hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
History of atomic theory
Atomic theory is the scientific theory that matter is composed of particles called atoms. The definition of the word "atom" has changed over the years in response to scientific discoveries. Initially, it referred to a hypothetical fundamental particle of matter, too small to be seen by the naked eye, that could not be divided. Then the definition was refined to being the basic particles of the chemical elements, when chemists observed that elements seemed to combine with each other in ratios of small whole numbers. Then physicists discovered that these atoms had an internal structure of their own and therefore could be divided after all.

Atomic theory is one of the most important scientific developments in history, crucial to all the physical sciences. At the start of The Feynman Lectures on Physics, physicist and Nobel laureate Richard Feynman offers the atomic hypothesis as the single most prolific scientific concept.

Francis William Aston
Francis William Aston FRS (1 September 1877 – 20 November 1945) was a British chemist and physicist who won the 1922 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes in many non-radioactive elements and for his enunciation of the whole number rule. He was a fellow of the Royal Society and Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge.
Midnight Lady (Marvin Gaye song)
"Midnight Lady" is the first track on Marvin Gaye's 1982 album, Midnight Love. It contains sly references to Rick James and his hit, "Super Freak".

The song was never released as a single but was issued as the first track off Midnight Love.

Gordon Banks (musician)
Gordon Banks (February 22, 1955 – July 21, 2023) was an American guitarist, producer, writer and musical director. He was voted one of the top 100 guitarists in America by Rolling Stone magazine in 1985.

Banks played an important part in Marvin Gaye's later years. Gaye referred to him as "ID" meaning "The Indicator".
Michael Dinneen
Michael J. Dinneen is an American-New Zealand mathematician and computer scientist working as a senior lecturer at the University of Auckland, New Zealand. He is deputy director of the Center for Discrete Mathematics and Theoretical Computer Science. He does research in combinatorial optimization, distributed computing, and graph theory.

Dinneen was educated at the University of Idaho (BS), Washington State University, and University of Victoria (MS and PhD). He worked at the Los Alamos National Laboratory before moving to New Zealand and the University of Auckland.

University of Victoria
The University of Victoria (UVic) is a public research university located in the municipalities of Oak Bay and Saanich, British Columbia, Canada. Established in 1903 as Victoria College, the institution was initially an affiliated college of McGill University until 1915. From 1921 to 1963, it functioned as an affiliate of the University of British Columbia. In 1963, the institution was re-organized into an independent university.
A Dreamer's Tales
A Dreamer's Tales is the fourth book by Irish fantasy writer Lord Dunsany, considered a major influence on the work of J. R. R. Tolkien, H. P. Lovecraft, Ursula K. Le Guin, and others. Like most of Dunsany's early books, A Dreamer's Tales is a collection of fantasy short stories.

A Dreamer's Tales was first published in hardcover by George Allen & Sons in September 1910, and has been reprinted a number of times since. It was issued by the Modern Library in a combined edition with The Sword of Welleran and Other Stories as A Dreamer's Tales and Other Stories in 1917. This edition included an introduction by Padraic Colum praising Dunsany's feel for dramatic situations and exalted speech, and stating that his main influences were Homer, Herodotus, and the Bible.

Allen & Unwin
George Allen & Unwin is a British publishing company formed in 1911 when Sir Stanley Unwin purchased a controlling interest in George Allen & Co.  It became one of the leading publishers of the twentieth century and established an Australian subsidiary in 1976.  In 1990 Allen & Unwin was sold to HarperCollins, and the Australian branch was the subject of a management buy-out.
Panchagarh Sadar Union
Panchagarh Sadar Union (Bengali: পঞ্চগড় সদর ইউনিয়ন) is a union parishad situated at Panchagarh Sadar Upazila,  in Panchagarh District, Rangpur Division of Bangladesh. The union has an area of 23.31 square kilometres (9.00 sq mi) and as of 2001 had a population of 16,800. There are 37 villages and 5 mouzas in the union.

Panchagarh District
Panchagarh District (Bengali: পঞ্চগড় জেলা) is a district of the Rangpur Division in Northern Bangladesh. Panchagarh is the northernmost district of Bangladesh. It lies between 26º00' and 26º38' north latitudes and between 88º19' and 88º49' east longitudes. It was established as a district on 1 February 1984.
Just Mercy (soundtrack)
Just Mercy (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) is the film score to the 2019 film Just Mercy directed by Destin Daniel Cretton starring Michael B. Jordan, Jamie Foxx, Rob Morgan, Tim Blake Nelson, Rafe Spall, and Brie Larson. The film score is composed by Joel P. West and released through WaterTower Music on December 13, 2019.

WaterTower Music
WaterTower Music Inc. (formerly New Line Records from 2000 to 2010) is an American record label serving as the in-house music label run by entertainment company Warner Bros., ultimately owned by Warner Bros. Discovery (formerly known as Time Warner). The name and logo are based on the iconic Warner Bros. Water Tower.
Denise Langford
Denise June Langford (born 31 December 1953) is an Australian former competitive swimmer. She swam in the 1968 Summer Olympics and 1970 British Commonwealth Games.

Langford is the mother of Australian netball player Kimberlee Green.

1970 British Commonwealth Games
The 1970 British Commonwealth Games were held in Edinburgh, Scotland, from 16 to 25 July 1970. This was the first time the name British Commonwealth Games was adopted, the first time metric units rather than imperial units were used in all events, and also the first time the event was held in Scotland.

Also, the event saw the first unique Games trademark logo: an emblem showing the Games emblem intertwined with a St Andrews Cross and a thistle. The event was followed by the 1970 Commonwealth Paraplegic Games for wheelchair athletes. The 1970 Games was one of the most successful in the history of the event.
Magnus Skåden
Magnus Skåden (born 5 July 1953) is a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party.

He served as a deputy representative to the Norwegian Parliament from Hordaland during the term 1997–2001.

Outside politics he is the manager of an entrepreneur company. He is a former board chairman of the Helse Fonna, a health trust under the Western Norway Regional Health Authority.

Hordaland
Hordaland (Urban East Norwegian: [ˈhɔ̂rdɑlɑn] ⓘ) was a county in Norway, bordering Sogn og Fjordane, Buskerud, Telemark, and Rogaland counties. Hordaland was the third largest county, after Akershus and Oslo, by population. The county government was the Hordaland County Municipality, which is located in Bergen. Before 1972, the city of Bergen was its own separate county, apart from Hordaland. On 1 January 2020, the county was merged with neighbouring Sogn og Fjordane county, to form the new Vestland county.
Cell-based vaccine
Cell-based vaccines are developed from mammalian or more rarely avian or insect cell lines rather than the more common method which uses the cells in embryonic chicken eggs to develop the antigens. The potential use of cell culture techniques in developing viral vaccines has been widely investigated in the 2000s as a complementary and alternative platform to the current egg-based strategies.

Vaccines work to prepare an immune system to fight off disease by generating an immune response to disease-causing agents. This immune response enables the immune system to act more quickly and effectively when exposed to that antigen again, and is the most effective tool to date to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.

Sanofi Pasteur
45°43′37″N 4°50′37″E﻿ / ﻿45.727°N 4.8437°E﻿ / 45.727; 4.8437

Sanofi Pasteur is the vaccines division of the French multinational pharmaceutical company Sanofi. Sanofi Pasteur is the largest company in the world devoted entirely to vaccines. It is one of four global producers of the yellow fever vaccine.
Winscar Reservoir
Winscar Reservoir (also known as Winscar dam), is a compensation reservoir on the headwaters of the River Don in South Yorkshire, England. The reservoir is located at Dunford Bridge in Barnsley 25 miles (40 km) northwest of Sheffield, and is just inside the Peak District National Park on the Pennine watershed. The reservoir was built on an existing dam and has suffered from leaking which necessitated a new membrane being installed at the dam head in the years 2000 and 2001.

It was the first major dam to be built in England with an asphaltic concrete membrane on the upstream dam wall and was the last dam to be built that was fed from the River Don.

River Don, Yorkshire
The River Don (also called River Dun in some stretches) is a river in South Yorkshire and the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It rises in the Pennines, west of Dunford Bridge, and flows for 69 miles (111 km) eastwards, through the Don Valley, via Penistone, Sheffield, Rotherham, Mexborough, Conisbrough, Doncaster and Stainforth. It originally joined the Trent, but was re-engineered by Cornelius Vermuyden as the Dutch River in the 1620s, and now joins the River Ouse at Goole. Don Valley is a UK parliamentary constituency near the Doncaster stretch of the river.
Black college football national championship
The Black college football national championship, also named the HBCU football championship, is a national championship honor that, since 1920, has been regularly bestowed upon the best college football teams among historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) within the United States. The 2025 HBCU football champions are the South Carolina State Bulldogs.

Johnson C. Smith Golden Bulls
The Johnson C. Smith Golden Bulls are the athletic teams that represent Johnson C. Smith University, located in Charlotte, North Carolina, in intercollegiate sports at the Division II level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), primarily competing in the Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association since 1926.
Emerald Soup
Emerald Soup was a 1963 British children's science fiction television series directed by Bill Bain and produced by ABC Weekend TV for the ITV network. It was written by Martin Woodhouse, with Norman Bogner as script editor. Comprising seven 25-minute episodes, the series aired weekly from Saturday 9 November to Saturday 21 December 1963. The broadcast timing of series conflicted in part with the initial episodes of the BBC series Doctor Who, also broadcast on Saturdays, which started on 23 November 1963.

Science fiction on television
Science fiction (Sci-fi) first appeared in television programming in the late 1930s, during what is called the Golden Age of Science Fiction. Special effects and other production techniques allow creators to present a living visual image of an imaginary world not limited by the constraints of reality.
Stan Knowles
Stanley Alfred James Knowles (9 June 1931 – 30 December 2017), known as Stan Knowles, was an Australian politician elected as a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly.

Knowles was educated at Burwood Primary School and Ashfield Boys High School and became a small business operator. He married Marie in June 1955 and they had two sons. He was elected as an alderman of Liverpool City Council from 1976 until 1982 and was deputy mayor from 1980 to 1982.

Knowles was elected as the Labor Party member for Ingleburn in 1981 and re-elected until Ingleburn's abolition in 1988; he was then elected as the member for Macquarie Fields. He resigned in 1990 and was succeeded by his son, Craig Knowles.

City of Liverpool (New South Wales)
The City of Liverpool is a local government area, administered by Liverpool City Council, located in the south-west of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The area encompasses 305.5 square kilometres (118.0 sq mi) and its administrative centre is located in the suburb of Liverpool.

The mayor of the City is Cr. Ned Mannoun, a member of the Liberal Party.
Urosthenes
Urosthenes is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish that lived during the Lopingian (late Permian) to Middle Triassic epochs in what is now New South Wales, Australia.

The type species is U. australis, described from Middle Triassic deposits. The second species, U. latus, was found in Permian (Wuchiapingian?) aged rock layers and was first described in 1931 by Arthur Smith Woodward, based on a specimen found in Lithgow, New South Wales.

Lopingian
The Lopingian,  informally the Late or Upper Permian, is the uppermost series/last epoch of the Permian, and last epoch of the Paleozoic. The Lopingian was preceded by the Guadalupian and followed by the Early Triassic.

The name was introduced by Amadeus William Grabau in 1931 and derives from Leping, Jiangxi in China. It consists of two stages/ages. The earlier is the Wuchiapingian and the later is the Changhsingian.

The International Chronostratigraphic Chart (v2018/07) provides a numerical age of 259.1 ±0.5 Ma. If a Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) has been approved, the lower boundary of the earliest stage determines numerical age of an epoch. The GSSP for the Wuchiapingian has a numerical age of 259.8 ± 0.4 Ma.

Evidence from Milankovitch cycles suggests that the length of an Earth day during this epoch was approximately 22 hours.
Farah-Chakansur Province
Farah-Chakansur Province is a defunct province of Afghanistan. In 1863, Sher Ali Khan formed the province of Farah and separated it from Herat and Kandahar. Formerly Farah had been subject to Herat, but instead he made it a separate province and gave it to his cousin, Sardar Mohammad Afzal (not to be confused with Mohammad Afzal Khan.) In 1964 it was divided into Farah Province and Nimruz Province. The former province's capital was Farah.

The province was divided into seven districts:

Farah

Lash Wa Juwain

Chakhansur

Posht-i Rud

Bakwa

Gulistan

Shahiwan

Gulistan District
Gulistan, also spelled as Golestan (Pashto/Dari: گلستان), is a district in Farah Province, Afghanistan. Its population, which is approximately 55% Pashtun and 45% Tajik, was estimated at 53,780 in October 2004. The district has a total of 109 villages. The main village, also called Gulistan, is situated at 1434 m altitude in the mountainous part of the district. The main road through the district is Route 522.
Checotah, Oklahoma
Checotah is a city in McIntosh County, Oklahoma, United States. It was named for Samuel Checote, the first chief of the Creek Nation elected after the Civil War. Its population was 3,018 at the 2020 census, down from 3,335 in 2010.

Checotah is home to numerous antique malls, a Civil War battle site, and a downtown historic district. Checotah claims to be the steer wrestling capital of the world. Early boosters called Checotah "The Gem of the Prairie".

Steer wrestling
Steer wrestling, also known as bulldogging, is a rodeo event in which a horse-mounted rider chases a steer, drops from the horse to the steer, then wrestles the steer to the ground by grabbing its horns and pulling it off-balance so that it falls to the ground. The event carries a high risk of injury to the cowboy. Some concerns from the animal-rights community express that the competition may include practices that constitute cruelty to animals, but the injury rate to animals is less than 0.05%. A later PRCA survey of 60,971 animal performances at 198 rodeo performances and 73 sections of "slack" indicated 27 animals were injured, again around 0.05%.
Reno Open
The Reno Open was a golf tournament on the Ben Hogan Tour that was contested from 1990 to 1991 and played at Northgate Golf Course in Reno, Nevada.

Mike Springer won the inaugural tournament.

John Flannery captured the 1991 edition of the event. He defeated Rob Boldt, Esteban Toledo and Tom Lehman in a sudden-death playoff to earn $20,000 and his first victory on the circuit. The playoff is recognized as one of the most unusual in Tour history. On the second hole, the 18th, Flannery appeared to have won before failing to mark his ball properly on the green, a two-stroke rules violation. Toledo also committed a rules violation on the green and was accessed a one-stroke penalty. Each player carded a six, forcing the playoff into the third-extra hole, where Flannery won the event.

Korn Ferry Tour
The Korn Ferry Tour is the developmental tour for the U.S.-based PGA Tour, and features professional golfers who have either not yet reached the PGA Tour, or who have done so but then failed to win enough FedEx Cup points to stay at that level. Those who finish in the top 20 of the money list at year's end are given PGA Tour memberships for the next season. Since the 2013 season, the Korn Ferry Tour has been the primary pathway for those seeking to earn their PGA Tour card. Q-School, which had previously been the primary route for qualification to the PGA Tour, has been converted as an entryway to the Korn Ferry Tour.
Tees Rowing Club
Tees Rowing Club is a rowing club based on the River Tees in Northeast England. The club is currently based at the River Tees Watersports Centre in Stockton-on-Tees and is affiliated to British Rowing.

The blade colours are or were "white, with a light blue and maroon stripe"; kit: maroon with two light blue side stripes. The blade without white is a recent photography-based variant and likely post-dates 2020, due to a change of colours.

British Rowing
British Rowing, formerly the Amateur Rowing Association (ARA), is the national governing body for the sport of rowing (both indoor and on-water rowing). It is responsible for the training and selection of individual rowers and crews representing Great Britain and England, and for participation in and the development of rowing in England. Scottish Rowing (formerly SARA) and Welsh Rowing (formerly WARA) oversee governance in their respective nations, organise their own teams for the Home International Regatta and input to the GB team organisation.

British Rowing is a member of the British Olympic Association and the World Rowing Federation (formerly FISA).
Sidewalk University
Sidewalk University is an album by the musician Shinehead. It was released in 1992 via Elektra Records. Shinehead supported the album with the "Sidewalk University Tour", which included Worl-A-Girl among its supporting acts. He also participated in Reggae Sunsplash 1993, his third time and his first as the headliner.

The album peaked at No. 94 on Billboard's Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. "Jamaican in New York" and "Let Them In" charted in the UK.

Reggae Sunsplash
Reggae Sunsplash was a reggae music festival held annually in Jamaica from 1978 to 1996, with additional events in 1998 and 2006. The festival expanded to include international tours in 1985 and was revived as a virtual event in 2020 by Tryone Wilson, Debbie Bissoon and Randy.
Rutherglen and Coatbridge Railway
The Rutherglen and Coatbridge Railway was a railway line in Scotland built by the Caledonian Railway to shorten the route from the Coatbridge area to Glasgow. It opened in 1865. It was later extended to Airdrie in 1886, competing with the rival North British Railway. Soon after a further extension was built from Airdrie to Calderbank and Newhouse.

The line closed to passengers in 1964, but the core section from Rutherglen to Coatbridge remained open for goods traffic.

It was reopened in 1993 as the Whifflet Line for local passenger trains and later electrified, and is in use at the present day.

Rutherglen
Rutherglen (/ˈrʌðərɡlɪn/; Scots: Ruglen, Scottish Gaelic: An Ruadh-Ghleann) is a town in South Lanarkshire, Scotland, immediately south-east of the city of Glasgow, three miles (five kilometres) from its centre and directly south of the River Clyde. Having previously existed as a separate Lanarkshire burgh, in 1975 Rutherglen lost its own local council and administratively became a component of the City of Glasgow District within the Strathclyde region (along with neighbouring Cambuslang). In 1996 the towns were reallocated to the South Lanarkshire council area.
1979 AFC Night Series
The 1979 Australian Football Championships Night Series was the 1st edition of the AFC Night Series, a VFL-organised national club Australian rules football tournament between the leading clubs from the VFL, the WANFL and State Representative Teams.

In June 1978 the VFL announced their plans to form a new company to oversee a night series that would be broadcast nationally and Australian Football Championships Pty. Ltd. was incorporated on 28 July 1978 to run a rival national night competition, in opposition to the NFL Night Series. By October 1978, The VFL were joined by the WAFL, TANFL, NSWAFL and ACTAFL in the joint venture and transferred from NFL Night Series to the AFC Night Series. However, the SANFL rejected the VFL's overtures, choosing to remain aligned with the NFL instead. They were joined by the VFA and QAFL in a greatly-reduced NFL Series.

Australian National Football Council
The Australian National Football Council (ANFC) was the national governing body for Australian rules football in Australia from 1906 until 1995. The council was a body of delegates representing each of the principal leagues which controlled the sport in their respective regions. The council was the owner of the laws of the game and managed interstate administrative and football matters. Its function was superseded by the Australian Football League Limited (AFL).

The council underwent several name changes during its existence, and at different times it was also known as: the Australasian Football Council (1906–1919), the Australian Football Council (1920–1927 and 1973–1975), the National Football League (NFL) (1975–1989) and the National Australian Football Council (NAFC) (1989–1995).
Lubiąż
Lubiąż ([ˈlubjɔ̃ʂ], German: Leubus) is a village (former town) on the east bank of the Odra (Oder) River, in the administrative district of Gmina Wołów, within Wołów County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

The village is mainly  known for its large abbey. The Abbey was built by the Benedictines in 1150, and occupied by Cistercians in 1163 until 1810. Built over centuries, the abbey – the largest Cistercian abbey in the world – is rated in the highest class ("0") of landmarks of world's cultural heritage.
Lubiąż is also known in Poland for its regional psychiatric hospital.

Lower Silesian Voivodeship
Lower Silesian Voivodeship (Polish: województwo dolnośląskie, [vɔjɛˈvut͡stfɔ dɔlnɔˈɕlɔ̃skjɛ] ⓘ) in southwestern Poland, is one of the 16 voivodeships (provinces) into which Poland is divided. It covers an area of 19,946 square kilometres (7,701 sq mi) and as of 2019 has a total population of 2,899,986.

It is one of the wealthiest provinces in Poland, as natural resources such as copper, brown coal and rock materials are widely present.

Its capital and largest city is Wrocław, situated on the Oder River. The voivodeship is host to several spa towns, many castles and palaces, and the Giant Mountains, with several ski resorts. For this reason, tourism is a large part of this region's economy.