hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Lina Kačiušytė
Lina Kačiušytė (born 1 January 1963 in Vilnius, Lithuanian SSR) is a Lithuanian swimmer who competed for the Soviet Union, winner of a gold medal in 200 m breaststroke with the Olympic record time of 2:29:54 at the 1980 Summer Olympics.

International Swimming Hall of Fame
The International Swimming Hall of Fame and Museum (ISHOF) is a history museum and hall of fame, located at One Hall of Fame Drive, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States, operated by private interests and serving as the central point for the study of the history of swimming in the United States and world.

ISHOF exhibits include ancient art and both reproductions and original art depicting famous moments in swimming history from ancient times to modern, swimwear, civil rights, memorabilia, and artifacts belonging to persons who have promoted or excelled in aquatics. It is recognized by FINA (Fédération Internationale de Natation) as the official hall for the aquatics sports.
Angel gilding
Angel gilding is gilding glass or gold plating by electroless chemical deposition.

Gold chloride is dissolved in water, mixed with other chemicals and poured on clean glass that has been treated with stannous chloride. The gold layer is delicate and usually translucent. To make an opaque, affordable and adherent mirror, a layer of silver is deposited over the gold. Glass gilders use the term angel gilding to distinguish the chemical process from gold leaf gilding also known as verre églomisé.

Gold leaf
Gold leaf is gold that has been hammered into thin sheets (usually around 0.1 μm thick) by a process known as goldbeating, for use in gilding.

Gold leaf is a type of metal leaf, but the term is rarely used when referring to gold leaf. The term metal leaf is normally used for thin sheets of metal of any color that do not contain any real gold. Gold leaf is available in a wide variety of karats and shades. The most commonly used gold is 23-karat gold.

Traditional water gilding is the most difficult and highly regarded form of gold leafing. It has remained virtually unchanged for hundreds of years and is still done by hand.
John Hill (Irish cricketer)
John William Hill (10 February 1912 – 17 January 1984) was an Irish cricketer. A right-handed batsman and off spin bowler, he played fourteen times for the Ireland cricket team between 1946 and 1951, including seven first-class matches.

Off spin
Off spin is a type of spin bowling in cricket. A bowler who uses this technique is called an off spinner. Off spinners bowl with their right-arm and a  finger spin action. Their normal delivery is called an off break, which spins from left to right (from the bowler's perspective) when the ball bounces on the pitch. For a right-handed batter, the ball breaks towards them from the off side, hence the name 'off break'.

Off spinners bowl mostly off breaks, varying them by adjusting the line and length of the deliveries. Off spinners also bowl other types of delivery, which spin differently. Aside from these variations in spin, varying the speed, length and flight of the ball are also important for the off spinner.

The bowler with the most wickets in the history of both Test matches and ODIs, Muttiah Muralitharan, was an off spinner.
Vercingetorix Monument
The Vercingetorix Monument (French: Monument à Vercingétorix) is a statuary monument dedicated to the Gaulish chieftain Vercingetorix, defeated by Julius Caesar in the Gallic Wars. The monument was designed by Aimé Millet and constructed in 1865. It is designated as a monument historique.

The monument was commissioned by Emperor Napoleon III from the sculptor Aimé Millet and installed in 1865 on Mont Auxois, near Alise-Sainte-Reine in the Côte-d'Or department in the Burgundy region of eastern France. The site was the supposed site of Alesia. The architect for the memorial was Eugène Viollet-le-Duc.  The base has a nationalistic inscription installed by Viollet-le-Duc, translating into French the words of Julius Caesar:

La Gaule unie
Formant une seule nation
Animée d'un même esprit,
Peut défier l'Univers.
(Gaul united,
Forming a single nation
Animated by a common spirit,
Can defy the Universe.)

Côte-d'Or
Côte-d'Or (French pronunciation: [kot dɔʁ] ⓘ) is a department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in France. In 2019, it had a population of 534,124. Its prefecture is Dijon, which is also the regional prefecture; its subprefectures are Beaune and Montbard.
Examples of vector spaces
This page lists some examples of vector spaces. See vector space for the definitions of terms used on this page. See also: dimension, basis.

Notation. Let F denote an arbitrary field such as the real numbers R or the complex numbers C.

Direct sum of modules
In abstract algebra, the direct sum is a construction which combines several modules into a new, larger module. The direct sum of modules is the smallest module which contains the given modules as submodules with no "unnecessary" constraints, making it an example of a coproduct. Contrast with the direct product, which is the dual notion.

The most familiar examples of this construction occur when considering vector spaces (modules over a field) and abelian groups (modules over the ring Z of integers). The construction may also be extended to cover Banach spaces and Hilbert spaces.

See the article decomposition of a module for a way to write a module as a direct sum of submodules.
P. M. Nilsson
Peter Magnus Nilsson (born 24 February 1968) is a Swedish journalist and official.

P. M. Nilsson was an editor at Expressen between 1999 and 2008, and after that founded the website Newsmill. In 2012 the site was acquired by Veckans Affärer after financial problems, and Nilsson instead became head of news at Bonnier AB. He went back to being an editor again in 2013, but then at Dagens Industri.

On 27 October 2022, Nilsson was appointed as state secretary working for Ulf Kristersson in the Cabinet Office. He was criticized in 2023 for having illegally fished European eel, a species classified as critically endangered. After the revelations that he had falsely denied this to the authorities and that he was being investigated by the police, he resigned from office on 26 January 2023.

He was subsequently hired by the economically liberal think tank Timbro, and was announced in August 2023 as its next CEO, replacing Benjamin Dousa.

Benjamin Dousa
Benjamin Arif Dousa (born 5 December 1992) is a Swedish politician of the Moderate Party. He has served as Minister for Foreign Trade and International Development Cooperation in the cabinet of Ulf Kristersson since 10 September 2024.

Dousa was previously national chairman of the Moderate Youth League from 2016 to 2020, CEO of think tank Timbro from 2020 to 2023 and CEO of Företagarna, the Swedish Federation of Business Owners, from 2023 to 2024.
James P. Fitch
James P. Fitch (July 4, 1887 – January 5, 1964) was a Scouting notable in the early history of the Boy Scouts of America (B.S.A.). He was born at Montserrat, Missouri, and attended Missouri State Normal School (now University of Central Missouri) at Warrensburg. It was there that he met Dr. Elbert K. Fretwell of Teachers College, Columbia University, who was a summer instructor at Warrensburg, and an early leader in the B.S.A. They formed a strong friendship, and Fretwell recruited Fitch to work for the B.S.A. during its first decade.

Elbert K. Fretwell
Elbert K. Fretwell (1878–1962) was an American academic and early leader in the field of youth development through recreation and extracurricular activity. He served as the second Chief Scout Executive of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA), serving from 1943 to 1948. Upon his retirement from the BSA, Fretwell was given the title of Chief Scout.

His son Elbert K. Fretwell Jr. was also a noted professor of education and served as Chancellor of University of North Carolina at Charlotte.
Rokel Commercial Bank
Rokel Commercial Bank (RCB) is a commercial bank in Sierra Leone. It is one of the commercial banks licensed by Bank of Sierra Leone, the national banking regulator.

The bank is named after the Rokel River, the longest river in Sierra Leone. RCB serves members of the public, small and medium enterprises (SMEs), as well as large corporations. According to the bank's web site, it one of the three largest commercial banks in the country by assets.

Rokel River
The Rokel River (also Seli River; previously Pamoronkoh River) is the largest river in the Republic of Sierra Leone in West Africa. The river basin measures 10,622 km2 (4,101 sq mi) in size, with the drainage divided by the Gbengbe and Kabala hills and the Sula Mountains. The estuary which extends over an area of 2,950 km2 (1,140 sq mi) became a Ramsar wetland site of importance in 1999.
Overpotential
In electrochemistry, overpotential is the potential difference (voltage) between a half-reaction's thermodynamically determined reduction potential and the potential at which the redox event is experimentally observed. The term is directly related to a cell's voltage efficiency.  In an electrolytic cell the existence of overpotential implies that the cell requires more energy than thermodynamically expected to drive a reaction. In a galvanic cell the existence of overpotential means less energy is recovered than thermodynamics predicts. In each case the extra/missing energy is lost as heat. The quantity of overpotential is specific to each cell design and varies across cells and operational conditions, even for the same reaction. Overpotential is experimentally determined by measuring the potential at which a given current density (typically small) is achieved.

Cyclic voltammetry
In electrochemistry, cyclic voltammetry (CV) is a type of voltammetric measurement where the potential of the working electrode is ramped linearly versus time. Unlike in linear sweep voltammetry, after the set potential is reached in a CV experiment, the working electrode's potential is ramped in the opposite direction to return to the initial potential. These cycles in potential are repeated until the voltammetric trace reaches a cyclic steady state. The current at the working electrode is plotted versus the voltage at the working electrode to yield the cyclic voltammogram (see Figure 1). Cyclic voltammetry is generally used to study the electrochemical properties of an analyte in solution or of a molecule that is adsorbed onto the electrode, and to quantify electrochemical surface area of catalysts in electrochemical cells.
4-Hydroxycinnamate decarboxylase
4-Hydroxycinnamate decarboxylase is an enzyme that uses p-coumaric acid to produce 4-ethylphenol.

p-Coumaric acid is the precursor of 4-ethylphenol produced by the yeast Saccharomyces and Brettanomyces in wine. The yeast converts this to 4-vinylphenol via the enzyme cinnamate decarboxylase.

4-Hydroxycinnamate decarboxylase can also be induced in bacteria species such as Klebsiella oxytoca and works also with p-coumaric acid analogs such as caffeic acid, ferulic acid and E-2,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid.

Brettanomyces
Brettanomyces is a non-spore forming genus of yeast in the family Pichiaceae, and is often colloquially referred to as "Brett". The genus name Dekkera is used interchangeably with Brettanomyces, as it describes the teleomorph or spore forming form of the yeast, but is considered deprecated under the one fungus, one name change. The cellular morphology of the yeast can vary from ovoid to long "sausage" shaped cells. The yeast is acidogenic, and when grown on glucose rich media under aerobic conditions, produces large amounts of acetic acid. Brettanomyces is important to both the brewing and wine industries due to the sensory compounds it produces.

In the wild, Brettanomyces lives on the skins of fruit.
Cadurcodon
Cadurcodon is an extinct genus of amynodont that lived during the Late Eocene to the Oligocene period. Fossils have been found throughout Mongolia and China. It may have sported a tapir-like proboscis due to the distinct features found in fossil skulls.

Priabonian
The Priabonian is, in the ICS's geologic timescale, the latest age or the upper stage of the Eocene Epoch or Series. It spans the time between 37.71 and 33.9 Ma. The Priabonian is preceded by the Bartonian and is followed by the Rupelian, the lowest stage of the Oligocene.

Priabona, an extinct dipteran of Pipunculidae family, is named after Priabonian, the age of deposits from which this insect is known.
Điện Biên Phủ
Điện Biên Phủ (Vietnamese: [ɗîənˀ ɓīən fû] ⓘ, chữ Hán: 奠邊府) was a city in the northwestern region of Vietnam. It was the capital of Điện Biên Province before the 2025 Vietnamese administrative reform. The city is best known for the decisive Battle of Điện Biên Phủ, which occurred during the First Indochina War of independence against France. The region is a center of ethnic Tai culture. In prior history, the city was formerly called Muang Thaeng.

Điện Biên Phủ lies in Mường Thanh Valley, a 20 km (12 mi) long and 6 km (3.7 mi) wide basin sometimes described as "heart-shaped." It is on the western edge of Điện Biên Province, of which it is the capital, and is only about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the border with Laos.

Until the creation of the province in 2004, Điện Biên Phủ was part of Lai Châu Province. The Vietnamese government elevated Điện Biên Phủ to town status in 1992, and to city status in 2003.

Operation Castor
Operation Castor was a successful airborne operation for French Union forces in the First Indochina War. This operation of France and the State of Vietnam established a fortified airhead in Điện Biên Province against the communist Việt Minh, in the north-west corner of Vietnam and was commanded by Brigadier General Jean Gilles. The Operation began at 10:35 on 20 November 1953, with reinforcements dropped over the following two days. With all its objectives achieved, the operation ended on 22 November. Castor was the largest airborne operation since World War II.
The Human Factor (1963 The Outer Limits)
"The Human Factor" is an episode of the original The Outer Limits television show. It first aired on November 11, 1963, during the first season.  The title was re-used in 2002 for an episode with an unrelated plot.

The Outer Limits (1963 TV series)
The Outer Limits is an American television series that was broadcast on ABC from September 16, 1963, to January 16, 1965, at 7:30 PM Eastern Time on Mondays. It is often compared to The Twilight Zone, but features a greater emphasis on science fiction (rather than stories of fantasy or the supernatural). It is an anthology of self-contained episodes, sometimes with plot twists at their ends.

In 1997, the episode "The Zanti Misfits" was ranked #98 on TV Guide's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time.

It was revived in 1995, running for seven seasons.

In April 2019, a new revival was stated to be in development at a premium cable network, which never went into production.
Angelo Mancuso (American politician)
Angelo Mancuso is an American politician and dermatological surgeon.

Mancuso held the fourth district seat in the Alabama House of Representatives from 1999 to 2003 as a Democrat. He contested the Democratic party primary for Alabama's 3rd Senate district in 2006. In 2008, Mancuso switched parties, to run in the Republican primary for Alabama's 5th congressional district, in which he finished third. Mancuso considered running for the lieutenant governorship in 2013, after hearing that an International Paper mill in Courtland planned to close with inadequate responses by state politicians. The next year, Mancuso contested the general election for Alabama's 4th Senate district as a Democrat, losing to Paul Bussman.

Outside of politics, Mancuso is a dermatological surgeon.

Courtland, Alabama
Courtland is a town in Lawrence County, Alabama, United States, and is included in the Decatur Metropolitan Area, as well as the Huntsville-Decatur Combined Statistical Area. As of the 2020 census, Courtland had a population of 583.
Joy of Living: A Tribute to Ewan MacColl
Joy of Living: A Tribute to Ewan MacColl is a compilation and tribute album to Ewan MacColl by various artists, released by Cooking Vinyl Records in the UK and Compass Records in the USA on September 18, 2015. The album was assembled and produced by MacColl's sons Calum and Neill.

Compass Records
Compass Records is an American independent record label founded in 1995 by musicians Garry West and Alison Brown that specializes in folk, bluegrass, Celtic, jazz, and acoustic music.

In 2006, Compass purchased the Green Linnet and Xenophile catalogs, and in 2008 the label purchased Mulligan Records. Red House Records, an independent folk and Americana record label founded in 1983 in St. Paul, Minnesota, was purchased by the Compass Records Group in 2017.
Txema Noriega
José María "Txema" Noriega Aldekoa (born 14 November 1958) is a Spanish former professional footballer who played as a forward.

His career was associated primarily with Athletic Bilbao, winning the national championship twice as a player in the 1980s and later serving as the club's director of football and the co-ordinator of its youth system.

1982–83 La Liga
The 1982–83 La Liga season was the 52nd since its establishment. It began on 4 September 1982, and concluded on 1 May 1983. After the penultimate game of the season, Real Madrid led by 1 point but lost in the final game at Valencia. The result meant that Valencia avoided relegation on goal difference, while Real Madrid lost the title to Athletic Bilbao by 1 point.
Pencil bomb attacks
The term pencil bomb attacks refers to multiple acts of sabotage carried out by Imperial Germany during World War I. The pencil bombs were a type of incendiary time bomb designed by German chemist Walter Scheele and used by German field agent Captain Franz von Rintelen of the  intelligence wing of the German Imperial Navy during World War I.

Nachrichten-Abteilung
The Nachrichten-Abteilung, also known as N, was the naval intelligence department of the German Imperial Admiralty Staff or Admiralstab between 1901 and 1919. It focused its efforts on France, the United States and above all the United Kingdom, whose Royal Navy was Germany's principal rival for naval supremacy. Although it was able to recruit a worldwide network of agents, drawing on the resources of German shipping companies and the German diplomatic service, the organisation's effectiveness was limited by rivalries within the Imperial German Navy and competition with the Imperial German Army's intelligence department. Its activities had little practical impact on the course of the First World War and it was dissolved in 1919 after Germany's defeat in the war.
R v Penguin Books Ltd
R v Penguin Books Ltd (also known as The Lady Chatterley Trial) was the public prosecution in the United Kingdom of Penguin Books under the Obscene Publications Act 1959 for the publication of D. H. Lawrence's 1928 novel Lady Chatterley's Lover. The trial took place over six days, in No 1 court of the Old Bailey, between 20 October and 2 November 1960, with Mervyn Griffith-Jones prosecuting, Gerald Gardiner counsel for the defence and Laurence Byrne presiding. The trial was a test case of the defence of public good provision under section 4 of the Act which was defined as a work "in the interests of science, literature, art or learning, or of other objects of general concern".

The jury found for the defendant in a result that ushered in the liberalisation of publishing and that some saw as the beginning of the permissive society in Britain.

Test case (law)
In case law, a test case is a lawsuit whose purpose is to establish an important legal principle or right and to set a  precedent. Test cases are brought to court  with the intention of challenging, interpreting, or receiving clarification on a present law, regulation, or constitutional principle. Government agencies sometimes bring test cases to confirm or expand their powers. The outcome of test cases has a wide public significance as it shapes future rulings.
Scranton City Hall
Scranton City Hall is located at Washington and Mulberry (US 11/PA 307) streets in the downtown section of that city in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. It is a three-story limestone ashlar Victorian Gothic Revival building with sandstone trim, designed by architects Edwin L. Walter and Frederick Lord Brown and built in 1888.

The main building, on Washington Street, houses the offices of city's mayor and other executive officers — city clerk, comptroller and police chief - and those who work under their immediate supervision. A bridge from the second story connects it to the fire department headquarters, facing Mulberry Street, built at the same time by the same architects in the same style. Since the two form a larger complex, they were listed together when the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 as Municipal Building and Central Fire Station, 340.

Chief of police
A chief of police (COP) is an appointed official or an elected one in the chain of command of a police department, particularly in North America. A chief of police may also be known as a police chief or sometimes just a chief, while some countries favour other titles such as commissioner or chief constable. A police chief is appointed by and answerable to a state or local government.
Cliffhanger (Colorado roller coaster)
Cliffhanger is a steel roller coaster at Glenwood Caverns Adventure Park in Glenwood Springs, Colorado. Originally located at Celebration City in Branson, Missouri, the ride was moved to its present location in 2012. It officially reopened on June 15, 2012.

Glenwood Springs, Colorado
Glenwood Springs is a home rule municipality in and the county seat of Garfield County, Colorado, United States. According to the 2020 United States census, the city has a population of 9,963. It is located at the confluence of the Roaring Fork River and the Colorado River, connecting the Roaring Fork Valley and a series of smaller towns on the Colorado River.

Glenwood Springs is known for its hot springs.
Konyaaltı Bld. SK
Konyaaltı Bld. SK (Turkish: Konyaaltı Belediyesi Spor Kulübü), also known as Konyaaltı BSK,  is a Turkish professional women's handball club from Konyaaltı in Antalya.

Founded in 1991, the club plays in the Turkish Women's Handball Super League. Club chairman is Ramazan Karabulut and the head coach is Birol Ünsal. The team plays their home matches at Akdeniz University Sports Hall, Blue Hall.

The team played the final round of the 2022–23 Women's EHF European Cup against Spanish club CB Atlético Guardés, lost the first leg by 17–23, won the second leg by 33–20, and took the cup in aggregate by 50–43. Konyaaltı BSK became so the first Turkish women's handball club to win the European Cup.

Turkish Women's Handball Super League
The Turkish Women's Handball Super League (Turkish: Türkiye Kadınlar Hentbol Süper Ligi) is the top professional league for Turkish women's handball clubs. It is administered by the Turkey Handball Federation, and the winners are recognized as Turkish champions. Established in the 1978–79 season as the Turkish Women's First League, it was renamed later to Super League. The current title holder is Muratpaşa Bld. SK (2011–12).
Gangland (TV series)
Gangland is a television series that aired on the History Channel. Gangland explores the history of some of America's more notorious gangs. It premiered on November 1, 2007, and ended on September 24, 2010. The theme song was performed by rapper Buckshot of the Boot Camp Clik.

Gang
A gang is a group or society of associates, friends, or members of a family with a defined leadership and internal organization that identifies with or claims control over territory in a community and engages, either individually or collectively, in illegal, and possibly violent, behavior, with such behavior often constituting a form of organized crime.