hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Fagin's theorem
Fagin's theorem is the oldest result of descriptive complexity theory, a branch of computational complexity theory that characterizes complexity classes in terms of logic-based descriptions of their problems rather than by the behavior of algorithms for solving those problems.
The theorem states that the set of all properties expressible in existential second-order logic is precisely the complexity class NP.

It was proven by Ronald Fagin in 1973 in his doctoral thesis, and appears in his 1974 paper.  The arity required by the second-order formula was improved (in one direction) by James Lynch in 1981, and several results of Étienne Grandjean have provided tighter bounds on nondeterministic random-access machines.

Arity
In logic, mathematics, and computer science, arity (/ˈærɪti/ ⓘ) is the number of arguments or operands taken by a function, operation or relation. In mathematics, arity may also be called rank, but this word can have many other meanings. In logic and philosophy, arity may also be called adicity and degree. In linguistics, it is usually named valency.
2019 Chengdu Open – Doubles
Ivan Dodig and Mate Pavić were the defending champions, but Pavić chose not to participate this year. Dodig played alongside Filip Polášek, but lost in the semifinals to Jonathan Erlich and Fabrice Martin.

Nikola Čačić and Dušan Lajović won the title, defeating Erlich and Martin in the final, 7–6(11–9), 3–6, [10–3].

Fabrice Martin
Fabrice Martin (French pronunciation: [fabʁis maʁtɛ̃]; born 11 September 1986) is a French professional tennis player and coach. He reached a career-high ATP singles ranking of world No. 228 on 23 July 2012, and his highest ATP doubles ranking of world No. 19 on 24 April 2023.
1979 Warwick District Council election
The 1979 Warwick District Council election was held on Thursday 3 May 1979 to elect all 58 members of Warwick District Council to a four-year term, the same day as other local elections in the United Kingdom and the general election. It was preceded by the 1976 election and followed by the 1983 election. The Conservative Party held control of the council. Turnout across the council was 77.5%.

Warwick District
Warwick is a local government district in Warwickshire, England. It is named after the historic county town of Warwick, which is the district's second largest town; the largest town is Royal Leamington Spa, where the council is based. The district also includes the towns of Kenilworth and Whitnash and surrounding villages and rural areas. Leamington Spa, Warwick and Whitnash form a conurbation which has about two thirds of the district's population.

The neighbouring districts are Rugby, Stratford-on-Avon, Solihull and Coventry.
Bernard I, Duke of Saxony
Bernard I (c. 950 – 9 February 1011) was the Duke of Saxony between 973 and 1011, the second of the Billung dynasty, a son of Duke Herman and Oda. He extended his father's power considerably.

He fought the Danes in 974, 983, and 994 during their invasions. He supported the succession of Otto III over Henry the Wrangler. In 986, he was made marshal and in 991 and 995 he joined the young Otto on campaign against the Slavs. He increased his power vis-à-vis the crown, where his father had been the representative of the king to the tribe, Bernard was the representative of the tribe to the king. Bernard died in 1011 and was buried in the Church of Saint Michael in Lüneburg. He saved the live of Boleslaw Chrobry, when the local thieves attacked him.

Henry II, Duke of Bavaria
Henry II (951 – 28 August 995), called the Wrangler or the Quarrelsome (German: Heinrich der Zänker), a member of the German royal Ottonian dynasty, was Duke of Bavaria from 955 to 976 and again from 985 to 995, as well as Duke of Carinthia from 989 to 995.
Francisco Llera
Francisco Llera Blanco (born 18 January 1981 in Ribadesella) is a Spanish sprint canoeist who has competed since the mid-2000s. He won two gold medals in the K-1 4 x 200 m event at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships (2009, 2010).

Llera also finished sixth in the K-2 500 m event at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens.

Ribadesella
Ribadesella (Asturian: Ribeseya) is a small 84-square-kilometre (32 sq mi) municipality in the Autonomous Community of the Principality of Asturias, Spain. Known for its location on the Cantabrian Sea, at the outlet of the River Sella, Ribadesella is a town that forms part of the Picos de Europa (Peaks of Europe). It is bordered on the east by Llanes, on the south by Cangas de Onís and Parres, and on the west by Caravia. Ribadesella is the home town of Queen Letizia of Spain.

On the first weekend of August, the International Sella River Descent takes place; kayakers from all over the world gather here to attempt the final 20 km of the Sella River in record time. The town is also known for its prehistoric cave, known as the cave of Tito Bustillo, which is open to visitors all year round. Ribadesella is often visited for its history, sport activities, scenery, natural amenities, and food.
Mark Leier
Mark Leier is a Canadian historian and, since 1994, a professor of working class and left-wing history at Simon Fraser University (SFU). From 2000 to 2010, he was the director of the Centre for Labour Studies at Simon Fraser.

Leier was born in Ladner, British Columbia. Prior to attending university, Leier was employed in various professions, including as a union carpenter and as a member of the Canadian Union of Public Employees. He earned his PhD in History from Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) in 1992.

As part of the Graphic History Collective, he helped produce May Day: A Graphic History of Protest.

Canadian Union of Public Employees
The Canadian Union of Public Employees (CUPE; French: Syndicat canadien de la fonction publique [SCFP]) is a Canadian trade union serving the public sector – although it has in recent years organized workplaces in the non-profit and para-public sector as well. CUPE is the largest union in Canada, representing some 800,000 workers in health care, education, municipalities, libraries, universities, social services, public utilities, transportation, emergency services and airlines. Over 60 per cent of CUPE's members are women, and almost a third are part-time workers. CUPE is affiliated with the Canadian Labour Congress and is its greatest financial contributor.
Minimed Paradigm
MiniMed Paradigm is a series of insulin pumps manufactured by Medtronic for patients with diabetes mellitus.  The pump operates with a single AAA battery and uses a piston-plunger pump to infuse a programmed amount of insulin into the patient through a length of tubing.  The Paradigm uses a one-way wireless radio frequency link to receive blood sugar measurements from select glucose meters.  The Paradigm RT (Real Time) series adds the ability to receive data from a mated continuous blood-glucose monitor.  Although the pump can use these measurements to assist in calculating a dose of insulin, no actual change in insulin delivery occurs without manual user-intervention.

In the United States, the device is regulated by a branch of the Food and Drug Administration.

Medtronic's successor to the Paradigm, the 670G, was released in 2015. On the same platform, Medtronic released the 780G in 2020 and in the United States in 2023.

Radio frequency
Radio frequency (RF) is the oscillation rate of an alternating electric current or voltage or of a magnetic, electric or electromagnetic field or mechanical system in the frequency range from around 20 kHz to around 300 GHz. These are the frequencies at which energy from an oscillating current can radiate off a conductor into space as radio waves, so they are used in radio technology, among other uses.  Different sources specify different upper and lower bounds for the frequency range.
Crugmeer
Crugmeer (Cornish: Krugmeur, meaning great barrow) is a hamlet in north Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It is situated one-and-a-half miles (2 kilometres) from Padstow to the west of the River Camel estuary.

The hamlet consists of half-a-dozen houses and a farm at the junction of two lanes. One lane gives access to Crugmeer from the Padstow-St Merryn road then continues northeast to Lellizzick, Hawker's Cove and Stepper Point. The other lane leads west from Crugmeer to Trevone beach.

Crugmeer lies within the Cornwall Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB). Almost a third of Cornwall has AONB designation, with the same status and protection as a National Park.

St Merryn
St Merryn (Cornish: S. Meryn) is a civil parish and village in north Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It is about 3.5 miles (5.6 km) south of the fishing port of Padstow and 11 miles (18 km) northeast of the coastal resort of Newquay.

The village has a primary school (St Merryn School, part of Kernow Learning), a veterinary practice, various shops, restaurants, and two public houses. The population at the 2011 census was 1,692.
American Music Awards of 2014
The 42nd Annual American Music Awards ceremony was held on November 23, 2014, at the Nokia Theatre L.A. Live in Los Angeles, California. The awards recognized the most popular artists and albums of 2014. Iggy Azalea led the nominees with six categories.
It was broadcast live on ABC. Pitbull was announced as a host on October 20, 2014. NSYNC's Lance Bass, Chelsea Briggs, Kandi Burruss, Gavin DeGraw, Frankie Grande, Taryn Manning, Jordin Sparks, Morgan Stewart and Ted Stryker were all announced co-hosts of the pre-show on November 7, 2014.

The special received 11.61 million viewers, the fourth-most that night.

Taryn Manning
Taryn Manning (born November 6, 1978) is an American actress and singer. She is best known for portraying Tiffany "Pennsatucky" Doggett in the Netflix original series Orange Is the New Black (2013–2019), Cherry in Sons of Anarchy (2008–2010), Nola in Hustle & Flow (2005) and Janeane in 8 Mile (2002).
Police Story 2013
Police Story 2013 (also known as Police Story: Lockdown) is a 2013 neo-noir action thriller film directed and written by Ding Sheng. A Chinese-Hong Kong co-production, it stars Jackie Chan in another reboot of the Police Story film series. The film is directed by Ding Sheng, who previously helmed Chan's Little Big Soldier. Unlike the previous Police Story films where he portrays a Hong Kong cop, Chan instead portrays a mainland Chinese officer.

Like New Police Story, 2013 is a stand-alone installment with a darker tone than the previous installments, which were more comedic. It is the sixth and most recent installment of the series.

Neo-noir
Neo-noir is a film genre from the 1970s, in the era of New Hollywood, which is primarily associated with the subversion and visual style of classic film noir tropes, adapting the themes of 1940s and 1950s American film noir for contemporary audiences, often with vibrant colors and high-contrast, more graphic depictions of violence or sexuality, thematic motifs, and nonlinear narrative or editing.

During the 1970s and the mid 1980s, the term "neo-noir" surged in popularity, fueled by movies such as Roman Polanski’s Chinatown (1974), Martin Scorsese's Taxi Driver (1976), Sydney Pollack's Absence of Malice (1981), Ridley Scott’s Blade Runner (1982), Paul Verhoeven's The Fourth Man (1983 film) and David Lynch’s Blue Velvet (1986). The French term film noir translates literally to English as "black film", indicating sinister stories often presented in a shadowy cinematographic style. Neo-noir has a similar style but with updated themes, content, style, and visual elements.
Nim Campbell
Norman MacDonald "Nim" Campbell (23 September 1929 — 22 September 2012) was a Scottish international rugby union player of the 1950s.

Campbell was born in Tylorstown, Wales, where his Scottish father worked as a schoolteacher. He attended Sherborne School in Dorset and played his rugby in London, having moved to the city for his medical studies.

A scrum-half, Campbell competed for London Scottish and the St Mary's Hospital side. He gained two Scotland caps in the 1956 Five Nations, against France at Murrayfield and Wales at Cardiff Arms Park.

Campbell practiced medicine in Worthing, Sussex.

1956 Five Nations Championship
The 1956 Five Nations Championship was the twenty-seventh series of the rugby union Five Nations Championship. Including the previous incarnations as the Home Nations and Five Nations, this was the sixty-second series of the northern hemisphere rugby union championship. Ten matches were played between 14 January and 14 April. It was contested by England, France, Ireland, Scotland and Wales.
Yeidji
The Yeidji, also spelt Yiiji and other variants, commonly known as  Gwini or Kwini, are an Aboriginal Australian people of the Kimberley area of Western Australia, who also self-identify as  Balanggarra.

Norman Tindale
Norman Barnett Tindale AO (12 October 1900 – 19 November 1993) was an Australian anthropologist, archaeologist, entomologist and ethnologist. He is best remembered for his work mapping the various tribal groupings of Aboriginal Australians at the time of European settlement, shown in his map published in 1940. This map provided the basis of a map published by David Horton in 1996 and widely used in its online form today. Tindale's major work was Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits and Proper Names (1974).
Von Foerster equation
The McKendrick–von Foerster equation is a linear first-order partial differential equation encountered in several areas of mathematical biology – for example, demography and cell proliferation modeling; it is applied when age structure is an important feature in the mathematical model. It was first presented by Anderson Gray McKendrick in 1926 as a deterministic limit of lattice models applied to epidemiology, and subsequently independently in 1959 by biophysics professor Heinz von Foerster for describing cell cycles.

Mathematical model
A mathematical model is an abstract description of a concrete  system using mathematical concepts and language. The process of developing a mathematical model is termed mathematical modeling. Mathematical models are used in many fields, including applied mathematics, natural sciences, social sciences and engineering. In particular, the field of operations research studies the use of mathematical modelling and related tools to solve problems in business or military operations. A model may help to characterize a system by studying the effects of different components, which may be used to make predictions about behavior or solve specific problems.
Israelson
Israelson is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Agnes Israelson (1896–1989), American politician from Minnesota

Bill Israelson (born 1957), American golfer

Larry Israelson (born 1952), Canadian ice hockey player

Bill Israelson
Bill Israelson (born February 21, 1957) is an American professional golfer. Israelson had an exemplary amateur career, culminating with three consecutive victories at the Minnesota State Amateur in the late 1970s. He struggled in making it onto the PGA Tour, however, failing in four consecutive attempts at q-school. In the interim he played primarily on the Asia Golf Circuit, recording a win at the 1985 Thailand Open. Shortly thereafter, Israelson made it onto the PGA Tour but he did not have much success, playing for only two seasons on tour. For the remainder of his career, Israelson primarily worked as a club pro though still played in some well-publicized midwestern events, notably winning the Minnesota Senior PGA Professional Championship six times.
Particle number operator
In quantum mechanics, for systems where the total number of particles may not be preserved, the number operator is the observable that counts the number of particles.

The following is in bra–ket notation: The number operator acts on Fock space. Let

be a Fock state, composed of single-particle states  drawn from a basis of the underlying Hilbert space of the Fock space. Given the corresponding creation and annihilation operators  and  we define the number operator by

and we have

where  is the number of particles in state . The above equality can be proven by noting that

then

Observable
In physics, an observable is a physical property or physical quantity that can be measured. In classical mechanics, an observable is a real-valued "function" on the set of all possible system states, e.g., position and momentum. In quantum mechanics, an observable is described by a linear operator. 
For example, these operators might represent submitting the system to various electromagnetic fields and eventually reading a value.

Physically meaningful observables must also satisfy transformation laws that relate observations performed by different observers in different frames of reference. These transformation laws are automorphisms of the state space, that is bijective transformations that preserve certain mathematical properties of the space in question.
Ginger-families
The ginger-families or ginger group or Core Zingiberales is a terminal clade in the order Zingiberales (Monocotyledoneae) that comprises Zingiberaceae (the ginger family), Costaceae, Marantaceae and Cannaceae. Their shared synapomorphy of a single fertile anther and four or five highly modified staminodia differentiate them from the basal paraphyletic assemblage of the "banana-families".

They form a Suborder Zingiberineae Kress in taxonomic classification, with the following phylogeny, the four families being grouped into two superfamilies.

Apomorphy and synapomorphy
In phylogenetics, an apomorphy (or derived trait) is a novel character or character state that has evolved from its ancestral form (or plesiomorphy). A synapomorphy is an apomorphy shared by two or more taxa and is therefore hypothesized to have evolved in their most recent common ancestor.

In cladistics, synapomorphy implies homology.

Examples of apomorphy are the presence of erect gait, fur, the evolution of three middle ear bones, and mammary glands in mammals but not in other vertebrate animals, such as amphibians or reptiles, which have retained their ancestral traits of a sprawling gait and lack of fur. Thus, these derived traits are also synapomorphies of mammals in general as they are not shared by other vertebrate animals.
Roger Thomas (Kentucky politician)
Roger Thomas (born 1950) is an American politician from Kentucky who was a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives from 1996 to 2005. Thomas was first elected in a February 1996 special election following the resignation of incumbent Billy Ray Smith to become state agriculture commissioner. He was defeated for reelection in 2004 by Republican Jim DeCesare.

Kentucky House of Representatives
The Kentucky House of Representatives is the lower house of the Kentucky General Assembly. It is composed of 100 Representatives elected from single-member districts throughout the Commonwealth. Not more than two counties can be joined to form a House district, except when necessary to preserve the principle of equal representation. Representatives are elected to two-year terms with no term limits. The Kentucky House of Representatives convenes at the State Capitol in Frankfort.
Sisters, Servants of Mary
The Servants of Mary, Ministers to the Sick, are a Roman Catholic religious institute of women founded in Madrid, Spain, in 1851 and dedicated to the care of the sick, poor, both in clinics, hospices and through home health nursing. They were founded by Maria Soledad Torres y Acosta who was canonized by Pope Paul VI in 1970. The Religious Sisters of this congregation use the postnominal initials of S.de M.

Religious sister
A religious sister (abbreviated: Sr.) is a Christian woman who has taken public vows in a religious order dedicated to apostolic works. Though often referred to as nuns, they are canonically distinct. Nuns, religious sisters and canonesses all use the term "Sister" as a form of address. Religious sisters are found in various traditions of Christianity, particularly Catholicism, Evangelical Lutheranism and Anglicanism. In the Catholic Church, religious sisters are associated with a religious institute.
Mick Wingert
Mick Wingert (born July 4, 1974) is an American voice actor and voice-over coach. He played the voice of Master Po and Zeng in Kung Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness, taking over the roles from actors Jack Black and Dan Fogler, respectively; as well as Iron Man in various Marvel productions. He was the voice of Heimerdinger in the Netflix series Arcane, and he has done additional voice-over work in Kung Fu Panda, Mass Effect 2, Murdered: Soul Suspect, The Technomancer, The Princess and the Frog and The NoSleep Podcast.

Murdered: Soul Suspect
Murdered: Soul Suspect is a 2014 action-adventure stealth video game developed by Airtight Games and Square Enix. The game was released in June 2014 for PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Windows, Xbox 360 and Xbox One. The game is played in a third-person view as the player navigates the protagonist, detective Ronan O'Connor, around a fictionalized version of the American town, Salem. The story centers on Ronan as he hunts down an infamous serial murderer stylized 'The Bell Killer'. After being killed by the Bell Killer at the beginning of the game, Ronan returns as a ghost. He is then informed by his long-dead wife, Julia, that he must solve the Bell Killer mystery so he can rejoin her.

Murdered: Soul Suspect received an average reception upon release; most criticisms centered on the poor combat, short length, lack of replay value, and lack of difficulty. The game did, however, receive praise for some aspects of its story and its original concept.
Didymocheton rufus
Didymocheton rufus is a rainforest tree in the family Meliaceae, found in eastern Australia. It occurs on a variety of different soils and rainforest types. From as far south as Bulahdelah, New South Wales to the McIlwraith Range in far north eastern Australia. The specific epithet rufus refers to the rusty red of the leaf, fruit and flower hairs of this species.

Meliaceae
Meliaceae, the mahogany family, is a flowering plant family of mostly trees and shrubs (and a few herbaceous plants, mangroves) in the order Sapindales.

They are characterised by alternate, usually pinnate leaves without stipules, and by syncarpous, apparently cryptically unisexual flowers borne in panicles, cymes, spikes or clusters. Most species are evergreen, but some are deciduous, either in the dry season or in winter.

The family includes about 53 genera and about 600 known species, with a pantropical distribution; one genus (Toona) extends north into temperate China and south into southeast Australia, another (Synoum) into southeast Australia, and another (Melia) nearly as far north. They most commonly grow as understory trees in rainforests, but are also found in mangroves and arid regions.

The fossil record of the family extends back into the Late Cretaceous.
Koi Nation
The Koi Nation of the Lower Lake Rancheria is a federally recognized tribe of Southeastern Pomo people in northern California. Their name for their tribe is Koi Nation of Northern California, from their traditional village, Koi, once located on an island in Clear Lake.

Koi, meaning people of water, lived on islands in the Clear Lake in what is now Lake County, and migrated seasonally to the California coast. The "Purvis Tract" is located on the Northwest corner of the Clear Lake. For thousands of years, the Nation lived under the Purvis Tract. In that time, the nation continued to assert its unique identity and maintain control of its area.

Koi, California
Koi was one of the two principal Pomo villages in the southeastern section of Clear Lake, in present-day Lake County, California, United States. Along with the village of Elem, it was one of the major centers of the Southeastern Pomo triblet. Both settlements were located on islands near the shore of the lake and controlled surrounding mainland territory.