hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Citadel of Homs
The Citadel of Homs, also known as Homs Castle or Qalaat Homs (Arabic: قلعة حمص), is a historic building now mostly ruined in Homs, Syria. The citadel was built on top of an ancient tell southwest of the Old City, with remains dating back to the 3rd millennium BCE. The citadel is locally known as the "Citadel of Usama", named after Usama ibn Munqidh.

3rd millennium BC
The 3rd millennium BC spanned the years 3000 to 2001 BC. This period of time corresponds to the Early to Middle Bronze Age, characterized by the early empires in the Ancient Near East. In Ancient Egypt, the Early Dynastic Period is followed by the Old Kingdom. In Mesopotamia, the Early Dynastic Period is followed by the Akkadian Empire. In what is now Northwest India and Pakistan, the Indus Valley Civilization developed a state society.

World population growth relaxed after the burst due to the Neolithic Revolution.
World population was largely stable, at roughly 60 million, with a slow overall growth rate at roughly 0.03% p.a.
Glyncorrwg RFC
Glyncorrwg Rugby Football Club are a Welsh rugby union club based in the town of Glyncorrwg in Wales, UK. The club is a member of the Welsh Rugby Union and is also a feeder club for the Ospreys. The club fields a First, Youth, and several juniors teams.

Welsh Rugby Union
The Welsh Rugby Union (WRU; Welsh: Undeb Rygbi Cymru) is the governing body of rugby union in the country of Wales, recognised by the sport's international governing body, World Rugby.

The WRU is responsible for the running of rugby in Wales, overseeing 320 member clubs, the Welsh national team and National Leagues and Cups. The WRU is headed by the President (Terry Cobner), chairman (Richard Collier-Keywood) and CEO (Abi Tierney).
Gyula Pártos
Gyula Pártos (born Julius Puntzmann, 17 August 1845 – 22 December 1916) was a Hungarian architect. Together with Ödön Lechner he designed a number of buildings in the typical Szecesszió (Art Nouveau) style of fin-de-siècle Hungary. He was the brother-in-law of the lawyer and politician Béla Pártos, the husband of opera singer Vittorina Bartolucci, and the father-in-law of composer and opera director Miklós Radnai.

Kecskemét
Kecskemét (US: /ˈkɛtʃkɛmeɪt/ KETCH-kem-ayt Hungarian: [ˈkɛt͡ʃkɛmeːt]) is a city with county rights in central Hungary. It is the eighth-largest city in the country, and the county seat of Bács-Kiskun.

Kecskemét lies halfway between the capital Budapest and the country's third-largest city, Szeged, 86 kilometres (53 miles) from both of them and almost equal distance from the two big rivers of the country, the Danube and the Tisza. It is the northern of two centres of the Hungarian Southern Great Plain (Hungarian: Dél-Alföld) region (comprising the three counties Bács-Kiskun, Békés and Csongrád); the southern centre is Szeged, the seat of Csongrád county.
1604 Quanzhou earthquake
The 1604 Quanzhou earthquake was an extremely large seismic event that occurred in the Taiwan Strait, off the coast of Fujian Province, near Quanzhou during the Ming dynasty. According to modern-day calculations, the earthquake had a moment magnitude of 8.1 Mw. It is unknown how many casualties resulted from the quake, but major damage was reported.

Taiwan Strait
The Taiwan Strait (Chinese: 台湾海峡; Pinyin: Táiwān Hǎixiá) is a 180-kilometer-wide (110 mi; 97 nmi) strait separating the island of Taiwan and the Asian continent. The strait connects the South China Sea to the south, and the East China Sea to the north. The narrowest part is 126 km (78 mi; 68 nmi) wide.
Ashar Zaidi
Syed Ashar Ahmed Zaidi (Urdu: سید اشعر احمد زیدی; born 13 July 1981) is a Pakistani first-class cricketer. Zaidi is a left-handed batsman and left-arm orthodox spin bowler who is considered an all-rounder. He has played first-class cricket for Islamabad in Pakistan and for Sussex and Essex in England and has represented the Pakistan A cricket team at international level. He holds a British passport and as a result can play as a domestic player in England.

In August 2024, he was banned from all cricket for a period of five years by the International Cricket Council, after admitting to breaches of the Emirates Cricket Board's Anti-Corruption Code.

Pakistan A cricket team
The Pakistan A cricket team, or Pakistan Shaheens, is a national cricket team representing Pakistan. It is the second-tier of international Pakistan cricket, below the full Pakistan national cricket team. Matches played by Pakistan A are not considered to be Test matches or One Day Internationals, receiving first-class and List A classification respectively. Pakistan A played their first match in August 1964, a three-day first-class contest against Ceylon Board President's XI.

Pakistan A have played a number of series, both home and away, against other national A teams, and competed against other first-class opposition. Their first tour was to Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) in 1964–65.  Pakistan A did not play another match until the 1991 season when they again toured Sri Lanka, a series against England A the previous season having been cancelled due to the Gulf War.
Bernhard Keller
Bernhard Keller (born 1962) is a Swiss mathematician, specializing in algebra. He is a professor at the University of Paris.

Keller received in 1990 his PhD from the University of Zurich under Pierre Gabriel with the thesis On Derived Categories.

His research is in homological algebra and the representation theory of quivers and finite-dimensional algebras. He has applied triangulated Calabi–Yau categories to the (additive) categorification 
of cluster algebras. 
In 2013, he received an honorary degree from the University of Antwerp.
In 2014 he received the Sophie Germain Prize. 
He was an Invited Speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Madrid in 2006,
with a talk On differential graded categories. 
Keller is a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.

Paris Cité University
Paris Cité University (French: Université Paris Cité) is a public research university located in Paris, France. It was created by decree on 20 March 2019, resulting from the merger of Paris Descartes (Paris V) and Paris Diderot (Paris VII) universities, established following the division of the University of Paris in 1970. It was originally established as the University of Paris (French: Université de Paris), but was renamed by decree in March 2022 to its current name.

The university headquarters is located in the École de Médecine building, in the 6th arrondissement at boulevard Saint-Germain. It has 15 teaching hospitals and 28,800 medical students. It is the main successor to the University of Paris Faculty of Medicine, founded around 1200, along with Sorbonne University.
Battle of Trzciana
The Battle of Trzciana (also known as Battle of Honigfelde or Battle on the Stuhmer Heide or Battle of Sztum) took place on 25 June 1629 (usually said to be 27th in the New Style calendar) and was one of the battles of the Polish-Swedish War (1626–1629) or Second Swedish-Polish War.: 579  The Polish forces, including the winged hussars, were led by Crown Field Hetman Stanisław Koniecpolski and imperial troops under Hans Georg von Arnim-Boitzenburg, sent by Emperor Ferdinand II to aid Sigismund III, met with troops commanded by Swedish King Gustav II Adolf,: 579  who supported the Protestant Lutherans of Germany and northern Europe. Gustav Adolf was almost killed or captured twice.: 112   Fighting in Prussia continued after the battle into July and August and ended with stalemate and finally a truce accepted by Sigismund III.

Hetman
Hetman is a political title from Central and Eastern Europe, historically assigned to military commanders (comparable to a field marshal or imperial marshal in the Holy Roman Empire). First used by the Czechs in Bohemia in the 15th century, it was the title of the second-highest military commander after the king in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from the 16th to 18th centuries. Hetman was also the title of the head of the Cossack state in Ukraine after  the Khmelnytsky Uprising of 1648. Throughout much of the history of Romania and Moldavia, hetmans were the second-highest army rank. In the modern Czech Republic, the title is used for regional governors.
Armada 2526
Armada 2526 is a 4X science fiction computer strategy game developed by British studio Ntronium Games, released in North America on November 17, 2009. Armada 2526 is an example of the space opera genre, and is the spiritual successor of the game Armada 2525, which was released by Interstel in 1991. Armada 2526 puts players in charge of a fledgling galactic empire, and they must attempt to explore the galaxy and expand their territory, while trying to destroy rival empires. The gameplay is a hybrid of turn-based and real-time time-keeping systems, and players can use military, diplomatic, economic and technological means to further their empires. The game received mixed reviews from critics.

Ntronium also released an expansion pack for the game, titled Armada 2526: Supernova, which enabled online multiplayer play. Supernova includes two new alien races, new hazards, an updated trade mechanic, and more researchable technologies.

Timekeeping in games
Timekeeping is relevant to many types of games, including video games, tabletop role-playing games, board games, and sports. The passage of time must be handled in a way that players find fair and easy to understand. In many games, this is done using real-time and/or turn-based timekeeping. In real-time games, time within the game passes continuously. However, in turn-based games, player turns represent a fixed duration within the game, regardless of how much time passes in the real world. Some games use combinations of real-time and turn-based timekeeping systems. Players debate the merits and flaws of these systems. There are also additional timekeeping methods, such as timelines and progress clocks.
Czarface
Czarface (/ˈzɑːrfeɪs/; often stylized in all caps) is an American hip-hop supergroup formed in 2013 by underground hip-hop duo 7L & Esoteric and Wu-Tang Clan member Inspectah Deck. They released their acclaimed debut album, Czarface, on February 19, 2013.
The album was followed by Every Hero Needs a Villain in 2015 and A Fistful of Peril in 2016, both of which were also praised by critics.

Underground hip-hop
Underground hip-hop (also known as underground rap) is a scene and style of hip-hop music that is defined as being countercultural in nature, existing outside of and in contrast to the sounds, style and aesthetics of mainstream hip-hop. Despite this, underground artists have often reached widespread success and popularity through internet virality, critical acclaim, or appearances on the Billboard charts.

Originally associated with conscious, experimental and progressive rap, the term later shifted to refer to several trap-descendant internet rap scenes and music that emerged during the late 2000s and 2010s.
Baeospora myosura
Baeospora myosura, commonly known as conifercone cap, is a species of fungus that produces agaricoid fruit bodies. The cap is convex before flattening, 2 centimetres (3⁄4 in) wide, and coloured pale brown to cream. The lamellae are adnexed, pale, and very close. The spore print is white to cream and amyloid.

The mushroom grows on decaying conifer cones and is common in North America and Europe. It is nonpoisonous but of unknown edibility.

Spore print
The spore print is the powdery deposit obtained by allowing spores of a fungal fruit body to fall onto a surface underneath. It is an important diagnostic character in most handbooks for identifying mushrooms. It shows the colour of the mushroom spores if viewed en masse.
Roulia
Rolia رولیا is a village in Sabour union council of Gujrat District and Kharian Tehsil in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is situated on Bhimber Road, 31 kilometres (19 mi) away from Gujrat and 21 kilometres (13 mi) from Bhimber. Sabour and Banian are neighbouring villages.

Gujrat, Pakistan
Gujrat (Punjabi: [ɡʊd͡ʒɾaːt̪]) is a city, located along the western bank of the Chenab River, in the northern region of Punjab, Pakistan. Located around the historic Gujrat Fort, it serves as the headquarters of its eponymous district and division. It is the 11th-most populous city in Punjab and the 16th in Pakistan, with an urban population of 574,240 in 2023. Having an industrial and export-oriented economy, Gujrat constitutes the "Golden Triangle of Punjab" alongside Sialkot and Gujranwala. It is also known for being the setting of the classical Punjabi folktale of Sohni Mahiwal.
Hollywood Potato Chip
Hollywood Potato Chip is the tenth studio album by the Southern California punk rock band The Vandals, released in 2004 by Kung Fu Records. A music video starring guitarist and producer Warren Fitzgerald was filmed for the band's cover version of Queen's "Don't Stop Me Now". The album's title is a euphemism for dried semen on a casting couch. Its original cover art used lettering that parodied the logo of Variety, prompting legal action and a cease and desist order from the magazine which resulted in a replacement cover with redesigned lettering. In 2010 the magazine brought further legal action against the band over third-party uses of the original cover appearing on the internet.

Euphemism
contraceptives

menstrual pads and tampons

adult diapers

A euphemism is the substitution of a potentially offensive or unpleasant word or expression with one that is more pleasant or inoffensive. Some euphemisms are humorous, while others use mild or neutral language to downplay certain concepts. They can often be used to soften profanity or discuss sensitive or taboo topics, such as disability, sex, bodily functions, pain, violence, illness, or death, in a more polite manner.
Macroglossum hirundo
Macroglossum hirundo is a moth of the  family Sphingidae. It is known from the Cook Islands, Fiji, the Society Islands, Australia (the Northern Territory, Queensland and New South Wales), Papua New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago and the Solomon Islands.

The wingspan is about 40 mm.

They larvae feed on various Rubiaceae species, including Canthium odoratum, Coelospermum reticulatum, Coprosma repens, Morinda jasminoides, Myrmecodia beccarii, Pavetta australiensis and Psychotria loniceroides.

Gynochthodes jasminoides
Gynochthodes jasminoides is a woody climber or a scrambling shrub in the family Rubiaceae. In Australia it is found on the northern and eastern coasts, in Western Australia, the Northern Territory, Queensland, Victoria, and New South Wales.
1990 Labour Party Shadow Cabinet election
Elections to the Labour Party's Shadow Cabinet took place on 24 October 1990. Under the rules then in effect, the Commons members of the Parliamentary Labour Party elected 18 members of the Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet, who were then assigned portfolios by the leader. The Commons members of the PLP separately elected the Chief Whip, and the Labour peers elected the Leader of the Opposition in the House of Lords. In addition, the Leader of the Labour Party and Deputy Leader (Neil Kinnock and Roy Hattersley, respectively) were members by virtue of those offices.

As a result of the election, Joan Lestor lost her seat in the Shadow Cabinet, and was replaced by Ann Taylor; all other members were re-elected.

† Multiple candidates tied for position.

Roy Hattersley
Roy Sydney George Hattersley, Baron Hattersley, PC FRSL (born 28 December 1932) is a British politician, author and journalist from Sheffield. A member of the Labour Party, he was MP for Birmingham Sparkbrook for over 32 years from 1964 to 1997, and served as Deputy Leader of the Labour Party from 1983 to 1992.
2022 Abierto Tampico
The 2022 Abierto Tampico was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the sixth edition of the tournament and first as a WTA 125 tournament. It took place at the Centro Libanés Mexicano de Tampico in Tampico, Mexico, between 24 and 29 October 2022.

Leylah Fernandez
Leylah Annie Fernandez (born 6 September 2002) is a Canadian professional tennis player. She has been ranked as high as No. 13 by the WTA on 8 August 2022. Her best doubles ranking is world No. 17, achieved on 23 October 2023. Fernandez won her first WTA Tour title at the 2021 Monterrey Open, and has won five WTA singles titles overall. As a 19-year-old, she finished runner-up at the 2021 US Open to fellow teenager Emma Raducanu, defeating three top-5 players en route to the final, including defending champion Naomi Osaka.

Fernandez played a pivotal role in Canada's first-ever Billie Jean King Cup win in 2023, defeating Jasmine Paolini in the final.
Luchita Hurtado
Luchita Hurtado (Spanish pronunciation: [luˈtʃita wɾˈtaðo]; born Luisa Amelia García Rodriguez Hurtado; November 28, 1920 – August 13, 2020) was a Venezuelan-born American painter based in Santa Monica, California, and Arroyo Seco, New Mexico. Born in Venezuela, she moved to the United States as a child. Although she became involved with art after concentrating on the subject in high school and created art over eight decades, she only received broad recognition for her art towards the end of her life. Her work has strong environmental and feminist themes that bridges many genres, bearing influence from different art movements and cultures.

Hurtado was named as one of Time magazine's 100 Most Influential People of 2019.

Long Beach Museum of Art
The Long Beach Museum of Art is a museum located on Ocean Boulevard in the Bluff Park neighborhood of Long Beach, California, United States.

The museum's permanent collection includes over 4,000 paintings, drawings, sculptures, works on paper, and decorative arts objects. Particular strengths include American decorative arts objects, early 20th century European art, California Modernism, and contemporary art of California.

The museum is a member of the North American Reciprocal Museums program and is accredited by the American Alliance of Museums.
Asparagus cochinchinensis
Asparagus cochinchinensis is a species of flowering plant, sometimes called "Chinese asparagus", in the subfamily Asparagoideae of the family Asparagaceae. No subspecies are listed in the Catalogue of Life.

Asparagaceae
Asparagaceae (/əsˌpærəˈɡeɪsiˌaɪ, -siːˌiː/), known as the asparagus family, is a family of flowering plants, placed in the order Asparagales of the monocots. The family name is based on the edible garden asparagus, Asparagus officinalis.  This family includes both common garden plants as well as common houseplants.  The garden plants include asparagus, yucca, bluebell, lily of the valley, and hosta, and the houseplants include snake plant, corn cane, spider plant, and plumosus fern.

The Asparagaceae is a morphologically heterogenous family with the included species varying widely in their appearance and growth form. It has a cosmopolitan distribution, with genera and species contained in the family native to all continents except Antarctica.
Romeo Me
"Romeo Me" is a song by Britpop band Sleeper, written by the band's vocalist and guitarist Louise Wener. "Romeo Me" was the second and final single released from Sleeper's third album Pleased to Meet You and became the group's eighth and last top forty hit on the UK Singles Chart.

"Romeo Me" was originally titled "Romeo & Juliet", and the chorus lyrics reference the titular couple, Mark Anthony and Cleopatra as well as Marilyn Monroe and Joe DiMaggio, who feature on the cover art for the vinyl format. B-side "Cunt London" was the working title for the third album.

Sleeper (band)
Sleeper are  an English rock band formed in London in 1992. The group had eight UK top 40 hit singles and three UK top 10 albums during the 1990s. Their music was also featured in the soundtrack of the pop cultural hit movie Trainspotting. The band split up in 1998, but reunited in 2017.
Moulton End
Moulton End is a hamlet in North Yorkshire, in England. From 1974 to 2023 it was part of the district of Richmondshire, it is now administered by the unitary North Yorkshire Council.

The hamlet gradually built up around the now disused railway station formerly serving North Cowton. The station was part of the disbanded Eryholme-Richmond branch line, which also used to serve Catterick Garrison. The station building is now a residential property, the platform clock is still visible on the wall of the Station house. The Darlington-bound platform still survives, but it is heavily overgrown with trees and bushes. The Richmond platform has been incorporated into a boundary wall to Station House.

Catterick Garrison
Catterick Garrison is a major garrison and military town 3 miles (5 km) south of Richmond, North Yorkshire, England. It is the largest British Army garrison in the world, with a population of around 14,000 in 2021 and covering over 2,400 acres (about 10 km2).
Estevan Point Lighthouse
Estevan Point Lighthouse is located on the headland of the same name in the Hesquiat Peninsula Provincial Park on the west coast of Vancouver Island, Canada.

During the Second World War, in 1942, the Estevan Point Lighthouse was fired upon by the Japanese submarine I-26, marking the first enemy attack on Canadian soil since the Fenian raids of 1866 and 1871.

The Canadian Coast Guard still maintains Estevan Point, with the light still active as of 2022. The light emits a double flash every 15 seconds with the focal plane located at 37.5 m (123 ft) above sea level.

Cardinal point (optics)
In Gaussian optics, the cardinal points consist of three pairs of points located on the optical axis of a rotationally symmetric, focal, optical system. These are the focal points, the principal points, and the nodal points; there are two of each. For ideal systems, the basic imaging properties such as image size, location, and orientation are completely determined by the locations of the cardinal points. For simple cases where the medium on both sides of an optical system is air or vacuum, four cardinal points are sufficient: the two focal points and either the principal points or the nodal points. The only ideal system that has been achieved in practice is a plane mirror, however the cardinal points are widely used to approximate the behavior of real optical systems. Cardinal points provide a way to analytically simplify an optical system with many components, allowing the imaging characteristics of the system to be approximately determined with simple calculations.
Sarsılmaz Kılınç 2000
The Sarsılmaz Kılınç 2000 is a semi-automatic pistol chambered for the 9×19mm Parabellum round. It is manufactured at the Sarsılmaz Silah Sanayi factory in Turkey. It was previously sold in the U.S. by the ArmaLite corporation under the ArmaLite name as the AR-24.

It is now self-imported by SAR USA as the SAR2000 with an updated thick rubber tactical grip and black phosphate finish.

9×19mm Parabellum
The 9×19mm Parabellum (also known as 9mm Parabellum, 9mm Luger, 9mm NATO or simply 9mm) is a rimless, centerfire, tapered firearms cartridge.

Originally designed by Austrian firearm designer Georg Luger in 1901, it is widely considered the most popular handgun and submachine gun cartridge due to its low cost, adequate stopping power and extensive availability.

Since the cartridge was designed for the Luger semi-automatic pistol, it has been given the designation of 9mm Luger by the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute (SAAMI) and the Commission internationale permanente pour l'épreuve des armes à feu portatives (CIP).

A 2007 US survey concluded that "about 60 percent of the firearms in use by police are 9mm [Parabellum]" and credited 9×19mm Parabellum pistol sales with making semiautomatic pistols more popular than revolvers.