hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Martin Brasier
Martin David Brasier FGS, FLS (12 April 1947 – 16 December 2014) was an English palaeobiologist and astrobiologist known for his conceptual analysis of microfossils and evolution in the Precambrian and Cambrian.

He was Professor of Palaeobiology at the University of Oxford and Emeritus Fellow of St Edmund Hall. His research critically examined the context and character of the early fossil record, making use of field mapping, logging, optical petrography, stable isotope geochemistry, confocal microscopy, NanoSims microprobes, and lasers for high resolution 3D scanning and laser Raman spectroscopy.

Brasier died in a car accident near Burford, Oxfordshire, UK, on 16 December 2014.

Linnean Society of London
The Linnean Society of London is a learned society dedicated to the study and dissemination of information concerning natural history, evolution, and taxonomy. It possesses several important biological specimen, manuscript and literature collections, and publishes academic journals and books on plant and animal biology. The society also awards a number of prestigious medals and prizes.

A product of the 18th-century enlightenment, the society is the oldest extant biological society in the world and is historically important as the venue for the first public presentation of the theory of evolution by natural selection on 1 July 1858.

The patron of the society is Anne, Princess Royal. Vice-patrons include: Emeritus Emperor Akihito of Japan, King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden (both have active interests in natural history), and the eminent naturalist and broadcaster Sir David Attenborough.
Lead Japan Cup 2024
The 2024 Lead Japan Cup was the 37th edition of the annual competition lead climbing event organised by the Japan Mountaineering and Sport Climbing Association (JMSCA), held in Kyushu Climbing Base SAGA, Saga.

LJC is the sole selection event for Japan's national lead team. Athletes who place highly at the LJC are eligible to compete in the Lead World Cups, subject to JMSCA's prevailing selection criteria. LJC 2024 was the first domestic lead competition of the 2024 season. 58 men and 56 women competed, with Shion Omata and Ai Mori winning the men's and women's titles respectively.

Ai Mori
Ai Mori (森 秋彩, Mori Ai; born September 17, 2003) is a Japanese professional rock climber who specializes in competition lead climbing and competition bouldering.

At the 2019 IFSC Climbing World Championships, Mori became the youngest Japanese athlete to finish in a podium place in the competition, third in lead. She has won Japan Cup titles in both bouldering and lead disciplines and has multiple IFSC Climbing World Cup podium finishes, including three gold medals in World Cup events in the 2022 season. At the 2023 IFSC Climbing World Championships, Mori won the gold medal in lead, becoming the first Japanese athlete to win a World Championships lead title.
Viral neuronal tracing
Viral neuronal tracing is the use of a virus to trace neural pathways, providing a self-replicating tracer. Viruses have the advantage of self-replication over molecular tracers but can also spread too quickly and cause degradation of neural tissue. Viruses that can infect the nervous system, called neurotropic viruses, spread through spatially close assemblies of neurons through synapses, allowing for their use in studying functionally connected neural networks.

The use of viruses to label functionally connected neurons stems from the work and bioassay developed by Albert Sabin. Subsequent research allowed for the incorporation of immunohistochemical techniques to systematically label neuronal connections. To date, viruses have been used to study multiple circuits in the nervous system.

Bioassay
A bioassay is an analytical method to determine the potency or effect of a substance by its effect on living animals or plants (in vivo), or on living cells or tissues (in vitro). A bioassay can be either quantal or quantitative, direct or indirect. If the measured response is binary, the assay is quantal; if not, it is quantitative.

A bioassay may be used to detect biological hazards or to give an assessment of the quality of a mixture. A bioassay is often used to monitor water quality as well as wastewater discharges and its impact on the surroundings. It is also used to assess the environmental impact and safety of new technologies and facilities.

Bioassays are essential in pharmaceutical, medical and agricultural sciences for development and launching of new drugs, vitamins, etc.
Boundary Islet
Boundary Islet, historically known as North East Islet, is a 2-hectare (4.9-acre) islet in the Hogan Island Group of Bass Strait, at a latitude of 39°12′ S, about 56 kilometres (35 mi) east of the southernmost point of mainland Victoria. The islet straddles the maritime border of the Australian states of Victoria and Tasmania, hence the name.

The Tasmanian portion of the islet forms that state's North East Islet Nature Reserve, gazetted on 5 April 1978. The reserve's name was conferred prior to the islet's change of name, to Boundary Islet, under Tasmanian legislation. This change was gazetted on 28 March 1990.

Islet
An islet (/ˈaɪlət/ EYE-lət) is generally a small island. Definitions vary and are not precise, but some suggest that an islet is a very small, often unnamed, island with little or no vegetation unable to support human habitation. It may be made of rock, sand and/or hard coral; may be permanent or tidal (i.e. surfaced reef or seamount); and may exist in the sea, lakes, rivers or any other sizeable bodies of water.
Frank P. Brooks
Frank P. Brooks (September 22, 1850 – ?) was an American farmer and state legislator in Mississippi. He represented Sharkey County in the Mississippi House of Representatives from 1886 to 1888.

Brooks was born in Madison County, Mississippi He went to school in Vicksburg, Mississippi.

He was elected and re-elected to the Board of Supervisors but was asked to resign during his second term by a committee of whites. This occurred during a period of "disturbances" in the area of Deer Creek during which at least eight African Americans were killed.

Mississippi House of Representatives
The Mississippi House of Representatives is the lower house of the Mississippi Legislature, the lawmaking body of the U.S. state of Mississippi, the upper house being the Mississippi Senate. According to the state constitution of 1890, it is to comprise no more than 122 members elected for four-year terms. To qualify as a member of the House, candidates must be at least 21 years old, a resident of Mississippi for at least four years, and a resident in the district for at least two years. Elections are held the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November.
Ludmila Saunina
Ludmila Feodorovna Saunina (born 1952 in Yekaterinburg) is a Russian chess player, and a woman grandmaster.

She has won several women's chess championships: the Russian Chess Championship in 1972, the Moldovan Chess Championship in 1976, the World Senior Chess Championship and the European Senior Chess Championship.

European Senior Chess Championship
The European Senior Chess Championship is a chess tournament for senior chess players organised by the European Chess Union  (ECU). Beginning in 2001, entry was open to men aged sixty or over (60 +) by January 1 of the year the tournament starts. The corresponding, women's category had an age restriction of fifty years or over (50+).

In 2014 the competition was split into separate tournaments for the age categories of 65+ and 50+ and these age restrictions were unified across both genders. The format of each tournament is a 9-round Swiss, the overall winners being awarded the respective titles of "European Senior Chess Champion" and "European Senior Women's Chess Champion" in each age category. Similar titles are awarded for rapidplay and blitz, but these are not shown below.
2020–21 CSA Provincial One-Day Challenge
The 2020–21 CSA Provincial One-Day Challenge was a domestic one-day cricket tournament that was played in South Africa in February and March 2021. Free State and Northern Cape were the defending champions, after the title was shared due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

The first matches were scheduled to start on 10 January 2021, however the start of the season was delayed until February due to the pandemic. Initially the tournament was to be played between the fifteen South African provincial teams, split into two groups. However, after the tournament restarted in February 2021, Cricket South Africa (CSA) confirmed that the South Africa under-19 cricket team would also be included in the competition. CSA issued a revised schedule for the tournament, with all the matches being held in a bio-secure environment. Matches involving either Limpopo, Mpumalanga or the South Africa under-19 team did not have List A status.

Cricket South Africa
Cricket South Africa (CSA) is the governing body for both professional and amateur cricket in South Africa. In 1991, the separate South African Cricket Union and the South African Cricket Board merged to form the United Cricket Board of South Africa, ending racial separation governance in South African cricket. Cricket South Africa was formed in 2002, and initially ran parallel to the UCB, before becoming the sole governing body in 2008. As an affiliate of the South African Sports Confederation and Olympic Committee, and a full member of the International Cricket Council, CSA administers all levels of cricket in South Africa, including the national teams in all three formats for both men and women.
Eamonn Callaghan
Eamonn Callaghan is a former Gaelic footballer who played at senior level for the Kildare county team. He captained his county.

In 2011, Callaghan was part of the Ireland team that won the 2011 International Rules Series against Australia by 130 to 65.

Alongside Kildare veteran Eoin Doyle as manager, Callaghan won a Kildare SFC with Naas (its first for more than three decades) in 2021 and the club then advanced to the Leinster Club SFC final. In August 2022, he joined the Carlow senior football team as a performance coach under the management of Niall Carew.

Captain (Gaelic games)
A captain of a Gaelic games team, sometimes known as a skipper, is a player who, during the course of a match as well as before and after it, has several additional roles and responsibilities over and above those of his teammates.

Tradition means that some teams rotate the captaincy annually, though others may adopt a permanent captain. As well as being an onfield leader, a captain takes the coin toss and raises the trophy when this is the game's prize.
Ave-Riley AR-2
The Ave-Riley AR-2 is a Le Mans Prototype 3 (LMP3) racing car designed, developed and built in partnership by American constructor Riley Technologies and Ave Motorsports for competition in championships such as the European Le Mans Series, Asian Le Mans Series and IMSA Prototype Challenge.

European Le Mans Series
The European Le Mans Series (abbreviated as ELMS) is a European sports car racing endurance series inspired by the 24 Hours of Le Mans race organized by the Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO).  The European Le Mans Series is similar to the former American Le Mans Series (ALMS) based in the United States and Canada that was running with ACO and IMSA between 1999 and 2013.  ELMS team champions and runners-up receive an automatic entry to the following year's 24 Hours of Le Mans.  Originally titled the Le Mans Endurance Series before becoming simply the Le Mans Series in 2006, the series was renamed once more in 2012, reusing a name previously utilized by IMSA in 2001.
Švehla
Švehla is a Czech and Slovak surname. People with the name include:

Antonín Švehla (1873–1933), three-time prime minister of Czechoslovakia and agrarian politician

Henry Svehla (c. 1932–1952), Medal of Honor recipient

Róbert Švehla (1969–), Slovak-born American professional ice hockey player

Petr Švehla (1972–), Czech amateur Greco-Roman wrestler

Róbert Švehla
Róbert Švehla (/ˈsveɪlə/ SVAY-lə, Slovak: [ˈrɔːbert ˈʂʋeɦla]; born January 2, 1969) is a Slovak former professional ice hockey defenceman who played in the NHL for 9 seasons from 1995 until 2003 for the Florida Panthers and Toronto Maple Leafs.
Theodor Caspari
Theodor Caspari (13 February 1853 – 12 February 1948) was a Norwegian poet, novelist, travel writer, literary critic and teacher.

He was the son of Carl Paul Caspari. He made his literary début in 1880 with the poetry collection Polemiske Sonetter. Among his other works are Norsk Høifjeld from 1898 and Vintereventyr from 1901.

Carl Paul Caspari
Carl Paul Caspari (8 February 1814 – 11 April 1892) was a Norwegian neo-Lutheran theologian and academic.  He was a Professor of Old Testament Theology at the University of Oslo. He wrote several books and is best known for his interpretations and translation of the Old Testament.
Getaddrinfo
In C programming, the  functions getaddrinfo() and getnameinfo()  convert domain names, hostnames, and IP addresses between human-readable text representations and structured binary formats for the operating system's networking API. Both functions are contained in the POSIX standard application programming interface (API).

getaddrinfo and getnameinfo are inverse functions of each other. They are network protocol agnostic, and support both IPv4 and IPv6. It is the recommended interface for name resolution in building protocol independent applications and for transitioning legacy IPv4 code to the IPv6 Internet.

Internally, the functions may use a variety of resolution methods not limited to the Domain Name System (DNS). The Name Service Switch is commonly used on Unix-like systems and affects most implementation of this pair as it did with their BSD-socket era predecessors.

IPv4
Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is the first version of the Internet Protocol (IP) as a standalone specification. It is one of the core protocols of standards-based internetworking methods in the Internet and other packet-switched networks. IPv4 was the first version deployed for production on SATNET in 1982 and on the ARPANET in January 1983. It is still used to route most Internet traffic today, even with the ongoing deployment of Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6), its successor.

IPv4 uses a 32-bit address space which provides 4,294,967,296 (232) unique addresses, but large blocks are reserved for special networking purposes. This quantity of unique addresses is not large enough to meet the needs of the global Internet, which has caused a significant issue known as IPv4 address exhaustion during the ongoing transition to IPv6.
Daljirka Dahsoon
Daljirka Dahsoon is a Tomb of the Unknown Soldier memorial located in Mogadishu, Somalia. The monument was erected in honour of the Somali men and women who died in defense of the Somali Republic. It is an important landmark in Mogadishu. In July 2017, president of Somalia, Farmaajo laid flowers on its steps in commemoration of those who have given their life for the freedom of Somalis.

Somali Republic
The Somali Republic (Somali: Jamhuuriyadda Soomaalida; Italian: Repubblica Somala; Arabic: جمهورية الصومال  aṣ-Ṣūmāl) was formed by the union of the Italian territory of Somaliland (formerly Italian Somaliland) and the State of Somaliland (formerly British Somaliland). A government was formed by Abdullahi Issa Mohamud and Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal and other members of the trusteeship and protectorate administrations, with Haji Bashir Ismail Yusuf as President of the Somali National Assembly and Aden Abdullah Osman Daar as President of the Somali Republic.  On 22 July 1960, Daar appointed Abdirashid Ali Shermarke as prime minister. On 20 July 1961 and through a popular referendum, Somalia ratified a new constitution, which was first drafted in 1960. The new constitution was rejected by Somaliland.

The administration lasted until 1969, when the Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC) seized power in a bloodless coup and renamed the country the Somali Democratic Republic.
Hampanā
Hampa Nagarajaiah (born 7 October 1936), known by his pen name Hampanā, is an Indian scholar in Kannada language and Jainism. He was born at Hampasandra Village located in Gowribidanur taluk, Chikkaballapura District in the Indian state of Karnataka. He has served as a professor, administrator, and literary organizer in Karnataka and has been associated with several academic and cultural institutions.

Kannada Sahitya Parishat
Kannada Saahithya Parishath (Kannada: ಕನ್ನಡ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಪರಿಷತ್ತು, romanized: Kannaḍa Sāhitya Pariṣattu; lit. 'Kannada Literary Council') is an Indian non-profit organisation that promotes the Kannada language and its literature. Its headquarters are in the city of Bengaluru in the state of Karnataka, India. It strives to promote Kannada language through publishing books, organising literary seminars and promoting research projects. It also organises an annual conference on Kannada literature called Kannada Sahithya Sammelana (Kannada Literary Meet). The current president of the parishat is Dr. Mahesh joshi.
Gints Meija
Gints Meija (born September 4, 1987) is a Latvian professional ice hockey winger currently playing for HK Mogo of the Latvian Hockey Higher League. He previously played for EHC Black Wings Linz of the Austrian Hockey League (EBEL).

HK Mogo
HK Mogo/RSU  is a professional ice hockey team based in Riga, Latvia. The team competes in the Latvian Hockey Higher League, the top tier of ice hockey in Latvia. The team plays its home games at the Mogo ice hall.
Martin Benno Schmidt
Martin Benno Schmidt (23 August 1863 – 27 November 1949) was a German pathologist born in Leipzig.

He spent several years as an assistant at the University of Strasbourg, where he worked under Friedrich Daniel von Recklinghausen (1833-1910). In 1906 he became a professor of pathology at the medical academy in Düsseldorf, and afterwards worked as a pathologist in Zurich and Marburg. In 1913 he succeeded Richard Kretz (1865-1920) as professor of pathology at the University of Würzburg, a position he maintained until his retirement in 1934.

Schmidt specialized in pathological investigations of bone disorders such as rickets, osteogenesis imperfecta, and osteomalacia. He is remembered for his description of autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome, type II, a disease characterized by autoimmune activity against more than one endocrine gland. This condition is sometimes referred to as  "Schmidt's syndrome". He also performed important studies involving iron metabolism.

University of Würzburg
The Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg (also referred to as the University of Würzburg, in German Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg) is a public research university in Würzburg, Germany. Founded in 1402, it is one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in Germany. The university initially had a brief run and was closed in 1415. It was reopened in 1582 on the initiative of Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn. Today, the university is named for Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn and Maximilian Joseph.

The University of Würzburg is part of the U15 group of research-intensive German universities. The university is also a member of the Coimbra Group. In the winter semester 2022/2023, 26,787 students were enrolled, of which 16,351 were women and 3,250 were first semester university students. The University is associated with 14 Nobel laureates.
Callum Thorp
Callum David Thorp (born 11 February 1975) is a former professional Australian cricketer who played for Durham County Cricket Club as a right-arm medium bowler. As both of his parents are British, he was able to play for Durham as a non-overseas player. He began his career playing for Western Australia.

Western Australia cricket team
The Western Australian men's cricket team, formerly nicknamed the Western Warriors, represent the Australian state of Western Australia in Australian domestic cricket. The team is selected and supported by the Western Australian Cricket Association (WACA), and plays its home games at the WACA Ground and Perth Stadium in Perth.

The team mainly plays matches against other Australian states in the first-class Sheffield Shield competition and the 50 over One-Day Cup, but occasionally plays matches against touring international sides. Western Australia previously also fielded sides at Twenty20 level, but was replaced by the Perth Scorchers for the inaugural 2011–12 season of the Big Bash League. Western Australia's current captains are Sam Whiteman in the Sheffield Shield and Ashton Turner in the One-Day Cup, and the current coach is Adam Voges.
Nee Tata Naa Birla
Nee Tata Naa Birla (transl. You are Tata, I am Birla) is a 2008 Indian Kannada-language comedy film directed and scripted by Nagendra Magadi. The film has an ensemble cast including V. Ravichandran, Jaggesh, Pooja Gandhi, Jennifer Kotwal, Nikita Thukral and Keerthi Chawla in the leading roles. It is based on the 1985 Malayalam movie Boeing Boeing.

The film revolves around two con men (Ravichandran and Jaggesh) who are experts at stealing from the rich and giving it to the poor. In this process, they are approached by a well known don who gives them a deal of wooing two young girls, who work for the bank. The assignment is to get the code numbers from both the girls and loot the money from the bank. The film takes on the comical track about how the men succeed in their assignment and how they face their real families.

Jaggesh
Eshwar Gowda (born 17 March 1963), known professionally as Jaggesh, is an Indian politician, film actor, director and producer, who mainly works in Kannada cinema. Known for his roles in comedy films, he is popular by the moniker Navarasa Nayaka. Considered one of the popular actors, Jaggesh has won Karnataka State Film Awards and Suvarna Film Awards for his acting.

Jaggesh started his film career by playing minor part in Ibbani Karagithu (1982) and then he essayed supporting roles in Ranadheera (1988), Ranaranga (1988), Yuddha Kaanda (1989), Rani Maharani (1990), C. B. I. Shiva (1991) among others and also worked as an assistant director for several films. His first lead role came with Bhanda Nanna Ganda in 1992 but his major breakthrough came in Tharle Nan Maga in the same year.

He is a Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha from Karnataka since 2022 and the spokesperson of the Bharatiya Janata Party in Karnataka.
Stephen aldehyde synthesis
Stephen aldehyde synthesis, a named reaction in chemistry, was invented by Henry Stephen (OBE/MBE). This reaction involves the preparation of aldehydes (R-CHO) from nitriles (R-CN) using tin(II) chloride (SnCl2), hydrochloric acid (HCl)  and quenching the resulting iminium salt ([R-CH=NH2]+Cl−) with water (H2O). During the synthesis, ammonium chloride is also produced. It is a type of nucleophilic addition reaction.

Ammonium chloride
Ammonium chloride is an inorganic chemical compound with the chemical formula NH4Cl, also written as [NH4]Cl. It is an ammonium salt of hydrogen chloride. It consists of ammonium cations [NH4]+ and chloride anions Cl−. It is a white crystalline salt that is highly soluble in water. Solutions of ammonium chloride are mildly acidic. In its naturally occurring mineralogic form, it is known as salammoniac. The mineral is commonly formed on burning coal dumps from condensation of coal-derived gases. It is also found around some types of volcanic vents. It is mainly used as fertilizer and a flavouring agent in some types of liquorice. It is a product of the reaction of hydrochloric acid and ammonia.