hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Galena Experiment
The Galena Experiment is described as a period between 1807 and 1846 in the U.S. where the government granted mining permits to work a given area, and required workers to bring their ore to one of the officially licensed smelters, from whom the government collected 10% royalty. Initially, Federal revenues were enhanced; however, because of noncompliance on the sides of the miners, who evaded the licensed smelters; by the smelters, who did not pay the royalties; and the federal agents, who fraudulently sold mineral land at minimum prices as farmland, the system fell apart in the 1830s.

Royalty payment
A royalty payment is a payment made by one party to another that owns a particular asset, for the right to ongoing use of that asset. Royalties are typically agreed upon as a percentage of gross or net revenues derived from the use of an asset or a fixed price per unit sold of an item of such, but there are also other modes and metrics of compensation. A royalty interest is the right to collect a stream of future royalty payments.

A license agreement defines the terms under which a resource or property are licensed by one party ( party means the periphery behind it) to another, either without restriction or subject to a limitation on term, business or geographic territory, type of product, etc. License agreements can be regulated, particularly where a government is the resource owner, or they can be private contracts that follow a general structure. However, certain types of franchise agreements have comparable provisions.
Paul Meier (statistician)
Paul Meier (July 24, 1924 – August 7, 2011) was a statistician who promoted the use of randomized trials in medicine.

Meier is known for introducing, with Edward L. Kaplan, the Kaplan–Meier estimator, a nonparametric estimator of survival functions that accounts for changes in sample size over time.

Meier's 1957 evaluation of polio vaccine practices published in Science has been described as influential, and the Kaplan–Meier method is thought to have indirectly extended tens of thousands of lives.

Survival function
The survival function is a function that gives the probability that a patient, device, or other object of interest will survive past a certain time.
The survival function is also known as the survivor function or reliability function.
The term reliability function is common in engineering while the term survival function is used in a broader range of applications, including human mortality. The survival function is the complementary cumulative distribution function of the lifetime. Sometimes complementary cumulative distribution functions are called survival functions in general.
Net3
Net3 was a Wi-Fi-like system developed, manufactured and commercialised by Olivetti in the early 1990s. It could wirelessly connect PCs to an Ethernet fixed LAN at a speed of up to 512 kbit/s, over a very wide area. It was a micro-cellular system, in which each base station had an effective range of about 100m indoors, 300m outdoors, and the system supported seamless handover between base stations.

Local area network
A local area network (LAN) is a computer network that interconnects computers within a limited area such as a residence, campus, or building, and has its network equipment and interconnects locally managed. LANs facilitate the distribution of data and sharing network devices, such as printers.

The LAN contrasts the wide area network (WAN), which not only covers a larger geographic distance, but also generally involves leased telecommunication circuits or Internet links. An even greater contrast is the Internet, which is a system of globally connected business and personal computers.

Ethernet and Wi-Fi are the two most common technologies used for local area networks; historical network technologies include ARCNET, Token Ring, and LocalTalk.
Zong Pu
Feng Zhongpu (born 26 July 1928), better known by her pen name Zong Pu, is a Chinese novelist. She won the Mao Dun Literature Prize for her 2001 novel, Eastern Concealment.

Born in Beijing, Zong is the daughter of Feng Youlan, a prominent philosopher, and she grew up on various university campuses. Zong graduated from Tsinghua University in 1951. She became a member of the China Writers Association in 1962.

China Writers Association
The China Writers Association (CWA) is a subordinate people's organization of the China Federation of Literary and Art Circles (CFLAC).

Founded in July 1949, the organization was initially named the China National Literature Workers Association. In September 1953, it was renamed the Chinese Writers Association. In April 2012, the organization changed its translated name to China Writers Association.

It now has more than 9,000 registered members, with branch associations across the nation. The first CWA Chair was Mao Dun, under the leadership of the then CFLAC Chairman Guo Moruo. In 1985, Mao Dun was succeeded by Ba Jin and in 2006, Ba Jin was succeeded by Tie Ning. The incumbent chair is Zhang Hongsen since 2025. Other successive Associate Chairs include Ding Ling, Feng Xuefeng, Lao She, Ke Zhongping, Shao Quanlin and Liu Baiyu.
Snack Sound Toolkit
The Snack Sound Toolkit is a cross-platform library written by Kåre Sjölander of the Swedish Royal Technical University (KTH) with bindings for the scripting languages Tcl, Python, and Ruby. It provides audio I/O, audio analysis and processing functions, such as spectral analysis, pitch tracking, and filtering, and related graphics functions such as display of the sound pressure waveform and spectrogram.
It is available on Microsoft Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, Solaris, HP-UX, FreeBSD, NetBSD, and IRIX.

Sound pressure
Sound pressure or acoustic pressure is the local pressure deviation from the ambient (average or equilibrium) atmospheric pressure, caused by a sound wave. In air, sound pressure can be measured using a microphone, and in water with a hydrophone. The SI unit of sound pressure is the pascal (Pa).
Augustus Williams
Augustus Williams (1842 – unknown) was a seaman in the U.S. Navy stationed aboard the USS Santiago de Cuba (1861) during the American Civil War. He received the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Second Battle of Fort Fisher on January 15, 1865.

Second Battle of Fort Fisher
The Second Battle of Fort Fisher was a successful assault by the Union Army, Navy and Marine Corps against Fort Fisher, south of Wilmington, North Carolina, near the end of the American Civil War in January 1865. Sometimes referred to as the "Gibraltar of the South" and the last major coastal stronghold of the Confederacy, Fort Fisher had tremendous strategic value during the war, providing a port for blockade runners supplying the Army of Northern Virginia.
Harold MacKenzie
Harold Arthur MacKenzie (1922 – August 15, 2012) was a Canadian politician, who represented Ottawa Centre in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1967 to 1971 as a Liberal member.

MacKenzie was elected in the general election in 1967. During the 28th Legislative Assembly of Ontario he served on six Standing Committees of the Legislative Assembly.

Born in Truro, Nova Scotia, MacKenzie served as an officer on HMCS Uganda during the Second World War, then returned to Canada and became a professional engineer, working first in private practice and later with the Department of Defense, in Ottawa.

MacKenzie was divorced and had three daughters, Jocelyn, Alison and Susanne.

Ottawa Centre (provincial electoral district)
45°25′N 75°42′W﻿ / ﻿45.417°N 75.700°W﻿ / 45.417; -75.700

Ottawa Centre is an urban provincial electoral district in Ontario, Canada that has been represented in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario since 1968. While the riding's boundaries (mainly to the south and west as the north and east borders have remained the Ottawa River and Rideau Canal, respectively) have changed over the years to account for population changes, the riding has always comprised the central areas of Ottawa, the nation's capital.
Bernie Carbo
Bernardo Carbo (born August 5, 1947) is an American former professional baseball outfielder and designated hitter who played 12 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB). He began his career with the Cincinnati Reds, and went on to play with five other teams, including two stints with the St. Louis Cardinals and Boston Red Sox.

1973 St. Louis Cardinals season
The 1973 St. Louis Cardinals season was the team's 92nd season in St. Louis, Missouri and its 82nd season in the National League. The Cardinals overcame an 8–23 start to finish with an 81–81 record during the season and finished second in the National League East, 1+1⁄2 games behind the NL East and eventual NL pennant winners New York Mets. St. Louis' record went to 61–50 (meaning they won 53 of 80 games after their terrible start), then fell to 20–31 to finish the season.

To date, this is the only season the Cardinals have finished at .500 instead of above or below it.
Battle of Bacsil Ridge
The Battle of Bacsil Ridge began on 19 March 1945. It was one of the continued main battles of the 1944–1945 Philippines Campaign of the Second World War between the Filipino soldiers under the 121st Infantry Regiment, Philippine Commonwealth Army, USAFIP-NL, under the command of American General Russell W. Volckmann, and the Japanese Imperial forces under General Tomoyuki Yamashita, which resulted in the capture of San Fernando, La Union on 23 March 1945, and lead to the subsequent capture Bacnotan, La Union after two months of fighting between the armies and guerilla fighters.

Bacnotan
Bacnotan, officially the Municipality of Bacnotan (Ilocano: Ili ti Bacnotan; Filipino: Bayan ng Bacnotan), is a coastal municipality in the province of La Union, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 45,203 people.
Ali Rafea
Ali Rafea (born 1950, Cairo, Egypt), also known as Ahmed Rafea or Master (Assayed) Ali, is a professor of computer science at The American University in Cairo (AUC), Egypt. Rafea also heads the Egyptian Society for Spiritual and Cultural Research (ESSCR).

American University in Cairo
The American University in Cairo (AUC; Arabic: الجامعة الأمريكية بالقاهرة, romanized: al-Jāmi‘a al-’Amrīkiyya bi-l-Qāhira) is a private research university in New Cairo, Egypt. The university offers American-style learning programs at undergraduate, graduate, and professional levels, along with a continuing education program. It is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education in the United States and Egypt's National Authority for Quality Assurance and Assessment of Education.
1873 Manchester City Council election
Elections to Manchester City Council were held on Saturday, 1 November 1873. One third of the councillors seats were up for election, with each successful candidate to serve a three-year term of office. The Liberal Party retained overall control of the council.

Manchester City Council
Manchester City Council is the local authority for the city of Manchester in Greater Manchester, England. Manchester has had an elected local authority since 1838, which has been reformed several times. Since 1974 the council has been a metropolitan borough council. It provides the majority of local government services in the city. The council has been a member of the Greater Manchester Combined Authority since 2011.

The council has been under Labour majority control since 1971. It is based at Manchester Town Hall.
Duncan Wilson (heritage administrator)
Duncan Henry Wilson CBE is the chief executive of Historic England.

He was formerly Chief Executive of Alexandra Palace and Park and the first Director of the Somerset House Trust. He also oversaw the conversion of the Old Royal Naval College into a tourist destination.

He is a trustee of the Chatham Historic Dockyard Trust and the Greenwich Foundation for the Old Royal Naval College and has been a trustee of the Churches Conservation Trust (2008–2014), the Royal Armouries (2007–2011) and before that a community governor of Corelli College (2004–2007).

Wilson was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2007 Birthday Honours and promoted to Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2023 Birthday Honours, in both instances for services to heritage.

Churches Conservation Trust
The Churches Conservation Trust is a registered charity whose purpose is to protect historic churches at risk in England. The charity cares for over 350 churches of architectural, cultural and historic significance, which have been transferred into its care by the Church of England.

The Trust works to prevent any deterioration in the condition of the buildings in its care, and to ensure they are in use as community assets. Local communities are encouraged to use them for activities and events, and the buildings provide an educational resource, allowing children and young people to study history, architecture and other subjects.

Most of the churches saved from closure are Grade I or Grade II* listed. Many are open to visitors as heritage sites, and nearly 2 million people visit the Trust's churches each year. The majority of the churches remain consecrated, though they are not used for regular worship.
I Kill Children
"I Kill Children" is the ninth song on the Dead Kennedys album Fresh Fruit for Rotting Vegetables. It is sung from the first person perspective of an unnamed murderer of children. It satirizes America's twin obsessions with extreme violence and conservatism. Jello Biafra had said on his spoken word tours that he wrote the song when he was 19 years old after thinking about how and why people became serial killers, and actually considers it one of his weakest songs.

Fresh Fruit for Rotting Vegetables
Fresh Fruit for Rotting Vegetables is the debut studio album by the American punk rock band Dead Kennedys. It was first released on September 2, 1980, through Cherry Red Records in the United Kingdom, and I.R.S. Records in the United States. It was later issued by Jello Biafra's own Alternative Tentacles label in the United States. It is the only Dead Kennedys studio album to feature drummer Bruce Slesinger and (on one track) guitarist Carlo Cadona.
1966 Singapore Grand Prix
The inaugural Singapore Grand Prix was held from 9 to 11 April 1966, on the Thomson Road Grand Prix circuit. Previous editions of the Grand Prix were held before Singapore gained its independence, and were not called Singapore Grand Prix. The 1965 Malaysian Grand Prix was held on the same course, as part of the Malaysian Grand Prix event, as the 1966 Grand Prix of Singapore.

Malaysian Grand Prix
The Malaysian Grand Prix (Malay: Grand Prix Malaysia, officially the Malaysia Grand Prix from 1963–1965 and 2011–2017 and Malayan Grand Prix in 1962) was an annual auto race held in Malaysia. It was part of the Formula One World Championship from 1999 to 2017 and it was held during these years at the Sepang International Circuit. The Malaysian Grand Prix was held annually from 1962 to 1964 in Singapore, whilst it was a member of the Malaysian federation. Subsequent Grands Prix were held in Peninsular Malaysia.
Ronald Vere Tooley
Ronald Vere Tooley (29 September 1898 – 12 October 1986) was an English map dealer, an authority on early maps and cartographers, a noted compiler of catalogues on maps, cartography and antiquarian books, author of Maps and Map-makers, and founder of the Map Collectors' Circle which published a series of monographs on historical cartography in the period 1963–1975. He is considered the founder of the antiquarian map trade.

Tooley was born on Michaelmas and adopted the nickname "Mick".

Michaelmas
Michaelmas (/ˈmɪkəlməs/ MIK-əl-məs; also known as the Feast of Saints Michael, Gabriel and Raphael, the Feast of the Archangels or the Feast of Saint Michael and All Angels) is a Christian festival observed in many Western Christian liturgical calendars on 29 September and on 8 November in the Eastern Christian traditions. Michaelmas has been one of the four quarter days of the English and Irish financial, judicial and academic year.

In the Christian angelology of some traditions, the Archangel Michael is considered as the greatest of all the angels, being particularly honoured for defeating Satan in the War in Heaven.
Nancy Genn
Nancy Genn is an American artist living and working in Berkeley, California known for works in a variety of media, including paintings, bronze sculpture, printmaking, and handmade paper rooted in the Japanese washi paper making tradition. Her work explores geometric abstraction, non-objective form, and calligraphic mark making, and features light, landscape, water, and architecture motifs. She is influenced by her extensive travels, and Asian craft, aesthetics and spiritual traditions.

Paul J. Smith (arts administrator)
Paul J. Smith (September 8, 1931 –  April 26, 2020) was an arts administrator, curator, and artist based in New York. Smith was professionally involved with the art, craft, and design fields since the early 1950s and was closely associated with the twentieth-century studio craft movement in the United States. He joined the staff of the American Craftsmen's Council (ACC, now the American Craft Council) in 1957, and in 1963 was appointed Director of the Museum of Contemporary Crafts (later renamed the American Craft Museum, now the Museum of Arts and Design), a position he held for the next 25 years. In September 1987, he assumed the title of director emeritus and continued to work as an independent curator and consultant for museums, arts organizations, and collectors.

Smith died on April 26, 2020, aged 88.
Institute of African Studies
The Institute of African Studies, on the Anne Jiagee Road on the campus of the University of Ghana at Legon, is an interdisciplinary research institute in the humanities and social sciences. It was established by President Kwame Nkrumah in 1962 to encourage African studies.

Thomas Lionel Hodgkin served as the first Director, from 1962 to 1965. On 25 October 1963, President Nkrumah gave an inaugural address at the institute, entitled "The African Genius", in which he called for the recovery of African traditions and an African-centered approach to knowledge.

Legon
Legon , a suburb of the Ghanaian city Accra, is situated about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) north-east of the city center in the Ayawaso West Municipal District, a district in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. Legon is home to the main campus of the University of Ghana. Ghanaians loosely refer to the University of Ghana simply as "Legon". Legon is also home to a few of Ghana's well known educational institutions such as Presbyterian Boys' Secondary School (PRESEC-Legon), Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration(GIMPA) and the University of Professional Studies, Accra(UPSA). Legon is adjacent to one of the most prestigious residential suburbs of Accra - East Legon and only about 20 minutes drive from the Accra International Airport.
Nathu Singh Gurjar
Nathu Singh Gurjar (born 1 January 1951, Dhamsya) is an Indian politician. He was a cabinet minister in Government of Rajasthan led by Vasundhara Raje of Bharatiya Janata Party. He was elected to the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly from Dausa district of Rajasthan. He is a former member of the Lok Sabha and represented Dausa constituency. He studied for B.Sc., LLM and Ph.D.

Government of Rajasthan
The Government of Rajasthan is the supreme governing authority of the Indian state of Rajasthan and its 41 districts. It consists of an executive branch, led by the governor of Rajasthan, as well as judiciary and legislative branches. Jaipur is the capital of Rajasthan, and houses the Vidhan Sabha (legislative assembly) and the secretariat. There are various programs announced by the Government of Rajasthan.
Prostitution in Cambodia
Prostitution in Cambodia is illegal, but prevalent. A 2008 Cambodian Law on Suppression of Human Trafficking and Sexual Exploitation
has proven controversial, with international concerns regarding human rights abuses resulting from it, such as outlined in the 2010 Human Rights Watch report.

The comprehensive Law on Suppression of Human Trafficking and Sexual Exploitation was enacted in 2008. It punishes the trafficking of people, the managing of prostitutes and the maintaining of a brothel, as well as soliciting in public and distributing pornography. The mere act of exchanging sex for money is not outlawed.

The Women’s Network for Unity is a Cambodian sex worker organization which was established in 2000. It lobbies for legal and human rights and better working conditions for sex workers and aims to amend the 2008 law.

In 2016 UNAIDS  estimated there to be 34,000 prostitutes in the country, many from Vietnam.

Sex worker
A sex worker is a person who provides sex work, either on a regular or occasional basis. The term is used in reference to those who work in all areas of the sex industry. According to one view, sex work is voluntary "and is seen as the commercial exchange of sex for money or goods". Thus it differs from sexual exploitation, or the forcing of a person to commit sexual acts.
Rochester Mills, Pennsylvania
Rochester Mills is an unincorporated village in Grant Township in northern Indiana County, Pennsylvania, United States.  The community is served by the 286 exchange in Area Code 724. Zip Code 15771.  Until the district consolidated its primary schools in 2010, the village was home to Canoe-Grant Elementary School, a part of Marion Center Area School District.  The district sold the building and land.

Marion Center Area School District
The Marion Center Area School District is a school 
district in the state of Pennsylvania. It is located in Marion Center in Indiana County. It also serves the municipalities of Creekside, Washington Township, Ernest, Rayne Township, Plumville, East Mahoning Township, South Mahoning Township, Grant Township, and Canoe Township. The school's athletic teams compete in the Heritage Conference of District 6.
Jumpin' (Liberty X song)
"Jumpin'" is a song by English-Irish pop group Liberty X. It was released in the United Kingdom via CD and DVD on 20 October 2003 as the second single from their second studio album, Being Somebody (2003). The song was co-written by singer-songwriter Lucie Silvas, Charlie Russell and Mike Peden. It was showcased during Liberty X's sold-out arena tour in early 2003, quickly becoming a fan favourite.

The song debuted and peaked at number six on the UK Singles Chart. It also charted at number 16 on the Irish Singles Chart, number 78 on the Australian Singles Chart, number 55 on the Dutch Singles Chart, and number 56 on the French Singles Chart.

"Jumpin'" was included as one of the songs on the video game EyeToy: Groove (2003).

Tony Lundon
Anthony William James Lundon (born 13 April 1979) is an Irish singer, producer and director, formerly a TV presenter with RTE (2007-2009), a vocalist and songwriter with chart act Liberty X (2001-2007), and lead dancer with Lord of the Dance (1996-1999). Since 2010, Lundon has focused on a producing and directing career having established his own film and TV production company, The Cell Productions.