hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Spens clause
A spens, Spens, spens clause, or Spens clause is a provision in a security (for example a bond) which allows a borrower to repay the principal amount (and hence discharge their obligation to the lender) earlier than the contractual repayment date, on payment of a specified penalty, also referred to as a "make whole" payment, in excess of the principal (or face value) of the security. In the case of a bond, this type of early repayment is often referred to as "calling the bond". A spens clause may also apply to a preference share that is redeemed on a winding up.

Solvency II
Solvency II Directive 2009 (2009/138/EC) is a Directive in European Union law that codifies and harmonises the EU insurance regulation. Primarily this concerns the amount of capital that EU insurance companies must hold to reduce the risk of insolvency.

Following an EU Parliament vote on the Omnibus II Directive on 11 March 2014, Solvency II came into effect on 1 January 2016. This date had been previously pushed back many times.
Fritz Sperling
Fritz Sperling (1 August 1945 – 16 September 2022) was an Austrian bobsledder who competed from the early 1970s to the early 1980s. He won two medals in the four-man event at the FIBT World Championships with a silver in 1973 and a bronze in 1974.

Competing in three Winter Olympics, Sperling earned his best finish of fourth in the two-man event at Innsbruck in 1976.

Sperling died on 16 September 2022, at the age of 77.

IBSF World Championships (bobsleigh and skeleton)
The IBSF World Championships (known as the FIBT World Championships until 2015), part of the International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation, have taken place on an annual basis since 1930. Starting with 2002, World Championships are not being held in Winter Olympic years. A two-man event was included in 1931 with a combined championship occurring in 1947. Men's skeleton was introduced as a championship of its own in 1982 while women's bobsleigh and skeleton events were introduced in 2000. Both the women's bobsleigh and skeleton events were merged with the men's bobsleigh events at the 2004 championships. A mixed team event, consisting of one run each of men's skeleton, women's skeleton, 2-man bobsleigh, and 2-women bobsleigh, was held from 2007 to 2019. In 2020 it was replaced with skeleton mixed team event, consisting of one run each of men's and women's skeleton. Women's monobob event was included in 2021.
John Franklin White
John Franklin White (27 October 1873 – 22 June 1961) was a Conservative member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was born in London, Ontario and became an industrialist.

White was a manufacturer of iron and steel, managing the London Rolling Mill company at one time. He served as a city alderman for London City Council in 1913 and 1914, and for 1915 and 1916 was the city's controller.

He was first elected to Parliament at the London riding in the 1921 general election then re-elected in 1921, 1925, 1926 and 1930. In the 1935 election, White switched to the Reconstruction Party and was defeated at London by Frederick Cronyn Betts who became the Conservative party candidate in that vote.

1930 Canadian federal election
The 1930 Canadian federal election was held on July 28, 1930, to elect members  of the House of Commons of the 17th Parliament of Canada. Richard Bedford Bennett's Conservative Party won a majority government, defeating the Liberal Party led by Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King. 3,922,481 votes were cast in this election.
2018 Australia Day Honours
The 2018 Australia Day Honours are appointments to various orders and honours to recognise and reward good works by Australian citizens. The list was announced on 26 January 2018 by the Governor General of Australia, Sir Peter Cosgrove.

The Australia Day Honours are the first of the two major annual honours lists, the first announced to coincide with Australia Day (26 January), with the other being the Queen's Birthday Honours, which are announced on the second Monday in June.

Distinguished Service Medal (Australia)
The Distinguished Service Medal (DSM) is a military decoration awarded to personnel of the Australian Defence Force for distinguished leadership in warlike operations. The DSM was introduced in 1991 and is the second highest distinguished service decoration in the Australian Honours System. Awards are made by the governor-general of Australia on the advice of the minister for Defence. Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal are entitled to use the post-nominal letters "DSM". Since its inception 362 awards have been made—which includes nine bars and one second bar—with the most recent being announced in the 2025 Australia Day Honours.
Tackaberry Airport
Tackaberry Airport was a privately owned, public use airport located two nautical miles (4 km) west of the central business district of Avoca, a community in Kenockee Township, St. Clair County, Michigan, United States.

The airport has been closed since at least 2010 and is no longer listed in the FAA or Michigan airport directories.

St. Clair County, Michigan
St. Clair County is a county located in the U.S. state of Michigan and bordering the west bank of the St. Clair River. As of the 2020 census, the population was 160,383. It is the 13th-most populous county in the state. The county seat is Port Huron, located at the north end of the St. Clair River at Lake Huron. The county was created September 10, 1820, and its government was organized in 1821. It is located northeast of Detroit. It is considered by the State of Michigan to be a part of The Thumb, a peninsula that is surrounded by Lake Huron in the east-central area of the state. This area is sometimes dubbed the Blue Water Area.
The Furnace studio
The Furnace is one of Eastern Europe's best known recording studios, located near Razgrad, Bulgaria.

Having been built to meet the needs of post-communist Bulgaria's growing music scene it has also been home to many international artists including members of Thomas Tantrum, Moneytree and Lonely Joe Parker.  Lonely Joe Parkers Album was later mixed at one of Europes finest and probably best known recording studios Abbey Road Studios

The studio was built in a 100-year-old derelict government building  with artist accommodation included. The centre piece of the studio is it customized Allen and Heath desk  while the architectural highlight is the 4-metre-tall (13 ft) live room with its vaulted ceilings.

Razgrad
Razgrad (Bulgarian: Разград [ˈrazɡrat]) is a city in Northeastern Bulgaria in the valley of the Beli Lom river that falls within the historical and geographical region of Ludogorie (Deliorman). It is an administrative centre of Razgrad Province.
Hristina Vuković
Hristina Vuković (Serbian Cyrillic: Христина Вуковић), known mononymously  as Hristina, is a Serbian singer, songwriter and psychologist.

Hristina was born in Belgrade where she lives and works. Her parents are originally from Montenegro. She graduated with a degree in psychology. She participated in the music competition X Factor Adria, and released her first single "Deep Waters" in 2014 shortly after. She is a backing vocalist in Željko Joksimović's band. According to the assessment of the Milan Mladenović Foundation in 2019, Vuković's song "Kazaljka" was among the 12 best original compositions in the territory of the former Yugoslavia.

In 2023, she released her debut album Bedem, published by PGP-RTS and promoted at the Studio 6 of Radio Belgrade. With the song of the same name, she was announced among the participants of Pesma za Evroviziju '24, the Serbian national final for the Eurovision Song Contest 2024. The song qualified for the final.

Radio Belgrade
Radio Belgrade (Serbian: Радио Београд, Radio Beograd) is a state-owned and operated radio station in Belgrade, Serbia. It has four different programs (Radio Belgrade 1, Radio Belgrade 2, Radio Belgrade 3, and Radio Belgrade 202), a precious archive of several hundreds of thousands records, magnetic tapes and CDs, and is part of Radio Television of Serbia.
Spatuloricaria fimbriata
Spatuloricaria fimbriata is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to Central America and South America, where it occurs in the basins of the Tuira River and the Magdalena River in Panama and Colombia. The species reaches 8.4 cm (3.3 inches) in standard length.

Magdalena River
The Magdalena River (Spanish: Río Magdalena, Spanish pronunciation: [ˈri.o maɣðaˈlena]; less commonly Rio Grande de la Magdalena) is the main river of Colombia, flowing northward about 1,528 kilometres (949 mi) through the western half of the country. It takes its name from the biblical figure Mary Magdalene. It is navigable through much of its lower reaches, in spite of the shifting sand bars at the mouth of its delta, as far as Honda, at the downstream base of its rapids. It flows through the Magdalena River Valley.

Its drainage basin covers a surface of 273,000 square kilometres (105,000 sq mi), which is 24% of the country's area and where 66% of its population lives.
Hemliga byrån
Hemliga byrån was a Swedish synthpop group with Swedish writers Anders Jacobsson and Sören Olsson. One of their most famous songs, Hej, hej, hemskt mycket hej, became a 1987 Svensktoppen hit. Another famous song was Hjärtattack. They also acted as house band for the TV series Trollkontroll in 1990, featuring a music video in each episode.

House band
A house band is a group of musicians, often centrally organized by a band leader, who regularly play at an establishment.
It is widely used to refer both to the bands who work on entertainment programs on television or radio, and to bands which are the regular performers at a nightclub, especially jazz and R&B clubs. The term can also refer to a group that plays sessions for a specific recording studio. House bands on television shows usually play only cover songs instead of originals, and they play during times that commercials would be seen by the home viewing audience. Therefore, only those present in the studio during the show's taping see their full performances.
Atkinson Mills, Pennsylvania
Atkinson Mills is a census-designated place located in Wayne Township, Mifflin County in the state of Pennsylvania, United States.  It is located along U.S. Route 522 in southern Mifflin County, between the boroughs of Mount Union and McVeytown.  As of the 2020 census, Atkinson Mills had a population of 152.

Mount Union, Pennsylvania
Mount Union is a borough in Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania, United States, approximately 44 miles (71 km) southeast of Altoona and 12 miles (19 km) southeast of Huntingdon, on the Juniata River. In the vicinity are found bituminous coal, ganister rock, fire clay, and some timber. A major Easter grass factory is located in the northern quadrant of the borough limits; until May 2007, the facility was owned by Bleyer Industries. As of the 2020 census, Mount Union had a population of 2,308.
Mount Duval (New South Wales)
Mount Duval, a large forested mountain of the New England Range, part of the Great Dividing Range, is located on the Northern Tablelands in the New England region of New South Wales, Australia.

With an elevation of 1,393 metres (4,570 ft) above sea level, Mount Duval is one of the largest peaks in the area, dominating the Armidale skyline located approximately 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) to the south of the summit. Mount Duval features on the logo of the Armidale Dumaresq Council.

The mountain was named after John Duval, a convict and servant of a local pastoralist who worked in the area around the mountain in the 1830s. Most of the mountain is contained within the Duval Nature Reserve. Duval College at the University of New England is also named after the mountain.

Australian Height Datum
The Australian Height Datum was introduced in 1971 as the official vertical datum for Australia, and thereby serves as the benchmark to which all height measurements are referred. The Australian Height Datum is an amalgamation of decades of spirit levelling work conducted by numerous state and territory authorities across the country, and was corrected to align with the mean sea level observations of thirty tide gauges positioned around the entire coastline. While it remains the published vertical datum for all surveying and engineering operations performed throughout Australia, newer technologies have uncovered numerous deficiencies, offsets and distortions within the Australian Height Datum, leading to discussions about defining a new Australian vertical datum.
Ruth Eleonora López
Ruth Eleonora López Alfaro (born 27 September 1977) is a Salvadoran lawyer, notary, social researcher, analyst, and human rights defender, recognized for her work in the fight against corruption and the promotion of transparency in El Salvador. In December 2024, she was included in the BBC's list of the world's 100 most inspiring and influential women.

Open government
Open government is the governing doctrine which maintains that citizens have the right to access the documents and proceedings of the government to allow for effective public oversight. In its broadest construction, it opposes reason of state and other considerations which have tended to legitimize extensive state secrecy. The origins of open-government arguments can be dated to the time of the European Age of Enlightenment, when philosophers debated the proper construction of a then nascent democratic society. It is also increasingly being associated with the concept of democratic reform. The United Nations' Sustainable Development Goal 16, for example, advocates for public access to information as a criterion for ensuring accountable and inclusive institutions.
Ohio State Route 285
State Route 285 (SR 285) is a 28.03-mile (45.11 km) long state highway in eastern Ohio. The route runs from SR 821 in Caldwell, Ohio, the county seat of Noble County, to US 22 in Madison Township, Guernsey County.

Caldwell, Ohio
Caldwell is a village in and the county seat of Noble County, Ohio, United States. It is located along the West Fork of Duck Creek about 23 miles (37 km) north of Marietta. The population was 1,691 at the 2020 census.
Klenjë
Klenjë (Macedonian: Клење) is a village in the former Trebisht Municipality in Dibër County in northeastern Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became part of the municipality Bulqizë. It is situated with in the Gollobordë region, near the border with North Macedonia.

Trebisht
Trebisht (Macedonian: Требишта, Bulgarian: Требище or Требища) is a former municipality in the Dibër County, eastern Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Bulqizë. The population at the 2011 census was 993.
Rise (A Skylit Drive album)
Rise is the fourth studio album by American post-hardcore band A Skylit Drive. The album was released on September 24, 2013, through Tragic Hero Records. The first single and title track of the album, "Rise", was released on July 31, 2013. The full track listing was revealed on August 14, 2013. Rise peaked at 41 on the Billboard 200. A lyric video for the track "Unbreakable" was released on September 6, 2013. On February 21, 2014, the music video for the song "Crazy" was released as well. On June 26, 2014, an acoustic performance video for the song "Rise" was released. It's the first album without guitarist Joey Wilson and the last to feature bassist and unclean vocalist, Brian White, and founding drummer and backing vocalist, Cory La Quay, who both left the band in 2014.

Tragic Hero Records
Tragic Hero Records is an independent record label founded in Raleigh, North Carolina, in March 2005 to represent the growing metalcore and post-hardcore scene of North Carolina. The label was founded by Tommy LaCombe, David Varnedoe, and Jason Ganthner. Alesana was the first band the label signed. Among Tragic Hero's best-known signees are Motionless in White, who later signed with Fearless Records, and then with Roadrunner Records, Strawberry Girls and A Skylit Drive, who reached No. 64 on the Billboard 200; Alesana, who later signed with Fearless Records, Letlive, who later signed with Epitaph Records, The Afterimage, who broke up and reformed as Brand of Sacrifice, and He Is Legend, who signed with Tragic Hero after several successful full-lengths on other labels.
Bernhard Landauer
Bernhard Landauer (born 20 July 1970) is an Austrian countertenor in opera and concert, who is active internationally in both historically informed performance and contemporary music.
He is a member of the Manjaro Core Team.

Contemporary classical music
Contemporary classical music is Western art music composed close to the present day. At the beginning of the 21st century, it commonly referred to the post-1945 post-tonal music after the death of Anton Webern, and included serial music, electronic music, experimental music, and minimalist music. Newer forms of music include spectral music and post-minimalism.
Merlin Donald
Merlin Wilfred Donald (born November 17, 1939) is an emeritus Canadian professor of psychology, neuroanthropology, and cognitive neuroscience, at Case Western Reserve University, and in the Department of Psychology at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. He is noted for the position that evolutionary processes need to be considered in determining how the mind deals with symbolic information and language. In particular, he suggests that explicit, algorithmic processes (the computational theory of mind) may be inadequate to understanding how the mind works.

He is also known as the proponent of the mimetic theory of speech origins.

Symbolic communication
Symbolic communication is the exchange of messages that change a priori expectation of events. Examples of this are modern communication technology and the exchange of information amongst animals.
By referring to objects and ideas not present at the time of communication, a world of possibility is opened. In humans, this process has been compounded to result in the current state of modernity. A symbol is anything one says or does to describe something, and that something can have an array of many meanings. Once the symbols are learned by a particular group, that symbol stays intact with the object. Symbolic communication includes gestures, body language and facial expressions, as well as vocal moans that can indicate what an individual wants without having to speak. Research argues that about 55% of all communication stems from nonverbal language. Symbolic communication ranges from sign language to braille to tactile communication skills.
Eleonore Marguerre
Eleonore Marguerre (born 8 January 1978) is a German opera singer (coloratura soprano) with Belgic-French ancestors. Her roles have included La traviata, Konstanze in Die Entführung aus dem Serail, and the title role in Aribert Reimann's Melusine.

Die Entführung aus dem Serail
Die Entführung aus dem Serail (German: [diː ʔɛntˈfyːʁʊŋ ʔaʊs dɛm zeˈʁaɪ]) (K. 384; The Abduction from the Seraglio; also known as Il Seraglio) is a singspiel in three acts by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. The German libretto is by Gottlieb Stephanie, based on Christoph Friedrich Bretzner's Belmont und Constanze, oder Die Entführung aus dem Serail. The plot concerns the attempt of the hero Belmonte, assisted by his servant Pedrillo, to rescue his beloved Constanze from the seraglio of Pasha Selim. The work premiered on 16 July 1782 at the Vienna Burgtheater, with the composer conducting.
Inelastic scattering
In chemistry, nuclear physics, and particle physics, inelastic scattering is a process in which the internal states of a particle or a system of particles change after a collision. Often, this means the kinetic energy of the incident particle is not conserved (in contrast to elastic scattering). Additionally, relativistic collisions which involve a transition from one type of particle to another are referred to as inelastic even if the outgoing particles have the same kinetic energy as the incoming ones. Processes which are governed by elastic collisions at a microscopic level will appear to be inelastic if a macroscopic observer only has access to a subset of the degrees of freedom. In Compton scattering for instance, the two particles in the collision transfer energy causing a loss of energy in the measured particle.

Kinetic energy
In physics, the kinetic energy of an object is the form of energy that it possesses due to its motion.

In classical mechanics, the kinetic energy of a non-rotating object of mass m traveling at a speed v is .

The kinetic energy of an object is equal to the work, or force (F) in the direction of motion times its displacement (s), needed to accelerate the object from rest to its given speed. The same amount of work is done by the object when decelerating from its current speed to a state of rest.

The SI unit of energy is the joule, while the English unit of energy is the foot-pound.

In relativistic mechanics,  is a good approximation of kinetic energy only when v is much less than the speed of light.
Carlos Castaño (cyclist)
Carlos Castaño Panadero (born 7 May 1979) is a retired Spanish cyclist. He had his best achievements in track cycling, in the 4000 m team pursuit. In this discipline he won a bronze medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics and at the 2004 UCI Track Cycling World Championships. He finished in 12th place in the individual pursuit at the 2004 Olympics.

In road races, he won two stages of Vuelta a Burgos in 2005, finishing third overall. In 2006 he won one stage of Volta a Catalunya.

Vuelta a Burgos
Vuelta Ciclista a Burgos is an elite professional road bicycle racing event held annually in the Burgos province of Spain. The men's Vuelta a Burgos has been a multi-day stage race as part of the UCI Europe Tour since 2005. In 2019, a multi-day women's stage race, the Vuelta a Burgos Feminas, was added that runs in mid-May. The men's race became part of the UCI ProSeries in 2020.
Mackenzie River husky
Mackenzie River husky describes several overlapping historical populations of Arctic and sub-Arctic sled dog originally bred to support fur traders for Hudson's Bay Company and later prospectors during the Klondike Gold Rush. A mixture of native sled dogs and European freighting dogs, Mackenzie River huskies were prized for their ability to haul heavy loads long distances in the snow with minimal care.  Since the advent of modern mechanized travel in the Arctic, moving cargo by dogsled has become nearly obsolete and only small populations of these dogs still exist.

Subarctic
The subarctic zone is a region in the Northern Hemisphere immediately south of the true Arctic, north of hemiboreal regions and covering much of Alaska, Canada, Iceland, the north of Fennoscandia, Northwestern Russia, Siberia, and the Cairngorms. Generally, subarctic regions fall between 50°N and 70°N latitude, depending on local climates. Precipitation is usually low, and vegetation is characteristic of the taiga.

Daylight at these latitudes is quite extreme between summer and winter due to its high latitude. Near the summer solstice for instance, subarctic regions can experience an all-night period of either civil, nautical, or astronomical twilight (or in the northern reaches full daylight), since the sun never dips more than 18 degrees below the horizon. Noctilucent clouds are best observed within this range of latitude.