hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Aminophylline
Aminophylline is a compound of the bronchodilator theophylline with ethylenediamine in 2:1 ratio. The ethylenediamine improves solubility, and the aminophylline is usually found as a dihydrate.

Aminophylline is less potent and shorter-acting than theophylline. Its most common use is in the treatment of airway obstruction from asthma or COPD. Aminophylline is a nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist and phosphodiesterase inhibitor.

Hydrate
In chemistry, a hydrate is a substance that contains water or its constituent elements. The chemical state of the water varies widely between different classes of hydrates, some of which were so labeled before their chemical structure was understood.
Narmeh-ye Olya
Narmeh-ye Olya (Persian: نارمه عليا, also Romanized as Nārmeh-ye ‘Olyā) is a village in Poshtkuh Rural District, Falard District, Lordegan County, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 115, in 24 families. The village is populated by Lurs.

Poshtkuh Rural District (Falard County)
Poshtkuh Rural District (Persian: دهستان پشتكوه) is in Emamzadeh Hasan District of Falard County, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Darreh Namdari. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Qaleh Sukhteh.
2024 Guadalajara Open Akron – Doubles
Anna Danilina and Irina Khromacheva defeated Oksana Kalashnikova and Kamilla Rakhimova in the final, 2–6, 7–5, [10–7] to win the doubles tennis title at the 2024 Guadalajara Open.

Storm Hunter and Elise Mertens were the reigning champions, but did not participate this year.

Storm Hunter
Storm Hunter (née Sanders; born 11 August 1994) is an Australian professional tennis player. She reached world No. 1 in doubles on 6 November 2023, becoming the third Australian woman to hold the top spot. She also has a career-high singles ranking of world No. 114 on 1 April 2024.

Hunter won her first major title in mixed doubles at the 2022 US Open. She has also won eight doubles titles on the WTA Tour, one doubles title on the WTA Challenger Tour as well as three singles titles and thirteen doubles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit.

Hunter debuted on the ITF Junior Circuit in December 2007, and on the senior circuit in November 2008. She won her first professional tournament in February 2013.

She also represented Australia at the 2020 Summer Olympics, which due to the COVID-19 pandemic were held in 2021, reaching the quarterfinals in the women's doubles competition.
Riverweed darter
The riverweed darter (Etheostoma podostemone) is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. It is endemic to the eastern United States, where it occurs in the upper Roanoke River drainage in Virginia and North Carolina.  It inhabits rocky riffles of creeks and small rivers.  This species can reach a length of 7.6 cm (3.0 in).

Etheostomatinae
Etheostomatinae is a species-rich subfamily of freshwater ray-finned fish, the members of which are commonly known as the darters. The subfamily is part of the family Percidae which also includes the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. The family is endemic to North America. It consists of three to five different genera and well over 200 species. A common name for these fish in southern Indiana is pollywog.
Charles Mann (American football)
Charles Andre Mann (born April 12, 1961) is an American businessman and former professional football player.  He played as a defensive end in the National Football League (NFL) for the Washington Redskins and San Francisco 49ers.  Mann made the Pro Bowl four times in 1987, 1988, 1989, 1991.

1990 Pro Bowl
The 1990 Pro Bowl was the NFL's fortieth annual all-star game which featured the outstanding performers from the 1989 season. The game was played on Sunday, February 4, 1990, at Aloha Stadium in Honolulu, Hawaii before a crowd of 50,445. The final score was NFC 27, AFC 21.

Bud Carson of the Cleveland Browns led the AFC team against an NFC team coached by Los Angeles Rams head coach John Robinson. The referee was Johnny Grier.

Jerry Gray of the Los Angeles Rams was named the game's MVP. Players on the winning NFC team received $10,000 apiece while the AFC participants each took home $5,000.
Alexander Krutov
Alexander Nikolayevich Krutov (Russian: Александр Николаевич Крутов; born 13 October 1947) is a Russian journalist and politician, a member of the State Duma (2003–07). His party affiliation was Rodina (Motherland), and he held the positions of Deputy Chairman of the Committee on Information Policy and is a member of the Commission on the Credentials and Deputies’ Ethics Issues in the Duma. He is known for his nationalist and anti-semitic views.

Rodina (political party)
The All-Russian Political Party "Rodina" is a nationalist political party in Russia. It is a coalition of thirty nationalist groups that was established by Dmitry Rogozin, Sergey Glazyev, Sergey Baburin, Viktor Gerashchenko, Georgy Shpak, Valentin Varennikov and others in August 2003. The party's ideology combines "patriotism, nationalism, and a greater role for the government in the economy", and is described as pro-Kremlin. Its headquarters is located in Moscow.

In the 2003 legislative elections, Rodina won 9.02% of the vote and ended up with 37 of the 450 seats in the State Duma. In the 2016 elections, it won 1.51% of the vote and ended up with one seat. In the 2021 elections, it won 0.80% of the vote and ended up with one seat. The party supports President Vladimir Putin.
I with bar
I with bar (majuscule: Ɨ, minuscule: ɨ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, formed from I or i with the addition of a bar.

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, ɨ is used to represent a close central unrounded vowel. In American linguistic tradition (such as in Americanist phonetic notation), it is used to represent the weak vowel heard in the second syllable of roses when distinct from Rosa's. For related uses of the small capital barred i, see near-close central unrounded vowel.

The ISO 6438 (African coded character set for bibliographic information interchange) gives lowercase of Ɨ as ɪ, a small capital I, not ɨ.

ISO 6438
ISO 6438:1983, Documentation — African coded character set for bibliographic information interchange, is an ISO standard for an 8-bit character encoding for African languages. Developed separately from the African reference alphabet but apparently based on the same data sets, it has had little use; its forms are retained in Unicode. FreeDOS calls this Code Page 65504.
Semiotics (journal)
Semiotics: Yearbook of the Semiotic Society of America is an annual series that publishes a selection of the peer-reviewed papers presented at the society's annual conference. The content and thematic focus of each volume varies based on the program of the annual meeting.

The Semiotic Society of America is an interdisciplinary professional association that supports the study of signs and sign-systems. In addition to this series the society also publishes The American Journal of Semiotics. All volumes of both publications are available online from the Philosophy Documentation Center.

Professional association
A professional association (also called  a professional body, professional organization, or professional society) is a group that usually seeks to further a particular profession, the interests of individuals and organisations engaged in that profession, and the public interest. In the United States, such an association is typically a nonprofit business league for tax purposes. In the UK, they may take a variety of legal forms.
Burjorji Padshah
Burjorji Jamaspji Padshah (7 May 1864 - 20 June 1941) was a Parsi educationist and scholar who was involved in the establishment of several institutions while working with Jamsetji Tata and later his sons Dorab and Ratan Tata. These included the Tata Iron and Steel plant, the Indian Institute of Science, New India Assurance and Tata Oil Mills. He was also for sometime a Theosophist.

Indian Institute of Science
The Indian Institute of Science (IISc) is a public, deemed, research university for higher education and research in science, engineering, design, and management. It is located in Bengaluru, Karnataka. The institute was established in 1909 with active support from Jamsetji Tata and thus is also locally known as the Tata Institute. It was granted a deemed university status in 1958 and recognized as an Institute of Eminence in 2018.
Z Air
Z Air B.V. (formerly EZ Air) is a small regional airline and Air Ambulance provider BES, founded in May 2000. It is based in Bonaire, with ticket offices in the southern Caribbean Sea islands of Bonaire and Curaçao.

Regional airline
A regional airline is a general classification of airline which typically operates scheduled passenger air service, using regional aircraft, between communities lacking sufficient demand or infrastructure to attract mainline flights. In North America, most regional airlines are classified as "fee-for-departure" carriers, operating their revenue flights as codeshare services contracted by one or more major airline partners. A number of regional airlines, particularly during the 1960s and 1970s, were classified as commuter airlines in the Official Airline Guide (OAG).
John Roan (bishop)
John Roan, D.D. (died 5 September 1692) was a Church of Ireland Bishop of Killaloe.

He was born in Wales and educated at Brasenose College, Oxford and awarded Doctor of Divinity (D.D.) by Trinity College Dublin in 1666. He was made pro-vice-chancellor of the university the following year; and also appointed Dean of Clogher.

Roan was chaplain to James Margetson, Archbishop of Armagh, who appointed him Bishop of Killaloe. He was consecrated in June 1675 and was one of the few Anglican bishops to remain in Ireland during the subsequent religious strife of the Williamite war in Ireland, for which he suffered financially.

Roan died in office in 1692 at the Episcopal House at Killaloe and was buried in Killaloe Cathedral.  His tomb is inscribed: "Hic jacet corpus Joannis Roan, S.S. Theologiae Doctoris, Laonensis Episcopi, qui obiit 5° die Septembris, A.D. 1692." (Here lies the body of John Roan, DD and Bishop of Killaloe, who died on 5 September 1692)

Archbishop of Armagh
The Archbishop of Armagh is an archiepiscopal title which takes its name from the see city of Armagh in Northern Ireland. Since the Reformation, there have been parallel apostolic successions to the title: one in the Catholic Church and the other in the Church of Ireland. The archbishop of each denomination also holds the title of Primate of All Ireland.

In the Church of Ireland, the archbishop is John McDowell, who is the ecclesiastical head of the Church of Ireland and the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Armagh. He was elected as archbishop in March 2020 and translated to the role on 28 April 2020.

In the Catholic Church, the archbishop is Eamon Martin, who is the ecclesiastical head of the Catholic Church in Ireland, metropolitan of the Province of Armagh and the ordinary of the Archdiocese of Armagh. He succeeded on 8 September 2014, having been ordained Coadjutor Archbishop of Armagh on 21 April 2013 at St Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh.
Undo (company)
Undo is a software debugging company based in Cambridge, UK. The company was founded in 2005 by Greg Law and Julian Smith. Undo’s  time travel debugging technology is used by software engineering teams to debug software programs.

Undo’s software is used in environments including networking & security, financial services, databases, and large-scale simulation systems.

Time travel debugging
Time travel debugging or time traveling debugging is the process of stepping back in time through source code to understand what is happening during execution of a computer program. Typically, debugging and debuggers, tools that assist a user with the process of debugging, allow users to pause the execution of running software and inspect the current state of the program. Users can then step forward in time, stepping into or over statements and proceeding in a forward direction. Interactive debuggers include the ability to modify code and step forward based on updated information. Reverse debugging tools allow users to step backwards in time through the steps that resulted in reaching a particular point in the program. Time traveling debuggers provide these features and also allow users to interact with the program, changing the history if desired, and watch how the program responds.
Ferrari Amalfi
The Ferrari Amalfi (Type F169M) is a grand touring car produced by Italian manufacturer Ferrari. It was unveiled on July 1, 2025, as the successor to the Ferrari Roma, with an estimated starting price of $283,000. It has a front mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout. The car is named after the village of Amalfi on the Gulf of Salerno.

Amalfi
Amalfi (UK: /əˈmælfi/, US: /ɑːˈmɑːlfi/, Italian: [aˈmalfi]) is a town and comune in the province of Salerno, in the region of Campania, Italy, on the Gulf of Salerno. It lies at the mouth of a deep ravine, at the foot of Monte Cerreto (1,315 metres, 4,314 feet), surrounded by dramatic cliffs and coastal scenery. The town of Amalfi was the capital of the maritime republic known as the Duchy of Amalfi, an important trading power in the Mediterranean between 839 and around 1200. It has 4,611 inhabitants.

The town became a popular seaside resort beginning in the Edwardian era, with members of the British upper class spending their winters in Amalfi. Amalfi is included in the UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Quagering Island
34°50′57.5″S 115°59′45.4″E﻿ / ﻿34.849306°S 115.995944°E﻿ / -34.849306; 115.995944﻿ (Quagering Island)

Quagering Island (also known as Flat Island) is an island off the south coast of Western Australia, located near Windy Harbour, and along with Sandy Island makes the Quagering Nature Reserve.

South coast of Western Australia
The south coast of Western Australia comprises the Western Australian coastline from Cape Leeuwin to Eucla.  This is a distance of approximately 1,600 kilometres (1,000 mi), fronting the Great Australian Bight and the Southern Ocean.
Médard Makanga
Médard Makanga (born 8 May 1967) is a Congolese sprinter and hurdler. He won five gold medals at the Central African Athletics Championships and set the Congolese 400 metres hurdles national record. He also competed in the men's 200 metres, 400 metres, and 4 × 100 metres relay at the 1992 Summer Olympics.

Athletics at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metres
The men's 200 metres was an event at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. There were 79 participating athletes from 65 nations, with eleven qualifying heats. The maximum number of athletes per nation had been set at 3 since the 1930 Olympic Congress. The event was won by 0.12 seconds by Michael Marsh of the United States, the nation's third consecutive and 15th overall victory in the event. The Americans would take a second medal for the third consecutive Games as well, this time with Michael Bates earning bronze. The silver medal went to Frankie Fredericks, taking Namibia's first medal in the men's 200 metres.
Laurdan
Laurdan is an organic compound which is used as a fluorescent dye when applied to fluorescence microscopy. It is used to investigate membrane qualities of the phospholipid bilayers of cell membranes. One of its most important characteristics is its sensitivity to membrane phase transitions as well as other alterations to membrane fluidity such as the penetration of water.

Glycerol
Glycerol (/ˈɡlɪsərɒl/) is a sugar alcohol with chemical formula C3H5(OH)3. It has three carbon atoms and as many hydroxyl groups. It is a colorless, odorless, sweet-tasting, viscous liquid at Standard Ambient Temperature and Pressure (SATP). Because of its three hydroxyl groups, glycerol is miscible with water and is hygroscopic in nature.

The glycerol backbone is found in lipids known as glycerides, where one or more of the hydroxyl groups are esterified with fatty acids. The most abundant of glycerides are triglycerides (found in animal fats and vegetable oils), the form in which glycerol is most commonly found in nature. It is also widely used as a sweetener in the food industry and as a humectant in pharmaceutical formulations.

Modern use of the word glycerine (alternatively spelled glycerin) refers to commercial preparations of less than 100% purity, typically 95% glycerol.
BNS Surma (1974)
BNS Surma was an Ajay-class patrol vessel of the Bangladesh Navy. She was gifted by the Indian Navy in 1974.

Another vessel of Bangladesh Navy carrying the same name was built at Khulna Shipyard was commissioned into the navy in 2013.

Ajay-class patrol vessel
The Ajay-class patrol vessels were built by Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers in the 1960s. The lead vessel, INS Ajay was the first warship built in Independent India. They were sometimes viewed as a variant of the Ford-class seaward defence boats. Two were transferred to the Bangladesh Navy and one to Mauritius; later versions could have different armament
Serviezel Castle
Serviezel Castle is a pair of ruined castles in the municipality of Valsot of the Canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.  Very little is known about either castle and they were probably both built in the 12th century for the Lords of Ramosch.  Serviezel (Ramosch) is located in the former municipality of Ramosch, while Serviezel (Tschlin) is about 6.1 km (3.8 mi) away in the former municipality of Tschlin.

Tschlin
Tschlin is a former municipality in the district of Inn in the canton of Graubünden in the extreme east of Switzerland.  On 1 January 2013 the municipalities of Ramosch and Tschlin merged to form the new municipality of Valsot.
Seymour Knox
Seymour Knox is the name of:

Seymour H. Knox I (1861–1915), entrepreneur of Woolworth's stores in Buffalo, NY

Seymour H. Knox II (1898–1990), art enthusiast from Buffalo, NY
Portrait of Seymour H. Knox, by Andy Warhol, 1985

Seymour H. Knox III (1926–1996), hockey team owner from Buffalo, NY

Seymour M. Knox, member of the Wisconsin State Assembly

Seymour H. Knox I
Seymour Horace Knox I (April 11, 1861 – May 17, 1915), was a businessman from Buffalo, New York, who made his fortune in five-and-dime stores. He merged his more than 100 stores with those of his first cousins, Frank Winfield Woolworth and Charles Sumner Woolworth, to form the F. W. Woolworth Company. He went on to hold prominent positions in the merged company as well as Marine Trust Co. He was the father of Seymour H. Knox II and grandfather of Seymour H. Knox III and Northrup Knox, the co-founders of the Buffalo Sabres in the National Hockey League.
Sandhya Mukherjee
Geetashree Sandhya Mukherjee (also spelled Mukhopadhyay; 4 October 1931 – 15 February 2022) was an Indian playback singer and musician, specialising in Bengali music. She received Banga Bibhushan, the highest civilian honour of the Indian state of West Bengal in 2011. She also won the National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer for her songs in the films Jay Jayanti and Nishi Padma in the year 1970.

Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards
The Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards commonly referred to as BFJA, are given by the Bengal Film Journalists' Association. The BFJA is the oldest association of film critics in India, founded in 1937 to serve the developing film journalism and film industry, in Bengal, and from 1947 onwards, the Indian State of West Bengal, in particular, and India in general.
Allen Academy
Allen Academy is an independent co-educational day school located in Bryan, Texas that was founded in 1886 by John H. and Rivers O. Allen.  The 40-acre (16 ha) campus is located seven miles (11 km) northeast of Texas A&M University and enrolls about 340 students from throughout the Brazos Valley. The school is the oldest private school in the state of Texas and is a non-denominational pre-kindergarten through grade 12 school. It is a member of both the National Association of Independent Schools (NAIS) and the Texas Association of Private and Parochial Schools (TAPPS), and is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS). Allen is also the only NAIS member school within a 75-mile (121 km) radius. In 1916, military training was introduced into the school. In 1986, girls were allowed into the school for the first time. In 2022, a new headmaster was appointed by the board: Seraphim Daenkart

Non-denominational
A non-denominational person or organization is one that does not follow (or is not restricted to) any particular or specific religious denomination.

The term has been used in the context of various faiths, including Jainism, Baháʼí Faith, Zoroastrianism, Unitarian Universalism, Neo-Paganism, Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism and Wicca. It stands in contrast with a religious denomination. Religious people of a non-denominational persuasion tend to be more open-minded in their views on various religious matters and rulings. Some converts towards non-denominational strains of thought have been influenced by disputes over traditional teachings in the previous institutions they attended. Nondenominationalism has also been used as a tool for introducing neutrality into a public square when the local populace is derived from a wide-ranging set of religious beliefs.
Dodaro
Dodaro is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Gene Dodaro (born 1951), American government official

Melonie Dodaro (born 1969), Canadian social media expert, author, and entrepreneur

Robert Dodaro (born 1955), American priest

Gene Dodaro
Eugene Louis Dodaro (born May 7, 1951) is an American politician who was the comptroller general of the United States and head of the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) from 2008 to 2025. From October 1, 2000, until March 12, 2008, he was the chief operating officer (COO) of the GAO and he held the equivalent second-in-command title before the late 2000 restructuring of the GAO, principal assistant comptroller general, a title he had held since May 1999. This change of titles is a result of the organization-wide restructuring rather than a promotion or other event in his career; from May 1999 through to March 12, 2008, Dodaro retained the position of second in command of the GAO. Dodaro announced his retirement in 2025 and retired as comptroller general on December 29.
Olgica Milenkovic
Olgica Milenkovic is a coding theorist from the former Yugoslavia, known for her work in compressed sensing, low-density parity-check codes, and DNA digital data storage. She is a professor of electrical and computer engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.

Compressed sensing
Compressed sensing (also known as compressive sensing, compressive sampling, or sparse sampling) is a signal processing technique for efficiently acquiring and reconstructing a signal by finding solutions to underdetermined linear systems. This is based on the principle that, through optimization, the sparsity of a signal can be exploited to recover it from far fewer samples than required by the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem. There are two conditions under which recovery is possible. The first one is sparsity, which requires the signal to be sparse in some domain. The second one is incoherence, which is applied through the isometric property, which is sufficient for sparse signals. Compressed sensing has applications in, for example, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) where the incoherence condition is typically satisfied.