hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Big Mac–Wage Metric
The Big Mac–Wage Metric is a category of many similar economic measures which are semi-humorous ways to compare purchasing power parity and wage parity. The metric compares the relative price of a Big Mac, a hamburger sold at the McDonald's Franchise, in a country or region, and compares it to that region's wages. The specifics may vary—sources may use either minimum, mean, or median wages, before or after income taxation, and may use the price of a Big Mac burger or the price of a Big Mac meal, which includes fries and a drink. It appears that each variation of this metric was developed independently, and thus it is not referred to by a common name.

Hamburger
A hamburger, often known as a burger, consists of fillings—usually a patty of ground meat, typically beef—placed inside a sliced bun, sesame seed bun, or bread roll. These patties are often served with lettuce, tomato, onion, pickles, bacon, or chilis. The filling of the burger can be topped with condiments such as ketchup, mustard, mayonnaise, relish or a "special sauce", often a variation of Thousand Island dressing. A burger with the patty topped with cheese is called a cheeseburger. Under some definitions, a hamburger is considered a sandwich.

Hamburgers are typically associated with fast-food restaurants and diners but are also sold at other restaurants, including high-end establishments. There are many international and regional variations of hamburgers. Some of the largest multinational fast-food chains feature burgers as one of their core products: McDonald's Big Mac and Burger King's Whopper have become global icons of American culture.
Toothpaste tube theory
The toothpaste tube theory is a jocular metaphor stating that increasing pressure eventually forces some sort of release, just as when one squeezes a toothpaste tube, toothpaste comes out. It is used to explain social and political behavior, as well as relationships involving abstract concepts. Moreover, it is often used in metaphors to describe irreversible processes, since getting toothpaste out of a tube is easy, while reinserting it back into the tube is next to impossible.

Theories of political behavior
Theories of political behavior, as an aspect of political science, attempt to quantify and explain the influences that define a person's political views, ideology, and levels of political participation, especially in relation to the role of politicians and their impact on public opinion . Political behavior is the subset of human behavior that involves politics and power. Theorists who have had an influence on this field include Karl Deutsch and Theodor Adorno.
Ali ibn Hanzala
Ali ibn Hanzala ibn Abi Salim al-Mahfuzi al-Wadi'i al-Hamdani (Arabic: علي بن حنظلة بن أبي سالم المحفوظي الوادعي الهمداني, romanized: ʿAlī ibn Ḥanẓala ibn Abī Sālim al-Maḥfūẓī al-Wādiʿī al-Hamdānī) was the sixth Tayyibi Isma'ili Da'i al-Mutlaq in Yemen, from 1215 to his death in 1229.

Farhad Daftary
Farhad Daftary (Persian: فرهاد دفترى; born 1938) is a Belgian-born Iranian-British Islamic scholar who is co-director and head of the Department of Academic Research and Publications at the Institute of Ismaili Studies in London.

He was born in Brussels. Daftary received a Ph.D. in Economics from the University of California, Berkeley in 1971.  He is a freelance consulting editor of the Encyclopædia Iranica, co-editor (with W. Madelung) of the Encyclopædia Islamica, and the general editor of the Ismaili Heritage Series and the Ismaili Texts and Translations Series.
William Allanson
Sir William Allanson (died 6 December 1656) was an English merchant draper and politician who sat in the House of Commons  from 1640 to 1653.

Allanson was the son of Christopher Allanson of Ampleforth, North Yorkshire. He was a draper and became a freeman of the city of York in 1610. He was twice Lord Mayor of York, once when he was knighted by King Charles I at York on his visit there 26 May 1633.

In November 1640, Allanson was elected Member of Parliament for York in the Long Parliament.

Allanson was buried at St Michael le Belfrey, York on 7 December 1656.

Allanson married firstly on 12 December 1621 Lucy Orracke, daughter of Alexander Orracke. She died in September 1631. He married secondly in 1632 to Anne Tancred, daughter of Charles Tancred.

Ampleforth
Ampleforth is a village and civil parish in North Yorkshire, England, 20 miles (32 km) north of York. The village is situated on the edge of the North York Moors National Park. The parish has a population of 883 according to the 2001 census, increasing to 1,345 at the 2011 Census, and includes Ampleforth College. The name Ampleforth means "the ford where the sorrel grows".
Bradley Hill (footballer)
Bradley Hill (born 9 July 1993) is a professional Australian rules footballer playing for the St Kilda Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). He previously played for the Hawthorn Football Club from 2012 to 2016, and for the Fremantle Football Club between 2017 and 2019. He is a very quick running player who plays as a wingman.

2012 AFL season
The 2012 AFL season was the 116th season of the Australian Football League (AFL), the highest-level senior Australian rules football competition in Australia.

The season featured eighteen clubs, with addition of the newly established Greater Western Sydney Giants, which was based in Western Sydney and split its home games between Sydney and Canberra.

The season ran from 24 March until 29 September, and comprised a 22-game home-and-away season followed by a finals series featuring the top eight clubs.

The premiership was won by the Sydney Swans for the fifth time, after it defeated Hawthorn by ten points in the 2012 AFL Grand Final.
Robert Pitcher
Robert Pitcher (born 29 April 1964) was an English cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman and a left-arm slow bowler who played for Berkshire. He was born in Welwyn Garden City.

Pitcher, who represented Berkshire in the Minor Counties Championship from 1993 to 1995, made a single List A appearance for the team, during the 1995 NatWest Trophy, against Surrey. From the lower order, he scored 16 not out, though he was unable to save the team from a nine-wicket defeat.

Berkshire County Cricket Club
Berkshire County Cricket Club is one of twenty minor counties clubs within the domestic cricket structure of England and Wales. It represents the historic county of Berkshire.

The team is currently a member of the National Counties Championship Western Division and plays in the NCCA Knockout Trophy. Berkshire played List A matches occasionally until 2005, but is not classified as a List A team per se.
Abbas Bagheri Lotfabad
Abbas Bagheri Lotfabad (Persian: عباس باقری لطف‌آباد; April 10, 1965 – May 23, 2022) was an Iranian ophthalmologist, academic, and researcher specializing in pediatric ophthalmology, strabismus, and oculoplastic surgery. He served as a professor at Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and was instrumental in advancing ophthalmic education and clinical practice in Iran.

Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (SBUMS, Persian: دانشگاه علوم پزشکی و خدمات بهداشتی-درمانی شهيد بهشتی, Danushgah-e 'lum-e Pezeshki-ye vâ Xedâmat-e Behedashti - Dârmani-ye Shihid Beheshti) is one of the three medical universities in Tehran, the capital of Iran. It began in 1961 with the establishment of the Schools of Medicine and Dentistry. Following the merging of some of the treatment and educational units and organizations affiliated with the then-Ministry of Health and “Melli University” (National University) in 1986, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences began its activities independently.

The university is government funded.
Gladiator (board wargame)
Gladiator is a board wargame originally published by Battleline in 1979 in the two-game boxed set Circus Maximus along with the game Chariot Racing. Both games were bought by Avalon Hill and published as separate games in 1981.

Battleline Publications
Battleline Publications was a board wargame company founded by Steven Peek in 1973. Output was relatively low at first, with each game being funded by sales of the one before, but their games were generally well-respected. Several were re-published by Avalon Hill, and their second game, Wooden Ships and Iron Men designed by S. Craig Taylor is still considered one of the better games on its subject. They also put out a couple games that can be considered card wargames, and at one point became a division of Heritage Models.
Embassy of Indonesia, Prague
The Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia in Prague (Indonesian: Kedutaan Besar Republik Indonesia di Praha; Czech: Velvyslanectví Indonéské republiky v Praze) is the diplomatic mission of the Republic of Indonesia to the Czech Republic. The embassy was originally Indonesia's diplomatic mission to Czechoslovakia. After the country's split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia, the embassy became the diplomatic mission for the former. The first Indonesia ambassador to Czechoslovakia was Rudolf Alexander Asmaun in 1957. The current ambassador to the Czech Republic is Kenssy Dwi Ekaningsih who was appointed by President Joko Widodo on 13 February 2019.

President of Indonesia
The president of the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian: Presiden Republik Indonesia) is the head of state and head of government of the Republic of Indonesia. The president is the leader of the executive branch of the Indonesian government and the commander-in-chief of the Indonesian National Armed Forces and the Indonesian National Police. Since 2004, the president and vice president have been directly elected to a five-year term, once renewable, allowing for a maximum of ten years in office.

The current president is Prabowo Subianto, who assumed office on 20 October 2024.
Lynn Kanuka-Williams
Lynn Kanuka-Williams, née Kanuka, (July 11, 1960) is a Canadian athlete from Regina, Saskatchewan. She competed in 3000m races, as well as a smaller number of 1500m races.

She competed for Canada at the 1984 Summer Olympics held in Los Angeles, U.S. in the 3,000 metres where she won the bronze medal (in the race notable for the incident between Mary Decker and Zola Budd).  Four years later in Seoul, South Korea she finished fifth in the 1500 metres.
Additionally, she collected a bronze medal at the 1989 World Cross Country championships.

Kanuka-Williams competed in the AIAW for the San Diego State Aztecs track and field team, finishing 5th in the 3000 m at the 1980 AIAW Outdoor Track and Field Championships.

1980 AIAW Outdoor Track and Field Championships
The 1980 AIAW Outdoor Track And Field Championships were the 12th annual Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women-sanctioned track meet to determine the individual and team national champions of women's collegiate outdoor track and field events in the United States. They were contested May 21−24, 1980 in Eugene, Oregon by host University of Oregon. There were not separate AIAW Division I, II, and III championships for outdoor track and field until 1981.

The University of Nebraska–Lincoln, California State Los Angeles, and North Carolina State University were all viewed as favorites, but California State University, Northridge won the team title ahead of them unexpectedly. Cal State Northridge was said to have won by relying on their track runners at the expense of field athletes.
TeamTalk
TeamTalk is a conferencing system which people use to communicate on the Internet using VoIP and video streaming.

The TeamTalk conferencing system consists of a server and client application. Users are required to set up their own TeamTalk server before they can use the system. The TeamTalk server is available for Mac OS X, Windows and the widely used Linux distributions CentOS, Debian and Raspbian. The TeamTalk client application supports the same platforms as the server and additionally supports mobile platforms iOS and Android.

For voice encoding TeamTalk uses Opus and Speex audio codec. Video streams are encoded using VP8 video codec.

Raspberry Pi OS
Raspberry Pi OS is a Unix-like operating system developed for the Raspberry Pi line of single-board computers. Based on Debian, a Linux distribution, it is maintained by Raspberry Pi Holdings and optimized for the Pi's hardware, with low memory requirements and support for both 32-bit and 64-bit architectures. Originally released in July 2012 under the name Raspbian, it was introduced shortly after the launch of the first Raspberry Pi model.

The operating system is compatible with all Raspberry Pi models except the Raspberry Pi Pico microcontroller. It is available in several configurations: a standard edition, a "Lite" version without a desktop environment, and a "Full" version that includes additional software such as LibreOffice and Wolfram Mathematica. The operating system is available as a free download and can be installed using the official Raspberry Pi Imager utility. It is also sold preloaded on official microSD cards.
NGC 338
NGC 338 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Pisces. Its velocity with respect to the cosmic microwave background is 4479 ± 22 km/s, which corresponds to a Hubble distance of 215.5 ± 15.1 Mly (66.07 ± 4.64 Mpc). In addition, 22 non-redshift measurements give a distance of 223.56 ± 5.04 Mly (68.545 ± 1.544 Mpc). It was discovered in 1877 by Wilhelm Tempel. It was described by Dreyer as "very faint, very small, irregular figure, brighter middle."

According to A.M. Garcia, NGC 338 is a member of the NGC 315 Group (also known as LGG 14). This group contains 42 galaxies, including NGC 226, NGC 243, NGC 262, NGC 266, NGC 311, NGC 315, IC 43, IC 66, AND IC 69, among others.

John Louis Emil Dreyer
John Louis Emil Dreyer (13 February 1852 – 14 September 1926), also Johan Ludvig Emil Dreyer, was a Danish astronomer who spent most of his career working in Ireland.  He spent the last decade of his life in Oxford, England.
2009 KBS Drama Awards
The 2009 KBS Drama Awards (Korean: KBS 연기대상) is a ceremony honoring the outstanding achievement in television on the Korean Broadcasting System (KBS) network for the year of 2009. It was held on December 31, 2009 and hosted by Tak Jae-hoon, Lee Da-hae and Kim So-yeon.

Lee Da-hae
Lee Da-hae or Lee Da-hey (Korean: 이다해; born April 19, 1984), born Byun Da-hye, is an Australian-South Korean actress. She is best known for her roles in Korean dramas such as Heaven's Fate (2004), My Girl (2005), Green Rose (2005), The Slave Hunters (2010), Miss Ripley (2011), and Hotel King (2014), as well as the Chinese dramas Love Actually (2012) and Best Couple (2016).

Lee Da-hae is well known for being fluent in Korean, English and Chinese, earning her huge popularity in China. She is the first Korean actress to speak her lines in Mandarin, displaying her linguistic skills in Chinese dramas.
Abdul Hakeem Khan
Abdul Hakeem Khan Swati was a former governor of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan and former Chief Justice of Peshawar High Court. He belongs to Swati tribe of Baffa, the largest Union Council of Mansehra District. He was appointed the Governor of North-West Frontier Province (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) when General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq imposed Martial Law on 5 July 1977 and appointed all provincial Chief justices as governors of respective provinces. Khan died on 4 January 2007, aged 90. He belonged to Lughmani family of the Sarkheli subsection of Swati tribe.

Mansehra District
Mansehra District (Urdu, Hindko: ضلع مانسہرہ) is a district in the Hazara Division, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, northern Pakistan. The city of Mansehra serves as the headquarters of the district.

Mansehra was established as an independent district in 1976. It was previously a tehsil within the broader Hazara District. In 1993, a former subdivision of Mansehra, Battagram, was separated as an independent district. Similarly, in 2011, another subdivision of Mansehra, Kala Dhaka, was separated which is now known as Torghar District.

The area comprising present-day Mansehra District historically consisted of two regions: Pakhal, known as the country of the Swati tribe, and Tanawal, the territory of the Tanoli tribe. According to revenue records, historical accounts, and British gazetteers, following the conquest of Pakhal from the Turks in 1703, Swati clans settled across the region, establishing ownership of nearly all villages in the district.
Jim Troupis
James Roberts Troupis (born September 30, 1953) is an American lawyer and Republican political operative from Dane County, Wisconsin. He was an attorney for Donald Trump's 2020 presidential campaign, and was involved in the efforts to overturn the election results, including the plan to produce fraudulent electoral votes to supplant the legitimate electoral votes at the January 6 certification. As a result of his involvement in the fraudulent elector plot, he has been charged with conspiracy to utter as legitimate a forged document.

He was also a member of Wisconsin's Judicial Conduct Advisory Committee from 2021 until 2024, when he was suspended due to his indictment.  Earlier, he served one year as a Wisconsin circuit court judge in Dane County (2015–2016) and was mayor of Mendota, Illinois (1985–1987).

Uttering
Uttering is a crime involving a person with the intent to defraud that knowingly sells, publishes or passes a forged or counterfeited document. More specifically, forgery creates a falsified document and uttering is the act of knowingly passing on or using the forged document.
Robbins & Appleton Building
The Robbins & Appleton Building is a historic building at 1–5 Bond Street between Broadway and Lafayette Street in the NoHo neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. Built in 1879–1880, it was designed by architect Stephen Decatur Hatch in the Second Empire style. The building features an ornate cast iron facade and mansard roof; it was originally used for the manufacture of watch cases and by publisher D. Appleton & Company. It was converted in 1986 to residential use.

The building was designated a New York City landmark in 1979, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

Lafayette Street
Lafayette Street (/ˌlæfiˈɛt, ˌlɑːf-/ LA(H)-F-ee-ET) is a major north–south street in  Lower Manhattan, New York City. It originates at the intersection of Reade Street and Centre Street, one block north of Chambers Street. The one-way street then successively runs through Chinatown, Little Italy, NoLIta, and NoHo and finally, between East 9th and East 10th streets, merges with Fourth Avenue.  A buffered bike lane runs outside the left traffic lane. North of Spring Street, Lafayette Street is northbound (uptown)-only; south of Spring Street, Lafayette is southbound (downtown)-only.

The street is named after the Marquis de Lafayette, a French hero of the American Revolutionary War.
Sisters of St. Francis of Penance and Christian Charity
The Sisters of St. Francis of Penance and Christian Charity is a Catholic religious congregation for women. A third order Regular [not Secular] group, the sisters are not cloistered nuns but active in the world, having historically been primarily involved in teaching, although they have participated in the care of the sick and poor, hospital work, mission work, and other activities.

Third order
The term third order signifies, in general, lay members of Christian religious orders, who do not normally live in a religious community such as a monastery and yet can claim the right to wear the religious habit and participate in the good works of a great order. Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism and Anglicanism all recognize third orders.

Third orders were a 12th-century adaptation of the medieval monastic confraternities. Members of third orders are known as tertiaries (Latin tertiarii, from tertius, "third"). In some cases, they may belong to a religious institute (a "congregation") that is called a "third order regular".

Roman Catholic canon law states:

Associations whose members share in the spirit of some religious institute while in secular life, lead an apostolic life, and strive for Christian perfection under the higher direction of the same institute are called third orders or some other appropriate name.
Hero (2022 Indian film)
Hero is a 2022 Indian Telugu-language action comedy film written and directed by Sriram Adittya. Produced by Amara Raja Media and Entertainment, the film stars debutant Ashok Galla and Nidhhi Agerwal while Jagapathi Babu, Naresh, Vennela Kishore, Brahmaji, and Satya play supporting roles with the music composed by Ghibran.

The film began its production in November 2019. Following the delays caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, Hero was theatrically released on 15 January 2022. The film received mixed reviews from the critics and audiences as well.

Jagapathi Babu
Veeramachaneni Jagapathi Chowdary (born 12 February 1962), professionally known as Jagapathi Babu (pronunciationⓘ), is an Indian actor known for his works in Telugu cinema. He has also appeared in Tamil, Kannada, Malayalam and Hindi films. Babu has appeared in 170 feature films, and has received four Filmfare Awards and seven state Nandi Awards.

He has worked with notable directors like Kodi Ramakrishna, S. V. Krishna Reddy, Ram Gopal Varma, Krishna Vamsi, E. V. V. Satyanarayana, Gunasekhar, Chandra Sekhar Yeleti, Siva, A. M. Rathnam, K. Raghavendra Rao, Radha Mohan, Mohan Raja, J. D. Chakravarthy, Boyapati Srinu, Trivikram Srinivas, Vysakh, K. S. Ravikumar, Sukumar, Koratala Siva and Prashanth Neel.
Matveyevo-Kurgansky District
Matveyevo-Kurgansky District (Russian: Матве́ево-Курга́нский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the forty-three in Rostov Oblast, Russia. It is located in the west of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,707 square kilometers (659 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a settlement) of Matveyev Kurgan. Population: 43,446 (2010 Census);  45,604 (2002 Census); 42,992 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Matveyev Kurgan accounts for 35.9% of the district's total population.

Rostov Oblast
Rostov Oblast (Russian: Росто́вская о́бласть, romanized: Rostovskaya oblastʹ, IPA: [rɐˈstofskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ]) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast), located in the Southern Federal District. The oblast has an area of 100,967 square kilometers (38,984 sq mi) and a population of 4,200,729 (2021 Census), making it the sixth most populous federal subject in Russia. Its administrative center is the city of Rostov-on-Don, which also became the administrative center of the Southern Federal District in 2002.
Human Biology (journal)
Human Biology is a peer reviewed scientific journal, currently published by Wayne State University Press. The journal was established in 1929 by Raymond Pearl and is the official publication of the American Association of Anthropological Genetics. The focus of the journal is human genetics, covering topics from human population genetics, evolutionary and genetic demography and quantitative genetics. It also covers ancient DNA studies, evolutionary biological anthropology, and research exploring biological diversity expressed in terms of adaptation. The journal also publishes interdisciplinary research linking biological and cultural diversity from evidence such sources as archaeology, ethnography and cultural anthropology studies, and more. As of February 14, 2020, the journal is on Volume 90, Issue 4. The journal's current editor is Ripan S. Malhi (University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign).

Biological anthropology
Biological anthropology, also known as physical anthropology, is a natural science discipline concerned with the biological and behavioral aspects of human beings, their extinct hominin ancestors, and related non-human primates, particularly from an evolutionary perspective. This subfield of anthropology systematically studies human beings from a biological perspective.