hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Preliminary reference Earth model
The preliminary reference Earth model (PREM) plots the average of Earth's properties by depth. It includes a table of Earth properties, including elastic properties, attenuation, density, pressure, and gravity.

PREM has been widely used as the basis for seismic tomography and related global geophysical models. It incorporates anelastic dispersion and anisotropy and therefore it is frequency-dependent and transversely isotropic for the upper mantle.

PREM was developed by Adam M. Dziewonski and Don L. Anderson in response to guidelines of a "Standard Earth Model Committee" of the International Association of Geodesy (IAG) and the International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior (IASPEI) Other Earth reference models include iasp91 and ak135.

Upper mantle
The upper mantle of Earth is a very thick layer of rock inside the planet, which begins just beneath the crust (at about 10 km (6.2 mi) under the oceans, and about 35 km (22 mi) under the continents) and ends at the top of the lower mantle, at about 670 km (420 mi). Temperatures range from around 900 K (627 °C; 1,160 °F) at the upper boundary with the crust to around 1,200 K (930 °C; 1,700 °F) at the boundary with the lower mantle. Upper mantle material that has come up onto the surface comprises about 55% olivine, 35% pyroxene, and 5–10% of calcium oxide and aluminum oxide minerals such as plagioclase, spinel, or garnet, depending on depth.
Northern Girl (song)
"Northern Girl" is a song recorded and produced by Canadian country music artist Terri Clark. It was released on April 11, 2011, as the lead single from her eighth studio album Roots and Wings (2011). The song was written by Clark and former Sugarland member Kristen Hall. The song became a success in her native Canada, peaking at number eight on the Canada Country chart.

Kristen Hall
Kristen Hall (born October 24, 1962) is an American folk rock singer-songwriter and a founding member of the country music group Sugarland. She had a solo career and released several albums, formed the country band Sugarland, and more recently has been involved in songwriting collaborations with Courtney Jaye.
Marungapuri block
Marungapuri block and Marungapuri Taluk is a revenue block and taluk in the Tiruchirappalli district of Tamil Nadu, India. It has a total of 49 panchayat villages. Marungapuri taluk's jurisdictional areas include Marungapuri,  Thuvarankurichi and Valanadu firkas. The taluk office is functioning temporarily at T. Kallupatti, about three kilometers away from Marungapuri, on the Tiruchi-Madurai National Highway. Marungapuri taluk has a population of about 1.41 lakh in an area of about 445 square km and the Manapparai taluk has about 2.63 lakh in 544.36 square km. The taluk falls under the jurisdiction of Srirangam Revenue Divisional Office (RDO).

Lakh
A lakh (/læk, lɑːk/; abbreviated L; sometimes written lac) is a unit in the Indian numbering system equal to one hundred thousand (100,000; scientific notation: 105).  In the Indian 2, 2, 3 convention of digit grouping, it is written as 1,00,000. For example, in India, 150,000 rupees becomes 1.5 lakh rupees, written as ₹1,50,000 or INR 1,50,000.

It is widely used both in official and other contexts in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. It is often used in Bangladeshi, Indian, Pakistani, and Sri Lankan English.
Alcomie, Tasmania
Alcomie is a rural locality in the local government area of Circular Head in the North West region of Tasmania. It is located about 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) south-east of the town of Smithton. 
The 2021 census recorded a population of 58 for Alcomie.

North West Tasmania
North West Tasmania is one of the regions of Tasmania in Australia. The region comprises the whole of the north west, including the North West Coast  and the northern reaches of the West Coast.  It is usually accepted as extending as far south as the Pieman River and including the Savage River National Park within the Tarkine region.

The region is characterised by its rugged beauty, from coastlines to agricultural lands. It is a key gateway for the MS Spirit of Tasmania II ferry, which docks at Devonport.
Mary Johnson Stover
Mary Johnson Stover (May 8, 1832 – April 19, 1883) was a daughter of 17th U.S. President Andrew Johnson and his wife Eliza McCardle. Stover and her three children lived at the White House during the Johnson administration, as Stover's husband, a soldier in the Union Army, had died during the American Civil War and their East Tennessee homestead had been pillaged by Confederates. Stover assisted her older sister Martha Patterson as an acting First Lady of the United States.

Mordecai Lincoln
Mordecai Lincoln (1771 – 1830) was an uncle of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln. He was the eldest son of Captain Abraham Lincoln, a brother of Thomas Lincoln and Mary Lincoln Crume, and the husband of Mary Mudd. He is buried at the Old Catholic or Lincoln Cemetery near Fountain Green, Illinois.

Mordecai's home in Springfield, Kentucky, is the only home built by a member of the Lincoln family that still stands in its original location. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Japan at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Japan was the host nation for the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano. It was the second time that Japan has hosted the Winter Games, after the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo, and the third time overall, after the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo.

1972 Winter Olympics
The 1972 Winter Olympics, officially the XI Olympic Winter Games and commonly known as Sapporo 1972, were a winter multi-sport event held from February 3 to 13, 1972, in Sapporo, Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan. It was the first Winter Olympic Games to take place outside Europe and North America.
Alternate-side parking
Alternate-side parking is a traffic law that dictates on which side of a street cars can be parked on a given day. The law is intended to promote efficient flow of traffic, as well as to allow street sweepers and snowplows to reach the curb without parked cars impeding their progress. Some proponents also regard the law, which can be quite inconvenient for drivers, as a way to encourage the use of public transportation.

In many towns and cities, alternate-side parking is reserved for certain times of year, or only used during a snow emergency.

Snowplow
A snowplow (also snow plow, snowplough or snow plough) is a device intended for mounting on a vehicle, used for removing snow and ice from outdoor surfaces, typically those serving transportation purposes. Although this term is often used to refer to vehicles mounting such devices, more accurately they are known as winter service vehicles, especially in areas that regularly receive large amounts of snow every year, or in specific environments such as airfields. In other cases, pickup trucks and front end loaders are outfitted with attachments to fulfill this purpose. Some regions that do not frequently see snow may use graders to remove compacted snow and ice off the streets. Snowplows can also be mounted on rail cars or locomotives to clear railway tracks.
New Rock (South Shetland Islands)
New Rock is a rock, 105 m high, lying 1.4 kilometres (0.75 nmi) off the southwest coast of Deception Island, in the South Shetland Islands. The name of the rock derives from its relatively recent charting in about 1929.

Deception Island
Deception Island is in the South Shetland Islands close to the Antarctic Peninsula with a large and usually "safe" natural harbour, which is occasionally affected by the underlying active volcano. This island is the caldera of an active volcano, which seriously damaged local scientific stations in 1967 and 1969. The island previously held a whaling station. It has now become a tourist destination, attracting over 15,000 visitors annually. Two research stations are operated by Argentina and Spain during the summer season. While various countries have asserted sovereignty, it is still administered under the Antarctic Treaty System, meaning it is under no control.
Chehalem Creek
Chehalem Creek is a tributary of the Willamette River in Yamhill County in the U.S. state of Oregon. It drains a watershed of 43,400 acres (176 km2), about 68 square miles. Its headwaters rise on the eastern slope of the Northern Oregon Coast Range above Larsen Reservoir 6 miles (10 km) southeast of Gaston and discharge into the Willamette near Newberg.  The word "Chehalem" is a corruption of the Atfalati Indian word "'Chahelim'", a name given in 1877 to one of the bands of Atfalati.

Atfalati
The Atfalati [aˈtɸalati], also known as the Tualatin or Wapato Lake Indians are a tribe of the Kalapuya Native Americans who originally inhabited and continue to steward some 24 villages on the Tualatin Plains in the northwest part of the U.S. state of Oregon; the Atfalati also live in the hills around Forest Grove, along Wapato Lake and the north fork of the Yamhill River, and into areas of Southern Portland.

The Atfalati speak the Tualatin-Yamhill (Northern Kalapuya) language, which is one of the three Kalapuyan languages.
Johan Nissinen
Johan Harry Nissinen (born 17 May 1989) is a Swedish politician who was elected as a member of the Riksdag in 2014 and since 2022 has been a Member of the European Parliament.

He served on the executive board for the Sweden Democrats in Finnveden before becoming a municipal councilor in Värnamo. During the 2014 Swedish general election, he was elected to parliament representing the Skåne Northern and Eastern constituency and served on the EU committee in parliament. Nissinen did not contest the 2022 election but instead was appointed to replace Jessica Stegrud in the European Parliament after she was elected to the Riksdag.

On 2 May 2024, Nissinen left the Sweden Democrats and joined the newly started People's List.

Finnveden
Finnveden or Finnheden is one of the ancient small lands of Småland. It corresponded to the hundreds of Sunnerbo, Östbo and Västbo. Finnveden had its own judicial system and laws, as did the other small lands. Finnveden is situated around lake Bolmen and the river Lagan. Most runestones in Finnveden describe men who died in England. Finnveden is today divided and is a part of the counties of Halland, Kronoberg and Jönköping.

It was first mentioned by Jordanes when he referred to its population as the Finnaithae (derived from an old form of Finnheden, Finn(h)aith-) when describing the nations of Scandza in Getica.
Duncan Hamilton (racing driver)
James Duncan Hamilton (30 April 1920 – 13 May 1994) was a British racing driver. He was known for his colourful and extroverted personality. After fighting in the Second World War, he took up motorsport. Although adept in single-seaters, he was more successful in sportscars, winning the 1953 24 Hours of Le Mans, two Coupe de Paris events, and the 12 heures internationals Reims race in 1956. He retired in 1958 and ran a garage in Byfleet, Surrey for many years. He died of lung cancer in 1994.

Talbot-Lago
Talbot-Lago was a French automobile manufacturer based in Suresnes, Hauts de Seine, outside Paris. The company was owned and managed by Antonio Lago, an Italian engineer that acquired rights to the Talbot brand name after the demise of Darracq London's subsidiary Automobiles Talbot France in 1936.

Under Lago's managing, the company produced a range of automobiles that included sport and racing cars; in some cases, the bodies of the vehicles were designed by coachbuilding companies such as Figoni et Falaschi. Talbot-Lago faced financial problems; as a result, Lago sold the company to Simca in 1959.
682 Hagar
682 Hagar (prov. designation: A909 MA or 1909 HA) is an Eunomia asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 17 June 1909, by German astronomer August Kopff at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory. The presumed S-type asteroid has a short rotation period of 4.9 hours and measures approximately 19 kilometers (12 miles) in diameter. Possibly inspired by the asteroid's provisional designation "1909 HA", it was named for the biblical woman Hagar.

Provisional designation in astronomy
Provisional designation is the naming convention applied to astronomical objects immediately following their discovery. The provisional designation is usually superseded by a permanent designation once a reliable orbit has been calculated. As of 2019, approximately 47% of the more than 1,100,000 known minor planets remain provisionally designated, as hundreds of thousands have been discovered in the last two decades. The modern system is overseen by the Minor Planet Center of the International Astronomical Union.
Alexander Shlyakhter
Alexander Isaakovich Shlyakhter (Russian: Александр Исаакович Шляхтер; died June 2000) was a Russian nuclear physicist and risk analyst.

Shlyakhter is best known for discovering empirical evidence for the constancy of fundamental constants. While still a student in Leningrad, he observed that the products of past nuclear reactions at a natural nuclear fission reactor at Oklo, Gabon demonstrate that the fine-structure constant α has changed less than 10−17 per year over the last two billion years. He published the finding in a letter to Nature in 1976. Freeman Dyson later wrote that Shlyakhter had "revolutionized the subject" of variation in physical constants.

In 1987 Shlyakhter became a research fellow in Richard Wilson's laboratory at Harvard University. His later work was in risk assessment, and included notable analyses of global warming, nuclear security and the Chernobyl disaster. He died of cancer in June 2000.

Nuclear physics
Nuclear physics is the field of physics that studies atomic nuclei and their constituents and interactions, in addition to the study of other forms of nuclear matter.

Nuclear physics should not be confused with atomic physics, which studies the atom as a whole, including its electrons.

Discoveries in nuclear physics have led to applications in many fields such as nuclear power, nuclear weapons, nuclear medicine and magnetic resonance imaging, industrial and agricultural isotopes, ion implantation in materials engineering, and radiocarbon dating in geology and archaeology. Such applications are studied in the field of nuclear engineering.

Particle physics evolved out of nuclear physics and the two fields are typically taught in close association. Nuclear astrophysics, the application of nuclear physics to astrophysics, is crucial in explaining the inner workings of stars and the origin of the chemical elements.
Wang Yanchun
Wang Yanchun (Chinese: 王延春; 1910 – March 19, 1984), born Wang Wusheng (Chinese: 王武生), was a People's Republic of China politician. He was born in Quyang County, Zhili Province (now Hebei Province). He joined the Chinese Communist Party in 1937.

Zhili
Zhili, alternately romanized as Chihli, was a northern administrative region of China since the 14th century that lasted through the Ming dynasty and Qing dynasty until 1911, when the region was dissolved, converted to a province, and renamed Hopei in 1928. The capital city of Imperial China, Beijing, was located within Zhili.
David L. Andrews
David Leslie Andrews, FRSC, FInstP (born 15 October 1952) is a British emeritus professor of Chemical Physics at the University of East Anglia, where he was the Head of Chemical Sciences and Physics, from 1996 to 1999.

Chemical physics
Chemical physics is a branch of physics that studies chemical processes from a physical point of view. It focuses on understanding the physical properties and behavior of chemical systems, using principles from both physics and chemistry. This field investigates physicochemical phenomena using techniques from atomic and molecular physics and condensed matter physics.

The United States Department of Education defines chemical physics as "A program that focuses on the scientific study of structural phenomena combining the disciplines of physical chemistry and atomic/molecular physics. Includes instruction in heterogeneous structures, alignment and surface phenomena, quantum theory, mathematical physics, statistical and classical mechanics, chemical kinetics, and laser physics."
An Prefecture (Guangxi)
Anzhou (Chinese: 安州; pinyin: Ānzhōu) was a prefecture (州) created by the Liang dynasty.

Initially, its prefecture seat was at Songshou county (宋寿县, located on the northwest banks of the Qin River, northeast of modern Qinzhou), which was a part of Songshou commandery (宋寿郡). After the Sui conquest of Chen, Songshou commandery was abolished. In 598, Anzhou was changed into Qinzhou prefecture, and its prefecture seat of Songshou county became part of the Ningyue commandery (宁越郡).

Liang dynasty
The Liang dynasty (Chinese: 梁朝; pinyin: Liáng Cháo), alternatively known as the Southern Liang (Chinese: 南梁; pinyin: Nán Liáng) or Xiao Liang (Chinese: 蕭梁; pinyin: Xiāo Liáng) in historiography, was an imperial dynasty of China and the third of the four Southern dynasties during the Northern and Southern dynasties period. It was preceded by the Southern Qi dynasty and succeeded by the Chen dynasty. The rump state of Western Liang existed until it was conquered in 587 AD by the Sui dynasty.
ASV Blida
Association Sportive Ville de Blida (Arabic: الجمعية الرياضية لمدينة البليدة لكرة الطائرة) or ASV Blida for a short is a professional Volleyball team based in Blida, Algeria. It plays in Algerian Men's Volleyball League. The team won the 2002 African Cup Winners' Cup title. The club was founded in 1967 under the name of USM Blida.

Blida
Blida (Arabic: البليدة, romanized: al-bulaydah) is a city in Algeria. It is the capital of Blida Province, and it is located about 45 km south-west of Algiers, the national capital. The name Blida, i.e. bulaydah, is a diminutive of the Arabic word belda, city.
Moche Route
The Moche Route is a tourist drive that begins in the Peruvian city of Trujillo  in what once was the seat of power of the Moche culture known as The Temples of the Sun and the Moon and then goes through a series of places that were part of the kingdoms Moche and Chimu. The route runs along the northern Peruvian mainly through  the regions called La Libertad and Lambayeque. In this route, are found the major archaeological sites in this area of Peru, belonging to the Moche culture. Recently the MINCETUR (Ministry of Tourism of Peru) has received the Ulysses Award for the promotion of this tourist route in 2011.

Department of Lambayeque
Lambayeque (Spanish pronunciation: [lambaˈʝeke]; Quechua: Lampalliqi) is a department of Peru. Located in the country's northwest, it is known for its rich Moche and Chimú historical past. It is the second-smallest department in Peru after Tumbes, but it is also its most densely populated department and its eighth most populous department. It is administered by a regional government. Its capital is Chiclayo.
Dumb bread
Dumb bread is a traditional bread that originates from the Virgin Islands. The name comes from the cooking technique dum pukht, which originated from India and was brought to the Caribbean when the Indian indentured workers replaced the slaves.

This bread does not require any yeast. Ingredients include flour, water, butter, sugar, baking powder, salt, and milk; oftentimes, shredded coconut is also added to the dough. Sometimes, cornmeal may be used. The same dough can be used to make johnnycakes. The bread can be filled with cheddar cheese. It is served cut into triangles and often along with bush tea or coffee.

On Annaberg in Saint John, the docents will sometimes act as bakers and make dumb bread.

Rooibos
Rooibos (/ˈrɔɪbɒs/ ROY-boss; Afrikaans: [ˈroːibɔs] ⓘ, lit. 'red bush'), or Aspalathus linearis, is a broom-like member of the plant family Fabaceae that grows in South Africa's Fynbos biome. The leaves are used to make a caffeine-free herbal infusion  that has been popular in Southern Africa for generations. Since the 2000s, rooibos has gained popularity internationally, with an earthy flavour and aroma that is similar to those of yerba mate or tobacco.

Outside of Southern Africa, it is called bush tea, red tea, or redbush tea (predominantly in Great Britain). The name rooibos is Afrikaans deriving from rooi bos, meaning 'red bush'. The name is protected in South Africa and has protected designation of origin status in the EU.

Rooibos was formerly classified in the genus Psoralea but is now thought to be part of Aspalathus, following Dahlgren (1980). The specific name of linearis, for the plant's linear growing structure and needle-like leaves, was given by Burman (1759).
Denizli railway station
Denizli station is the main railway station in Denizli, Turkey. The Turkish State Railways operates three train services to Denizli; the daily Pamukkale Express to Eskişehir, the Basmane-Denizli Regional to İzmir with six daily trains and the daily Söke-Denizli Regional to Söke. It is located on the same street with Denizli Bus Terminal.

Denizli station  is on the southern end of the short 9.3 km (5.8 mi) Goncalı-Denizli railway, which connects the city to the İzmir–Eğirdir railway.

Eskişehir
Eskişehir (US: /ˌɛskɪʃəˈhɪər/ ES-kish-ə-HEER, Turkish: [esˈkiʃehiɾ]; from eski 'old' and şehir 'city') is a city in northwestern Turkey and the capital of the Eskişehir Province. The urban population of the city is 821 315 (Odunpazarı + Tepebaşı), with a metropolitan population of 921 630.

The city is located on the banks of the Porsuk River, 792 m above sea level, where it overlooks the fertile Phrygian Valley. In the nearby hills one can find hot springs. The city is 233 km (145 mi) to the west of Ankara, 330 km (205 mi) to the southeast of Istanbul and 78 km (48 mi) to the northeast of Kütahya. It is located in the vicinity of the ancient city of Dorylaeum.

Known as a university town, it houses Eskişehir Technical University, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, and Anadolu University. The province covers an area of 2,678 km2 (1,034 sq mi).
The Child (novel)
The Child is a crime novel by Sarah Schulman. Originally written in 1999, it was published by Carroll & Graff in 2007.

The novel is partially based on the real 1997 crime of 15-year-old child murderer Sam Manzie. It tells the story of Stew, a teenage boy whose prosecution for engaging in prostitution leads him into a mental breakdown. The book, Schulman's eleventh, explores topics related to homophobia, societal attitudes and child sexuality. Similar to the real life case, Stew is considered by the law of his country to be too young to engage in sexual acts with adults, but not too young to be prosecuted under the law as an adult.

The book was featured in the shortlist of Lambda Literary Award for Lesbian Fiction 2007 and as a finalist of the Ferro Grumley Award for LGBTQ Fiction 2008.

Trial as an adult
Trial as an adult is a situation in which a juvenile offender is tried as if they were an adult, whereby they may receive a longer or more serious sentence than would otherwise be possible if they were charged as a juvenile.

While there are specific protections that exist for juvenile offenders, (such as suppression of an offender’s name, picture, a closed courtroom, or a record sealing in which case the proceedings are not made public), these protections may be waived.
2022 French F4 Championship
The 2022 French F4 Championship was the 12th season to run under the guise of the French F4 Championship and the fifth under the FIA Formula 4 regulations. The championship switched to Mygale M21-F4 chassis. The series began on 16 April at Circuit Paul Armagnac and ended on 16 October at Circuit Paul Ricard.

Alessandro Giusti won the championship with two races to spare.

Circuit Paul Armagnac
Circuit Paul Armagnac, also known as Circuit de Nogaro, is a motorsport race track located in the commune of Nogaro in the Gers department in southwestern France. The track is named in honor of Nogaro-born racing driver Paul Armagnac, who died in an accident during practice for the 1962 1000 km de Paris at the Montlhéry circuit.