hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Waste compaction
Waste compaction is the process of compacting  waste, reducing it in size. Garbage compactors and waste collection vehicles compress waste so that more of it can be stored in the same space. Waste is compacted again, more thoroughly, at the landfill to conserve valuable airspace and to extend the landfill's life span.

Waste
Waste are unwanted or unusable materials. Waste is any substance discarded after primary use, or is worthless, defective and of no use. A by-product, by contrast is a joint product of relatively minor economic value. A waste product may become a by-product, joint product or resource through an invention that raises a waste product's value above zero.

Examples include municipal solid waste (household garbage), hazardous waste, wastewater (such as sewage, which contains bodily wastes (feces and urine) and surface runoff), radioactive waste, and others.
Jessica Barson
Jessica Barson is an American neuroscientist and associate professor at Drexel University College of Medicine. Barson investigates neuropeptide signalling in the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus as well as the nucleus accumbens to understand the neurobiological basis of addiction and elucidate targets for therapy.

Neuroscientist
A neuroscientist (or neurobiologist) is a scientist specializing in neuroscience that deals with the anatomy and function of neurons, neural circuits, and glia, and their behavioral, biological, and psychological roles in health and disease.

Neuroscientists generally work as researchers within a college, university, government agency, or private industry setting. In research-oriented careers, neuroscientists design and conduct scientific experiments on the nervous system and its functions. They can engage in basic or applied research. Basic research seeks to expand current understanding of the nervous system, whereas applied research seeks to address a specific problem, such as developing a treatment for a neurological disorder.

Neuroscientists have numerous career opportunities outside of academic research, including careers in industry, science writing, government program management, science advocacy, and education. A neuroscientist commonly holds a doctorate in a medical science.
Accessory (legal term)
An accessory is a person who assists, but does not actually participate, in the commission of a crime. The distinction between an accessory and a principal is a question of fact and degree:

The principal is the one whose acts or omissions, accompanied by the relevant mens rea (Latin for "guilty mind"), are the most immediate cause of the actus reus (Latin for "guilty act").

If two or more people are directly responsible for the actus reus, they can be charged as joint principals (see: Common purpose). The test to distinguish a joint principal from an accessory is whether the defendant independently contributed to causing the actus reus rather than merely giving generalised and/or limited help and encouragement.

Omission (law)
In law, an omission is a failure to act, which generally attracts different legal consequences from positive conduct. In the criminal law, an omission will constitute an actus reus and give rise to liability only when the law imposes a duty to act and the defendant is in breach of that duty. In tort law, similarly, liability will be imposed for an omission only exceptionally, when it can be established that the defendant was under a duty to act or duty of care.
Phil Keisling
Phil Keisling (born June 23, 1955) is an American politician and business executive in the U.S. state of Oregon. He served as Oregon Secretary of State from 1991 to 1999 and previously served in the Oregon House of Representatives. He is known for having championed the state's vote-by-mail system.

Keisling is the retired Director of the Center for Public Service, located in the Mark O. Hatfield School of Government at Portland State University. Keisling oversaw more than a dozen separate programs serving local, state, federal government, and international organizations in the U.S. and several countries (including Japan, Vietnam, South Korea, and China).

Oregon House of Representatives
The Oregon House of Representatives is the lower house of the Oregon Legislative Assembly, the upper house being the Oregon State Senate. There are 60 members of the House, representing 60 districts across the state, each with a population of approximately 65,000. The House meets in the west wing of the Oregon State Capitol in Salem.

Members of the House serve two-year terms without term limits. In 2002, the Oregon Supreme Court struck down Oregon Ballot Measure 3 (1992), that had restricted State Representatives to three terms (six years) on procedural grounds.

In the current legislative session, Democrats have 37 seats, a slim 2 seat supermajority, while the Republicans have a minority of 23 seats.
Anetanthus
Anetanthus is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Gesneriaceae.

Its native range is Southern Tropical America.

Species:

Anetanthus disjuncta L.E.Skog & J.L.Clark

Anetanthus gracilis Hiern

Anetanthus ruber L.E.Skog

Gesneriaceae
Gesneriaceae, the gesneriad family, is a family of flowering plants consisting of about 152 genera and ca. 3,540 species in the tropics and subtropics of the Old World (almost all Didymocarpoideae) and the New World (most Gesnerioideae), with a very small number extending to temperate areas. Many species have colorful and showy flowers and are cultivated as ornamental plants.
1954 Japan Series
The 1954 Japan Series was the championship series of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the 1954 season. The fifth edition of the Series, it was a best-of-seven playoff that matched the Pacific League champion Nishitetsu Lions against the Central League champion Chunichi Dragons. It was the first Japan Series appearance for both teams. The Dragons won in seven games for their first championship; they would not win another one until 2007 while the Lions would return to the Series two years later.

Central League
The Central League (セントラル・リーグ, Sentoraru Rīgu) or Ce League (セ・リーグ, Se Rīgu), also known as the JERA Central League (JERAセ・リーグ, JERA Se Rīgu) for sponsorship reasons, is one of the two professional baseball leagues that constitute Nippon Professional Baseball in Japan. The winner of the league championship plays against the winner of the Pacific League in the annual Japan Series. It currently consists of six teams from around the country. Unlike the Pacific League, designated hitters are not used during Central League home games. The Central League has voted to adopt the designated hitter beginning in 2027.
2015 New Democratic Party of Newfoundland and Labrador leadership election
The 2015 New Democratic Party of Newfoundland and Labrador leadership election was held March 7, 2015 in St. John's. The election was prompted by Lorraine Michael's announcement on January 6, 2015, that she would step down as leader of the party after a successor was chosen. All NDP members were able to cast ballots by phone or online between February 25 and March 5, 2015, or in person at the party's convention on March 7, 2015. Earle McCurdy was elected with 68% support on the first ballot.

Gerry Rogers
Gerry Rogers (born 1956) is a Canadian documentary filmmaker and politician. She was leader of the Newfoundland and Labrador New Democratic Party from 2018 until 2019. She served in the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly as NDP MHA for the electoral district of St. John’s Centre from 2011 to 2019. She became the party's leader after winning the April 2018 leadership election. She resigned as party leader prior to the 2019 provincial election and did not seek re-election.
New York's 40th State Assembly district
New York's 40th State Assembly district is one of the 150 districts in the New York State Assembly. It has been represented by Ron Kim since 2013.

Since 2020, the district has trended Republican in state and federal races, voting for Curtis Sliwa in 2021, Lee Zeldin in 2022, and Donald Trump in 2024.

New York Republican State Committee
The New York Republican State Committee, established in 1855, is the New York State affiliate of the United States Republican Party (GOP). The party has headquarters in Albany, New York, Buffalo, New York, and New York City. The purpose of the committee is to nominate Republican candidates for election to New York and federal political roles. It also assists its nominees in their election campaigns.
União Democrática Ruralista
União Democrática Ruralista (UDR), known as Democratic Association of Ruralists in English, is a Brazilian right-wing association of farmers and activists from the southeast and center west who are opposed to land reform. Through its members in the Brazilian Congress, the UDR endorses landowner interests and opposes proposals in favour of an agrarian reform process.

União Democrática Ruralista opposes land reform and expropriation under its former leader, Luiz Antonio Nabhan Garcia, a Brazilian farmer who went on to have a role in the Bolsonaro government. The organization was founded in 1985, following many expropriations of land in Brazil and remains active under its Brasília based leadership. With tens of thousands of associates in all Brazilian states, UDR policy is to defend individual interests and private property.

Land reform
Land reform (also known as agrarian reform) involves the changing of laws, regulations, or customs regarding land ownership, land use, and land transfers. The reforms may be initiated by governments, by interested groups, or by revolution.

Land reform is often considered a contentious process, as land is a key driver of a wide range of social, political and economic outcomes. The structure and distribution of land rights has been linked to state formation, economic growth, inequality, political violence, and identity politics, making land reform highly consequential for the long-term structures of society.
Shinya Kayama
Shinya Kayama (嘉弥真 新也, Kayama Shinya; born November 23, 1989) is a Japanese professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent. He has previously played in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks and Tokyo Yakult Swallows.

Hold (baseball)
A hold (abbreviated HLD, H or HD) is awarded to a relief pitcher who meets the following three conditions:

Enters the game in a save situation; that is, when all of the following three conditions apply:
He appears in relief (i.e., is not the starting pitcher) when his team is leading; and
He is not the winning pitcher; and
He qualifies under one of the following conditions:
He enters the game with a lead of no more than three runs and maintains that lead for at least one out
He enters the game with the potential tying run either on base, or at bat, or on deck

Records at least one out;

Leaves the game before it has ended without his team having relinquished the lead at any point and does not record a save.

The hold is not an official Major League Baseball statistic.
Annual Review of Law and Social Science
The Annual Review of Law and Social Science is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes an annual volume of review articles relevant to the interconnection of law, culture, social structure, and society. It was established in 2005 and is published by Annual Reviews. Its current editor is Carol A. Heimer. As of 2023, it is being published as open access, under the Subscribe to Open model.

Subscribe to Open
Subscribe to Open (S2O) is an economic model used by peer-reviewed scholarly journals to provide readers with open access (OA) to the journal’s content, without charging costs to authors. S2O converts journals that have a traditional subscription model to open access.

When the academic libraries subscribing to a journal are asked to renew their subscriptions to the journal, they are told that, with the libraries’ support, the journal will be made open access to all readers, while authors are able to publish in it at no cost. If enough libraries renew on these terms, the journal is converted to open access, and if not, access to the journal remains restricted to subscribing libraries.
Administrative divisions of Iran
The administrative divisions of Iran are arranged in four levels, the first level of which is the province (Persian: استان‌: ostān). Provinces are divided into counties (شهرستان: shahrestān); counties are divided into districts (بخش: bakhsh); and districts are divided into  rural districts (دهستان: dehestān) and cities (شهر: shahr). Rural districts contain villages and other population points. One of the cities of the county is appointed as the capital (مرکز: markaz, or center) of the county.

According to the Statistical Center of Iran, the figures are as follows, as of March 2016 (end of Iranian calendar 1394):

Iranian calendars
The Iranian calendars or Iranian chronologies (Persian: گاه‌شماری ایرانی, Gâh Šomâriye Irâni) are a succession of calendars created and used for over two millennia in Iran, also known as Persia. One of the longest chronological records in human history, the Iranian calendar has been modified many times for administrative purposes. The most influential person in laying the frameworks for the calendar and its precision was the 11th century Persian polymath, Omar Khayyam. The modern Iranian calendar is the Solar Hijri calendar, currently the official civil calendar in Iran.

Nowruz, the Iranian New Year, begins at the midnight nearest to the instant of the northern spring equinox, as determined by astronomic calculations for the meridian of Tehran (52.5°E). Thus the calendar is observation-based, unlike the Gregorian calendar, which is rule-based. This equinox occurs on or about 20 March of the Gregorian calendar. The time zone of Iran is Iran Standard Time, UTC+03:30.
Holytown
Holytown is a village situated to the east of Bellshill and north of Motherwell in North Lanarkshire, Scotland. Most local amenities are shared with the adjacent villages of Carfin, Newarthill and New Stevenston which have a combined population of around 20,000 across the four localities.

Matt Balunas
Matthew Balunas (7 January 1918 – 1 February 2006) was a Scottish footballer who played as a right back.

A member of North Lanarkshire's  Lithuanian immigrant community, Balunas spent almost his entire senior career (which only began in his mid 20s due to World War II) with Third Lanark, winning two Glasgow Merchants Charity Cups and featuring on the losing side in four Glasgow Cup finals. He was considered to be a reliable, uncomplicated and defensive-minded player.
Hydrogen evolution reaction
Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is a chemical reaction that yields H2. The conversion of protons to H2 requires reducing equivalents and usually a catalyst. In nature, HER is catalyzed by hydrogenase enzymes which rely on iron- and nickel-based catalysts. Commercial electrolyzers typically employ supported nickel-based catalysts.

Hydrogenase
A hydrogenase is an enzyme that catalyses the reversible oxidation of molecular hydrogen (H2), as shown below:

Hydrogen oxidation (1) is coupled to the reduction of electron acceptors such as oxygen, nitrate, ferric ion, sulfate, carbon dioxide (CO2), and fumarate. On the other hand, proton reduction (2) is coupled to the oxidation of electron donors such as ferredoxin (FNR), and serves to dispose excess electrons in cells (essential in pyruvate fermentation). Both low-molecular weight compounds and proteins such as FNRs, cytochrome c3, and cytochrome c6 can act as physiological electron donors or acceptors for hydrogenases.
Stop signal
In telecommunications, a stop signal is a signal that marks the end of part of a transmission, for example:

In asynchronous serial communication, a signal at the end of a character that prepares the receiving device for the reception of a subsequent character. A stop signal is usually limited to one signal element having any duration equal to or greater than a specified minimum value.

A signal to a receiving mechanism to wait for the next signal.

Character (computing)
In computing and telecommunications, a character is the encoded representation of a natural language character (including letter, numeral and punctuation), whitespace (space or tab), or a control character (controls computer hardware that consumes character-based data). A sequence of characters is called a string.

Some character encoding systems represent each character using a fixed number of bits whereas other systems use varying sizes. Various fixed-length sizes were used for now obsolete systems such as the six-bit character code, the five-bit Baudot code and even 4-bit systems (with only 16 possible values). The more modern ASCII system uses the 8-bit byte for each character. Today, the Unicode-based UTF-8 encoding uses a varying number of byte-sized code units to define a code point which combine to encode a character.
Casa de Cota
Casa de Cota site in San Diego, California, is a California Historical Landmark No. 75, listed on December 6, 1932. The Casa de Cota House was built by Juan Cota or Ramon Cota at what is now Twiggs Street and Congress Street. The adobe house was removed by the United States Army to make room for an Army training camp used in World War II. The training camp was temporary and the site is now a parking lot.

A California Historical sign is at the Old Town, San Diego, parking lot.

Old Town, San Diego
32°45′27.45″N 117°11′44.11″W﻿ / ﻿32.7576250°N 117.1955861°W﻿ / 32.7576250; -117.1955861

Old Town is a neighborhood in San Diego, California. It contains 230 acres (93 ha) and is bounded by Interstate 8 on the north, Interstate 5 on the west, Mission Hills on the east and south. It is the oldest settled area in San Diego and is the site of the first European settlement in present-day California. It contains Old Town San Diego State Historic Park and Presidio Park, both of which are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Port Perry Bridge (Union Railroad)
The Union Railroad Port Perry Bridge is a truss bridge that carries the Pennsylvania Union Railroad across the Monongahela River between Duquesne, Pennsylvania and the former town site of Port Perry in North Versailles, Pennsylvania. Industrial pipelines adorn the bridge, conveying coke oven gas produced at U.S. Steel's Clairton Coke Works to the company's Edgar Thomson Steel Works near the north end of the bridge for use as fuel.

Duquesne, Pennsylvania
Duquesne (/djuːˈkeɪn/ dew-KAYN) is a city along the Monongahela River in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, United States, within the Pittsburgh metropolitan area. The population was 5,254 at the 2020 census.
Kheadaha
Kheadaha is a village and a gram panchayat within the jurisdiction of the Sonarpur police station in the Sonarpur CD block in the Baruipur subdivision of the South 24 Parganas district in the Indian state of West Bengal.

Community development block
In India, a community development block (CD block) or simply a block is a sub-division of a district, administratively earmarked for planning and development. In tribal areas, similar sub-divisions are called tribal development blocks (TD blocks). The area is administered by a block development officer (BDO), supported by several technical specialists and village-level workers. A community development block covers several gram panchayats, the local administrative units at the village level. A block is a rural subdivision and typically smaller than a tehsil. A tehsil is purely for revenue administration, whereas a block is for rural development purposes. In most states, a block is coterminous with the panchayat samiti area.
Hayday
Hayday is an English surname that originated in Brittany. Notable people with the surname include:

Adrian Hayday, English professor

Andria Hayday, American game designer

Arthur Hayday, English unionist and politician

Frederick Hayday, British unionist

James Hayday, London bookbinder

Other uses include:

Hayday (album), from American indie rock band Feeble Little Horse

Arthur Hayday
Arthur Hayday (24 October 1869 in London – 28 February 1956) was an English Labour Party politician.

After learning his chemical trimmer and stoker trade, Hayday became involved in the National Union of General Workers, of which he was an official for many years. He served as President of the Trades Union Congress from 1930 to 1931.

In December 1918, Hayday was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Nottingham West. Despite a large majority, he lost his seat in a notable loss for Labour in the 1931 general election, and in November, 1935, he regained his seat. He served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Lord Privy Seal, John Robert Clynes. Hayday retired from Parliament in 1945. He appeared in the newspapers for his work on numerous occasions.

Hayday died in Nottingham on 28 February 1956.
Darius Hillary
Darius Mikail Hillary (born April 5, 1993) is an American former professional football player who was a cornerback in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Wisconsin Badgers.

Wisconsin Badgers football
The Wisconsin Badgers football program represents the University of Wisconsin–Madison in the sport of American football. Wisconsin competes in the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) within the Big Ten Conference (Big Ten). The Badgers have competed in the Big Ten since its formation in 1896. They play their home games at Camp Randall Stadium, the fourth-oldest stadium in college football.

Wisconsin is one of 26 College football programs to win 700 or more games. The program has been one of the most successful since the 1990s. Wisconsin has had two Heisman Trophy winners, Alan Ameche and Ron Dayne, and has had twelve former players inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame.
Sampson Lake
Sampson Lake is a lake located west of Sled Harbor, New York. Fish species present in the lake are brook trout, white sucker, and black bullhead. There is trail access on the northeast shore from Whitney Lake. No motors are allowed on this lake.

Lake Pleasant, New York
Lake Pleasant is a town in Hamilton County, New York, United States. The population was 897 at the 2020 census. It contains the hamlet of Lake Pleasant, the county seat of Hamilton County.

The town of Lake Pleasant is within the Adirondack Park and is centrally located in the county. The town is a tourist hub, with seasonal homes comprising about three-quarters of the housing units in the area. Between Memorial Day and Labor Day, the unofficial summer season, the small town is a busy community, with many activities including a parade, fireworks, summer musical, camping, hiking, water activities, historical activities, art show, geocaching, and mountain biking.
Thayer's Quest
Thayer's Quest is a LaserDisc video game initially developed by RDI Video Systems in 1984 for their unreleased Halcyon console, and later released in arcades as a conversion kit for Dragon's Lair and Space Ace. The arcade machine had a membrane keypad for controls instead of a joystick. To help players learn the daunting—for an arcade game—controls, a small holder containing instructional leaflets was attached to the cabinet.

In 1995 Kingdom: The Far Reaches was released, a point and click adventure game for PC, 3DO and CD-i that re-uses the animation and some elements from Thayer's Quest with a new voice over to give the game a new story. A sequel to this reworked version, Kingdom II: Shadoan, was released in 1996.

1984 in video games
1984 saw many sequels and prequels along with new titles such as 1942, Boulder Dash, Cobra Command, Jet Set Willy, Karate Champ, Kung-Fu Master, Yie Ar Kung-Fu and Punch-Out!! The year's highest-grossing arcade video games were Pole Position in the United States, for the second year in a row, and Track & Field in the United Kingdom. The year's best-selling home system was Nintendo's Family Computer (Famicom), which was only sold in Japan at the time.