hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Economy and trade of pre-Islamic Arabia
The economy and trade of pre-Islamic Arabia refers to the land- and sea-trade networks used by the inhabitants of Pre-Islamic Arabia, both inter-regionally (between different regions of Arabia) and internationally.

Famously, the Arabian Peninsula, situated between the Levant, Mesopotamia, Persia, Egypt, and the Horn of Africa, is known for its role in the ancient incense trade route, which saw the movement of spices across regions as distant as India to Europe. Commodities transported through these routes included myrrh from modern-day Yemen and frankincense from Oman.

The documentation of trade in the region goes back to the 3rd millennium BC, where Dilmun, a civilization covering most of Eastern Arabia, was known in Mesopotamian traders as a legendary source of wealth and goods in the Bronze Age. South Arabia was also a major center of trade. The transition from pre-Islamic to Islamic times shifted the locus of trade to the Hejaz, the birthplace of Islam.

Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (Koine Greek: Περίπλους τῆς Ἐρυθρᾶς Θαλάσσης, romanized: Períplous tē̂s Erythrâs Thalássēs), also known by its Latin name as the Periplus Maris Erythraei, is a Greco-Roman periplus written in Koine Greek that describes navigation and trading opportunities from Roman Egyptian ports like Berenice Troglodytica along the coast of the Red Sea and others along the Horn of Africa, the Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean, including the modern-day Sindh region of Pakistan and southwestern regions of India.

The text has been ascribed to different dates between the first and third centuries, but a mid-first-century date is now the most commonly accepted. While the author is unknown, it is a first-hand description by someone familiar with the area and is nearly unique in providing accurate insights into what the ancient Hellenic world knew about the lands around the Indian Ocean.
Jim Lynam
James Francis Lynam (born September 15, 1941) is an American former college and professional basketball coach. He coached at the college level for Fairfield University from 1968 to 1970, American University from 1973 to 1978, and St. Joseph's University from 1978 to 1981. In the National Basketball Association (NBA), Lynam coached the San Diego / Los Angeles Clippers from 1983 to 1985, the Philadelphia 76ers from 1987 to 1992, and the Washington Bullets from 1995 to 1997. Lynam compiled a 158–118 record at the college level, and 328–392 in the NBA. He was also Philadelphia's general manager from 1992 to 1994.

Fairfield University
Fairfield University is a private Jesuit university in Fairfield, Connecticut. It was founded by the Jesuits in 1942. In the fall of 2024, the university had about 5,400 full-time undergraduate students and 1,500 graduate students, including full-time and part-time students. It offers bachelor's degrees, master's degrees, and doctoral degrees through its five schools and colleges.
Kristali
Kristali (Serbian Cyrillic: Кристали; trans. The Crystals) were a Serbian pop rock band formed in Belgrade in 1993. The group gained mainstream popularity in mid-1990s with their britpop-influenced pop rock sound, scoring several hit songs. After releasing four studio albums and a live album, the band ended their activity in 2025, following the death of the group's frontman and leader Dejan Gvozden.

Korak napred 2 koraka nazad
Korak napred 2 koraka nazad (A Step Forward 2 Steps Backwards) is a various artists cover album, featuring nine Serbian bands performing cover versions of the popular Yugoslav rock songs, released in 1999. The album was intended to be released for the 10th anniversary of the Radio B92, however, before the album release, the station was taken over by the government. Nevertheless, the compilation was released.
Truscott Senior Swiss Teams
The Truscott/USPC Senior Swiss Teams North American bridge championship is held at the summer American Contract Bridge League (ACBL) North American Bridge Championship (NABC).

The Truscott/USPC Senior Swiss Teams is a four session Swiss teams, two qualifying sessions and two final sessions.
The event typically starts on the first Monday of the NABC.
The event is open to players 55 or older.

American Contract Bridge League
The American Contract Bridge League (ACBL) is a governing body for contract bridge in the United States, Canada, Mexico, and Bermuda. It is the largest such organization in North America having the stated mission "to promote, grow and sustain the game of bridge and serve the bridge-related interests of our Members." Its major activities are:

sanctioning games at local bridge clubs and regional events

certifying bridge teachers and club directors

conducting the North American Bridge Championships (NABC)

providing education materials and services

administering the ACBL masterpoints system for tracking player performance

providing oversight for ethical behavior and play

representing the interests of its members with the World Bridge Federation.

As of 2025, it had more than 130,000 members.
Brian Badza
Brian Badza (born 23 June 1979) is a former Zimbabwean football striker.

He has been capped for the Zimbabwean national team. He was in the Zimbabwean squad for the 2006 African Cup of Nations.

He played domestically for Motor Action FC (2002) and CAPS United FC (2003–2005, 2006–2008) and in Belgium for K.F.C. Germinal Beerschot (2005–06).

2006 Africa Cup of Nations
The 2006 Africa Cup of Nations was the 25th edition of the Africa Cup of Nations, the association football championship of Africa. It was hosted by Egypt, from 20 January to 10 February. Just like in 2004, the field of sixteen teams was split into four groups of four. Egypt won its fifth championship, beating Ivory Coast in the final 4–2 in a penalty shootout after the regulation time had ended in a goalless draw.
WABM
WABM (channel 68) is a television station in Birmingham, Alabama, United States, affiliated with MyNetworkTV. It is owned by Sinclair Broadcast Group alongside Homewood-licensed CW affiliate WTTO (channel 21) and low-power ABC affiliate WBMA-LD (channel 58, branded as ABC 33/40); Sinclair also operates Bessemer-licensed WDBB (channel 17), which serves as a full satellite station of WTTO, under a local marketing agreement (LMA) with Sinclair partner company Cunningham Broadcasting. However, Sinclair effectively owns WDBB as the majority of Cunningham's stock is owned by the family of deceased group founder Julian Smith.

WABM, WBMA-LD and WTTO share studios at the Riverchase office park on Concourse Parkway in Hoover (with a Birmingham mailing address); WABM's transmitter is located at the American General candelabra tower on Red Mountain (near Interstate 65) in southwestern Birmingham.

Bessemer, Alabama
Bessemer is a city in Jefferson County, Alabama, United States and a southwestern suburb of Birmingham. The population was 26,019 at the 2020 census, and was estimated to be 25,079 in 2024. It is within the Birmingham–Hoover, AL Metropolitan statistical area, of which Jefferson County is the center. It developed rapidly as an industrial city in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Robert Allan Gus Lyons
Robert Allan "Gus" Lyons (July 8, 1890 – December 27, 1984) was a bond broker and political figure in British Columbia. He represented Victoria City from 1924 until his retirement at the 1928 provincial election as a Conservative.

He was born in London, Ontario, the son of Robert A. Lyons and Margaret Clark. Lyons served during World War I and was wounded, losing a leg. He was awarded the Distinguished Conduct Medal and the French Croix de Guerre. Lyons reached the rank of major. He died in Vancouver at the age of 94.

Distinguished Conduct Medal
The Distinguished Conduct Medal (DCM) was a British military decoration instituted in 1854 by Queen Victoria to recognise gallantry in the field by other ranks of the British Army. It was the oldest British award for gallantry and served as the second highest military decoration for bravery, ranking just below the Victoria Cross. The medal remained in use until 1993, when it was discontinued and succeeded by the Conspicuous Gallantry Cross. In addition to British personnel, the medal was also awarded to non-commissioned members of the armed forces from other Commonwealth Dominions and Colonies.
Vermilacinia cephalota
Vermilacinia cephalota is a fruticose lichen usually found on trees, shrubs and wooden fences in the fog regions along the Pacific Coast of North America from southeastern Alaska to the Vizcaíno Peninsula of Baja California.

Fruticose lichen
A fruticose lichen is a form of lichen fungi that is characterized by a coral-like shrubby or bushy growth structure. It is formed from a symbiotic relationship of a photobiont such as green algae or less commonly cyanobacteria and one, two or more mycobionts.  Fruticose lichens are not a monophyletic and holophyletic lineage, but are a form encountered in many classes.  Fruticose lichens have a complex vegetation structure, and are characterized by an ascending, bushy or pendulous appearance. As with other lichens, many fruticose lichens can endure high degrees of desiccation. They grow slowly and often occur in habitats such as on tree barks, on rock surfaces and on soils in the Arctic and mountain regions.
Branchioplax
Branchioplax is an extinct genus of crab which existed in Alaska and Washington during the Eocene period. It was first named by Mary Rathbun in 1916, and contains ten species, including Branchioplax washingtoniana from the Hoko River Formation, Branchioplax carmanahensis, and Branchioplax ballingi.

Mary J. Rathbun
Mary Jane Rathbun (June 11, 1860 – April 4, 1943) was an American zoologist who specialized in crustaceans. She worked at the Smithsonian Institution from 1884 until her death. She described more than a thousand new species and subspecies and many higher taxa.
The Deep Blue Good-by
The Deep Blue Good-by is the first of 21 novels in the Travis McGee series by American author John D. MacDonald.

Commissioned in 1964 by Fawcett Publications editor Knox Burger, the book establishes for the series an investigative protagonist in a residential Florida base. All titles in the 21-volume series include a color, a mnemonic device which was suggested by his publisher so that when harried travelers in airports looked to buy a book, they could at once see those MacDonald titles they had not yet read.

Detective
A detective is an investigator, usually a member of a law enforcement agency. They often collect information to solve crimes by talking to witnesses and informants, collecting physical evidence, or searching records in databases. This leads them to arrest criminals and enable them to be convicted in court. A detective may work for the police or privately.
The Book and the Sword (2008 TV series)
The Book and the Sword is a 2008 Chinese television series adapted from Louis Cha's novel of the same title, starring Qiao Zhenyu, Adam Cheng, Niki Chow, and Liu Dekai. First broadcast on CETV-3 in China in 2009, the plot deviates significantly from the original source.

Jin Yong
Louis Cha Leung-yung GBM OBE (Chinese: 查良鏞; 10 March 1924 – 30 October 2018), better known by his pen name Jin Yong (Chinese: 金庸), was a  Chinese-language wuxia novelist and co-founder of Ming Pao. Cha authored 15 novels between 1955 and 1972 and became one of the most popular Chinese writers of all time, with over 100 million copies sold globally—excluding widespread pirated editions. Cha's novels, which have been adapted into numerous TV dramas, films, and video games, are esteemed for their literary quality and universal appeal, resonating with both scholarly and popular audiences.
Fluvalinate
Fluvalinate is a synthetic pyrethroid chemical compound contained as an active agent in the products Apistan, Klartan, and Minadox, that is an acaricide (specifically, a miticide), used to control Varroa mites in honey bee colonies, infestations that constitute a significant disease of such insects.

Fluvalinate is a stable, nonvolatile, viscous, heavy oil (technical) soluble in organic solvents.

Pyrethroid
A pyrethroid is an organic compound similar to the natural pyrethrins, which are produced by the flowers of pyrethrums (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium and C. coccineum). Pyrethroids are used as commercial and household insecticides.

In household concentrations pyrethroids are generally harmless to humans.  However, pyrethroids are toxic to insects such as bees, dragonflies, mayflies, gadflies, and some other invertebrates, including those that constitute the base of aquatic and terrestrial food webs. Pyrethroids are toxic to aquatic organisms, especially fish. They have been shown to be an effective control measure for malaria outbreaks, through indoor applications.
Sherren's triangle
Sherren's triangle is an area of skin hyperaesthesia found in acute appendicitis. It was described by the English surgeon James Sherren. It is bounded by lines joining anterior superior iliac spine, the pubic tubercle and umbilicus.

it is regarded as a good guide in the diagnosis of gangrenous appendicitis

If this hyperasthesia disappear during the course of illness it indicates bursting of the gangrenous appendix.

Anterior superior iliac spine
The anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) is a bony projection of the iliac bone, and an important landmark of surface anatomy. It refers to the anterior extremity of the iliac crest of the pelvis. It provides attachment for the inguinal ligament, and the sartorius muscle. The tensor fasciae latae muscle attaches to the lateral aspect of the superior anterior iliac spine, and also about 5 cm away at the iliac tubercle.
2010 Swiss Open Super Series
The 2010 Swiss Open Super Series is a top level badminton competition which will be held from March 16, 2010 to March 21, 2010 in Basel, Switzerland. It is the fourth BWF Super Series competition on the 2010 BWF Super Series schedule. The total purse for the event is $200,000. St. Jakobshalle was host the competition. This was the 20th anniversary of the swiss Open tournament, since the tournament was held in St. Jakobshalle and entered the high-level World Badminton Grand Prix event in 1991.

St. Jakobshalle
St. Jakobshalle is a multi-purpose indoor arena in the municipality of Münchenstein in Basel-Landschaft, right by the border with Basel-Stadt. Officially opened in September 1976, it is primarily used for hosting indoor sports and concert events. Following a significant renovation, the main arena has a seated capacity of 8,000 people but this can be increased to 12,400 (previously 9,000) when combined with a standing audience.

The building was designed by the architect Giovanni Panozzo and has different sized halls and rooms, which are used for all types of events. It is the home of the Swiss Indoors men's tennis and Swiss Open badminton tournaments.
$5
There are many $5 banknotes, bills or coins, including:

Australian five-dollar note

Canadian five-dollar note

New Zealand five-dollar note

United States five-dollar bill

Hong Kong five-dollar coin

Hong Kong five-dollar note

Other currencies that issue $5 banknotes, bills or coins are:

Hong Kong five-dollar note
The five-dollar note was first issued in 1858 by the Mercantile Bank, 1865 by the Standard Chartered Bank (Hong Kong), 1866 by the Oriental Bank Corporation, 1897 by The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation, and 1894 by the National Bank of China. There was a continuous issue until the Second World War in different colours and dimensions, and this issue was resumed after the war in 1946, by the HSBC and Standard Chartered banks. The various banks' designs were somewhat standardised in 1970 when the Chartered Bank changed the issue from green to brown, as this was the colour of the HSBC issue. The Standard Charted Bank issued two colours from 1967 to 1970, a yellow and green note. These are described as being a yellow and green key in reference to the image of two keys on either side of the banknote. This denomination was replaced by a coin in 1976.
Jörgen Smit
Jörgen Smit  (July 21, 1916 in Bergen – May 10, 1991 in Arlesheim) was a  Norwegian teacher, teachers teacher, speaker and writer, mainly in the context of the Anthroposophical Society and the Waldorfschool Movement. He was the general secretary of the Norwegian Anthroposophical Society, co-founder of the Rudolf Steiner Seminar in Järna, Sweden and member of the Executive Council of the General Anthroposophical Society at the Goetheanum in Dornach, Switzerland.

Arlesheim
Arlesheim is a town and a municipality in the district of Arlesheim in the canton of Basel-Country in Switzerland. Its cathedral chapter seat, bishop's residence and cathedral (1681 / 1761) are listed as a heritage site of national significance.

The official language of Arlesheim is (the Swiss variety of Standard) German, while the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect.

The cathedral has a Baroque organ built by the German builder Johann Andreas Silbermann, based in Alsace, in 1761. The instrument was restored by Metzler in 1959–1962, and is an example of the fusion of French and German organ building styles. It has been used in several recordings, including Lionel Rogg's recording of the complete organ works of J. S. Bach, for Harmonia Mundi France in 1970.
MV Sveti Krševan
MF  Sveti Krševan is a ro-ro vehicle and passenger ferry owned and operated by Jadrolinija, the Croatian state-owned ferry company. She was built in 2004 at the Kraljevica Shipyard Ltd. in Kraljevica, Croatia. As of June 2010 she serves on the local route Orebić—Dominče, connecting the Pelješac peninsula and the island of Korčula in southern Dalmatia.

MF Sveti Krševan is a Hull 535 class ferry, along with her twins, the MF Supetar and MF Cres, which are all operated by Jadrolinija. The ferries all have a capacity of 600 passengers and 100 cars and their maximum speed is 11.5 knots.

Pelješac
42°55′N 17°28′E﻿ / ﻿42.91°N 17.46°E﻿ / 42.91; 17.46

Pelješac (pronounced [pɛ̌ʎɛʃats]; Chakavian: Pelišac; Italian: Sabbioncello) is a peninsula in southern Dalmatia in Croatia. The peninsula is part of the Dubrovnik-Neretva County and is the second largest peninsula in Croatia. From the isthmus that begins at Ston, to the top of Cape Lovišta, it is 65 km or 40 mi long.
Dmitri Plekhanov
Dmitri Plekhanov (born March 13, 1978) is a Russian former professional ice hockey defenceman.  He played in the Russian Superleague for HC Neftekhimik Nizhnekamsk and Vityaz Chekhov. He was drafted 232nd overall in the 1997 NHL Entry Draft by the St. Louis Blues.

1997 NHL entry draft
The 1997 NHL entry draft was the 35th NHL entry draft. It was held at the Civic Arena in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on June 21, 1997.

The last active player from the 1997 draft class was Joe Thornton, who played his last NHL game in the 2021–22 season.
Canada 150 tulip
The Canada 150 tulip, also known as the Maple Leaf tulip,  is the official tulip of the 150th anniversary of Canada and was unveiled May 9, 2016, in Commissioners Park. The tulip was selectively bred with an elegant white flower and red flames, which resembles the flag of Canada. In September 2016, tulip bulbs went on sale at Home Hardware stores. For Canada's sesquicentennial celebration in 2017, the Canadian Tulip Festival in Ottawa planted over 200,000 Maple Leaf tulip bulbs.

Home Hardware
Home Hardware Stores Ltd. is an independent home improvement retailer located in Canada. Co-founded by Walter Hachborn in 1964, and headquartered in St. Jacobs, Ontario, the company is Canadian and the country's largest dealer-owned and operated home improvement retailer with more than 1,000 stores serving communities across the country.
Amado Tame Shear
Amado Tame Shear (born 8 April 1927), is a Mexican politician. Tame Shear obtained an engineering degree in Mexico City. In 1949 he joined the Mexican Communist Party (PCM). In 1960 he left PCM for the Popular Socialist Party (PPS). He eventually became the Secretary for Educational Policy in the Central Committee of PPS. He was born in Mexico City.

Between 1964 and 1967 he was an alternate for a federal parliamentary seat. He was elected to the federal parliament in 1979 as a PPS candidate from the electoral district 33 (in the Federal District). His parliamentary tenure lasted until 1982.

Central committee
A central committee is a political-executive organ designated as the highest organ of a communist party between two congresses. Per the principles of democratic centralism, a central committee is empowered to deal with any issue that falls under the party's purview. While formally retaining this role in socialist states, commonly referred to as communist states by outside observers, in practice, it delegates this authority to numerous smaller internal organs due to the infrequency of its meetings.

The term of a central committee of a ruling communist party is usually five years. The party congress elects individuals to the central committee and holds it accountable. At the first central committee session held immediately after a congress, it elects the party leader, an office usually titled general secretary of the central committee, a political organ, commonly known as the politburo, and an executive organ, customarily named the secretariat.
EpiVax
EpiVax is an American biotechnology company, founded in 1998 by Anne Searls De Groot. EpiVax holds the exclusive license to the EpiMatrix vaccine design technology.

In 2015, EpiVax collaborated with Ipsen to complete a new approach for producing botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) and Targeted Secretion Inhibitor (TSI) therapeutics. EpiVax applied its proprietary T cell epitope modification technology (“ISPRI”) to generate an engineered BoNT sequence.

In 2020, it developed a COVID-19 vaccine, EPV-CoV19, in partnership with the University of Georgia and Immunomic Therapeutics.

Ipsen
Ipsen is a French biopharmaceutical company headquartered in Paris, France, with a focus on drug development and commercialization in three therapeutic areas: oncology, rare diseases and neuroscience. Ipsen is one of the world's top 15 biopharmaceutical companies in terms of oncology sales.

Ipsen, founded by Henri Beaufour in 1929, has approximately 5000 employees worldwide. Ipsen's medicines are registered in 88 countries with direct commercial presence in over 30 countries. Ipsen has 4 global R&D hubs and 3 pharmaceutical development centers around the world. Ipsen has been a family-owned business for the past 90 years and is publicly traded on the Euronext Paris as part of the SBF 120 index (2005). The Beaufour family owns 57% of its shares and 73% of its voting rights, and two of its members, Anne Beaufour and Henri Beaufour, sit on its board of directors.
Moscow Leningradsky railway station
Moscow Leningradsky railway station (IATA: ZKD) (Russian: Ленинградский вокзал, Leningradsky vokzal) is the oldest of Moscow's ten railway terminals. Situated on Komsomolskaya Square, the station serves north-western directions, notably Saint Petersburg. International services from the station include Tallinn, Estonia, operated by GoRail, and Helsinki, Finland. It is the only Moscow railway terminal operated by October Railway rather than Moscow Railway.

GoRail
GoRail is a rail freight operator in Estonia, and also offers related training services.  Until commencing offering freight services in 2019 it was a passenger service operator, and until 2020 it operated the only direct international passenger rail services from Estonia (however it is possible to travel to Riga in Latvia by changing from Elron services to Valga onto Pasažieru vilciens services).