hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Successive linear programming
Successive Linear Programming (SLP), also known as Sequential Linear Programming,  is an optimization technique for approximately solving nonlinear optimization problems. It is related to, but distinct from, quasi-Newton methods.

Starting at some estimate of the optimal solution, the method is based on solving a sequence of first-order approximations (i.e. linearizations) of the model. The linearizations are linear programming problems, which can be solved efficiently. As the linearizations need not be bounded, trust regions or similar techniques are needed to ensure convergence in theory.

SLP has been used widely in the petrochemical industry since the 1970s. Since then, however, they have been superseded by sequential quadratic programming methods. While solving a QP subproblem takes more time than solving an LP one, the overall decrease in the number of iterations, due to improved convergence, results in significantly lower running times and fewer function evaluations."

Linearization
In mathematics, linearization (British English: linearisation) is finding the linear approximation to a function at a given point. The linear approximation of a function is the first order Taylor expansion around the point of interest. In the study of dynamical systems, linearization is a method for assessing the local stability of an equilibrium point of a system of nonlinear differential equations or discrete dynamical systems.  This method is used in fields such as engineering, physics, economics, and ecology.
Lophopogon
Lophopogon is a ditypic genus endemic to India, consisting of two well-known species Lophopogon tridentatus (Roxb.) Hackel and Lophopogon kingii Hook f. belonging to the tribe Andropogoneae in the grass family.

Lophopogon prasannae, a species described from the state of Andhra Pradesh is allied to L. kingii and was thus synonymised as a new heterotypic synonym of the latter. L. tridentatus is a widely distributed species in India whereas L. kingii is a rare grass occurring in Bihar, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka in India.

Species

Lophopogon kingii Hook.f. - Bihar, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka states in India.

Lophopogon tridentatus (Roxb.) Hack. - Andhra pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu

Formerly included

see Apocopis Germainia

Lophopogon intermedius - Apocopis intermedia

Lophopogon tenax - Germainia tenax

Lophopogon truncatiglumis - Germainia truncatiglumis

Joseph Dalton Hooker
Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker (30 June 1817 – 10 December 1911) was a British botanist and explorer in the 19th century. He was a founder of geographical botany and Charles Darwin's closest friend. For 20 years he served as director of the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, succeeding his father, William Jackson Hooker, and was awarded the highest honours of British science.
Logie Awards of 2001
The 43rd Annual TV Week Logie Awards was held on Sunday 22 April 2001 at the Crown Palladium in Melbourne, and broadcast on the Nine Network. The ceremony was hosted by Shaun Micallef, and guests included Michael Crawford and Christopher Ellison.

Crown Melbourne
Crown Melbourne (also referred to as Crown Casino and Entertainment Complex) is an integrated resort consisting of a casino and hotel located on the south bank of the Yarra River, in Melbourne, Australia. Crown Melbourne is a subsidiary of Crown Resorts, and was the first casino of the now-international Crown brand.

Initially having opened in 1994 on the north bank of the Yarra River, Crown Melbourne relocated and re–opened on the south bank of the Yarra, in 1997. It remains one of the central features of the Southbank precinct of the Melbourne central business district. The entire complex has a space of 510,000 m2–equivalent to two city blocks—making it the largest casino complex in the Southern Hemisphere and one of the largest in the world. The complex also hosts three hotels; the Crown Towers, Crown Promenade and Crown Metropol.

It was founded, owned and run by Lloyd Williams until taken over by Publishing & Broadcasting Limited in 1999.
KLLB
KLLB (1510 AM) was a Christian/Gospel formatted radio station licensed to West Jordan, Utah. The station served the Salt Lake City area. The station was owned by United Security Financial, Inc.

The station signed off air every night, usually at or around local sunset. Other stations such as KGA from Spokane, Washington could be heard in its place. Because KGA was a Class A station until 2008, KLLB had to sign off at night to protect KGA's skywave service area from interference. Since the station's tower was constructed in the 1980s, a housing development had been built around the tower and ultimately a street will replace the land where the tower now stands. The station had applied for a construction permit to move its tower farther west near Utah State Route 111. This application has since been dismissed.

The station shared its tower with KTKK (630 AM) Sandy, Utah, whose tower was also coincidentally displaced due to a housing development. KTKK has since signed off the air.

Utah State Route 111
State Route 111 (SR-111) is a state highway in the U.S state of Utah that runs north–south across the west side of the Salt Lake Valley in Salt Lake County. It connects SR-201 in Magna to SR-209 in West Jordan in a span of 10.6 miles (17.06 km). It is known as 8400 West and Bacchus Highway throughout the route's course, in respect of north to south.

Prior to 1969, SR-111 extended past SR-209 (then SR-48) and passed through Herriman before terminating at SR-71.
Listed buildings in Catterall
Catterall is a civil parish in the Wyre district of Lancashire, England.  It contains eight listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England.  All the listed buildings are designated at Grade II, the lowest of the three grades, which is applied to "buildings of national importance and special interest".  The parish includes the village of Catterall and the surrounding countryside.  The Lancaster Canal and the River Calder run through the parish, and the listed buildings associated with these are bridges and an aqueduct.  The other listed buildings are two medieval cross bases, a farmhouse with an associated barn, and a milestone.

River Calder, Wyre
The River Calder is a 13-mile (21 km) long river that is one of the main tributaries of the River Wyre in Lancashire, England. Like the other rivers in England with the name Calder, its name is thought to derive from a mixture of Old Welsh and Old British words meaning "hard and violent water or stream".
Sulfanegen
Sulfanegen is an experimental antidote for cyanide poisoning.  It is being studied as a prodrug for 3-mercaptopyruvic acid (3-MP).  3-MP has been studied as a potential treatment for cyanide poisoning, but the half-life is too short for it to be clinically effective.  Instead, alternative chemicals such as sulfanegen, the hemithioacetal cyclic dimer of 3-MP, are being evaluated that produce 3-MP in vivo to compensate for the short half-life of 3-MP itself.

Sulfanegen has been shown to be effective in animal studies.  It is being studied as the disodium salt, sulfanegen sodium, and the triethanolamine salt, sulfanegen TEA. One advantage various sulfanegen formulations have over existing treatments for acute cyanide poisoning is that they might be administered by intramuscular injection or orally rather than by intravenous infusion.

Triethanolamine
Triethanolamine, or TEOA, is an organic compound with the chemical formula N(CH2CH2OH)3. It is a colourless, viscous liquid. It is both a tertiary amine and a triol. A triol is a molecule with three alcohol groups. Approximately 150,000 tonnes were produced in 1999.  It is a colourless compound although samples may appear yellow because of impurities.
Sheghnan Airport
Sheghnan Airport (IATA: SGA, ICAO: OASN) is located in the extreme northeast section of Afghanistan deep within Pamir mountain ranges in the Badakhshan Province of Afghanistan. The airport is close to the border with Tajikistan; to the east and parallel of the Shighnan airport is Khorog Airport in Tajikistan. These two airports are only 2,000 feet (0.6 km) apart and are separated by a river.

Pamir Mountains
The Pamir Mountains are a range of mountains between Central Asia and South Asia. They are located at a junction with other notable mountains, namely the Tian Shan, the Karakoram, the Kunlun, the Hindu Kush, and the Himalayas. They are among the world's highest mountains.

Much of the range lies in the Gorno-Badakhshan region of Tajikistan. Spanning the border parts of four countries, to the south, they border the Hindu Kush mountains along Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor in Badakhshan Province, Chitral and Gilgit-Baltistan regions of Pakistan. To the north, they join the Tian Shan mountains along the Alay Valley of Kyrgyzstan. To the east, they extend to the range that includes China's Kongur Tagh, in the "Eastern Pamirs", separated by the Yarkand valley from the Kunlun Mountains.

Since the Victorian era, they have been known as the "Roof of the World", presumably a translation from Persian.
London Society
London Society was a Victorian era illustrated monthly periodical, subtitled "an illustrated magazine of light and amusing literature for the hours of relaxation". It was published between 1862 and 1898 by W. Clowes and Sons, London, England. The magazine published miscellaneous articles, short fiction (mostly anonymous), and serialized novels. The Stanford Companion to Victorian Fiction called it "an inferior imitator of Smith's Cornhill".

Literary contributors included Charlotte Riddell, whose novels Above Suspicion (1874) and The Senior Partner (1881-2) were serialized; Florence Marryat (Open Sesame); and a pre-Sherlock Holmes Arthur Conan Doyle. Illustrators included Mary Ellen Edwards, Randolph Caldecott, Harry Furniss, F. A. Fraser, and George Cruikshank.

George Cruikshank
George Cruikshank or Cruickshank (/ˈkrʊkʃæŋk/ KRUUK-shank; 27 September 1792 – 1 February 1878) was a British caricaturist and book illustrator, praised as the "modern Hogarth" during his life. His book illustrations for his friend Charles Dickens, and many other authors, reached an international audience.
Collegiate Learning Assessment
The Collegiate Learning Assessment (CLA) is a standardized testing initiative in United States higher educational evaluation and assessment. It uses a "value-added" outcome model to examine a college or university's contribution to student learning which relies on the institution, rather than the individual student, as the primary unit of analysis.  The CLA measures are designed to test for critical thinking, analytic reasoning, problem solving, and written communication skills.  The assessment consists of open-ended questions, is administered to students online, and controls for incoming academic ability. An institution's average score on the CLA measures correlates highly with the institution's average SAT score (r = 0.90). Institutional results are not published.

Analytic reasoning
Analytical reasoning, also known as analytical thinking, refers to the ability to look at information, be it qualitative or quantitative in nature, and discern patterns within the information. Analytical reasoning involves breaking down large problems into smaller components and using deductive reasoning with no specialised knowledge, such as: comprehending the basic structure of a set of relationships; recognizing logically equivalent statements; and inferring what could be true or must be true from given facts and rules. Analytical reasoning is axiomatic in that its truth is self-evident. In contrast, synthetic reasoning requires that we include empirical observations. The specific terms "analytic" and "synthetic" themselves were introduced by Kant (1781) at the beginning of his Critique of Pure Reason.
Bardi Madonna
The Bardi Madonna or Madonna and Child with Saint John the Baptist and Saint John the Evangelist is a 1480s tempera-on-panel painting by the Italian Renaissance artist Sandro Botticelli, now in the Gemäldegalerie, Berlin. Its primary name derives from the rich Florentine banker Agnolo Bardi, who commissioned it for his family chapel at the Santo Spirito Basilica in Florence. It was completed around the end of 1485.

It includes several symbols of Mary's virginity (the hortus conclusus in the background), purity (white lilies), her sinless state (the white flowers in the "mystic vase" at the foot of her throne) and her status as a new Venus (myrtle). The red flowers in the vase also allude to Christ’s Passion and to the two Johns' martyrdoms, whilst the olive and laurel branches refer to the mystery of the Incarnation. The ascetic character of the figure of Mary shows Savonarola's influence on the artist.

Passion of Jesus
The Passion (from Latin patior, "to suffer, bear, endure") is the short final period before the death of Jesus, described in the four canonical gospels. It is commemorated in Christianity every year during Holy Week.

The Passion may include, among other events, Jesus's triumphal entry into Jerusalem, his cleansing of the Temple, his anointing, the Last Supper, his agony, his arrest, his trial before the Sanhedrin and his trial before Pontius Pilate, his crucifixion and death, and his burial. Those parts of the four canonical Gospels that describe these events are known as the Passion narratives. In some Christian communities, commemoration of the Passion also includes remembrance of the sorrow of Mary, the mother of Jesus, on the Friday of Sorrows.

The word passion has taken on a more general application and now may also apply to accounts of the suffering and death of Christian martyrs, sometimes using the Latin form passio.
Small House Policy
The Small House Policy (SHP, Chinese: 小型屋宇政策) was introduced in 1972 in Hong Kong. The objective was to improve the then prevailing low standard of housing in the rural areas of the New Territories. The policy allows an indigenous male villager who is 18 years old, and who is descended through the male line from a resident in 1898 of a recognized village in the New Territories, an entitlement to one concessionary grant during his lifetime to build one house.

The policy has generated debates and calls for amendments to be made.

Basic law
A basic law is either a codified constitution, or in countries with uncodified constitutions, a law designed to have the effect of a constitution. The term basic law is used in some places as an alternative to "constitution" and may be intended as a temporary but necessary measure, until the formal enactment of a constitution. "Basic law" is sometimes used to avoid it being taken to be, like a constitution, "the highest law". There may be various reasons, such as religion, for this.
Rampur, Dang
Rampur is a town and Village Development Committee  in Dang Deukhuri District in Lumbini Province of south-western Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 9,422 persons living in 1576 individual households.

Lumbini Province
Lumbini Province (Nepali: लुम्बिनी प्रदेश, romanized: Lumbinī pradēśa, IPA: [lumbiniː]) is a province in western Nepal. The country's third largest province in terms of area as well as population, Lumbini is home to the World Heritage Site of Lumbini, where according to Buddhist tradition Gautama Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, was born.

Lumbini borders Gandaki Province and Karnali Province to the north, Sudurpashchim Province to the west, and Uttar Pradesh and Bihar of India to the south. Lumbini's capital, Deukhuri, is near the geographic center of the province. The major cities in the province are Butwal and Siddharthanagar in Rupandehi district, Nepalgunj in Banke district, Tansen in Palpa district, and Ghorahi and Tulsipur in Dang district.
Antiochian Western Rite Vicariate
The Antiochian Western Rite Vicariate (AWRV) is the Western rite vicariate of parishes, a monastery, and missions "that worship according to traditional Western Christian liturgical forms" within the Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America of the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch. These parishes roughly number to around 10,000 communicants in about 40 parishes and missions, with the Right Reverend John Abdalah, Bishop of Worcester and New England, serving as the Vicar Bishop with full oversight of the vicariate.

Englewood, New Jersey
Englewood is a city in Bergen County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It is part of the New York metropolitan area. Englewood was incorporated as a city by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 17, 1899, from portions of Ridgefield Township and the remaining portions of Englewood Township. As of the 2020 United States census, the city's population was 29,308, its highest decennial count ever and an increase of 2,161 (+8.0%) from the 2010 census count of 27,147, which in turn reflected an increase of 944 (+3.6%) from the 26,203 counted in the 2000 census.
Old Fort Bay
Old Fort Bay (also Old Fort Bay Club) is a private gated community, club, and former British colonial fort located in northwestern New Providence Island in The Bahamas just east of Lyford Cay.

The clubhouse itself is the site of a fort that was built by the British during the 18th century to fend off pirates. It was then used as a plantation in the 19th century before being won by James Cox Brady, Jr, the father of Nicholas F. Brady in 1920. Following Brady's death, his wife's new husband, C. Suydam Cutting took over the property and filled it with treasures from around the world. The fort was abandoned after the widow's death.

Restoration and development on a private community and club began in 2002 by British businessman Joe Lewis with the Tavistock Group and the New Providence Development Company (NPDCo). It opened a year later. H. Hunter "Terry" White III took over in 2011.

Nicholas F. Brady
Nicholas Frederick Brady (born April 11, 1930) is an American banker and politician from New Jersey who briefly served in the United States Senate for eight months in 1982 and served as the 68th United States Secretary of the Treasury under U.S. Presidents Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush from 1988 to 1993. He is a member of the Republican Party.

In April 1982, he was appointed U.S. senator to finish the unexpired term of Harrison A. Williams, and did not seek election. As of 2026, Brady is the last Republican to serve in New Jersey's Class 1 U.S. Senate seat and is the oldest living former U.S. senator since the death of Daniel J. Evans.

As U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, Brady proposed and enacted a novel debt-reduction agreement for developing countries which became known as Brady Bonds.
Ronald Reagan Parkway (Indiana)
Ronald Reagan Parkway and Ameriplex Parkway is a parkway-type road named in part after former U.S. President Ronald Reagan. The road was commissioned in the 1990s, and the initial one-mile (1.6 km) section from U.S. Highway 36 to County Road 100 N (CR 100 N) was completed in 1996. It was later extended to CR 200 N. The segment from CR 200 N to CR 300 N opened in early 2015. Construction on the section from CR 300 N to the existing road connecting to US 136 began in 2015 and was completed in late 2017. Another extension via State Road 267 (SR267) to I-65 was planned to be opened by 2020, but has been delayed. A new plan has construction starting on the Hendricks County portion of the northern extension in middle 2023, with phase 1A opened in November 2025 that extended the road up to CR 750N. Phase 1B will extend the road further north up to CR 1000N (just south of the Hendricks-Boone county line), and it will begin construction in winter 2025–26.

U.S. Route 36 in Indiana
U.S. Route 36 (US 36) is a part of the United States Numbered Highway System that runs from Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado to Uhrichsville, Ohio. In the state of Indiana, it is part of the Indiana State Road system that runs across the central portion of the state from the Illinois state line near Dana to the Ohio state line near Spartanburg. In the Indianapolis area, US 36 overlaps the southern section of Interstate 465 (I-465), bypassing the downtown area where the route formerly went.
Randall King
Randall King (born April 2, 1950) is an American-born former professional tennis player. A native of Portland, Oregon, King played Davis Cup tennis for Hong Kong during the 1980s.

King reached a career high singles ranking of 269 in the world while competing on the professional tour and featured in the men's doubles main draw of the 1977 US Open.

From 1984 to 1986, by then based in Hong Kong, he represented the territory in five Davis Cup ties. In 1984 he won the doubles rubber in Hong Kong's historic 3-2 win over Taiwan, which was their first ever victory in a Davis Cup tie.

Chinese Taipei Davis Cup team
The Chinese Taipei men's national tennis team represents Taiwan in Davis Cup tennis competition and are governed by the Chinese Taipei Tennis Association.

Chinese Taipei will compete in the Davis Cup Qualifiers in 2024.
Stoner (song)
"Stoner" is a song by American rapper Young Thug. Released on February 4, 2014, as Young Thug's commercial debut single, the song is also featured on DJ Spinz's music compilation HPG 3 (2013). After gaining popularity, the song was made available through iTunes by Atlantic Records. The song is ranked as one of the 100 songs that defined the 2010s decade by Billboard.

DJ Spinz
Gary Rafael Hill, known professionally as DJ Spinz, is an American record producer, songwriter and disc jockey. Spinz became a DJ in the late 2000s before shifting into music production. He has since produced the Billboard Hot 100-top 40 singles "Cashin' Out" by Cash Out and "Flex (Ooh, Ooh, Ooh)" by Rich Homie Quan, as well as the multi-platinum-certified singles "Fuck Up Some Commas" by Future, "Blasé" by Ty Dolla Sign, and "Bring It Back" by Travis Porter. He has also been credited on albums by Waka Flocka Flame, Gucci Mane, French Montana, Jacquees, Rick Ross, 2 Chainz, and Lil B, among others.
Pannaria formosana
Pannaria formosana is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), squamulose (scaley) to foliose (leafy) lichen in the family Pannariaceae. Found in eastern Asia, it was formally described as a new species in 2001 by the Norwegian lichenologist Per Magnus Jørgensen. The type specimen was collected in February, 1965 by Syo Kurokawa from Chinsueiin Pass, (Taitung Prefecture, Taiwan).

The lichen forms brown, circular patches up to about 5 cm (2 in) in diameter with lobes up to 2 mm wide. These lobes have whitish, pruina-like isidioid secondary lobules. Apothecia occur rarely in this species, and mature ascospores have not been found. The PD+ (orange) chemical spot test reaction indicates the presence of parietin, a lichen product. Pannaria formosana is found in the lowland forests of southern Taiwan and Honshu, Japan, although the author suggests a potentially wider distribution in the islands of Southeast Asia.

Taitung Prefecture
Taitung Prefecture (Chinese: 臺東直隸州; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tâi-tang Ti̍t-lē-chiu) was a division of Taiwan Province, which was created after 1887 during Qing rule. The prefecture's seat of government, originally at Tsui-be (水尾; modern-day Ruisui, Hualien), was moved to Pi-lam (卑南; modern-day Taitung City) in 1888. Plan to establish the sub-prefectures of Pi-lam (卑南) and Hoe-lian-kang (花蓮港) was aborted.

In 1895, with the Treaty of Shimonoseki and the successful Japanese invasion of Taiwan, the prefecture was reorganized as Taitō Chō in 1897 under Japanese rule.