvaal. Those councils used the same electoral districts as those for the House of Assembly seats in the province. The first election for the provincial councils of Natal and Orange Free State, which did not use the same constituency boundaries as the House of Assembly, took place at a later date.

Although the Unionist Party received the most votes, the alliance of parties led by General Louis Botha won a slim majority. The Unionist Party became the official opposition. Botha's alliance would later unite as the South African Party.
Codex Carolinus
Codex Carolinus is an uncial manuscript of the New Testament on parchment, dated to the 6th-7th century. It is a palimpsest of a Latin text written over a Gothic one. The Gothic text is designated by siglum Car; the Latin text is designated by siglum gue (traditional system) or by 79 (on the list of Beuron) and represents the Old Latin translation of the New Testament. It is housed in the Herzog August Library in Wolfenbüttel in Lower Saxony, Germany.

Thought fragmentary, it is one of the very few extant manuscripts of Wulfila's Gothic Bible. The four leaves of the codex were used as raw material for the production of another manuscript – Codex Guelferbytanus 64 WeissenThe t, and its text has been reconstructed several times. Franz Anton Knittel was the first to examine it and decipher its text.

Scribal abbreviation
Scribal abbreviations, or sigla (singular: siglum), are abbreviations used by ancient and medieval scribes writing in various languages, including Latin, Greek, Old English and Old Norse.

In modern manuscript editing (substantive and mechanical) sigla are the symbols used to indicate the source manuscript (e.g. variations in text between different such manuscripts).
The Ninth Age: Fantasy Battles
The Ninth Age: Fantasy Battles (commonly abbreviated to The 9th Age or T9A) is a tabletop miniature wargame created and updated since 2015 by the non-profit association The Ninth Age. It simulates mass battles between two high fantasy armies represented by 28 mm scale models on square bases in rank and file formations.

File (formation)
A file is a military term for a number of troops drawn up in line ahead, i.e. one behind the other in a column. The number of files is the measure of the width of a column of troops in several ranks one behind the other.
2015 Belizean general election
General elections were held in Belize on 4 November 2015 to elect members of the House of Representatives. On 28 September 2015 Prime Minister Dean Barrow announced that he had advised the Governor-General to dissolve the National Assembly and to fix Wednesday 4 November 2015 as the date for the next general elections.

Barrow's United Democratic Party increased its majority from 17 seats to 19 seats. While the People's United Party won 12 seats.

United Democratic Party (Belize)
The United Democratic Party (Spanish: Partido Democrático Unido; abbreviated UDP) is one of the two major political parties in Belize. It is currently the main opposition party, having lost the 2025 Belizean general election, after previously holding the government across three prior terms. Founded as a centre-right conservative party, the UDP is led by Interim Leader Hugo Patt, though his position is contested by Tracy Taegar-Panton, who is already sworn in as leader of the opposition.
1993 Italian local elections
The 1993 Italian local elections were held on 6 and 20 June, on 21 November and 5 December. It was the first time where citizens could vote both for the mayor and the city council, as for the provincial president and the provincial council.

The elections were won by the Democratic Party of the Left, led by Achille Occhetto and his centre-left to left-wing alliance. But the elections were also characterized by a strong aftermath of the Northern League in Northern Italy and the Italian Social Movement in Central and Southern Italy.

These elections caused the end of the traditional parties which ruled Italy for almost fifty years, like the Christian Democracy, the Socialist Party, the Democratic Socialist Party, the Republican Party and the Liberal Party.

Democratic Party of the Left
The Democratic Party of the Left (Italian: Partito Democratico della Sinistra, PDS) was a democratic-socialist and social-democratic political party in Italy. Founded in February 1991 as the post-communist evolution of the Italian Communist Party, the party was the largest in the Alliance of Progressives and The Olive Tree coalitions. In February 1998, the party merged with minor parties to form Democrats of the Left. At its peak in 1991, the party had a membership of 989,708; by 1998, it was reduced to 613,412.
Joe Stoy
Joseph E. Stoy is a British computer scientist. He initially studied physics at Oxford University. Early in his career, in the 1970s, he worked on denotational semantics with Christopher Strachey in the Programming Research Group at the Oxford University Computing Laboratory (now the Oxford University Department of Computer Science). He was a Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford. He has also spent time at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the United States.

In 2003, he co-founded Bluespec, Inc., a United States electronic design automation company. It provides a functional programming language named Bluespec SystemVerilog (BSV), a Haskell variant extended as a high-level hardware description language to design electronic chips.

His book Denotational Semantics: The Scott-Strachey Approach to Programming Language Semantics (MIT Press, 1977) is now a classic text.

Stoy married Gabrielle Stoy, a mathematician and Fellow of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford.

Electronic design automation
Electronic design automation (EDA), also referred to as electronic computer-aided design (ECAD), is a category of software tools for designing electronic systems such as integrated circuits and printed circuit boards. The tools work together in a design flow that chip designers use to design and analyze entire semiconductor chips. Since a modern semiconductor chip can have billions of components, EDA tools are essential for their design. A complete set of technologies are integrated in EDA tools, which have been expanded to software, hardware and design methodologies (such as through design services),  this article in particular describes EDA specifically with respect to integrated circuits (ICs).
Ksar Ouled Soltane
Ksar Ouled Soltane (Arabic: قصر أولاد سلطان) is a fortified granary, or ksar, located in the Tataouine district in southern Tunisia. The ksar is spread out over two courtyards, each of which has a perimeter of multi-story vaulted granary cellars, or ghorfas. Like other ksour (plural of ksar) built by Berber communities Ksar Ouled Soltane, is located on a hilltop, to help protect it from raiding parties in previous centuries.

Ksar Ouled Soltane is now a tourist destination, with visitors coming to see its well-preserved granary vaults. It was also featured in the film Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace in some of the scenes used to represent the slave quarters of Mos Espa, where the character Anakin Skywalker lived as a boy.

Fortified granaries of Aures
The Fortified granaries of Aures known as "taq'liath" in Shawiya, are a multi-storied defensible structures used for storing crops as well as a refuge during times of conflict. They were described in ancient times by Roman and Arab sources alike. 11th century Andalusian historian, Al-Bakri, specified that Aures had a large number of fortresses surrounded by water streams, These were dwellings of the Miknasa and Houara Berber tribes. in 1878, the fortresses were rediscovered by French anthropologist Émile Masqueray who produced a picturesque description of these "Eagle nests".
Miliza Korjus
Miliza Elizabeth Korjus (August 18, 1909  – August 26, 1980) was a Polish-Estonian lyric coloratura soprano opera singer who appeared in classical American and Mexican sound films during the Golden Age of Hollywood. Korjus became a naturalized United States citizen in her adulthood. She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in 1939 for her performance in The Great Waltz.

Estonians
Estonians or Estonian people (Estonian: eestlased) are a Finnic ethnic group native to the Baltic Sea region in Northern Europe, primarily their nation state of Estonia.

Estonians primarily speak the Estonian language, a language closely related to other Finnic languages, e.g. Finnish, Karelian and Livonian. Estonians can also be classified into subgroups according to dialects (e.g. Võros, Setos), although such divisions have become less pronounced due to internal migration and rapid urbanisation in Estonia in the 20th century.

There are approximately 1.1 million ethnic Estonians worldwide, with the majority of them residing in their native Estonia. Estonian diaspora communities formed primarily in Finland, the United States, Sweden, Canada, and the United Kingdom.