hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
American Historical Association
The American Historical Association (AHA) is the oldest professional association of historians in the United States and the largest such organization in the world with 11,000 members as of 2025. Founded in 1884, AHA works to protect academic freedom, develop professional standards, and support scholarship and innovative teaching. It publishes The American Historical Review four times annually, which features scholarly history-related articles and book reviews.

AHA is the major learned society for historians working in the United States, while the Organization of American Historians is a field society for historians who study and teach about the United States. The AHA's congressional charter of 1889, established it "for the promotion of historical studies, the collection and preservation of historical manuscripts, and for kindred purposes in the interest of American history, and of history in America."

Learned society
A learned society (/ˈlɜːrnɪd/ LEHRN-id; also scholarly, intellectual, or academic society) is an organization that exists to promote an academic discipline, profession, or a group of related disciplines such as the arts and sciences. Membership may be open to all, may require possession of some qualification, or may be an honour conferred by election.

Most learned societies are non-profit organizations, and many are professional associations. Their activities typically include holding regular conferences for the presentation and discussion of new research results, and publishing or sponsoring academic journals in their discipline. Some also act as professional bodies, regulating the activities of their members in the public interest or the collective interest of the membership.
Knock-Off (TV series)
Knock-Off (Korean: 넉오프) is an upcoming South Korean black comedy television series written by Han Jung-hoon, directed by Park Hyun-seok, and starring Kim Soo-hyun and Jo Bo-ah. The series depicts a man's rise from office worker to counterfeit kingpin after the 1997 Asian financial crisis.

Originally scheduled to be released on Disney+ in April 2025, Disney Korea temporarily postponed the release of the series due to the controversy surrounding Kim Soo-hyun's relationship with the late actress Kim Sae-ron.

Jo Woo-jin (actor)
Jo Shin-je (Korean: 조신제; born January 16, 1979), known professionally as Jo Woo-jin (Korean: 조우진), is a South Korean actor. He won the Best Supporting Actor award at the 40th Blue Dragon Film Awards in 2019 for his performance in the film Default (2018).
Japan Statistical Society
The Japan Statistical Society (日本統計学会, Nihon Tokei Gakkai, JSS) is a learned society in Japan. The Society's objective is "To promote research and education in the area of statistics, and to contribute to the progress of statistical sciences". JSS was founded in 1931. Its membership consists of researchers, teachers, and professional statisticians in many different fields.

As of 2020 Shigeru Kawasaki (川崎 茂, Kawasaki Shigeru) of Nihon University is the president (term ends June 2021) and Satoshi Yamashita (山下 智志, Yamashita Satoshi) of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics is the director-general (term ends June 2021).

JSS publications include Journal of the Japan Statistical Society (English series, biannual), Journal of the Japan Statistical Society (Japanese series, biannual), a quarterly newsletter, and JSS Research Series in Statistics.

JSS is an affiliate of the International Statistical Institute.

Learned society
A learned society (/ˈlɜːrnɪd/ LEHRN-id; also scholarly, intellectual, or academic society) is an organization that exists to promote an academic discipline, profession, or a group of related disciplines such as the arts and sciences. Membership may be open to all, may require possession of some qualification, or may be an honour conferred by election.

Most learned societies are non-profit organizations, and many are professional associations. Their activities typically include holding regular conferences for the presentation and discussion of new research results, and publishing or sponsoring academic journals in their discipline. Some also act as professional bodies, regulating the activities of their members in the public interest or the collective interest of the membership.
Gopurangal Saivathillai
Gopurangal Saivathillai (Tamil pronunciation: [ɡoːbuɾaŋɡaɭ saːjiʋaðilːaɪ] transl. Gopurams do not tilt) is a 1982 Indian Tamil-language film directed by Manivannan and produced by P. Kalaimani. The film stars Mohan, Suhasini and Radha, while S. Ve. Shekher and Vinu Chakravarthy play supporting roles. It revolves around a man who is forcibly married to a woman he deems unattractive, and later begins a relationship with another woman.

Gopurangal Saivathillai is the directorial debut of Manivannan who wrote the screenplay from Kalaimani's story. It was released on 15 October 1982. The film was remade in Telugu as Mukku Pudaka (1983) with Suhasini reprising her role; in Kannada as Brahma Gantu (1985); and in Hindi as Naseeb Apna Apna (1986). The film was also the inspiration behind two Tamil TV series: Kasthuri (2006) and Sundari (2021).

S. Ve. Shekher
Sattanathapuram Venkataraman Shekher (born 26 December 1950) is an Indian actor, film director, screenwriter, politician and also a playwright in Tamil-language plays. In 2006, he was elected as an MLA for the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) from Mylapore. He is the founder of Federation of Brahmin associations of South India (FEBAS).
Adolph Fürstner
Adolph Fürstner (1833–1908) was a German publisher. He worked as a clerk for Bote & Bock before he founded his own publishing company, 'Fürstner', in Berlin in 1868. He bought the publishers Gustav Mayer of Leipzig and Meser of Dresden in 1872. In 1900 he formed a contract with Richard Strauss and later published his opera Salome.

Salome (opera)
Salome, Op. 54, is an opera in one act by Richard Strauss. The libretto is Hedwig Lachmann's German translation of the 1891 French play Salomé by Oscar Wilde, edited by the composer. Strauss dedicated the opera to his friend Sir Edgar Speyer.

The opera is famous (at the time of its premiere, infamous) for its "Dance of the Seven Veils". The final scene is frequently heard as a concert-piece for dramatic sopranos.
Banfikot
Banfikot  is a village development committee in Western Rukum District in Karnali Province of western Nepal. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census it had a population of 5164 people living in 1075 individual households.

Karnali Province
Karnali Province (Nepali: कर्णाली प्रदेश, romanized: Karṇālī pradēśa) is one of the seven federal provinces of Nepal formed by the new constitution, which was adopted on 20 September 2015. The total area of the province is 27,984 square kilometres (10,805 mi2), making it the largest province in Nepal with 18.97% of the country's area. According to the 2011 Nepal census, the population of the province was 1,570,418, making it the least populous province in Nepal. The province borders the Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north, Gandaki Province to the east, Sudurpashchim Province to the west, and Lumbini Province to the south. Birendranagar with a population of 154,886 is both the province's capital and largest city.
Thomas Swinford
Captain Thomas Francis Swinford (9 May 1839 – 23 January 1915) was an English army officer and cricketer who played in four first-class cricket matches in 1874. Born at Minster-in-Thanet near Ramsgate in Kent, Swinford was a right-handed batsman.

Educated at Blackheath Proprietary School, Swinford played his first-class matches for Kent County Cricket Club. His debut was against Derbyshire. He was described in his Wisden obituary as a "good batsman and long-stop" who had made a half-century against Lancashire.

He served as a captain in the 98th Regiment. He died at Polegate near Eastbourne in Sussex in January 1915 aged 75.

98th (Prince of Wales's) Regiment of Foot
The 98th (Prince of Wales) Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army. It was originally raised in 1824 as the 98th Regiment of Foot, before assuming the title of the 98th (Prince of Wales) Regiment of Foot in 1876. Later, in 1881, following the Childers Reforms of the British Army, the regiment was amalgamated with the 64th Regiment of Foot to become the Prince of Wales's (North Staffordshire) Regiment. As the 64th Foot was senior to the 98th, the 98th became the 2nd Battalion in the new regiment. Throughout the course of the regiment's existence it served mostly overseas in South Africa, China and India.
Martin Prakkat
Martin Prakkat is an Indian film director, screenwriter and producer known for visually rich, character‑driven Malayalam films such as Best Actor, ABCD, Charlie and Nayattu, and is regarded as one of the most acclaimed contemporary filmmakers in the industry. His work has earned multiple Kerala State Film Awards and strong critical and audience appreciation, especially for Charlie and Nayattu.

Kerala Film Critics Association Awards
The Kerala Film Critics Association Awards are presented annually by the Kerala Film Critics Association to honour both artistic and technical excellence of professionals in the Malayalam language film industry of India. The awards were instituted in 1977.
Football in Sri Lanka
Football in Sri Lanka is mainly played at a semi-professional and recreational level. Despite not being as well-regarded as the country's cricket team, football is the third biggest sport in Sri Lanka, after cricket and rugby union. Approximately 12% of the people in Sri Lanka are considered association football fans. Only three countries in the world have a lower percentage.

The Sri Lanka national football team uses the 25,000-capacity Sugathadasa Stadium for their home games.

Rugby union in Sri Lanka
Rugby union in Sri Lanka is mainly played at a semi-professional and recreational level. It is a popular team sport with a history dating back to 1879. In 2012, according to International Rugby Board figures, there were over 160,000 registered rugby union players in Sri Lanka, making it the second largest rugby-playing nation in Asia, behind Japan.
Antonio Bottazzi
Antonio Bottazzi (died 1870) was an Italian painter, active in the 19th century in Lombardy.

He was born in Cremona studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Milan, a contemporary of Pietro Bignami of Lodi. He painted portraits, historical and sacred subjects. He painted a Glory of the Virgin for the Lodi Cathedral. He painted an altarpiece of the Assumption of the Virgin (1834) for the parish church of Roncadello. He painted a duel of Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, and the Gonfaloniere of Cremona, Giovanni Baldesio; the subject must have had subversive echoes at the time, given the occupation of Lombardy by Austrians. Antonio frescoed the four Evangelists for the parish church of Castelleone.

Castelleone
Castelleone (Italian pronunciation: [kaˌstɛlleˈoːne]; locally Castigliòn) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cremona in the Italian region of Lombardy, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) southeast of Milan and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) northwest of Cremona.

Castelleone borders the following municipalities: Cappella Cantone, Fiesco, Gombito, Izano, Madignano, Ripalta Arpina, San Bassano, Soresina, Trigolo.
On Tai (constituency)
On Tai is one of the 36 constituencies of the Sha Tin District Council. The seat elects one member of the council every four years. It was first created in 2003. The current boundary is loosely based on the areas of Kam Tai Court, Mountain Shore.

Sha Tin District Council
The Sha Tin District Council (noted as ST) is the district council for the Sha Tin District in Hong Kong. It is one of 18 such councils. The Sha Tin District Council currently consists of 42 members, of which the district is divided into four constituencies, electing a total of 8 members, 16 district committee members, 17 appointed members, and one ex officio member who is the Sha Tin rural committee chairman. The latest election was held on 10 December 2023.
Taenia of fourth ventricle
In the brain, the taenia of the fourth ventricle (lingula, tenia of fourth ventricle) are two narrow bands of white matter, one on either side, which complete the lower part of the roof of the fourth ventricle.

Each consists of a vertical and a horizontal part.

The vertical part is continuous below the obex with the gracile nucleus, to which it is adherent by its lateral border.

The horizontal portion extends transversely across the inferior peduncle, below the striae medullares, and roofs in the lower and posterior part of the lateral recess; it is attached by its lower margin to the inferior peduncle, and partly encloses the choroid plexus, which, however, projects beyond it like a cluster of grapes; and hence this part of the tænia has been termed the cornucopia.

Roof of fourth ventricle
The roof of fourth ventricle is the dorsal surface of the fourth ventricle.

It corresponds to the ventral surface of the cerebellum.

The upper portion of the roof is formed by the cerebellum.
The roof of ventricle is diamond shaped and can be divided into superior and inferior parts.
The superior part or cranial part is formed by superior cerebellar peduncles and superior medullary velum. The inferior or caudal part is formed by ventricular ependyma and double fold of pia mater.
Khachin-Darbatli Mausoleum
Khachin-Darbatli Mausoleum (Azerbaijani: Xaçındərbətli türbəsi) or Khachen-Dorbatli Mausoleum (Armenian: Խաչեն-Դորբատլիի դամբարանի) is a tomb-mausoleum of Qutlu Khwâdjah (ibn Musâ) located close to the Khachindorbatli village of the Aghdam District of Azerbaijan. It was built by the medieval Armenian architect Vardapet Shahik in 1314. The mausoleum is located 23 km to the north of Aghdam and is on the list of heritage sites of the Republic of Azerbaijan as a 14th-century memorial monument of Karabakh.

The mausoleum, as well as the Agdam district, where the mausoleum is located, was under the occupation of the unrecognized Nagorno-Karabakh Republic since the First Nagorno-Karabakh war until 2020, when the district was returned to Azerbaijan per the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement. In 2023, an investigation by the Caucasus Heritage Watch of Cornell University found that during Armenian control of the area, the mausoleum remained well-preserved.

Karabakh
Karabakh (Azerbaijani: Qarabağ [ɡɑɾɑˈbɑɣ]; Armenian: Ղարաբաղ, romanized: Ġarabaġ [ʁɑɾɑˈbɑʁ]) is a geographic region in southwestern Azerbaijan and eastern Armenia, extending from the highlands of the Lesser Caucasus down to the lowlands between the rivers Kura and Aras. It is divided into three regions: Highland Karabakh, Lowland Karabakh (the steppes between the Kura and Aras rivers), and the eastern slopes of the Zangezur Mountains (roughly Syunik and Kalbajar–Lachin).
Pedro the Great
Pedro the Great (27 March 2010 – 9 August 2019) is an American-bred, Irish-trained Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. He raced only as a two-year-old in 2012 when he won two of his five races including the Group 1 Phoenix Stakes. He was retired from racing in 2013 and became a breeding stallion in France.

Phoenix Stakes
The Phoenix Stakes is a Group 1 flat horse race in Ireland open to two-year-old thoroughbred colts and fillies. It is run at the Curragh over a distance of 6 furlongs (1,207 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in August.
Bertil Mårtensson
Bertil Mårtensson (June 12 1945 in Malmö – November 4, 2018 in Helsingborg) was a Swedish author of science fiction, crime fiction and fantasy and also an academic philosopher. He was assistant professor at Umeå University, where he was also chair of the department from 1988–93, and at Lund University.

Helsingborg
Helsingborg (/ˈhɛlsɪŋbɔːrɡ/, US also /-bɔːr(jə), -bɔːri, ˌhɛlsɪŋˈbɔːri/; Swedish: [hɛlsɪŋˈbɔrj] ⓘ) is a city and the seat of Helsingborg Municipality, Scania (Skåne), Sweden. It is the second-largest city in Scania (after Malmö) and ninth-largest in Sweden, with a population of 151,404 (2024). Helsingborg is the central urban area of northwestern Scania and Sweden's closest point to Denmark: the Danish city Helsingør is clearly visible about 4 km (2.5 mi) to the west on the other side of the Øresund.

Historic Helsingborg, with its many old buildings, is a scenic coastal city. The buildings are a blend of old-style stone-built churches and a 600-year-old medieval fortress (Kärnan) in the city centre, and more modern commercial buildings. The streets vary from wide avenues to small alley-ways. Kullagatan, the main pedestrian shopping street in the city, was the first pedestrian shopping street in Sweden.
Beelen (surname)
Beelen is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Giel Beelen (born 1977), Dutch radio DJ and presenter

Ian Theodor Beelen (1807–1884), Dutch exegete and orientalist

Thomas Beelen (born 2001), Dutch footballer

Thomas Beelen
Thomas Beelen (born 11 June 2001) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Eredivisie club Feyenoord. Beelen started his professional career at PEC Zwolle in 2022. A year later, he promoted to the Eredivisie with PEC Zwolle and moved to Feyenoord, where he won the KNVB Cup and the Johan Cruyff Shield in 2024.
Viorica Agarici
Viorica Ana Ecaterina Agarici (February 24th 1886–1979) was a Romanian nurse, the chairwoman of the local Red Cross in the city of Roman during World War II and the Ion Antonescu regime. A protector of the Jewish population during the implementation of the Holocaust in Romania, she is one of the Romanians among the Righteous Among the Nations commemorated by the Israeli people at Yad Vashem.

The Holocaust in Romania
The Holocaust saw the genocide of Jews in the Kingdom of Romania and in Romanian-controlled territories of the Soviet Union between 1940 and 1944. While historically part of The Holocaust, these actions were mostly independent from the similar acts committed by Nazi Germany, Romania being the only ally of the Third Reich that carried out a genocidal campaign without the intervention of Heinrich Himmler's SS. Various numbers have been advanced by researchers for the lives lost in the genocide, with most estimates in the range of 250,000 to 380,000. Another approximately 132,000 Jews from the Hungarian-controlled Northern Transylvania were killed during this period by the Nazis with the collaboration of the Hungarian authorities. Romania ranks first among Holocaust perpetrator countries other than Germany.
Gomes da Rocha
Gomes da Rocha is a Portuguese surname. Notable persons with that name include:

Tiago Henrique Gomes da Rocha (born 1988), Brazilian serial killer

Francielle Gomes da Rocha (born 1992), Brazilian handball player

Francisco Gomes da Rocha (1754–1808), Brazilian classical composer

Francielle da Rocha
Francielle Gomes da Rocha, (born 10 June 1992) is a Brazilian handball player. She plays for the Romanian club  SCM Craiova and is also a member of the Brazil women's national handball team.

She has played in the 2012 Women's Junior World Handball Championship.
Stygiomedusa
Stygiomedusa gigantea, commonly known as the giant phantom jelly, is the only known species in the monotypic genus of deep sea jellyfish, Stygiomedusa. It is in the Ulmaridae family. With only around 118 sightings in 110 years, it is a jellyfish that is rarely seen, but believed to be widespread throughout the world, with the exception of the Arctic Ocean.

The Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute's remotely operated underwater vehicles have only sighted the jelly 27 times in 27 years. A study conducted by the Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, focusing on four Stygiomedusa gigantea present in the Gulf of Mexico, revealed information regarding the wider distribution of this species. S. gigantea is thought to be one of the largest invertebrate predators in the ecosystem. It is commonly found in the ocean's midnight zone, and twilight zone usually at depths of 6,665 m (21,867 ft).

Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
The Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom (MBA) is a learned society with a scientific laboratory that undertakes research in marine biology. The organisation was founded in 1884 and has been based in Plymouth since the Citadel Hill Laboratory was opened on 30 June 1888.

The MBA is also home to the National Marine Biological Library, whose collections cover the marine biological sciences, and curates the Historical Collections.
Throughout its history, the MBA has had a royal patron. In 2013, the MBA was granted a royal charter in recognition of the MBA's scientific preeminence in its field.
Stueckelberg action
In field theory, the Stueckelberg action (named after Ernst Stueckelberg) describes a massive spin-1 field as an R (the real numbers are the Lie algebra of U(1)) Yang–Mills theory coupled to a real scalar field . This scalar field takes on values in a real 1D affine representation of R with  as the coupling strength.

This is a special case of the Higgs mechanism, where, in effect, λ and thus the mass of the Higgs scalar excitation has been taken to infinity, so the Higgs has decoupled and can be ignored, resulting in a nonlinear,  affine representation of the field, instead of a linear representation — in contemporary terminology, a U(1) nonlinear σ-model.

Gauge-fixing , yields the Proca action.

This explains why, unlike the case for non-abelian vector fields, quantum electrodynamics with a massive photon is, in fact, renormalizable, even though it is not manifestly gauge invariant (after the Stückelberg scalar has been eliminated in the Proca action).

Affine representation
In mathematics, an affine representation of a topological Lie group G on an affine space A is a continuous (smooth) group homomorphism from G to the automorphism group of A, the affine group Aff(A). Similarly, an affine representation of a Lie algebra g on A is a Lie algebra homomorphism from g to the Lie algebra aff(A) of the affine group of A.

An example is the action of the Euclidean group E(n) on the Euclidean space En.

Since the affine group in dimension n is a matrix group in dimension n + 1, an affine representation may be thought of as a particular kind of linear representation. We may ask whether a given affine representation has a fixed point in the given affine space A. If it does, we may take that as origin and regard A as a vector space; in that case, we actually have a linear representation in dimension n. This reduction depends on a group cohomology question, in general.
Zacharovce
Zacharovce (Hungarian: Zeherje) is a village and municipality in the Rimavská Sobota District of the Banská Bystrica Region of southern Slovakia. Located near the main road I/50, connecting Zvolen and Košice, the village is now more a living neighbourhood of Rimavská Sobota, where many citizens go for work. The most important sightseeing attraction is a Gothic church from the 15th century, later rebuilt.

Zvolen
Zvolen (Slovak pronunciation: [ˈzʋɔlen] ⓘ; Hungarian: Zólyom; German: Altsohl) is a city in central Slovakia, situated on the confluence of Hron and Slatina rivers. It is famous for several historical and cultural attractions. It is surrounded by Poľana mountain from the East, by Kremnické vrchy from the West, and by Javorie and Štiavnické vrchy from the South.

The population numbers approximately 40,000, which makes it the twelfth-largest city in Slovakia by population, thirteenth by size. It is the center of the Podpoľanie historical region and the seat of a county (Zvolen District). It is also an important transportation hub in Slovakia, being one of the four central train stations in Slovakia (others are Bratislava, Košice, and Žilina).