hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Candler v Crane, Christmas & Co
Candler v Crane, Christmas & Co [1951] 2 KB 164 is an English tort law case on negligent misstatement.

In the case, Denning LJ delivered a dissenting judgment, arguing that a duty of care arose when making negligent statements. His dissenting judgment was later upheld by the House of Lords in Hedley Byrne v Heller 1963.

English tort law
English tort law concerns the compensation for harm to people's rights to health and safety, a clean environment, property, their economic interests, or their reputations. A "tort" is a wrong in civil law, rather than criminal law, that usually requires a payment of money to make up for damage that is caused. Alongside contracts and unjust enrichment, tort law is usually seen as forming one of the three main pillars of the law of obligations.

In English law, torts like other civil cases are generally tried in front a judge without a jury.
Hokkaido 2nd district (1947–1993)
The Hokkaido 2nd District (Japanese: 北海道第2区, Hepburn: Hokkaidō dai-ni-ku) is a former constituency for the House of Representatives between the 1947 and 1993 elections. It was abolished following the 1994 electoral reform when Japan moved from single non-transferable vote to a parallel system.

Located in the prefecture (-dō) of Hokkaidō, prior to its dissolution, it consisted of the cities (-shi) of Asahikawa, Rumoi, Wakkanai, Shibetsu, Nayoro, Furano and all other municipalities in the subprefectures (-shichō) Kamikawa, Sōya and Rumoi. With the return to single-member districts in the 1990s electoral reform, the district became the 7th district. In 2003 the 7th district was abolished and the area that was once the 2nd district was divided amongst the 6th, 10th and 12th districts of Hokkaidō.

Hokkaido 6th district
Hokkaidō 6th district (北海道[第]6区) is a single-member electoral district for the House of Representatives, the lower house of the National Diet of Japan. It is located in the prefecture (-dō) of Hokkaidō and consists of  Hokkaido's Kamikawa Subprefecture.

The CDP lost the seat in the 2021 elections by large margins. The CDP candidate was Masahito Nishikawa the former mayor of Asahikawa, by far the biggest city in the constituency. After the death of a young girl caused by bullying and the city being badly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic Nishikawa's decision to go into national politics faced heavy criticism and he was seen as avoiding responsibility.
Reig's tuco-tuco
Reig's tuco-tuco (Ctenomys osvaldoreigi) is a species of rodent in the family Ctenomyidae. It is endemic to central Argentina, where it is known only from a grassland location in Cordoba Province at an elevation above 2000 m in the Sierras Grandes. The species is threatened by disruption of its habitat by fire and sheep grazing. It is named after Argentine biologist Osvaldo Reig (1929–1992).

Sierras de Córdoba
The Sierras de Córdoba is a mountain range in central Argentina, located between the Pampas to the east and south and the Chaco to the north and east. Most of the range is located in Córdoba Province, except for the southwestern margin which is in San Luis Province.

The Sierras de Córdoba are part of the Sierras Pampeanas, a group of mountain ranges which extend north and south on the eastern side of the Andes. The Sierras de Córdoba are covered in dry forests, grasslands, woodlands, and shrublands, and are home to rare and endemic species of plants and animals.

Parts of the Sierras have long been used for extensive cattle grazing, which has transformed the mountains' ecology. Other economic activities include tourism and winegrowing.
Tohpati
Tohpati Ario Hutomo (born 25 July 1971) is an Indonesian jazz guitarist, songwriter, and composer. He is known as one of the most notable jazz guitarists in Indonesia. He has collaborated with many Indonesian musicians such as Glenn Fredly, Indro, Arie Ayunir and Shakila. Many of his work has traditional culture elements as he always try to combine both modern and traditional Indonesian music on his albums. The influence came from many different international jazz guitarists, but the most significant influence came from Pat Metheny.

Pat Metheny
Patrick Bruce Metheny (/məˈθiːni/ məth-EE-nee; born August 12, 1954) is an American jazz guitarist and composer.

He was the leader of the Pat Metheny Group (1977–2010) and continues to work in various small-combo, duet, and solo settings, as well as other side projects. His style incorporates elements of progressive and contemporary jazz, latin jazz, and jazz fusion. He has three gold albums and 20 Grammy Awards, and is the only person to have won Grammys in 10 categories.
Dick Bunt
Richard J. Bunt (July 13, 1929 – February 10, 2021) was an American basketball player who played in the National Basketball Association (NBA) during the 1952–53 season.

He played collegiately for New York University and was selected by the New York Knicks in the 1952 NBA draft.

Bunt played for the Knicks and Baltimore Bullets in the NBA for 26 games.  After he finished his NBA career, he was a physical education teacher at William C. Bryant High School in Astoria, Queens, New York.

Bunt died on February 10, 2021, at age 91, in Purdys, New York.

North Salem, New York
North Salem is the northernmost town in Westchester County, New York, United States. The town, incorporated in 1788, is a suburb of New York City, located approximately 50 miles north of Midtown Manhattan. As of the 2020 census, North Salem was recorded as possessing a population of 5,243 people living on a land area of 21.37 square miles.

Founded prior to the American Revolution, North Salem contains an amalgamation of urban and rural features, including parks, forests, lakes, and horse trails alongside commuter train service and an interstate highway. The town has been referred to as "Billionaires' Dirt Road" due to the town's rural characteristics and its relatively high proportion of wealthy residents.
American Opera Society
The American Opera Society (AOS) was a New York City-based musical organization that presented concert and semi-staged performances of operas between 1951 and 1970. The company was highly influential in sparking and perpetuating the post World War II bel canto revival, particularly through a number of highly lauded productions of rarely heard works by Gioachino Rossini, Gaetano Donizetti, and Vincenzo Bellini.  The AOS also presented many operas to the American public for the first time, including the United States premieres of Benjamin Britten's Billy Budd, Giuseppe Verdi's Giovanna d'Arco, George Frideric Handel's Hercules and Hector Berlioz's Les troyens to name just a few.

Giovanna d'Arco
Giovanna d'Arco (Joan of Arc) is an operatic dramma lirico with a prologue and three acts by Giuseppe Verdi set to an Italian libretto by Temistocle Solera, who had prepared the libretti for Nabucco and I Lombardi. It is Verdi's seventh opera.

The work partly reflects the story of Joan of Arc and appears to be loosely based on the 1801 play Die Jungfrau von Orleans by Friedrich von Schiller. Verdi wrote the music during the autumn and winter of 1844/45 and the opera had its first performance at Teatro alla Scala in Milan on 15 February 1845.

This opera is not to be confused with Rossini's cantata of the same name, which was composed in 1832 for contralto and piano, and runs approximately 15 minutes.
Mark Cocker
Mark Cocker (born 1959) is a British author and naturalist. He lives with his wife, Mary Muir, and two daughters in Claxton, Norfolk.
The countryside around Claxton is a theme for two of his twelve books.

Cocker has written extensively for British newspapers and magazines including The Guardian, The Daily Telegraph, The Times, The Independent and BBC Wildlife. He has written a regular 'Country Diary' column in the Guardian since 1988 and a wildlife column in the international subscribers' edition, the Guardian Weekly from 1996 to 2002. He reviews regularly for the Guardian and the Times Literary Supplement.

The Guardian Weekly
The Guardian Weekly is an international English-language news magazine  based in London, England. It is one of the world's oldest international news publications and has readers in more than 170 countries. Editorial content is drawn from its sister publication, the British daily newspaper The Guardian, both of which are published and owned by the Guardian Media Group. It also contained content from the Sunday newspaper The Observer, until it was sold to Tortoise Media which took control on 22 April 2025.

The Guardian Weekly is currently edited by Graham Snowdon.
Karl Anton Eugen Prantl
Karl Anton Eugen Prantl (10 September 1849 – 24 February 1893), also known as Carl Anton Eugen Prantl, was a German botanist.

Prantl was born in Munich, Kingdom of Bavaria, and studied in Munich. In 1870, he graduated with the dissertation Das Inulin. Ein Beitrag zur Pflanzenphysiologie (The inulin, a contribution to the plant physiology). He worked with Carl Wilhelm von Nägeli and Julius Sachs. From 1887 on, he published Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien (The Natural Plant Families) with fellow botanist Adolf Engler, who completed the work in 1915.

In 1877, he became a professor at the forest educational institution at Aschaffenburg, transferring to Breslau University in 1889, where he also became director of the botanical garden there. Prantl worked particularly on Cryptogams.

Aschaffenburg
Aschaffenburg (German pronunciation: [aˈʃafn̩bʊʁk] ⓘ; Hessian: Aschebersch, pronounced [ˈaʒəˌbɛːʃ]) is a town in northwest Bavaria, Germany. The town of Aschaffenburg, despite being its administrative seat, is not part of the district of Aschaffenburg.

Aschaffenburg belonged to the Archbishopric of Mainz for more than 800 years. The town is located at the westernmost border of Lower Franconia and separated from the central and eastern part of the Regierungsbezirk (administrative region) by the Spessart hills, whereas it opens towards the Rhine-Main plain in the west and the north-west. Therefore, the inhabitants speak neither Bavarian nor East Franconian but rather a local version of Rhine Franconian.
Fox-Terror
Fox-Terror is a 1957 Warner Bros. Merrie Melodies animated short directed by Robert McKimson. The cartoon was released on May 11, 1957, and features Foghorn Leghorn and the Barnyard Dawg. The title is a play on the dog breed name "Fox Terrier".

By the time of this cartoon's release, the Stephen Foster song "Camptown Races" has been established as Foghorn Leghorn's theme; in other cartoons Foghorn normally hums the verse, but in this cartoon he sings specially-written lyrics about fishing.

The cartoon also briefly paid homage to the then-wildly popular genre of television quiz shows, particularly The $64,000 Question which, like many other quiz shows of the day, would soon become embroiled in scandal and be taken off the air a year later.

Fox Terrier
Fox Terriers are two different breeds of the terrier dog type: the Smooth Fox Terrier and the Wire Fox Terrier. Both of these breeds originated in the 19th century from a handful of dogs who are descended from earlier varieties of British terriers, and are related to other modern white terrier breeds. In addition, a number of breeds have diverged from these two main types of fox terrier and have been recognised separately, including the Jack Russell Terrier, Miniature Fox Terrier and Rat Terrier. The Wire and Smooth Fox Terriers share similar characteristics, the main differences being in the coat and markings.
Long Goodbye: A Tribute to Don Pullen
Long Goodbye: A Tribute to Don Pullen is an album by David Murray, released on the Japanese DIW label. Recorded in 1996 and released in 1998, the album contains performances by Murray, pianist D.D. Jackson, bassist Santi Debriano, and drummer J. T. Lewis, in tribute to Don Pullen. The liner notes were penned by Jackson.

DIW Records
DIW Records is a Japanese record label specializing in avant-garde jazz. It is a subsidiary of Disk Union. Kazunori Sugiyama was an executive producer for the label before starting Tzadik Records with John Zorn.

DIW's name stands for "Discs in the World" and is from a music magazine sold at Disk Union stores that announced the latest releases from American and European labels. Wilber Morris recorded the first album for DIW in 1983 in New York City. The catalogue includes music by the Art Ensemble of Chicago, Lester Bowie, James Carter, Steve Grossman, Harold Mabern, David Murray, James Blood Ulmer, David S. Ware, Rodney Whitaker, and John Zorn.
Daniel Soulage
Daniel Soulage (14 February 1942 – 14 September 2020) was a French politician.

Soulage was born in Monflanquin, Lot-et-Garonne, and served as deputy mayor of his hometown starting in 1978. He was elected to the mayoralty in 1983, retaining the office until 2008. Soulage was a member of the Senate of France from 2001 to 2011, representing Lot-et-Garonne department. Between 1993 and 1997, he served on the National Assembly from Lot-et-Garonne's 3rd constituency. While a deputy, Soulage was a member of the Union for French Democracy. During his senatorial tenure, he joined the Centrist Alliance and caucused with the Centrist Union.

Monflanquin
Monflanquin (French pronunciation: [mɔ̃flɑ̃kɛ̃]; Languedocien: Montflanquin) is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France. Built in 1256 as a military bastide town on a strategic north-south route, it changed hands several times during the Hundred Years' War.

The village is a member of the Les Plus Beaux Villages de France ("The most beautiful villages of France") association.
Hyunmoo
Hyunmoo (Korean: 현무; Hanja: 玄武) is a series of South Korean ballistic and cruise missiles developed by the Agency for Defense Development (ADD) and manufactured by Hanwha and LIG Nex1.

The Hyunmoo-1 was a variant of the NHK-1 Baekgom (Nike Hercules Korea-1 White Bear; Korean: NHK-1 백곰) missile whose propulsion engine was modified based on the technology transfer of the American Nike Hercules and has been deployed to the ROK Armed Forces from 1987. Later, Hyunmoo-1 was retired in 2018 due to the further development of the Hyunmoo-2 with a longer range.

Cruise missile
A cruise missile is an unmanned self-propelled guided missile that sustains flight through aerodynamic lift for most of its flight path. Cruise missiles are designed to deliver a large payload over long distances with high precision. Modern cruise missiles are capable of traveling at high subsonic, supersonic, or hypersonic speeds, are self-navigating, and are able to fly on a non-ballistic, extremely low-altitude trajectory.
Pavel Ivanovich Melnikov
Pavel Ivanovich Melnikov (alias Andrey Pechersky, Russian: Па́вел Ива́нович Ме́льников (Андре́й Пече́рский), 1818, Nizhny Novgorod – 1883) was a Russian writer, best known for his novels In the Forests and On the Hills, which describe the unique life of Transvolga and use its dialects.

The Russian Messenger
The Russian Messenger or Russian Herald (Russian: Ру́сский ве́стник, romanized: Russkiy Vestnik, Pre-reform Russian: Русскій Вѣстникъ) was the title of three magazines published in Russia during the 19th century and early 20th century.
Ema Burgić
Ema Burgić  (born 22 August 1992) is a Bosnian-born American professional tennis player.

In her career, she won four singles and 13 doubles titles on the ITF Circuit. On 3 October 2016, she reached her best singles ranking of world No. 466. On 17 October 2016, she peaked at No. 145 in the WTA doubles rankings.

Playing for Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burgić has a win–loss record of 11–11.

She won her first tournament on the ITF Circuit in 2008 as a 16-year-old, at a $10k event in La Vall d'Uixó, Spain.

In June 2015, she married fellow tennis player Attila Bucko. The couple divorced in 2023. Ema Burgić returned to professional tennis in 2024 and became a United States citizen in May.

Bosnia and Herzegovina Billie Jean King Cup team
The Bosnia and Herzegovina Billie Jean King Cup team represents Bosnia and Herzegovina in Billie Jean King Cup tennis competition and are governed by the Tennis Association of Bosnia and Herzegovina.  They currently compete in the Europe/Africa Zone of Group I.
Stray Kids (TV program)
Stray Kids (Korean: 스트레이 키즈) is a 2017 reality show created by JYP Entertainment and Mnet. It was created as a male idol debut project with the concept of "trainees versus JYP", the goal of which being the survival of all nine members to debut as a team. It was broadcast on Mnet from October 17 to December 19, 2017, on Tuesdays at 23:00 (KST) timeslot for ten episodes.

Mnet (TV channel)
Music Network (acronym of the Mnet) is a South Korean pay television music channel owned by CJ ENM Entertainment Division.

The CJ E&M Center Studio located in Sangam-dong, Mapo District, Seoul is the headquarters, broadcast and recording centre of many Mnet programs with a studio audience, namely the live weekly music show M Countdown. It is also the venue for live performances in survival shows such as Superstar K, Show Me The Money series, Produce 101 series, Comeback War series, Planet series and Street Dance series. Other shows are filmed in CJ E&M Studio in Ilsan and CJ E&M Contents World in Paju.
Horstmann suspension
Horstmann suspension, also known as Horstman, Vickers-Horstman and rarely Slow Motion, is a type of tracked suspension devised by British tank designer John Carden and worked into a production design by engineer Sidney Horstmann.

First used on the A6E3 Medium Tank prototype in 1935, it proved far superior to previous suspensions from Vickers. It was widely used on World War II-era tank designs but in the post-war era was increasingly limited to British tanks as newer systems emerged in other countries. The last tank to use this basic mechanism was the Chieftain, designed in the late 1950s.

Horstman Defence Systems remains a tank suspension specialist to this day and makes a range of systems based mostly on torsion systems with hydrodynamic damping. They are also referred to as "Horstman suspensions" although they have no details in common with their earlier designs.

Bellcrank
A bellcrank is a type of crank that changes motion through an angle. The angle can range from 0 to 360 degrees, but 90-degree and 180-degree bellcranks are most common.

The name comes from its first use, changing the vertical pull on a rope to a horizontal pull on the striker of a bell to sound it.
Sierpiński graph
Sierpiński graphs (or Sierpiński networks) are a family of graphs defined by two parameters  and , denoted . These graphs have applications in topology, Tower of Hanoi problems, and interconnection networks for multiprocessor systems. The graphs are named after Wacław Sierpiński due to their connections with Sierpiński fractals.

Wacław Sierpiński
Wacław Franciszek Sierpiński (Polish: [ˈvat͡swaf fraɲˈt͡ɕiʂɛk ɕɛrˈpij̃skʲi] ⓘ; 14 March 1882 – 21 October 1969) was a Polish mathematician. He was known for contributions to set theory (research on the axiom of choice and the continuum hypothesis), number theory, theory of functions, and topology. He published over 700 papers and 50 books.

Three well-known fractals are named after him (the Sierpiński triangle, the Sierpiński carpet, and the Sierpiński curve), as are Sierpiński numbers and the associated Sierpiński problem.
Mahmoud El Ali
Mahmoud Mohamad El Ali (Arabic: محمود محمد العلي; born 4 March 1984) is a Lebanese former professional footballer who played as a striker. El Ali represented the Lebanon national team, scoring 12 goals in 46 games, before being banned for life from professional football due to his involvement in the 2013 Lebanese match fixing scandal.

2008–09 Lebanese FA Cup
The 2009 version of the Lebanese FA Cup is the 37th edition to be played. It is the premier knockout tournament for football teams in Lebanon.

Al-Mabarrah went into this edition as the holders. Al Ansar holds the most wins with 11 titles.

The cup winner were guaranteed a place in the 2010 AFC Cup.
Technology journalism
Technology journalism is the genre of reporting that concerns the development, marketing, and application of technology. The field covers a wide variety of topics, including communications, artificial intelligence, the Internet, social media, the IT industry, scientific research, robotics, and laws and policies regarding the digital world. Many news organizations feature prominent coverage of technology, especially as pertains to the economic, political, and cultural role of Big Tech companies and products.

Video game journalism
Video game journalism (or video game criticism) is a branch of journalism concerned with the reporting and discussion of video games, typically based on a core "reveal–preview–review" cycle. With the prevalence and rise of independent media online, online publications and blogs have grown.
2021–22 Scottish Women's Premier League 2
The 2021–22 Scottish Women's Premier League 2 was the seventh season of the SWPL 2 as the second-highest division of women's football in Scotland, below SWPL 1 and above the SWF Championship. Originally planned to involve eight teams, the league season was played with only seven, following the sudden resignation of Forfar Farmington in August 2021 – Partick Thistle were elevated to SWPL 1 to maintain an even number of teams, leaving SWPL 2 one short.

Dundee United were the SWPL 2 champions, 20 points ahead of the runners-up Glasgow Women, who won promotion with a 3–1 win in the final match against third-placed Boroughmuir Thistle.

Two clubs were promoted from SWPL 2 and none relegated from SWPL 1 due to league expansion. The league's first promotion/relegation play-off had been planned until the expansion was confirmed in April 2022 following the SWPL clubs' majority vote to leave SWF for the SPFL in February.

Scottish Professional Football League
The Scottish Professional Football League (SPFL) is the national men's association football league in Scotland. The league was formed in June 2013 following a merger between the Scottish Premier League and the Scottish Football League. As well as operating its league competition, which consists of the top four levels of the Scottish football league system, the SPFL also operates two domestic cup competitions, the Scottish League Cup and the Scottish Challenge Cup. While the Scottish Cup includes all the teams within the SPFL, the competition is run and organised by the Scottish Football Association.
Tamara Finkelstein
Dame Tamara Margaret Finkelstein (born 24 May 1967) is a British former civil servant who, since February 2026, has served as the CEO of the Royal Academy of Engineering. She was formerly the permanent secretary at the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs.

Permanent secretary
A permanent secretary is the most senior civil servant of a department or ministry charged with running the department or ministry's day-to-day activities. Permanent secretaries are the non-political civil service chief executives of government departments or ministries, who generally hold their position for a number of years (thus "permanent") at a ministry as distinct from the changing political secretaries of state to whom they report and provide advice. The role originated in the civil service of the United Kingdom and has been adopted in several Commonwealth countries as well as other countries influenced by the Westminster system.
Outline of the Cayman Islands
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the Cayman Islands:

Cayman Islands – British overseas territory located in the western Caribbean Sea, comprising the islands of Grand Cayman, Cayman Brac, and Little Cayman. It is a tax haven financial centre and one of the many scuba diving destinations in the Caribbean.

Grand Cayman
Grand Cayman is the largest of the three Cayman Islands and the location of the territory's capital, George Town. In relation to the other two Cayman Islands, it is approximately 75 miles (121 km) southwest of Little Cayman and 90 miles (145 km) southwest of Cayman Brac.