hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Infinity (philosophy)
In philosophy and theology, infinity is explored in articles under headings such as the Absolute, God, and Zeno's paradoxes.

In Greek philosophy, for example in Anaximander, 'the Boundless' is the origin of all that is. He took the beginning or first principle to be an endless, unlimited primordial mass (ἄπειρον, apeiron). The Jain metaphysics and mathematics were the first to define and delineate different "types" of infinities. The work of the mathematician Georg Cantor first placed infinity into a coherent mathematical framework. Keenly aware of his departure from traditional wisdom, Cantor also presented a comprehensive historical and philosophical discussion of infinity. In Christian theology, for example in the work of Duns Scotus, the infinite nature of God invokes a sense of being without constraint, rather than a sense of being unlimited in quantity.

MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
The MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive is a website maintained by John J. O'Connor and Edmund F. Robertson and hosted by the University of St Andrews in Scotland. It contains detailed biographies on many historical and contemporary mathematicians, as well as information on famous curves and various topics in the history of mathematics.

The History of Mathematics archive was an outgrowth of Mathematical MacTutor system, a HyperCard database by the same authors, which won them the European Academic Software award in 1994. In the same year, they founded their web site. It has since expanded to include biographies of more than 3200 mathematicians and scientists.

In 2015, O'Connor and Robertson won the Hirst Prize of the London Mathematical Society for their work. The citation for the Hirst Prize calls the archive "the most widely used and influential web-based resource in history of mathematics".
Al-Qisa
Al-Qisa (Arabic: القيسا, also spelled Qaysa) is a town in southern Syria, administratively part of the Rif Dimashq Governorate, located southeast of Damascus. Nearby localities include Harran al-Awamid to the south, Otaybah to the east, al-Abadah to the northeast, al-Jarba to the north, al-Qasimiyah to the northwest, al-Bilaliyah and Deir Salman to the west and al-Ahmadiyah to the southwest. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), al-Qisa had a population of 4,151 in the 2004 census.

Rif Dimashq Governorate
Rif Dimashq Governorate (Arabic: محافظة ريف دمشق, romanized: Moḥaafaẓat Reef Demashq, lit. "Damascus Countryside" or "Damascus Suburbs") is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria. It is situated in the southwestern part of the country. It borders the governorates of Quneitra, Daraa and Suwayda in the southwest, Homs in the north, Lebanon in the west and Jordan in the south. The capital is the city of Douma.

The Governorate completely surrounds the city and governorate of Damascus and it has an area of 18,032 km² and a population of 2,273,074 (2004 census).

The Governorate was a major site of fighting in the Syrian Civil War in the Rif Dimashq Governorate campaign.
Acanthoplus longipes
The long-legged armoured katydid (Acanthoplus longipes) is a species of katydid found in Namibia, and also in the northern portion of Northern Cape Province, South Africa, and southern Angola. It may possibly occur in Botswana. It is found in semi-arid and arid habitats, including the Kalahari Desert and the Namib Desert. It is threatened by habitat destruction, but is widespread and is not considered to be endangered.

It has been recorded feeding on teff in Africa.

Long-legged armored katydids utilize the auditory system to communicate with one another through infraspecific auditory communication. Acanthoplus longipes' song calling usually consists of verses with two pulses. The first pulse contains three pulses and the second pulse contains five pulses and they generally lasts for a few minutes.

Tettigoniidae
Insects in the family Tettigoniidae are commonly called katydids (especially in North America) or bush crickets. They have previously been known as "long-horned grasshoppers". More than 8,000 species are known. Part of the suborder Ensifera, the Tettigoniidae are the only extant (living) family in the superfamily Tettigonioidea.

Many species are nocturnal in habit, having strident mating calls and may exhibit mimicry or camouflage, commonly with shapes and colours similar to leaves.
North American Society for Social Philosophy
The North American Society for Social Philosophy (NASSP) is a non-profit learned society whose mission is to facilitate discussion between social philosophers on all topics of interest. Established in 1984, NASSP sponsors a peer reviewed journal, the Journal of Social Philosophy, hosts the International Social Philosophy Conference, produces a conference book series, and publishes a newsletter. NASSP also sponsors an annual award for the best new book on social philosophy, and organizes sessions in conjunction with meetings of the American Philosophical Association and the Canadian Philosophical Association. NASSP members receive the journal, the newsletter and the current volume of the book series as benefits of membership.

Social philosophy
Social philosophy is the study and interpretation of society and social institutions in terms of ethical values rather than empirical relations. Social philosophers emphasize understanding the social contexts for political, legal, moral and cultural questions, and the development of novel theoretical frameworks, from social ontology to care ethics to cosmopolitan theories of democracy, natural law, human rights, gender equity and global justice.
1961 Southern Conference men's basketball tournament
The 1961 Southern Conference men's basketball tournament took place from March 2–4, 1961 at the Richmond Arena in Richmond, Virginia. The George Washington Colonials, led by head coach Bill Reinhart, won their second Southern Conference title and received the automatic berth to the 1961 NCAA tournament.

George Washington Revolutionaries men's basketball
The George Washington Revolutionaries men's basketball team represents George Washington University in Washington, D.C. They play their home games in the Charles E. Smith Center, an indoor arena that is also shared with other George Washington Revolutionaries athletic programs. The school's team currently competes in the Atlantic 10 Conference. The former name of the team, the George Washington Colonials, was changed in May 2023 to the current name.

The head coach is Chris Caputo, a former University of Miami coach, and the official dance team for the team is the GW First Ladies.
Burroughs Medium Systems
The Burroughs B2500 through Burroughs B4900 was a series of mainframe computers developed and manufactured by Burroughs Corporation in Pasadena, California, United States, from 1966 to 1991. They were aimed at the business world with an instruction set optimized for the COBOL programming language. They were also known as Burroughs Medium Systems, by contrast with the Burroughs Large Systems and Burroughs Small Systems.

Mainframe computer
A mainframe computer, informally called a mainframe, maxicomputer, or big iron, is a computer used primarily by large organizations for critical applications like bulk data processing for tasks such as censuses, industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning, and large-scale transaction processing. A mainframe computer is large but not as large as a supercomputer and has more processing power than some other classes of computers, such as minicomputers, workstations, and personal computers. Most large-scale computer-system architectures were established in the 1960s, but they continue to evolve. Mainframe computers are often used as servers.

The term mainframe was derived from the large cabinet, called a main frame, that housed the central processing unit and main memory of early computers. Later, the term mainframe was used to distinguish high-end commercial computers from less powerful machines.
Artists United Against Apartheid
Artists United Against Apartheid was a 1985 protest group founded by activist and performer Steven Van Zandt and record producer Arthur Baker to protest against apartheid in South Africa. The group produced the song "Sun City" and the album Sun City that year, which is considered a notable anti-apartheid song.

Afrika Bambaataa
Lance Taylor (born April 17, 1957), also known as Afrika Bambaataa (/ˌæfrɪkə bæmˈbɑːtə/), is a retired American DJ, rapper, and record producer. He is notable for releasing a series of genre-defining electro tracks in the 1980s that influenced the development of hip hop culture. Afrika Bambaataa is one of the originators of breakbeat DJing.

Through his co-opting of his street gang Black Spades into the music and culture-oriented organization Universal Zulu Nation, he has helped spread hip hop culture throughout the world.
In May 2016, Bambaataa left his position as head of the Universal Zulu Nation due to multiple allegations of child sexual abuse dating as far back as the 1970s.
Marianne Marthinsen
Marianne Marthinsen (born 25 August 1980, in Jevnaker) is a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party.

She was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Oslo in 2005.

She graduated from University of Oslo in 2001, having studied economics. She has a somewhat diverse working background, having been a journalist in Romerikes Blad, nurse assistant, office worker and secretary of the Workers' Youth League. She has also been involved in Nei til EU, Attac Norway and Fredsinitiativet.

Association for the Taxation of Financial Transactions and for Citizens' Action
The Association pour la Taxation des Transactions financières et pour l'Action Citoyenne (Association for the Taxation of financial Transactions and Citizens' Action, ATTAC) is an activist organisation originally created to promote the establishment of a tax on foreign exchange transactions.
Michał Franciszek Karpowicz
Michał Franciszek Karpowicz (Lithuanian: Mykolas Pranciškus Karpavičius; 4 October 1744 – 5 November 1803) was a professor of the Vilnius University, participant of the Kościuszko Uprising (1794), and Roman Catholic bishop of the diocese of Wigry. Karpowicz is regarded as the most famous preacher of the Age of Enlightenment in Lithuania and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. He delivered sermons for ~20 years to the noble participants of the sessions of the Lithuanian Tribunal. His ancestors were Lithuanian nobles which are known since the 15th century.

Lithuanian Tribunal
The Lithuanian Tribunal (Lithuanian: Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės Vyriausiasis Tribunolas or Lietuvos Tribunolas; Polish: Trybunał Główny Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego) was the highest appellate court for the nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. It was established by the Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland Stephen Báthory in 1581 as the counterpart to the Crown Tribunal (Polish: Trybunał Główny Koronny) of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, established in 1578. The judges were elected from local nobles furthering nobility's Golden Liberty. The Tribunal ceased to exist after the Third Partition of Poland-Lithuania in 1795. The Palace of the Lithuanian Tribunal was demolished in December 1836 – April 1837.
Harriet Newell Ralston
Harriet Newell Ralston (née, Jackson; October 21, 1828 – February 6, 1920) was an American poet. She was born in New York and spent her early years in that state, as well as Massachusetts and Illinois. After marrying James Harvey Ralston in 1853, she lived in California and Nevada before later settling in Washington, D.C. Ralston wrote numerous poems that were published individually in newspapers and widely circulated, including “Fatherless Joe,” “Decoration Day,” “The Spectral Feast,” “The Queen’s Jewels,” and “The White Cross of Savoy.” Her poem “The Queen’s Jewels” was written for a banquet of the Woman's National Press Association during the Pan-American Congress and received favorable acknowledgments from Central and South American representatives. Her best-known work was “Columbus and Isabella – The Immortals.”

Pan-American Conference
The Conferences of American States, commonly referred to as the Pan-American Conferences, were meetings of the International American Nation in Conferences for Regional cooperation in 1889.
The Pan-American Union, an international organization for cooperation on trade. James G. Blaine, a United States politician, Secretary of State and presidential contender, first proposed establishment of closer ties between the United States and its southern neighbors and proposed international conference. Blaine hoped that ties between the United States and its southern counterparts would open Latin American markets to US trade. The Pan-American Union eventually evolved into the Organization of American States in 1948.
Vladimir Dragović
Vladimir Dragović (born 1967 in Belgrade, SR Serbia) is Professor and Head of the Mathematical Sciences Department at the University of Texas at Dallas. Prior to this he was a Full Research Professor at Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, the founder and president of the Dynamical Systems group and co-president of The Centre for Dynamical Systems, Geometry and Combinatorics of the Mathematical Institute of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts.

Dragović graduated and received his Doctor of Sciences in Mathematics degree at the Faculty of Mathematics, University of Belgrade, in Belgrade, Serbia, former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

Dragović is the author and co-author of numerous books and collections of problems for elementary and secondary schools, as well as special collections of assignments for preparation for mathematics competitions, and mathematics workbooks used as a preparation for admission to faculties.

University of Lisbon
The University of Lisbon (ULisboa; Portuguese: Universidade de Lisboa) is a public research university in Lisbon, and Portugal's largest university. It was founded in 1911, but the university's present structure dates to the 2013 merger of the former University of Lisbon (1911–2013) and the Technical University of Lisbon (1930–2013).
Mihkel Jürna
Mihkel Jürna (17 September 1899 – 5 December 1972, Tallinn) was an Estonian writer and translator.

He was born in Soonuka in present-day Vinni Parish. He attended schools in Kiltsi and Väike-Maarja. From 1917 until 1923 he studied at the Hugo Treffner Gymnasium in Tartu. After graduation, he entered the Faculty of Law of the University of Tartu and graduated in 1926. From 1934 until 1937 he studied at the university's Faculty of Medicine.

He died in 1972 and is buried at Metsakalmistu Cemetery in Tallinn.

Kiltsi
Kiltsi is a small borough in Väike-Maarja Parish, Lääne-Viru County, in northeastern Estonia.

At the end of the 15th century the Teutonic Knights erected a castle, which later became part of a larger one. Destroyed by a fire in 1588, the castle was not re-erected until 1789, as a neoclassical manor house, today's Kiltsi Manor.
David Lowe (cricketer)
David Lowe (born 12 January 1979) is a former English cricketer.  Lowe was a right-handed batsman.  He was born in Harlow, Essex.

Lowe made his debut for Hertfordshire in the 1999 MCCA Knockout Trophy against the Surrey Cricket Board.  Lowe played Minor counties cricket for Hertfordshire from 1999 to 2001, which included 8 Minor Counties Championship matches and 5 MCCA Knockout Trophy matches.  In 2001, he made his List A debut against the Durham Cricket Board in the Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy.  He played 2 further List A matches for Hertfordshire, against Worcestershire in the 2nd round of the same competition and against Staffordshire in the 1st round of the 2002 Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy which was held in 2001.  In his 3 List A matches, he scored 18 runs at a batting average of 6.00 with a high score of 9.

His brother, Stephen Lowe, also played for Hertfordshire.

Staffordshire County Cricket Club
Staffordshire County Cricket Club is one of twenty national county clubs within the domestic cricket structure of England and Wales. It represents the historic county of Staffordshire. The team is currently a member of the National Counties Championship Eastern Division and plays in the NCCA Knockout Trophy. Staffordshire played List A matches occasionally from 1971 until 2005 but is not classified as a List A team per se.
Lazy Game Reviews
Clint Basinger (born December 20, 1986), better known as LGR (originally an initialism of Lazy Game Reviews), is an American YouTuber who focuses on video game reviews, retrocomputing, and unboxing videos. His YouTube channel of the same name has been compared to Techmoan and The 8-Bit Guy. Basinger is known for building, restoring and reviewing many vintage computers and reviewing mainly PC games. The channel is funded through YouTube advertising, and through Patreon.

Basinger has stated that inspiration for starting LGR was at least partly inspired by the PBS television show Computer Chronicles.

Video game journalism
Video game journalism (or video game criticism) is a branch of journalism concerned with the reporting and discussion of video games, typically based on a core "reveal–preview–review" cycle. With the prevalence and rise of independent media online, online publications and blogs have grown.
Gresse
Gresse is a municipality in the Ludwigslust-Parchim district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. During World War II, one of the German death marches of Allied prisoners-of-war passed through the town. Sixty of the prisoners-of-war died at Gresse on 19 April 1945 in a "friendly fire" incident when strafed by a flight of Royal Air Force Hawker Typhoons which mistook them for retreating German soldiers.

Strafing
Strafing is the military practice of attacking ground targets from low-flying aircraft using aircraft-mounted automatic weapons. 
Less commonly, the term is used by extension to describe high-speed firing runs by any land or naval craft such as fast boats, using smaller-caliber weapons and targeting stationary or slowly-moving targets.
1956 Falkland Islands general election
The Falkland Islands general election of 1956 was held in March and April 1956 to elect members to the Legislative Council. Four out of the twelve Councillors were elected through universal suffrage, two from Stanley and one each from East Falkland and West Falkland. Owing to the remoteness of some settlements and the unpredictability of the weather on the Falkland Islands, the election took place over several days.

Legislative Council of the Falkland Islands
The Legislative Council of the Falkland Islands (sometimes referred to as LEGCO) was the unicameral legislature of the Falkland Islands from 13 November 1845 until 1 January 2009. The new constitution came into force in 2009 and replaced the Legislative Council with the Legislative Assembly of the Falkland Islands.
West Virginia Route 123
West Virginia Route 123 is an east–west state highway located in the Bluefield, West Virginia area. The western terminus of the route is at the Virginia state line northwest of Bluefield, where WV 123 continues west as secondary State Route 643. The eastern terminus is at U.S. Route 19 and U.S. Route 460 northeast of Bluefield.

Bluefield, West Virginia
Bluefield is a city in Mercer County, West Virginia, United States. Its population was 9,658 at the 2020 census. It is the principal city of the Bluefield micropolitan area extending into Virginia, which had a population of 106,363 in 2020. The city is home to Bluefield State University, a public, historically black university serving nearly 1,300 students.
Link-ZA
Link-ZA (also "Link ZA" or "LinkZA") is a tactical data link system used by the South African National Defence Force. It is the data communication component of the "Combat Net Interoperability Standard" (CNIS). Development began in the early 1990s when South Africa acquired a wide variety of high technology defence equipment such as Saab JAS 39 Gripen fighter jets, BAE Hawk lead-in fighter trainers, Valour-class frigates and other weapons systems. Because South Africa was not able to acquire the NATO standard Link-16 system an indigenous system was developed.

South African National Defence Force
The South African National Defence Force (SANDF) comprises the armed forces of South Africa. The Chief of the SANDF is appointed by the President of South Africa from one of the armed services. They are in turn accountable to the Minister of Defence and Military Veterans of the Defence Department.

The military as it exists today was created in 1994, following South Africa's first nonracial election in April of that year and the adoption of a new constitution. It replaced the South African Defence Force and also integrated uMkhonto we Sizwe (MK), and the Azanian People's Liberation Army (APLA) guerilla forces.
Harry S Truman Birthplace State Historic Site
The Harry S Truman Birthplace State Historic Site is a state-owned property in Lamar, Barton County, Missouri, maintained by the Missouri Department of Natural Resources, preserving the 1+1⁄2-story childhood home of Harry S. Truman, the 33rd President of the United States. The future president was born here on May 8, 1884, in the downstairs southwest bedroom. The home was purchased by the state in 1957 and dedicated as a historic site in 1959 at a ceremony attended by Truman himself. The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1969.

Historic site
A historic site or heritage site is an official location where pieces of political, military, cultural, or social history have been preserved due to their cultural heritage value. Historic sites are usually protected by law, and many have been recognized with official historic status. A historic site may be any building, landscape, site or structure that is of local, regional, national, or global significance. Usually this also means the site must be at least 50 years or older.
Cochlicopa lubricella
Cochlicopa lubricella is a European species of small air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Cochlicopidae.

This species is closely related to Cochlicopa lubrica, but the shell is narrower in proportion.

Terrestrial mollusc
Terrestrial molluscs or land molluscs (mollusks) are an ecological group that includes all molluscs that live on land in contrast to freshwater and marine molluscs. They probably first occurred in the Carboniferous, arising from freshwater ones.
Listed buildings in Chipping, Lancashire
Chipping is a civil parish in Ribble Valley, Lancashire, England. It contains 43 buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England as designated listed buildings.  Apart from the village of Chipping, the parish is rural.  Within the village, the listed buildings include three churches and associated structures, three public houses, a former school, former almshouses, and a former cotton mill.  Elsewhere the listed buildings are domestic or related to farming, plus a former milestone.

Almshouse
An almshouse (also known as a bede-house, poorhouse, or hospital) is charitable housing provided to people in a particular community, especially during the Middle Ages. They were often built for the poor of a locality, for those who had held certain jobs, or their widows, and for elderly people who could no longer pay rent. They are generally maintained by a charity or the trustees of a bequest. "Alms" are, in the Christian tradition, money or services donated to support the poor and indigent. Almshouses were originally formed as extensions of the church system and were later adapted by local officials and authorities.