hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Provincial Secretary of Quebec
The Provincial Secretary of Quebec was a senior position in the provincial cabinet of Quebec from before Canadian Confederation until 1970.

The Provincial Secretary and Registrar was originally the second highest position in the provincial cabinet, equivalent to the position of Deputy Premier. The Provincial Secretary was the equivalent of the former Canadian Cabinet position of Secretary of State for Canada.

Cabinet of Canada
The Canadian Ministry (French: Conseil des ministres), colloquially referred to as the Cabinet of Canada (French: Cabinet du Canada), is a body of ministers of the Crown that, along with the Canadian monarch, and within the tenets of the Westminster system, forms the government of Canada. Chaired by the prime minister, the Cabinet is part of and acts on behalf of the King's Privy Council for Canada and the senior echelon of the Ministry, the membership of the Cabinet and Ministry often being co-terminal; as of March 2025 there were no members of the latter who were not also members of the former.

For practical reasons, the Cabinet is informally referred to either in relation to the prime minister in charge of it or the number of ministries since Confederation. The current Cabinet is the Cabinet of Mark Carney, which is part of the 30th Ministry. The interchangeable use of the terms cabinet and  ministry is a subtle inaccuracy that can cause confusion.
Belarusian Ridge
The Belarusian Ridge (Belarusian: Беларуская града, romanized: Bielaruskaja hrada) is a line of terminal moraines, which is almost entirely in the northwest of Belarus. The feature is part of the East European Plain.

This ridge, consisting of low, rolling hills, runs for about 500 km in the direction from west-southwest to east-northeast, from the area of the Brest region, which is close to the border of Poland to the Russian town of Smolensk.

The ridge is a limit of the last advance of the ice sheet, which defines its geological constitution: mostly moraine loams with added glacial and alluvial sediments.

River valleys divide the ridge into sections, uplands.

The ridge stretches approximately from west to east and separated two major lowlands: Polesie Lowland to the south and Neman Lowland and Polatsk Lowland to the north.

Moraine
A moraine is any accumulation of unconsolidated debris (regolith and rock), sometimes referred to as glacial till, that occurs in both currently and formerly glaciated regions, and that has been previously carried along by a glacier or ice sheet. It may consist of partly rounded particles ranging in size from boulders (in which case it is often referred to as boulder clay) down to gravel and sand, in a groundmass of finely divided clayey material sometimes called glacial flour. Lateral moraines are those formed at the side of the ice flow, and terminal moraines are those formed at the foot, marking the maximum advance of the glacier. Other types of moraine include ground moraines (till-covered areas forming sheets on flat or irregular topography) and medial moraines (moraines formed where two glaciers meet).
Świniec, West Pomeranian Voivodeship
Świniec [ˈɕfiɲɛt͡s] (German: Schwenz) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kamień Pomorski, within Kamień County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 7 km (4 mi) east of Kamień Pomorski and 67 km (42 mi) north of the regional capital Szczecin. The village has a population of 110.

Kamień Pomorski
Kamień Pomorski (Polish pronunciation: [ˈkamjɛɲ pɔˈmɔrskʲi]; Kashubian: Kamiéń; German: Cammin or Kammin) is a spa town in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship of north-western Poland, on the Baltic coast. It is the seat of an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Kamień County which lies approximately 63 km (39 mi) to the north of the regional capital Szczecin. It is the second seat of the Archdiocese of Szczecin-Kamień and the deanery of Kamień.

In 2015 the town had a population of 8,921 inhabitants.
War & Peace, Vol. 2 (The Peace Disc)
War & Peace, Vol. 2 (The Peace Disc) is the sixth studio album by American rapper Ice Cube, released March 21, 2000, on his own label Lench Mob Records with distribution by Priority Records. It is the second part from the two-album project War & Peace; the previous volume, War & Peace Vol. 1 (The War Disc) was released in 1998. This was Ice Cube's final album under Priority Records and his last until the release of Laugh Now, Cry Later in 2006.

The album received generally positive reviews from critics and debuted at number three on the US Billboard 200, selling 185,000 copies in its first week. The album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in May 2000. The club song "You Can Do It", which then later re-released in 2004, was a UK number two for Ice Cube.

Priority Records
Priority Records is an American distribution company and record label known for artists including N.W.A, Ice Cube, MC Ren, Dr. Dre, Master P, Snoop Dogg, Mos Def, Silkk the Shocker, Jay-Z, Paris, Mack 10, 504 Boyz, Brotha Lynch Hung, C-Murder, Mia X, Westside Connection, and Ice-T. It also distributed hip-hop record labels including Death Row Records, Hoo-Bangin' Records, No Limit Records, Posthuman Records, Rap-A-Lot Records, Rawkus Records, Roc-A-Fella Records, Ruthless Records Duck Down Records, and Wu-Tang Records. According to Billboard, "few record labels were as important to the rise of West Coast hip-hop as Priority Records".
Malines chicken
The Malines, Dutch: Mechelse Koekoek, is a Belgian breed of large domestic chicken. It originates from the area of Mechelen (French: Malines), in the province of Antwerp in Flanders, for which it is named. It was created in the nineteenth century by cross-breeding local cuckoo-patterned farm chickens with various different types of imported Oriental chicken. With the Jersey Giant, it is among the heaviest of all chicken breeds. It is valued for the quality of its meat, which is pale in colour and fine-textured.

Comb (anatomy)
A comb is a fleshy growth or crest on the top of the head of some gallinaceous birds, such as domestic chickens. The alternative name cockscomb (with several spelling variations) reflects the fact that combs are generally larger on cock birds than on hens. The comb is one of several fleshy protuberances on the heads of chickens, the others being the wattles and  earlobes, which collectively are called caruncles. In turkeys, the caruncles are the fleshy nodules on the head and throat.

Chicken combs are most commonly red, but may also be black or dark purple in breeds such as the Silkie or the Sebright. In other species the color may vary from light grey to deep blue or red.

The comb may be a reliable indicator of health or vigor and is used for mate-assessment in some poultry species.
Polybolos
The polybolos (the name means "multi-thrower" in Greek) was an ancient Greek repeating ballista, reputedly invented by Dionysius of Alexandria (a 3rd-century BC Greek engineer at the Rhodes arsenal,) and used in antiquity. The polybolos was not a crossbow since it used a torsion mechanism, drawing its power from twisted sinew-bundles. However the earlier and similar oxybeles employed a tension crosbow mechanism, before it was abandoned in favor of torsion.

Philo of Byzantium (c. 280 BC – c. 220 BC) encountered and described a weapon similar to the polybolos, a catapult that could fire again and again without a need for manual reloading. Philo left a detailed description of the gears that powered its chain drive (the oldest known application of such a mechanism) and that placed bolt after bolt into its firing slot.

Rhodes (city)
Rhodes (/roʊdz/ ⓘ; Greek: Ρόδος, Ródos [ˈroðos]) is the principal city and a former municipality on the island of Rhodes in the Dodecanese, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform, it is part of the municipality Rhodes, of which it is the seat and a municipal unit. It has a population of approximately 56,000 with nearly 90,000 in its metropolitan area. Rhodes has been famous since antiquity as the site of Colossus of Rhodes, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The citadel of Rhodes, built by the Hospitallers, is one of the best-preserved medieval towns in Europe. The Medieval city is designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Today, the city of Rhodes is an important Greek urban center and popular international tourist destination.
Johann Traugott Leberecht Danz
Johann Traugott Leberecht Danz (31 May 1769 – 15 May 1851) was a German Lutheran theologian and church historian born in Weimar.

In 1787 he began his studies at Jena, where he had as instructors, Johann Jakob Griesbach, Johann Christoph Döderlein and Johann Gottfried Eichhorn. In 1791 he continued his studies at the University of Göttingen, and afterwards returned to Weimar as a secondary school teacher. In 1809 he received his habilitation at Jena, and during the following year became an associate professor. From 1812 to 1838 he was a full professor of theology at the University of Jena.

Among his efforts were editions of Plautus (1806–9, 3 parts) and Aeschylus (1805–8, 2 parts), as well as a new edition of Johann Georg Walch's Bibliotheca patristica. He also published a two-volume textbook of church history (1816–26), and was editor of Johann Gottfried Herder's Ansichten des klassischen Alterthums (Views of Classical Antiquity 1805–6).

Plautus
Titus Maccius Plautus (/ˈplɔːtəs/ PLAW-təs; c. 254 – 184 BC) was a Roman playwright of the Old Latin period. His comedies are the earliest Latin literary works to have survived in their entirety. He wrote Palliata comoedia, the genre devised by Livius Andronicus, the innovator of Latin literature. The word Plautine /ˈplɔːtaɪn/ (PLAW-tyne) refers to both Plautus's own works and works similar to or influenced by his.
He influenced some of the greatest figures in literature, including Shakespeare and Molière (The Miser is partly modeled after Plautus's Aulularia).
Guptill
Guptill is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Ernest Wilmot Guptill (1919–1976), Canadian physicist

Martin Guptill (born 1986), New Zealand cricketer

Michael Guptill-Bunce (born 1989), New Zealand cricketer, cousin of Martin

Nancy Guptill (1941–2020), Canadian politician

Scott D. Guptill (1889–1949), Canadian politician

Stephen Guptill, American journalist and elderly advocate

Michael Guptill-Bunce
Michael Luke Guptill-Bunce (born 7 April 1989) is a New Zealand cricketer who plays for Auckland. He made his Twenty20 debut for Auckland on 4 December 2016 in the 2016–17 Super Smash.

He was the leading run-scorer in the 2017–18 Plunket Shield season for Auckland, with 517 runs in ten matches. In June 2018, he was awarded a contract with Auckland for the 2018–19 season. In September 2018, he was named in the Auckland Aces' squad for the 2018 Abu Dhabi T20 Trophy.

He is the cousin of fellow opener, Martin Guptill.
ADI Condor
The ADI Condor was a motor glider of unusual configuration built in the United States in 1981. While most motor gliders follow traditional sailplane layout, the Condor was of twin-boom configuration, with twin, inwardly canted tail fins joined at their tips by a common horizontal stabilizer. A pusher propeller driven by a converted Volkswagen engine was mounted at the rear of the central nacelle that seated the pilot and passenger in tandem. Construction throughout was of composite materials.

The single example of the aircraft was destroyed in a crash in late 1982 after an engine failure.

Pusher configuration
In aeronautical and naval engineering, pusher configuration is the term used to describe a drivetrain of air- or watercraft with propulsion device(s) after the engine(s).  This is in contrast to the more conventional tractor configuration, which places them in front.

Though the term is most commonly applied to aircraft, its most ubiquitous propeller example is a common outboard motor for a small boat.

“Pusher configuration” describes the specific (propeller or ducted fan) thrust device attached to a craft, either aerostats (airship) or aerodynes (aircraft, WIG, paramotor, rotorcraft) or others types such as hovercraft, airboats, and propeller-driven snowmobiles.
Bajour (musical)
Bajour is a musical with a book by Ernest Kinoy and music and lyrics by Walter Marks.  The musical is based on the Joseph Mitchell short stories The Gypsy Women and The King of the Gypsies published in The New Yorker. The title is allegedly a Romani word for a con game in which lonely and unhappy women are swindled out of their life savings.

Joseph Mitchell (writer)
Joseph Quincy Mitchell (July 27, 1908 – May 24, 1996) was an American writer best known for the work he published in The New Yorker. He is known for his carefully written portraits of eccentrics and people on the fringes of society, especially in and around New York City. He is also known for suffering from writer's block for several decades.
Simao, Pu'er
Simao District (Chinese: 思茅区; pinyin: Sīmáo Qū; formerly known as Cuiyun District) is a district under the jurisdiction of Pu'er City, Yunnan Province, China. It is the seat of Pu'er Prefecture. Formerly both Simao and the surrounding region of Pu'er prefecture played a major role in the historic tea horse trade between Yunnan, Tibet and India, with Simao acting as the southern terminus or starting point for the transport of tea by mule caravan north to Dali, Lijiang and Lhasa. Tea remains a central crop and product of the region.

Dai people
The Dai people (Burmese: ရှမ်းလူမျိုး; Tai Lü: ᨴᩱ/ᨴᩱ᩠ᨿ; Lao: ໄຕ; Thai: ไท; Shan: တႆး, [tai˥˩]; Tai Nüa: ᥖᥭᥰ, [tai˥]; Chinese: 傣族; pinyin: Dǎizú) are several Tai-speaking ethnic groups living in the Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture and the Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture of China's Yunnan Province. The Dai people form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. By extension, the term can apply to groups in Laos, Vietnam, Thailand and Myanmar when Dai is used to mean specifically Tai Yai, Lue, Chinese Shan, Tai Dam, Tai Khao or even Tai in general. For other names, see the table below.
Nestram-Kostenar dialect
The Nestram-Kostenar dialect (Macedonian: Нестрамско-Костенарски дијалект, Nestramsko-Kostenarski dijalekt) is a Macedonian Slavic dialect spoken in parts of northwestern Greece, in the area around the village of Nestorio (Nestram) and the area known as Kostenarija, which encompasses most of the Nestorio municipality as well as in the Akrites region. There are also speakers in the adjacent Devoll District of Albania.

The Nestram-Kostenar dialect shares strong similarities with the adjacent Kostur (Kastoria) and Korča/Gorica (Korçë) areas. Vidoeski (1991) classifies these dialects as members of a south-western subgroup of the southern group of Macedonian dialects. Stoykov (1962) in his work on Bulgarian dialectology describes them as subgroups of the Kostur dialect.

Nestorio
Nestorio (Greek: Νεστόριο, Nestório; Macedonian: Нестрам and Bulgarian: Нестрам, Nestram or Нѐсрам, Nésram) is a village and a municipality in the Kastoria regional unit of Western Macedonia, Greece. Nestorio is approximately 28 km (17 mi) southwest of Kastoria, at the banks of the river Aliakmon.
Jubb al-Dam, Jarabulus
Jubb al-Dam (Arabic: جب الدم; Turkish: Kanlıkuyu) is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northern Syria. With 358 inhabitants, as per the 2004 census, Jubb al-Dam administratively belongs to Ghandoura Subdistrict within Jarabulus District. The village is inhabited by Turkmen.

Jarabulus District
Jarabulus District (Arabic: منطقة جرابلس, romanized: manṭiqat Ğarābulus) is a district of Aleppo Governorate in northern Syria, on the border with Turkey. The administrative centre is the city of Jarabulus.

At the 2004 census, the district had a population of 58,889. Ethnically, it is mostly composed of Arabs and Turkmens but also includes Kurds, who settled in the area during the 17th century.

The Euphrates river enters Syria from Turkey in Jarabulus.
Steve Trimper
Steve Trimper is an American college baseball coach who is currently the head coach for the Stetson Hatters baseball team out of the ASUN Conference. Previously, he served as the head coach at Maine from 2006 to 2016 and Manhattan from 1999 to 2005.  An alumnus of Eastern Connecticut State University, Trimper played baseball there from 1990 to 1992 and was a member of the Warriors' 1990 Division III national championship team.

Vermont Catamounts
The Vermont Catamounts are the varsity intercollegiate athletic programs of the University of Vermont, based in Burlington, Vermont, United States. The school sponsors 18 athletic programs (8 men's, 10 women's), most of which compete in the NCAA Division I America East Conference (AEC), of which the school has been a member since 1979. The men's and women's ice hockey programs compete in Hockey East. The men's and women's alpine and nordic skiing teams compete in the Eastern Intercollegiate Ski Association (EISA). The school's athletic director is Jeff Schulman.

The Catamounts have won seven national championships, 6 in skiing and 1 in men's soccer. The program's mascot is Rally and colors are green and gold.
West Hills, Baltimore
West Hills is a neighborhood in the Southwest District of Baltimore, located between the neighborhoods of Westgate (south), Franklintown (north) and Hunting Ridge (east). Its boundaries are drawn by the Baltimore County line (west), Baltimore National Pike (south) and North Franklintown Road (north). Its eastern boundary follows Cooks Lane from Baltimore National Pike, then Briarclift Road and finally Wynans Way to the intersection with N. Franklintown Road.

Baltimore County, Maryland
Baltimore County is the third-most populous county in the U.S. state of Maryland. The county is part of the Central Maryland region of the state. Baltimore County partly surrounds but does not include the independent city of Baltimore. It is part of the Northeast megalopolis, which stretches from Northern Virginia in the south to Boston in the north and includes major American population centers, including New York City and Philadelphia. Major economic sectors in the county include education, government, and health care. As of the 2020 census, the population was 854,535. The county is home to several universities, including Goucher College, Stevenson University, Towson University, and University of Maryland, Baltimore County.
Kozma
Kozma is a Hungarian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Dominik Kozma (born 1991), Hungarian swimmer

Imre Kozma (1940–2024), Hungarian Roman Catholic priest and human rights activist

István Kozma (footballer) (born 1964), Hungarian footballer

István Kozma (wrestler) (1939–1970), Hungarian wrestler

Július Kozma (1929–2009), Slovak chess player

Mihály Kozma (born 1949), Hungarian footballer

Miklós Kozma (1884−1941), Hungarian politician

Pete Kozma (born 1988), American baseball player

Peter Kozma (1961-2023),  Swiss-Hungarian alpine skier, Olympian, visual artist, and light artist

Robert Kozma (politician) (born 1983), Serbian politician, journalist, and a member of the National Assembly

Robert Kozma (professor), American professor of mathematics at the University of Memphis

Imre Kozma
Imre Kozma (4 June 1940 – 17 October 2024) was a Hungarian Roman Catholic priest, the founder of the Hungarian Charity Service of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, patron of East German refugees arriving to Hungary in 1988–89.
Joe Hackney
Joe Hackney (born September 23, 1945, in Chatham County, North Carolina) served for 16 terms (32 years) as a Democratic member of the North Carolina House of Representatives from the state's fifty-fourth House district, including constituents in Chatham, Orange, and Moore counties. A farmer and attorney from Chapel Hill, Hackney served as Speaker of the House for two terms and thereafter served as House Minority Leader until he chose to retire rather than seek another term in the legislature in 2012.

Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Chapel Hill is a town in the counties of Orange and Durham, North Carolina, United States. Its population was 61,960 in the 2020 United States census, making Chapel Hill the 17th-most populous municipality in the state. Chapel Hill and Durham make up the Durham–Chapel Hill, NC Metropolitan Statistical Area, which had an estimated population of 608,879 in 2023. When it is combined with Raleigh, the state capital, they make up the corners of the Research Triangle (officially the Raleigh–Durham–Cary, NC Combined Statistical Area), which had an estimated population of 2,368,947 in 2023.

The town was founded in 1793 and is centered on Franklin Street, covering 21.3 square miles (55 km2). It contains several districts and buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and UNC Health Care are a major part of the economy and town influence. Local artists have created many murals in the town.
Hoosac Tunnel and Wilmington Railroad
The Hoosac Tunnel and Wilmington Railroad (HTW) was an interstate shortline railroad running north–south between southwestern Vermont and northwestern Massachusetts. It ran from Wilmington, Vermont to Rowe, Massachusetts, a distance of approximately 25 miles (40 km). In Rowe, passengers could transfer to the east–west mainline of the Fitchburg Railroad.

Shortline railroad
A shortline railroad is a small or mid-sized railroad company that operates over a relatively short distance relative to larger, national railroad networks. The term is used primarily in the United States and Canada. In the former, railroads are categorized by operating revenue, and most shortline railroads fall into the Class III or Class II categorization defined by the Surface Transportation Board.
Luftflotte 3
Luftflotte 3 (Air Fleet 3) was one of the primary divisions of the German Luftwaffe in World War II.  It was formed on 1 February 1939 from Luftwaffengruppenkommando 3 in Munich and redesignated Luftwaffenkommando West (Air Command West) on 26 September 1944. This Luftwaffe detachment was based in German-occupied areas of Northern France, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Vichy France, to support the Axis power's forces in area. Its command offices were in Paris, France (on 26 June 1944).

Coulommiers, Seine-et-Marne
Coulommiers (French pronunciation: [kulɔmje] ⓘ) is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France in north-central France.

It is also the name of a cheese of the Brie family produced around that city. Coulommiers station has rail connections to Tournan-en-Brie and Paris.

The town has a statue to Commandant Nicolas-Joseph Beaurepaire who, in 1792, killed himself rather than surrender Verdun to the Prussians.
Vz. 33
The puška vz. 33 ("rifle model 1933", sometimes referred to as krátká puška vz. 33 – "short rifle model 33") was a Czechoslovak bolt-action carbine that was based on a Mauser-type action, designed and produced in Československá zbrojovka in Brno during the 1930s in order to replace the obsolete Mannlicher vz. 1895 carbines of the Czechoslovak Četnictvo (gendarmerie). The manufacturer's designation was vz. 16/33 (model 16/33). Another version, the Vz. 12/33, was also produced for the Latin American market.

Carbine
A carbine (/ˈkɑːrbiːn/ KAR-been or /ˈkɑːrbaɪn/ KAR-byn) is a long gun that has a barrel shortened from its original length. Most modern carbines are rifles that are compact versions of a longer rifle or are rifles chambered for less powerful cartridges.

The smaller size and lighter weight of carbines make them easier to handle. They are typically issued to high-mobility troops such as special operations soldiers and paratroopers, as well as to mounted, artillery, logistics, or other non-infantry personnel whose roles do not require full-sized rifles, although there is a growing tendency for carbines to be issued to front-line soldiers to offset the increasing weight of other issued equipment. An example of this is the M4 carbine, the standard issue carbine of the United States Armed Forces.