hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gap-Hamming problem
In communication complexity, the gap-Hamming problem asks, if Alice and Bob are each given a (potentially different) string, what is the minimal number of bits that they need to exchange in order for Alice to approximately compute the Hamming distance between their strings. The solution to the problem roughly states that, if Alice and Bob are each given a string, then any communication protocol used to compute the Hamming distance between their strings does (asymptotically) no better than Bob sending his whole string to Alice. More specifically, if Alice and Bob are each given -bit strings, there exists no communication protocol that lets Alice compute the hamming distance between their strings to within  using less than  bits.

The gap-Hamming problem has applications to proving lower bounds for many streaming algorithms, including moment frequency estimation and entropy estimation.

Alice and Bob
Alice and Bob are fictional characters commonly used as placeholders in discussions about cryptographic systems and protocols, and in other science and engineering literature where there are several participants in a thought experiment. The Alice and Bob characters were created by Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman in their 1978 paper "A Method for Obtaining Digital Signatures and Public-key Cryptosystems". Subsequently, they have become common archetypes in many scientific and engineering fields, such as quantum cryptography, game theory and physics. As the use of Alice and Bob became more widespread, additional characters were added, sometimes with particular meanings. These characters do not have to refer to people; they refer to generic agents which might be different computers or even different programs running on a single computer.
207 BC
Year 207 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Nero and Salinator (or, less frequently, year 547 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 207 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Marcus Livius Salinator
Marcus Livius Salinator (c. 262 – c. 191 BC) was a Roman plebeian consul (219 and 207), dictator (207) and censor (204), who fought in the Second Punic War, most notably during the Battle of the Metaurus.
Sigma Star Saga
Sigma Star Saga is a 2005 hybrid science fiction role-playing-space-shooter developed by WayForward Technologies and published by Namco Hometek for the Game Boy Advance. The player explores a standard 2-D overworld, but is transported into space for side-scrolling shooter random battles. The story focus on a space pilot named Ian Recker who goes undercover against Earth's enemies, the Krill, in a battle to save the planet.

An updated re-release, titled Sigma Star Saga DX, will feature multiple quality-of-life improvements and fixes, and is scheduled to arrive in early 2026 for PC, PS5 and Switch.

Overworld
An overworld or a hub world is, in a broad sense, an area within a video game that interconnects all its levels or locations. They are mostly common in role-playing games, though this does not exclude other video game genres, such as some platformers and strategy games.
Tail
The tail is the elongated section at the rear end of a bilaterian animal's body; in general, the term refers to a distinct, flexible appendage extending backwards from the midline of the torso. In vertebrate animals that evolved to lose their tails (e.g. frogs and hominid primates), the coccyx is the homologous vestigial of the tail. While tails are primarily considered a feature of vertebrates, some invertebrates such as scorpions and springtails, as well as snails and slugs, have tail-like appendages that are also referred to as tails.

Tail-shaped objects are sometimes referred to as "caudate" (e.g. caudate lobe, caudate nucleus), and the body part associated with or proximal to the tail are given the adjective "caudal" (which is considered a more precise anatomical terminology).

Snail
A snail is a shelled gastropod. The name is most often applied to land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. However, the common name snail is also used for most of the members of the molluscan class Gastropoda that have a coiled shell that is large enough for the animal to retract completely into. When the word "snail" is used in this most general sense, it includes not just land snails but also numerous species of sea snails and freshwater snails. Gastropods that naturally lack a shell, or have only an internal shell, are mostly called slugs, and land snails that have only a very small shell (that they cannot retract into) are sometimes called semi-slugs.
1997 The Winston
The 1997 edition of The Winston was a stock car racing competition that took place on May 17, 1997. Held at Charlotte Motor Speedway in Concord, North Carolina, the 70-lap race was an exhibition race in the 1997 NASCAR Winston Cup Series. Bill Elliott of Bill Elliott Racing won the pole. Bobby Labonte of Joe Gibbs Racing led the most laps with 17 of the 70 laps. Jeff Gordon of Hendrick Motorsports won the race and claimed his second All-Star Race win in a car that was nicknamed "T-Rex" after its Jurassic Park: The Ride paint scheme. The car was deemed controversial at the time due to its dominant performance in the race that NASCAR banned it from being used in further races.

Dale Jarrett
Dale Arnold Jarrett (born November 26, 1956) is an American former race car driver and current racing commentator for NBC. He is best known for winning the Daytona 500 three times (in 1993, 1996, and 2000) and winning the NASCAR Winston Cup Series championship in 1999. He is the son of 2-time Grand National Champion Ned Jarrett, younger brother of Glenn Jarrett, father of former driver Jason Jarrett, and cousin of Todd Jarrett. In 2007, Jarrett joined the ESPN/ABC broadcasting team as an announcer in select Nationwide Series races. In 2008, after retiring from driving following the 2008 Food City 500, he joined ESPN permanently as the lead racing analyst replacing Rusty Wallace. In 2015, Jarrett became a part of the NBC Sports Broadcasting Crew for NASCAR events. He was inducted in the 2014 class of the NASCAR Hall of Fame and the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 2025.
Boudet
Boudet is a French surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Jacques Boudet (born 1939), French actor

Jean Boudet (1769–1809), French general

Henri Boudet (1837–1915), French Catholic priest

Richard Boudet (1958–1995), French archaeologist

Henri Boudet
Abbé Jean-Jacques-Henri Boudet (16 November 1837 — 30 March 1915), is best known for being the French Catholic parish priest of Rennes-les-Bains between 1872 and 1914 and for being the author of the book La Vraie langue celtique et le cromleck de Rennes-les-Bains, first published in 1886 (since 1967, when he became associated with the alleged mystery of Rennes-le-Château).
Vonnegut (surname)
Vonnegut (/ˈvɒnɪɡʌt/ VON-ig-ut) is a German-rooted surname. Vonnegut is derived from two German words, vonn(e), meaning 'by', and gut, meaning 'good'.

Notable people with the surname Vonnegut include:

Kurt Vonnegut (1922–2007), American science fiction writer
Clemens Vonnegut (1824–1906), German-American businessman, great-grandfather of Kurt Vonnegut
Bernard Vonnegut I (1855–1908), American lecturer and architect, son of Clemens Vonnegut, Sr. and grandfather of Kurt
Kurt Vonnegut, Sr. (1884–1957), American architect and lecturer, son of Bernard I and father of Kurt
Bernard Vonnegut (1914–1997), American atmospheric scientist, elder brother of Kurt
Edith Vonnegut (born 1949), American painter, daughter of Kurt
Mark Vonnegut (born 1947), American memoirist and journalist, son of Kurt

Norb Vonnegut (born 1958), American thriller author, fourth cousin of Kurt

Bernard Vonnegut I
Bernard Vonnegut I, WAA, FAIA, (August 8, 1855 – August 7, 1908) was an American lecturer and architect active in late-nineteenth and early-twentieth-century Indiana. He was a co-founder of the locally renowned Indianapolis architectural firm of Vonnegut and Bohn, and was active in a range of residential, religious, institutional, civic, and commercial commissions. He is the namesake and grandfather of scientist Bernard Vonnegut, father of the architect Kurt Vonnegut Sr., and grandfather of author Kurt Vonnegut.
Elka Park Historic District
Elka Park Historic District is a national historic district located at Hunter in Greene County, New York. The district contains 31 contributing buildings, one contributing site, and one contributing structure. It is composed of a planned community of 20 seasonal houses founded and developed as small, late 19th century, summer residential enclave by wealthy German Americans.  It includes 19 summer cottages, an observation tower, and a former community carriage house converted to residential use.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.

Carriage house
A carriage house, also called a remise or coach house, is a term used in North America to describe an outbuilding that was originally built to house horse-drawn carriages and their related tack. Carriage houses were often two stories, with related staff quarters above.
Cha Cha Malone
Chase Vincent Malone (born May 25, 1987), more commonly known as Cha Cha Malone, is an American singer, music producer, songwriter, composer, and member of b-boy crew Art of Movement (AOM), from Seattle, Washington. Malone is widely known for his work with Korean-American singer, friend, and fellow AOMG member, Jay Park, which began in 2010 with online hits "Bestie" and "Speechless", and has produced nine tracks for his multi-platinum and award-winning works, Take A Deeper Look and New Breed. In 2011, Malone released an EP, Breakthrough, through iTunes and Bandcamp. Aside from collaborations with Park, Malone has produced and worked with many other artists in South Korea, including Red Velvet, Loona, Cho Seungyoun, Shinhwa, Kara, Dok2, The Quiett, Beenzino, U-KISS, NU'EST, One, B1A4, Baekhyun, and Onew. Malone's distinctive producer tag, the phrase 'I need a cha cha beat boy', is heavily associated with Jay Park's music.

The Quiett
Shin Dong-gab (Korean: 신동갑; born January 29, 1985), better known by his stage name The Quiett (더콰이엇), is a South Korean rapper, composer, lyricist and record producer. He is widely known within the South Korean hip hop community for founding several major hip hop record labels, including co-founding record labels Soul Company in 2004, Illionaire Records in 2011, and Ambition Musik in 2016, the latter two with fellow rapper Dok2. He founded label Daytona Entertainment in 2020 and has remained since after Illionaire Records closed its doors.
Knockout (DC Comics)
Knockout is a supervillain in the DC Comics universe. She first appeared in Superboy (vol. 4) #1 (February 1994), and was created by Karl Kesel and Tom Grummett.

A former Female Fury warrior from the hellish planet Apokolips like Big Barda, Knockout also escaped to Earth. Though while Barda became a superheroine, Knockout became a supervillainess. She later joined the Secret Six team, which committed actions more as antiheroes.

Supervillain
A supervillain, supervillainess or supercriminal is a variant of the villainous stock character. The character is a common archetype in comic books and other popular culture, often acting as the primary adversary of superheros.

Supervillains are often noted for their ability to foil heroes through the use of superpowers, their mental or physical capabilities, or their criminal influence, often creating grandiose schemes for nefarious purposes, such as world domination.
Marc Reinhardt
Marc Reinhardt (born 4 February 1978 in Teterow) is a German politician serving as a member of the Landtag of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern since 2006. He has served as deputy leader of the Christian Democratic Union in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern since 2022.

Landtag of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
The Landtag of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern is the people's representative body or the state parliament of the German federal state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.

The Landtag convenes in Schwerin and currently consists of 79 members of six parties. The current majority is a red-red coalition of the Social Democratic Party and The Left, supporting the cabinet of Minister-President Manuela Schwesig. The main functions of the Landtag are the election of the Minister-President and the passage of laws controlling the state government.
Pichavaram
11°25′57″N 79°46′51″E﻿ / ﻿11.43250°N 79.78083°E﻿ / 11.43250; 79.78083

Pichavaram is one of the villages of Parangipettai near Chidambaram in Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu, India. It is located between the Vellar estuary in the north and Coleroon estuary in the south. The Vellar-Coleroon estuarine complex forms the Killai backwater and the mangroves that are permanently rooted in a few feet of water. It is located at a distance of 243 km from Chennai and 15 km from Chidambaram.

Kollidam River
The Kollidam (referred to as Coleroon in Colonial English) is a river in southeastern India. The Kollidam is the northern distributary of the Cauvery River as it flows through the delta districts. It splits from the main branch of the Cauvery River at the island of Srirangam and flows eastward into the Bay of Bengal near Kollidam block, Pazhaiyar, Mayiladuthurai district.  The distribution system in Kollidam lies at Lower Anaicut which is an island of river Kollidam.

The surplus and floodwater from the Mettur Dam are diverted into the Kollidam River by the Public Works Department (PWD) to ensure safe discharge into the Bay of Bengal. This measure helps manage excess water flow and reduces the risk of flooding in surrounding areas.
Brett Feese
Brett O. Feese (born May 21, 1954) is a former Republican member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives.

He is a 1972 graduate of Montoursville High School. He earned a degree from Indiana University of Pennsylvania in 1976 and a J.D. from the Dickinson School of Law in 1979.

He served as District Attorney of Lycoming County, Pennsylvania. He was first elected to represent the 84th legislative district in 1994. Feese retired prior to the 2006 Pennsylvania House of Representatives election.

He was considered a possible Republican successor for Don Sherwood's congressional seat, should Sherwood retire.

Pennsylvania's 10th congressional district
Pennsylvania's 10th congressional district is currently located in the south-central region of the state. It encompasses all of Dauphin County as well as parts of Cumberland County and York County. The district includes the cities of Harrisburg and York.
Spring Tonic
Spring Tonic is a 1935 American comedy film adapted from the 1927 play The Man-Eating Tiger by Ben Hecht and Rose Caylor. It was directed by Clyde Bruckman and stars Lew Ayres, Claire Trevor, Walter Woolf King, Jack Haley, ZaSu Pitts and Tala Birell. It was released on April 19, 1935, by Fox Film Corporation.

Clyde Bruckman
Clyde Adolf Bruckman (June 30, 1894: 131  – January 4, 1955) was an American writer and director of comedy films during the late silent era, who continued working into the 1950s. Bruckman collaborated with such comedians as Buster Keaton, Monty Banks, W. C. Fields, Laurel and Hardy, The Three Stooges, Abbott and Costello, and Harold Lloyd.

Hollywood chronicler Kenneth Anger considers Bruckman to have been one of the key figures in the history of American screen comedy.
Electoral district of Quirindi
Quirindi was an electoral district of a Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales from 1894 to 1904, named after Quirindi. The district was created when multi-member constituencies were abolished in 1894, and comprised the southern part of Tamworth and the south-eastern part of Gunnedah. The district was abolished in 1904 as a result of the 1903 New South Wales referendum, which reduced the number of members of the Legislative Assembly from 125 to 90, and partly replaced by Liverpool Plains.

1903 New South Wales referendum
A referendum concerning the reduction of the members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly was put to voters on 16 December 1903, in conjunction with the 1903 federal election. The referendum was conducted on the basis of optional preferential voting. However, preferences were not counted, as an overwhelming majority voted to reduce the number of members to 90.
Omagh Thrust
The Omagh Thrust Fault is a geological fault in County Tyrone. It is of one of the most important structural discontinuities in Northern Ireland and an extension of the Highland Boundary Fault which runs through Scotland.

The fault occurred in the Caledonian orogeny, during a late stage of this period of mountain building. Older sequences of Dalriadan metamorphic strata were moved over younger Ordovician ones with the fault as their boundary.

There is access to a view of the fault at Mountfield Quarry, County Tyrone. This has been designated an Area of Special Scientific Interest.

Structural geology
Structural geology is the study of the three-dimensional distribution of rock units with respect to their deformational histories. The primary goal of structural geology is to use measurements of present-day rock geometries to uncover information about the history of deformation (strain) in the rocks, and ultimately, to understand the stress field that resulted in the observed strain and geometries. This understanding of the dynamics of the stress field can be linked to important events in the geologic past; a common goal is to understand the structural evolution of a particular area with respect to regionally widespread patterns of rock deformation (e.g., mountain building, rifting) due to plate tectonics.
Fisher's least significant difference
In statistics, Fisher's least significant difference (LSD) is a procedure used to identify statistically significant differences between the means of multiple groups. Developed by Ronald Fisher in 1935, it was the first post-hoc test designed to be performed following a significant analysis of variance (ANOVA) result.

The method is intended to control the Type I error rate while maintaining higher statistical power than more conservative adjustments, such as the Bonferroni correction. It remains widely used in fields like agronomy and the social sciences.

Agronomy
Agronomy is the science and technology of producing and using plants by agriculture for food, fuel, fiber, chemicals, recreation, or land conservation. Agronomy has come to include research of plant genetics, plant physiology, meteorology, and soil science. It is the application of a combination of sciences such as biology, chemistry, economics, ecology, earth science, and genetics. Professionals in the field are known as agronomists.
Mult box
A mult box is a device that allows a single audio source, such as a microphone, to be shared to multiple outputs for recording or broadcast. A mult box is sometimes called a press box, but that term is usually reserved for the sports media's section of an arena. It may also be called a press mult box or press bridge.  The sound engineer connects several microphones to allow all of them to get clean, high-quality audio.

Reporters use a mult box frequently at press conferences, especially when politicians give such interviews in small spaces, where not all the reporters in a press pool can access the interviewee.

Press conference
A press conference, also called news conference or press briefing, is a media event in which notable individuals or organizations invite journalists to hear them speak and ask questions. Press conferences are often held by politicians, corporations, non-governmental organizations, and organizers for newsworthy events.
El buner d'Ordino
El buner d'Ordino (Catalan: "The Piper of Ordino Parish") is an Andorran folktale of a bagpiper chased up a tree by wolves who fends them off with the sound of his instrument, the buna or sac de gemecs of Catalonia.

Bagpipes
The bagpipe is a woodwind instrument using enclosed reeds fed from a constant reservoir of air in the form of a bag. The Great Highland bagpipe is well known, but people have played bagpipes for centuries throughout large parts of Europe, North Africa, West Asia, around the Persian Gulf and northern parts of South Asia.

The term bagpipes is also used, though pipers usually refer to the bagpipes as "the pipes", "a set of pipes" or "a stand of pipes".

Bagpipes are part of the aerophone group because to play the instrument,  air must be blown into it to produce a sound.
Water police
Water police, also called bay constables, coastal police, harbor patrols, marine/maritime police/patrol, nautical patrols, port police, or river police are a specialty law enforcement portion of a larger police organization, who patrol in water craft. Their patrol areas may include coastal tidal waters, rivers, estuaries, harbors, lakes, canals or a combination of these.

Erie County, New York
Erie County is a county along the shore of Lake Erie in the western region of the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 954,236. However, in 2023 the estimated population was 946,147. The county seat is Buffalo, which makes up about 28% of the county's population. Both the county and Lake Erie were named for the regional Iroquoian language-speaking Erie tribe of Native Americans, who lived in the area before 1654. They were later pushed out by the more powerful Iroquoian nations tribes. The county is part of the Western New York region of the state.

Erie County, along with its northern neighbor Niagara County, makes up the Buffalo-Niagara Falls metropolitan area, the second largest in the State of New York behind New York City. The county's southern part is known as the Southtowns.
Zaña
Zaña or Saña (Mochica: Çañap ) is the capital of Zaña District in the Chiclayo Province of Lambayeque region in northern Peru. It is located 25 kilometres (16 miles) inland from the Pacific Ocean at an elevation of 58 metres (190 ft) in the valley of the Zaña River.  Zaña had a population of 4,510 in 2017. The town was founded in 1563 by the Spanish conquerors of Peru. The Zaña Valley became a major area of sugar cane production and Zaña was one of the most important cities of colonial Peru.  The wealth of Zaña attracted English pirates who raided the city in 1686. A flood destroyed Zaña in 1720 and it never recovered its previous importance. Ruins from the flood still exist at the edge of the 21st century town.

Imported African slaves made up a major part of the population of the city and its environs during its heyday.  The Afro-Peruvian Museum is in Zaña and in 2017 the museum was declared by UNESCO to be a Site of Remembrance of Slavery and African Cultural Heritage.

Chiclayo province
Chiclayo is one of three provinces of the Lambayeque Region in Peru. The province was established in 1835 by President Felipe Salaverry, partitioning the southern region of Lambayeque Province. At the time, its jurisdiction also encompassed what are now the provinces of Pacasmayo and Chepén.