hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Horace Terhune Herrick
Horace Terhune Herrick (April 22, 1887 – October 8, 1948) was a scientist and director of the North Regional Research Laboratory of the United States Department of Agriculture.

He was born in Newark, New Jersey on April 22, 1887 to James Frederick Herrick and Christine Terhune Herrick. Herrick graduated from Columbia University from the Henry Krumb School of Mines with a degree in chemical engineering and by 1910 was working in the research laboratories of the New Jersey Zinc Company, in Palmerton, Pennsylvania.

In 1929 he developed a process for making gluconic acid by fermentation with Orville E. May
 which was subsequently covered in wider media.

He died on October 8, 1948.

Gluconic acid
Gluconic acid is an organic compound with molecular formula C6H12O7 and condensed structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4CO2H.  A white solid, it forms the gluconate anion in neutral aqueous solution. The salts of gluconic acid are known as "gluconates".  Gluconic acid, gluconate salts, and gluconate esters occur widely in nature because such species arise from the oxidation of glucose.  Some drugs are injected in the form of gluconates.
Maurice Halbwachs
Maurice Halbwachs (French: [mɔʁis albvaks]; 11 March 1877 – 16 March 1945) was a French philosopher and sociologist known for developing the concept of collective memory. Halbwachs also contributed to the sociology of knowledge with his La Topographie Legendaire des Évangiles en Terre Sainte, a study of the spatial infrastructure of the New Testament (1951).

French philosophy
French philosophy is philosophy in the French language and by French people. It has been extremely diverse and has influenced Western philosophy as a whole for centuries, from the medieval scholasticism of Peter Abelard, through the founding of modern philosophy by René Descartes, to 20th century philosophy of science, existentialism, phenomenology, structuralism, and postmodernism.
Richard Sadebeck
Richard Emil Benjamin Sadebeck (20 May 1839 in Breslau – 11 February 1905 in Meran) was a German pteridologist and mycologist. He was an older brother of mineralogist Alexander Sadebeck (1843–1879).

He studied natural sciences at the University of Breslau as a pupil of Heinrich Göppert. From 1865 to 1876 he worked as a schoolteacher in Berlin, and afterwards relocated to Hamburg, where he taught classes at the Johanneum. From 1883 to 1901 he was director of the Hamburg Botanical Museum.

In 1893 he described the fungal genus Magnusiella (syn. Taphrina).

Mycology
Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi, including their taxonomy, genetics, biochemical properties, and use by humans. Fungi can be a source of tinder, food, traditional medicine, as well as entheogens, poison, and infection. Yeasts are among the most heavily utilized members of the fungus kingdom, particularly in food manufacturing.

Mycology branches into the field of phytopathology, the study of plant diseases. The two disciplines are closely related, because the vast majority of plant pathogens are fungi. A biologist specializing in mycology is called a mycologist.
Kikuchi Shrine
Kikuchi Shrine (菊池神社, Kikuchi Jinja) is a Shinto shrine in Kikuchi, Kumamoto Prefecture, in which Kikuchi Taketoki (菊池武時, 1292 – April 27, 1333), Kikuchi Takeshige (菊池武重, 1307?-1338?) and Kikuchi Takemitsu (菊池武光, c. 1319 – 1373) are enshrined. It is one of the Fifteen Shrines of the Kenmu Restoration.

Higo Province
Higo Province (肥後国, Higo no Kuni, Japanese pronunciation: [çiꜜ.ɡo (no kɯ.ɲi), çiꜜ.ŋo-, çi.ɡoꜜ-, çi.ŋoꜜ-]) was an old province of Japan in the area that is today Kumamoto Prefecture on the island of Kyūshū. It was sometimes called Hishū (肥州), with Hizen Province. Higo bordered on Chikugo, Bungo, Hyūga, Ōsumi, and Satsuma Provinces.
Lala (surname)
Lala is an Albanian surname. Notable people with this surname include:

Afzal Khan Lala (1926–2015), Pakistani politician and Pashtun nationalist

Altin Lala (born 1975), Albanian footballer

Fatos Lala (born 1995), Albanian footballer

Gëzim Lala (born 1956), Albanian footballer

Karim Lala (1911–2002), Afghani-born founder of the Indian mafia

Kenny Lala (born 1991), French footballer

Kevin Neville Lala (born 1962), English evolutionary biologist

Joe Lala (1947–2014), American actor and musician

Leonardo Lala (1906–2000), Italian writer, historian and folklorist

Mahran Lala (born 1982), Israeli-Druze footballer

Rauf Lala (born 1970), Pakistani comedian, actor, writer and producer

Mahran Lala
Mahran Lala (Arabic: مهران لالا, Hebrew: מהראן לאלא; born 7 March 1982) is an Israeli former footballer . Maharan Lala, is in the Hapeol Tel Aviv UEFA cup team, he scored his first European goal, in a 2–1 home defeat to Saint Étienne.

On 17 September 2009, Lala scored the winning goal in Hapoel Tel Aviv's 2–1 2009–10 UEFA Europa League group stage victory over Celtic FC.
2013 Latvian Higher League
The 2013 Latvian Higher League was the 22nd season of top-tier football in Latvia. FC Daugava were the defending champions. The season started on 29 March 2013.

The league comprised ten teams. The champions of this season were FK Ventspils, followed by Skonto FC

Latvian Higher League
Latvian Higher League or Virslīga, also known as TonyBet Virslīga for sponsorship reasons, is a professional association football league in Latvia and the highest level of the Latvian football league system. Organised by the Latvian Football Federation, the league is contested by ten clubs.
Undefined value
In computing (particularly, in programming), undefined value is a condition where an expression in a programming language does not have a semantically correct value in the language, even though it is syntactically correct. An undefined value must not be confused with empty string, Boolean "false" or other "empty" (but defined) values. Depending on circumstances, evaluation to an undefined value may lead to exception or undefined behaviour, but in some programming languages undefined values can occur during a normal, predictable course of program execution.

Dynamically typed languages usually treat undefined values explicitly when possible. For instance, Perl has undef operator which can "assign" such value to a variable. In other type systems an undefined value can mean an unknown, unpredictable value, or merely a program failure on attempt of its evaluation. Nullable types offer an intermediate approach; see below.

Syntax (programming languages)
The syntax of computer source code is code structured and ordered restricted to computer language rules. Like a natural language, a computer language (i.e. a programming language) defines the syntax that is valid for that language. A syntax error occurs when syntactically invalid source code is processed by a tool such as a compiler or interpreter.

The most commonly used languages are text-based with syntax based on strings. Alternatively, the syntax of a visual programming language is based on relationships between graphical elements.

When designing syntax, a designer of any language might start by writing down examples of both legal and illegal strings, before trying to figure out the general rules from those examples in use. Such that its general structure of syntax can be determined through its form of composition, so to yield semantically valid ranges everytime for each possible alteration. Or else, it returns errors, and warnings, for each invalid input.
1999–2000 Taça de Portugal
The 1999–2000 Taça de Portugal was the 60th edition of the Portuguese football knockout tournament, organized by the Portuguese Football Federation (FPF). The 1999–2000 Taça de Portugal began in September 1999. The final was played on 21 May and replayed four days later as the inaugural match ended tied at the Estádio Nacional.

Beira-Mar were the previous holders, having defeated Campomaiorense 1–0 in the previous season's final. The Auri-negros were eliminated in the fourth round by second division side Imortal. Porto defeated Sporting CP, 2–0 in the cup final replay to win their tenth Taça de Portugal. As a result of Porto winning the domestic cup competition, the Dragões faced 1999–2000 Primeira Liga winners Porto in the 2000 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira.

1999–2000 Primeira Liga
The 1999–2000 Primeira Liga was the 66th season of top-tier football in Portugal. The competition was renamed Campeonato Nacional da Primeira Liga (National Championship of the First League), Primeira Liga for short, after the Portuguese League for Professional Football took control of the two top nationwide leagues in 1999. It started on 20 August 1999 and ended on 14 May 2000. The league was contested by 18 clubs with Porto as the defending champions.

Sporting won their first Championship in 18 years (since 1981–82) and qualified for the 2000–01 UEFA Champions League first group stage, along with Porto, who qualified for the third
qualifying round. Benfica, Boavista, qualified for the UEFA Cup; in opposite, Vitória de Setúbal, Rio Ave and Santa Clara were relegated to the Segunda Liga. Mário Jardel was the top scorer with 37 goals.
Mark Fulton
Mark Fulton (born 16 September 1959 in Johnstone) is a Scottish former professional footballer who played for St Mirren, Hibernian and Hamilton Academical.

Fulton was outstanding as a young player at St Mirren, and was selected five times by the Scotland national under-21 football team. Fulton also represented the Scottish League once, in 1980. After making 160 league appearances for St Mirren, Fulton transferred to Hibernian in 1985. He made 30 league appearances for Hibs in his debut season and played in the 1985 Scottish League Cup Final. He fell out of favour at Easter Road in the following season and transferred to Hamilton Academical. He left the senior game after just over a year with the Accies.

He later became a police officer.

Scottish Football League XI
The Scottish League XI was a representative side of the Scottish Football League. The team regularly played against the (English) Football League and other national league select teams between 1892 and 1980. For a long period the annual fixture between the English and Scottish leagues was only second in importance to the matches between the two national teams. The fixture declined in importance after regular European club competition was instituted in the 1950s; matches in the 1960s and 1970s were played irregularly and poorly attended. A match involving a Scottish League XI was last played in 1990, to mark the centenary of the League.
Netherlands national football team results (1905–1919)
This is a list of the Netherlands national football team results from 1905 to 1919.

Between their first match in 1905 and 1919, the Netherlands played in 45 matches. Throughout this period they played in two Summer Olympics, in 1908 Summer Olympics and in 1912, and the Netherlands won the consolation tournaments of 1908 by walkover (France withdrew in the final) and got Bronze in 1912 after beating Finland 9-0 with 5 goals from Jan Vos.

Jan Vos (footballer)
See also Jan Vos (poet).

Jan Vos (April 17, 1888 in Utrecht – August 25, 1939 in Dordrecht) was a Dutch amateur football (soccer) player who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was part of the Dutch team, which won the bronze medal in the football tournament. With 8 goals scored, Vos was the 3rd best goalscorer in the tournament.
Christopher Hitchens bibliography
Christopher Hitchens (13 April 1949 – 15 December 2011) was a prolific British and American author, political journalist and literary critic. His books, essays, and journalistic career spanned more than four decades. Recognized as a public intellectual, he was a staple of talk shows and lecture circuits. Hitchens was a columnist and literary critic at The Atlantic, Vanity Fair, Slate, World Affairs, The Nation, Free Inquiry, and a variety of other media outlets.

Columnist
A columnist is a person who writes for publication in a series, creating an article that usually offers commentary and opinions. Columns appear in newspapers, magazines and other publications, including blogs. They take the form of a short essay by a specific writer who offers a personal point of view. Columns are sometimes written by a composite or a team, appearing under a pseudonym, or (in effect) a brand name. Columnists typically write daily or weekly columns. Some columns are later collected and reprinted in book form.
Arrell Global Food Innovation Award
The Arrell Global Food Innovation Award is an international award recognizing the achievements of individuals who have advanced food security around the world through contributions to science or communities. Conceived by the Arrell Family Foundation and established in 2018 with the creation of the Arrell Food Institute at the University of Guelph, two prizes are awarded each year: the first recognizes a researcher, or group of researchers, who has advanced understanding of food production, processing, distribution, consumption, safety and/or human nutrition, with a significant positive impact on society; the second recognizes an individual, or group of individuals, who has contributed to improved nutritional health and/or food security, with a focus on strengthening disadvantaged communities.

Winners receive $100,000 CAD and recognition at the annual Arrell Food Summit.

Human nutrition
Human nutrition deals with the provision of essential nutrients in food that are necessary to support human life and good health. Poor nutrition is a chronic problem often linked to poverty, food security, or a poor understanding of nutritional requirements. Malnutrition and its consequences are large contributors to deaths, physical deformities, and disabilities worldwide. Good nutrition is necessary for children to grow physically and mentally, and for normal human biological development.
Scouting and Guiding in Hungary
The Scout and Guide movement in Hungary is served by

Magyar Cserkészlány Szövetség, member of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts

Magyar Cserkészszövetség, member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement

Magyarországi Európai Cserkészek, candidate for membership within the Union Internationale des Guides et Scouts d'Europe

Magyar Öregcserkész Klub, member of the International Scout and Guide Fellowship

World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts
The World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS /wæɡz/) is a global association that supports female-oriented and female-only Guiding and Scouting organizations in 153 countries. It was established in the year 1928 in Parád, Hungary. The organization now has its headquarters located in London, United Kingdom. It is the counterpart of the World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM). WAGGGS is organized into five regions and operates five international Guiding centers. It holds full member status in the European Youth Forum (YFJ), which operates within the Council of Europe and the European Union.
Cefotetan
Cefotetan is an injectable antibiotic of the cephamycin type for prophylaxis and treatment of bacterial infections. It is often grouped together with second-generation cephalosporins and has a similar antibacterial spectrum, but with additional anti-anaerobe coverage.

Cefotetan was developed by Yamanouchi. It is marketed outside Japan by AstraZeneca with the brand names Apatef and Cefotan.

Astellas Pharma
Astellas Pharma Inc. (アステラス製薬株式会社, Asuterasu Seiyaku Kabushiki-gaisha) is a Japanese multinational pharmaceutical company, formed on 1 April 2005 from the merger of Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (山之内製薬株式会社, Yamanouchi Seiyaku Kabushiki-gaisha) and Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (藤沢薬品工業株式会社, Fujisawa Yakuhin Kōgyō Kabushiki-gaisha).

Astellas is a member of the Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group (MUFJ) keiretsu.
South African Army Engineer School
The School of Engineers is part of the South African Army Engineer Formation, which provides combat engineering corps training and teaching to military officers and personnel as well as other Military Schools (Centre's of Excellence) throughout the South African National Defence Force. They are currently the only Military School in Southern Africa to formally present IEDD (Improvised Explosive Device Demolition).

South African National Defence Force
The South African National Defence Force (SANDF) comprises the armed forces of South Africa. The Chief of the SANDF is appointed by the President of South Africa from one of the armed services. They are in turn accountable to the Minister of Defence and Military Veterans of the Defence Department.

The military as it exists today was created in 1994, following South Africa's first nonracial election in April of that year and the adoption of a new constitution. It replaced the South African Defence Force and also integrated uMkhonto we Sizwe (MK), and the Azanian People's Liberation Army (APLA) guerilla forces.
Nauny
Nauny or Nany (earlier reading: Entiuny) was an ancient Egyptian princess during the Twenty-first Dynasty, probably a daughter of High Priest, later Pharaoh Pinedjem I. The name of her mother, Tentnabekhenu is known only from Nauny's funerary papyrus.

Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt
The Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt (notated Dynasty XXI, alternatively 21st Dynasty or Dynasty 21) is usually classified as the first Dynasty of the Ancient Egyptian Third Intermediate Period, lasting from 1077 BC to 943 BC.
Saint John d'El Rey Mining Company
The Saint John d'El Rey Mining Company was a British mining company that operated in Brazil in the 19th and 20th centuries. The company employed skilled miners from Cornwall and elsewhere in Britain in its gold mines in the state of Minas Gerais, and also employed black slaves.

Adit
An adit (from Latin aditus, entrance) or stulm
is a horizontal or nearly horizontal passage to an underground mine.
Miners can use adits for access, drainage, ventilation, and extracting minerals at the lowest convenient level. Adits are also used to explore for mineral veins. Although most strongly associated with mining, the term adit is sometimes also used in the context of underground excavation for non-mining purposes; for example, to refer to smaller underground passageways excavated for underground metro systems, to provide pedestrian access to stations (pedestrian adits), and for access required during construction (construction adits).
Gonda's sign
Gonda's sign is a clinical sign in which flexing and then suddenly releasing the fourth toe elicits an extensor plantar reflex. It is found in patients with pyramidal tract lesions, and is one of a number of Babinski-like responses. It is named after the Ukrainian neuropsychiatrist Viktor Gonda (1889–1959), who discovered it sometime in the mid-1930s while he was practicing in the United States. Gonda was one of the strong proponents of electrotherapy to cure psychiatric illnesses.

Neuropsychiatry
Neuropsychiatry is a branch of medicine that deals with psychiatry as it relates to neurology, in an effort to understand and attribute behavior to the interaction of neurobiology and social psychological factors. Within neuropsychiatry, the mind is considered "as an emergent property of the brain", whereas other behavioral and neurological specialties might consider the two as separate entities. Those disciplines are typically practiced separately.

Currently, neuropsychiatry has become a growing subspecialty of neurology as it closely relates the fields of neuropsychology and behavioral neurology, and attempts to utilize this understanding to better understand psychological trauma, autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and Tourette syndrome, among others.
Andrew R. Potts
Andrew R. Potts (September 19, 1853 – February 17, 1932) was an American farmer, merchant, and politician.

Born in Rural, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, in the Town of Dayton, Potts worked in a general store, as a clerk, and then farmed. Potts served as Dayton town treasurer and chairman of the Dayton Town Board. He also served on the Waupaca County Board of Supervisors and was chairman of the county board. Potts served on the school board. From 1911 to 1915, Potts served in the Wisconsin State Assembly as a Republican. Potts then served in the Wisconsin State Senate from 1915 to 1919. Potts died at his home in Rural, Wisconsin after a brief illness.

Waupaca County, Wisconsin
Waupaca County (/wəˈpækə/ ⓘ wə-PAK-ə) is a county  in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2020 census, the population was 51,812. The county seat is Waupaca. The county was created in 1851 and organized in 1853. It is named after the Waupaca River, a Menominee language name meaning "place of tomorrow seen clearly."
Mahakama F.C.
Mahakama Football Club is a football club in Nairobi, Kenya. They played in the top level of Kenyan professional football, the Kenyan Premier League, but were relegated in 2008. It was founded in 2000 and is owned by the Judiciary of Kenya ("Mahakama" is Kiswahili for court).

In 2009 the team won the Nationwide League, earning a promotion back to the Premier League.

Kenyan Nationwide League
The Kenyan Nationwide League was the second-division football league in Kenya, until it was replaced by FKF Division One. There is promotion and relegation with the Kenyan Premier League and the Kenyan Provincial League.
NGC 4839
NGC 4839 is a lenticular type-cD galaxy located within the rich Coma Cluster of galaxies. The galaxy is part of the NGC 4839 galaxy group of which it is the brightest galaxy.

The NGC 4839 group appears to be merging with the Coma cluster. However it is unclear if the group is on its initial infall or if it has passed through the cluster once already. A 2023 paper argued that the distribution of globular clusters within the galaxy supported the galaxy being on its second infall.

NGC 4839 was discovered on April 11, 1785, by William Herschel, but also observed by John Herschel on April 19, 1827, and by Heinrich d'Arrest on May 18, 1862. It is classified as a radio galaxy presenting radio waves.

John Herschel
Sir John Frederick William Herschel, 1st Baronet KH FRS (/ˈhɜːrʃəl, ˈhɛər-/; 7 March 1792 – 11 May 1871) was an English polymath active as a mathematician, astronomer, chemist, inventor and experimental photographer who invented the blueprint and did botanical work.

Herschel originated the use of the Julian day system in astronomy. He named seven moons of Saturn and four moons of Uranus – the seventh planet, discovered by his father Sir William Herschel. He made many contributions to the science of photography, and investigated colour blindness and the chemical power of ultraviolet rays. His Preliminary Discourse (1831), which advocated an inductive approach to scientific experiment and theory-building, was an important contribution to the philosophy of science.
Dmitry Petrov (translator)
Dmitry Yuryevich Petrov (Russian: Дмитрий Юрьевич Петров; born 16 July 1958 in Novomoskovsk, Tula Region) is a Russian polyglot, simultaneous interpreter, lecturer, broadcaster, and teacher. He is a host of the reality show Polyglot on the TV channel Russia-K. Finished Translation School of Moscow State Linguistics University where he teaches, as of 2016, at the Department of Translation Studies and English Translation Practice. Since 2012 has his multilingual language school called Dmitry Petrov's Innovative Communication Linguistics Center that works using his 16 academic hour method Polyglot 16, implemented in eponymous course books and mobile applications.

Tula Oblast
Tula Oblast (Russian: Ту́льская о́бласть, romanized: Tulʹskaya oblastʹ) is a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia. It is geographically located in European Russia and is administratively part of the Central Federal District, covering an area of 25,700 square kilometers (9,900 sq mi). It has a population of 1,553,925 (2010 census). Tula is the largest city and the administrative center of the oblast.

Tula Oblast borders Moscow Oblast in the north, Ryazan in the east, Lipetsk in the southeast, Oryol in the southwest, and Kaluga in the west. Tula Oblast is one of the most developed and urbanized territories in Russia, and the majority of the territory forms the Tula-Novomoskovsk Agglomeration, an urban area with a population of over 1 million.