hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Entropy estimation
In various science/engineering applications, such as independent component analysis, image analysis, genetic analysis, speech recognition, manifold learning, and time delay estimation it is useful to estimate the differential entropy of a system or process, given some observations.

The simplest and most common approach uses histogram-based estimation, but other approaches have been developed and used, each with its own benefits and drawbacks. The main factor in choosing a method is often  a trade-off between the bias and the variance of the estimate, although the nature of the (suspected) distribution of the data may also be a factor, as well as the sample size and the size of the alphabet of the probability distribution.

Nonlinear dimensionality reduction
Nonlinear dimensionality reduction, also known as manifold learning, is any of various related techniques that aim to project high-dimensional data, potentially existing across non-linear manifolds which cannot be adequately captured by linear decomposition methods, onto lower-dimensional latent manifolds, with the goal of either visualizing the data in the low-dimensional space, or learning the mapping (either from the high-dimensional space to the low-dimensional embedding or vice versa) itself. The techniques described below can be understood as generalizations of linear decomposition methods used for dimensionality reduction, such as singular value decomposition and principal component analysis.
Sidney Clute
Sidney Richard Clute (April 21, 1916 – October 2, 1985) was an American film and television actor. He was notable for playing Detective Paul La Guardia in 57 episodes of the American police procedural drama Cagney & Lacey (1982–85). He also played Detective Simms in 10 episodes of McCloud.

Clute guest-starred in numerous television programs including Hawaii Five-O, Emergency!, The Rockford Files, Kolchak: The Night Stalker, All in the Family, Adam-12 and The Mary Tyler Moore Show. He also appeared in a few episodes of Lou Grant, Wagon Train, Hogan's Heroes, My Three Sons and Cannon. Clute died on October 2, 1985, of cancer at the St. George Hospital in Los Angeles, California, at the age of 69.

McCloud (TV series)
McCloud is an American police drama television series created by Herman Miller, that aired on NBC from September 16, 1970, to April 17, 1977. The series starred Dennis Weaver, and for six of its seven years as part of the NBC Mystery Movie rotating wheel series that was produced for the network by Universal Television. The show was centered on Deputy Marshal Sam McCloud of the small western town of Taos, New Mexico, who was on loan to the New York City Police Department (NYCPD) as a special investigator.
Caroline Wiseman
Caroline Wiseman (born 12 March 1954) is a British art dealer and author. She has had success selling prints by old masters such as Picasso, Matisse, and Braque and modern artists such as Howard Hodgkin, Patrick Heron, Elisabeth Frink, and Terry Frost.

Georges Braque
Georges Braque (/brɑːk, bræk/ BRA(H)K; French: [ʒɔʁʒ bʁak]; 13 May 1882 – 31 August 1963) was a major 20th-century French painter, collagist, draughtsman, printmaker and sculptor. His most notable contributions were in his alliance with Fauvism from 1905, and the role he played in the development of Cubism. Braque's work between 1908 and 1912 is closely associated with that of his colleague Pablo Picasso. Their respective Cubist works were indistinguishable for many years, yet the quiet nature of Braque was partially eclipsed by the fame and notoriety of Picasso.
Ang Sila
Ang Sila (Thai: อ่างศิลา, pronounced [ʔàːŋ sìʔ.lāː]) is a town (Thesaban Mueang) in the Mueang Chonburi District (amphoe) of Chonburi Province in the eastern region of Central Thailand. Ang Sila is 60 km from Bangkok. Ang Sila is a fishing town.

Chonburi province
Chonburi (Thai: ชลบุรี, RTGS: Chon Buri, [tɕ͡ʰōn bū.rīː] ⓘ) is a province of Thailand (changwat) located in eastern Thailand. Its capital is also named Chonburi. Neighbouring provinces are (clockwise from north) Chachoengsao, Chanthaburi, and Rayong, while the Bay of Bangkok is to the west. Pattaya, a major tourism destination in Thailand, is located in Chonburi, along with Laem Chabang, the country's primary seaport. The population of the province has grown rapidly and now totals 1.7 million residents, although a large portion of the population is floating or unregistered. The registered population as of 31 December 2024 was 1.635 million.
Armenian ruble
The ruble (Armenian: ռուբլի, Russian: рубль) was the independent currency of the First Republic of Armenia and the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic between 1919 and 1923. It replaced the first Transcaucasian ruble at par and was replaced by the second Transcaucasian ruble after Armenia became part of the Transcaucasian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic. No subdivisions of the ruble were issued and the currency existed only as banknotes.

Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
The Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (Transcaucasian SFSR or TSFSR), also known as the Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, or simply Transcaucasia, was a republic of the Soviet Union that existed from 1922 to 1936.

The TSFSR comprised Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia, traditionally known as the "Transcaucasian Republics" as they were separated from Russia by the Caucasus Mountains. It was created in March 1922 to unify the region following a Soviet invasion two years prior, and was one of the four republics to sign the Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics establishing the Soviet Union in December 1922. The TSFSR was dissolved upon the adoption of the 1936 Soviet Constitution and its constituent republics were elevated individually to republics of the Soviet Union.
WTMN
WTMN (1430 AM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Gainesville, Florida, United States. It is owned by MARC Radio Gainesville, LLC, and broadcasts to the Gainesville-Ocala radio market. WTMN and sister station WRZN 720 AM in Hernando, simulcast a Christian format called "The Shepherd Radio."

Programming is also heard on FM translator W242CS at 96.3 MHz in Gainesville.

Ocala, Florida
Ocala (/oʊˈkælə/ oh-KAL-ə) is a city in and the county seat of Marion County, Florida, United States. Located in North Central Florida, the city's population was 63,591 as of the 2020 census, up from 56,315 at the 2010 census and making it the 43rd-most populated city in Florida. Ocala is the principal city of the Ocala metropolitan area, which had a population of 375,908 in 2020.

Home to over 400 thoroughbred farms and training centers, Ocala is considered the "Horse Capital of the World". Notable attractions include the Ocala National Forest, Silver Springs State Park, Rainbow Springs State Park, the College of Central Florida, and the World Equestrian Center.
1983–84 Segunda División
The 1983–84 Segunda División season saw 20 teams participate in the second flight Spanish league. Hércules CF, Racing de Santander and Elche CF were promoted to Primera División. Linares CF, Algeciras CF, Palencia CF and Rayo Vallecano were relegated to Segunda División B.

Rayo Vallecano
Rayo Vallecano de Madrid, S.A.D. (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈraʝo βaʎeˈkano ðe maˈðɾið]), often abbreviated to Rayo (Spanish for "thunderbolt"), is a Spanish professional football club based in the Puente de Vallecas district of Madrid. The club competes in La Liga, the top flight of Spanish football.

Founded on 29 May 1924, the club is known for its sociocultural tradition, recognized for representing the barrio-local culture and its working-class status. Its home matches have been played at the 14,708-capacity Campo de Fútbol de Vallecas stadium since 1976.

During its history, Rayo has spent 22 seasons in the top-flight, and has played in two European competitions, the UEFA Cup in the 2000–01 season and the 2025–26 UEFA Conference League. The club won the 2017–18 Segunda División. By historical performance, Rayo is the third best club in Community of Madrid, after Real Madrid and Atlético Madrid.
Tudor Crown
The Tudor Crown, also known as the Imperial Crown, was a crown created in the early 16th century for either Henry VII or Henry VIII, the first Tudor monarchs of England, and destroyed in 1649 during the English Civil War. It was described by the art historian Sir Roy Strong as "a masterpiece of early Tudor jeweller's art".

A representation of the Tudor Crown is a widely used symbol in the heraldry of the United Kingdom. In use officially from 1901 to 1952 and again since 2022 on the accession of Charles III, it is used to represent the Crown as the sovereign source of governmental authority. As such, it appears on numerous official emblems in the United Kingdom, other Commonwealth realms, and the former British Empire.

Roy Strong
Sir Roy Colin Strong, CH, FRSL, FSA (born 23 August 1935) is an English art historian, museum curator, writer, broadcaster and landscape designer. He has served as director of both the National Portrait Gallery and the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. Strong was knighted in 1982, and made a Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour in 2016.
Al-Dreij
Al-Dreij (Arabic: الدريج) is a Syrian village in the Al-Tall District of the Rif Dimashq Governorate. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Al-Dreij had a population of 1,769 as of 2004 census.

Rif Dimashq Governorate
Rif Dimashq Governorate (Arabic: محافظة ريف دمشق, romanized: Moḥaafaẓat Reef Demashq, lit. "Damascus Countryside" or "Damascus Suburbs") is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria. It is situated in the southwestern part of the country. It borders the governorates of Quneitra, Daraa and Suwayda in the southwest, Homs in the north, Lebanon in the west and Jordan in the south. The capital is the city of Douma.

The Governorate completely surrounds the city and governorate of Damascus and it has an area of 18,032 km² and a population of 2,273,074 (2004 census).

The Governorate was a major site of fighting in the Syrian Civil War in the Rif Dimashq Governorate campaign.
Hans Streng
Hans Streng was a Swiss footballer who played two seasons for FC Basel in the late 1920s as a forward.

Streng joined Basel's first team in 1926. In his first season he played only one test match. In Basel's 1927–28 season he played nine games scoring one goal. Seven of these games were in the Swiss Serie A and two were friendly games.

Streng made his domestic league debut for the club in the away game on 4 December 1927 as Basel won 1–0 against Nordstern Basel. He scored his goal in the test game against Black Stars Basel on 28 August 1927.

FC Black Stars Basel
FC Black Stars Basel, commonly known as Black Stars Basel is a football club from Basel, Switzerland. They currently play in the 1. Liga Classic, the fourth tier of Swiss football. They were promoted to the third tier in 2019.
Platyzoa
The "Platyzoa" /ˌplætɪˈzoʊ.ə/ are a group of protostome unsegmented animals proposed by Thomas Cavalier-Smith in 1998. Cavalier-Smith included in Platyzoa the phylum Platyhelminthes (or flatworms), and a new phylum, the Acanthognatha, into which he gathered several previously described phyla of microscopic animals. Later it has been described as paraphyletic, containing the Rouphozoa and the Gnathifera. Since 2022 it is believed that Platyzoa are monophyletic and also includes Mesozoa.

Body cavity
A body cavity is any space or compartment, or potential space, in an animal body. Cavities accommodate organs and other structures; cavities as potential spaces contain fluid.

The two largest human body cavities are the ventral body cavity, and the dorsal body cavity. In the dorsal body cavity the brain and spinal cord are located.

The membranes that surround the central nervous system organs (the brain and the spinal cord, in the cranial and spinal cavities) are the three meninges. The differently lined spaces contain different types of fluid. In the meninges for example the fluid is cerebrospinal fluid; in the abdominal cavity the fluid contained in the peritoneum is a serous fluid.

In amniotes and some invertebrates the peritoneum lines their largest body cavity called  the coelom.
TrackID
TrackID was a mobile music and audio search engine for Sony Ericsson (now Sony Mobile) feature phones, Android devices and some Sony television sets. TrackID was developed by Sony Mobile and allowed users to identify music using Gracenote's music database. Gracenote was acquired by Sony in 2008. The acquisition was completed on June 2, 2008. The revised Android application was released in March 2015.

The service has been present on select Sony Ericsson handsets since around 2005.

TrackID was discontinued by Sony Mobile on 15 September 2017 and Sony recommended that users install Shazam to 'continue discovering music'.

Gracenote
Gracenote, Inc. is a company and service that provides music, video, and sports metadata and automatic content recognition (ACR) technologies to entertainment services and companies worldwide. Formerly CDDB ("Compact Disc Data Base"), Gracenote maintains and licenses an Internet-accessible database containing information about the contents of audio compact discs and vinyl records. From 2008 to 2014, it was owned by Sony, later sold to Tribune Media, and has been owned since 2017 by Nielsen Holdings. In 2019, Nielsen Holdings announced plans to split into two separate publicly traded companies, Nielsen Global Connect (later known as NielsenIQ and sold) and Nielsen Global Media. In October 2022, Nielsen Holdings (by then consisting of the Global Media business), including the Gracenote subsidiary was acquired by a private equity consortium.
Valley of Darkness
"Valley of Darkness" is the second episode of the second season of the reimagined Battlestar Galactica television series. It aired originally on the Sci Fi Channel on July 22, 2005.

In the episode, Cylon Centurions board Galactica. The crew, led by Lee "Apollo" Adama, beat them back but suffer heavy casualties. On Kobol, Gaius Baltar's visions continue, and Chief Galen Tyrol euthanizes a dying comrade. On Caprica, Starbuck and Helo relax in Starbuck's apartment and then take her truck out of the city.

According to executive producer Ronald D. Moore, production and post-production for "Valley of Darkness" was contentious. Nonetheless, critics reviewed it favorably. The episode received a nomination at the 2005 VES awards for the (animated) Centurions.

Battlestar Galactica (fictional spacecraft)
In both continuities of the Battlestar Galactica franchise, the main setting is a spacecraft called the Battlestar Galactica.

In both series, the Galactica is a large capital ship which can launch squadrons of Viper single-man fighters and is capable of faster-than-light travel. Galactica is depicted as one of several Battlestars of the Colonial (human) military, but is apparently the only Battlestar to survive the massive Cylon attack that begins the series. Commanded by a character called Adama, the Galactica leads the remnants of humanity in fleet of civilian ships to the mystical planet of "Earth".
The Miyagi Museum of Art
The Miyagi Museum of Art (宮城県美術館, Miyagi-ken bijutsukan) opened in Sendai, Japan, in 1981. The collection has as its primary focus works associated with Miyagi Prefecture and the Tōhoku region more generally, from the Meiji period to the present day, and also includes paintings by Wassily Kandinsky and Paul Klee. Artists represented include Aimitsu, Kishida Ryūsei, Matsumoto Shunsuke, Nakamura Tsune, Takahashi Yuichi, Yasui Sōtarō, and Yorozu Tetsugoro.

The building was designed by Kunio Maekawa.

Tetsugorō Yorozu
Tetsugorō Yorozu (萬 鉄五郎, Yorosu Tetsugorō; November 17, 1885 – May 1, 1927) was a Japanese painter, noted for his work in introducing the Avant-garde trend, especially cubism into Japanese yōga (Western-style) painting in the early 20th century.
Kyle Mackey
Kyle Erickson Mackey (born March 2, 1962) is an American football coach and former quarterback who played for the New York Jets, St. Louis Cardinals, Philadelphia Eagles, and the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League (NFL). He was also an Arena Football League (AFL) player, who played quarterback for the Albany Firebirds and the Fort Worth Cavalry. He played college football at Texas A&M University–Commerce from 1980 to 1983 where he was an All-American and led the Lions to the 1983 Lone Star Conference Championship. His father was Dee Mackey, a former tight end for the New York Jets.

Indiana Firebirds
The Indiana Firebirds were a team in the Arena Football League. The team was based in Indianapolis, Indiana. Home games were played at the Conseco Fieldhouse, also the home of the Indiana Pacers of the National Basketball Association and Indiana Fever of the Women's National Basketball Association.
United States women's national cricket team
The United States women's cricket team represents the United States in international women's cricket matches. Although the United States has been an associate member of the International Cricket Council (ICC) since 1965, the team made its international debut in 2009. The United States is one of the leading associate teams in the ICC Americas region and has participated in two editions of the Women's Cricket World Cup Qualifier and two editions of the ICC Women's T20 World Cup Qualifier, although it is yet to qualify for any World Cups.

Women's T20 World Cup Qualifier
The Women's T20 World Cup Qualifier (until 2018, the Women's World Twenty20 Qualifier) is an international cricket tournament that serves as the final step of the qualification process for the Women's T20 World Cup.

The qualifier was held for the first time in 2013, with the top three teams qualifying for the World Cup. The first five editions have featured eight teams, determined by a combination of international rankings, previous World Cup results, and regional qualifiers, with the top two teams qualifying for the World Cup. For the 2024 tournament the number of teams was increased to ten.

Bangladesh have won the tournament on three occasions, winning consecutively in 2018, 2019 and 2022. The first tournament was shared by Pakistan and Sri Lanka when the rain-affected final ended in a no result, while Ireland won the 2015 tournament. Thailand was the only other team to qualify for a World Cup via the qualifier, having finished runner-up to Bangladesh in 2019.
Bianca Manacorda
Bianca Manacorda (born 17 November 1997) is an Italian pair skater. With her former skating partner, Niccolò Macii, she won silver at an ISU Challenger Series event, the 2014 Lombardia Trophy, and placed 12th at the 2016 European Championships in Bratislava, Slovakia. They also competed at three World Junior Championships, achieving their best result, 6th, at the 2016 event in Debrecen, Hungary.

Debrecen
Debrecen (/ˈdɛbrətsɛn/ DEB-rət-sen; Hungarian: [ˈdɛbrɛt͡sɛn] ⓘ; German: Debrezin [ˈdɛbʁɛt͡siːn] ⓘ; Slovak: Debrecín [ˈɟɛbrɛt͡siːn] Romanian: Debrețin) is Hungary's second-largest city, after Budapest, the regional centre of the Northern Great Plain region and the seat of Hajdú-Bihar County. A city with county rights, it was the largest Hungarian city in the 18th century and it is one of the Hungarian people's most important cultural centres. Debrecen was also the capital city of Hungary during the revolution in 1848–1849. During the revolution, the dethronement of the Habsburg dynasty was declared in the Reformed Great Church. The city also served as the capital of Hungary by the end of World War II in 1944–1945. It is home to the University of Debrecen.
5-Hydroxytryptophan
5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), used medically as oxitriptan, is a naturally occurring amino acid and chemical precursor as well as a metabolic intermediate in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitter serotonin.

5-HTP can be manufactured and used as a drug and supplement with the INNTooltip International Nonproprietary Name oxitriptan. Brand names include Cincofarm, Levothym, Levotonine, Oxyfan, Telesol, Tript-OH, and Triptum. As a drug, it is used in the treatment of depression and for certain other indications.

Precursor (chemistry)
In chemistry, a precursor is a compound that participates in a chemical reaction that produces another compound.

In biochemistry, the term "precursor" often refers more specifically to a chemical compound preceding another in a metabolic pathway, such as a protein precursor.
Tidal Handicap
The Tidal Handicap was an American Thoroughbred horse race on turf run from 1964 through 1993. A race for horses age three and older, it was inaugurated on July 18, 1964, at Aqueduct Racetrack in Ozone Park, Queens, New York. It remained there through 1974 after which it was transferred to Belmont Park in Elmont, New York.

From inception, the Tidal Handicap was run in late June or early July until 1991 when it was moved to a run date in mid-October.

The Tidal Handicap was the third of Belmont Park's four major summer grass races for older horses. The unofficial series began with the Red Smith Handicap (G2) in early June, followed by the Bowling Green Handicap (G1) in mid-June, and finished with the Sword Dancer Handicap (G1) at the end of July.

Elmont, New York
Elmont is an unincorporated hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) located in northwestern Hempstead in Nassau County, New York, United States, along its border with the borough of Queens in the City of New York. The population was 35,265 at the time of the 2020 census.

The hamlet is famous for Belmont Park which hosts the Belmont Stakes, the third leg of the prestigious Triple Crown of thoroughbred racing. Elmont is also home to UBS Arena, home of the NHL's New York Islanders.

Elmont has tried incorporating itself as a village multiple times, but has been unable to successfully do so.
Păun Otiman
Păun Ion Otiman (born 28 May 1942) is a Romanian agricultural scientist and economist, University Professor, member of the Romanian Academy, Romanian Senator and former Rector of the Banat University of Agronomical Sciences and Veterinary Medicine.

King Michael I University of Life Sciences
The King Mihai I University of Life Sciences (Romanian: Universitatea de Științele Vieții „Regele Mihai I”; abbreviated USVT), known until 2022 as the University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Banat, is a public university in Timișoara, Romania, which specializes in life sciences and veterinary medicine. It was named in honor of King Michael I of Romania.
2004 U.S. Women's Open
The 2004 U.S. Women's Open was the 59th U.S. Women's Open, held July 1–4 at the Orchards Golf Club in South Hadley, Massachusetts, a suburb north of Springfield. The event was televised by ESPN and NBC Sports.

Meg Mallon won her second U.S. Women's Open title, two strokes ahead of runner-up Annika Sörenstam. The 54-hole leader was Jennifer Rosales at 206 (−7), with Mallon, Sörenstam, and Kelly Robbins three strokes back at 209 (−4).

In the final round, Mallon shot 65 (−6) to Sorenstam's 67 (−4), and Rosales fell down to fourth with a 75 (+4). It was Mallon's fourth and final major title; her first was thirteen years earlier in 1991, also at the U.S. Open.

Meg Mallon
Meg Mallon (born April 14, 1963) is an American professional golfer. She became a member of the LPGA Tour in 1987 and won 18 LPGA Tour events, including four major championships, during her career. Mallon was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2017.