hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hundred of Grace
The Hundred of Grace is a cadastral unit of hundred located on the northern Adelaide Plains of South Australia spanning the township of Mallala and the Grace Plains. The hundred was proclaimed in 1856 in the County of Gawler and named by Governor Richard Graves MacDonnell after Grace Montgomery Farrell, wife of James Farrell, Dean of Adelaide. The hundred spans a significant portion of the lower Light River, which flows from north east to south west through the area.

Apart from Mallala, the hundred includes the localities of Redbanks, Fischer, Barabba, Pinkerton Plains (most part) and Grace Plains (most part). The localities of Reeves Plains, Korunye and Lower Light cross over the southern border of the hundred.

Korunye, South Australia
Korunye is a locality in South Australia beside the Adelaide-Crystal Brook rail line between Two Wells and Mallala. The name derived is from that of the historic railway siding, Korunye Railway Station, within the locality. South Australian historian Geoffrey Manning states that Korunye is from an indigenous word meaning "rainbow".
3rd Guards Fighter Aviation Corps
The 3rd Guards Iasi Order of Suvorov Fighter Aviation Corps (Russian: 3-й гвардейский истребительный авиационный Ясский Краснознамённый
ордена Суворова корпус) was an aviation corps of the Soviet Air Force formed during World War II. The corps was formed in December 1942 as the 4th Fighter Aviation Corps and received Guards status in July 1944. Postwar, the corps was renumbered as the 72nd Guards Fighter Aviation Corps and transferred to the Soviet Air Defense Forces. It was reorganized as an air defense division in 1960.

Soviet Air Forces
The Soviet Air Forces (Russian: Военно-Воздушные Силы Союза Советских Социалистических Республик, romanized: Voenno-Vozdushnye Sily Soyuza Sovetskih Sotsialisticheskih Respublik, lit. 'Military Air Forces of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics'; abbr. VVS SSSR; sometimes referred to as the "Red Air Force") was one of  two air forces belonging to the Soviet Union. The other was the Soviet Air Defence Forces. The Air Forces were formed from components of the Imperial Russian Air Service in 1917, and faced their greatest test during World War II. The groups were also involved in the Korean War, and dissolved along with the Soviet Union itself in 1991–92. Former Soviet Air Forces' assets were subsequently divided into several air forces of former Soviet republics, including the new Russian Air Force. The "March of the Pilots" was its marching song.
1978 Houston Oilers season
The 1978 Houston Oilers season was the franchise's 19th overall and the ninth in the National Football League (NFL). Led by Rookie RB Earl Campbell, who won both the Offensive Rookie of the Year, and Offensive Player of the Year, who rushed for 1,450 yards, the Oilers made the playoffs with a 10–6 record, making the playoffs for the first time since 1969, qualifying in the newly created fifth Wild Card spot. The franchise scored 283 points while the defense gave up 298 points. Their record of 10 wins and 6 losses resulted in a second-place finish in the AFC Central Division. In the playoffs, the Oilers would stun the Miami Dolphins, 17–9, in the two teams first playoff meeting, then defeated the New England Patriots 31–14 in New England to advance to their first ever AFC Championship game, but in that game, they would score a mere 5 points in a 34–5 blowout loss to the eventual champion Steelers.

1969 Houston Oilers season
The 1969  Houston Oilers season was the tenth and final season for the Houston Oilers as a professional AFL franchise before moving to the National Football League when the two merged. The team equaled their 1968 record of 7–7 (.500), finishing 6–6–2. They qualified for the playoffs but lost in the divisional round to the Oakland Raiders.
Mzimba North East Constituency
Mzimba North East Constituency is a constituency for the National Assembly of Malawi, located in the Mzimba District of Malawi's Northern Region. It is one of 13 constituencies in Mzimba District. It elects one Member of Parliament by the first past the post system. The constituency has 19 wards, all electing councilors for the Mzimba District. The constituency is currently represented by MP, Catherine Gotani Hara.

At the 2025 Malawian General Election Catherine Gotani Hara was the MCP's Deputy President. She took nearly 15,000 votes to win the seat with Edgar Tembo in second place.

2025 Malawian general election
General elections were held in Malawi on 16 September 2025 to elect the president, the 229 members of the National Assembly and 509 local government councillors.

The presidential election resulted in a victory for former president Peter Mutharika of the Democratic Progressive Party, who received 57% of the vote. Incumbent president Lazarus Chakwera of the Malawi Congress Party finished second with 33% of the vote.
Waterfall (M. C. Escher)
Waterfall (Dutch: Waterval) is a lithograph by the Dutch artist M. C. Escher, first printed in October 1961. It shows a perpetual motion machine where water from the base of a waterfall appears to run downhill along the water path before reaching the top of the waterfall.

While most two-dimensional artists use relative proportions to create an illusion of depth, Escher here and elsewhere uses conflicting proportions to create a visual paradox. The watercourse supplying the waterfall (its aqueduct or leat) has the structure of three Penrose triangles. A Penrose triangle is an impossible object designed by Oscar Reutersvärd in 1934, and found independently by Roger Penrose in 1958.

Leat
A leat (/ˈliːt/; also lete or leet, or millstream) is the name, common in the south and west of England and in Wales, for an artificial watercourse or aqueduct dug into the ground, especially one supplying water to a watermill or its mill pond. Other common uses for leats include delivery of water for hydraulic mining and mineral concentration, for irrigation, to serve a dye works or other industrial plant, and provision of drinking water to a farm or household or as a catchment cut-off to improve the yield of a reservoir.

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, leat is cognate with let in the sense of "allow to pass through". Other names for the same thing include fleam (probably a leat supplying water to a mill that did not have a millpool). In parts of northern England, for example around Sheffield, the equivalent word is goit. In southern England, a leat used to supply water for water-meadow irrigation is often called a carrier, top carrier, or main.
Joseph W. Chamberlain
Joseph Wyan Chamberlain (August 24, 1928 – April 14, 2004) was an American atmospheric scientist and astronomer whose work shaped modern studies of the upper atmosphere and planetary aeronomy. He developed a kinetic description of the collisionless exosphere that is widely used to model atmospheric escape. He wrote the monograph Physics of the Aurora and Airglow in 1961, described by colleagues as a "classic book," and later the graduate text Theory of Planetary Atmospheres with Donald M. Hunten. He received the American Astronomical Society's Helen B. Warner Prize for Astronomy in 1961 and was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1965.

Chamberlain died at home in Tucson, Arizona, on April 14, 2004, at 75.

Helen B. Warner Prize for Astronomy
The Helen B. Warner Prize for Astronomy is awarded annually by the American Astronomical Society to a young astronomer (aged less than 36, 
or within 8 years of the award of their PhD) for a significant contribution to observational or theoretical astronomy. The prize was established by Helen Blakemoor Warner.
R v Richards (Isabelle)
R v Richards (1973) was an English appellate decision that held that an inciter or encourager to any type of assault or battery cannot be convicted of a more serious offence than the principal inflicted even if they had asked for a more serious assault.

English law
English law is the common law legal system of England and Wales, comprising mainly criminal law and civil law, each branch having its own courts and procedures. The judiciary is independent, and legal principles like fairness, equality before the law, and the right to a fair trial are foundational to the system.
Flora Forster
Flora Macrae Forster (1896–1981) was a Welsh educator and writer.

Forster was born in St Thomas, Swansea in 1896, the daughter of Joseph and Alice Forster. Joseph Forster was a railway engineer, and was a descendant from Jonathan Forster from Wylam, one of the inventors of the early locomotive Puffing Billy. By 1911 the family were living in Swansea.

Wylam
Wylam /ˈwaɪləm/ is a village and civil parish in the county of Northumberland, England. It is located about 10 miles (16 km) west of Newcastle upon Tyne.

It is famous for the being the birthplace of George Stephenson, one of the early railway pioneers. George Stephenson's Birthplace, his cottage, can be found on the north bank of the Tyne 1 mile (1.6 km) east of the village. It is owned by the National Trust.

Wylam has further connections with the early railway pioneers. The steam locomotive engineer Timothy Hackworth, who worked with Stephenson, was also born here. William Hedley who was born in the nearby village of Newburn attended the village school. He later went on to design and manufacture Puffing Billy in 1813, two years before George Stephenson produced his first locomotive Blücher. Christopher Blackett as lord of the manor in the first 30 years of the 19th century provided the entrepreneurial drive that encouraged these engineers.
Breast reconstruction
Breast reconstruction is the surgical process of rebuilding the shape and look of a breast, most commonly in women who have had surgery to treat breast cancer. It involves using autologous tissue, prosthetic implants, or a combination of both with the goal of reconstructing a natural-looking breast.  This process often also includes the rebuilding of the nipple and areola, known as nipple-areola complex (NAC) reconstruction, as one of the final stages.

Generally, the aesthetic appearance is acceptable to the woman, but the reconstructed area is commonly completely numb afterwards, which results in loss of sexual function as well as the ability to perceive pain caused by burns and other injuries.

Prosthesis
In medicine, a prosthesis (pl.: prostheses; from Ancient Greek: πρόσθεσις, romanized: prósthesis, lit. 'addition, application, attachment'), or a prosthetic implant, is an artificial device that replaces a missing body part, which may be lost through physical trauma, disease, or a condition present at birth (congenital disorder). Prostheses may restore the normal functions of the missing body part, or may perform a cosmetic function.

A person who has undergone an amputation is sometimes referred to as an amputee, Rehabilitation for someone with an amputation is primarily coordinated by a physiatrist as part of an inter-disciplinary team consisting of physiatrists, prosthetists, nurses, physical therapists, and occupational therapists. Prostheses can be created by hand or with computer-aided design (CAD), a software interface that helps creators design and analyze the creation with computer-generated 2-D and 3-D graphics as well as analysis and optimization tools.
Pedro Monés, Marquess of Casa Maury
Wing Commander Don Pedro José Isidro Manuel Ricardo Monés y Maury, styled Marquess of Casa Maury (14 March 1896 – 27 June 1968) was a Cuban-born racecar driver, British Army officer and theatre impresario.

John James Burnet
Sir John James Burnet FRSE FRIBA RSA RA (31 May 1857 – 2 July 1938) was a Scottish Edwardian architect who was noted for a number of prominent buildings in Glasgow and London. He was the son of the architect John Burnet, and later went into partnership with his father, joining an architectural firm which would become an influential force in British Modern architecture in the 20th century.
Richard Dreyer
Richard Dreyer (born 24 November 1960) is a former English cricketer.  Dreyer was a right-handed batsman who bowled both right-arm medium and right-arm off break.  He was born in Morpeth, Northumberland.

Dreyer made his debut for Northumberland in the 1984 Minor Counties Championship against Lincolnshire.  Dreyer played Minor counties cricket for Northumberland from 1984 to 1989, which included 22 Minor Counties Championship appearances and 3 MCCA Knockout Trophy matches. He made his List A debut against Essex in the 1986 NatWest Trophy.  Batting, he reached 26 runs before being run out. He made a further List A appearance, again against Essex, in the 1987 NatWest Trophy. He scored 12 runs in this match, before being dismissed by Don Topley.

1986 NatWest Trophy
The 1986 NatWest Trophy was the 6th NatWest Trophy.  It was an English limited overs county cricket tournament which was held between 25 June and 6 September 1986. The tournament was won by Sussex who defeated Lancashire by 7 wickets in the final at Lord's.
Zheleznodorozhnaya Kazarma 519 km
Zheleznodorozhnaya Kazarma 519 km (Russian: Железнодорожная Казарма 519 км) is a rural locality (a station) in Rubtsovsky Selsoviet, Rubtsovsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. It had a population of 38 as of 2013.

Altai Krai
Altai Krai (Russian: Алтайский край, IPA: [ɐlˈtajskʲɪj kraj]) is a federal subject of Russia (a krai). It borders, clockwise from the west, Kazakhstan (East Kazakhstan Region, Abai Region and Pavlodar Region), Novosibirsk and Kemerovo, and the Altai Republic. Its administrative centre is the city of Barnaul. As of the 2021 Census, the population of the krai was 2,163,693.
Palatalization in the Romance languages
Palatalization in the Romance languages encompasses various historical sound changes which caused consonants to develop a palatal articulation or secondary articulation, as well as certain further developments such as affrication. It resulted in the creation of several consonants that had not existed in Classical Latin, such as the Italian [t͡s d͡z ʃ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ ɲ ʎ].

Certain types of palatalization affected all Romance languages, and were in some cases discernible in Late Latin, while others affected only a subset of languages and are only known from later evidence. Palatalization was not a single event but rather occurred multiple times in the development of Romance, in different places and in different ways.

Affricate
An affricate is a consonant that begins as a stop and releases as a fricative, generally with the same place of articulation (most often coronal). It is often difficult to decide if a stop and fricative form a single phoneme or a consonant pair. English has two affricate phonemes, /t͡ʃ/ and /d͡ʒ/, generally spelled ch and j, respectively.
Major Grey's Chutney
Major Grey's Chutney is a type of chutney, reputedly created by a 19th-century British Army officer of the same name who, though likely apocryphal, presumably lived in British India. Its characteristic ingredients are mango, raisins, vinegar, lime juice, onion, tamarind extract (occasionally), sweetening, and spices.

It has been described as a mild chutney compared to others that have a spicier flavour profile. In 1982, Major Grey's Chutney was described as being the most popular type of chutney used in the United States.

The product was long associated with Sharwood’s Mango Chutney, Major Grey version, but this is no longer mass-produced for sale in the United Kingdom.

Mango
A mango is an edible stone fruit produced by the tropical tree Mangifera indica. It originated in the northeastern part of the Indian subcontinent, in what is now Bangladesh, northeastern India and Myanmar. M. indica has been cultivated in South and Southeast Asia since ancient times, resulting in two modern mango cultivar lineages: the "Indian" and the "Southeast Asian" types. Other species in the genus Mangifera also produce edible fruits called "mangoes," most of which are found in the Malesian ecoregion.

There are several hundred cultivars of mango worldwide. Depending on the cultivar, mango fruit varies in size, shape, sweetness, skin color, and flesh color, which may be pale yellow, gold, green, or orange. Mango is the national fruit of India, Pakistan, and the Philippines, while the mango tree is the national tree of Bangladesh.
2019 Grand Prix Hassan II – Singles
Benoît Paire defeated defending champion Pablo Andújar in the final, 6–2, 6–3, to win the singles tennis title at the 2019 Grand Prix Hassan II. The win earned Paire his second career Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) singles title, his first in four years. Andújar saw his 13-match winning streak snapped in the loss after he had won two consecutive ATP Challenger Tour titles in Marbella and Alicante in the two weeks prior to the tournament.

2019 JC Ferrero Challenger Open – Singles
Defending champion Pablo Andújar defeated Pedro Martínez in the final, 6–3, 3–6, 6–4 to win the singles tennis title at the 2019 JC Ferrero Challenger Open.

This marked the Challenger debut of future world No. 1 Carlos Alcaraz; after defeating fellow future world No. 1 Jannik Sinner in the first round, he lost in the second round to Lukáš Rosol.
Picture-in-picture
Picture-in-picture (PiP) is a feature that can be found in television receivers, personal computers, and smartphones. It consists of a video stream playing within an inset window, freeing the rest of the screen for other tasks.

For televisions, picture-in-picture requires two independent tuners or signal sources to supply the large and the small picture. Two-tuner PiP TVs have a second tuner built in, but a single-tuner PiP TV requires an external signal source, which may be an external tuner, videocassette recorder, DVD player, or cable box. Picture-in-picture is often used to watch one program while waiting for another to start or advertisements to finish.

DVD player
A DVD player is a machine that plays DVDs produced under both the DVD-Video and DVD-Audio technical standards, two different and incompatible standards. Many DVD players will also play audio CDs. DVD players are connected to a television to watch the DVD content, which could be a movie, a recorded TV show, or other content.
Tretyakovsky District
Tretyakovsky District (Russian: Третьяко́вский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the fifty-nine in Altai Krai, Russia. It is located in the south of the krai. The area of the district is 1,998 square kilometers (771 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Staroaleyskoye. Population:  14,197 (2010 Census); 16,787 (2002 Census); 15,408 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Staroaleyskoye accounts for 33.6% of the district's total population.

Krai
A krai or kray is one of the types of federal subjects of modern Russia, and was a type of geographical administrative division in the Russian Empire and the Russian SFSR.

Etymologically, the word is related to the verb кроить (kroítǐ [krɐˈitʲ]), meaning 'to cut'. Historically, krais were vast territories located along the periphery of the Russian state, since the word krai also means 'border' or 'edge', i.e., 'a place of the cut-off'. In English the term is often translated as 'territory'. As of 2015, the administrative usage of the term is mostly traditional, as some oblasts also fit this description and there is no difference in constitutional legal status in Russia between the krais and the oblasts.
2019 Sarasota Open – Doubles
Evan King and Hunter Reese were the defending champions but only Reese chose to defend his title, partnering André Göransson. Reese lost in the first round to Treat Huey and Fabrice Martin.

Martín Cuevas and Paolo Lorenzi won the title after defeating Luke Bambridge and Jonny O'Mara 7–6(7–5), 7–6(8–6) in the final.

Fabrice Martin
Fabrice Martin (French pronunciation: [fabʁis maʁtɛ̃]; born 11 September 1986) is a French professional tennis player and coach. He reached a career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 228 on 23 July 2012, and his highest ATP doubles ranking of world No. 19 on 24 April 2023.
CAMS 80
The CAMS 80 was an amphibious reconnaissance flying boat  flown in the early 1930s. Two were built with different engines and were used by the Aéronavale for VIP transport and equipment development until 1938.

Reconnaissance aircraft
A reconnaissance aircraft (colloquially, a spy plane) is a  military aircraft designed or adapted to perform aerial reconnaissance with roles including collection of imagery intelligence (including using photography), signals intelligence, as well as measurement and signature intelligence. Modern technology has also enabled some aircraft and UAVs to carry out real-time surveillance in addition to general intelligence gathering.

Before the development of devices such as radar, military forces relied on reconnaissance aircraft for visual observation and scouting of enemy movement.  An example is the PBY Catalina maritime patrol flying boat used by the Allies in World War II:  a flight of U.S. Navy Catalinas spotted part of the Japanese fleet approaching Midway Island, beginning the Battle of Midway.
Sierzchowy
Sierzchowy [ɕɛʂˈxɔvɨ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Cielądz, within Rawa County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately 6 km (4 mi) south-west of Cielądz, 12 km (7 mi) south-east of Rawa Mazowiecka, and 61 km (38 mi) east of the regional capital Łódź.

Rawa County
Rawa County (Polish: powiat rawski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Łódź Voivodeship, central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Rawa Mazowiecka, which lies 54 kilometres (34 mi) east of the regional capital Łódź. The only other town in the county is Biała Rawska, lying 17 km (11 mi) east of Rawa Mazowiecka.

The county covers an area of 646.6 square kilometres (249.7 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 49,443, out of which the population of Rawa Mazowiecka is 17,643, that of Biała Rawska is 3,182, and the rural population is 28,618.
Akimov
Akimov (Russian: Акимов, masculine) and Akimova (Russian: Акимова, feminine) is a Russian surname derived from the given name Akim. It is shared by the following people:

Alexander Ivanovich Akimov (1895–1965), Soviet general

Aleksandr Fyodorovich Akimov (1953–1986), the shift supervisor at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant

Aleksandr Yevgenyevich Akimov (b. 1972), a Russian football manager and former player

Aleksandra Akimova (5 May 1922–29 December 2012), navigator during World War II and Hero of the Russian Federation

Andrey Akimov (b. 1953), a Russian businessman

Dmitri Akimov (1980–2026), Russian footballer

Iryna Akimova (b. 1960), a Ukrainian politician

Ivan Akimov (1754–1814), a Russian Neoclassical painter

Maxim Akimov (b. 1970), a Russian politician

Nikolay Akimov (1901–1968), a Russian theater director

Olga Akimova (b. 1983), an Uzbekistani ice dancer

Nikolay Akimov
Nikolay Pavlovich Akimov (16 April [O.S. 3 April] 1901 – 6 September 1968) was an experimental theatre director and scenic designer noted for his work with the Leningrad Comedy Theatre. His most notorious production was the cynical version of Hamlet (1932), with Ophelia as a drunken prostitute and the king's ghost as a clever mystification arranged by Hamlet. Akimov, who was the Comedy Theater director in 1935-1949 and 1956-1968, wrote several books, among them About Theater (О театре, 1962) and Not Just About Theater (Не только о театре, 1966), and was designated a People's Artist of the USSR in 1960.

Akimov was director of the New Theatre in Leningrad in the early 1950s.

The Saint Petersburg Comedy Theatre is named in his honour.