hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Wilmer W. Tanner
Wilmer Webster Tanner ((1909-12-17)December 17, 1909 – (2011-10-28)October 28, 2011) was an American zoologist, professor and curator.  He was associated with Brigham Young University (BYU), in Provo, Utah for much of his life and published extensively on the snakes and salamanders of the Great Basin.

Great Basin
The Great Basin (Spanish: Gran Cuenca) is the largest area of contiguous endorheic watersheds, those with no outlets to the ocean, in North America. It spans nearly all of Nevada, much of Utah, and portions of California, Idaho, Oregon, Wyoming, and Baja California. It is noted for both its arid climate and the basin and range topography that varies from the North American low point at Badwater Basin in Death Valley to the highest point of the contiguous United States, less than 100 miles (160 km) away at the summit of Mount Whitney. The region spans several physiographic divisions, biomes, ecoregions, and deserts.
2025 Southeast Europe retail boycotts
A series of boycotts were held against retail stores in Southeast and Eastern Europe in late January 2025. The boycotts started in Croatia on 24 January in reaction to rising retail prices across the country. Boycotts in Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia, Slovenia, Albania, Romania, Bulgaria, Kosovo, Hungary, and Greece have been launched. Meanwhile, calls or plans for boycotts are occurring in Slovakia and the Czech Republic.

Main chains were accused of engaging in price fixing. Apart from the potential violation of competition laws, the boycotts came amidst soaring food prices and cost of living throughout the region and are caused by various economic factors. The boycotts also received widespread public support.

Boycott
A boycott is an act of nonviolent, voluntary abstention from a product, person, organisation, or country as an expression of protest. It is usually for moral, social, political, or environmental reasons. The purpose of a boycott is to inflict some economic loss on the target, or to indicate a moral outrage, usually to try to compel the target to alter an objectionable behavior.

The word is named after Captain Charles Boycott, agent of an absentee landlord in Ireland, against whom the tactic was successfully employed after a suggestion by Irish nationalist leader Charles Stewart Parnell and his Irish Land League in 1880.

Sometimes, a boycott can be a form of consumer activism, sometimes called moral purchasing. When a similar practice is legislated by a national government, it is known as a sanction. Frequently, however, the threat of boycotting a business is an empty threat, with no significant effect on sales.
Stippled darter
The stippled darter (Etheostoma punctulatum) is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. It is  found in Missouri and White River drainages in Ozark Uplands of Missouri and Arkansas. Isolated population occurs in upper Castor River of southeastern Missouri.  It inhabits rocky pools of headwaters and creeks.  This species can reach a length of 10.0 cm (3.9 in).

Etheostomatinae
Etheostomatinae is a species-rich subfamily of freshwater ray-finned fish, the members of which are commonly known as the darters. The subfamily is part of the family Percidae which also includes the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. The family is endemic to North America. It consists of three to five different genera and well over 200 species. A common name for these fish in southern Indiana is pollywog.
Karyn Marshall
Karyn Marshall (born April 2, 1956, in Miami, Florida) is an American Olympic weightlifter who won the first women's world championship in weightlifting, held in 1987. She also set 60 American and world records in women's weightlifting and in 1985 became the first woman in history to clean and jerk over 300 lb (136 kg), which she did with a lift of 303 pounds (137 kg). She became a chiropractor and runs a private practice in Shrewsbury, New Jersey while battling breast cancer since 2011. In 2011, Marshall was inducted into the USA Weightlifting Hall of Fame, and she was inducted into the International Weightlifting Hall of Fame in 2015.

Clean and jerk
The clean and jerk is a composite of two weightlifting movements, most often performed with a barbell: the clean and the jerk. During the clean, the lifter moves the barbell from the floor to a racked position across the deltoids, without resting fully on the clavicles. During the jerk, the lifter raises the barbell to a stationary position above the head, finishing with straight arms and legs, and the feet in the same plane as the torso and barbell.

Of the several variants of the lift, the most common is the Olympic clean and jerk, which, with the snatch, is included in Olympic weightlifting events. Clean and jerk is most commonly performed with a squat clean and a split jerk.
Kulay
"Kulay" (transl. Color) is a song recorded by the Filipino boy band BGYO. It was released on 1 October 2021 as a digital single by Star Music on behalf of "Old School Records". The song was written and composed by Kiko KIKX Salazar and Nhiko Sabiniano for the official soundtrack of the Miss Universe Philippines 2021 National Costume Competition.

The track became an instant favorite upon the release of the music video.

Miss Universe Philippines
Miss Universe Philippines is an annual national beauty pageant run by the organization of the same name under Empire Philippines. The pageant selects the official representative to Miss Universe—one of the Big Four beauty pageants. Through its sister organization, The Miss Philippines, the pageant also names competitors to several minor beauty pageants.

The reigning Miss Universe Philippines is Ahtisa Manalo of Quezon, who was crowned on May 2, 2025, in Pasay, Philippines.
Tanamuna
Tanamuna   is a village development committee in Sunsari District in the Kosi Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4859 people living in 922 individual households.

Sunsari District
Sunsari District is one of 14 districts in Koshi province of eastern Nepal. The district is located in the eastern part of the Outer Terai and covers an area of 1,257 km2 (485 sq mi).
According to the 2011 Nepal census, the population was 753,328. The district headquarters is located in Inaruwa.

The area was originally part of Morang District but became its own district in 1962 when Nepal was divided into 14 zones and 75 districts.
Major cities in Sunsari district are Inaruwa, Itahari, Jhumka, Dharan, and Duhabi. Some religious places of this district are Budha Subba Temple, Ramdhuni, Chataradham, Baraha, Bishnupaduka, Dantakali, and Pindeshor Babadham.

The lowlands of Limbuwan, present day Sunsari, Morang and Jhapa Districts was collectively known as Morang District since the time of King Mung Mawrong Hang of the 7th century.
Gismonda (Février)
Gismonda is a 1919 French-language grand opera in three acts by Henry Février to a libretto by Henri Caïn and Louis Payen based on the 1894 play Gismonda by Victorien Sardou. The planned premiere in Paris was halted by the outbreak of World War I but the composer was given leave from the French army to premiere the opera with Mary Garden in the title role with the Chicago Opera Association on 14 January 1919. Février was also present when the production was then shown in New York City at Loew's Lexington Theatre (demolished in 1960, now a hotel) on January 27 that year. It premiered in Paris at the Opéra-Comique on 15 October of the same year.

Grand opera
Grand opera is a genre of 19th-century opera generally in four or five acts, characterized by large-scale casts and orchestras. The original productions consisted of spectacular design and stage effects with plots normally based on or around dramatic historic events. The term is particularly applied (sometimes specifically used in its French-language equivalent grand opéra, pronounced [ɡʁɑ̃t‿ɔpeʁa]) to certain productions of the Paris Opéra from the late 1820s to around 1860; 'grand opéra' has sometimes been used to denote the Paris Opéra itself.

The term 'grand opera' is also used in a broader application in respect of contemporary or later works of similar monumental proportions from France, Germany, Italy, and other countries.

It may also be used colloquially in an imprecise sense to refer to 'serious opera without spoken dialogue'.
Pinakes
The Pinakes (Ancient Greek: Πίνακες 'tables', plural of πίναξ pinax) is a lost bibliographic work composed by Callimachus (310/305–240 BCE) that is popularly considered to be the first library catalog in the West; its contents were based upon the holdings of the Library of Alexandria during Callimachus's tenure there during the third century BCE.

Bibliography
Bibliography (from Ancient Greek: βιβλίον, romanized: biblion, lit. 'book' and -γραφία, -graphía, 'writing'), as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology (from Ancient Greek: -λογία, romanized: -logía). English author and bibliographer John Carter describes bibliography as a word having two senses: one, a list of books for further study or of works consulted by an author (or enumerative bibliography); the other one, applicable for collectors, is "the study of books as physical objects" and "the systematic description of books as objects" (or descriptive bibliography).
WIHN
WIHN (96.7 FM) is a commercial radio station in Normal, Illinois, United States, and serving the Bloomington-Normal radio market.  It broadcasts an active rock radio format known as Rock 96.7.  It is owned by Elizabeth Neuhoff's Neuhoff Corp., through licensee Neuhoff Media Bloomington, LLC, with studios on Brickyard Drive in Bloomington.  On weekday mornings, WIHN carries the nationally syndicated "Bob & Tom Show," based at WFBQ Indianapolis.

WFBQ
WFBQ (94.7 FM, "Q95") is a radio station in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States, owned by iHeartMedia. The studios are located at 6161 Fall Creek Road on the northeast side of Indianapolis.  The transmitter and antenna are located on the northwest side of Indianapolis. It is the flagship station of the popular nationally syndicated program The Bob & Tom Show.
Johnny Hackenbruck
John Anthony Hackenbruck (October 20, 1915 – October 26, 1988) was an American professional football player.

A native of The Dalles, Oregon, Thomas attended The Dalles High School and then played college football as a tackle for Oregon State from 1936 to 1939. He was selected as a captain on the 1939 team.

In December 1939, he was selected by the Detroit Lions with the 156th pick in the 1940 NFL draft. He signed with the Lions in April 1940. He appeared in seven games for the Lions as a tackle during the 1940 season.

The Dalles, Oregon
The Dalles (/ˈdælz/ ⓘ DALZ) formally the City of the Dalles and also called Dalles City, is an inland port, the county seat of and the largest city in Wasco County, Oregon, United States. The population was 16,010 at the 2020 census, and it is the largest city in Oregon along the Columbia River outside the Portland Metropolitan Area. The Dalles is 75 miles (121 km) east of Portland, within the Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area.
Ruapani
Ruapani was a rangatira (chief) of the Māori in Tūranganui-a-Kiwa (the Poverty Bay-region on the East Coast of New Zealand) in the 15th and 16th century.

He is said to have been the paramount chief of all the Tūranganui-a-Kiwa tribes around 1525.
His influence was large, it extended into the Ruakituri Valley and the Whakapūnaki district as far as the Huiarau Range beyond Lake Waikaremoana.

Poverty Bay
Poverty Bay (Māori: Tūranganui-a-Kiwa), officially named Tūranganui-a-Kiwa / Poverty Bay, is the largest of several small bays on the east coast of New Zealand's North Island to the north of Hawke Bay. It stretches for 10 kilometres (6 mi) from Young Nick's Head in the southwest to Tuaheni Point in the northeast. The city of Gisborne is located on the northern shore of the bay and the small settlement of Muriwai is located at the bay's southern end. The name is often used by extension to refer to the entire area surrounding the city of Gisborne.

Poverty Bay is the home of the Māori iwi (tribes) Te Aitanga-a-Māhaki, Rongowhakaata and Ngāi Tāmanuhiri.
Crenel function
In mathematics, the crenel function is a periodic discontinuous function P(x) defined as 1 for x belonging to a given interval and 0 outside of it. It can be presented as a difference between two Heaviside step functions of amplitude 1. It is used in crystallography to account for irregularities in the occupation of atomic sites by given atoms in solids, such as periodic domain structures, where some regions are enriched and some are depleted with certain atoms.

Mathematically,

The coefficients of its Fourier series are

with the Sinc function.

Periodic function
A periodic function is a function that repeats its values at regular intervals. For example, the trigonometric functions, which are used to describe waves and other repeating phenomena, are periodic. Many aspects of the natural world have periodic behavior, such as the phases of the Moon, the swinging of a pendulum, and the beating of a heart.

The length of the interval over which a periodic function repeats is called its period. Any function that is not periodic is called aperiodic.
Lebowakgomo Stadium
Lebowakgomo Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Lebowakgomo, situated 60 km south of Polokwane, at the Limpopo province in South Africa. It is currently used mostly for football matches, and is the home venue of Fanang Diatla F.C. in the Vodacom League.

Lebowakgomo
Lebowakgomo  is the seat of the Lepelle-Nkumpi Local Municipality and was the capital of the former Bantustan of Lebowa. Lebowakgomo lies 45 km (28 mi) southeast of the Limpopo capital of Polokwane. The majority of Lebowakgomo's inhabitants speak SePedi.
Domenico Selva
Domenico Selva (?–1758) was an Italian scientific instrument maker.

Domenico Selva was from the Veneto region in the Republic of Venice. He had an optical workshop in Venice near Piazza San Marco and used his skills to develop lenses, telescopes, and microscopes. His works were documented in a book by his son Lorenzo Selva, who was inspired by his father to become an optician himself.

Telescope
A telescope is a device used to observe distant objects by their emission, absorption, or reflection of electromagnetic radiation. Originally, it was an optical instrument using lenses, curved mirrors, or a combination of both to observe distant objects – an optical telescope. Nowadays, the word "telescope" is defined as a wide range of instruments capable of detecting different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, and in some cases other types of detectors.

The first known practical telescopes were refracting telescopes with glass lenses and were invented in the Netherlands at the beginning of the 17th century. They were used for both terrestrial applications and astronomy.

The reflecting telescope, which uses mirrors to collect and focus light, was invented within a few decades of the first refracting telescope.

In the 20th century, many new types of telescopes were invented, including radio telescopes in the 1930s and infrared telescopes in the 1960s.
Piotr Wysz Radoliński
Piotr Wysz Radoliński of Leszczyc coat of arms was born circa 1354 in Radolin and died on 30 September 1414 in Poznań. He was a bishop of Kraków from 1392, and a bishop of Poznań from 1412. A lawyer by profession, he studied in Prague and Padua, where in 1386 he received his doctorate in dual law.

Radoliński worked for the King Władysław II Jagiełło and Queen Jadwiga. From 1391 he served as a chancellor in the court of the queen, and on 4 December 1392 was appointed Bishop of Kraków. He was a signatory to two Polish-Lithuanian acts of union, that of Vilnius and Radom in 1401 and of Horodło in 1413.

He co-founded the Department of Theology of the Jagiellonian University in 1397 per decree of Pope Boniface IX. Radoliński was also the first chancellor of the university.

Pope Boniface IX
Pope Boniface IX (Latin: Bonifatius IX; Italian: Bonifacio IX; c. 1350 – 1 October 1404, born Pietro Tomacelli Cybo) was head of the Catholic Church from 2 November 1389 to his death, in October 1404. He was the second Roman pope during the Western Schism. In this time, the Avignon claimants, Clement VII and Benedict XIII, maintained the Roman Curia in Avignon, under the protection of the French monarchy. He is the last pope to date to take on the pontifical name "Boniface".
Xanthomonas campestris pv. juglandis
Xanthomonas campestris pv. juglandis is an anaerobic, Gram negative, rod-shaped bacteria that can affect walnut trees though the flowers, buds, shoots, branches, trunk, and fruit. It can have devastating effects including premature fruit drop and lesions on the plant.  This pathogen was first isolated by Newton B. Pierce in California in 1896 and was then named Pseudomonas juglandis. In 1905 it was reclassified as Bacterium juglandis, in 1930 it became Phytomas juglandis, and in 1939 it was named Xanthomas juglandis. The International Standards for Naming Pathovars declared it to be named Xanthomonas campestris pv. juglandis in 1980.  There have been recent proposals to change the name once again to Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis, but this has not yet been universally accepted.

Bud
In botany, a bud is an undeveloped or embryonic shoot and normally occurs in the axil of a leaf or at the tip of a stem. Once formed, a bud may remain for some time in a dormant condition, or it may form a shoot immediately. Buds may be specialized to develop flowers or short shoots or may have the potential for general shoot development. The term bud is also used in zoology, where it refers to an outgrowth from the body which can develop into a new individual.
Guttorm Haraldsson
Guttorm Haraldsson was the first son of King Harald Fairhair of Norway and Åsa, daughter of Håkon Grjotgardsson, who was the first Earl of Lade.

Harald had wrested Rånrike in Viken from the Swedish King Erik Eymundsson.  Harald made Guttorm king over Rånrike and gave him the responsibility of defending southeast Norway from Sweden.

Guttorm fell in a sea battle against the sea-king Solve Huntiofsson (Solve Klove), son of Huntiof, King of Nordmøre. Solve Klove had earlier escaped capture at the First battle of Solskjel (ca. 870) in which both  King Huntiof and King Nokkve of Romsdal had been slain.

First battle of Solskjel
The First Battle of Solskjel  (Slaget ved Solskjel) was the first engagement in Harald Fairhair's attempt to subjugate western Norway to his rule.

The two kings of Nordmøre and Romsdal had joined forces to stop the fleet of king Harald, who was sailing south from Trøndelag. Harald was again victorious, and his two opponents Huntiof, King of Nordmøre and his father-in-law, King Nokkve of Romsdal, were both slain in battle. However Solve Klove, the son of King Huntiof escaped.

After the battle Harald laid both countries under his rule, and stayed there for the rest of the summer.
Eersteling
Eersteling is a town in Zululand District Municipality in the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa. According to the 2011 Census, Eersteling has a population of 992, almost entirely Black African, with the vast majority speaking Zulu as their first language. It is part of the eDumbe Local Municipality in the Zululand District.

Zulu language
Zulu (/ˈzuːluː/ ZOO-loo), or isiZulu as an endonym, is a Southern Bantu language of the Nguni branch spoken in, and indigenous to, Southern Africa with about 13.56 million native speakers, who primarily inhabit the province of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa. The word "KwaZulu-Natal" translates into English as "Home of the Zulu Nation is Natal". Zulu is the most widely spoken home language in South Africa (24% of the population), and it is understood by over 50% of its population. It became one of South Africa's 12 official languages in 1994.

According to Ethnologue, it is the second-most widely spoken of the Bantu languages, after Swahili. Like many other Bantu languages, it is written with the Latin alphabet.

In South African English, the language is often referred to in its native form, isiZulu.
Milan Kučera (canoeist)
Milan Kučera (born 1963) is a Slovak slalom canoeist who competed at the international level from 1982 to 1993, specializing in the C2 discipline.

He won seven medals at the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships with two golds (C2 team: 1983, 1985 both for Czechoslovakia), three silvers (C2 team: 1987, 1989, 1991 all for Czechoslovakia) and two bronzes (C2: 1987 for Czechoslovakia; C2 team: 1993 for Slovakia).

His partner in the C2 boat from 1982 to 1989 was Miroslav Hajdučík. From 1991 to 1993 he paddled with Viktor Beneš.

1985 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships
The 1985 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships were held between 12 and 16 June 1985 in Augsburg, West Germany under the auspices of International Canoe Federation for the second time. Augsburg hosted the event previously in 1957. It was the 19th edition. It also marked the first time the championships took place on an artificial whitewater slalom course at the Eiskanal and the first to be held at an Olympic venue. The Eiskanal previously hosted the slalom canoeing events at the 1972 Summer Olympics held in neighboring Munich.
Military of the Arab League
The Arab League as an organization has a few official  military force, like the United Nations or the European Union or African Union but in the 2007 summit, the Leaders decided to reactivate their joint defense and establish a peacekeeping force to deploy in South Lebanon, Iraq, South Sudan, Federal Republic of Ethiopia and other hot spots.

Southern Lebanon
Southern Lebanon (Arabic: جنوب لبنان, romanized: Janūb Lubnān) is the area of Lebanon comprising the South Governorate and the Nabatiye Governorate. The two entities were divided from the same province in the early 1990s. The Rashaya and Western Beqaa districts, the southernmost districts of the Beqaa Governorate.

The main cities of the region are Sidon and Tyre on the coast, with Jezzine and Nabatiyeh more inland. The cazas of Bint Jbeil, Tyre, and Nabatieh in Southern Lebanon are known for their large Shi'a Muslim population with a minority of Christians. Sidon is predominantly Sunni, with the rest of the caza of Sidon having a Shi'a Muslim majority, with a considerable Christian minority, mainly Melkite Greek Catholics. The cazas of Jezzine and Marjeyoun have a Christian majority and also Shia Muslims. The villages of Ain Ebel, Debel, Qaouzah, and Rmaich are entirely Christian Maronite. The caza of Hasbaya has a Druze majority.
Linnansaari National Park
Linnansaari National Park (Finnish: Linnansaaren kansallispuisto) is a national park in the South Savo and Northern Savonia regions of Finland. It lies in the middle of the lake Haukivesi, a part of greater Saimaa. The National Park was established to conserve the valuable natural features of the Finnish lakeland.

On the main island there's an old croft. Slash-and-burn agriculture is still practised on its fields to conserve the old cultural landscape and the associated plant and animal species. A large part of the island is natural-state coniferous forest, with some herb-rich parts.

The critically endangered Saimaa ringed seal inhabits the park.

South Savo
South Savo (or Southern Savonia; Finnish: Etelä-Savo; Swedish: Södra Savolax) is a region in the south-east of Finland. It borders the regions of North Savo, North Karelia, South Karelia, Kymenlaakso, Päijät-Häme, and Central Finland. The total area of South Savo is 18,768.33 km2 (7,246.5 sq mi), with a population of 153,738 (2011). South Savo is located in the heart of the Finnish lake district, and contains Lake Saimaa, the largest lake in Finland. The three major towns in the region are Mikkeli, Savonlinna and Pieksämäki.