hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
University of Arkansas Grantham
University of Arkansas Grantham (UA Grantham) is a public online university based in Little Rock, Arkansas. Founded in 1951 as Grantham Radio License School, it would eventually be renamed Grantham University. The then-for-profit school offered distance-education programs from 1951 until 2021, at which point it was entirely online. Grantham was purchased by the University of Arkansas System for one dollar in 2021, merging with the latter’s eVersity online program. It is composed of four colleges: the College of Business; the College of Humanities and Social Sciences; the College of Science, Engineering, and Technology; and the College of Health Professions. It is accredited by the Distance Education Accrediting Commission.

For-profit higher education in the United States
For-profit higher education in the United States refers to the commercialization and privatization of American higher education institutions. For-profit colleges have been the most recognizable for-profit institutions, and more recently with online program managers, but commercialization has been part of US higher education for centuries. Privatization of public institutions has been increasing since at least the 1980s.
Juanita Craft
Juanita Craft (born Juanita Jewel Shanks; February 9, 1902 – August 6, 1985) was an American activist and politician. Craft was an activist in the civil rights movement and also served as a member of the Dallas City Council in Texas.

Dallas City Council
The Dallas City Council serves as the legislative body in the City of Dallas. It consists of 14 members. City council members are chosen by majority elections in each of fourteen districts. The city operates under a council-manager system of local governance.
Märta Eriksdotter (Bonde)
Märta Eriksdotter (Bonde) was the alleged daughter of Erik Knutsson, King of Sweden, flourishing in the first half of the 13th century. Knowledge about her is derived from a genealogy added to a 15th-century copy of the Erikskrönikan.

According to the genealogy she was married to Nils Sixtensson Sparre, a marshal in Sweden, and became the foremother of the noble families of Sparre and Oxenstjerna.

The genealogy may have been part of King Karl Knutsson's (d. 1470) ambition to prove his right to the throne by presenting a more impressive family background. Consequently, the existence of Märta and her marriage have been questioned by some modern Swedish historians, who believe she was fabricated by Karl or his chancellery. Nevertheless, a few historians have argued that her position cannot be entirely dismissed as a forgery.

Oxenstierna
The Oxenstierna family (US: /ˈʊksənʃɛərnə, ˈɒk-/ UUK-sən-shair-nə, OK-, Swedish: [ˈʊ̂ksɛnˌɧæːɳa]) is a Swedish noble family, originally from Småland in southern Sweden, and is part of the Swedish uradel, the ancient nobility.
13th Manitoba Legislature
The members of the 13th Manitoba Legislature were elected in the Manitoba general election held in July 1910. The legislature sat from February 9, 1911, to June 15, 1914.

The Conservatives led by Rodmond Roblin formed the government.

Tobias Norris of the Liberal Party was Leader of the Opposition.

James Johnson served as speaker for the assembly.

There were four sessions of the 13th Legislature:

Daniel Hunter McMillan was Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba until August 1, 1911, when Douglas Colin Cameron became lieutenant governor.

Daniel Hunter McMillan
Sir Daniel Hunter McMillan, KCMG (January 14, 1846 – April 14, 1933) was a Manitoba politician.  He was a cabinet minister in Thomas Greenway's government from 1889 to 1900, and served as the seventh Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba from 1900 to 1911.
Zuby
Nzube Olisaebuka Udezue (born 19 August 1986), better known by his stage name Zuby, is a British rapper and podcaster. Born to Nigerian parents in Luton, Udezue was raised in Saudi Arabia and educated at St Edmund Hall, Oxford. He began rapping at university and has since self-released three albums. In July 2008, Udezue was misidentified and arrested by police at gunpoint at Bournemouth railway station. The incident received media coverage and the police apologized for the incident, which was compared to the shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes.

In March 2019, Udezue received media attention after posting a video on Twitter of himself performing a deadlift of 238 kg (525 lb), with a statement saying he had broken the British women's deadlift record while "identifying as a woman". Udezue stated that he published the video to criticize arguments that support allowing transgender women to compete in women's sports, which he believes are flawed.

Self-publishing
Self-publishing is an author-driven publication of any media without the involvement of a third-party publisher. Since the advent of the internet, self-publishing usually depends on digital platforms and print-on-demand technology, ranging from physical books to eBooks. Examples include magazines, print-on-demand books, music albums, pamphlets, brochures, video games, video content, artwork, zines, and web fiction. Self-publishing is an alternative to traditional publishing that has implications for production, cost and revenue, distribution, and public perception.
Kalateh-ye Bagh
Kalateh-ye Bagh (Persian: كلاته باغ, also Romanized as Kalāteh-ye Bāgh) is a village in Ghazali Rural District, Miyan Jolgeh District, Nishapur County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 70, in 16 families.

Nishapur County
Nishapur County (Persian: شهرستان نیشاپور) is in Razavi Khorasan province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Nishapur, the second largest city in the province and the third largest city in Eastern Iran.
Suzhou Confucian Temple
The Confucian Temple of Suzhou (Chinese: 苏州文庙) and also known as the Suzhou Stone Inscription Museum and Suzhou Prefecture School (Chinese: 苏州府学; a state-run school), is a Confucian temple located in the ancient city of Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China, on the south bank of the Yangtze River. It was built by Fan Zhongyan, a famous state officer of the Song dynasty. It was the first temple school in China and is notable for containing the four greatest steles of the Song dynasty, of on which is the Map of Pingjiang. In 1961, the stone inscriptions in Suzhou Confucian Temple were listed among the first batch of National Key Cultural Relic Protection Units by The State Council of the People's Republic of China. In 2001, together with the Confucian Temple, it was called Suzhou Confucian Temple and Stone inscription. Presently, it is known as new name as Suzhou Stone Inscription Museum.

National priority protected site
A national priority protected site is the highest-level national protection for immovable cultural relics in China. The designation was first created under the 1961 Provisional Regulations on the Protection and Management of Cultural Relics, which evolved into the Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics.

According to the 2002 Cultural Relics Protection Law of the People's Republic of China, the National Cultural Heritage Administration of the State Council selects those with significant historical, artistic, and scientific value as national key cultural relics protection units. National key cultural relics protection units shall not be demolished; if they need to be relocated, they must be reported to the State Council for approval by applications from the people's government of the provincial administrative region.
Super C (freight train)
The Super C was an American high-speed intermodal freight train on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway from 1968 to 1976. Dubbed the "World's Fastest Freight Train," the all-TOFC (trailer-on-flatcar, or "piggyback") and COFC (container-on-flatcar) train ran about 2,200 miles (3,500 km) between Chicago, Illinois and Los Angeles, California on a 40-hour schedule.

Intermodal freight transport
Intermodal freight transport involves the transportation of freight in an intermodal container or vehicle, using multiple modes of transportation (e.g., rail, ship, aircraft, and truck), without any handling of the freight itself when changing modes. The method reduces cargo handling, and so improves security, reduces damage and loss, and allows freight to be transported faster. Reduced costs over road trucking is the key benefit for inter-continental use. This may be offset by reduced timings for road transport over shorter distances.
Caquena Canton
Caquena is one of the cantons of the Tahua Municipality, the second municipal section of the Daniel Campos Province in the Potosí Department of Bolivia. During the census of 2001 it had 325 inhabitants. Its seat is Caquena, situated at the Salar de Uyuni and west of Tunupa volcano.

Potosí Department
Potosí (Spanish pronunciation: [potoˈsi]; Quechua: P'utuqsi; Aymara: Putusi) is a department in southwestern Bolivia. Its area is 118,218 km2 and its population is 856,419 (2024 census). The capital is the city of Potosí. 
It is a mostly barren, mountainous region with one large plateau to the west, where the largest salt flat in the world, Salar de Uyuni, is located.

Cerro Potosí was the richest province in the Spanish Empire, providing a great percentage of the silver that was shipped to Europe.

Potosi is also the location of the San Cristóbal silver, zinc and lead mines, developed by the US company Apex Silver Mines Limited of Colorado and sold in November 2008 to the Japanese Sumitomo Corporation.
Lithuanians in Belarus
Lithuanians in Belarus (Lithuanian: Baltarusijos lietuviai; Belarusian: Беларускія літоўцы, romanized: Bielaruskija litoŭcy; Russian: Белорусские литовцы, romanized: Belorusskiye litovtsy) have a long history, as the lands of what is now Belarus was part of Lithuania for more than half a millennium from the 13th century onwards. The land of what is now Belarus was originally inhabited by Balts, while Slavs arrived in those lands during the late Early Middle Ages.

According to the 2009 census in Belarus, there were 19,091 ethnic Lithuanians in Belarus. Lithuanians are most significantly concentrated in the Grodno Region (specifically Voranava and Astravyets districts) and the western Vitebsk Region (Braslaw district). Smaller settlements and communities also exist in the eastern regions of the country and in major cities.

Vitebsk region
Vitebsk region, also known as Vitebsk oblast or Vitsyebsk voblasts, is one of the regions of Belarus. Its administrative center is Vitebsk. It is located in the north of the country, and borders Russia.

As of 2019, it had a population of 1,135,731, the lowest population density in Belarus at 30.6 p/km².

Key cities in the region include Vitebsk, Orsha, Polotsk, and Novopolotsk.
Ger Coughlan
Ger Coughlan (born 31 October 1957) is an Irish retired hurler who played as a left wing-back for the Offaly senior team.

Born in Kinnitty, County Offaly, Coughlan first arrived on the inter-county scene at the age of twenty-two when he made his senior debut with Offaly in the 1979-80 National Hurling League. Coughlan went on to play a key part for Offaly during a hugely successful era for the team, and won two All-Ireland medals and seven Leinster medals. He was an All-Ireland runner-up on one occasion.

At club level Coughlan won five championship medals with Kinnitty.

Throughout his career Coughlan made 34 championship appearances. His retirement came following the conclusion of the 1990 championship.

In retirement from playing, Coughlan became involved in team management and coaching, taking charge of the Offaly minor and under-21 teams on various occasions. He has also served as a selector with the Offaly senior team.

County Offaly
County Offaly (/ˈɒfəli/; Irish: Contae Uíbh Fhailí) is a county in Ireland. It is part of the Eastern and Midland Region and the province of Leinster. It is named after the ancient Kingdom of Uí Failghe. It was formerly known as King's County, in honour of Philip II of Spain. Offaly County Council is the local authority for the county. The county population was 82,668 at the 2022 census.
Monnington on Wye
Monnington on Wye is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Brobury with Monnington-on-Wye, in western Herefordshire, England, located between Hereford and Hay-on-Wye. In 1961 the parish had a population of 64. On 1 April 1987 the parish was abolished and merged with Brobury to form "Brobury with Monnington on Wye".

The place-name 'Monnington' is first attested in the Domesday Book of 1086, where it appears as Manitune. The name means 'Manna's town or settlement', or 'the town or settlement of Manna's people'.

The church of St Mary's is a grade I listed building.

Monnington Court includes a moot hall, completed before 1230.

Monnington is regarded as a possible location of Owain Glyndŵr's retirement, death and burial.

Hay-on-Wye
Hay-on-Wye, or simply Hay (Welsh: Y Gelli Gandryll; Welsh pronunciation: [ə ˈɡɛɬi ˈgandrɪɬ] or simply Y Gelli), is a market town and community in Powys, Wales. With over twenty bookshops, it is often described as a "town of books"; it is both the National Book Town of Wales and the site of the annual Hay Festival. The community had a population of 1,675 at the 2021 census.

The town is twinned with Redu, a village in the Belgian municipality of Libin, and with Timbuktu, Mali, West Africa.

Hay-on-Wye is often named as one of the best places to live in Wales and has been named as one of the UK's best Christmas destinations.
John Holmes (New Zealand politician)
John Holmes (1838 – 3 July 1907) was a New Zealand Member of Parliament from Christchurch.

Holmes was born in Ireland in 1838, and emigrated first to Victoria and then to New Zealand.

He represented the Christchurch South electorate from 1881 to 1887, when he retired.

Holmes was a barrister and solicitor in Christchurch. He set up a law firm in 1868. He later went into partnership with Andrew Loughrey. The firm is today known as Lane Neave.

In the 1884 election, he was challenged by Thomas Joynt, whom he defeated with 638 votes to 600.

Holmes lived in retirement on his estate, "Viewmount", near Methven. He later returned to live in Christchurch, where he died on 3 July 1907. He was buried in Methven Cemetery.

1884 New Zealand general election
The 1884 New Zealand general election was held on 22 July to elect a total of 95 MPs to the 9th session of the New Zealand Parliament. The Māori vote was held on 21 July. A total number of 137,686 (60.6%) voters turned out to vote. In 11 seats there was only one candidate.
Furnace Creek (Big River tributary)
Furnace Creek is a stream in Washington County in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is a tributary of the Big River.

The stream headwaters are at 37°52′12″N 90°47′40″W﻿ / ﻿37.87000°N 90.79444°W﻿ / 37.87000; -90.79444 about five miles south of Potosi and the stream flows south to southeast to its confluence with the Big River is at 37°48′42″N 90°46′20″W﻿ / ﻿37.81167°N 90.77222°W﻿ / 37.81167; -90.77222 adjacent to Missouri Route 21 three miles north of Caledonia.

Furnace Creek was named for a blast furnace near its course.

Missouri Route 21
Route 21 is a highway in eastern Missouri. Its northern terminus is at Route 30 in Affton. Its southern terminus is at the Arkansas–Missouri state line (where it continues as Highway 115). In the St. Louis area, it is known as Tesson Ferry Road, which was named after the 19th century proprietor of the ferry across the Meramec River. Route 21 from the Meramec River to Route B, along with Route M, make up the Jefferson County Scenic Byway.

Route M' is a short arterial highway. It is a major east–west route which connects Route 21 to Interstate 55. For the majority of its length, Route M is a four-lane divided highway with limited access. At its junction with Interstate 55, Route M becomes an undivided two lane road until its eastern terminus at U.S. 61/US 67. Route M was rerouted to its present location in the late 1990s after traffic became too great for the original road to handle. The original route is now known as Old Route M.
Aspergillus campestris
Aspergillus campestris is a species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus. The species was first described in 1982. It is from the Candidi section. The fungi in the Candidi section are known for their white spores. It has been shown to produce a high number of secondary metabolites.

The genome of A. campestris  was sequenced as a part of the Aspergillus whole-genome sequencing project - a project dedicated to performing whole-genome sequencing of all members of the genus Aspergillus. The genome assembly size was 28.26 Mbp.

Sequencing
In genetics and biochemistry, sequencing means to determine the primary structure (sometimes incorrectly called the primary sequence) of an unbranched biopolymer.  Sequencing results in a symbolic linear depiction known as a sequence which succinctly summarizes much of the atomic-level structure of the sequenced molecule.
Istra (inhabited locality)
Istra (Russian: Истра) is the name of two inhabited localities in Moscow Oblast, Russia.

Urban localities

Istra, Istrinsky District, Moscow Oblast, a town in Istrinsky District

Rural localities

Istra, Krasnogorsky District, Moscow Oblast, a settlement in Ilyinskoye Rural Settlement of Krasnogorsky District

Istrinsky District
Istrinsky District (Russian: И́стринский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the thirty-six in Moscow Oblast, Russia. It is located in the western central part of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,268.97 square kilometers (489.95 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Istra. Population: 119,641 (2010 Census); 115,753 (2002 Census); 90,572 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Istra accounts for 29.3% of the district's total population.
Doll Parts (Defiance)
"Doll Parts" is the eleventh episode of the second season of the American science fiction series Defiance, and the series' twenty-third episode overall. It was aired on August 21, 2014. The episode was written by Phoef Sutton and directed by Andy Wolk. The episode aired back-to-back with the previous episode, "Bottom of the World".

Defiance season 2
The second season of the American science fiction television series Defiance premiered on Syfy in its new Thursday night timeslot June 19, 2014 and ended on August 28, 2014. The show consisted a total of 13 episodes. The show stars Grant Bowler, Julie Benz, Stephanie Leonidas, Tony Curran, Jaime Murray, Graham Greene, Jesse Rath and James Murray.

The series is produced by Universal Cable Productions, in transmedia collaboration with Trion Worlds, who have released an MMORPG video game of the same name which is tied into the series.
PNS Tariq (D-181)
PNS Tariq (DDG-181) was the lead ship of the Tariq-class destroyers in the Surface Command of the Pakistan Navy that served in the military service from 1993 until 2023. Prior to being commissioned in the Pakistan Navy, she served in the Royal Navy, as general purpose frigate HMS Ambuscade.

Designed and constructed by Yarrow Shipbuilders, Ltd. at Glasgow, Scotland, in 1975, she underwent an extensive modernization and mid-life upgrade program by the KSEW Ltd. at the Naval Base Karachi in 1998–2002.

Tariq was decommissioned on 6 August 2023, alongside plans to return her to the United Kingdom for conversion to a museum ship.

Visit, board, search, and seizure
Visit, board, search, and seizure (VBSS) is the term used by United States military and law enforcement agencies for maritime boarding actions and tactics. VBSS teams are designed to capture enemy vessels, combat terrorism, piracy, and smuggling, and to conduct customs, safety and other inspections.
Exanthem
An exanthem is a widespread rash eruption occurring on the outside of the body, usually presents in children, the rash is typically associated with constitutional symptoms including fever and fatigue. It is usually caused by a virus, but an exanthem can be caused by bacteria, toxins, drugs, other microorganisms, or as a result of autoimmune disease. Exanthems associated with viruses are usually not specific but some are pathognomonic for certain viruses, the rash is not caused by the virus itself but the body's reaction to the virus.

The term exanthem is from the Greek ἐξάνθημα, exánthēma, 'a breaking out'. It can be contrasted with enanthems which occur inside the body, such as on mucous membranes. Exanthems occasionally present in association with enanthems .

Toxin
A toxin is a naturally occurring poison produced by metabolic activities of living cells or organisms. They occur especially as proteins, often conjugated. The term was first used by organic chemist Ludwig Brieger (1849–1919), derived from toxic.

Toxins can be small molecules, peptides, or proteins that are capable of causing disease on contact with or absorption by body tissues interacting with biological macromolecules such as enzymes or cellular receptors. They vary greatly in their toxicity, ranging from usually minor (such as a bee sting) to potentially fatal even at extremely low doses (such as botulinum toxin).
Diocese of Cartago in Costa Rica
The Diocese of Cartago (Latin: Dioecesis Carthaginensis in Costa Rica) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in Costa Rica. The Diocese of Cartago in Costa Rica is a suffragan diocese in the ecclesiastical province covering all Costa Rica of the metropolitan Archdiocese of San José de Costa Rica .

Its cathedral episcopal see is the Catedral de Nuestra Señora de El Carmen, dedicated to Our Lady of Carmel, in Cartago, Cartago province, central Costa Rica. It also has two Minor Basilicas: the Basílica de la Inmaculada Concepción, dedicated to the Immaculate Conception, in Tejar; and the Basílica de Nuestra Señora de Los Ángeles, dedicated to Our Lady of Angels, both in Cartago.

Cartago, Costa Rica
Cartago (Spanish pronunciation: [kaɾˈtaɣo]) is the head city of Cartago canton of the Cartago Province, and is composed of the Oriental and Occidental districts as stated in the administrative divisions of Costa Rica. It was the capital of Costa Rica from 1574 to 1824.
History of the Norwegian monarchy
The Kingdom of Norway as a unified realm dates to the reign of King Harald I Fairhair in the 9th century. His efforts in unifying the petty kingdoms of Norway resulted in the first known Norwegian central government. The country, however, soon fragmented and was collected into one entity in the first half of the 11th century, and Norway has retained a monarchy since that time.  Traditionally, it has been viewed as being ruled by the Fairhair dynasty, though modern scholars question whether the eleventh century kings and their successors were truly descendants of Harald.

Oscar II
Oscar II (Oscar Fredrik; 21 January 1829 – 8 December 1907) was King of Sweden from 1872 until his death in 1907 and King of Norway from 1872 to 1905.

Oscar was the son of King Oscar I and Queen Josephine. He inherited the Swedish and Norwegian thrones when his brother died in 1872. Oscar II ruled during a time when both countries were undergoing a period of industrialization and rapid technological progress. His reign also saw the gradual decline of the Union of Sweden and Norway, which culminated in its dissolution in 1905. In 1905, the throne of Norway was transferred to his grandnephew Prince Carl of Denmark under the regnal name Haakon VII. When Oscar died in 1907, he was succeeded in Sweden by his eldest son, Gustaf V.
Iveland Church
Iveland Church (Norwegian: Iveland kirke) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Iveland Municipality in Agder county, Norway. It is located in the village of Birketveit. It is the church for the Iveland parish which is part of the Otredal prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Agder og Telemark. The white, wooden church was built in a cruciform design in 1837 by Anders Thorsen Syrtveit who used plans drawn up by the architect Hans Linstow. The church seats about 350 people.

Hans Linstow
Hans Ditlev Franciscus (Frants) von Linstow (4 May 1787 – 10 June 1851) was a Danish/Norwegian architect who designed the Royal Palace in Oslo and much of the surrounding park and the street Karl Johans gate.