hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Chaplygin's equation
In gas dynamics, Chaplygin's equation, named after Sergei Alekseevich Chaplygin (1902), is a partial differential equation useful in the study of transonic flow. It is

Here,  is the speed of sound, determined by the equation of state of the fluid and conservation of energy. For polytropic gases, we have , where  is the specific heat ratio and  is the stagnation enthalpy, in which case the Chaplygin's equation reduces to

The Bernoulli equation (see the derivation below) states that maximum velocity occurs when specific enthalpy is at the smallest value possible; one can take the specific enthalpy to be zero corresponding to absolute zero temperature as the reference value, in which case  is the maximum attainable velocity. The particular integrals of above equation can be expressed in terms of hypergeometric functions.

Compressible flow
Compressible flow (or gas dynamics) is the branch of fluid mechanics that deals with flows having significant changes in fluid density. While all flows are compressible, flows are usually treated as being incompressible when the Mach number (the ratio of the speed of the flow to the speed of sound) is smaller than 0.3 (since the density change due to velocity is about 5% in that case). The study of compressible flow is relevant to high-speed aircraft, jet engines, rocket motors, high-speed entry into a planetary atmosphere, gas pipelines, commercial applications such as abrasive blasting, and many other fields.
Bitter Lick, Oregon
Bitter Lick is an unincorporated community in Jackson County, Oregon, United States. It lies at the confluence of Bitter Lick Creek and Elk Creek, northwest of the ghost town of Persist. Bitter Lick is in the northern part of the county, north of Lost Creek Lake, a reservoir on the Rogue River.

The name describes a large nearby spring with a strong taste. The creek and the community take their name from the spring.

Elk Creek (Rogue River tributary)
Elk Creek is an 18-mile (29 km) tributary of the Rogue River in the U.S. state of Oregon. Beginning at 4,931 feet (1,503 m) above sea level in the western foothills of the Cascade Range, it flows generally southwest through the Rogue River – Siskiyou National Forest and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Elk Creek Project lands to Rogue Elk Park in Jackson County. Here the creek enters the Rogue River 5.25 miles (8.45 km) downstream from Lost Creek Lake and 3.2 miles (5.1 km) river miles upstream of the small town of Trail. Elk Creek Dam, an incomplete flood-control structure that blocked fish migration for more than 20 years, was partly demolished in 2008 to restore endangered anadromous fish passage.
PL-4
PL-4 or POS-PHY Level 4 was the name of the interface that the interface SPI-4.2 is based on. It was proposed by PMC-Sierra to the Optical Internetworking Forum. The name means Packet Over SONET Physical layer level 4. PL-4 was developed by PMC-Sierra in conjunction with the Saturn Development Group.

PMC-Sierra
PMC-Sierra was a global fabless semiconductor company with offices worldwide that developed and sold semiconductor devices into the storage, communications, optical networking, printing, and embedded computing marketplaces.

On January 15, 2016, Microsemi Corporation completed the acquisition of PMC-Sierra through Microsemi's subsidiary Lois Acquisition and Microchip Technology completed the acquisition of Microsemi on May 29, 2018.
Atlanta Regional Commission
The Atlanta Regional Commission (ARC) is the regional planning and intergovernmental coordination agency for the metro Atlanta, Georgia, United States, spanning the 11-county area of Cherokee, Clayton, Cobb, DeKalb, Douglas, Fayette, Forsyth, Fulton, Gwinnett, Henry and Rockdale counties. As of July 2024, ARC's jurisdiction represented 5.2 million people. ARC also serves as the metropolitan planning organization for those and nine more counties in the region: Barrow, Bartow, Carroll, Coweta, Hall, Newton, Paulding, Spalding, and Walton counties. The ARC is one of 12 regional commissions throughout Georgia. The ARC is funded through a number of sources: local, state and federal government entities and private funds. ARC oversees metro Atlanta's water and transportation planning.

Douglas County, Georgia
Douglas County is a county located in the north central portion of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 U.S. census, the population was 144,237, having more than doubled since 1990. The county seat is Douglasville. The city of Villa Rica, and a small portion of Austell are both also located in Douglas County. Douglas County is included in Metro Atlanta. It has attracted new residents as jobs have increased in the Atlanta area.
Elma Francois
Elma Francois (14 October 1897 – 17 April 1944) was an Africentric Socialist political activist who, on 14 October 1987, was declared as a "national heroine of Trinidad and Tobago". She had been described as one of the "vociferous Africentric activists" in the history of Trinidad and Tobago and in the Caribbean region. She was known for her pro-trade union, anti-war and anti-colonial work.

Political movement
A political movement is a collective attempt by a group of people to change government policy or social values. Political movements are usually in opposition to an element of the status quo, and are often associated with a certain ideology. Some theories of political movements are the political opportunity theory, which states that political movements stem from mere circumstances, and the resource mobilization theory which states that political movements result from strategic organization and relevant resources. Political movements are also related to political parties in the sense that they both aim to make an impact on the government and that several political parties have emerged from initial political movements. While political parties are engaged with a multitude of issues, political movements tend to focus on only one major issue.
Sabera caesina
Sabera caesina, the white-clubbed swift or black and white swift, is a butterfly of the family Hesperiidae. It is found in Australia in Queensland, Papua New Guinea, and in Indonesia in the Aru Islands and Papua.

The wingspan is about 30 mm.

The larvae of subspecies S. c. albifascia feed on Archontophoenix alexandrae, Normanbya normanbyi and Calamus caryotoides. S. c. barina probably feeds on Licula or Calamus species.

Skipper (butterfly)
Skippers are a group of butterflies placed in the family Hesperiidae within the order Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). They were previously placed in a separate superfamily, Hesperioidea, but have since been placed in the superfamily Papilionoidea (the butterflies). They are named for their quick, darting flight habits. Most have their antenna tips modified into narrow, hook-like projections. Moreover, skippers mostly lack wing-coupling structure available in most moths. More than 3500 species of skippers are recognized, and they occur worldwide, but with the greatest diversity in the Neotropical regions of Central and South America.
491 BC
Year 491 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augurinus and Atratinus (or, less frequently, year 263 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 491 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Gela
Gela (Sicilian and Italian pronunciation: [ˈdʒɛːla]; Ancient Greek: Γέλα) is a city and comune (municipality) in the Autonomous Region of Sicily, Italy; in terms of area and population, it is the largest  municipality on the southern coast of Sicily. Gela is part of the Province of Caltanissetta and is one of the few comuni in Italy with a population and area that exceed those of the provincial capital.

Gela was founded in 698 BC by Greek colonists from Rhodes and Crete; it was an influential polis of Magna Graecia in the 7th and 6th centuries BC and became one of the most powerful cities until the 5th c. BC. Aeschylus, the famous playwright, lived here and died in 456 BC. In 1943, during the Invasion of Sicily, the Allied forces made their first landing on the island at Gela.
Livin' in These Troubled Times
"Livin' in These Troubled Times" is a song written by Sam Hogin, Roger Cook and Philip Donnelly, and recorded by American country music artist Crystal Gayle.  It was released in August 1982 as the third single from the album Hollywood, Tennessee.  The song reached number 9 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.

Roger Cook (songwriter)
Roger Frederick Cook (born 19 August 1940) is an English singer, songwriter and record producer, who has written many hit records for other recording artists. He has also had a successful recording career in his own right.

He is best known for his collaborations with Roger Greenaway. Cook's co-compositions have included "You've Got Your Troubles", and the transatlantic million-selling songs, "I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing" and "Long Cool Woman in a Black Dress". They were the first UK songwriting partnership to win an Ivor Novello Award as 'Songwriters of the Year' over two successive years.

In 1997, Cook became the first British songwriter to enter the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame.
Arlberg-Kandahar
The Arlberg-Kandahar race (often abbreviated A-K or AK) is an annual alpine skiing event. The first edition of the race was held in 1928 in St. Anton, in the  Arlberg district of Austria. The location originally alternated between St. Anton and Mürren, Switzerland. Later, it began to be held in other locations as well, such as Chamonix, France, Sestriere, Italy, and Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany.

Sestriere
Sestriere (Italian pronunciation: [seˈstrjɛːre], Occitan: Sestrieras, Piedmontese: Ël Sestrier, French: Sestrières) is a ski resort in Piedmont, Italy, a comune (municipality) of the Metropolitan City of Turin. It is situated in Val Susa, 17 km (11 mi) from the French border. Its name derives from Latin: ad petram sistrariam, that is at sixty Roman miles from Turin.
Doris Francis
Doris Francis (born 6 October 1969) is a Dominican former cricketer who played primarily as a right-arm medium bowler. She appeared in one Test match and 17 One Day Internationals for the West Indies between in 2003 and 2004. She also played for the United States between 2009 and 2011. She played domestic cricket for Dominica and Saint Lucia.

Women's Test cricket
Women's Test cricket is the longest format of women's cricket and is the female equivalent to men's Test cricket. Matches comprise four-innings and are held over a maximum of four days between two of the leading cricketing nations. The rules governing the format differ little from those for the men's game, with differences generally being technicalities surrounding umpiring and field size.

The first women's Test match was played by England women and Australia women in December 1934, a three-day contest held in Brisbane which England won by nine wickets. A total of 149 Women's Test matches have been played. Far fewer matches are played each year in favour of Women's One Day Internationals and Women's Twenty20 Internationals, with the international calendar revolving around the shorter formats of the game.
Mount Pureora
Pureora  (known more usually as Mount Pureora to avoid confusion with the township, locality and Forest Park) is an extinct 1,165 metres (3,822 ft) high basaltic andesite stratovolcano located in the Pureora Forest Park between Lake Taupō and Te Kūiti on the North Island Volcanic Plateau in New Zealand. The area of the mountain is in a scenic reserve that is  "recognised as one of the finest rain forests in the world".

North Island Volcanic Plateau
The North Island Volcanic Plateau (often called the Central Plateau and occasionally the Waimarino Plateau) is a volcanic plateau covering much of central North Island of New Zealand with volcanoes, lava plateaus, and crater lakes. It contains the  Taupō caldera complex, Ōkataina caldera complex and  Tongariro Volcanic Centre resulting in it being currently the most frequently active and productive area of silicic volcanism on Earth. New Zealand is part of the Pacific Ring of Fire.
Benedikt Höwedes
Benedikt Höwedes (born 29 February 1988) is a German former professional footballer who played as a defender. He spent the majority of his playing career for Schalke 04, which he captained for six seasons, and represented the Germany national football team from 2011 to 2017. At international level, Höwedes won the World Cup with Germany in 2014, and was one of only three players to play every single minute of the tournament. Höwedes described himself as a 'multi-functional player' in the defence, who can play in the centre or as both a left or right-sided full back.

Franz Beckenbauer Supercup
The Franz Beckenbauer Supercup or German Super Cup is an annual football match in Germany that features the winners of the Bundesliga championship and the DFB-Pokal. The competition is run by the Deutsche Fußball Liga (English: German Football League).
Yanqing Sun
Yanqing Sun is a Chinese and American biostatistician. Her research interests include survival analysis, recurrent event analysis, relative survival, and longitudinal data, applied to problems including the effectiveness of HIV vaccines. She is a professor of statistics in the Department of Mathematics and Statistics at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte.

Biostatistics
Biostatistics (sometimes referred to as biometry) is a branch of statistics that applies statistical methods to a wide range of topics in the biological sciences, with a focus on clinical medicine and public health applications. 
The field encompasses the design of experiments, the collection and analysis of experimental and observational data, and the interpretation of the results.
It is closely related to medical statistics.
Nada Como um Dia Após o Outro Dia
Nada Como um Dia Após o Outro Dia (English: Nothing Like the Day After Another Day), also released as Nada Como um Dia Após o Outro Dia, Vol. 1 & 2, is the third studio album by Brazilian hip-hop group Racionais MC's, released on 27 October 2002 through Casa Nostra.

A two-volume album, the project was critically acclaimed, named as one of the best Brazilian albums of all time by Rolling Stone. It also won the Prêmio Hutúz for Album of the Year in 2002. It includes some of the group's most recognizable songs such as "Vida Loka I", "Vida Loka II", "Negro Drama" and "Jesus Chorou". The cover art for the album features Ice Blue in front of a Chevrolet Impala.

Mano Brown
Pedro Paulo Soares Pereira (born 22 April 1970), better known by the artistic name Mano Brown, is a Brazilian rapper, music producer and founding member of the hip hop group Racionais MC's, along with  Ice Blue (Paulo Eduardo Salvador), Edi Rock (Edivaldo Pereira Alves) and KL Jay (Kleber Geraldo Lelis Simões).

In 2008, Rolling Stone chose the 100 greatest artists in Brazilian music; Mano Brown was 28th. His debut solo album Boogie Naipe was nominated for the 2017 Latin Grammy Award for Best Portuguese Language Contemporary Pop Album.
Kowalski (song)
"Kowalski" is a song by Scottish rock band Primal Scream, released on 5 May 1997 as the lead single from their fifth studio album Vanishing Point. The song contains a drum sample from "Halleluhwah" by Can and an interpolation of the bassline from "Get Off Your Ass and Jam" by Funkadelic, and is named after the main character of the 1971 film Vanishing Point, played by Barry Newman; it also features various dialogue samples from this film.

The song peaked at number eight on the UK Singles Chart and became the band's highest-charting single in Scotland, reaching number two. In Australia, the song was a minor hit on the ARIA Singles Chart, peaking at number 79.

Barry Newman
Barry Foster Newman (November 7, 1930 – May 11, 2023) was an American actor of stage, screen, and television known for his portrayal of Kowalski in Vanishing Point, and for his title role in the 1970s television series Petrocelli. He was nominated for Golden Globe and Emmy awards.
Dasanglu Pul
Dasanglu Pul is an Indian politician, a member of Bharatiya Janata Party from Arunachal Pradesh. She has been elected in Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election in 2016 from Hayuliang. She was one of the wives  of Kalikho Pul, former Chief Minister of the north-eastern state of Arunachal Pradesh for a brief time in 2016. On 26 April 2023, Guwahati High Court declared her election win in 2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election as null and void due to concealment of information on her election affidavit.

She was the first woman Cabinet Minister of Arunachal Pradesh in Pema Khandu Cabinate and was made in charge of Women & Child Development, Cultural Affairs, and Science & Technology.

2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
Legislative Assembly elections were held in Arunachal Pradesh on April 11 to elect the 60 members of Legislative Assembly. The term of Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly ends on June 1, 2019.
This resulted in a landslide victory for Bharatiya Janata Party and its allies. Pema Khandu took oath as Arunachal Pradesh Chief Minister on 29 May 2019.
Zelenodolsk, Russia
Zelenodolsk (Russian: Зеленодольск) is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia.

Urban localities

Zelenodolsk, Republic of Tatarstan, a town in the Republic of Tatarstan

Rural localities

Zelenodolsk, Orenburg Oblast, a selo in Zelenodolsky Selsoviet of Kvarkensky District in Orenburg Oblast

Zelenodolsk, Sakhalin Oblast, a selo in Anivsky District of Sakhalin Oblast

Anivsky District
Anivsky District (Russian: Ани́вский райо́н) is an administrative district (raion) of Sakhalin Oblast, Russia; one of the seventeen in the oblast. Municipally, it is incorporated as Anivsky Urban Okrug. It is located in the south of the oblast. The area of the district is 2,684.8 square kilometers (1,036.6 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Aniva. Population:  17,533 (2010 census); 15,272 (2002 census); 36,740 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Aniva accounts for 52.0% of the district's total population.
Moraine View State Recreation Area
The Moraine View State Recreation Area is a state park operated by the Department of Natural Resources (DNR) of the U.S. state of Illinois.  The 1,687 acre (6.7 km2) recreation area is located near Le Roy, Illinois.

The predecessor of Moraine View, the McLean County Conservation Area, traces its history to 1959.  The park was renamed Moraine View State Park in 1975, then Moraine View State Recreation Area in 1995.  It is managed for active recreation, including camping, hiking, swimming, boating, hunting and fishing.  Camping available includes Class A sites with electricity and nearby modern toilet and shower facilities, to group camps and primitive backpacking sites.  Hunters use the park for whitetail deer, pheasant, and wild turkey.

Moraine View was one of eleven state parks slated to close indefinitely on November 1, 2008 due to budget cuts by former Illinois governor Rod Blagojevich. It reopened to the public on February 26, 2009.

Wild turkey
The wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) is an upland game bird native to North America, one of two extant species of turkey and the heaviest member of the order Galliformes. It is the ancestor to the domestic turkey (M. g. domesticus), which was originally derived from a southern Mexican subspecies of wild turkey (not the related ocellated turkey).
Crime preparation
Crime preparations are acts or actions performed by criminal offenders during any period of time before the actual crime is committed and range from mere intent to overt action.

In some jurisdictions, the very act of preparing for a crime is a criminal offense in itself, though it is generally viewed as being natural behavior for lawbreakers. The preparations that criminals take prior to their illegal actions are very often prosecuted as inchoate offenses, described in law as the crime of preparing for or seeking to commit another crime.  The most common examples of an inchoate offense are conspiracy and the possession of tools necessary to execute the crime or crimes. "Inchoate offense" has been defined as "Conduct deemed criminal without actual harm being done, provided that the harm that would have occurred is one the law tries to prevent."

Intention (criminal law)
In criminal law, intent is a subjective state of mind (mens rea) that must accompany the acts of certain crimes to constitute a violation. A more formal, generally synonymous legal term is scienter: intent or knowledge of wrongdoing.
Suvankar Bal
Suvankar Samir Krishna Bal (born 3 November 1995) is an Indian cricketer. He is right-handed batter who has played for Bengal in all three forms from 2020/21 season till 2023. He can bowl off break but has not been called on in senior matches.

Bal made his Twenty20 debut for Bengal in the 2020–21 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy on 10 January 2021. He made his List A debut for Bengal in the 2020–21 Vijay Hazare Trophy on 27 February 2021.

Bal made his debut in first-class cricket on 17 January 2023, playing for Bengal against Haryana in the 2022–23 Ranji Trophy. Batting at number six, he scored 30 out of 419 and helped Bengal to win by an innings and 50 runs. Bal did not bowl. He completed one catch to dismiss Yuvraj Singh in Haryana first innings.

Bengal cricket team
The  Bengal cricket team is an Indian domestic cricket team representing the state of West Bengal. The team is based in Kolkata. It is administered by the Cricket Association of Bengal (CAB) and participates in tournaments organized by the Board of Control of Cricket in India (BCCI). The team competes in the First-class cricket competition known as the Ranji Trophy, the List A cricket Vijay Hazare Trophy, and the T20 competition Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy (SMAT).

They have been playing first-class cricket since 1935. Bengal have won the Ranji Trophy twice and been runners-up 13 times. They also play in the Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy and the Vijay Hazare Trophy, both of which they have won once.

Several international cricketers have played for the team including Dilip Doshi, Sourav Ganguly, Deep Dasgupta, Mohammed Shami, Pankaj Roy, and Wriddhiman Saha.
Isaac Stirling
Isaac Stirling (April 8, 1866 – October, 1935) was a rancher and political figure in Saskatchewan. He represented Cypress in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan from 1917 to 1921 as a Liberal.

He was born in Clinton, Canada West, the son of Robert Sterling and Christina Gardiner, and came to Manitoba during the 1890s. Around 1899, he settled in the Cypress Hills area, where he established a homestead and raised cattle. Stirling operated a post office on Battle Creek from 1903 to 1907. In 1908, he moved south of Consul. He died at the age of 69 and was buried in the Consul cemetery.

Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan
The Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (French: Assemblée législative de la Saskatchewan) is the legislative chamber of the Saskatchewan Legislature in the province of Saskatchewan, Canada. Bills passed by the assembly are given royal assent by the lieutenant governor of Saskatchewan, in the name of the King of Canada. The assembly meets at the Saskatchewan Legislative Building in Regina.

There are 61 constituencies in the province, which elect members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs). All are single-member districts, though the cities of Regina, Saskatoon and Moose Jaw were in the past represented through multi-member districts, with members elected through block voting.

The legislature has been unicameral since its establishment; there has never been a provincial upper house.

The 30th Saskatchewan Legislature was elected at the 2024 Saskatchewan general election.