hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Achmatowicz reaction
The Achmatowicz reaction, also known as the Achmatowicz rearrangement, is an organic synthesis in which a furan is converted to a dihydropyran. In the original publication by the Polish chemist Osman Achmatowicz Jr. (b. 20 December 1931 in Vilnius) in 1971  furfuryl alcohol is reacted with bromine in methanol to  2,5-dimethoxy-2,5-dihydrofuran which rearranges to the dihydropyran with dilute sulfuric acid. Additional reaction steps, alcohol protection with methyl orthoformate and boron trifluoride) and then ketone reduction with sodium borohydride produce an intermediate from which many monosaccharides can be synthesised.

The Achmatowicz protocol has been used in total synthesis, including those of desoxoprosophylline, pyrenophorin  Recently it has been used in diversity oriented synthesis

and in enantiomeric scaffolding.

Chiral pool
The chiral pool is a "collection of abundant enantiopure building blocks provided by nature" used in synthesis. In other words, a chiral pool would be a large quantity of common organic enantiomers. Contributors to the chiral pool are amino acids, sugars, and terpenes. Their use improves the efficiency of total synthesis.  Not only does the chiral pool contribute a premade carbon skeleton, their chirality is usually preserved in the remainder of the reaction sequence.

This strategy is especially helpful if the desired molecule resembles cheap enantiopure natural products. Many times, suitable enantiopure starting materials cannot be identified.  The alternative to the use of the chiral pool is asymmetric synthesis, whereby achiral precursors are employed or racemic intermediates are resolved.
Ter Sámi
Ter Sámi is the easternmost of the Sámi languages. It was traditionally spoken in the northeastern part of the Kola Peninsula, but now it is a moribund language; in 2004, only ten speakers were left. By 2011, the number of speakers had decreased to two. Other estimates counted about 30 Ter Sámi speakers in Murmansk Oblast, as well as in St. Petersburg, in 2007. The mean age of the youngest Ter Sámi speakers at that time was 50.

Murmansk Oblast
Murmansk Oblast is a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia, located in the northwestern part of the country, with a total land area of 144,900 square kilometres (55,900 sq mi). Its only internal border is the Republic of Karelia to the south, and it is bordered internationally by Finland to the west and Norway to the northwest and the Barents Sea lies to the north and White Sea lies to the south and east. Its administrative center is the city of Murmansk. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 795,409; however, at the 2021 Census, the population had declined to 667,744.
2017 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship final
The 2017 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final, the 130th event of its kind and the culmination of the 2017 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, was played at Croke Park in Dublin on 3 September 2017.

The final was shown live in Ireland on RTÉ2 as part of The Sunday Game live programme, presented by Michael Lyster from Croke Park, with studio analysis from Liam Sheedy, Henry Shefflin and Ger Loughnane. Match commentary was provided by Marty Morrissey with analysis by Michael Duignan. The game was also shown live on Sky Sports, presented by Rachel Wyse and Brian Carney.

Galway won their fifth All-Ireland title, winning by three points, it was their first title since 1988.

The match drew a peak audience of 1.1 million which made it the most watched RTÉ broadcast of 2017 up to then before being overtaken by the football final, it had an average audience of 901,500.

The Sunday Game
The Sunday Game is RTÉ's main Gaelic games television programme. It is shown on RTÉ2 every Sunday during the Football Championship and Hurling Championship seasons.  It is one of RTÉ2's longest-running shows, having been on air since 1979, one year after the channel first began broadcasting.  It celebrated its 30th season in 2008.
Opochetsky District
Opochetsky District (Russian: Опо́чецкий райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-four in Pskov Oblast, Russia. It is located in the southwest of the oblast and borders with Pushkinogorsky District in the north, Novorzhevsky District in the northeast, Bezhanitsky District in the east, Pustoshkinsky District in the southeast, Sebezhsky District in the south, and with Krasnogorodsky District in the west. The area of the district is 2,028.9 square kilometers (783.4 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Opochka. Population: 18,673 (2010 Census); 23,973 (2002 Census); 28,877 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Opochka accounts for 62.1% of the district's total population.

Administrative divisions of Pskov Oblast
Administratively, Pskov Oblast is divided into two cities and towns of oblast significance and twenty-four districts.

In terms of the population, the biggest administrative districts are Pskovsky District (34,323 in 2010) and Ostrovsky District (31,096), the smallest one is Usvyatsky District (5,598).

In terms of the area, the biggest administrative district is Bezhanitsky District (3,535 square kilometres (1,365 sq mi)), the smallest one is Pushkinogorsky District (1,059 square kilometres (409 sq mi)).
Let the Children March
Let the Children March is a 2018 children's picture book written by Monica Clark-Robinson and illustrated by Frank Morrison, originally published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. The historical fiction work is set during the Birmingham Children's Crusade in 1963. The book was named a Coretta Scott King Illustrator Honor Book in 2019.

Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Company (HMH)
(/ˈhoʊtən/,
HOH-tən)
is an American publisher of textbooks, instructional technology materials, assessments, and reference works. The company is based in the Boston Financial District. It was formerly known as the Houghton Mifflin Company, but it changed its name following the 2007 acquisition of Harcourt Publishing. Before March 2010, it was a subsidiary of Education Media and Publishing Group Limited, an Irish-owned holding company registered in the Cayman Islands and formerly known as Riverdeep. In 2022, it was acquired by Veritas Capital, a New York–based private-equity firm.
Turgay Depression
The Turgay Depression, also known as Turgay Basin, Turgay Trough, and Turgay Hollow (Kazakh: Торғай қолаты; Russian: Тургайская ложбина), is a structural basin in Kazakhstan.

The depression is named after the Turgay River, which flows southwards along a stretch of the trough.
The Lakes of the lower Turgay and Irgiz Nature Reserve is a protected area located in the southern sector of the basin.

Kazakh Steppe
The Kazakh Steppe (Kazakh: Қазақ даласы, romanized: Qazaq dalasy [qɑˈzɑq dɑɫɑˈsə]), also known as the Great Steppe or Great Dala (Kazakh: Ұлы дала, romanized: Ūly dala [ʊˈɫɤ dɑˈɫɑ]), is a vast region of open grassland in Central Asia, covering areas in northern Kazakhstan and adjacent areas of Russia. It lies east of the Pontic–Caspian steppe and west of the Emin Valley steppe, with which it forms the central and western part of the Eurasian steppe. The Kazakh Steppe is an ecoregion of the temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome in the Palearctic realm. Before the mid-19th century, it was called the Kirghiz steppe, 'Kirghiz' being an old Russian word for the Kazakhs.
Maurice Robinson (cricketer)
Maurice Robinson (16 July 1921 – 8 August 1994) was an Irish cricketer active from 1942 to 1954 who played for Glamorgan and Warwickshire. He was born in Lisburn and died in Bromsgrove. He appeared in 83 first-class matches as a righthanded batsman who bowled right arm fast medium. He scored 2,719 runs with a highest score of 190 among two centuries and took 34 wickets with a best performance of seven for 51. During the Second World War, he was stationed in India where he represented the Europeans cricket team and played for both Hyderabad and Madras.

In 1947, Maurice Robinson and his wife, Cecily, opened a sports shop on York Road in Kings Heath.

Europeans cricket team
The Europeans cricket team was an Indian first-class cricket team which took part in the annual Bombay Tournament and Lahore Tournament.  The team was founded by members of the European community in Bombay who played cricket at the Bombay Gymkhana.

The Europeans were involved in the Bombay tournament from its outset in 1877, when they accepted a challenge from the Parsis cricket team to a two-day match.  At this time, the competition was known as the Presidency Match.  They played first-class matches from 1892 to 1948.

There was also a European team composed of European cricketers from Madras Presidency who played in the Madras Presidency Matches.
White Oak, Virginia
White Oak is a small agricultural unincorporated community on the Potomac River in southeastern Stafford County in the U.S. state of Virginia.

It is the hometown of Patawomeck chief Robert "Two Eagles" Green. He was an adviser to the filmmakers of The New World (2005). Green also appeared on Nova's episode "Pocahontas Revealed" as Chief Powhatan.

White Oak Church, a Primitive Baptist church listed on the National Register of Historic Places, was the site of an American Civil War encampment of the Army of the Potomac in 1862.

Stafford County, Virginia
Stafford County is a county located in the Commonwealth of Virginia. It is approximately 40 miles (64 km) south of Washington, D.C. It is part of the Northern Virginia region, and the D.C area. It is one of the fastest-growing and highest-income counties in America. As of the 2020 United States census, the population sits at 156,927. Its county seat is Stafford.

Located across the Rappahannock River from the City of Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania County, Stafford County is part of the Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area. In 2006, and again in 2009, Stafford was ranked by Forbes magazine as the 11th highest-income county in the United States. According to a Census Bureau report released in 2019, Stafford County is currently the sixth highest-income county in America.
Lady Slipper Drive
The Lady Slipper Drive is a former scenic drive located in Prince County, Prince Edward Island, beginning and ending at Summerside.

The Lady Slipper Drive comprised numerous routes along coastal sections of Prince County and measured approximately 300 km in length.  It was replaced in 2005 by the North Cape Coastal Drive.

Deriving its name from the Lady's Slipper orchid, the provincial floral emblem which grows in shaded forests, the signs marking the Lady Slipper Drive depicted a red orchid within a red frame on a square white background.

The Lady Slipper Drive was developed as a tourism marketing project during the 1970s in conjunction with the Blue Heron Drive in Queens County and the Kings Byway in Kings County.

Cypripedioideae
Cypripedioideae is a subfamily of orchids commonly known as lady's slipper orchids, lady slipper orchids or slipper orchids.  Cypripedioideae includes the genera Cypripedium, Mexipedium, Paphiopedilum, Phragmipedium and Selenipedium. They are characterised by the slipper-shaped pouches (modified labella) of the flowers – the pouch traps insects so they are forced to climb up past the staminode, behind which they collect or deposit pollinia, thus fertilizing the flower. There are approximately 165 species in the subfamily.
Coalfield Express
The 12339 / 12340 Coalfield Express is a daily superfast train that connects the major coal and industrial city of Dhanbad, Jharkhand with the adjoining coal and industrial cities of Asansol, RaniGanj, Andal, Waria, and Durgapur with the capital city of West Bengal, Kolkata. This train is also known as the twin / sister train of the Howrah – Dhanbad Black Diamond Express. Initially running as 3029/3030, the train was converted to superfast on 3 June 2006, since when it has been running as 12339/12340.

Asansol
Asansol is a city in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is the second largest city in West Bengal. It is the 33rd largest urban agglomeration in India by population. Asansol is the district headquarters of Paschim Bardhaman district. According to a 2010 report released by the International Institute for Environment and Development, a UK-based policy research non-governmental body, Asansol was ranked 11th among Indian cities and 42nd in the world in its list of 100 fastest-growing cities. Asansol is classed as a Y-category city for calculation of HRA (House Rent Allowance) for public servants (rate 16%) making it a "Tier-II" city.
Wang Daeng
Wang Daeng (Thai: วังแดง, pronounced [wāŋ dɛ̄ːŋ]) is a village and tambon (sub-district) of Tron District, in Uttaradit Province, Thailand. In 2005 it had a population of 11,091 people. The tambon contains 12 villages.

Uttaradit province
Uttaradit (Thai: อุตรดิตถ์, pronounced [ʔùt.tā.rā.dìt]; Northern Thai:ᩏᨲ᩠ᨲᩁᨯᩥᨲ᩠ᨳ᩺) is one of Thailand's seventy-six provinces (changwat). It lies in upper northern Thailand. Neighboring provinces are (from south clockwise) Phitsanulok, Sukhothai, Phrae and Nan. To the east it borders Xaignabouli of Laos. Uttaradit is 488 km north of Bangkok, and 238 km southeast of Chiang Mai.
New World Shadows
New World Shadows is the fifth studio album by Finnish melodic death metal band Omnium Gatherum. It was released in Germany, Austria and Switzerland on 4 February 2011, Finland, Sweden and Hungary on 9 February, the rest of Europe on 7 February, and North America on 1 March.

It is the band's first to be released via Lifeforce Records.

Lifeforce Records
Lifeforce Records is a German heavy metal independent record label that specializes in metalcore and death metal. Their roster contains bands such as Confession, This or the Apocalypse, Omnium Gatherum and Last Leaf Down, and they have helped to launch the careers of bands who went on to larger labels, such as Heaven Shall Burn, Between the Buried and Me, Caliban and Trivium.

While Lifeforce has signed and continues to sign both European and American artists, they announced in October 2002 that they were going to shift focus away from the latter market following the breakup of Endthisday and Beyond the Sixth Seal, as well as Between the Buried and Me's (who were at the time one of their most successful bands) move from the label to Victory Records.
Ioxynil octanoate
Ioxynil octanoate is a common chemical variant of the nitrile herbicide ioxynil, also called "ioxynil phenol". See ioxynil for information on ioxynil generally.

They have similar properties, and ioxynil octanoate is often sold labelled as "ioxynil, present as octanoate", and often as an emulsifiable concentrate to be diluted in water before spraying. The octanoate can be synthesised by esterifying ioxynil with octanoic acid.

Ioxynil octanoate is used in Australia. Its HRAC group is Group C (Australia), Group C3, (Global) and Group 6 (numeric).

Ioxynil was patented in 1963 and commercialised in 1966.

Caprylic acid
Caprylic acid (from Latin  capra 'goat'), also known under the systematic name octanoic acid or C8 acid, is a saturated fatty acid, medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA). It has the structural formula H3C−(CH2)6−COOH, and is a colorless oily liquid that is minimally soluble in water with a slightly unpleasant rancid-like smell and taste. Salts and esters of octanoic acid are known as octanoates or caprylates. The name of the related acyl group is octanoyl, capryloyl, or caprylyl. It is a common industrial chemical, which is produced by oxidation of the C8 aldehyde. Its compounds are found naturally in the milk of various mammals and as a minor constituent of coconut oil and palm kernel oil.

Two other acids are named after goats via the Latin word capra: caproic acid (C6) and capric acid (C10). Together, these three fatty acids comprise 15% of the fatty acids in goat milk fat.
George of Cyprus (geographer)
George of Cyprus (Greek: Γεώργιος Κύπρου; Latinized as Georgius Cyprius) was a Greek Byzantine geographer of the early seventh century.

Nothing is known of his life save that he was a Byzantine Greek born at Lapithos on the island of Cyprus. He is known for his Descriptio orbis Romani ("Description of the Roman world"), written in the decade 600–610. It is written in Greek, and lists cities, towns, fortresses and administrative divisions of the Eastern Roman Empire. The list begins with Italy and moves counterclockwise along the Mediterranean, from Africa, Egypt and Oriens. The surviving list is evidently incomplete, as the Balkans are excluded. The Descriptio only survived in a compilation, probably from the 9th century, along with other lists such as ecclesiastical notitiae. It is possible that the compiler, usually thought to be the Armenian Basil of Ialimbana, altered George's text.

Rhomaioi
Rhomaioi or Romaioi (Ῥωμαῖοι) were the Greek-speaking inhabitants of Southern Europe and Western Asia that identified as Romans starting from Late Antiquity. Although modern scholarship commonly refers to these populations as Byzantines, Eastern Romans, or Byzantine Greeks, they consistently understood their identity as Roman, rooted in imperial continuity, the Christian faith, and the Greek language and culture. Over time, Rhōmaios became closely associated with the Eastern Orthodox Church as well as Greek speech, and the identity continued in use among Greek Orthodox communities after the fall of Constantinople in 1453.
Jamie Stevenson (orienteer)
Jamie Stevenson (born 25 March 1975) is a British orienteering champion. In 2003 he won the gold medal in the sprint distance at the World Orienteering Championships. He was the first and, to-date, the only British male orienteering world champion (Yvette Baker won the short distance race at the 1999 world championships).

Stevenson won a second individual world championship medal in Denmark in 2006, with a third place in the middle distance category.

He also holds two world relay medals running the anchor leg for Great Britain: Bronze in 2003 and Gold in 2008.

Orienteering
Orienteering is a group of sports in which participants use a map and compass to navigate from point to point in unfamiliar terrain as quickly as possible.

The sport originated from military land-navigation training in the late 19th century. It has since evolved into several competitive forms where participants race against the clock and other competitors while navigating through checkpoints. Variants include automobile, underwater, mountain bike, ski, and trail orienteering. The most common form is foot orienteering, also known as FootO.

In formal foot-orienteering competitions, participants are given a specially prepared orienteering map, usually topographical, which they use to locate control points.

Orienteering is part of the World Games and the World Police and Fire Games.
Genoa, Illinois
Genoa is a city in the north-east corner of DeKalb County, Illinois, United States. It is located on the historic Galena-Chicago stagecoach route. At the 2020 census the city had a population of 5,298, up from 5,193 in 2010.

Big Northern Conference
The Big Northern Conference (BNC) is an organization of ten high schools in northern Illinois. These high schools are members of the Illinois High School Association.

The high schools of the Big Northern Conference are located in the following counties: Boone, DeKalb, LaSalle, Lee, Ogle, Whiteside, and Winnebago.
Kjerulf
Kjerulf (Kjærulf, Kjærulff, Kierulff, Kierulf, Kiærulff, Kiærulf, Kærulf or Kjaerulf) is a Danish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

People

Axel Kjerulf (1884–1964), Danish composer

Charles Kjerulf (1858–1919), Danish composer

Halfdan Kjerulf (1815–1868), Norwegian composer

Theodor Kjerulf (1825–1888), Norwegian geologist

Places

Kjerulf Fjord, NE Greenland

Kjerulf Glacier, South Georgia

Kjerulfbreen, Svalbard

Kjerulf Glacier (Jan Mayen), Jan Mayen

Kjerulføya, island in Svalbard

Kjerulf Fjord
Kjerulf Fjord is a fjord in King Christian X Land, eastern Greenland.

The Kjerulf Fjord is part of the Kaiser Franz Joseph Fjord system. Administratively it lies in the area of the Northeast Greenland National Park.
Meclonazepam
Meclonazepam ((S)-3-methylclonazepam) is a benzodiazepine derivative similar in structure to clonazepam. It was first discovered by a team at Hoffmann-La Roche in the 1970s. It has sedative and anxiolytic actions like those of other benzodiazepines, and also has anti-parasitic effects against the parasitic worm Schistosoma mansoni.

Meclonazepam was never used as medicine and instead appeared online as a designer drug.

Sedative
A sedative or tranquilizer is a substance that induces sedation by reducing irritability or excitement. They are central nervous system (CNS) depressants and interact with brain activity, causing its deceleration. Various kinds of sedatives can be distinguished, but the majority of them affect the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Most sedatives produce relaxing effects by increasing GABA activity.

This group is related to hypnotics. The term sedative describes drugs that serve to calm or relieve anxiety, whereas the term hypnotic describes drugs whose main purpose is to initiate, sustain, or lengthen sleep. Because these two functions frequently overlap, and because drugs in this class generally produce dose-dependent effects (ranging from anxiolysis to loss of consciousness), they are often referred to collectively as sedative–hypnotic drugs.
The Phoenix and the Carpet (1997 serial)
The Phoenix and the Carpet is a 1997 British serial miniseries based on the book of the same name by E. Nesbit co-produced by HIT Entertainment and the BBC which aired throughout November-December 1997. Starring David Suchet as the Phoenix, the serial focuses on four children in Edwardian England who acquire a phoenix and the adventures they have as a result.

An earlier 8-part serialisation of the same story was made by the BBC in 1976 starring Jane Forster, Max Harris, Tamzin Neville and Gary Russell as the four children.

Gary Russell
Gary Russell (born 18 September 1963) is a British freelance writer, producer and former child actor. As a writer, he is best known for his work in connection with the television series Doctor Who and its spin-offs in other media. As an actor, he is best known for playing Dick Kirrin in the British 1978 television series The Famous Five.
Cuban bread
Cuban bread is a white bread formed into long, baguette-like loaves. Though similar to French bread and Italian bread, it is slightly different in its preparation and ingredients, which include a small amount of fat in the form of lard or vegetable shortening. Cuban bread originated in the immigrant communities of Tampa, Florida, and it has become a staple of Cuban-American cuisine. It is the traditional base of a Cuban sandwich.

Shortening
Shortening is any fat that is a solid at room temperature and is used to make crumbly pastry and other food products.

The idea of shortening dates back to at least the 18th century, well before the invention of modern, shelf-stable vegetable shortening. In earlier centuries, lard was the primary ingredient used to shorten dough. The reason it is called shortening is that it makes the resulting food crumbly, or to behave as if it had short fibers. Solid fat prevents cross-linking between gluten molecules. This cross-linking would give dough elasticity, so it could be stretched into longer pieces.  In pastries such as cake, which should not be elastic, shortening is used to produce the desired texture.