hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Meiji University
Meiji University (明治大学, Meiji Daigaku) is a private research university in Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. Originally founded as Meiji Law School (明治法律学校, Meiji Hōritsu Gakkō) by three lawyers in 1881, it became a university in April 1920.

As of May 2023, Meiji has 32,261 undergraduate students and 2,635 postgraduate students. The university consists of 10 undergraduate, 12 graduate, and 4 professional graduate schools, and operates on four campuses around the Greater Tokyo Area: Surugadai, Izumi, Ikuta, and Nakano. Meiji University is the country's most applied-to university, with applications to its undergraduate degrees amounting to approximately 100,000 annually. Meiji is a part of the Top Global University Project of Japan's Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. As of 2021, 270 Meiji alumni have competed in the Olympics, garnering 40 medals: 14 gold, 13 silver, and 13 bronze.

Greater Tokyo Area
The Greater Tokyo Area is the third most populous metropolitan area in the world, consisting of the Kantō region of Japan (including Tokyo Metropolis and the prefectures of Chiba, Gunma, Ibaraki, Kanagawa, Saitama, and Tochigi) as well as the prefecture of Yamanashi of the neighboring Chūbu region. In Japanese, it is referred to by various terms, one of the most common being Capital Region (首都圏, Shuto-ken).

As of 2026, the United Nations estimates the total population at 36,954,512. It is the second-largest single metropolitan area in the world in terms of built-up or urban function landmass at 8,547 square kilometres (3,300 sq mi), behind only the New York City metropolitan area at 4,495 square miles (11,640 km2). With around US$1.8 trillion in GDP, Tokyo remains the second-largest metropolitan economy in the world, also behind New York.
Basic affine jump diffusion
In mathematics probability theory, a basic affine jump diffusion (basic AJD) is a stochastic process Z of the form

where  is a standard Brownian motion, and  is an independent compound Poisson process with constant jump intensity  and independent exponentially distributed jumps with mean . For the process to be well defined, it is necessary that  and . A basic AJD is a special case of an affine process and of a jump diffusion. On the other hand, the Cox–Ingersoll–Ross (CIR) process is a special case of a basic AJD.

Basic AJDs are attractive for modeling default times in credit risk applications, since both the moment generating function

and the characteristic function

are known in closed form.

The characteristic function allows one to calculate the density of an integrated basic AJD

by Fourier inversion, which can be done efficiently using the FFT.

Closed-form expression
In mathematics, a closed form expression or formula is one that is formed with constants, variables, and a set of functions considered as basic and connected by arithmetic operations (+, −, ×, /, and integer powers) and function composition. Commonly, the basic functions that are allowed in closed forms are nth root, exponential function, logarithm, and trigonometric functions. However, the set of basic functions depends on the context. For example, if one adds polynomial roots to the basic functions, the functions that have a closed form are called elementary functions.

The closed-form problem arises when new ways are introduced for specifying mathematical objects, such as limits, series, and integrals: given an object specified with such tools, a natural problem is to find, if possible, a closed-form expression of this object; that is, an expression of this object in terms of previous ways of specifying it.
Kham Magar
The Kham Magars (खाम मगर), also known in scholarship as the Northern Magars, are a (Tibeto-Burman language) Magar Kham language or Kham Kura speaking indigenous ethnic tribal community native to Nepal. In general, Kham Magars refer to themselves using their clan name and the ethnic identity of Magar. Kham Magar clan names include Budha/ [], Gharti, Pun and Roka, and each clan is subdivided into many sub-clans name. The language of the Kham Magars is called Magar Kham among other glottonyms. It is estimated that about 210,000 Kham Magars live in the Middle Hills of mid-western Nepal, in the districts of Rukum, Rolpa, Baglung and Myagdi. Scattered communities also live in Jajarkot, Dailekh, Kalikot, Achham, and Doti districts as well as in the capital city of Kathmandu and in the second-largest city Pokhara.

Budha (surname)
Budha (Nepali: बुढा) or Buda is a surname found in Nepal. Budha was an ancient title for a Paikela (warrior) in the Khasa kingdom.: 89  The title has been adapted as family name by Khas and Magar ethnicities. Notable people with the surname include:

Hari Budha Magar, Nepalese sportsman, Former British Army-Royal Gurkha Rifles

Raj Bahadur Buda Chhetri, Nepalese politician

Raj Bahadur Budha, Nepalese politician

Yagya Bahadur Budha Chhetri, Nepalese politician
Eulogius
Eulogius can refer to:

Saint Eulogius, a deacon martyred with Saint Fructuosus

Eulogius, an early bishop of Amiens

Saint Eulogius of Edessa, a bishop of Edessa (late 4th century AD)

Saint Eulogius of Alexandria (607 AD)

Saint Eulogius of Córdoba, priest and martyr (859 AD)

Saint Eulogius of Salosi, Georgia, (Eulogius the Prophet), Fool-for-Christ (12th–13th century), feast April 1

Eulogius Schneider (1756–1794)

Eulogius (Georgiyevsky) (1868–1946)

April 1 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
Mar. 31 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - Apr. 2

All fixed commemorations below celebrated on April 14 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.

For April 1, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on March 19.
North Scottsdale, Tasmania
North Scottsdale is a rural locality in the local government area of Dorset in the North-east region of Tasmania. It is located about 4.6 kilometres (2.9 mi) north-east of the town of Scottsdale. The 2016 census determined a population of 122 for the state suburb of North Scottsdale.

Local government areas of Tasmania
The councils of Tasmania are the 29 local administrative units of the Australian state of Tasmania. Local government areas (LGAs), more generally known as councils, are the tier of government responsible for the management of local duties such as road maintenance, town planning and waste management.
Leonard Eastment
Leonard Eastment (28 February 1901 – 29 July 1956) was an Australian politician. He was the Labor member for Ithaca in the Legislative Assembly of Queensland from 1952 to 1956.

Eastment died while in office and was buried in Toowong Cemetery.

Toowong Cemetery
Toowong Cemetery is a heritage-listed cemetery on the corner of Frederick Street and Mt Coot-tha Road, Toowong, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was established in 1866 and formally opened in 1875. It is Queensland's largest cemetery and is located on forty-four hectares of land at the corner of Frederick Street and Mount Coot-tha Road approximately four and a half kilometres west of Brisbane. It was previously known as Brisbane General Cemetery. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 31 December 2002.

Although still used as a cemetery, it is a popular place for joggers and dog walkers, with its over-hanging fig trees and winding pathways. The Friends of Toowong Cemetery is a volunteer group that discover and share the history and stories of Toowong Cemetery. They conduct tours and provide a series of self-guided walks through the cemetery.
Johan Wiland
Johan Kristoffer Sellberg-Wiland (born 24 January 1981) is a Swedish former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. Starting off his career in Sweden with IF Elfsborg in the early 2000s, he went on to represent F.C. Copenhagen and Malmö FF before retiring at Hammarby IF in 2019. A full international between 2007 and 2013, he won nine caps for the Sweden national team and was a part of their UEFA Euro 2008 and 2012 squads.

2009–10 Danish Superliga
The 2009–10 Danish Superliga season was the 20th season of the Danish Superliga league championship, which determinates the winners of the Danish football championship. It is governed by the Danish Football Association. The tournament started on 18 July 2009 and concluded on 16 May 2010.

The Danish champions qualify for 2010–11 UEFA Champions League qualification. Runners-up and 3rd placed team qualify for 2010–11 UEFA Europa League qualification. The 11th and 12th placed teams will be relegated to the 1st Division. The 1st Division champions and runners-up will be promoted to the Superliga.

On 5 May 2010, FC Copenhagen (FC København) won the title for the eighth time in 17 years after defeating HB Køge 4–0.
Polyakov formula
In differential geometry and mathematical physics (especially string theory), the Polyakov formula expresses the conformal variation of the zeta functional determinant of a Riemannian manifold. Proposed by Alexander Markovich Polyakov this formula arose in the study of the quantum theory of strings. The corresponding density is local, and therefore is a Riemannian curvature invariant. In particular, whereas the functional determinant itself is prohibitively difficult to work with in general, its conformal variation can be written down explicitly.

Minakshisundaram–Pleijel zeta function
The Minakshisundaram–Pleijel zeta function is a zeta function encoding the eigenvalues of the Laplacian of a compact Riemannian manifold. It was  introduced by Subbaramiah Minakshisundaram and Åke Pleijel (1949). The case of a compact region of the plane was treated earlier by Torsten Carleman (1935).
Christine Savage
Christine R. Savage (August 5, 1931 – May 12, 2023) was an American politician from Maine. Savage served in the Maine Legislature from 1994 to 2008, including six years in the Maine House of Representatives and eight years in the Maine Senate. She also served on the Union Board of Selectmen.

Savage studied public administration at the University of Maine. She had five siblings, all of whom died before her. She was married to Elmer 'Bud' Savage. Christine Savage died on May 12, 2023, at the age of 91.

University of Maine
The University of Maine (UMaine) is a public land-grant research university in Orono, Maine, United States. It was established in 1865 as the land-grant college of Maine and is the flagship university of the University of Maine System. It is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity".

With an enrollment of approximately 11,500 students, UMaine is the state's largest college or university. The University of Maine's athletic teams, nicknamed the Black Bears, are Maine's only NCAA Division I athletics program. Maine's men's ice hockey team has won two national championships.
Toronto Clarion
The Toronto Clarion was an alternative newspaper published in Toronto, Ontario, Canada from 1976 to 1985.  It was published initially by Western Gap Communications Cooperative Ltd. and later by Toronto Clarion Publishing Ltd. The Clarion was a tabloid sized biweekly newspaper until 1980, when it changed to monthly publication.

Alternative newspaper
An alternative newspaper is a type of newspaper that eschews comprehensive coverage of general news in favor of stylized reporting, opinionated reviews and columns, investigations into edgy topics and magazine-style feature stories highlighting local people and culture. Its news coverage is more locally focused, and their target audiences are younger than those of daily newspapers. Typically, alternative newspapers are published in tabloid format and printed on newsprint. Other names for such publications include alternative weekly, alternative newsweekly, and alt weekly, as the majority circulate on a weekly schedule.

Most metropolitan areas of the United States and Canada are home to at least one alternative paper. These papers are generally found in such urban areas, although a few publish in smaller cities, in rural areas or exurban areas where they may be referred to as an alt monthly  due to the less frequent publication schedule.
60mm HVMS
The 60mm HVMS (High Velocity Medium Support) gun is a self-loading autocannon jointly developed by IMI Systems of Israel and OTO Melara of Italy. It was designed to be mounted on light armoured vehicles to provide an anti-armour capability using high-velocity sub-calibre kinetic ammunition.

Kinetic energy penetrator
A kinetic energy penetrator (KEP), also known as long-rod penetrator (LRP), is a type of ammunition designed to penetrate vehicle armour using a flechette-like, high-sectional density projectile. Like a bullet or kinetic energy weapon, this type of ammunition does not contain explosive payloads and uses purely kinetic energy to penetrate the target. Modern KEP munitions are typically of the armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot (APFSDS) type.
Hawksworth (surname)
Hawksworth is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Blake Hawksworth (born 1983), major league pitcher for the St. Louis Cardinals

David Leslie Hawksworth (born 1946), British mycologist and lichenologist

Derek Hawksworth (1927–2021), footballer, who played for Sheffield United F.C.

Ernest Hawksworth (1894–1961), English footballer

Frederick Hawksworth (1884–1976), Chief Mechanical Engineer, Great Western Railway

Jack Hawksworth (born 1991), English racing driver

John Hawksworth (born 1961), English golfer

Johnny Hawksworth (1924–2009), British musician and composer

Tony Hawksworth (born 1938), English footballer

William Hawksworth (1911–1966), New Zealand cricketer and doctor

Jack Hawksworth
Jack William Hawksworth (born 28 February 1991) is a British professional racing driver from Bradford, West Yorkshire. As of 2020, he competes in the WeatherTech SportsCar Championship for Vasser Sullivan Racing in a Lexus RCF GT3.

Hawksworth has also raced in the Star Mazda Championship, Formula Renault 2.0, IndyCar Series, NASCAR Xfinity Series, and NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series.
Alfred Käärmann
Alfred Käärmann (September 14, 1922 in Hargla – February 4, 2010) was an Estonian resistance fighter, also known as a forest brother, as the Estonians call their guerrillas, and author. In 2007 he was decorated with a military honour in recognition of his service. According to The New York Times, Alfred Käärmann's life is "a monument to man's astounding ability to endure the unbearable."

University of Tartu Press
University of Tartu Press (Estonian: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus) is a university press and publishing house owned by the University of Tartu, Estonia.

Tartu University Press dates its history back to 1632, when University of Tartu was founded. It is the largest university press in Estonia.

It produces academic books and journals, including the international journal of semiotics, Sign Systems Studies, Baltic Journal of Art History, a book series Tartu Semiotics Library (Estonian: Tartu Semiootika Raamatukogu), etc.

University of Tartu Press is a member of the Association of European University Presses.

The publishing house publishes dissertations, scientific literature and educational literature, as well as scientific serials and magazines. Since 2012, only pre-reviewed educational and research publications have been published under the Tartu University Press brand.

The press is a member of the Association of European University Presses.
Atchaka Sibunruang
Atchaka Sibunruang (Thai: อรรชกา สีบุญเรือง) is a Thai civil servant Chairman of National Food Institute of Thailand, working mainly in industrial economy management. She served as Minister of Industry and Minister of Science and Technology in the first cabinet of Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha.

Ministry of Science and Technology (Thailand)
The Ministry of Science and Technology (Thai: กระทรวงวิทยาศาสตร์และเทคโนโลยี; RTGS: krasuang witthaya sat lae theknoloyi; Abrv: MOST), was a Thai government body responsible for the oversight of science and technology in Thailand.
Our Heavenly Bodies
Our Heavenly Bodies (German: Wunder der Schöpfung, literally: Wonder of the Creation) is a 1925 German educational film written by Hanns Walter Kornblum and Ernst Krieger which attempts to represent everything known about the cosmos at the time. It covers the origin and mechanics of the Solar System, gravitation, the stars, and the nature of galaxies.

The film is a prime example of the early German "Kulturfilm", which are regarded as predecessors of the modern film documentary.
It features a large variety of special effects and animations, as well as fantastical depictions of travel around the Solar System and to the stars.  Prints were color-tinted and color-toned for effect.

The film has been reconstructed in 2008 by Munich Film Archive using material from the National Audiovisual Institute (Finland) in Helsinki and the Deutsche Kinemathek in Berlin. The current rights holder is the Friedrich-Wilhelm-Murnau Foundation.

Deutsche Kinemathek
The Deutsche Kinemathek – Museum für Film und Fernsehen Berlin (English: “German Cinematheque – Museum of Film and Television Berlin”) is a German film archive based in Berlin, Germany, that makes a significant contribution to the preservation and dissemination of German and international film heritage. Since 2006, the Kinemathek has also made German television accessible to the public via its Television Collection. In 2025 it relocated to a new temporary location at E-Werk, having previously been located at Potsdamer Platz.
Jangipur subdivision
Jangipur subdivision is an administrative subdivision of Murshidabad district in the state of West Bengal, India. West Bengal's CM Mamata Banerjee announced that a new Farakka subdivision will be created from the Farakka, Suti I, and Suti II blocks of Jangipur Subdivision.

Chief minister
A chief minister is an elected or appointed head of government of – in most instances – a sub-national entity, for instance an administrative subdivision or federal constituent entity. Examples include a state (and sometimes a union territory) in India; a territory of Australia; a province of Sri Lanka or Pakistan; a federal province in Nepal; an autonomous region of Philippines; or a British Overseas Territory that has attained self-governance. It is also used as the English version of the title given to the heads of governments of the Malay states without a monarchy.

The title is also used in the Crown Dependencies of the Isle of Man (since 1986), in Guernsey (since 2004), and in Jersey (since 2005).

In 2018, Sierra Leone, a presidential republic, created the role of an appointed chief minister, which is similar to a prime minister in a semi-presidential system. Before that, only Milton Margai had the same position between 1954 and 1958.
Peter Trembling
Peter Edward William Trembling (born March 1962) is a former chairman of Notts County football club.

He was introduced to the club as the representative of Munto Finance, and in December 2009 purchased the club from them for a nominal amount. He later sold the club to a consortium of buyers from Lincoln, headed by Ray Trew.

Trembling worked in the credit card industry, and combined this with his leisure interest to become Head of Sport at MBNA. He helped several football clubs launch their own credit cards, and this later led to a move to Everton F.C. as commercial director. He was approached by Nathan Willett of Munto to become Chairman of Notts County and fronted their takeover of the club.

Ray Trew
Raymond Arthur Trew (born December 1954) is a businessman and former football club chairman from Lincolnshire. He is a former board member of Lincoln City F.C., Notts County F.C., and Notts County Ladies F.C.

Trew achieved his wealth through recruitment, having founded Contracting Solutions Group in 1995. The company posted a £3.7m profit in 2009. Trew also maintains numerous other private companies, though in 2019 his application for a gangmaster's license was turned down on the grounds that his previous business conduct was not 'fit and proper'.
Michaela Mlejnková
Michaela Mlejnková (born (1996-07-26)26 July 1996) is a Czech volleyball player, playing as an outside-spiker. She is part of the Czech Republic women's national volleyball team.

She participated in the 2014 FIVB Volleyball World Grand Prix, and 2015 FIVB Volleyball World Grand Prix, and 2016 FIVB Volleyball World Grand Prix.

She competed at the 2015 Women's European Volleyball Championship. and 2019 Women's European Volleyball League, winning a gold medal.

On club level she plays for Turkish SigortaShop.

2016 FIVB Volleyball World Grand Prix
The 2016 FIVB Volleyball World Grand Prix was the 24th edition of the annual women's international volleyball tournament played by 28 teams from 3 June to 10 July 2016. The Group 1 final round was held in Bangkok, Thailand. Brazil captured their record eleventh title in the tournament after a 3–2 win over defending champions United States. In the bronze medal match, The Netherlands prevailed in five sets over Russia. Natália Pereira was elected the most valuable player.

In the Group 2 finals held in Varna, Bulgaria, Dominican Republic defeated Poland in five sets and earned a promotion to Group 1 for the 2017 season.

Moreover, in the Group 3 finals in Almaty, Kazakhstan, Croatia defeated the home team in straight sets to earn a promotion to Group 2 in the 2017 edition.
Okubo water purification plant
Okubo water purification plant is a prefectural water purification plant located in Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama Prefecture, Japan. The drinking water is supplied to about 3.8 million people in 15 cities and 1 town in the southern and western regions of Saitama prefecture. The maximum daily water supply capacity is 1.3 million cubic meters. Water is supplied to Saitama (excluding Iwatsuki Ward), Kawagoe, Kawaguchi, Tokorozawa, Hanno, Sayama, Warabi, Toda, Iruma City, Asaka, Shiki, Wako, Niiza, Fujimino, Fujimino, Miyoshi.

Saitama Prefecture
Saitama Prefecture (埼玉県, Saitama-ken; Japanese pronunciation: [saꜜi.ta.ma, sai.ta.maꜜ.keɴ]) is a landlocked prefecture of Japan located in the Kantō region of Honshu. Saitama Prefecture has a population of 7,338,536 (January 1, 2020) and has a geographic area of 3,797 km2 (1,466 sq mi). Saitama Prefecture borders Tochigi Prefecture and Gunma Prefecture to the north, Nagano Prefecture to the west, Yamanashi Prefecture to the southwest, Tokyo to the south, Chiba Prefecture to the southeast, and Ibaraki Prefecture to the northeast.

Saitama is the capital and largest city of Saitama Prefecture, with other major cities including Kawaguchi, Kawagoe, and Tokorozawa.
Red knot
The red knot or just knot (Calidris canutus) is a medium-sized shorebird which breeds in tundra and the Arctic Cordillera in the far north of Canada, Europe, and Russia. It is a large member of the Calidris sandpipers, second only to the great knot. Six subspecies are recognised.

Their diet varies according to season; arthropods and larvae are the preferred food items at the breeding grounds, while various hard-shelled molluscs are consumed at other feeding sites at other times. North American breeders migrate to coastal areas in Europe and South America, while the Eurasian populations winter in Africa, Papua New Guinea, Australia, and New Zealand. This species forms enormous flocks when not breeding.

Egg incubation
Egg incubation is the process by which an egg, of oviparous (egg-laying) animals, develops an embryo within the egg, after the egg's formation and ovipositional release. Egg incubation is done under favorable environmental conditions, possibly by brooding and hatching the egg.

Multiple and various factors are vital to the incubation of various species of animal. In many species of reptile for example, no fixed temperature is necessary, but the actual temperature determines the sex ratio of the offspring. In birds, the sex of offspring is genetically determined, but in many species a constant and particular temperature is necessary for successful incubation. Especially in poultry, the act of sitting on eggs to incubate them is called brooding. The action or behavioral tendency to sit on a clutch of eggs is also called broodiness, and most egg-laying breeds of poultry have had this behavior selectively bred out of them to increase production.