hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Chinese labor in the southern United States
After slavery was abolished in the United States, Chinese laborers were imported to the South as cheap labor to replace freed Blacks on the plantations. Many of the early Chinese laborers came from sugar plantations in Cuba and after the transcontinental railroad was completed, California also contributed to the labor supply. These laborers formed communities in the pockets of the Southeastern part of the United States, encountering racist policies and crossing paths with the African American community.

Sugar plantations in the Caribbean
Sugar plantations in the Caribbean were a major part of the economy of Caribbean islands in the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries. Most islands were covered with sugarcane fields and mills for refining the crop. The main source of labor, until the abolition of chattel slavery, was enslaved Africans. After the abolition of slavery, indentured laborers from India, China, Portugal and other places were brought to the Caribbean to work in the sugar industry. The plantations produced 80 to 90 percent of the sugar consumed in Western Europe, later supplanted by European-grown sugar beet.
Second International Congress of the History of Science
The Second International Congress of the History of Science was held in London from June 29 to July 4, 1931. The Congress was organised by the International Committee of History of Science, in conjunction with the Comité International des Sciences Historiques. The History of Science Society and the Newcomen Society also supported the event. Charles Singer presided over the congress. Although organised by the International Committee of History of Science, it was during this congress that this organisation was transformed into an individual membership organisation called the International Academy of the History of Science.

The inaugural session was held in the Great Hall of the Royal Geographical Society. This was opened by Hastings Lees-Smith, President of the Board of Education. The rest of the congress was conducted in four sessions held in the lecture hall of the Science Museum.

History of Science Society
The History of Science Society (HSS), founded in 1924, is the primary professional society for the academic study of the history of science. The society has over 3,000 members worldwide. It publishes the quarterly journal Isis and the yearly journal Osiris, sponsors the IsisCB: History of Science Index, and holds an annual conference.
As of January 2024, the current president of the HSS is Evelynn M. Hammonds.
Pentafluorobenzene
Pentafluorobenzene is a synthetic organofluoride compound with the molecular formula C6HF5. The compound consists of a benzene ring substituted with five fluorine atoms. The substance is a colorless liquid with a boiling point similar to that of benzene.

It is prepared by defluorination of highly fluorinated cyclohexanes over hot nickel or iron. Another method involved dehydrofluorination of polyfluorinated cyclohexane using hot aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide.

It has been observed as a degradation by-product of the incineration of polytetrafluoroethylene and of biosolids.

Organofluorine chemistry
A: fluoromethane

B: isoflurane

C: a CFC

D: an HFC

E: triflic acid

F: Teflon

G: PFOS

H: fluorouracil

I: fluoxetine

Organofluorine chemistry describes the chemistry of organofluorine compounds, organic compounds that contain a carbon–fluorine bond. Organofluorine compounds find diverse applications ranging from oil and water repellents to pharmaceuticals, refrigerants, and reagents in catalysis. In fact, "about 40% of new pharmaceuticals ... and 25% of all those on the market...  contain fluorine".

In addition to these applications, some organofluorine compounds are pollutants because of their contributions to ozone depletion, global warming, bioaccumulation, and toxicity. The area of organofluorine chemistry often requires special techniques associated with the handling of fluorinating agents.
Exiguobacterium indicum
Exiguobacterium indicum is a Gram-positive, psychrophilic, non-spore-forming, alkaliphilic, rod-shaped and motile bacterium from the genus of Exiguobacterium which has been isolade from the Hamta glacier.

Alkaliphile
Alkaliphiles are a class of extremophilic microbes capable of survival in alkaline (pH roughly 8.5–11) environments, growing optimally around a pH of 10. These bacteria can be further categorized as obligate alkaliphiles (those that require high pH to survive), facultative alkaliphiles (those able to survive in high pH, but also grow under normal conditions) and haloalkaliphiles (those that require high salt content to survive).
Captain Roop Singh Stadium
Captain Roop Singh Stadium, is an international cricket stadium in Gwalior, India. The stadium has hosted 12 ODI matches, the first one was played between India and West Indies on 22 January 1988.

The ground has flood lights and has hosted day-night encounters. It can hold 18,000 people. It was originally a hockey stadium
named after great Indian hockey player Roop Singh.

Kenya national cricket team
The Kenya men's national cricket team represents the Republic of Kenya in international cricket. Kenya is an associate member of the International Cricket Council (ICC) which has Twenty20 International (T20I) status after the ICC granted T20I status to all its members.

They have been an associate member of the ICC since 1981. Since then they have played in five Cricket World Cups from 1996 to 2011 with their best result being a bronze medal finish as the semi-final appearance at the 2003 Cricket World Cup in Southern Africa. They have only qualified for one ICC World Twenty20 tournament, in 2007. The Kenyan national team is governed by Cricket Kenya.

Kenya gained One Day International (ODI) status in 1996 in preparation for the 1996 Cricket World Cup and would have it for eighteen years before losing it at the 2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier where they finished in the fifth place. Kenya is set to play the qualifiers round for the upcoming 2026 T20 World Cup.
Changthang language
Changthang Skad, also known as Byangskat and Upper Ladakhi, is a dialect of Ladakhi language spoken in a  Changthang region on the border of Tibet and Ladakh. Speakers of the language are known as Changpa and identify ethnically with the Ladakhis, but mutual intelligibility of the languages is not high.

Changpa
The Changpa, or Champa, are a semi-nomadic Tibetan people found mainly in the Changtang plateau in Ladakh, India. A smaller number resides in the western regions of the Tibet Autonomous Region and were partially relocated for the establishment of the Changtang Nature Reserve. By 1989, there were half a million nomads living in the Changtang area.
Arunraja Kamaraj
Arunraja Kamaraj is an Indian singer, lyricist, actor and director in Tamil language films. He has acted in films such as Jigarthanda, Raja Rani, and Maan Karate. He wrote and sung the song "Ding Dong" for the movie Jigarthanda, "Neruppu Da" for Rajinikanth's film Kabali, and the title song for Trisha Illana Nayanthara.

Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards
Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards is the annual film festival conducted in Oslo to honour both artistic and technical excellence of professionals in the Tamil film industry. NTFF was arranged for the first time in 2010 by VN Music Dreams. NTFF is a celebration of global Tamil cinema.
Nocaracris
Nocaracris is a genus of European and western Asian grasshoppers in the family Pamphagidae, erected by Boris Uvarov in 1928.  It is the type genus of the tribe Nocarodeini and has a recorded distribution of Greece through to Afghanistan, but this may be incomplete.

Boris Uvarov
Sir Boris Petrovitch Uvarov KCMG FRS (3 November 1886 – 18 March 1970) was a Russian-British entomologist best known for his work on the biology and ecology of locusts. He has been called the father of acridology.
European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine
The European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine is a quarterly peer-reviewed medical journal. It was established in 1965 as Europa Medicophysica and is published by Edizioni Minerva Medica (Turin, Italy). The editor in chief is S. Negrini. It is an official journal of the Italian Society of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, European Society of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Mediterranean Forum of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Hellenic Society of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, and the Turkish Society of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Specialists. The journal is abstracted and indexed by CINAHL, Current Contents/Clinical Medicine, Excerpta Medica, Index Medicus/MEDLINE, and the Science Citation Index Expanded.

Index Medicus
Index Medicus (IM) was a comprehensive bibliographic index of life science, biomedical science, and medical research articles, published from 1879 to 2004. Medical history experts have said of Index Medicus that it is “America's greatest contribution to medical knowledge.” It was published as a print index until 2004; beginning in the 1960s, it was also published as an electronic database, MEDLARS. Index Medicus content from 1940s to 2004 was incorporated into MEDLINE and PubMed; older medical literature, however, is not electronically available. Today, the title Index Medicus is also used to refer to a curated subset of Pubmed.
Coconut ice
Coconut ice (sometimes Cocoanut ice) is a British confectionery prepared using grated desiccated coconut or just grated coconut, condensed milk and sugar, which is formed to create a solid, soft candy. It typically has a chewy, soft and mildly grainy texture; some versions are semi-hard. Coconut ice is also available in South Africa, some areas of Australia, and New Zealand.

Pink food colouring is sometimes added, often on half of the sweet, resulting in pink and white colouration. This is done by layering the coloured mixture with a separate layer of uncoloured product, and then slicing the result into individual pieces. In modern versions, honey gelatin is sometimes also used as an ingredient.

Desiccation
Desiccation is the state of extreme dryness, or the process of extreme drying. A desiccant is a hygroscopic (attracts and holds water) substance that induces or sustains such a state in its local vicinity in a moderately sealed container. The word desiccation comes from Latin  de- 'thoroughly' and  siccare 'to dry'.
San Bernardino in Panisperna
San Bernardino in Panisperna or Panispermia or San Bernardino ai Monti or  San Bernardino da Siena ai Monti is a small Roman Catholic church in Rome. It is found across from the church of Sant'Agata dei Goti on via Panisperna in the Rione Monti.

The church was built on the ruins of the monastery of Santa Veneranda. The church was consecrated in 1625. The Baroque interior is elliptical in shape, and the cupola was frescoed by Bernardino Gagliardi with a Glory of San Bernardino and other Franciscan Saints. Over the door to the sacristy is a canvas by Giovanni Baglione depicting Saints Francis, Clare, and Agatha. Since 2003, the church has ministered to a Chinese catholic community in Rome.

Monti (rione of Rome)
Monti is the 1st rione of Rome, Italy, identified by the initials R. I, located in Municipio I. The name literally means 'mountains' in Italian and comes from the fact that the Esquiline, the Viminal Hills, and parts of the Quirinal and the Caelian Hills belonged to this rione: currently, however, the Esquiline Hill belongs to the rione Esquilino.

The coat of arms consists of three green mountains with three tops on a silver background.
Lompret, Belgium
Lompret (French pronunciation: [lɔ̃pʁɛ]; Walloon: Lompré-el-Fagne) is a village of Wallonia and a district of the municipality of Chimay, located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium.

It was a municipality of its own until January 1, 1977.

Lompret is a member of the Les Plus Beaux Villages de Wallonie ("The Most Beautiful Villages of Wallonia") association.

Les Plus Beaux Villages de Wallonie
Les Plus Beaux Villages de Wallonie (French pronunciation: [le ply bo vilaʒ də walɔni], lit. 'The Most Beautiful Villages of Wallonia') is a non-profit organisation formed in 1994 to promote, protect and develop a number of villages in Wallonia, Belgium.

The association is inspired by the organisation Les plus beaux villages de France and is established as an ASBL in Belgium. It is affiliated to the international association The Most Beautiful Villages in the World.

Les Plus Beaux Villages de Wallonie organises events such as Un Dimanche, un Beau Village ("one Sunday, one beautiful village"), where one village is highlighted and promoted each week, and activities take place to allow visitors to explore the culture and heritage of the village.
Susan McEachern
Susan McEachern (born April 7, 1951) is an American/Canadian artist. McEachern is best known for her photography, which frequently includes text. Her work follows the feminist idea of "the personal is political," as she often combines images of her own life and personal space to investigate and comment on themes of socialization, gender, sexuality, and the natural world. McEachern has also been a professor at the Nova Scotia College of Art and Design University since 1979.

Art Gallery of Nova Scotia
The Art Gallery of Nova Scotia (AGNS) is a public provincial art museum based in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. The art museum's primary building complex is located in downtown Halifax and takes up approximately 6,200 square metres (67,000 sq ft) of space. The museum complex comprises the former Dominion building and two floors of the adjacent Provincial building.

The museum was established in 1908 as the Nova Scotia Museum of Fine Arts and was renamed the Art Gallery of Nova Scotia in 1975. The museum moved into the Dominion building in 1988 and expanded the museum complex in 1998.

The museum's permanent collection has over 18,000 works by Nova Scotian, Canadian, and international artists. Its collection is exhibited in its main location in Halifax as well as its satellite branch in Yarmouth. In addition to exhibiting works from its permanent collection, the museum has also organized and hosted a number of travelling arts exhibitions.
Roman folklore
Roman folklore is the folklore of ancient Rome, including genres such as myth (Roman mythology), legend, joke, charms, fable, ghostlore, and numerous others. Scholars have published various collections focused on ancient Rome's folklore. Roman folklore is closely related to Ancient Greek folklore and precedes Italian folklore.

Folklore of Italy
Folklore of Italy refers to the folklore and urban legends of Italy. Within the Italian territory, various people have followed each other over time, each of which has left its mark on current culture. Some tales also come from Christianization, especially those concerning demons, which are sometimes recognized by Christian demonology. Italian folklore also includes the genre of the fairy tale (where the term itself was born), folk music, folk dance and folk heroes.
Mont-Élie
Mont-Élie is an unorganized territory in the Capitale-Nationale region of Quebec, Canada. It makes up almost 38% of the Charlevoix-Est Regional County Municipality.

The territory is home to the Grands-Ormes Ecological Reserve and part of the Hautes-Gorges-de-la-Rivière-Malbaie National Park. It is named after Mount Élie that in turn was named after Elijah. Nearby are other mountains and lakes named after Biblical prophets, such as Moses and Jeremiah. Mount Élie (47°55′01″N 70°21′42″W﻿ / ﻿47.91694°N 70.36167°W﻿ / 47.91694; -70.36167) is one of the main summits of the mountainous highland in the east of the Charlevoix region. With an altitude of 1,021 meters (3,350 ft), it provides a great view of the vast surroundings and was formerly used as a location for fire watch. Its western slope forms the eastern boundary of the Hautes-Gorges-de-la-Rivière-Malbaie National Park, whereas its eastern side is part of Zec du Lac-au-Sable.

Unorganized area
An unorganized area or unorganized territory (French: Territoire non organisé) is any geographic region in Canada that does not form part of a municipality or Indian reserve. In these areas, the lowest level of government is provincial or territorial.  In some of these areas, local service agencies may have some of the responsibilities that would otherwise be covered by municipalities.
Mea Bernal
Mea Dematao Bernal (born 24 November 1989) is a Filipino footballer who plays as a defender for PFF Women's League club Manila Digger. She has also played for the Philippines women's national team.

Bernal scored her first international goal in the Philippines 11–0 win over Macau in a friendly held in Carmona on 3 August 2019.

She has also played for the women's football team of the Far Eastern University in the UAAP Football Championship. In the 2013 season, Bernal was named as the Best Defender.

Carmona, Cavite
Carmona ([kaɾˈmɔna]), officially the City of Carmona (Tagalog: Lungsod ng Carmona), is a 2nd class component city in the province of Cavite, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 112,140 people.

Carmona is also the newest and youngest city in the Philippines; it became a city on July 8, 2023, and it was the 149th city founded in the Philippine archipelago.
Flower (Sonic Youth song)
"Flower" is a song by American alternative rock band Sonic Youth. It was originally released as a 12" single (listed as "Flower (Use the Word)") in 1985 by UK record label Blast First, with "Satan Is Boring" as the B-side. This version was quickly withdrawn at the band's request. In January 1986, Blast First and the band's American label, Homestead Records, both released "Flower" as a 12" backed by "Halloween"; the first run of the UK edition was on yellow/orange vinyl. Blast First also issued the song as a 7" single in edited form, retitled "Flower (Anti-Fuckword Radio Edit)", with a backwards version, "Rewolf (Special Natas Mix)", on the flipside.

"Flower", "Halloween" and "Satan Is Boring" were all later included on the Geffen Records CD reissue of Sonic Youth's 1985 album Bad Moon Rising.

Geffen Records
Geffen Records (formerly The David Geffen Company from 1980 to 1992 and Geffen Records Inc. from 1993 to 2004) is an American record label owned by Interscope Geffen A&M (IGA), a division of the Interscope Capitol Labels Group, which is owned by Universal Music Group. It was founded in 1980 by David Geffen, as a music subsidiary of his then film company Geffen Pictures, with financial and distribution support from Warner Bros. Records.

In 1990, the label was sold to MCA Music Entertainment, which later became part of Universal Music Group (UMG) through acquisitions by Panasonic and Seagram. Since its merger into the Interscope Geffen A&M group in 1999, Geffen has served as a syndicate label within Interscope Records, expanding its catalog through the absorption of other imprints. It has operated as a key platform for new releases, especially following its 2003 expansion and 2017 relaunch. As of 2024, Geffen is part of Universal Music Group's Interscope Capitol Labels Group.
Romina Pourmokhtari
Romina Pourmokhtari (born 12 November 1995) is a Swedish politician for the Liberals. She has served as the Minister for the Environment since 2022 in the Kristersson cabinet. She has also been a member of the Riksdag for Stockholm Municipality since 2022. She is the youngest-ever minister of a cabinet in Sweden, having ascended to her position at the age of 26.

Expressen
Expressen (The Express) is one of two nationwide evening newspapers in Sweden. Describing itself as independent liberal, Expressen was founded in 1944; its symbol is a wasp and its slogans are "it stings" or "Expressen to your rescue".

The newspaper awards the culture prize Expressens Heffaklump for children's and youth culture.
Bike, Ethiopia
Bike (Somali: Biki) is a town in central Ethiopia of the Somali Region in the Sitti Zone. It is located 72 km west of Shinile. The town is located on the main railway between Djibouti City and Addis Ababa.

According to some story the name bike word original from Italian it means center because the town become center for railway that connects Addis Ababa and Djibouti.

In addition to This town Known by Contraband the establishment and the development of the town was Railway and Contraband.

Djibouti City
Djibouti (also called Djibouti City and Jibuti in early Western texts) is the capital city of the Republic of Djibouti. It is located in the coastal Djibouti Region on the Gulf of Tadjoura.

Djibouti has a population of around 780,000 inhabitants, which counts for 73% of the country's population. The settlement was founded in 1888 by the French, on land leased from the ruling Somali and Afar Sultans. During the ensuing period, it served as the capital of French Somaliland and its successor the French Territory of the Afars and Issas.
Naval Radio Transmitter Facility Niscemi
Naval Radio Transmitter Facility Niscemi (NRTF Niscemi) is a transmission facility of the United States Navy at Niscemi, Sicily, maintained by the N92 Division of Naval Computer and Telecommunications Station Sicily. The facility houses low frequency (LF) and high frequency (HF) transmitter and antenna systems, and certification of the new U.S. Navy Mobile User Objective System (MUOS) ground terminals is in progress as of early 2015.

Low frequency
Low frequency (LF) is the ITU designation for radio frequencies (RF) in the range of 30–300 kHz. Since its wavelengths range from 10–1 km, respectively, it is also known as the kilometre band or kilometre waves.

LF radio waves exhibit low signal attenuation, making them suitable for long-distance communications. In Europe and areas of Northern Africa and Asia, part of the LF spectrum is used for AM broadcasting as the "longwave" band. In the western hemisphere, its main use is for aircraft beacons, navigation (LORAN, mostly defunct), information, and weather systems. A number of time signal broadcasts also use this band. The main mode of transmission used in this band is ground waves, in which LF radio waves travel just above the Earth's surface, following the terrain. LF ground waves can travel over hills, and can travel far beyond the horizon, up to several hundred kilometers from the transmitter.
Blagoveshchensky District
Blagoveshchensky District is the name of several administrative and municipal districts in Russia. The name is generally derived from or related to the root "blagovesheniye" (good news).

Blagoveshchensky District, Altai Krai, an administrative and municipal district of Altai Krai

Blagoveshchensky District, Amur Oblast, an administrative and municipal district of Amur Oblast

Blagoveshchensky District, Republic of Bashkortostan, an administrative and municipal district of the Republic of Bashkortostan

Altai Krai
Altai Krai (Russian: Алтайский край, IPA: [ɐlˈtajskʲɪj kraj]) is a federal subject of Russia (a krai). It borders, clockwise from the west, Kazakhstan (East Kazakhstan Region, Abai Region and Pavlodar Region), Novosibirsk and Kemerovo, and the Altai Republic. Its administrative centre is the city of Barnaul. As of the 2021 Census, the population of the krai was 2,163,693.