hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Miski, Chad
Miski is a town in the Tibesti Mountains of northern Chad, in the Yebbibou sub-prefecture of the Emi Koussi department of the Borkou region. The local population has been estimated at no more than 300 families, most of whom are members of the Teda people.

Prior to the national administrative reorganization in 2008, Miski was in the Tibesti Department of the Bourkou-Ennedi-Tibesti region. When that region was abolished, Miski became part of the Tibesti Region, until the region boundary was redrawn in 2018, when Miski became part of the Borkou region.

Since late 2018, the Miski area has been cut off from the outside world by a Chadian military blockade, after the self-defense committee formed to protect Miski against illegal gold miners successfully repelled a military assault.

Provinces of Chad
The Republic of Chad is divided into 23 provinces.

Chad was divided into regions in 2002. It was previously divided into prefectures, and then departments.

On 10 August 2018, a new ordinance divided Chad into 23 provinces, 95 departments, and 365 communes. The names of the former regions remained the same but were now called provinces. On 4 July 2024, a new ordinance further divided the 23 provinces into 120 departments and 454 sub-prefectures.

Until 2025, the leaders of the provinces of Chad were known as governors. They are now called delegates general of the government.
Tanigawa (surname)
Tanigawa (written: 谷川) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Airi Tanigawa (谷川 愛梨; born 1995), Japanese idol and singer

Akiko Tanigawa (谷川 章子; born 1977), Japanese ten-pin bowler

Hideki Tanigawa (born 1977), Japanese sumo wrestler and coach

Mitsuaki Tanigawa (born 1943), Japanese burglar

Kōji Tanigawa (谷川 浩司; born 1962), Japanese shogi player

Nagaru Tanigawa (谷川 流; born 1970), Japanese writer

Satoru Tanigawa (谷川 聡; born 1972), Japanese hurdler

Shuzen Tanigawa (谷川 秀善; born 1934), Japanese politician

Yaichi Tanigawa (谷川 弥一; born 1941), Japanese politician

Nagaru Tanigawa
Nagaru Tanigawa (谷川 流, Tanigawa Nagaru; born December 19, 1970) is a Japanese author. He is a graduate of the law school at Kwansei Gakuin University. He is best known as the creator of the Haruhi Suzumiya light novel series, which was adapted into an anime television series and film, and for which he won the Grand Prize at the eighth annual Sneaker Awards. While Tanigawa was on hiatus from writing his light novel series, he wrote the manga series Amnesia Labyrinth, which was serialized in Dengeki Bunko Magazine.
John Cooke (entrepreneur)
John Cooke (1824–1882) was one of the principals of Cooke Locomotive Works, one of the constituent companies that made up American Locomotive Company in the merger of 1901.

Cooke was born in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, but sought his fortune in the United States.  While a teenager, he was apprenticed to Thomas Rogers (who founded the Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works).  His apprenticeship worked out so well for the two of them that he was promoted to shop superintendent by 1843, a position he held until 1852.

When he left Rogers' employ, Cooke formed a partnership with Charles Danforth.  The two founded the new locomotive manufacturing company of Danforth, Cooke and Company in Paterson, New Jersey.  Cooke's company became a serious competitor in the locomotive building business.  After Cooke's death in 1882, his company, by that time renamed to Cooke Locomotive Works, became one of the constituent companies that made up the American Locomotive Company in the merger of 1901.

Paterson, New Jersey
Paterson (English pronunciation: /ˈpætɚsən/ ⓘ) is the largest city in and the county seat of Passaic County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, Paterson was the state's third-most-populous municipality, with a population of 159,732, an increase of 13,533 (+9.3%) from the 2010 census count of 146,199, which in turn reflected a decline of 3,023 (-2.0%) from the 149,222 counted in the 2000 census. The Census Bureau's Population Estimates Program calculated a population of 156,452 for 2023, making it the 168th-most populous municipality in the nation.

A prominent mill town within the New York–New Jersey metropolitan area, Paterson has been known as Silk City for its once-dominant role in silk production during the latter half of 19th century. It has since evolved into a major destination for Hispanic immigrants as well as for immigrants from Turkey, the Arab world, and South Asia. Paterson has the nation's second-largest per capita Muslim population.
Christine Jensen (musician)
Christine Jensen is a composer, conductor, and saxophonist based in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. She was awarded the Juno Award for Contemporary Jazz Album of the Year for her albums Treelines (2011) and Habitat (2014). She is the sister of trumpeter Ingrid Jensen.

Jensen received her Bachelor's degree in Jazz Performance at McGill University in 1994, and later her Master's in 2006. She has studied under the tutelage of Pat LaBarbera, Jim McNeely, Kenny Werner, and Steve Wilson.

Jensen has collaborated with many artists including her sister, Ingrid, Ben Monder, Lorne Lofsky, Allison Au, Phil Dwyer, Donny McCaslin, Geoffrey Keezer, Brad Turner, and Lenny Pickett.

She is a former faculty member at McGill University's Schulich School of Music, as well as current Assistant Professor of Jazz Studies at Eastman School of Music.

Donny McCaslin
Donald Paul McCaslin (born August 11, 1966) is an American jazz saxophonist. He has recorded over a dozen albums as a bandleader in addition to many sideman appearances, including on David Bowie's final studio album, Blackstar (2016).
Independent Conservatism
Independent Conservatism (Conservatismo Independiente) was a conservative political party in Colombia. In the 2002 legislative election, the party won parliamentary representation as one of the many small parties. In the election of 2006, the party won no seats.

2006 Colombian parliamentary election
Congressional elections were held in Colombia on March 12, 2006 to elect members of the Senate and Chamber of Representatives. Presidential primaries were also held for the Liberal Party and the Alternative Democratic Pole prior to the upcoming presidential elections in May.
Container compression test
The container compression test measures the compressive strength of packages such as boxes, drums, and cans. It usually provides a plot of  deformation vs compressive force.

It is commonly used to evaluate shipping containers made of corrugated fiberboard as well as wooden boxes and crates. Industrial and consumer packages other than boxes can also be subjected to compression testing: drum, pail, bottle, tub etc. Package components are also evaluated for compression resistance.

It is usually a laboratory test involving a special machine, a compression tester, to apply controlled compression on a test specimen. A universal testing machine is sometimes configured to perform a package compression test.   Compression testing can also involve a superimposed dead load to a test package.

Universal testing machine
A universal testing machine (UTM), also known as a universal tester, universal tensile machine, materials testing machine, materials test frame, is used to test the tensile strength (pulling) and compressive strength (pushing), flexural strength, bending, shear, hardness, and torsion testing, providing valuable data for designing and ensuring the quality of materials.  An earlier name for a tensile testing machine is a tensometer.  The "universal" part of the name reflects that it can perform many standard tests application on materials, components, and structures (in other words, that it is versatile).
Cristo Foufas
Cristo Foufas is a TV presenter in the United Kingdom. He works for TalkTV and has previously worked for LBC, ITV, BBC London, Purple Radio, Foxy Radio, and as a reporter at Galaxy and Radio Aire.

He was previously a producer on Loose Women.

BBC Radio London
BBC Radio London is the BBC's local radio station serving Greater London.

It broadcasts on FM, DAB, digital TV and via BBC Sounds from studios at Broadcasting House in Langham Place, London.

According to RAJAR, the station has a weekly audience of 548,000 listeners and a 0.9% share as of December 2023.
WXCW
WXCW (channel 46), branded as WINK CW, is a television station licensed to Naples, Florida, United States, serving as the CW network affiliate for Southwest Florida. It is locally owned by Sun Broadcasting alongside two low-power stations: Univision/UniMás affiliate WUVF-LD (channel 2) and WANA-LD (channel 18), both also licensed to Naples. Sun Broadcasting maintains a shared services agreement (SSA) with Fort Myers Broadcasting Company, owner of Fort Myers–licensed CBS affiliate WINK-TV (channel 11), for the provision of certain services. The stations share studio facilities on Palm Beach Boulevard (SR 80) in northeast Fort Myers; WXCW's transmitter is located north of Fort Myers Shores, near the Charlotte–Lee county line.

Fort Myers Shores, Florida
Fort Myers Shores is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Lee County, Florida, United States. The population was 5,774 at the 2020 census, up from 5,487 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Cape Coral-Fort Myers, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Sikhs in the British Indian Army
Sikhs served in the British Indian Army throughout the British Raj. After the fall of the Sikh Empire and death of its king Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the British conquered this large territory with much difficulty as it was the last kingdom in India to be taken over by the British, and began recruiting Sikhs into their army in large numbers. Sikh units fought at the Battle of Saragarhi; in the First World War, as the "Black Lions", as well as during the Second World War in Malaya, Burma and Italy.

Ishar Singh (havildar)
Havildar Ishar Singh, IOM, IDSM (1858 – 12 September 1897), was an Indian soldier and war hero of the 36th Sikhs. He was known leading the regiment on a last stand against the 10,000-12,000 strong Pashtun tribesmen with only 20 other men at the Battle of Saragarhi. After sustaining enough resistance, Singh was fighting alone but refused to surrender and fought to the death along with the rest.
Plasmodium fieldi
Plasmodium fieldi is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium sub genus Plasmodium found in Malaysia. This species is related to Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium simiovale. As in all Plasmodium species, P. fieldi has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are primates.

Southern pig-tailed macaque
The southern pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina), also known as the Sundaland pig-tailed macaque and the Sunda pig-tailed macaque, is a medium-sized macaque that lives in Sundaland, southern Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia. It is known locally as beruk.
Kiyoo Wadati
Kiyoo Wadati (和達 清夫, Wadachi Kiyoo; September 8, 1902 – January 5, 1995) was an early seismologist at the Central Meteorological Observatory of Japan (now known as the Japan Meteorological Agency), researching deep (subduction zone) earthquakes.  His name is attached to the Wadati–Benioff zone. It was Wadati's 1928 paper on shallow and deep earthquakes, comparing maximum below surface displacement against distance from the epicentre, which led Charles Richter to develop his earthquake magnitude scale in 1935.

Epicenter
The epicenter (/ˈɛpɪˌsɛntər/), epicentre, or epicentrum in seismology is the point on the Earth's surface directly above a hypocenter or focus, the point where an earthquake or an underground explosion originates.
Eilatimonas
Eilatimonas is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped and motile genus of bacteria from the family Temperatibacteraceae, with one known species (Eilatimonas milleporae). Eilatimonas milleporae has been isolated from the hydrocoral Millepora dichotoma from the Gulf of Aqaba in the Middle East.

Gulf of Aqaba
The Gulf of Aqaba (Arabic: خَلِيج الْعَقَبَة, romanized: Khalīj al-ʿAqaba) or Gulf of Eilat (Hebrew: מפרץ אילת, romanized: Mifrátz Eilát) is a large gulf at the northern tip of the Red Sea, southeast of the Sinai Peninsula, and west of the Arabian Peninsula. Its coastline is divided among four countries: Egypt, Israel, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia.
Pikes Creek
Pikes Creek (also known as Pike Creek) is a tributary of Harveys Creek in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately 8.9 miles (14.3 km) long and flows through Lake Township, Lehman Township, Jackson Township, and Plymouth Township. The watershed of the creek has an area of 11.6 square miles (30 km2). It is designated as a High-Quality Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery, as well as being Class A Wild Trout Waters for part of its length. The creek has a 400-acre reservoir, which is known as the Pikes Creek Reservoir and supplies water to tens of thousands of people. A number of bridges have been constructed over the creek.

Lehman Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania
Lehman Township is a township in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, United States. The township is part of the Back Mountain (a 118 square mile region in northern Luzerne County). The campus of Penn State Wilkes-Barre is located at the Hayfield Farms on Old Route 115 in Lehman Township. The township population was 3,342 at the 2020 census.
Zambian mole-rat
The Zambian mole-rat (Fukomys amatus) is a species of rodent in the family Bathyergidae. It is found in Zambia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It was formerly considered a subspecies of Cryptomys hottentotus.

Common mole-rat
The common mole-rat, African mole-rat, or Hottentot mole-rat, (Cryptomys hottentotus) is a burrowing rodent found in Southern Africa, in particular in the Western Cape province of South Africa.  It also occurs in Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.  It is a species in the subfamily Bathyerginae.
Trudinger's theorem
In mathematical analysis, Trudinger's theorem or the Trudinger inequality (also sometimes called the Moser–Trudinger inequality) is a result of functional analysis on Sobolev spaces. It is named after Neil Trudinger (and Jürgen Moser).

It provides an inequality between a certain Sobolev space norm and an Orlicz space norm of a function. The inequality is a limiting case of Sobolev embedding and can be stated as the following theorem:

Let  be a bounded domain in  satisfying the cone condition. Let  and . Set

Then there exists the embedding

where

The space

is an example of an Orlicz space.

Mathematical analysis
Analysis is the branch of mathematics dealing with continuous functions, limits, and related theories, such as differentiation, integration, measure, infinite sequences, series, and analytic functions.

These theories are usually studied in the context of real and complex numbers and functions. Analysis evolved from calculus, which involves the elementary concepts and techniques of analysis.
Analysis may be distinguished from geometry; however, it can be applied to any space of mathematical objects that has a definition of nearness (a topological space) or specific distances between objects  (a metric space).
2003 Rugby World Cup warm-up matches
Throughout August 2003, various teams prepared for the Rugby World Cup in Australia with a short series of test matches, and involving the Six Nations sides. In addition, Fiji toured New Zealand and South America and Samoa played two matches with provincial teams of New Zealand. Argentina and South Africa played other, not international, Tests.

The tests replaced the Autumn international series in November, which does not take place in World Cup years. There were two tournaments involving teams that were preparing for the World Cup.

The 2003 Tri Nations, with Australia, New Zealand, South Africa

The Pan American championship with Argentina, Canada, United States, Uruguay

There were also a tour of Fiji in New Zealand and South America

Note: this article does not include international results not involving at least one side who had qualified for the 2003 World Cup

Graeme Beveridge
Graeme Beveridge (born 17 February 1976) is a rugby union manager who is a former rugby union footballer.  He previously played at scrum-half for Edinburgh Rugby, Glasgow Warriors, Bristol and Scotland.
The Amazing Screw-On Head
The Amazing Screw-On Head is a one-shot comic book written and drawn by Mike Mignola and published by Dark Horse Comics in 2002, starring the character of the same name. The Amazing Screw-On Head stars a robot living during the Lincoln administration whose head can be attached to different bodies with different tactical abilities, and who functions as an agent of the U.S. government.

The idea for the character was inspired by action figures, particularly Batman ones, which seemed to Mignola to be the same figurines with different paint jobs. Mignola imagined a robot with a head that screwed onto different bodies to suit the occasion, hence "Screw-on Head". An animated pilot, based on the plot of the comic, was produced by the Sci-Fi Channel in 2006, with Bryan Fuller as writer and executive producer and Chris Prynoski as director.

Chris Prynoski
Chris Prynoski is an American film and television producer, animator, and director, known for his work on TV programs such as Downtown, Metalocalypse, Freaknik: The Musical, Motorcity and Megas XLR and films such as Beavis and Butt-Head Do America.
Flumenthal Dam
The Flumenthal Dam is a regulating dam at Flumenthal, Switzerland, which was erected as the most important element of all the works of the Second Jura water correction. It was built to regulate the outflow of Seeland's three-lake hydrologic system as far downstream as Solothurn and the confluence with the river Emme River. It works in conjunction with the Regulating Dam Port at Seeland. The works started in 1966, and the dam and adjoining downstream hydroelectric power station were commissioned in 1970.

Solothurn
Solothurn (/ˈsoʊlətʊərn, ˈzoʊ-/ SOH-lə-toorn, ZOH-; Swiss Standard German: [ˈzoːlotʊrn] ⓘ; French: Soleure [sɔlœʁ]; Italian: Soletta [soˈletta]; Romansh: Soloturnⓘ) is a city, a municipality, and the capital of the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. It is located in the north-west of Switzerland on the banks of the Aare and on the foot of the Weissenstein Jura mountains.

The city is the only municipality of the district of the same name.

The city got its name from Salodurum, a Roman-era settlement. From 1530 to 1792 it was the seat of the French ambassador to Switzerland. The pedestrian-only old town was built between 1530 and 1792 and shows an impressive array of Baroque architecture, combining Italian Grandezza, French style, and Swiss ideas. The city has eighteen structures listed as heritage sites.

The official language of Solothurn is (the Swiss variety of Standard) German, but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect.
Eduardus van Voorst tot Voorst
Eduardus Ludovicus Baron van Voorst tot Voorst (17 November 1874 – 2 April 1945) was a Dutch sport shooter who competed at the 1908 Summer Olympics and the 1920 Summer Olympics.

He was born in Bagoe, Kraksaän, Probolinggo, Dutch East Indies and died in Warnsveld. He was the older brother of Franciscus van Voorst tot Voorst.

In 1908, he finished fourth with the Dutch team in the team trap shooting event. In the individual trap competition he finished 15th. Twelve years later, he finished sixth as a member of the Dutch team in the team clay pigeons event.

Shooting at the 1920 Summer Olympics – Men's team trap
The men's team clay pigeons was a shooting sports event held as part of the Shooting at the 1920 Summer Olympics programme. It was the third appearance of the event. The competition was held on 22 and 23 July 1920. 48 shooters from eight nations competed.

The International Olympic Committee medal database shows Frederick Plum as medalist for the United States but he did not compete in this event. The correct medalist is Jay Clark.
Blue Lake (Sebring, Florida)
Blue Lake,
an almost-round lake, has a surface area of 33.76 acres (13.66 ha). This lake is south of Sebring, Florida, and inside the southeast part of Highlands Hammock State Park. The area immediately surrounding it is rural, but there are housing developments scattered through the area in which the lake is located.

Blue Lake provides public access along its entire shore. The public is allowed to access Highlands Hammock State Park and therefore Blue Lake daily from dawn to dusk. There is no information about the types of fish in this lake. A parking area and four shelter houses with picnic tables are on the northwest side of Blue Lake.

Sometimes this lake is confused with another Blue Lake, which is located just north of Lake Placid, Florida, further south and also in Highlands County.

Lake Placid, Florida
Lake Placid is a town in Highlands County, Florida, United States. It is part of the Sebring, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2020 census, the population was 2,360, up from 2,223 at the 2010 census.

The town has two nicknames: "Town of Murals" and "Caladium Capital of the World". Lake Placid has 47 murals painted on buildings throughout the town, and 98 percent of the world's caladium bulbs come from Lake Placid. There are 14 caladium farms, spanning 1,200 acres, and these plants have been grown in the area since the 1940s. In 2013, Reader's Digest named Lake Placid America's Most Interesting Town.

The town is home to the Lake Placid Tower, a closed concrete block observation tower that is 240 feet (73 m) tall according to early sources or 270 feet (82 m) tall according to late sources. However, government sources exclude a 270-foot height, allowing only a 240-foot height.
Vidim, Russia
Vidim (Russian: Видим) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) in Nizhneilimsky District of Irkutsk Oblast, Russia. Population:  1,236 (2010 Census); 1,453 (2002 Census); 2,226 (1989 Soviet census).

Nizhneilimsky District
Nizhneilimsky District (Russian: Нижнеили́мский райо́н) is an administrative district, one of the thirty-three in Irkutsk Oblast, Russia. Municipally, it is incorporated as Nizhneilimsky Municipal District. The area of the district is 36,823 square kilometers (14,217 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Zheleznogorsk-Ilimsky. Population: 55,096 (2010 census); 63,727 (2002 Census); 77,291 (1989 Soviet census).
Al-Sahel
Al-Sahel (Arabic: السحل, also transliterated As-Sahel and As-Sehel) is a Syrian village in the An-Nabek District of the Rif Dimashq Governorate. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), al-Sahel had a population of 5,677 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Sunni Muslims.

Al-Nabek District
al-Nabek District (Arabic: منطقة النبك, romanized: manṭiqat an-Nabek) is a district of the Rif Dimashq Governorate in southern Syria. Administrative centre is the city of al-Nabek. At the 2004 census, the district had a population of 80,001.

The area of the district is also known as Qalamoun (also transliterated as Qalamun, Qalamūn, Kalamon and Kalamoun).
Goldman domain
In mathematics, a Goldman domain or G-domain is an integral domain A whose field of fractions is a finitely generated algebra over A. They are named after Oscar Goldman.

An overring (i.e., an intermediate ring lying between the ring and its field of fractions) of a Goldman domain is again a Goldman domain. There exists a Goldman domain where all nonzero prime ideals are maximal although there are infinitely many prime ideals.

An ideal I in a commutative ring A is called a Goldman ideal if the quotient A/I is a Goldman domain. A Goldman ideal is thus prime, but not necessarily maximal. In fact, a commutative ring is a Jacobson ring if and only if every Goldman ideal in it is maximal.

The notion of a Goldman ideal can be used to give a slightly sharpened characterization of a radical of an ideal: the radical of an ideal I is the intersection of all Goldman ideals containing I.

Zero element
In mathematics, a zero element is one of several generalizations of the number zero to other algebraic structures. These alternate meanings may or may not reduce to the same thing, depending on the context.