hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Siege of Córdoba (1236)
During the Reconquista, the siege of Córdoba (Spanish: Conquista de Córdoba, Conquest of Córdoba) was a successful investment by the forces of Ferdinand III, king of Castile and León, marking the end of the Islamic rule over the city that had begun in 711.

Kingdom of Castile
The Kingdom of Castile (/kæˈstiːl/; Spanish: Reino de Castilla: Latin: Regnum Castellae) was a polity in the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages. It traces its origins to the 9th-century County of Castile (Spanish: Condado de Castilla, Latin: Comitatus Castellae), as an eastern frontier lordship of the Kingdom of León. During the 10th century, the Castilian counts increased their autonomy, but it was not until 1065 that it was separated from the Kingdom of León and became a kingdom in its own right. Between 1072 and 1157, it was again united with León, and after 1230, the union became permanent.

Throughout that period, the Castilian kings made extensive conquests in southern Iberia at the expense of the Islamic principalities. The Kingdoms of Castile and of León, with their southern acquisitions, came to be known collectively as the Crown of Castile, a term that also came to encompass overseas expansion.
Frank Bond (British Army officer)
Major-General Sir Francis George Bond, KBE, CB, CMG (10 August 1856 – 15 August 1930) was a British Army officer who served with the Royal Engineers in various campaigns in the 19th and early 20th centuries. He was a keen amateur sportsman, who played football for the Royal Engineers in the 1878 FA Cup Final.

Roorkee
Roorkee (Rūṛkī; Hindi: [ɾuːɽkiː]), formerly also anglicized as Rurki, is a city and municipal corporation in the Haridwar district of the state of Uttarakhand, India. It is 31 km (19 mi) from Haridwar, the district headquarters. It is spread over a flat terrain under the Sivalik Hills of the Himalayas. The city is developed on the banks of the Ganges Canal, its dominant feature, which flows from north–south through the middle of the city.

Roorkee is home to Asia's Second engineering college the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, formerly known as Thomson College of Civil Engineering. Roorkee is also known for the Roorkee Cantonment, one of the country's oldest military establishments and the headquarters of Bengal Engineer Group since 1853.
HMCS Port Colborne
HMCS Port Colborne was a River-class frigate that served with the Royal Canadian Navy during the Second World War. She served primarily as a convoy escort in the Battle of the Atlantic. She was named for Port Colborne, Ontario.

Port Colborne was ordered in April 1942 as part of the 1942–1943 River-class building program. She was laid down on 16 December 1942 by Yarrows Ltd. at Esquimalt and launched 21 April 1943. She was commissioned into the Royal Canadian Navy on 15 November 1943 at Victoria, British Columbia.

Esquimalt
The Township of Esquimalt (/ɪˈskwaɪmɔːlt/) is a municipality at the southern tip of Vancouver Island, in British Columbia, Canada.  It is bordered to the east by the provincial capital, Victoria, to the south by the Strait of Juan de Fuca, to the west by Esquimalt Harbour and Royal Roads, to the northwest by the New Songhees 1A Indian reserve and the town of View Royal, and to the north by a narrow inlet of water called the Gorge, across which is the district municipality of Saanich. It is almost tangential to Esquimalt 1 Indian Reserve near Admirals Road. It is one of the 13 municipalities of Greater Victoria and part of the Capital Regional District.

Esquimalt had a population of 17,533 in 2021. It covers 7.08 km2 (2.73 sq mi). It is home to the Pacific fleet of the Royal Canadian Navy.
John VII of Georgia
John VII (Georgian: იოანე VII) was Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, from 1208 to 1210. He belonged to the group of reactionary monks that supported Georgian-Dyophysitism and condemned Armenian Miaphysitism. His activities resulted by baptizing Ivane Mkhargrdzeli, the ruler of Dvin and Vaspurakan, and a great number of Armenians with him.

Dyophysitism
Dyophysitism (/daɪˈɒfɪsaɪtɪzəm/; from Greek δύο dyo, "two" and φύσις physis, "nature") is the Christological position that Jesus Christ is in two distinct, inseparable natures: divine and human. It is accepted by the majority of Christian denominations, including the Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Church of the East, Anglicanism, Methodism, Reformed Christianity and Lutheranism. It is rejected by the Oriental Orthodox churches, who hold to Miaphysitism—that Jesus Christ is of two natures united into one composite nature—while rejecting Monophysitism as heresy along with other extant denominations.

Those who subscribe to the "two natures after the union" formula on either Chalcedonian and Nestorian side were referred to as dyophysites (/daɪˈɒfəsaɪts/). It is related to the doctrine of the hypostatic union and prosopic union.
Sapana Pradhan Malla
Sapana Pradhan Malla (Nepali: सपना प्रधान मल्ल)  (born November 15, 1963) is a Nepalese Supreme Court Judge since August 1, 2016 and a former member of the Nepalese Constituent Assembly. Malla also served as the former president of Judges Society, the professional organisation of Nepalese judges. She currently serves as the senior-most judge (puisne Judge) of Supreme Court of Nepal.

2nd Nepalese Constituent Assembly
The Second Constituent Assembly of Nepal, later converted to the Legislature Parliament (Nepali: व्यवस्थापिका संसद), was a unicameral legislature of Nepal. It was elected in the 2013 Constituent Assembly elections after the failure of the first Constituent Assembly (CA) to promulgate a new constitution. The Assembly converted into a legislative parliament after the constitution was promulgated in 2015. The legislature parliament's term ended on 14 October 2017.
Dragonfly: NASA and the Crisis Aboard Mir
Dragonfly: NASA and the Crisis Aboard Mir (ISBN 0-88730-783-3) is a 1999 book by Bryan Burrough about the Russian Mir space station and the cosmonauts and astronauts who served aboard.  The story centres on astronaut Jerry Linenger and the events on the Shuttle and Mir Space Programme in 1997.

Personnel covered in the book

Astronaut Jerry Linenger

Astronaut John Blaha

Astronaut Michael Foale

Cosmonaut Aleksandr Lazutkin

Cosmonaut Vasili Tsibliyev

Cosmonaut Valeri Korzun

Co-chair, Flight Operations and Systems Integration Working Group, Energia, Viktor Blagov

Frank Culbertson

Blaine Hammond

Deputy Associate Administrator for the Office of Space Flight, George Abbey

Valery Korzun
Valery Grigoryevich Korzun (Russian: Валерий Григорьевич Корзун, born 5 March 1953) is a former Russian cosmonaut. He has been in space twice totalling 381 days. He has also conducted four career spacewalks.
Battle of Padmanabham
The Battle of Padmanabha took place in Padmanabham, Visakhapatnam district (modern Andhra Pradesh, India), on 10 July 1794. This was a battle between King of Vizianagaram led by Vijayram Raj II and East India Company Madras Presidency Forces led by Colonel Pendargast under the command of British Governor of Madras, Sir Charles Oakly. The British emerged victoriously and the King was shot dead in the middle of battle.

As a consequence of the war, Vizianagaram was occupied by East India Company and became a tributary estate or Zamindari.

Vizianagaram
Vizianagaram, also known as Vijayanagaram, is a city and the headquarters of the Vizianagaram district in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is located in the Eastern Ghats, about 24 km (15 mi) west of the Bay of Bengal and 40 km (25 mi) north-northeast of Visakhapatnam. The city has a population of 228,025 and was established as the capital of the Vizianagaram estate by Raja Vijayaram Raj from the Pusapati dynasty. The rulers had a notable role in the history of the region in the 18th century and were patrons of education and arts.
Ju-On: The Grudge (video game)
Ju-On: The Grudge, known in Japan as Kyōfu Taikan: Ju-On, is a survival horror video game developed for the Wii. It was produced in honor of the Ju-On series' 10th anniversary. The game was directed by Takashi Shimizu, who also helmed the films. The game was developed by feelplus and published in Japan by AQ Interactive on July 30, 2009, and in North America and Europe in October of the same year by Xseed Games and Rising Star Games, respectively.

The game is centered on a family that moved into a cursed house. Several family members are playable characters and each story is viewed from the perspective of the character being played in scenarios called episodes. The game was panned by critics.

Mannequin
A mannequin (sometimes spelled as manikin and also called a dummy, lay figure, or dress form) is a doll, often articulated, used by artists, tailors, dressmakers, window dressers and others, especially to display or fit clothing and show off different fabrics and textiles. Alternatively the term refers, or referred to, a live human fashion model.

Life-sized mannequins with simulated airways are used in the teaching of first aid, CPR, and advanced airway management skills such as tracheal intubation. During the 1950s, mannequins were used in nuclear tests to help show the effects of nuclear weapons on humans. Also referred to as mannequins are the human figures used in computer simulation to model the behavior of the human body.
Moveworks
Moveworks is an American artificial intelligence (AI) company headquartered in Mountain View, California.

It develops an AI platform, designed for large enterprises, that uses natural language understanding (NLU), probabilistic machine learning, and automation to resolve workplace requests. Autodesk and Broadcom are some of their client companies.

Its platform analyzes requests made by company employees to its chatbot, and resolves them through  through integration with other software applications. It is available in business communication tools such as Slack and Microsoft Teams, as well as through online platforms such as ServiceNow and SharePoint.

As of its Series C financing round in June 2021, Moveworks is valued at $2.1 billion and has raised $315 million in total funding. The company’s investors include Tiger Global, Alkeon Capital, and other firms.

In December 2025, Moveworks was acquired by ServiceNow.

Chatbot
A chatbot (originally chatterbot) is a software application or web interface that simulates conversation through text or speech. Modern chatbots are typically online and use generative artificial intelligence systems that are capable of maintaining a conversation with a user in natural language and simulating the way a human would behave as a conversational partner. Such chatbots often use deep learning and natural language processing. Simpler chatbots have existed for decades.

Chatbots have gained popularity with the release of ChatGPT in 2022, followed by competitors such as Gemini, Claude, and Grok, in what is labelled an AI boom. AI chatbots typically use fine-tuned large language models to generate text.

A major area where chatbots have long been used is customer service and support, with various sorts of virtual assistants.
Channel 1 (Bangladesh)
Channel 1 (Bengali: চ্যানেল ওয়ান) was a Bangladeshi Bengali-language satellite and cable pay television channel owned by One Entertainment Limited, a sister concern of One Group. It was launched on 24 January 2006 and broadcast entertainment and news programming targeted toward all ages. Channel 1 was headquartered in the Uday Tower situated in Gulshan, Dhaka. As it was using rented broadcasting equipment, which was against Bangladeshi law, the channel ceased broadcasting on 27 April 2010 after being ordered by the Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission.

Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission
Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (BTRC) (Bengali: বাংলাদেশ টেলিযোগাযোগ নিয়ন্ত্রণ কমিশন) is an independent commission founded under the Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulation Act, 2001 (Act no. 18 of 2001). The commission is responsible for regulating all matters related to telecommunications (wire, cellular, satellite and cable) of Bangladesh. The chairman of the commission has the status of a judge of the High Court Division. Since 10 September 2024, Md. Emdad-Ul-Bari has been the chairman of the commission.
Microstructured optical arrays
Microstructured optical arrays (MOAs) are instruments for focusing x-rays. MOAs use total external reflection at grazing incidence from an array of small channels to bring x-rays to a common focus. This method of focusing means that MOAs exhibit low absorption. MOAs are used in applications that require x-ray focal spots in the order of few micrometers or below, such as radiobiology of individual cells. Current MOA-based focusing optics designs have two consecutive array components in order to reduce comatic aberration.

Coma (optics)
In optics (especially telescopes), the coma (/ˈkoʊmə/), or comatic aberration, in an  optical system refers to aberration inherent to certain optical designs or due to imperfection in the lens or other components that results in off-axis point sources such as stars appearing distorted, appearing to have a tail (coma) like a comet. Specifically, coma is defined as a variation in magnification over the entrance pupil.  In refractive or diffractive optical systems, especially those imaging a wide spectral range, coma can be a function of wavelength, in which case it is also a form of chromatic aberration.
2025–26 Albanian Cup
The 2025–26 Albanian Cup (Albanian: Kupa e Shqipërisë) is the seventy-fourth season of Albania's annual cup competition, the Albanian Cup. There are 42 participating teams. The winners will qualify for the 2026–27 UEFA Conference League first qualifying round.

Flamurtari FC
Flamurtari Football Club is an Albanian professional football club based in Vlorë, Albania. The club plays in the Kategoria Superiore, which is the first tier of football in the country.

Founded in 1923, the club is one of the oldest in Albania, also being one of its most successful clubs, having won one Albanian Superliga title in 1991, four Albanian Cups, and two Albanian Supercups. Flamurtari is also known for their European runs in the 1980s, where they famously reached the last sixteen in the 1987–88 UEFA Cup, where they beat Spanish giants Barcelona in Vlorë but lost on aggregate.
2025 Badwater 135
The 2025 Badwater Ultramarathon started on July 7 and concluded on July 9.
The race started in Badwater Basin, California's Death Valley and ended at Whitney Portal, the trailhead to Mount Whitney.
In the men's division, Norwegian ultra runner Simen Holvik crossed the finish line as the winner with a time of 21:47:45.
In the women's division, American runner Marisa Lizak claimed victory, finishing with a one-hour lead over the second-place competitor.

On July 8, midway through the race, temperatures in the area rose to 117 °F, or 47 °C.

Mount Whitney
Mount Whitney (Paiute: Tumanguya) is a mountain in the Sierra Nevada mountain range of California, and the highest point in the contiguous United States, with an elevation of 14,505 feet (4,421 m). It lies in East–Central California on the boundary between Inyo and Tulare counties, and 84.6 miles (136.2 km) west-northwest of North America's lowest topographic point, Badwater Basin in Death Valley National Park, at 282 ft (86 m) below sea level. The mountain's west slope is in Sequoia National Park and the summit is the southern terminus of the John Muir Trail, which runs 211.9 mi (341.0 km) from Happy Isles in Yosemite Valley. The eastern slopes are in Inyo National Forest in Inyo County. Mount Whitney is ranked 18th by topographic isolation and 81st by prominence on Earth.
Project Mercury (album)
Project Mercury is a split album by American heavy metal bands Rosetta and Balboa. It was released on April 24, 2007 through the now defunct record label Level Plane. The title is derived from the 1959 United States human spaceflight of the same name.

Level Plane Records
Level Plane was an American independent record label based in New York City that was founded in early 1997 by Greg Drudy for the release of Saetia's first 7". Drudy ran the label until it ceased to exist in 2009. It released records in a variety of styles including those by many screamo bands.
I Warned Myself
"I Warned Myself" is a song by American singer-songwriter Charlie Puth. It was released through Artist Partner Group and Atlantic Records as a single on August 21, 2019. Puth produced the song with Benny Blanco and they wrote the song together.

Artist Partner Group
Artist Partner Group, Inc. (APG) is an American record label and music publishing company founded by Mike Caren in 2013, who has since served as chief executive officer (CEO). The label's parent company, Artist Publishing Group, publishes its releases. It served as an entity of Atlantic Records and Warner Records from its establishment until 2020.
Caux-et-Sauzens
Caux-et-Sauzens (French pronunciation: [ko e sozɛ̃s] ⓘ; Occitan: Caus e Sausens) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Located 8 kilometres west of Carcassonne between the Montagne Noire and Malepère, at the crossroads of the old Roman roads to Toulouse and from Foix towards Ariège and Spain. The Canal du Midi runs between the Village of Caux and the Hamlet of Sauzens. Its inhabitants are known as Cauxois.

Foix
Foix (/fwɑː/ fwah; French: [fwa] ⓘ; Occitan: Fois [ˈfujs], also [ˈfujʃ]; Catalan: Foix [ˈfo(j)ʃ]) is a commune, the former capital of the County of Foix. It is the capital of the department of Ariège as it is the seat of the prefecture of that department. Foix is located in the Occitanie region of southwestern France. It is the second least populous French departmental capital, the least populous being Privas. Foix lies south of Toulouse, close to the borders with Spain and Andorra.

It is only the second biggest town in Ariège, the biggest being Pamiers, which is one of the two sub-prefectures, the other being St Girons. Foix is twinned with the English cathedral city of Ripon, with the Spanish towns of Sarroca de Lleida, Lleida and the Andorran capital Andorra la Vella.
Renaud Camus
Jean Renaud Gabriel Camus (/kæˈmuː/; French: [ʁəno kamy]; born 10 August 1946) is a French novelist. He is the originator of the far-right "Great Replacement" conspiracy theory, which claims that a "global elite" is colluding against the white population of Europe to replace them with non-European peoples.

Camus's writings on the "Great Replacement" have been translated on far-right websites and used to promote the white genocide conspiracy theory. Camus has repeatedly condemned and publicly disavowed violent acts which have been perpetrated by far-right terrorists inspired by his theories.

Ethnic groups in Europe
Europeans are the focus of European ethnology, the field of anthropology related to the various ethnic groups that reside in the states of Europe. Groups may be defined by common ancestry, language, faith, historical continuity, etc. There are no universally accepted and precise definitions of the terms "ethnic group" and "nationality", but in the context of European ethnography in particular, the terms ethnic group, people, nationality and ethno-linguistic group are used as mostly synonymous. Preference may vary in usage with respect to the situation specific to the individual countries of Europe, and the context in which they may be classified by those terms.

The total number of national minority populations in Europe is estimated at 105 million people, or 14% of 770 million Europeans in 2002. The Russians are the most populous among Europeans, with a population of roughly 120 million.
Kalemie
Kalemie, formerly Albertville or Albertstad, is a city on the western shore of Lake Tanganyika in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. 
The Lukuga River, that drains Lake Tanganyika to the Lualaba River, runs through the city. Kalemie is the capital of Tanganyika Province.

Lualaba River
The Lualaba River (French: Rivière Lualaba, Kongo: Nzâdi Luâlâmba, Swahili: Mto Lualamba) flows entirely within the eastern part of Democratic Republic of the Congo. It provides the greatest streamflow to the Congo River, while the source of the Congo is recognized as the Chambeshi. The Lualaba is 1,800 kilometres (1,100 mi) long. Its headwaters are in the country's far southeastern corner near Musofi and Lubumbashi in Katanga Province, next to the Zambian Copperbelt.
Runfold, Luton
Runfold is a suburb of Luton in the north of the town, centred on Birdsfoot Lane, in Bedfordshire, England. It is roughly bounded by Grasmere Road to the north, the River Lea, Grosvenor Road, Runfold Avenue and Catsbrook Road to the south, Icknield Way to the west, and the A6, Enderby Road, and Birdsfoot Lane to the east.

A6 road (England)
The A6 is one of the main north–south roads in England. It runs from Luton in Bedfordshire to Carlisle in Cumbria, although it formerly started at a junction with the A1 at Barnet in north London, and is described as running from London to Carlisle.

Running north-west from Luton, the road passes through Bedford, bypasses Rushden, Kettering and Market Harborough, continues through Leicester, Loughborough, Derby and Matlock before passing through the Peak District to Bakewell, Buxton, Stockport, Manchester, Salford, Chorley, Preston, Lancaster, Kendal and Penrith before reaching Carlisle.

South of Derby, the road runs approximately parallel to the M1 motorway; between Manchester and Preston, it is close to the M6 and M61 motorways; and from Preston to its northern terminus in Carlisle, it is close to the M6.
Allan Pinkerton
Allan Pinkerton (August 21, 1819 – July 1, 1884) was a Scottish-American detective, spy, abolitionist, and cooper best known for creating the Pinkerton National Detective Agency in the United States and his claim to have obstructed the plot in 1861 to assassinate then president-elect Abraham Lincoln. During the Civil War, he provided the Union Army – specifically General George B. McClellan of the Army of the Potomac – with military intelligence, including extremely inaccurate enemy troop strength numbers. After the war, his agents played a significant role as strikebreakers – in particular during the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 – a role that Pinkerton men would continue to play after the death of their founder.

Strikebreaker
A strikebreaker (sometimes pejoratively called a scab, blackleg, bootlicker, blackguard or knobstick) is a person who works despite an ongoing strike. Strikebreakers may be current employees (union members or not), or new hires to keep the organization running (hired after or during the strike). In continuing to work, or taking jobs at a workplace under current strike, strikebreakers are said to "cross picket lines".

Some countries have passed laws outlawing strikebreakers to give more power to trade unions, while other countries have passed right-to-work laws which protect strikebreakers.
San Leonardo de Yagüe
San Leonardo de Yagüe is a Spanish town and municipality located in the province of Soria, in the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is one of the most populated municipalities  of the Sorian county of Pinares.

It has primary and secondary schools (I.E.S. San Leonardo), attended by students from surrounding municipalities (Navaleno, Hontoria del Pinar, Casarejos, Espeja, Espejón, La Hinojosa, and others).

The town, which has about 2,000 inhabitants, is home to the Puertas Norma timber products factory, a manufacturer of doors and pre-hung door units. The factory is the main labor center and the factory employed about 600 workers until 2012, when they dismissed or temporarily suspended a majority of their employees.

Province of Soria
The Province of Soria (Spanish: Provincia de Soria) is a province of central Spain, in the eastern part of the autonomous community of Castile and León. Most of the province is in the mountainous Sistema Ibérico area. It is bordered by the provinces of La Rioja, Zaragoza, Guadalajara, Segovia, and Burgos.

With a population of 90,183, it is the least populous province of Spain, as well as the least densely populated with a density of less than 9 inhabitants/km2, one of the lowest in the European Union.