hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Oste-class fleet service ship
The Type 423 Oste class are purpose built signals intelligence (SIGINT/ELINT) and reconnaissance ships of the German Navy. Officially designated as "fleet service ships", they replaced the Type 422 class.

The Oste-class ships were designed as reconnaissance units during the Cold War. From the 1990s, the tasks were expanded to early warning and telecommunications reconnaissance in cooperation with other units of German and international armed forces. Civil officers of BND are working on the ships on a regular basis.

Accommodation for the crew was designed to meet civil standards, and the Oste class offers much more comfort for the crew than other ships in the German Navy.

The ships are set to be replaced from 2029-2031 when the new Type 424 is planned to come into service. The three new ships will cost €3.3 billion (2023).

Signals intelligence
Signals intelligence (SIGINT) is the act and field of intelligence-gathering by interception of signals, whether communications between people (communications intelligence—abbreviated to COMINT) or from electronic signals not directly used in communication (electronic intelligence—abbreviated to ELINT). As classified and sensitive information is usually encrypted, signals intelligence may necessarily involve cryptanalysis (to decipher the messages). Traffic analysis—the study of who is signaling to whom and in what quantity—is also used to integrate information, and it may complement cryptanalysis.
MV Islander
MV Islander is a roll-on/roll-off ferry operated by Brittany Ferries on routes connecting Guernsey in the Channel Islands to Portsmouth, England and Saint-Malo, France. Built in 2005 as the MS Dueodde for Bornholmstrafikken, she has since seen service with StraitNZ as MV Straitsman in New Zealand between 2010 and 2023, before being sold to Condor Ferries as Condor Islander. The vessel was renamed Islander in 2025, following the company's majority takeover by Brittany Ferries.

Brittany Ferries
BAI Bretagne Angleterre Irlande S.A. trading as Brittany Ferries is a French shipping company based in Roscoff, France. Founded in 1973 by Alexis Gourvennec,  it operates passenger and freight services between France, Ireland, Spain, the United Kingdom and the Channel Islands.
Antonio Castejón Espinosa
Antonio Castejón Espinosa (1896, Manila – 1969) was a Spanish army officer from the Army of Africa who fought for the Nationalists in the Spanish Civil War. He was born in the Philippines which was a Spanish colony.

At the start of the Civil War Major Castejón's unit of the Spanish Legion joined the rebels and took control of Tetuán in Spanish Morocco. In August 1936 he commanded one of Nationalist columns which performed a raid towards e Mérida and which later took Badajoz by storm. He was present at the subsequent relief of Toledo and was wounded in the fighting around Madrid. Promoted to Colonel in 1937.

Castejón was given command of the 102nd division of the Army of Andalusia during the Battle of the Ebro. He was promoted to General at war's end.  From 1939 to 1942, he commanded the Tercio «Duque de Alba» of the Spanish Foreign Legion.

Army of Africa (Spain)
The Army of Africa (Spanish: Ejército de África, Arabic: الجيش الإسباني في أفريقيا, romanized: Al-Jaysh al-Isbānī fī Afriqā, Riffian; Aserdas n Tefriqt), also known as the Army of Spanish Morocco (Spanish: Cuerpo de Ejército Marroquí'), was a field army of the Spanish Army that garrisoned the Spanish protectorate in Morocco from 1912 until Morocco's independence in 1956.

At the start of the 20th century, the Spanish Empire's colonial possessions in Africa comprised Morocco, Spanish Sahara, Ifni, Cape Juby and Spanish Guinea.
Mishka Henner
Mishka Henner (born 8 June 1976) is a Belgian artist living and working in Manchester, England. His work has featured in several surveys of contemporary artists working with photography in the internet age. He has been described by some as a modern-day Duchamp for his appropriation of image-rich technologies including Google Earth, Google Street View, and YouTube, and for his adoption of print-on-demand as a means to bypass traditional publishing models.

Print on demand
Print on demand (POD) is a printing technology and business process in which book copies (or other documents, packaging, or materials) are not printed until the company receives an order, allowing prints in single or small quantities. While other industries established the build-to-order business model, POD could only develop after the beginning of digital printing, as it was not economical to print single copies using traditional printing technologies such as letterpress and offset printing.

Many traditional small presses have replaced their traditional printing equipment with POD equipment or contracted their printing to POD service providers. Many academic publishers, including university presses, use POD services to maintain large backlists (lists of older publications); some use POD for all of their publications. Larger publishers may use POD in special circumstances, such as reprinting older, out-of-print titles or for test marketing.
Pepper Sharpe
Robert Ernest Sharpe (December 9, 1918 – December 4, 1997), nicknamed "Pepper", was an American Negro league pitcher for the Memphis Red Sox and Chicago American Giants in the 1940s.

A native of Rena Lara, Mississippi, Sharpe was the oldest of 12 children. His career highlights included a no-hitter against the Kansas City Monarchs. Sharpe served in the US Army in 1945 and 1946, and was honored by the city of San Diego, California in 1994, as July 24 was proclaimed "Robert 'Pepper' Sharpe Day". He died in San Diego in 1997 at age 78.

Chicago American Giants
The Chicago American Giants were a Chicago-based Negro league baseball team. From 1910 until the mid-1930s, the American Giants were the most dominant team in black baseball. Owned and managed from 1911 to 1926 by player-manager Andrew "Rube" Foster, they were charter members of Foster's Negro National League. The American Giants won five pennants in that league, along with another pennant in the 1932 Negro Southern League and a second-half championship in Gus Greenlee's Negro National League in 1934.
Marshall Archipelago
The Marshall Archipelago (77°0′S 148°30′W﻿ / ﻿77.000°S 148.500°W﻿ / -77.000; -148.500﻿ (Marshall Archipelago)) is an extensive group of large ice-covered islands within the Sulzberger Ice Shelf, Antarctica.

Richard E. Byrd
Richard Evelyn Byrd Jr. (October 25, 1888 – March 11, 1957) was an American naval officer, and pioneering aviator, polar explorer, and organizer of polar logistics. Aircraft flights in which he served as a navigator and expedition leader crossed the Atlantic Ocean, a segment of the Arctic Ocean, and a segment of the Antarctic Plateau. He is also known for discovering Mount Sidley, the largest dormant volcano in Antarctica.

Byrd claimed to be the first to reach both the North and South Poles by air. However, there is some controversy as to whether he was actually the first person to reach the North Pole. It is generally believed that the distance he claimed to have flown was longer than the possible fuel range of his airplane.

He was a recipient of the Medal of Honor, the United States Armed Forces' highest military decoration, and the Navy Cross, the second highest honor for valor given by the U.S. Navy.
Joe Ross (philatelist)
Joseph L. Ross is an American philatelist who has specialized in the revenue stamps of South America. Ross has also been a prolific philatelic author, compiling or updating a large number of revenue stamp catalog and writing numerous articles in philatelic journals. His catalog of Uruguay revenues, for instance, is the first since Forbin's world catalog of 1915 and starts where that one finished.

In 2008, Ross won the Revenue Society Research Medal.

Stamp catalog
A stamp catalog (or stamp catalogue) is a catalog of postage stamp types with descriptions and prices.

The stamp catalog is an essential tool of philately and stamp collecting. Stamp catalogs are part of philatelic literature.

Similar catalogs of other collectible objects, such as matchboxes (phillumeny) and postcards (deltiology) have also been issued.
Toowoomba Grammar School
Toowoomba Grammar School is an independent, non-denominational, day and boarding grammar school for boys, in East Toowoomba, Toowoomba, Toowoomba Region, Queensland, Australia.

Toowoomba Grammar was established in 1875, the third school to be established under the Grammar Schools Act 1860. It has a non-selective enrolment policy and currently caters for approximately 1,169 students from Prep to Year 12, including 300 boarders from Years 5 to 12.

Some of the Toowoomba Grammar School buildings are listed on the Queensland Heritage Register.

Toowoomba Region
The Toowoomba Region is a local government area (LGA) on the border of Darling Downs and South East Queensland regions of Queensland, Australia. Established in 2008, the LGA was preceded by several other local government authorities with histories extending back to the early 1900s and beyond.

In 2018–2019, it had a A$491 million budget, of which A$316 million is for service delivery and A$175.13 million capital (infrastructure) budget.

In the 2021 census, the Toowoomba Region had a population of 173,204 people.
Fracus & Darwin
Fracus & Darwin are a British DJ and production duo, known for producing a variety of electronic music styles. They have been guests on BBC Radio 1 and have performed at clubs and festivals across the world.

They have released five studio albums on the label Hardcore Underground as well as producing music for the gaming industry, having had tracks featured on releases such as Music of Dance Dance Revolution X. They have also undertaken production work for Nintendo, Konami Japan and Capcom, and produced music for various notable sound-react apps, including Amuzo Game's 'FLO' in 2018  and Step Revolution's StepManiaX

They have been interviewed and featured in industry magazines such as Spindle Magazine and YourEDM.

StepManiaX
StepManiaX (abbreviated SMX and pronounced "Step Maniacs") is a rhythm game developed and published by Step Revolution, a studio formed by former developers of In the Groove, ReRave, and Pump It Up Pro. It is considered a spiritual successor to the In the Groove series. The name is a nod to the legacy of the open-source simulator StepMania, as many of the original StepMania developers are involved with the project. StepManiaX is derived from the same codebase, with modifications made to support the new game types, lights, touch support, connectivity, and the custom Android operating system and hardware that dedicated units run on.
Ripple Labs
Ripple (formerly OpenCoin, then Ripple Labs, Inc.,) is an American technology company which offers enterprise blockchain products on the XRP Ledger and other networks. Originally named OpenCoin and renamed in 2015, the company was founded in 2012 and is based in San Francisco, California.

The firm has been investigated by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for various violations. The company has made substantial political donations to Donald Trump and entered into partnerships with Trump's businesses. During the second Donald Trump administration, the SEC softened its regulation of the company.

Venture round
A venture round is a type of funding round used for venture capital financing, by which startup companies obtain investment, generally from venture capitalists and other institutional investors. The availability of venture funding is among the primary stimuli for the development of new companies and technologies.
Van Zeeland
van Zeeland is a Dutch surname meaning "from Zeeland". Notable people with the surname include:

Ashley Van Zeeland, American neuroscientist

Hans van Zeeland (born 1954), Dutch water polo player

Paul van Zeeland (1893–1973), Belgian lawyer, politician and economist

Hans van Zeeland
Johannes Hendrikus Jacques "Hans" van Zeeland (born 4 May 1954) is a former water polo player from the Netherlands, who won the bronze medal with the Dutch National Team at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal. In 1980 Van Zeeland finished in sixth position with the Holland squad. Sixteen years later he was the head coach of the Dutch Men's National Team at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, United States.
Johnny Daye
Johnny Daye (March 17, 1948 – May 6, 2017) was an American soul music singer from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, who released six singles between 1965, when he signed to Danny Sims and Johnny Nash's Jomada record label, and 1968 recording two tracks on Stax Records. In 2007 he came out of retirement to sing on two tracks on Robert Peckman's first solo CD, Stirrin' Up Bees.

Daye was taken to Stax Records after being discovered in Pittsburgh by Otis Redding. He recorded the single "What'll I Do for Satisfaction", which was produced and co-written by Steve Cropper. The song was recorded by Janet Jackson on her 1993 album, Janet, as "What'll I Do". His other single for Stax was "Stay Baby Stay". Cropper stated in the liner notes to The Complete Stax/Volt Singles 1959–1968 that "Otis really wanted to do a lot with him. The kid was dynamite. Had Otis lived, he probably would have."

Steve Cropper
Stephen Lee Cropper (October 21, 1941 – December 3, 2025), sometimes known as "The Colonel", was an American guitarist, songwriter and record producer. He was the guitarist of the Stax Records house band, Booker T. & the M.G.'s, which backed artists such as Otis Redding, Wilson Pickett, Sam & Dave, Carla Thomas, Rufus Thomas, Johnnie Taylor and Neil Young. He also acted as the producer of many of these artists' records. He was later a member of the Blues Brothers band. Rolling Stone magazine ranked him 36th on its list of the 100 greatest guitarists. He won two Grammy Awards out of his seven nominations.
Finnigan v New Zealand Rugby Football Union
Finnigan v New Zealand Rugby Football Union, was a case taken against the New Zealand Rugby Football Union (NZRFU), by two members of NZRFU-affiliated clubs, challenging the decision of the NZRFU Council to accept an invitation for the All Blacks to tour South Africa. The invitation came just four years after the 1981 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand had divided the New Zealand public over the All Blacks refusal to participate in the sporting boycott of South Africa during the Apartheid era. The decision primarily concerned whether the two plaintiffs had sufficient standing to challenge the NZRFU decision. The decision marked the adoption of the principles of R (National Federation of Self-Employed and Small Businesses Ltd) v Inland Revenue Commissioners approach to standing in judicial review into New Zealand law.

Judicial review
Judicial review is a process under which a government's executive, legislative, or administrative actions are subject to review by the judiciary.: 79  In a judicial review, a court may invalidate laws, acts, or governmental actions that are incompatible with a higher authority. For example, an executive decision may be invalidated for being unlawful, or a statute may be invalidated for violating the terms of a constitution. Judicial review is one of the checks and balances in the separation of powers—the power of the judiciary to supervise (judicial supervision) the legislative and executive branches when the latter exceed their authority.

The doctrine varies between jurisdictions, so the procedure and scope of judicial review may differ between and within countries. The judiciary in United States has been described as having unusually strong powers of judicial review from a comparative perspective.
Neumann polynomial
In mathematics, the Neumann polynomials, introduced by Carl Neumann for the special case , are a sequence of polynomials in  used to expand functions in term of Bessel functions.

The first few polynomials are

A general form for the polynomial is

and they have the "generating function"

where J are Bessel functions.

To expand a function f in the form

for , compute

where  and c is the distance of the nearest singularity of f(z) from .

Carl Neumann
Carl Gottfried Neumann (also Karl; 7 May 1832 – 27 March 1925) was a German mathematical physicist and professor at several German universities. His work focused on applications of potential theory to physics and mathematics.  He contributed to the mathematical formalization of electrodynamics and analytical mechanics. Neumann boundary conditions and the Neumann series are named after him.
Battles of Batočina and Jagodina
The Battles of Batočina and Jagodina were several battles fought in late March–April in Batočina and Jagodina (central Serbia) between the Serbian rebels under Karađorđe and the Dahije (renegade Janissaries) leader Kučuk-Alija. The Serbian rebels aimed to take Jagodina while Kučuk-Alija mustered and hired troops in the region to deal with the rebellion. The Batočina inn was besieged to stop reinforcements and led to a pursuit and destruction of a Janissary contingent at a river bank. Next, a siege of Jagodina, held by Kučuk-Alija, failed miserably due to bad weather conditions. The next attack was successful after an assault and day of shootouts in the town.

Paraćin
Paraćin (Serbian Cyrillic: Параћин, pronounced [pâratɕin]) is a town and municipality located in the Pomoravlje District of central Serbia. Located in the Velika Morava river valley, north of Kruševac and southeast of Kragujevac, the town had a population of 22,349 in 2022. It also has a civilian airport.
David Whiteley
David Whiteley (born 4 May 1977) is a British TV and radio presenter. He is the co-presenter of ITV News Anglia alongside Becky Jago.

Whiteley presented the regional BBC One programme Inside Out East until it was cancelled in 2020.

He has presented two BBC documentaries about Star Wars: The Galaxy Britain Built: Droids, Darth Vader and Lightsabers, and Toy Empire: The British Force Behind Star Wars Toys about the toymaker Palitoy.

In 2021, Whiteley replaced Jonathan Wills as co-presenter of ITV News Anglia.

Jonathan Wills
Jonathan Wills is a British journalist currently employed by ITV Channel.

Born in 1964 he has worked for ITN, where he was best known for presenting the sports segment during the now defunct ITV News at 10.30. He also fronted regional programme London Soccer Night for ITV London.

In late 2007, his contract with ITN ended and he joined ITV Anglia to present the East edition of their regional news programme Anglia Tonight. As of 12 February 2009, he was the main presenter of the merged East and West editions of ITV News Anglia, alongside Becky Jago for almost 14 years. His last programme was May 28, 2021.

He has now joined ITV Channel to present ITV News Channel TV alongside Jess Dunsdon.
Saruq Al Hadid
24°39′56″N 55°14′21″E﻿ / ﻿24.6654392°N 55.2392885°E﻿ / 24.6654392; 55.2392885

Saruq Al Hadid (Arabic: ساروق الحديد Sarug al-hadeed) is an archaeological site in the Emirate of Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE), and stands as one of the most important and enigmatic historical sites in the country. Findings from the site are displayed in a museum with the same name in the city of Dubai. The site was originally discovered by the ruler of Dubai, Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, while flying his helicopter across the desert.

Umm Al Nar culture
Umm Al Nar (Arabic: أُمّ الـنَّـار, romanized: Umm an-Nār or Umm al-Nar, lit. 'Mother of the Fire') is a Early Bronze Age, Prehistoric Arabian culture that existed around 2600–2000 BCE in the area of the modern-day United Arab Emirates and Northern Oman. The etymology derives from the island of the same name which lies adjacent to the city of Abu Dhabi, the capital of the UAE, which provided early evidence and finds that came to define the period.

The Umm Al Nar people were important regional trading intermediaries between the ancient civilisations of Sumer in Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley Harappan culture. Known to the Sumerians as 'Magan', the area was the source of Sumer's copper and diorite as well as a trading entrepot for other goods from the Indus Valley, including carnelian jewellery.
John Johnson (astronomer)
John Asher Johnson (4 January 1977) is an American astrophysicist and professor of astronomy at Harvard. He is the first tenured African-American physical science professor in the history of the university. Johnson is well known for discovering three of the first known planets smaller than the Earth outside of the Solar System, including the first Mars-sized exoplanet.

Methods of detecting exoplanets
Methods of detecting exoplanets usually rely on indirect strategies – that is, they do not directly image the planet but deduce its existence from another signal. Any planet is an extremely faint light source compared to its parent star. For example, a star like the Sun is about a billion times as bright as the reflected light from any of the planets orbiting it. In addition to the intrinsic difficulty of detecting such a faint light source, the glare from the parent star washes it out. For those reasons, very few of the exoplanets reported as of June 2025 have been detected directly, with even fewer being resolved from their host star.
Olympe Aguado
Count Olympe-Clemente-Alexandre-Auguste Aguado (3 February 1827 – 25 October 1894) was a Franco-Spanish photographer and socialite, active primarily in the 1850s and 1860s.  One of several early photographers who learned the practice from Gustave Le Gray, Aguado pioneered a number of photographic processes, including carte de visite photographs and photographic enlargement processes.  He was also a founding member of the influential French Photographic Society in 1854.

Carte de visite
The carte de visite (French: [kaʁt də vizit], English: 'visiting card', abbr. 'CdV', pl. cartes de visite) was a format of small photograph which was patented in Paris by photographer André Adolphe Eugène Disdéri in 1854, although first used by Louis Dodero in 1851.

Each photograph was the size of a formal visiting card about 4½ x 2½ inches (11.4 x 6.3 cm) and such photograph cards, in what has been called an early form of social media, were commonly traded among friends and visitors in the 1860s. Albums for the collection and display of cards became a common fixture in Victorian parlors. The popularity of the format and its rapid uptake worldwide were due to their relative thrift, which made portrait photographs accessible to a broader demographic, and prior to the advent of mechanical reproduction of photographs, led to the publication and collection of portraits of prominent persons. It was the success of the carte de visite that led to photography's institutionalisation.
Society finch
The Society finch (Lonchura striata domestica), also known as the Bengali finch or Bengalese finch,  is a domesticated subspecies of estrildid finch. It became a popular cage and trade bird after appearing in European zoos in the 1860s through being imported from Japan, though it was domesticated in China. Coloration and behavior were modified through centuries of selection in Asia, then later in Europe and North America.

Another aspect of the Bengali finch that evolved throughout the centuries is song production. Extensive research has been done and continues to be done on the different ways Bengali finch songs are produced, how they are processed in the brain, what characteristics of the songs are preferred by females, and how their songs compare to the also commonly studied zebra finch.

Bird vocalization
Bird vocalization includes both bird calls and bird songs. In non-technical use, bird songs (often simply birdsong) are the sounds produced by birds that are melodious to the human ear. In ornithology and birding, songs (relatively complex vocalizations) are distinguished by function from calls (relatively simple vocalizations).